STATEN ISLAND
N. Y.
oc
LLJ
VOLUME 2
BROOKLYN
N. Y.
CONFERENCE
Pollution of Raritan Bay
and adjacent Interstate Waters
THIRD SESSION
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
JUNE 13-14, 1967
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
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Paul DePalco
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WASTE CONTROL
All sanitary and process wastes are discharged to a
two-celled lagoon- with a detention time of about one week.
The blending section (approximately 50,000 gal. capacity)
allows for chemical flocculators to be added if necessary.
The settling section has a capacity of approximately 560,000
gallons. About once every three years sludge is removed and
used for land fill. The lagoon discharges to Woodbridge Creek
at a point about 3 miles from the Arthur Kill.
Effluent samples, collected once a week, have the
following average results:
pH - 7
Total solids - 2800 ppm
Volatile solids - 250 ppm
Suspended solids - 40 ppm
Turbidity - 120 JCU
5-day BOD - 80 ppm
Analyses of the effluent are sent to the New Jersey
State Department of Health on a monthly basis.
General Aniline and Film Corporation, Dyestuff & Chemical
Division, Linden, New Jersey
1. Organization;.
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Paul DePalco
l?b The Linden Plant of the Dyestuff & Chemical Division,
General Aniline & Film Corporation, was obtained by the
corporation in 1928. The plant occupies approximately 145
acres in southeastern Linden, New Jersey, in an industrial
area adjacent to the Arthur Kill. Approximately 1,600 people
are employed at this facility.
A map supplied by the company shows the layout of
all production and service buildings.
2. Products;
This plant produces a wide range of organic and
inorganic chemicals including dyes, pigments, surface active
agents and a wide variety of chemical specialities.
3• Raw Materials, Capacity, Operations;
A simplified discussion of the raw materials,
processes and finished products can be made by outlining the
two continuous plants, each separately, and then the older
section of the plant:
Chlor-Aikali Plant
This plant uses ordinary salt water and electricity
to produce chlorine, sodium hydroxide, muriatic acid, sodium
hypochlorite and hydrogen. The plant has a design capacity
of 235 tons of chlorine per day. Allocated to this plant is
12.0# of the fresh water or about 325*000 gpd; and 10.4$ of
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the salt water or about 1.15 mgd. About 45,000 gpd of the
fresh water is included in the final products so that the
total effluent from this operation is 1.43 mgd. (Water use
figures based on 50 ton/day plant - replaced in 1962 with
235 ton/day facility.)
Discharge from the plant is at two points, as
shown on the company supplied map. The first stream, which is
processed through the waste treatment plant,, amounts to about
954,000 gpd. The second stream discharges directly to the
final effluent and is about 454,000 gpd of uncontaminated salt
cooling water and 22,000 gpd containing about 0.06$ chlorine.
The plant operates continuously around the clock on a seven-
day week.
Ethylene Oxide Plant
Air and ethylene gas are reacted to form ethylene
oxide. In a second step, ethylene oxide and water are reacted
to make ethylene glycols. The plant has a design capacity of
60 million pounds of ethylene oxide per year, and 35 million
pounds of ethylene glycols. This plant uses only fresh water
and consumes an average of 15.1$ or about 410,000 gpd. About
215,000 gpd is the make-up in the cooling water and in steam
losses. This leaves 195,000 gpd discharging to two places as
shown on the company supply exhibit. About 193,000 gpd to
streams No. 9 and No. 10, and 2,000 gpd to the main discharge
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system through No. 5. This plant operates continuously,
around the clock, on a seven-day week.
Remaining Plant
The remainder of the plant, exclusive of service
buildings, is comprised of seven production buildings designed
for multi-purpose chemical manufacture. The heart of each
of these buildings is a series of reaction vessels known as
kettles, which in most cases occupy the entire second floor.
The kettles are not interconnected in any fixed fashion, but
may be connected in any variety of patterns, depending on
the end product or products of a given time. Other areas of
each building are devoted to auxiliary equipment required for
these reactors, such as, tanks for bulk storage of raw
materials and of intermediates, filters and filter presses,
mixers, tubs, dryers, grinders and mills, packaging devices,
etc. These auxiliaries may be Interconnected and cross-
connected with the other equipment to establish the desired
flow pattern. Decisions as to flow may be determined by
equipment availability, equipment capability or capacity,
material of construction of equipment, or by product or
intermediate to be produced.
Although these seven production areas are similarly
laid out in most respects, each area is usually devoted to a
given type of product. This assignment is established from
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2Ob Paul DeFalco
a production control point of view or due to the availability
of certain specific auxiliaries. As production or sales
requirements vary, changes can be and are made with respect
to assignments of specific areas.
The list of basically different chemical or physical
final products produced in"these areas, at any one time, would
number about 2,000. Many of these final products are com-
pounded or blended to specific'customer requirements, giving
a product breakdown of possibly three times that number.
The raw materials used in quantity for these
productions number, over 500. Some of the major bulk raw
materials are:
Raw Material
1. Sulfuric Acid
2. Acetic Acid
3. Nitric Acid
4. Sodium Chloride
5. Aluminum Chloride
6. Sodium Carbonate
7. Sodium Bicarbonate
8. Sodium Sulfate
9. Sodium Hydrosulfide
10. Sodium Acid Sulfite
11. Potassium Hydroxide Flake
12. Sodium Hydroxide Flake
13. Urea
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Paul DeFalco
Identification of even these basic raw materials
with any specific final products would be impossible since,
for example, Sulfuric Acid is handled in 5 different con-
centrations, supplied to 6 different production areas and is
used in the production of more than 300 products.
Most of these final products are evolved through
the plant in a step-wise procedure, that is, by producing
from two to sixteen "pre-step" products or intermediates
before the final product is obtained. T?.ese pre-steps are
frequently combined with other pro-steps or raw materials,
resulting in "families" of related final products known as
"trees." Pre-steps, intermediates and final products in
this type of chemical work are produced in a series of
batches (e.g. 3 batches per day for two weeks) known as
"campaigns." The production of a given campaign at a given
level or pre-step is drummed and stored until a campaign of
the next level of production can be scheduled. In order to
provide for a desired final warehouse stock level of a given
final product requires, in many cases, planning and initiating
production of the first pre-step or level for that product
as much as 16 months in advance of requirements. The over-
all production of finished goods for a given year as well
as- the production of important intermediates and pre-steps,
known as the "annual production schedule" is determined on
the basis of sales anticipation and, also, to maintain a
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Paul DePalco
predetermined "minimum inventory standard" (quantity) in the
various warehouses. This annual production schedule is up-
dated quarterly and monthly area production requirements are-
established from this. These requirements are transmitted
to the respective production areas and area production schedules
are developed. Raw materials are then obtained based on the
anticipated production. Prom here on the scheduling of the
actual production is handled on a day-to-day basis depending
upon: -
1. Equipment availability (of the required size,
capability and .material of construction).
2. The immediate urgency for this particular
material as compared to others on the production
schedule.
3. The availability of pre-step materials for the
production.
It may be concluded that it is not possible to
maintain a fixed operational schedule but, like managing a
baseball team, decisions are made as the immediate situation
dictates and in keeping with an overall goal or purpose.
The active processes available at any one time
for the production of the pre-steps, intermediates and final
products number over 4,000 with probably a thousand more under
research or development, awaiting development of sales
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interest from customers or being revised and improved.
Attempts have been made to list the active processes at a
given time, break them down for a specific type of Informa-
tion and to correlate this information. These attempts, due
to the changes and variables mentioned, have proven fruitless.
Against this background, obtaining significant
information with respect to process water requirements,
cooling water requirements or effluent evolved by taking the
.requirements of the individual processes in production at any
one time and attempting to arrive at a sum total has proven
equally fruitless. The process water requirements for any
one process are usually specific, however the time cycles of
the processes vary widely, the time cycle of a given process
is not fixed and, therefore, the number of batches produced
per day or week are not constant. The cooling water require-
ments vary with the above as well as depend upon the season
of the year and the rate of reaction of the process so that
no correlation based upon the number of processes in production
at a given time may be obtained.
The effluent evolved is the result of the combined
variables and, as has been previously stated, the effluent
from each building is not segregated but rather combined in
a common sump before discharge. This combining of effluents,
however, has a particular advantage, in that, although the
greater number of processes have an acid effluent, many
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result in a highly alkaline effluent. The initial combining
of effluents provides a long period for mixing and equaliza-
tion before reaching the waste treatment plant, resulting in a
reduction in treatment required and in operational costs.
4. Water Supply;
The Linden plant utilizes both fresh and brackish
water for its operations.
Fresh Water
Fresh water is obtained from the Elizabethtown
Water Company and enters the plant at two points as shown
on the company supplied drawing. The high monthly consumption
for 1961 expressed in average gallons per day was 3.1 million
gallons and the low 2.21 million gallons. The total consump-
tion for .1961 was 1.01 billion gallons.
Usage of water by the various buildings and areas
(with the exception of the ethylene oxide plant which has a
separate meter) is determined monthly on an allocation basis.
More precise determinations were found to serve no particular
purpose. The total allocations by areas for 1961 are shown
in the table.
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Water Allocations for 1961
Fresh Salt
Production Water Water
Dyes, Dye Intermediates and Pigments 31.6$ 27.3$
Chemical Intermediates and Specialties 10.8 29.6
Surfactants and Chemical Specialties 5.8 18.0
Chemical Specialties and Iron Carbonyl 2.5 5.4
Chlor-Alkali Plant 12.0 10.4
Ethylene Oxide Plant (Metered ) 15.1
Total 77.fc# 90.7$
Service
Service and Utility Buildings 5.1$ 9
Steam and Ice 17.1
Total 22.
Fresh water is used for process water, equipment
and area cleaning, cooling, manufacture of steam and ice,
laboratories and drinking and sanitary,purposes. When the
original plant was built no provision was included for the
conservation of fresh water. AS alterations are made, on all
recent and new construction, provisions have -been made to re-
circulate fresh cooling water and to collect and reuse steam
condensate. This action is necessarily revolutionary since
repiping of old areas of the plant for this purpose, is
economically out of the question.
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Salt Water
Salt water is obtained from the Arthur Kill. Since
most of the water is used for cooling purposes, the consump-
tion is considerably higher during the summer months. The
high monthly consumption for 196! expressed in average gallons
per day was 15.15 mg and the low was 8.4 mg. The total annual
consumption for 1961 was 4.02 billion gallons.
The salt water usage by the various buildings and
areas is determined on an allocation basis similar to that
used for fresh water. The total allocations by areas for 1961
are shown in the previous table.
Salt water is used mainly for cooling but also for
cleaning, where practical, and for fire protection. As the
shift continues toward fresh water recirculating cooling
systems, the salt water consumption as well as fresh water
consumption should begin to decrease.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
5. Waste Treatment Facilities
The Linden plant is built on filled marshland and
all of the major buildings are constructed on piles. The
mean elevation of the plant is approximately 10 feet above
mean low tide, such that at high tide brackish water is 3
to 5 feet below ground level. For this reason all utilities,
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where practical are carried on overhead trestles. Before
the advent of plastic sewer pipe, construction and maintenance
of an underground sewer system was either impractical or im-
possible. Thus the discharge from all but the most recent
buildings is collected under the buildings in a common sump
and conveyed by wooden sheet-piled culverts to a wooden sheet-
piled collection trench system. A schematic drawing of the
culverts and the trench system is shown on a company supplied
drawing.
Streams or dischargee which are not presently
connected to the system have been intentionally diverted,
since they are not considered contaminated, and also to
reduce the total load on the waste treatment facilities.
For more than 12 years, the effluent from the
Linden plant has been treated to neutralize the general acid
condition of the waste, to skim any oils or other floating
materials discharged, and to settle solids. This treatment
was revised and improved continually to meet increased
requirements and restrictions and to compensate for changes
in effluent quality. The expanded Chlor-Alkali plant made
necessary the relocation of these treatment facilities. Since
it was generally agreed that the old facilities were operating
at the limit of their -capabilities, the management of the
corporation decided to include in the relocation adequate
provision for treatment under the current regulations and
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restrictions, as well as to provide excess capacity and room
for expansion.
Construction of the new waste treatment plant was
started in the spring of 1961 and completed during March of
1962. Following the usual minor start-up problems the plant
was fully onstream by June 1, 1962.
The plant, which provides equalization, solids
settling, oil and floating material skimming and neutraliza-
tion reflects an expenditure of about $500,000, including the
new outfall. Operating expenses are estimated at about
$200,000 per year with an additional $20,000-$30,000 spent
each year for research and development work. Drawings supplied
by the company show a plot plan and a flow sheet of the treat-
ment facility. The capacities indicated in the drawing were
obtained from the mean and maximum water throughput of the
Linden plant. The neutralization plant is designed to handle
the maximum throughput under the most acid condition antici-
pated and automatically control the outfall pH to 5.0.
Since there is no retention of water in the manu-
facturing plant for more than a few minutes, or at the most a
few hours, the total effluent is considered to be the total
water consumption less 5-10 percent due to evaporation and
steam losses, plus surface drainage during rains. By this
reasoning, the maximum average daily effluent.for a month is
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estimated to be about 17 to 18 mgd. Separate studies made In
the past indicate that the mean dally requirement during the
summer months was 18 mg and the maximum daily consumption
was 26.3 mg.
The above discussion of the operations at this
facility is a summation of a more detailed report sent to
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration by the General
Aniline & Film Corporation. Included in this report are
detailed drawings showing layout of the plant facilities and
the waste treatment facilities. Also included, are test
results of the effluent collected both by the New Jersey State
Health Department and by the company.
Armour Agricultural Chemical Company
Carteret, New Jersey,
1. Organization;
This plant of Armour Agricultural Chemical
Company, occupying approximately 7.5 acres, is located on the
eastern edge of Carteret, New Jersey. The facility, which
*
began operation in 1909, employs approximately 45 to 150
people, depending upon the season of the year. The company's
corporate office is located in Atlanta, Georgia. The parent
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company is Armour & Company, Chicago.
2. Products:
This plant of Armour Agricultural Chemical
Company produces over 50 different types of commercial and
specialty fertilizers. Approximately 80 percent of its output
is for commercial purposes. The only other product is super-
phosphate (quantity not used internally for production is
sold).
3. Raw Materials;
Raw materials used include:
Phosphate rock - 20,000 tons per year;
Potash - 4,000 tons per year;
Ammonium sulfate - 2,500 tons per year;
Triple superphosphate - 2,000 tons per year;
Limestone - 2,400 tons per year;
Sulfuric acid;
Liquid nitrogen;
Magnesium sulfate;
Potassium chloride.
All raw materials are delivered by tank truck or
by barge. The limestone, phosphate rock and triple
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superphosphate are delivered approximately four times per year
by barge.
4. Capacity:
This facility has the capacity for producing
44,000 tons per year of fertilizer and 20,000 tons per year
of superphosphate. Fifteen years ago production was almost
double the above mentioned values. The reasons for the
decrease are geographical location of the plant, and changes
in fertilizer utilization.
5. Operations;
Essentially, the bulk of the operations at this
facility consist of blending various quantities of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash to form desired fertilizers. This batch-
operation, having a cycle time of approximately three minutes,
produces 1.25 tons of fertilizer, which is stored until such
time as bagging is desired.
The only other operation at this plant is the
manufacture of superphosphate, which is used internally and als
sold. This process involves unloading POij rock from a barge;
grinding it to a dust; and mixing it with I^SOn to give
superphosphate.
Operations at this plant, because of the nature
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of the use of fertilizers, is highly seasonal. During March
through May the work force triples. The normal operating
day is 16 hours; however, during the winter months this goes
down to eight hours. This plant operates on a five-day-per-
week basis.
Prior to November 1965, this plant also produced
sulfuric acid. This operation has been completely discon-
tinued and it is almost certain that the manufacturing facili-
ties will be dismantled within the next few months.
i>
6. Water Supply:
Two sources of water supply are available, namely,
the Arthur Kill and the municipal system from the Middlesex
Water Company. Fresh water, consumed at a rate of 12,000
cubic feet per month or 3,000 gpd, is used for drinking and
sanitary purposes; air-conditioning; and in a scrubber system
in the superphosphate department. When the sulfuric acid
plant was in operation, total fresh water consumption was
equal to approximately 3.4 million gallons per year, or
9,300 gpd.
Salt water from the Arthur Kill can be used at
the rate of 110,000 gpd. This water, which was used for
cooling in the sulfuric acid operations, is presently on a
standby basis.
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7. Sewage:
During the past year the company has conducted
dye tests and examined several drawings to determine how their
sanitary wastes are handled. AS of this date, no knowledge
exists on this subject. The only thing known for sure, how-
ever, is that it does not connect to the city sewer system.
8. Principal Processes;
The principal processes at this plant are blending.
9. Waste Treatment Sources;
When the acid manufacturing facility was in
operation, effluent, which included cooling and process water,
was discharged to the Arthur Kill through a small tributary
stream. An analysis of this discharge, performed routinely
by the company, is given in the table.
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EFFLUENT ANALYSIS FOR H2SOij PLANT
Suspended Solids
pH
Temp °F
Total N mg/1
Nitrite N mg/1
Nitrate N mg/1
Free N mg/1
Total P205 mg/l
COD mg/1
Plant Shut Down
Kill Pump
Operating
10/26/65
IN
18
6.6
62
4.4
0.8
4.4
3.0
144.0
OUT
36
2.2
60
10.5
1.2
0.2
9.3
20.0
152.0
Plant
Operation
Kill Pump^ Running
11/31/65
IN
7
6.6
44
3.9
0.6
1.5
3.5
3.2
72.0
OUT
11
2.5
40
9.7
1.3
0.6
8.4
24.0
160.0
11/19/65
IN
46.0
6.3
3.1
0.0
0.8
3.1
2.8
160.0
OUT
5.0
2.7
7.8
0.7
0.2
7.0
34.0
192.0
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Reportedly, the area near the sulfuric acid
plant and Arthur Kill once contained nitric acid manufactur-
ing facilities. It is claimed by company officials that the
low pH shown in the October 26, 1965, analysis is due to
leaching from the surrounding areas. No samples of this
effluent have ever been taken by the State Health Department
or the Interstate Sanitation Commission.
With the shutting down of the sulfuric acid plant
it appears that the major source of pollution from this
installation has been eliminated. The only other waste
being discharged by this facility, and this is going to a
lime-lined lagoon area and not directly to the Kill, is water
used for scrubbing in the superphosphate department. This
diked lagoon is susceptible to tidal flooding and, therefore,
is a potential source of pollution.
Another potential source of pollution is runoff
from the plant property. The production areas and buildings
are heavily coated with dust, and, therefore, during rain
periods runoff would be discharged to the Arthur Kill.
Sinclair-Koppers Company» Inc.
Port Reading, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Sinclair-Koppers Company, Inc., Port Reading,
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469
Plant is located in Port Reading, New Jersey, approximately
1/2 mile inland of the Arthur Kill.
The plant was constructed in 1958 and began
operations early in 1959. Employment is approximately 200
persons.
This plant was formerly known as Koppers Company,
Inc., Plastics Division Plant. - The name was changed to
Sinclair-Koppers Company, Inc., early in 1965. Home office
for the plant remains at the Koppers Building in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
2. Products;
This plant produces one product, high density
polyethylene. The final product is in the form of 1/8"
diameter pellets.
3. Raw Materials;
The raw material for this plant is ethylene,
which is delivered by pipeline from the Humble Oil Company,
Bayway Refinery. Additional materials used in the processes
are catalysts and carrier hydrocarbons.
4. Capacity;
The plant has been rated at 30 million pounds per
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year of product by several published magazines in the field.
5. Operations;
The Port Reading Plant of Sinclair-Koppers Company,
Inc., produces high density of polyethylene by the Ziegler
process. According to extracts from the patents, the process
is essentially as follows: The catalyst is TiCl/j in the pres-
ence of aluminum trlordiakls. Along with ethylene gas,
alcohol is fed to the reactor in order to terminate the
polymer. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane, kerosene,
isooctane, or cyclohexane, may be used as the reaction
medium. A slurry of 20-30 percent polymer is produced in the
reactor. The polymer is separated by centrifuging and extrac-
tion of the cake with C^ or higher alcohols. The polymer is
recovered from the solvent and dried to produce a fluffy
polymer which is formed into small cubes. The waste process
water from this plant has been in contact with the solvent
alcohol.
The plant operates on a 24-hour-per-day, 7-day-
per-week basis.
6. Water Supply:
All water used is purchased from the Middlesex
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Water Company. A 1962 survey indicated consumption as
530,000 gpd. Since that time some reduction has occurred
and plant consumption now is 450,000 gpd. Of this approximately
75,000 gpd is used in the process itself. Process water in
1962 was reported to be 100,000 gpd. The majority of water
use is for cooling tower purposes. A normal high volume water
user, the steam distillation process, is not utilized in this
plant's adaption of the Ziegler process.
7. Sewerage;
Sanitary wastes flow to a septic tank 16' long by
8' wide by 10f deep. Septic tank effluent is discharged to a
ditch which flows to the Arthur Kill.
Process water flows to a main sump consisting of
two bays 24f long, 6' wide and 5f water depth. Prom the sump
the water is pumped to the same ditch utilized for the septic
tank effluent. The point of discharge of process water in
the ditch is approximately 1/2 mile from the Arthur Kill.
Additional waste water emanates from the cooling tower blow-
down which discharges into the septic tank outfall. Plant
storage tanks are diked so as to prevent discharge of
material in the event of spills.
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8. Solid Wastes Disposal:
All solid waste is removed by truck.
WASTES CHARACTERISTICS
The waste sources from an operation such as that
of the Slnclalr-Koppers Company, Port Reading Plant, can be
divided into three categories: -the sanitary wastes; con-
taminants in waste process water; and additives utilized in
the cooling towers which may be discharged in the cooling
tower blow-down water. The untreated process water from the
Ziegler process would be expected to contain alcohol as well
as traces of catalyst residue. The untreated cooling tower
blow-down water will include those chemicals added for slime
control and other required treatment for satisfactory coolant
operations.
9. Water Sources and Treatment;
Alcohol is recovered from the process water as
an in-plant process. Used process water is conducted to a
sump described previously. The sump has a baffled inlet and
outlet with discharge occurring by flow under the outlet
baffle so as to skim off any hydrocarbons. The effluent pH
is checked two times per shift. Caustic neturalization is
used to maintain pH 6 to 8. A heavy mat of hydrocarbon with
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Paul DeFalco
the appearance of wax forms, on the surface of the sump and
is removed by hand once or twice per year. The outlet end
of the sump discharges to a wet well with a float actuated
pump discharge,
Visual observation of the sump effluent indicates
a relatively turbid material with high suspended solids.
According to Mr. Tallon this is mainly aluminum hydroxide.
Water in the cooling tower system is treated with chrome for
slime control. In addition, an annual application of a
proprietary chemical from Dearborn Chemical is applied to the
tower. No treatment is provided the discharge of blow-down
water from the tower.
10. Analytical Results;
Limited analyses are available of the waste water
from this plant. On May 8, 1962, the Interstate Sanitation
Commission performed analysis of a grab sample at the sump with
the following results:
BOD 80 mg/1
Settleable Solids 422 mg/1
Total Suspended Solids 518 mg/1
On July 24, 1962, the Koppers Company performed
several analyses with results as follows:
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Composite Sample at Sump
BOD 670 mg/1
Settleable Solids 413 mg/1
Total Suspended Solids ^^2 mg/1
COD 995 mg/l
9.7 mg/1
Composite at mouth of ditch with outgoing tide
BOD 60 mg/1
Settleable Solids 64 mg/1
Suspended Solids 82 mg/1
pH 9.0 mg/1
Grab sample at mouth of ditch at low tide
BOD 80 mg/1
Settleable Solids 68 mg/1
Suspended Solids 76 mg/1
COD I»0 mg/1
7.6 mg/1
As noted previously, water consumption at the time
of the above analyses amounted to 530,000 gpd. The sump
discharge volume was estimated as 1/5 of this total, or
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100,000 gpd.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
The Sinclalr-Koppers Company has a continuing
effort in waste control and water pollution abatement.
The company has engaged the local firm of Goodman, Alger &
Scott to prepare cost estimates for connection of the septic
tank and process water discharge to the Woodbridge Sewer
System for treatment by the municipality.
Union Carbide Corporation, Plastics Division
Bound Brook, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Plastics Division of Union Carbide Corpora-
tion is located on the northern edge of Bound Brook, New
Jersey, along the Raritan River. The facility, which employs
approximately 2,700 to 2,800 employees, covers an area of
150 acres.
The Bound Brook location is the Division's main
office for manufacturing, research, development, general
engineering, accounting, electronic data processing, and
distribution. The Fibers and Fabrics Division, also located
at Bound Brook, is operated by the Plastics Division.
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2. Products:
This facility produces over 500 distinct
synthetic resins and plastics; however, they can be grouped
into four major categories:
Phenolic resins;
Polystyrene;
Polyethylene;
Vinyls.
Chemicals, such as formaldehyde, are manufactured
at this location for use within the plant. Approximately one-
half to two-thirds of the product line is made to order; the
remainder is "stock" business.
3. Raw Materials:
Major raw materials used include:
•Phenol;
Styrene;
Resins - vinyl, polyethylene;
Solvents - alcohols, toluene (type purchased depends
on end product).
•Phenol will be produced at this plant within
the next 8 months. This will not increase plant capacity,
but rather eliminate the purchasing of the raw material -
phenol. The Cumene Process is to be used. (Allied Chemical
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477
44m Paul DeFalco
patent).
4. Capacity:
This plant of Union Carbide has a total capacity
of 350 to 400 million Ibs. per year. Exact capacities
on individual products are not available.
5. Operations:
Essentially there are four separate operations
at this plant.
Phenolic resins - condensation reaction; batch opera-
tion. Formaldehyde-produced by reaction of
methanol and air - plus phenolic compound
yields desired phenolic resin. Ratio of raw
products determines type of resin produced.
Polystyrene - polymerization reaction; continuous
operation.
Vinyl & Polyethylene - physical combination; batch
operation.
The facility operates 24 hours per day, 7 days
per week, 52 weeks per year. There is no noticeable seasonal
fluctuation in operation.
6. Water Supply;
Three sources of water supply are available,
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478
Paul DePalco
namely, Elizabethtown Water Company, private wells, and
Delaware and Rarltan Canal.
Elizabethtown - approximately one million cu. ft.
per month, or 2*49,000 gpd, is purchased from
the municipal system. This water is used for
potable and sanitary needs, and for special
processing where a high quality water is
needed.
Private wells - used only in summer — May through
September — on a once-through basis for
jacketed cooling. Eleven wells — average
depth 300 feet — on property; however, only
using six. Temperature of water 68°P reduces
refrigeration needs. Well yield is 400,000
gpd. Extremely hard — 30 grains — water.
Jacketed cooling water is used mostly
in the phenolic and polystyrene sections. It is
used in other areas for blenders, and compound-
ing equipment. After use — once through —
water discharged directly through storm sewer
to Raritan River.
Delaware & Raritan Canal - average withdrawal - 1.3
mgd; maximum — 1.8 mgd. Used for general
plant use — boiler feed, cooling tower makeup.
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479
Paul DePalco
Prior to use, water is chlorinated and
settled.
7. Cooling Water;
Three cooling water systems, supplied by the
Delaware & Raritan Canal, serve the facility:
System B - phenolic, styrene: 12,000 gpm;
System C - vinyl, polyethylene: 11,000 gpm;
System D - research, development: 9,000 gpm.
Makeup water to these systems is approximately
5 percent.
8. Sewerage^
All wastes, industrial, domestic and roof
drainage, in the wet processing areas — phenolic production
~ go to the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority. All
sanitary wastes in the dry processing areas also go to MCSPA.
Roof drainage and runoff in these areas go to the storm
sewers. MCSA receives daily approximately 800,000 gallons
from the Union Carbide complex.
There are presently three storm sewers —
conveying cooling and runoff waters -- discharging to the
Raritan River. Average flow figures, as supplied by Union
Carbide, are given below:
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480
Paul DePalco
Sewer
North
Center
South
Flow-gpd
100,000
350,000
350,000
9. Analytical Data;
The three storm sewers discharging to the
Raritan River are sampled routinely by both the company and
MCSA. Results of these samplings are shown in the tables
which follow:
Union Carbide - Sample period 1/12/65 - 2/8/66
Parameter
BOD (mg/1) Max
Min
Avg
No. Samples
Phenol (mg/1) Max
Min
Avg
No Samples
North
685
2
50
21
0.71
0.01
0.2
9
Sewer
Central
240
3
51
22
36.2
0.05
4.9
22
South
90
2
14
22
38.4
0.01
2.8
22
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49m
481
Paul DePalco
MCSA - BOD, COD sampled 1/4/66; phenol samples June
1965.
Sewer
North
South
Center
Flow
mgd
.04
.09
.490
BOD
mg/1
11.9
25.8
20.7
COD
mg/1
50
400
58
phenol
mg/1
0.02
0.04
0.13
National Lead Company, Titanium Division
South Amboy, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The National Lead Company's Titanium Division
occupies approximately 580 acres in the Borough of Sayre-
ville, New Jersey. The facility is located on the south
shore of the Raritan River Just above the Garden State
Parkway Bridge. There are over 1,900 employees engaged at
this location in production, maintenance, process control,
engineering and research.
2. Product s:
Titanium dioxide — an Inert non-toxic white
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482
50a Paul DePalco
pigment — In some 33 different grades is the principal
product of this plant. This pigment is used by paint,
paper, plastic, ceramic and drug industries.
3. Raw Materials;
Titanium dioxide is manufactured from Ilmenite
ore which is received by rail or deep water vessel.
4. Capacity:
The capacity of this facility is considered
confidential.
5. Operations;
Ilmenite ore is received in sandlike consistency
containing 40 to 60 percent titanium and the balance is
largely iron with silica and some traces of various
elements. The ore is reacted in concentrated sulfuric
acid. The iron-titanium sulfate solution is clarified to
remove inert materials which are collected for disposal
at sea via barge.
The clarified solution is crystallized and
filtered to remove most of the iron as ferrous sulfate.
The ferrous sulfate or copperas is either s»ld in dry or
wet state or repulped with spent acid for disposal at
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483
5 la Paul DePalco
sea via barge.
The clarified titanium sulfate solution is hy-
drolyzed. The resultant white titanium hydrate is washed
to remove the spent acid. This acid is disposed of at
sea via barge. The titanium hydrate is then calcined and
milled to develop final properties as required for the
various grades of titanium dioxide.
6. Water Supply;
Two sources of water are available; namely, the
Raritan River and the Duhurnal supply -- industry operated
(National Lead, Dupont, Hercules). Approximately 50 mgd
of water are required for the chemical processing of raw
ore into pigment — 44 mgd from the river and 6 mgd from
the fresh water source.
7. Sewerage;
All sanitary wastes from this installation either
go directly to the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority
or to septic tank systems on the plant property.
8. Principal Processes;
The principal unit processes used for the manu-
facture of titanium dioxide pigment are clarification,
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484
52a Paul DePalco
filtration; crystallization, settling, conditioning, roller
and hammer milling and drying. A flow diagram showing
the inter-relationship of these processes has been supplied
by the company.
9. Waste Treatment;
The initial plant installation at South Amboy,
N. J.., included a system for recovery of spent acid and
iron sulfate. This system was unable to economically
provide the degree of control needed to meet increasing
standards for stream quality. A study of alternate
methods developed a proposal for barging the wastes to
sea for disposal. After several years of investigation
into the effects of such disposal an application was
filed through regulatory agencies and approval was granted
for disposal at sea. This method was put into operation
in 1948 and is still the primary means of waste disposal
for the company.
Since 1948, a program has been in effect to
improve waste control procedures at the plant and to keep
these wastes out of the effluents going to the river.
These efforts have required:
1. Construction of a series of settling basins
for clarification of one effluent stream.
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485
Paul DePalco
53a
2. Collection of certain waste streams and neu-
tralization before transmission to the Middle-
sex County Sewerage Authority for disposal.
3. Monitoring of effluent streams -- pH only --
to the river to provide for further refine-
ment in the control of plant wastes.
Most of the water obtained from the Raritan River
and used for processing is returned to the river. Liquid
wastes from the plant operations are segregated from this
stream} and depending upon their characteristics, are
either handled by facilities of the Middlesex County
Sewerage Authority, the company's barge disposal system,
or the company's sedimentation facilities.
Wastes which are not recovered are discharged to
the Raritan River. These wastes are the result of leaks
or spills occasioned by malfunction of equipment and
failure of controls.
The company has not undertaken steps to measure
the exact quantities of waste materials discharged in the
plant effluent, as it would require expensive sampling and
flow measurement. National Lead feels that such a program
is not warranted considering the nature and quantity of
emissions.
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486
Paul DeFalco
Company supplied data indicate that? the discharge
of waste materials amounts to approximately 5,000 pounds
of sulfuric acid and 3,000 pounds of iron sulfate on an
annual daily average.
WATER POLLUTION _ABATEMENT PRO GRf_M
Capital expenditures to date for control of
emissions to the Raritan River exceed $7.75 million.
Current direct operating costs are $1.^4 mil] ion annually.
Approximately $100,000 is spent each year for control
measurement, and engineering studies for further Improve-
ments.
American Cyanamid Company
Bound Brook, N. J
1. Organization;
The Bound Brook plant, located in Bridgewater
Township, is presently the second largest of Cyanamid's 10
United States and foreign manufacturing facilities. As
headquarters of the company's Organic Chemicals Division,
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487
55a Paul DeFalco
the location Is the administrative, research and sales
center for eight plants and four commercial departments.
In the fall of 1915 the firm, then known as the
Calco Chemical Company, began producing aniline and beta
naphthol in three small buildings on an 18-acre site
in Bridgewater, adjoining Bound Brook. This small
aniline facility was one of the first in the country. As
the plant grew, its products multiplied. By 1920, spurred
on by successful research, and wartime demand, its products
had increased from the original two to some 50 dyes and
Intermediates.
In early 1929* the plant was manufacturing more
than 400 different chemical compounds, which included a
full line of dyes, a host of intermediates, rubber pro-
cessing chemicals and a variety of Pharmaceuticals. By
1940 the number of products had increased to 500, and
2,500 people were at work in the plant's operations.
When war came in the early '40s every resource
was quickly committed to the needs of the military.
Output soared to new levels in all product lines, employ-
ment climbed to the all time peak of 4,500 and the Bound
Brook facility became the world's largest make of life-
saving sulfa drugs.
The present complex, located on 575 acres along
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56a
Paul DeFalco
the north bank of the Raritan River, employs approximately
3,000 people. Manufacturing operations are carried out
in 150 buildings on a site of 150 acres.
2. Products;
Product lines consist essentially of the followinf
Dyes
Rubber Chemicals
Elastomers
Textile Chemicals
Intermediates
Pigments
Pharmaceuticals
3. Raw Materials;
Information on this subject is considered con-
fidential by the company.
M. Capacity - Operations;
Company officials consider information on these
subjects confidential.
5. Processes;
Approximately 800 different processes are in use
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489
57a
Paul DePalco
at this plant. Information on individual systems is
considered confidential.
6. Water Supply;
Pour sources of water, namely, Raritan River,
Company owned wells, the Somerville and Bound Brook Water
companies are available.
Raritan River Water
Approximately 22.5 mgd of Raritan River water is
presently diverted for use within the plant. Actual
water needs for current operations at Bound Brook approach
55 mgd. The additional 32 mgd is obtained by recirculating
water in towers and ponds.
Water which is diverted from the river goes into
a concrete lined flume through a screen which removes
floating debris, and then into a chamber in which the
suction pipes from four 10" centrifugal pumps are located.
The water pumped is discharged into a single 24" pipe and
chlorine is added to prevent algae and slime from building
up in the pipe. The 24" pipe runs a distance of 1,400
feet into the plant water distribution system.
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490
58a
Paul DeFalco
Part of the water is treated further since the
water coining from the river cannot be used "as is" The
multi-step treatment includes addition of alum to coagulate
solids which are allowed to settle out in one of two
large ponds; it received further chlorination, then passes
through sand filters and then through a water softening
material such as zeolite. The treated water is used
for the steam boilers to produce steam for plant use and
for direct use in chemical processes, sanitary facilities,
laundry, and ice making. The remainder of the water is
used directly for cooling, scrubbing of vapors to prevent
air pollution, etc.
All of the water mentioned, after use and re-use,
goes to the waste treatment plant.
Well and municipal water
Approximately 2.0 mgd of deep well and muni-
cipally supplied water are used at the Bound Brook complex.
Somerville and Bound Brook water is used essentially for
drinking purposes.
7. Sewerage;
All sanitary wastes are handled by the company's
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59a
Paul DePalco
waste treatment facilities.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
8. Wastes Treatment;
American Cyanamid began working on its industrial
waste problem about 30 years ago in cooperation with the
Rarltan Valley restoration program of the State Department
of Health. In 19*10, after careful and successful investi-
gations for development of a suitable treatment process,
Cyanamid constructed a $500,000 treatment plant comprising
a large lagoon and neutralization system. This system
furnished treatment consisting of equalization, neutrali-
zation and solids sedimentation. These units have been
in service since that time and have been incorporated
as the primary treatment portion of the present expanded
waste treatment facility.
This early treatment plant was effective in
correcting those features of the raw wastes which it was
designed to control. In 19*19 the company began fundamental
investigations of biological methods of waste treatment.
In 1950 the State Department of Health issued new and more
stringent requirements for waters discharged into the
Raritan River.
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492
60a Paul DePalco
After nearly a ten-year chemical, biological
and engineering project, carried out Jointly with con-
sultants and the New Jersey State Department of Health,
and an expenditure of over $1,000,000, a reliable acti-
vated sludge waste treatment process was developed and
approved by the State Department of Health.
Ground was broken for the new facility in March
1957> and the plant was put into operation in May of 1958.
The plant cost $4,500,000 and has an annual operating cost
of nearly $1,000,000.
The treated used water is returned to the Raritan
River at a point about 140' downstream from the raw water
pumping station in a quantity equal to, or greater than
the intake volume of 22.5 mgd. Approximately 2 mgd of
used city water and deep well water, treated at the
company's plant, is included in this total discharge.
9. Treatment Plant Operation;
A sump and pumping station deliver all plant
wastes to a lagoon. In this basin settleable materials ai
removed from the waste; however, the main function of the
unit is to provide equalization of acid discharges prior
to neutralization with lime.
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6la Paul DePalco
After neutralization, wastes flow through a 60
mg lagoon, which serves a dual treatment function.
Materials precipitated from the wastes during neutrali-
zation are removed by settling in this basin. In addition,
the various colors in the influent intermix. Solids which
have accumulated in the basin are periodically removed by
dredging. This treatment plant has been operated con-
tinuously since 19^0.
Plow is transmitted from the 60 mg lagoon through
a US-inch pipeline to a 36-mgd pumping station, which is
located in the pipe gallery under the main building.
Wastes are then pumped into six aeration tanks which may
be operated in several flow patterns. These tanks provide
an average detention period which is from three to six
times the aeration period normally provided for treatment of
municipal sewage.
Six 8—foot diameter sedimentation basins have
been provided for removal of the biological sludge, which
is returned to the aeration tanks for treatment of the
incoming wastes. Effluent is discharged into a small
brook leading to the Raritan River. Wastes can be
chlorinated in accordance with the requirements of the
New Jersey State Department of Health.
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62a Paul DePalco
Operation of the Bound Brook treatment facility
is unique, in as much as it is also designed to provide
secondary treatment for up to 5.0 mgd of municipal wastes
from the Somerset-Raritan Valley Sewerage Authority. The
Authority, serving 45,000 people in Bridgewater, Somerville
and Raritan, is presently discharging approximately 3.0 mgc
into the American Cyanamid system.
10. Analytical Data;
Two tables - "Raritan River Data" and "Pounds
BOD Discharged from Wastes Treatment Plant" -- have been
provided by the company.
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63a
1964
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
RARITAN RIVER DATA
River Plows - MOD
Daily Average
1341
694
856
1302
620
203
263
72
70
128
108
502
Above ACCO Dam
34.1
1,3.3
12.6
11.0
8.3
6.8
5.8
6.1
5.3
8.5
9.1
12.7
Dissolved Oxygen*
Daily Average
Queens Bridge
13.5
12.7
12.0
10.4
7.5
5.2
5.5
4.4
3.1
7.1
7.2
12.1
* Based on single daily grab sample taken at approximately 8:00 a.m
VJ1
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64a
RARITAN RIVER DATA (Cont's )
1965
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
River Plows - MOD
Daij.y Average
1*26
1045
785
592
2*46
89
83
101
111
133
113
149
Above ACCO Dam
13.8
13.3
12.3
11.0
6.8
5.4
4.7
5.7
6.0
7.6
9.2
11.7
Dissolved Oxygen*
Dally Average
Queens Bridge
13.0
12.8
11.7
10.0
5.4
2.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
6.3
7.7
10.3
*Based on a single daily grab sample taken at approximately 8:00 a.m,
•Cr
vo
a\
65a
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65a
POUNDS BOD DISCHARGED FROM
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Daily Average
1964
9,200
13,700
23,000
26.100
20,500
24,100
5,900
8,200
8,500
8,700
8,900
8,400
1965
14,900
18,500
28,000
17,500
15,600
17,800
3,600
6,400
7,500
11,100
10,700
7,600
The great reduction in BOD load to the river during the summer months, Is claimed by
company officials, to be due essentially to higher wastes temperatures -- organisms more active,
therefore, greater removals -- and to changes in production.
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Paul DePalco
Hatco Chemical Division, W. R. Grace & Co.
Fords, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Hatco Chemical Division of W. R. Grace
Company, is located on the western shore of the Raritan
River, approximately one mile upstream from the Victory
Bridge. The facility, located on 90 acres in Woodbridge
Township, employs approximately 275 people.
2. Products;
This plant produces essentially two products:
Plasticizers and Phthalic Anhydride. The major plasticizer
produced is Dloctylphthalate which accounts for more than
50 percent of the production.
3. Raw Materials;
Raw materials include napthalene, which is used
in the anhydride process, and organic alcohols, used in
plasticizer production. These raw materials are brought
in by tank trucks.
4. Capacity:
This plant has the capacity to produce approxi-
mately 44 million pounds per year of Phthalic Anhydride.
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499
Paul DeFalco
Plasticizer production capacity is confidential.
5. Operations:
This plant is operated on a seven day per week, 24
hour per day basis. Approximately eighty percent of the
employees work on a shift basis. The remaining twenty percent
are mainly administrative or maintenance people, working
only during the normal eight hour day time shift.
The two principal operations in this plant are
as follows:
Phthalic Anhydride
Produced by the reaction of napthalene with air
at high temperature. There are no waste products from this
continuous operation, and therefore, the amount of production
is equal to the quantity of raw material - napthalene - used.
Plasticizers
Most of the Phthalic Anhydride manufactured is
used internally for the production of plasticizers. An
organic .alcohol is combined with the anhydride to form the
product. The type of plasticizer produced depends upon the
type of organic alcohol used, and as a result, a large variety
of alcohols are used.
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500
68a Paul DeFalco
6. Water Supply:
Approximately 2.5 million cubic feet per month
of water, or 625,000 gallons per day, is purchased from
the Middlesex Water Company. No other sources of water
are available.
7. Sewerage;
Sanitary wastes from the production facilities
are presently handled by seven septic tanks and leaching
fields. Sanitary discharges from the executive offices,
located in Fords, N. J., are connected to the Municipal
sewer system.
8. Industrial Wastes;
On October 15, 1965, Hatco signed an agreement
with the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority to discharge
all their industrial wastes, with the exception of cooling
water, to the Authority. The contributary flow to MCSA is
estimated to be 200,000 gpd.
Legal problems, regarding acquisition of right-of
.ways, has delayed construction of a sewer line, pre-treat-
ment facilities, and sampling and metering facilities. It
Is expected, however, that the connection to the MCSA will
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501
69a Paul DePalco
be completed no later than January 1, 1967. This date
will most likely be met, as Hatco Is paying the Authority
$5*500 per quarter, for interest and amortization. To
date, approximately 50 percent of the construction program
has been completed.
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc., Heyden Division
FordSj New Jersey
1. Organization;
Heyden Chemical was a division of the Heyden-
Newport Chemical Corporation until 1963 when the company
was acquired by Tennessee Gas Transmission. Tenneoo main-
tains executive and operating offices in New York City.
Heyden Chemical, located on 242 acres in Fords,
N. J., is presently operated as a division of the parent
company. Present plans call for expanding certain facilities
and adding new processes sometime during 1966-67.
2. Products:
Organic Intermediate chemicals comprising over
200 final products.
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502
70a Paul DeFalco
Major products include:
Strobane - (chlorinated terpene -- boll weevil
control)
Hexamethylene tetramine - used in resins and
explosives
Pentaerythritol - used in paint
Maleic anhydride - used in re sine
Pthalic anhydride - used in plasticizer (Production
stopped 2/65)
Chlorctcluene - used in herbicides and drugr
Benzaldehyde - essential ol.ls, fl?vorinp;s and
in sec/tic ides
Hydrochloric aoid
Formaldehyde
Benzotrifluoride -- soaps and control of lamprey ee.
(A company supplied list gives a further breakdown
of products)
3. Raw Materials;
Itethanol
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Aoetaldehyde
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71a 503
Paul DeFalco
Caustics
Benzene
Orthozylene
Chlorine
Toluene
Terpenes
Hydrogen fluoride
4. Capac ity t
Capacity of the facility is considered confidential.
5. Operations;
Production operations at this plant are essentially
continuous. The only major batch operation is in the pro-
duction of terpene derivitives.
Approximately 400 people are employed by this plant,
which operates 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, 365
days per year. Fifty percent of the staff works on a
shift 'baa-la,
6. Water Supply;
Two sources of water are available, namely,
Middlesex Water Company and a pond (west lagoon), located
on plant property, which receive land drainage.
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504
72a Paul DeFalco
Average monthly plant city water usage is in
the area of 56,000,000 gallons/month. Distribution and
usage of this water is as follows:
a. Sold in products - 250,000 gallons/month.
b. Cooling tower evaporation - 9,000,000 gallons/
month.
c. Process Waste and Sewage - 24,000,000 gallons/
month.
d. Ground Drainage - Non returned steam conden-
sate - 8,300,000 gallons/month.
e. Cooling water returned to ponds with pond
water - 13,500,000 gallons/month.
f. Exhaust steam — 1,000,000 gallons/month.
Total 54,000,000 gallons/month.
The pond cooling water pumping rate from the
West lagoon, the source of surface cooling water, .is 2,000
gallons per minute.
The Fords Installation presently has in operation
four cooling towers whose effluent (overflow) is being
discharged to MCSA. Water evaporation rates calculated
from heat loads indicates an average of 210 gallons per
minute evaporation rate for the four units.
7. Sewerage:
The plant presently has in use ten septic tanks,
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73a Paul DeFalco 505
eight of whioh are tied into^MCSA and two of which discharge
into drain fleldsr
8. Processes:
With more than 200 products from the plant,
there are many individual processes that are used. They
could best be classified as oxidation processes as in the
air oxidation of benzene to produce maleic anhydride.
WASTE SOURCES
a. Hexamethylenetetramine - no process waste
water, only cooling water which goes to
West Pond,
b. Pentaerythritol - process water to Middlesex
County Sewerage Authority. Cooling water
goes to West Pond.
o. Maleic anhydride - process water recirculated
through cooling tower. Any waste discharged
goes to MCSA.
d. Phthalic anhydride - same as c. (no longer
In operation)
e. Chlorotoluene - chemical wastes go to MCSA
and cooling waters go to West Pond.
f. Benzaldehyde - same as above, (e)
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506
Paul DeFalco
g. Strobane - no process waste and cooling
water goes to West Pond.
h. Hydrochloric acid - any process waste goes
to MCSA.
I. Formaldehyde - water kept in the product with
no cooling water discharged.
J. Two cooling towers overflow at times into
the West Pond.
k. Barometric condensers - cooling in this manner
most likely produces a carry-over of the
product into the coolinc water.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Approximately 0.8 mgd of process wastes are dis-
charged to the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority. Based
on water use information, 0.7 mgd is discharged to the
Raritan River as cooling water. Flow studies conducted
by MCSA, however, indicate this flow averages approximately
1.0 to 1.5 mgd. Tests conducted by MCSA and the Raritan
Bay Project indicate that this "cooling water" is carrying
a heavy pollutional load. (BOD: 60-2 — ppm; COD: 120 ppm;
phosphate: 1.0 ppm)
Investigations undertaken by the company in 1965
Indicate that the flow averages 0.82 mgd; BOD 61-65 ing A;
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75a Paul DeFalco 50?
pH 6.5-7.5; and phosphates .002-0.005 rag/1.
It would appear, based on the above information,
that all wastewaters are not being discharged to MCSA.
Elimination of the barometric condensers, which is being
planned in the hexamethylene tetramine and formaldehyde
processes, will probably reduce some of this pollutional
load.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Photo Products Division
Parlin, New Jersey
1. .Organization;
This photographic materials plant has been
operated at this site since about 1926. The plant is
located on Minnlsink Avenue, Parlin, New Jersey.
2. Products:
Photographic film is produced for medical purposes,
X rays, graphic arts, and motion pictures.. Nitrocellulose
film was last produced in 1949 and no acetate film was
produced in 1964. Present production is a polyester base
film known as "Cronar."* A by-product methanol is shipped
off the premises for recovery.
*Reg. Du Pont Trademarks.
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76a Paul DeFalco
3. Raw Materials;
Dimethyl terephthalate (also used in "Dacron"*)
Ethylene glycol
Silver Nitrate
Gelatin
Ammonium Brpmide
Potassium chloride
Potassium iodide
Supplies:
Algicide
Humiclean, 4-5 gpd
556 Dowicide G
Possium pentachiorophenol
Miticide
Hyccl (lysol) 3-5 Ibs/day of liquid
Hydroquinone developers from lab
5 Ibs/day
Phenolics
2 Ibs/day
4. Capac ity:
The production capacity was not reported.
*Reg. Du Pont Trademarks.
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77a 5°9
Paul DeFalco
5. Operations:
This plant operated 168 hours per week.
6. Employees:
Employment if provided for 2500 people.
7. Water Supply;
Water is obtained from the Duhernal Water Supply,
a private water company. Normally 2 mgd are consumed, with
a peak demanu of 3 mgd.
8. Sewerage;
Domestic sewage is discharged to the Boro of
Sayreville and then to Middlesex County Sewerage Authority.
All plant effluent is discharged to the South
River except that used for irrigating the lawns. A ditch
about 2 miles long extends from the plant through the
Hercules property to the River.
WASTE SEGREGATION
9. Strong Wastes:
From 5000 to 8000 gallons per week of strong wastes
-------
5io
78a Paul DeFaloo
are collected in drums and barged to sea for disposal in
the 12-mile dumping ground. Future plans provide for in-
cinerating these wastes at the plant site.
10. Waste Solvents;
Waste solvents are collected and incinerated.
11. Cooling Water;
The remaining wastes, referred to as cooling
water, are discharged to the ditch to the South River.
Water supplied to the plant averages about 55° F and plant
effluent averages about 80° F.
FUTURE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
12. Treatment of Total Flow:
Tentative plans call for treating all of the plant
wastewater in a 5-acre lagoon. The nominal holding time
would be 5 days. Floating aerators were being considered.
The lagoon would have a wide spillway in order to accommodate
yard runoff. The design load would be 1000 Ibs of BOD per
day. The expected reduction would be 80$ at 3-day detention
-------
79a 511
Paul DeFalco
13. Diversion:
Under an alternate proposal, 150,000 gpd, repre-
senting 800 Ibs. of BOD^, would be diverted to the sanitary
sewer to Sayreville. The balance of the flow with 200 Ibs.
of BOD^ would be discharged to the proposed lagoons. With
this reduced load on the lagoons, the aerators would pro-
bably not be required.
E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, Fabrics & Finishes Department
Parlin Finishes Plant, Parlin, New Jersey
1. Organization;
Initially a powder plant was constructed at this
site about 1890. The facilities were purchased in 1910 by
du Pont. Since about 19^5 a polymers and plastics plant
has been operated at this site. The plant is located on
Washington Road in Parlin, New Jersey.
2. Products;
This plant manufactures paint, polymers, and plastic
finishes.
-------
512
80a Paul DeFalco
3. Raw Materials:
The raw materials are:
Plasticizers
Adhesives
Resins
Alcohols
Esters
Paint Solvents
Vegetable Oils
Water
4. Capac ity;
This plant produces about 5 million gallons of
pigmented material and 20 million pounds of polymers and
plastics per year.
5. Operations;
The plant operates 120 hours per week.
6. Bnployees:
Employment is provided for 700 people.
7. Water Supply;
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513
8la Paul DePalco
Water is obtained from the Duhernal Water Supply,
a private water company established In 1938. Water use Is
1.5 mgd.
8. Sewerage:
Domestic wastes are discharged to the Boro of
Sayrevllle and Middlesex County Sewerage Authority.
The deep sewer system and the open ditch discharge
wastes to the South River.
9. Principal Processes;
Production is divided into two areas:
a. The enamel and clear area, where paint
materials are mechanically mixed and
containers are filled.
b. The polymers and plastics area, where
products are produced by polymerization
and esterification.
WASTE SEGREGATION
Process, cooling, and reaction water wastes are
segregated into three collection systems.
10. Deep Sewer System:
Roof drainage and part of the cooling water is
-------
82a Paul DeFalco
collected in the deep sewer system and discharged to the
South River. Cooling water is discharged at about 75-80° F,
a rise of about 22-27° F. Approximately 120 to 360 pounds
of BOD are discharged per day in this sewer.
Water from Hercules Powder is added to this
system before discharge to the river.
11. Open Ditch:
The balance of the cooling water and yard drainage
is collected in the open ditch and discharged to the South
River. The concentration of BOD is reported to be less
than 10 mg/1.
12. BOD System:
About 20,000 gallons per day of waste process
water is discharged to the BOD system for treatment. This
water is from the polymers and plastic area.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
13. Separat ion;
The Vvater collected in the BOD system is treated
in a small non-mechanical decanter. Floatable solvents are
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515
83a
Paul DeFalco
pumped to a solvent reclaim tank. Water from below the
solvent level flows continuously to a pump pit where It
is intermittently discharged to a gravity line to the
evaporation lagoons. Sludge is removed manually at inter-
vals and stored in drums for incineration.
14. Evaporation Lagoons;
The separated water is discharged to one of three
lagoons where seepage and evaporation take place and there
is not any overflow.
15. Solvent Reclaiming;
Wash solvent from the enamel and clear area is dis-
charged to two ^small settling tanks. Sludge is removed
from these tanks and drummed for incineration. Settled
solvent is transferred to a solvent reclaim tank. This
waste solvent is hauled off site to be reclaimed and returned
for use.
16. Incineration:
An open pit incineration with provision for
forced air is under construction. This will be used for
destruction of sludges and solid wastes.
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84a
Paul DeFalco
17. Future Waste Disposal;
At the present time negotiations are under way to
discharge the waste water from the decanter (item 16) to
Boro of Sayreville and Middlesex County Sewerage Authority,
replacing the evaporation lagoons.
Hydroscience, Inc., prepared a report on
"Pollution Analysis of the South and Lower Raritan Rivers"
which considered the deep sewer and open ditch discharges
to the South River, excluding the decanted waste water
which is presently being discharged to the evaporation
lagoons. Decisions to continue discharge of the open
ditch and deep sewer to the South River were based on this
report.
Hercules Powder Company
Sayreville, New Jersey
1. Organizationi
The Parlin plant of Hercules Powder Company,
occupying 800 acres, has been located In Sayreville, N. J
since 1914. The company's main engineering and executive
offices are In Wilmington, Delaware.
-------
517
Paul DeFalco
2. Products:
Polyethylene (Hifax) - 50 million pounds per year
Nltro cellulose
Chlorinated rubber (Parlon)
Nitric acid
Acetic acid - 40 million pounds per year
Chlorinated polyethers (Pent on)
Esters
3. Raw Materials;
a. Polyethylene process: ethylene (piped in);
catalysts
b. Nitrocellulose process: nitric acid; cellulose
(brought in by rail); sulfuric acid
c. Parlon process (used in paints and printing
inks): rubber (brought in by truck); chlorine
(brought in by tank car); carbon tetrachlorlde
( recyc led )
d. Nitric acid process (used in nitrocellulose
production): ammonia (brought in by tank car)
e. Acetic aold process: ethyl alcohol (brought
by rail)
-------
86a
4. Capacity
518
Paul DePalc.o
Production capacity from most of the processes
is confidential.
5. Operations;
The plant is divided into two sections; plant #1
produces nitrocellulose, Parlon, Penton and nitric acid;
plant #2 produces Hifax and acetic acid. The individual
processes are covered in Section II.
The plant employe 1350 people, 50$ of which
are on shift work 7 days per week, 24 hours per day, 50
weeks per year.
6. Water Supply:
The only major source of water is a 5.5 mgd
withdrawal from the Duhernal Water System, a joint venture
between the DuPont, Hercules and National Lead Companies.
Incoming raw water is adjusted for pH, settled, filtered
and chlorinated. Iron is also precipitated out. Six
wells are on the premises, however, they are used only
approximately 6 days a year.
A large recirculating cooling water system is main-
tained by the company. Makeup water averages 5 percent.
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519
87a Paul DeFalco
7. Sewerage:
Sanitary wastes from Plant #2 are discharged to
the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority system, while sewage
from Plant #1 is discharged to the Borough of Sayreville.
8. Processes:
a. Nitrocellulose:
Cellulose is treated with nitric and sulfuric
acid, purified and then adjusted for viscosity
by heat. It is then dehydrated by pressing,
with the water being replaced by alcohol.
Water is used for washing, the alcohol recovered,
and the water reused for washing. The true
dehydration water which is high in BOD, is dis-
charged to the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority
b. Parlon:
Consists of the chlorination of rubber in
carbon tetrachloride. This product is then
precipitated and washed with water. The
material is then dried. All washwater is
discharged to the MCSA.
c. Hifax :
Consists of the polymerization of ethylene in
-------
Paul DeFalco 520
88a a kerosene-like material, which is later
removed. The product is dried and then ex-
truded .into pellets. Water is used in steam
distillation and cooling. Process waters go
to NCSA and some cooling water to a brook which
empties into South River.
d. Nitric Acid:
Water is removed to concentrate the acid. This
water is neutralized and discharged to a sewer
which empties into the South River, a tributary
of the Raritan River.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT
9. Waste Sources:
30" chemical sewer - discharges to South River
Line carries approximately 3.3 nigd of wastes —
3.0 mgd is washwater from nitrocellulose process. BOD average!
35-40 ppm. Analysis of this discharge is given at end of
report.
Number 1 Brook
No direct discharge, possible leakage from lagoon
areas. DuPont drainage plus small discharges also in brook.
NCSA data shows flow - .8? mgd; BOD - 7.0; DO - 8.7; pH - 8.1,
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521
89a Paul DeFalco
Number 2 Brook — discharges to South River
Approximately 363 gpm of cooling water from the
Parlon process Is discharged to this brook.
Studies conducted by both MCSA and the Raritan
Bay Project indicate that flow in this stream is approxi-
mately 5.5 mgd. Hercules' flow contribution is about 10$,
Analysis of the stream, before it enters, and
after it leaves Hercules'property is given below:
Total Total
Total Fixed Sus Total
Location BOD COD Solids Solids Solids FSS Phenols
Before
After
44
37
121
131
171
219
93
127
13
37
2
37
.OU
.04
.08
.03
All results, reported in mg/1, are averages of
eight hour composites collected over a 24 hour period. The
second phenol column is based on an average of three grab
samples collected r>ver a 24 hoar period.
Number 3 Brook -- discharges to South River
Receives approximately 290 gpm of oooling water
from Hifax and Power House. MCSA data indicates BOD - 0.7;
DO - 6.4; pH - 6.2; flow - .32 mgd.
Process Wastes
Approximately 900,000 gpd of process- wastes are
discharged to the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority.
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522
90a Paul DePalco
10. Waste Treatment;
Wastes being discharged to the 30" sewer are first
treated in the company's private neutralization plant which
was approved by the State of New Jersey in 1948. Reports
on operation are sent to the State once a month. (See end
of report.) Treatment consists of neutralization with lime,
aeration, settling, cooling and reaeration. During peak
periods, some of the incoming flow is diverted to a storage
lagoon.
-------
523
Sludge> which is composed of calcium sulfate and lime is removed every
three months and used for landf ill. Effluent analysis, supplied by Hercules,
follow:
SAMPLE ANALYSES OF NO, 1 CHEMICAL SEWER (30" DIA?)
Date
1/22/64
2/12/64
3/19/64
4/22/64
5/20/64
5/27/64
6/23/64
7/22/64
8/19/64
8/20/64
9/16/64
10/29/64
11/24/64
12/ 8/64
1/12/65
1/21/65
(a)
PH
5,7
5,7
9,0
7.8
6,2
7d
3,2
5*1
8^6
6,8
7,0
6*9
9,0
8,6
8,4
8,2
D,0, (a)
8,61
7C35
6,59
7,30
3,33
5,83
2.31
6,68
7 -.04
6.80
6,64
5,50
6,00
6,69
6*41
6-70
BSO.D, (b:)
34
44
43
36
71
28
55
64
30
40
29
38
28
45
51
39
37
Temple/5"* Remarks (a)
8-hr, composite
24° 8 "
20U5° 8 "
OŁ cO o ft ii
/DC j o
8 " "
8 " "
29° 8 " "
8 " "
27° 8 "
24 " "
8 " "
25° 8 " "
22° 8 "
18° 8 "
24 -
8 " "
(a) Sampled at inlet to spray lagoons *
(b) Sampled discharge of spray lagoons-
155
-------
524
SPRAY LAGOONS' EFFLUENT ANALYSES
Date pH
1/28/65 8.6
2/ 2/65 7.3
3/ 3/65 6.9
4/29/65 6,7
5/12/65 7,7
5/24/65 7.3
5/26/65 5.1
5/27/65 7.1
5/28/65 6.3
5/29/65 7.2
5/31/65 6.8
6/ 1/65 6,7
6/ 2/65 6.8
6/ 3/65 6*5
6/ 4/65 6.6
6/ 5/65 609
6/ 6/65 5.5
6/ 7/65 6,5
6/ 8/65 7.0
6/ 9/65 6,7
6/10/65 6,9
6/11/65 4.7
6/15/65 8.0
6/22/65 6,5
B.O,D. Temp. D.O.
mg/1 °c mg/1
40
40 12° 8,80
33
48
35
30
40 36° S.20
64
38
43
25
18
53
42
36
33
34
54
52
41
48
36
53
34
8-hr*
8 "
8 "
24 "
8 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
20 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 fl
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
Remarks
grab composite
ft tr
U II
cont. "
grab
cont. "
ir M
ii it
ii M
tt it
it it
tt ii
• ft U
ti ti
ti ii
it «i
it it
ti ii
«t ii
a ii
it ti
ti ii
U ti
ii ii
-------
525
SPRAY LAGOONS' EFFLUENT ANALYSES
Date
6/23/65
6/24/65
6/25/65
6/29/65
6/30/65 )
6/30/65 )
6/30/65-7/1/65)
7/ 1/65
7/20/65
7/21/65
7/22/65
7/28/65
7/29/65
8/ 3/65
8/ 4/65
8/ 5/65
8/19/65
8/24/65
8/25/65
8/30/65
7.,3
7,5
7,2
7.3
7«4
7.2
7.1
7,2
7o6
8,1
7,2
7,2
7.5
7.0
7.2
6.9
7-5
7.1
6e9
7,0
mg/1
25
27
46
26
24
22
14
20
34
40
28
20
24
39
29
37
30
22
23
35
24-hr.
24 "
24 "
24 "
9:30 A
1:30 P
5:30 P
24-hr.
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
24 "
Remarks
cont* composite
it it
ii it
ii ii
.Me-lx30 PBM8
cont=> composite
,M.-5:30 P0M.
cont, composite
,M,-7:30 A5M,
cont •-. compos ite
conto composite
ii ii
it it
it it
„
it ii
it it
it it
it ii
»t it
it it
it it
it ii
157
-------
526
SPRAY LAGOONS1 EFFLUENT ANALYSES
Date
9/ 1/65
9/ 9/65
9/14/65
9/15/65
9/21/65
9/23/65
9/27/65
9/28/65
10/ 5/65
10/ 6/65
10/ 7/65
10/19/65
10/26/65
ll/ 3/65
ll/ 9/65
11/16/65
11/16/65
11/17/65
12/ 8/65
7d
7,1
7,3
7,3
8tQ
5.2
6,8
7,2
8cO
6.5
8.1
7e8
7,4
7.5
7,3
6.9
7,1
7,2
8.2
BaOoDo
mg/1
29
28
34
77
40
37
36
44
31
31
67
83
60
39
58
52
43
33
38
24-hr .
24 "
Remarks
cont, composite
it ii
6 hourly grabs "
7 "
8 "
8 "
8 "
8 "
8
8
8
8
8 "
8
6-hr,
6 "
„
11 ii
..
„
ii it
„
II H
„
„
II It
tl II
cont» comp.
"
8 hourly grabs "
8-hr.
8 "
cont« comp.
,,
158
-------
527
Paul DeFalco
American Smelting and Refining Company
Perth Amboy, New Jersey
1. Organization:
American Smelting and Refining Company is located
on the eastern edge of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, adjacent to
the Arthur Kill. The facility occupies a total of 145
acres: 70 for operations and 75 for slag dumping. Approxi-
mately 1,400 people, 75 percent of which are on a day shift
basis, are employed. The company's main executive and operating
offices are located in New Yorlc City.
2. Products:
The following is a list of finished products and
quantities produced:
Refined copper (bar, rod, cake) 13*500 tons per month
Brass alloys 600 tons per month
Antimonial alloys and oxides 175 tons per month
Refined gold 30,000 ounces per month
Refined silver 3,500,000 ounces per month
3. Raw Materials:
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528
96a
Paul DeFalco
Raw materials used include:
Copper bullion
Scrap copper and brass
Antimonial crudes
Precious metal scrap
11,000 tons per month
5,000 tons per month
50 tons per month
40 tons per month
4. Capac ity:
Plant capacity is given under the subheading 2^_
Products.
5. Operations;
Given below is a flow diagram of all processes
at this facility. Each is broken down with the following
Information: Name and description; raw materials; quantity
of cooling and process water (fresh and salt); finished product
location of discharge and sizes of effluent channels or pipes;
operation schedule (hours per day, days per month).
A. Refined Copper
Raw material - copper bullion
scrap copper and brass
melt and cast to anodes
electrolyze anodes
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529
9?a Paul DeFalco
2,000,000 cu. ft. condensate water per month
copper slimes
refined electrolytic copper
No effluent channels or pipes.
Water added to compenssate for evaporation
Mould cooling water recirculated through cooling towers
B. Brass Alloys
Raw material - refined copper
tin
lead
zinc
t
brass 1
finished product
Melt and cast into special sizes
and shapes of rods and tubes
conforming to rigid chemical
and physical specifications.
Mould cooling water recirculated through cooling tower
No effluent channels or pipes
Operating 24 hr./day, 30 days/month
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530
98a
Paul DePalco
C. Antimony Alloys and Oxides
Raw material - crude antlmonial lead alloys
process in steel kettles
at high temperature
finished product
Specification alloys of lead and antimony
and antimony oxide.
No water required — salt or fresh
No effluent channels or pipes.
Operating 24 hrs./day, 30 days/inonth
D. Refined Gold and Silver
Raw material - copper refinery slimes
precious metal scrap
•
-------
531
Paul DeFalco
99a
Fresh water — 2,000 cu. ft./month replacement
for evaporation
No effluent channels or pipes.
Operating 24 hrs./day, 22 days/month
6. Water Supply:
Two sources of water supply are available, namely
Arthur Kill and the municipal supply from the City of Perth
Amboy. Fresh water, used at a rate of 3,500,000 cubic
feet per month, or approximately 875,000 gallons per day, is
used for steam production, sanitary and drinking purposes,
and for makeup water in the plant's recirculating cooling
water system.
Salt water from the Arthur Kill, used at a rate
of 5,000 gpm, or 7.2 mgd, is used mainly for jacketed
cooling in condensers and furnaces.
7. Sewage;
All sanitary wastes from the facility go to the
Perth Amboy sewer system. Process wastes discharged to
Perth Amboy amount to 500,000 cubic feet per month, or 124,000
gpd.
8. Principal processes:
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532
lOOa Paul DePaloo
Refining is the principal process at this facility,
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
The plant has five sewers, the location of which
are shown on a company supplied map, which discharge either
directly to the Kill or to small tributaries. The only
wastes reportedly being carried by these conduits are
cooling waters, condensate waters, and overflow water from
the plant's cooling pond. As mentioned previously, all
sanitary wastes and processing water goes to the city sewer
system.
Analyses have never been performed on these
discharges by either the company, Interstate Sanitation
Commission, or the New Jersey State Health Department.
United States Metala Refining Co.
Carteret, New Jersey
1. Organization;
This refinery is a solely owned subsidiary of
American Metal Climax and is part of the United States Met all
-------
533
Paul DePalco
Refining Division of the parent company. The other unit
of the division is the Pyron Plant at Niagara Palls, New
York, which produces iron powder. This metal refinery was
Initially established at this location in 1902. The
refinery is located on Arthur Kill near Tufts Point at the
south edge of Carteret, New Jersey.
2. Products;
This metal refinery produces copper, tough pitch,
powdered, and oxygen free in various shapes and alloys.
Crude zinc oxide and crude nickel sulfate as well as a
variety of precious metals are also produced. The produc-
tion of germanium and germanium oxide has been discontinued.
3. Raw Materials;
The two principal raw materials at this refinery
are scrap copper and foreign blister. Foreign slimes from
copper refineries and jeweler's waste are also purchased.
This refinery no longer receives copper sulflde.
^. Capaoity;
From approximately 15 to 18 thousand tons of scrap
materials and contract blister from other smelters per month
the refinery produces 15 to 18 thousand tons per month of copper,
-------
534
102a Paul DePalco
5. Operations:
The blast furnace and tank house operate at 168
hours per week. The anode and wire bar furnaces operate
continuously except for varying periods on weekends. The
copper powder operations operate 5 to 6 days per week.
6. Employees:
This refinery employs from 1500 to 1700 people.
7. Water Supply;
For the past four calendar years the metal re-
finery has purchased an average of 9,280,000 gallons per
day of fresh water from the Middlesex Water Company. Approxi-
mately 50.3# Is feed water makeup for generation of steam,
4.856 is used for sanitary purposes, and the balance (44.9$)
is used for process cooling and heat exchangers and makeup
for the cooling ponds of the Bosh water system.
Approximately 36 million gallons per day of
brackish water is withdrawn from the Arthur Kill. About
46$ is used for shell and tube and barometric condensers
in condensing, steam at prime movers, 556 is used for jet
ejectors producing vacuum for the electrolyte evaporators,
is used for other plant processes, cooling by means of
-------
535
103a Paul DePalco
shell and tube heat exchangers, and the balance (8$) is used
for direct contact cooling.
8. Sewerape;
Three sewage ejectors are used to pump the sanitary
sewage into the Carteret sewage system. In case of ejector
failure the sanitary sewage is bypassed to the Arthur Kill.
These stations are inspected daily and the maximum outage is
24 hours. This occurs perhaps once a month.
All of the waste water and yard drainage are dis-
/>
charged to the Arthur Kill through two outlets, one of which
is 30 Inches in diameter and the other is 18 inches in dia-
meter.
9. Outline of Process;
All nonferrous scrap which is not calssified as
No. 1 or No. 2 scrap is sent to the blast furnace for smelt -
ing with coke. Black copper is produced in the blast furnace
and sent to the converter. The slag from the blast furnace
is quenched with salt water and discharged to a slag pit
from where it is recovered and sold for shot blasting and
aggregate. The gases from the blast furnace are filtered
in a bag house and crude zinc oxide is recovered and shipped
off the premises for further processing.
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536
104a
Paul DeFalco
In the converter air is blown through the molted
black copper and blisters are cast from the converter.
Gases from the converter are discharged to an acid spray
tower and then go to a Cottrell preclpitator before being
discharged to the waste gas stack. When this refinery formerl
received sulfide ores from Cuba it was desirable to recover
the dust from the converter in the Cottrell precipitator.
Since the sulfide ores are no longer received the Cottrell
precipitator is to be replaced with a bag house dust collecto:
system.
The No. 2 scrap is baled and charged along with
locally produced blisters and foreign blisters to the
reverbatory furnaces. From these furnaces all copper is
cast into anodes.
All the copper, except No. 1 scrap, is electro-
lytically refined in the tank house.
Cathodes are produced in the tank house. The
slimes which accumulate in the bottom of the tanks are sent
to the precious metal refinery. Part of the recirculatlng
electrolyte is pumped to the nickel salts plants.
Some of the cathodes are used in the tough pitch
casting operations. Here the cathodes are melted with all
of the No. 1 scrap and cast into the products ingots, wire
bars, and billets.
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537
105a Paul DePalco
A second portion of the cathodes are melted In a
low frequency induction melting furnace in a reducing
atmosphere to produce oxygen free copper which is cast either
continuously or in wheel castings to form billets and wire
bars.
A third portion of the cathodes are used in plating
tanks with greased lead cathodes where the copper ions agglo-
merate into fine copper powder and fall to the bottom of
the tanks. From here the powder is recovered as a slurry
and filtered before being further processed by drying in a
reducing atmosphere and grinding to form copper ponder.
The electrolyte which is sent to the nickel salts
plants is evaporated in batch evaporators and sent to
crystalizers. The other liquor from the crystalizers which
is acid is returned to the tank house. The nickel sulfate
crystals are washed in a continuous centrifuge to produce
crude nickel sulfate.
The slimes from the tank house and any purchased
slimes from other copper refinery operations are processed
in the precious metal refinery to produce precious metals
in various shapes.
SOURCES OF WASTE WATER
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538
T.06a
Paul DeFalco
10. Slag Pit;
When the slag is drawn from the blast furnace it
is quenched with sea water and discharged to the slag pit
which is similar to those used in steel making operations.
Surface over-flow from this slag pit is discharged to the
30-inch outlet to the Arthur Kill. Half of the water used
for quenching is from the power house condensers.
11. Surface Condensers;
Two of the four basic circuits in the tank house
are supplied by a direct current generator in power house
No. 1, which is driven by a condensing steam turbine. Salt
water is used on these surface condensers and returned to
the Arthur Kill. About 3 or 4 years ago shot chlorination
was installed at the pumping station for all of the salt
water supplied from the Arthur Kill and this has reduced
the down-time for condenser cleaning by about one-fourth.
Chlorine is applied for about 5 minutes once every 8 hours.
12. Bosh Water System;
In all of the casting operations except the continuous
castings, copper is poured into copper molds which are
mounted on a wheel revolving in a horizontal plane. The
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10?a Paul DeFalco
molds are dressed with a white powder which contains some
phosphate. As soon as the copper is poured into the molds
water is poured over the copper and the molds to quickly
cool them. The castings are removed from the molds and the
molds are washed and dressed again ready to form another
casting. This water system is known as the Bosh Water
System and the water recirculates to two spray cooling
ponds or reservoirs. Make-up water for this system is
purchased fresh water. Occasionally some of this water is
bled off or overflows to the 30-inch diameter outlet to
the Arthur Kill. This water may be high in phosphates and
copper. About once every 3 years, these reservoirs are
cleaned and the residue is returned to the smelter.
13. Nickel Salts Evaporators;
The barometric condensers on these evaporators
are cooled with salt water. There is a possibility of
carry-over of acid and nickel solutions from these evapora-
tors. The waste waters are frequently checked with methyl
orange for an indication of acidic waste. This waste water
from the barometric condensers discharges to the Arthur
Kill through the 18-inch diameter outlet. The flow is
estimated to be about 1.5 million gallons per day.
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?aul DeFalco
14. Cutting Oil:
Adjacent to the continuous casting operations it
was noticed that metal chips were being discharged to a bin
and that the associated cutting oils were being discharged
with these chips and drained through the bottom of the bin
to the ground surface from where they had been discharging
to the storm sewer. These wastes would be discharged throug
the 18-inch outlet.
15. Lubricating Oil;
Various reciprocating steam driven equipment in
this refinery is a potential source of lubricating oils in
the condensates from these machines.
16. Demineralizer;
Boiler feed water is treated in a demineralizer
at this refinery. Approximately 244 gallons at 60° Baume
sulfurlc acid is used every two days in regenerating the
demineralizer resins.
17. Waste Heat:
Besides the surface condensers previously referred
to, many of the furnaces and continuous molds are water
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109a Paul DePalco
cooled by heat exchangers. Most of this cooling is
accomplished with salt water which is eventually discharged
to the Arthur Kill. On the day of this plant visit the
blast furnace and the converter were not operating. The
Intake water temperature from Arthur Kill was reported to
be 70° P and the outlet temperatures were reported to be
77° on one outlet and 82° on the other outlet.
WASTE CONTROL
18. Tank House;
There is not any gravity drain line from the
cellar of the tank house. During rainy periods the cellar
may become flooded. If the water is not acid it is pumped
to the storm sewer system with two gasoline driven
emergency pumps. If the water in the cellar of the tank
house is acid, indicating that it may be a spill from the
electrolytic tanks, it is pumped to storage tanks in the
tank house and used for make-up in the electrolytic tanks.
19. Analytical Results:
Samples collected in October 1964 were analyzed
by Rutgers University and reported as follows:
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HOa
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
542
Description.
30" Inlet
30" Outlet
18" Inlet
18" Outlet
p_H
6.9
7.1
7.0
7.2
Setteable
Solids mg/1
nil
nil
nil
nil
Suspended
Solids mg/1
52
31
95
33
BOD
mg/1
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.2
Ul
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ilia
L Paul DeFalco
Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation
Elizabeth, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation
Plant is located at the eastern edge of Elizabeth, New
Jersey, between the Arthur Kill and the New Jersey
Turnpike. This facility presently employs approximately
950 people. The company's main executive and operating
offices are located at 300 Park Avenue, New York City.
2. Products:
This plant produces essentially copper products
in the following form:
Hot rolled rods
Drawn wire, bare and tinned
Plat wire, and bus bar
Stranded wire
Pipe, tube, drawn rods and shapes
3. Raw Materials:
Principal raw materials include:
Copper
Tin
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112a
Paul DePalco
Lead
Zinc
Nickel
Non-ferrous metals
Cable seal compound
For the most part, bulk copper bar is brought in
by barge. Staall quantities of this metal are brought in
by truck and rail. All other raw materials are brought
in by truck.
4. Capac ity;
The capacity of this plant is reported to be more
than one million pounds of copper per day. The company
does not wish GO reveal exact capacities.
5. Operations;
Basically, this plant operates on a 16 hour, five
day per week basis.
Principal operations are outlined below:
Hot Rolling - Wire bars or alloy billets are
heated in a suitable furnace to 1,300 - 1,600° F; hot
worked for forming rolls to a suitable, useable or mar-
ketable copper rod; and then furnished black or cleaned by
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Paul DePalco
pickling in a sulfuric acid solution and rinsed. Approximately
2,000 to 3*000 gpm of recirculated fresh cooling water is
used in the process. Temperature of the cooling water,
depending upon the time of the year, is 90 to 110°P. This
process operates on a five day, two shift basis.
Billet Casting - Copper scrap or ingot copper is
melted in an induction type furnace. The melt is cast
into water cooled molds forming billets. Recirculated
fresh water is used for mold cooling at a rate of approxi-
mately 1,500 gpm. The temperature varies, depending upon
the time of year, from about 90 to 120°p. The casting
shop usually operates on a one shift, five day per week basis.
Extrusion Mill - Copper or alloyed billets are
heated in a suitable furnace to a temperature of 1,300 -
1,700° P; discharged into the container of a 2,200 ton
hydraulic extrusion press, and with a plunger attached to the
hydraulic ram, forced through a suitable die for the forming
of rod, tube, shell, or any regular or irregular shape that
is presently extrudable. Occasionally, a small amount of
fresh water is used for quenching the finished product.
The finished stock is pickled and cleaned before passing
to other operations. The extrusion department usually
operates on a one shift, five day per week basis.
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Paul DeFalco
Wire Drawing - Clean rod is passed through
various types of machines which will cold reduce the
cross section through dies. This cold work hardens the
wire. In the reducing process it Is necessary to anneal
(re-soften) the \vire when it becomes too hard for further
reduction. The wire drawing machines have reclrculatlng
systems of drawing compounds which are generally soluble
in water. These solutions are recirculated and only changet
in cases of emergency. Wire is drawn in many sizes from
drawn rod. These products are sold as is, or sent to
other departments for further processing. The wire mills
operate on a two shift, five day per week basis.
Cold Rolling - Cleaned wire from the wire mill
or cleaned rectangles from the extrusion presses are cold
reduced by mechanically working them through rolls which
reduce their size. This size reduction also increases the
hardness, and thus annealing may be needed, depending on
the size and temper of the required material. These cold
reducing flats are finished in all sizes and are sent out
in reels, colls, or cut to straight lengths as required
by the customer. The foiling mills operate on a two shift,
five day per week basis.
Tinning - This Is a process for coating copper
wire with tin or tin alloy. It Is accomplished by passing
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Paul DeFalco
the wire through a fluxing tank; through a molten tin bath
at approximately 850° P; through a series of wipes to
remove the excess tin and form a smooth coat; through
cooling water; and then wound on take-up reels.
This material is either shipped direct to the
customer or else used elsewhere in the plant for further
processing. This department usually operates two shifts, five
days per week.
St rand Ing - This process merely mechanically
twists small wire into cable to make the flexible equiva-
lent of solid wire or bus bar. This material is either
sold as is, or sent for further processing (insulating)
elsewhere. This department normally operates two shifts,
five days per week.
Tube and Shape Drawing- Here, material from the
extrusion presses Is mechanically reduced in size by pull-
Ing it through dies on draw benches. This drawing and
rolling hardens the material, and depending; upon che number
of reductions and the physical characteristics required in
processing, annealing may be necessary. The finished
material from the draw benches may require mechanical
straightening and hydrostatic testing. This department
would normally operate on a one shift, five day per week
basis.
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Il6a Paul DeFalco
6. Water Supply;
Two sources of water are available, namely
Arthur Kill and the municipal supply from the city of
Elizabeth. Fresh water Is used for drinking and sanitary
purposes, and for makeup water in recirculatlng cooling
systems used in the hot rolling, billet casting, tinning
and cold rolling processes. Small quantities are also
occasionally used for quenching in the extrusion mill
process. Approximately 3,500 gallons per day of fresh
water are used by this installation.
Salt water from the Arthur Kill Is used for
cooling at a rate of 1.3 mgd. Two separate systems, one
with a capacity of 500 gpm and the other 1,000 gpm are
in use. The smaller quantity of salt water is pumped
through copper colls for cooling the drawing solutions
and for minor cooling throughout the plant. This water is
used on a once through basis before being discharged to
a city sewer system. The remainder of the salt water,
used in jacketed condensers for cooling process water in
the hot rolling process, Is discharged back to the Kill.
This again is on a once through basis.
7. Sewerage;
Approximately 25 percent of the Installation's
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Paul DeFalco
sanitary wastes go to the city sewer, while the remainder
discharge directly to the Arthur Kill through any one of the
six sewers.
8. Principal Processes;
Principal processes at this plant are hot rolling,
billet, casting, extrusion, wire dravrlng, cold rolling, tinning,
stranding, and tube and shape drawing.
s
9. Waste Treatment;
This plant of the Phelps Dodge Corporation pro-
vides no treatment of its industrial or domestic wastes.
At the present time, there are six discharges going directly
into,the Arthur Kill. Outlined below is a brief description
of the discharges into each sewer.
Discharge Sewer
Hot rolling 4,5
Billet casting 6
Extrusion Mill 6
Wire Drawing 1*2,3
Cold rolling 1,2,3
Tinning 1,2,3
Domestic wastes 1,2,3,4,5,6
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0
in
10. Analytical Results:
At the request
analyses were performed
Sewer
No. Solids, SS
1 119.4
2 149.3
3 47.7
4 179.0
5 163.2
6 18.7
of fche Interstate Sanitary
on the raw
ANALYSIS,
Oil
48.7
46.5
13.0
48,2
12.1
30.1
discharges :
PPM
Cu.
0
11.8
0
74.6
189.1
27.6
Commission,
PH
6.8
6.9
7.3
5.5
3.0
2.5
the following
Plow
72.4
7.1
8.8
50.2
13.0
118.2
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Paul DePalco
19* Tne above listed analyses were run on composite
samples collected over an eight hour period. Flows were
measured with a V-notch weir. The flow figures reported
are average discharges, and therefore, could be used in
computing loads. Only three of these discharge points
(4,5,6) are readily accessible for sampling.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
On November 5» 1965, Phelps Dodge received a
letter from the Inter-State Sanitary Commission, advising
them to sec up an abatement program on the following basis:
Diversion of all sewage to the city sewer system; con-
sideration of a closed circulation system, or some other
means to eliminate oil and fine copper solids from being
discharged to the Arthur Kill; removal of all floating and
settleable solids; and elimination of any precipitant which
might form in the Arthur Kill as a direct -result of the
plant's discharges. The dealine set by I.S.C. for this
abatement program is September 1967.
On the basis of this request the plant has already
taken steps to eliminate the discharge of domestic sewage,
by moving to another location, their locker and toilet
facilities. In addition, all reclrculating systems which
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120a Paul DePalco
provide wash and cooling water for the rod mills are
being extended and improved. Other inplant modifications
designed to reduce quantities of wastes being discharged
to the Kill are in the planning stage.
Nassau Smelting and Refining Company, Inc., Tottenville
Staten Island, N Y.
1. Organization:
Nassau Smelting and Refining Company, Inc.,
wholly owned subsidiary of Western Electric Corporation
has been at this location since 1905. Nassau became part
of Western in 1931.
This Facility, located on approximately 42
acres in Tottenville, Staten Island, employs 654 people,
525 of which are in production work.
2. This plant handles approximately 40 percent of the one
million pounds per day of scrap generated by the Bell
Telephone system. The finished products of this plant are
as follows:
Copper bar
Brass and bronze ingots
Lead pigs
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553
I2la Paul DeFaloo
Resin core and wiping solder
Lead sleeving
3. Raw Materials:
Raw materials include scrap cable, insulated
and non-insulated wire, all types of telephone equipment
and apparatus Including relays and booths, and all materials
that contain non-ferrous metals. Much of this raw material
contaminated with wood or plastic. Approximately 400,000
^
pounds per day is handled at this plant; the remaining
600,000 is handled on a contract basis.
4. Capacity:
This plant has a capacity for turning out the
following:
Copper wire bar 50 tons per day
Brass, bronze & ingots 50 tons per day
Lead pigs 90 tons per day
Solder•, resin core 7,000 pounds per day
Bar solder 12,000 pounds per day
Wiping solder 15,000 pounds per day
Lead sleeving 40,000 pounds per day
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122a 554
Paul DeFalco
5. Operations;
This facility can best be described as a
secondary smelting and refining plant because it does not
use ores as its source of raw materials.
Essentially, there are five operations: Sorting,
stripping, burning and sweating, melting and refining,
casting and extrusion.
The plant operates three shifts per day, seven days
per week, 52 weeks per year. Approximately 90 percent of
the employees work the 16 hour day shift and the remainder
the night shift (12 Midnight to 8 A.M.).
The company it presently conducting break-in
tests for a new unit designed to produce copper wire
directly from copper bar. The equipment developed in Italy,
is known as a Properzi Machine. It is anticipated that this
unit will be in full production operation by June 1966.
6. Water Supply;
Two sources of water supply are available; namely
Arthur Kill and the municipal supply of New York City. Salt
water is used as a cooling spray in the plant's rotary hearth
furnace at a rate of 250 gpm. This water is used on a once
through basis only. The quality of the Arthur Kill water
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Paul DeFalco
presently satisfies the needs of the plant. No problems
have been encountered with corrosion or clogging as a
result of these waters being used for cooling.
New York City water, consumed at a rate of
68,000,000 gal./yr., is used for sanitary and drinking
purposes, fire protection, spray cooling in the Cottrell unit,
and for make-up water in the plant's cooling water systems.
Combined consumption for cooling and operation
of the Cottrell unit amounts to 45,000,000 gal./yr. Input
to the Cottrell system, which operates 350 days/yr., is
12,250,000 gal./yr. Steam and water loss in this unit
amounts to 1,750,000 gal./yr.
The plant's recently installed recirculating
water-type cooling system, serving the red metal or copper
production shop, has a capacity of 36,000 gpm. Reportedly,
this system which is presently operated at 12,000 gpm,
has no blowdown or waste. Make-up water is approximately
five percent of the system maximum capacity.
It is claimed that much of the water used through-
out the plant including the bosh water...a possible pollutant,
is collected and put back into the recirculating cooling
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Paul DeFalco
water system. The quality of this recirculated water is
checked monthly by an outside contractor who treats the
water with an organic chromate solution to prevent incrus-
tations, slime growths, etc.
The cooling system serving the white metal shop
or solder operations also uses city water for make-up. This
system, however, has a constant overflow which discharges
to a 36 inch storm sewer.
7. Sewerage;
All sanitary wastes from the facility either go
directly to the Arthur Kill via a small tributary creek
or are handled by a septic tank system. Domestic wastes
from the executive offices and from the operations build-
ings go directly to the creek, while sewage from the ware-
house is handled in a septic tank system and leaching bed.
Three 36 inch sewers, which reportedly carry
storm water and cooling water, are located on the plant
property. These conduits discharge directly to the creek.
8. Principal Processes;
The principal processes at this plant are secondaitf
smelting and refining.
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I25a Paul DeFalco
9. Waste Treatment;
Nassau Smelting and Refining Company, Inc., for
all practical purposes discharge their industrial wastes
without treatment. A pit has been provided in one area
to receive waste from the Cottrell unit where large quan-
tities of water are used for spray cooling. The effec-
tiveness- of this settling pit, at present, cannot be
demonstrated.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
At the present time, steps are being taken by
Nassau Smelting to eliminate the use of Arthur Kill water.
A new distillation procedure, which will char and crush
the material will eliminate the need for the rotary hearth
furnace; and thus the need for Arthur Kill water. Muni-
cipal water, connected to the plant's main cooling water
system will be used in this new process.
It is the company's intent to connect all of their
Industrial and domestic discharges to the city sewer system
when the city provides sewer elevations. As of this writing
there is no indication as to when the City of New York will
provide this Information.
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126a Paul DeFalco
Public Service Sewaren Generating Station
Sewaren, N. J.
1. Organization;
The Sewaren Generating Station, located adjacent
to the Arthur Kill in Sewaren, N. J., is owned and operates
by the Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Newark,
N. J. The installation, employing 235 people, operates 24
hours per day, 365 days per year. This facility was first
put into operation in 19^8.
2. Capacity;
This installation has a gross electrical output
capacity of 975 megawatts. This includes a 140 megawatt
gas turbine unit -- the first of its kind in the United
States.
3. Operations:
The plant produces electrically with five steam
boiler-condenser-type generating units, and one gas turbifl
unit. The turbine unit does not require cooling water.
During peak operating periods all units are
functioning. However, under normal daily operating con-
ditions, only the five steam-type units are used.
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I2?a Paul DeFalco
4. Plant Design Capacity;
Electrical - 975 megawatts
Demineralizer Plant - designed to take water at
approximately 1,000 mioromhos and total dissolved solids of
approximately 750 ppm and produce water of:
Total dissolved solids - 0.4 ppm
Dissolved silica - 0.02 ppm
Conductivity - 2.0 micromhos
Fuel Usage - (Quantity that would be used if units
s
charged with only one of these fuels)
1. Coal - Grade: high bituminous
- Consumption: 192 tons/hr on No. 1
thru 4 at rated load
2. Fuel Oil - Grade: Bunker "C" (used in
units No. 3-5)
- Consumption: 1140 bbls/hr
- Grade: "Hi Vis" pitch (used in
No. 5 only)
- Consumption: 510 bbls/hr
3. Natural Gas - Burned on No. 1-4 units at
rate of 4,500,000 cu. ft/hr. Gas turbine uses 2,000,000
cu. ft/hr.
During average year fuel is used in the following
manner: Coal - 75$; fuel oil - 24$; gas - 1%.
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128a Paul DeFalco
5. Water Supply;
A. Sources of water and rate of consumption:
1. Salt water - Pumped from Arthur Kill by:
#1 Unit - 2 circulating pumps rated at
47,000 gpm each
#2 Unit - 2 circulating pumps rated at
47,000 gpm each
#3 Unit - 2 circulating pumps rated at
47,000 gpm each
#4 Unit - 2 circulating pumps rated at
47,000 gpm each
#5 Unit - 2 circulating pumps rated at
129,000 gpm each
Total circulating pumps - 634,000 gp
Service water also pumped by four salt water
pumps rated at 2,500 gpm each.
2. Fresh water - Source from two city water
lines from Middlesex Water Company.
Average consumption: 748,000 gpd.
B. Use of water and rate of consumption:
1. Salt Water
Cooling - Used for cooling #l-#5 condenser:
Maximum consumption of 634,000 gpm, water
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Paul DeFalco
tapped off #5 circulators for cooling
#5 air auxiliary coolers. Water from
four salt water service pumps used for
cooling in #l-#4 condensate coolers,
#5 air compressor cooling, #5 pump
water cooler, Hi-Vis condensate return
pump heat exchanger, heating boiler de-
aerator vent condenser. These four pumps
are rated at 2,500 gpm each. No. 1 gas
turbine auxiliary cooling at 1850 gpm.
Salt water used for cooling in '#1-5
condensers is treated with chlorine.
Chlorine is dispersed Into #l-#5 pumps
on a cycle of 40 minutes duration when
the circulators are running. Only one
pump is treated at a time. Rate can be
varied from 0-8000 Ib/day on No. 1-4,
0-12,000 Ibs/day in No. 5. Residual
chlorine at outlet of condenser is 0.5 ppm.
Chlorination is provided three times per
24 hr. day.
Process - Water from the four salt water
service pumps is used for fire protection,
ash sluicing, #51 & #52 air heater washing,
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130a Paul DeFalco
#51 & #52 traveling screen washing nozzles,
and sewage ejector pit.
2. Fresh Water - treated In demlneralizer
plant for use in steam cycle #l-#5 units.
Portion used for drinking, cooking, showers,
and other service facilities. Approximate
consumption of 99,900 cu. ft/day.
6. Sewage ;
Sanitary wastes from this facility are discharged
to the Sewaren municipal treatment plant.
WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
7. Deminerallzer Waste;
Wastes from the demineralizing plant consists
of dilute solutions of sulfuric acid and caustic soda used
to regenerate the ion exchange resins in the make-up de-
mlnerallzing and the mixed bed condensate polishing units.
8. Quantity of Waste;
At design conditions, the combination of acid and
alkaline waste from the make-up demlnerailzing plant and
condensate purification plant produces a net acid excess of
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131a Paul DeFalco
1,160 pounds per day. The details of the waste flows from
the demlneralizing plant are shown In Table I entitled,
"Regeneration Waste Data, Sewaren Generating Station", dated
December 7, 1961.
9. Method of Disposal;
The waste from the demineralizing plant is coll-
ected in a basin where the acid and alkaline wastes are
air mixed. Prom this basin, the waste Is fed to the flowing
water in the circulating water discharge canal at a con-
trolled rate. This circulating water is taken from the
Arthur Kill and pumped through the condenser and then into
the canal through which it is discharged back into the
Kill. Normally, five condensers are in service and the
flow through the canal is 634,000 gpm. With the waste
flows shown in Table I, this controlled rate is 80 spm and
results in a decrease in alkalinity of .153 ppro in the
canal under normal operating conditions.
10. Description of Facilities:
The waste disposal basin has a capacity of
152,000 gallons. This design if predicted on a condition
where peak waste flows from a mixed bed unit and a primary
_c at ion-an ion make-up unit occur simultaneously . The
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132a Paul DeFalco
maximum surge that occurs at this time is 52,000 gallons.
Therefore, the mixing tank surge capacity is set at 53,000
gallons with a retention volume of 52,000 gallons, for a
total mixing section of 105,000 gallons. The volume of the
effluent section is 47,000 gallons so that with an empty
basin there is a total surge capacity of 100,000 gallons.
The effluent section prevents short circuiting between the
inlet and outlet. If the maximum waste flows occured
simultaneously from all units, the maximum surge would be
87,000 gallons.
The basin is constructed of concrete with a
caustic and acid proof brick lining. Piping to and from
the waste basin is rubber lined and, where necessary,
rubber or mastic coated. The control valve provided in
the waste basin outlet can be adjusted to maintain any
desired outlet flow rate.
To give adequate mixing of the waste solutions,
air is introduced through a grid in the mixing section.
This grid is designed to provide a maximum of 700 scfm of
air into a full basin to aerate as well as mix the waste
prior to disposal. A pressure regulating valve reduces the
300 psi or 125 psi compressor air discharge to 50 psi for
the air grid supply pressure. A locally installed plug
valve is used for the final setting of air required to
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I33a Paul DePalco
produce a gentle rolling motion of the basin solution.
Cut outs on both compressor pressure controllers have been
provided so as to trip the basin air supply if the station
air pressure decreases due to abnormally high demand.
A pH indicator-recorder is provided to monitor
the water in the discharge canal below the point of chemical
waste addition. Provision is made on the recorder to add
pH Indication upstream of the injection point at a later
date, if it should become desirable.
11. Boiler Acid Cleaning Waste;
Provision is made for carrying spent acid (HCl)
solutions used in boiler chemical cleaning to the waste
disposal basin. The waste basin holds approximately four
boiler volumes, which is enough capacity to accommodate all
boiler drains from any boiler cleaning operation. These
solutions are completely neutralized by adding caustic soda
directly to the waste basin prior to discharge into the
canal. Boilers are cleaned, based on condition, every 1
to 10 years.
12. Solid Wastes - Slag and Fly Ash:
Slag and fly ash from units No. 1-4 is either
sent to the waste ponding area adjacent to the plant site,
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DePalco
or to the breaker house where it Is sold in bag or bulk
form. The ponding area, consisting of tv,ro interconnected
earthen diked lagoons, discharges to the Arthur Kill.
13. Thermal Pollution:
Cooling waters discharged to the Arthur Kill
are at a temperature 15° F higher than that of the intake
water. Information on how far up or downstream this tem-
perature elevation is detectable is unavailable.
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TABLE I
REGENERATION WASTE DATA
SEWAREN GENERATING STATION
PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC AND GAS COMPANY
Service
Number Cycle
Installed Hours
Primary
Cation 2 16
Primary
Anion 2 16
Secondary
Cation 3 119
Secondary
Anion 2 34
Mixed Bed 2 336
Gallons Pounds
To Chemical
Maximum Waste Gallons Pounds to Pounds Pounds
Regen. Normal Basin to Chemical Waste Acid Caustic
Cycle Regen. Per Waste Per Per Waste Waste
Minutes Per Day Regen. Per Day Regen. Regen. Per Day Per Day
167 2.56 25,570 65,200 1,000 600
167 2.56 12,280 31,400 443 15°
100 0.596 6,600 3,940 800 550
124 1.33 4,915 6,560 320 200
280 0.143 54,900 7,850 l,3oo 1,600
1,538
384
328
266
228
1,000 800
114,950
Effluent valve setting - 114,950 gal/day timer 1 day/24 hr times 1 hr/60 min = 80 gpm.
One pound NaOH will neutralize 1.225 pounds H2SO^.
Seven hundred and sixty-four pounds NaOH will neutralize 935 pounds H-SO^.
Acid excess per day = 2,094 - 935 = 1,160 pounds
Normal discharge canal flow (five units) = 7,600,000,000 pounds per day
Ppm = 1.160/7,600 = 0.153 H2SO!f = 0.156 as CaCO,.
180
2,094
114
•^••^•^
764
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Paul DeFalco 568
la Public Service, Linden Generating ^Statjion
Linden, New Jersey^
1. Organization;
The Linden Generating Station, located adja-
cent to the Arthur Kill in Linden, New Jersey, is owned
and operated by Public Service Electric & Gas Company,
Newark, New Jersey. The installation employing 175
people, operates 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. This
plant was first put into operation in 1956.
2. Capacity:
This installation has a gross electrical
capacity of 510 megawatts. On a yearly basis, the
electrical production of the plant is 62.4 percent of
the design capacity.
3. Operations t
Construction of the Linden Generating Station
adjacent to the Esso Bayway Refinery is a mutually ad-
vantageous combination of two Industrial processes; namel;-
the processing of crude oil to refined petroleum products
and the conversion of refinery residuals to electric
energy. The refinery uses the generating station's low
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569
Paul DePalco
2a
level heat energy effectively; and the generating station
makes good use of the residuals of the refining process.
The contractual agreement provides that Public Service
will deliver to Esso, the entire steam requirement of
the Bayway Refinery, in exchange for fuel and raw water.
The linden plant consists of one automatic
double -extract ion and one automatic single extraction
turbine -genera tor. Unit number one, with a capacity of
260,000 KW gross, has three boilers on a header, serving
both the turbine and the pressure reducing and desuper-
heating equipment, which bypass the turbine for delivery
of steam from the boilers directly to the refinery.
The plants second generating unit, with a capacity of
250,000 KW is designed so that it too can furnish extrac-
tion steam to the refinery at an extraction pressure of
150 psi during peak periods. This unit is provided with
only one boiler.
B( cause of the contractual arrangement with
Bayway, only two fuels are burned at the Linden Generating
Station: Bunker "C" - 1,500,000 bbls/years and "Hi -Vis"
- 3,700,000 bb is /year.
4. Water Supply;
Essentially, three sources of water are
available, namely Elizabethtown Water Company - 1.73
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Paul DeFalco
Humble Oil and Refining Company - 1.15 mgd; and salt
water from Arthur Kill - 3^5 mgd.
All of the fresh water, 2.88 mgd, with the excep-
tion of a very small quantity used for sanitary and drinking
purposes, is used to produce steam for the Bayway Refinery
of the Humble Oil and Refinery Company.
Salt water, used for cooling two condensers, is
pumped from the Arthur Kill by four units; two rated at
70,000 gpm and two at 50,000 gpm. Kill water is chlorinated
primarily to control slime growths. Two units, each with a
capacity of 8,000 Ibs/day, are used. A residual of 1.0
mg/1 at the condenser effluent is maintained whenever
possible. During an eight hour period, a circulator pump
will receive one hour and fifty minutes of chlorination.
Chlorination is practiced 24 hours per day.
Fresh water supplied by Ellzabethtown and Humble
Oil is treated in a two stage water treatment plant: Primary
treatment and demineralization. Operation of these stages
is described below.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
Water from Esso's reservoirs is delivered by
refinery pumps to a 500,000 gallon raw water tank. An
automatic chlor.ine demand meter controls a chlorine feeder
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Paul DePalco
to supply chlorine in breakpoint quantity for reduction of
organic impurities to a minimum. Prom the storage tank
water passes to a 15,000 gallon flash mixing tank where it
receives coagulating chemicals of alum, coagulant aid; and
when conditions warrant, powdered activated carbon and acid
or caustic soda. Prom the mixing tank the now chemically
treated water flows by gravity to two all steel solids contact
clarifiers each 62« diameter by 18' high.
Clarified water flows into four gravity filters
which contain deep beds of anthracite filter medium.
These filters are annular segments, two being constructed
at the periphery of each clarifier. Filtered water flows
into storage tanks (clearwells) located below each pair of
filters in which level is controlled and from which the
filtered water pumps take their suction.
Water is precious at Linden and no water is wasted
that can be reclaimed for use. The 100,000 gallons of
water required to surface wash and backwash each filter is
reclaimed by draining to a large compartment at the periphery
of one of the clarifiers from where it is repumped to the
flash mixing tank. Filtered water storage (379,000 gallons)
is available from similar compartments in both vessels.
The entire primary plant is designed to operate
unattended, by remote, manual or automatic control. It is
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Paul DeFalco
capable of producing 3,750 gpm of water essentially free of
turbidity, color, oil and organic matter so that the next
treating process, demineralization, can function unhampered
by such impurities.
DEMINERALIZER
Water is delivered from the primary plant to
seven cation resin exchangers, each 12' diameter by 18'
high for removal of calcium, magnesium and sodium. These
units are regenerated with sulfurIc acid when the resin bed!
are exhausted. Automatic effluent throttling valves accu-
rately divide the flow through the cation units. Cation
cycle lengths are determined by an electronic conductivity
difference control system. Both the cascade flow control
and regeneration on the basis of cation effluent conduc-
tivity are fully automatic, but push-button manual control
of regeneration is available for operator's use.
Acid water from the cation units flows to a thref
stage rubber lined vacuum degaaser, Hi« diameter by 40' nig!
for removal of soluble carbon dioxide and oxygen. The de-
gasser is held under vacuum by mechanical vacuum pumps and
water is pumped from the storage section of the degasser bj
stainless stell pumps to the combination anlon exchangers,
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Paul DeFalco
Anlon exchangers are of double deck design,
six in number, each 12' diameter by 29' high and contain
weak base resin in the upper deck for removal of sulfate,
chloride and nitrate components from the cation free
water. The lower deck of the anion unit has a 36" bed
of strong base resin for removal of silica and residual
carbon dioxide. Conductivity controls on both weak
base and strong base anion effluents govern length of cycles
by automatically removing units from service when water
quality falls below a predetermined set point.
Water quality at the outlet of the anion
exchangers is very high, in the usual sense, since
the water has now been demlneralized. However this
quality is not considered high enough for the Linden
equipment, and the treating process is continued in five
12' diameter by 14' high, flat bottom, mixed bed de-
mineralizer units. In these vessels, water is redemin-
eralized or "polished" and attains a high purity. Each
vessel is capable of handling approximately 5,000,000
gallons of water before being exhausted by residual
solids from the preceding demineralizing units. Cycle
control is volumetric, with conductivity backup.
The demineralizing plant is designed to produce
continuously 3,200 gpm of water of guaranteed quality.
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7a 57*
Paul DePalco
Provisions have been made for future expansion of the
plant to 4,800 gpm capacity.
Water from the outlet of the mixed bed
demineralizers flows to two 500,000 gallon demineralized
water storage tanks from which feedwater makeup is drawn
as required.
Automatic regeneration facilities for cation,
anion and mixed bed units are installed in duplicate.
Concentrated sulfuric acid and caustic soda are stored
in liquid storage tanks for regeneration requirements.
At the present time, water production is
operating at approximately 55 percent of design.
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
5. Demineralizer Wastes;
Wastes from the demineralizer plant consists
of dilute solutions of sulfuric acid and caustic soda
which is used to regenerate the ion exchange units. At
the present time, approximately 1,500 to 3,000 Ibs/day-
1,200 Ibs/day average — of excess acid is discharged.
The maximum discharge capacity Is 7*500 ppd of excess
sulfuric acid.
6. Primary Treatment Unit;
Sludge from the primary treatment units
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8a
Paul DePalco
amounts to approximately 9,640 gallons. It Is dis-
charged at a rate of 482 gpm for a 20 minute period,
to the plant's cooling water canal. Filter backwash
is held in a storage compartment in the base of the
sedimentation unit and fed back into the raw water
supply.
7. Ash and Slag Wastes:
Because the Linden Generating Station burns
all liquid fuel there is no resulting coal ash or slag.
Ash resulting from the liquid fuel, which is low in ash
quantity, is removed from the boilers during overhaul in
dry form and usually sold for its vanadium content.
8. Thermal:
Cooling waters discharged to the Arthur Kill
are at a temperature 15° higher than that of the intake
water. Information on how far up or downstream the
temperature elevation is detectable is unavailable.
WASTES TREATMENT
Wastes from the demineralizing plant are air
mixed in a neutralization basin constructed of concrete,
with a caustic and acid proof brick lining. Piping to and
from the basin is rubber lined and where necessary, rubber
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9a Paul DePaico
or mastic coated. A control valve In the basin can
be adjusted to maintain any outlet flow rate (present
rate is 411 gpm) to the salt water discharge canal.
Spent hydrochloric acid solutions, used for
cleaning boilers - approximately once per year - are
completely neutralized by adding caustic soda directly
to the basin.
Consolidated Edison, Arthur Kill Generating Station
Staten Island, N. Y.
1. Organization;
This generating plant of the Consolidated
Edison Company of New York, Inc., built in 1959, is
located on the Staten Island shore of the Arthur Kill
opposite the mouth of the Rahway River.
A total of 126 people — based on around-
the-clock operation — are employed.
2. Capacity;
Gross electrical output of this facility is
360,000 KW. Net output is 3^9,000 KW.
3. Operation;
A single generating unit -- cross compound
machine — consisting of two separate generators elec-
trically linked together provides the total output of
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lOa
Paul DePalco
this station. It is impossible to operate one generator
without the other.
Coal, used at a rate of 2,500 tons per day,
is the main fuel source. Number 6 oil is normally used
for starting and emergency purposes.
4. Water Supply - Treatment;
Two sources of water, namely, Arthur Kill and
the New York municipal supply, are available at this
plant.
Salt water from the Arthur Kill, used for
condenser cooling, is pumped at a rate of 244,000 gpm —
351 mgd. Two pumps, each with a capacity of 122,000
gpm are used for this purpose. Two 16,000 gpm salt
water service pumps — used for supplying washwater for
screens, clean-up, etc. — have also been provided.
In order to keep heat transfer tubes clean
it is necessary to chlorinate the condenser cooling
water. Fifteen percent sodium hypochlorite, fed at a
rate of 5 gpm during the winter and 10 gpm during the
summer, is used for this purpose. The dosage time for
each condenser pump is 30 minutes, three times per day.
During winter the residual at the condenser effluent Is
2.0 mg/1, while in the summer, it is difficult to
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Paul DePalco
maintain 1.0 mg/1.
Ferrous sulfate solution is also added
three times a day for a 40-mlnute period to produce a
1 ppm concentration in the cooling water. The total
Fe added is about 20 Ib during each addition.
Fresh water from the New York City system
is used at an average rate of 120,000 gpd. Treatment
plant throughputs between regeneration periods are as
follows: Softener ~ 1| to 5 million pounds (5*10,000);
demineralizer — 1.2 - 1.5 million pounds (162,000
gallons).
Throughout the year the softener will be
regenerated approximately once every six and one-haIf
days. Thirteen hundred pounds (1,300 Ibs.) of dilute
66 Be sulfuric acid are used for each regeneration.
The demineralizer, regenerated every seven days, uses
160 pounds of H SO and 180 pounds of sodium hydroxide.
2 H
5* Sewerage;
All sanitary wastes are discharged to a
municipal sewer, which in turn, empties into the Kill.
WASTE SOURCES - TREATMENT
6. Softener:
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Paul DePaico
Acid wastes from the softener are discharged
into the canal carrying the plant's cooling water,
which flows at a rate of 244,000 gpm. Acid is dis-
charged over a one hour period, starting with a concen-
tration of 5# H SO in the rinse, and ending with zero percent
2 4
H SO . Reportedly, the pH in the canal is 7.1 during
2 4
the rinse cycle.
7. Detnineralizer ;
Caustic and acid are discharged to the
canal for a one hour period during the rinse cycle.
The pH in the canal water during this period is reported
to be 7.4 to 7.5.
8. Boiler Acid Cleaning Wastes ;
The boiler is acid cleaned approximately
once a year. The total hydrochloric acid drained to
the discharge canal is about 27,000 pounds over a one-
hour period at a strength of about 3$ HC1. During the
draining period the pH in the discharge canal is lowered
to approximately 6.0.
9. Ply Ash and Slag;
Ply ash and slag are discharged to two
separate diked lagoon areas adjacent to the plant.
Overflow from these lagoons empties directly into the
Arthur Kill.
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13a Paul DePalco
An analysis of the fly ash, made by Con Edison, follows:
Percentage Range
Silica (SiO ) 31-44
2
Iron Oxide (P 0 ) 17-34
2 3
Aluminum Oxide (Al 0 ) 24-34
2 3
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 3.5-6.1
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 1.1-3.0.
Sulfur Trioxide (SO ) 0.8-1.2
3
Sodium Oxide (Na 0) 0.1-0.3
2
Potassium Oxide (K 0) 0.3-0.4
2
Carbon (C) 3.5-5.8
The phosphorous content of the ash, analyzed
by Con Edison at the request of the Raritan Bay Project,
was o.l# by weight.
Settling time in the fly ash lagoon is
estimated to be 3 to 7 days.
10. Temperature Elevation:
Cooling water, obtained from the Arthur Kill,
is elevated in temperature 12.5°F. Information on
how far up or downstream a temperature Increase is de-
tectable, is not available.
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Paul DePalco
Jersey Central Power and Light Company, E.H. Werner
Generating Plant
South Atnboy, N. J.
1• Organization;
The E. H. Werner Generating Station, is
located adjacent to the Raritan River at a point 0.5
milea from its STORET mouth. It is owned and operated
by the Jersey Central Power and Light Company and
employs 112 people. It first began operations in 1930
and operates 24-hr. per day, 365 days per year.
2. Capacity:
This installation has a gross electrical
output capacity of 118.75 megawatts with a net output of
108.4 megawatts.
3. Operations;
The plant produces electricity with 3
steam boiler-condensor turbo-generator units. The plant
has a total of four boilers.
4. Plant Design Capacity;
Electrical — 118.75 megawatts
Unit #4 - 62.5 megawatts
Unit #1 - 28.125 megawatts
Unit #3 - 28.125 megawatts
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Paul DePalco 582
Deminerallzer Plant - has a capacity of 22 gpm.
Produces a water with conductivity range of
5-15 micromhos.
Fuel Usage (1965 operating values )
1. Coal - Bituminous, high volatile, low
fusion grade. Consumption was 421 tons
average per operating day in 1965.
2. Fuel Oil - Units #1 and #3 burn fuel
oil only - Unit #4 can burn either coal
or fuel oil. Consumption is 300,000 to
350,000 barrels per year.
Evaporators
This plant uses three evaporators to provide
the bulk of its boiler makeup water require-
ments. #1 has a capacity of 1,000 gallons/
hour, #3 has a capacity of 1,000 gallons/
hour, and #4 has a capacity of 2,500 gallons/
hour.
5. Water Supply;
A. Sources of water;
1. Salt Water - pumped from the Raritan Bay by;
#1 unit - 2 circulating pumps at 21,000 gpm
each
#2 unit - 2 circulating pumps at 21,000 gpm
each
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Paul DePalco 583
#4 unit - 2 circulating pumps at 35,000 gpm
each and a 2,000 gpm pump for slag
quenching and transport
2. Fresh Water
Source is own well with a capacity of 200
gpm located on the plant grounds and the
City of South Amboy for 30,000 gallons per
month.
B. Use of Water
1. Salt Water;
The salt water is used for condenser cooling,
bearing cooling, slag quenching and washing.
The condenser cooling water is chlorinated
to maintain a 1 mg/1 residual in the effluent,
The chlorine is added as a gas every 8-hours
during the warmer months from April through
November or December. Approximately 2/3 of
a ton per day is used.
2. Fresh Water
Used for boiler makeup water, and employee
use. The boiler makeup averages 1% of the
total use. The total fresh water require-
ment is approximately 251,000 gallons per
day. (250,000 well plus 1,000 city)
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17b Paul DePalco
WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
6. Deminerallzer Waste;
Wastes from the demineralizing plant consists
of dilute solutions of sulfurlc acid and caustic soda used
to regenerate the ion exchange resins in the makeup de-
tnineralizing units.
7. Quantity of Waste;
The demineralizer is regenerated with 36
gallons of a 5# HCL acid solution 3 times per week for the
cation unit and with 65 gallons of a **# caustic solution
3 times per week for the anion unit. Both cation and anion
beds are backwashed at 15 gpm 3 times per week for 15 minutes
each wash. The demineralizer will provide 25,000 gallons
of finished water from each cycle.
8. Method of Disposal;
The wastes from the demineralizer plant are
discharged without treatment to the condenser cooling water
discharge canal.
9. Boiler Acid Cleaning Waste;
It has been 6 years since this plant last
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Paul DeFalco
cleaned a boiler. When cleaning, they use an ammoniated
citric acid solution. The spent acid solution is put in
the river with the condenser cooling water.
10. Solid Wastes -- Slag & Fly Ash;
Both of these wastes are collected and trans-
ported to the settling ponds adjacent to the plant. The
plant sells the slag and fly ash to a local contractor who
uses the material in paving.
11. Thermal Pollution:
Cooling waters discharged to the Raritan Bay
are at a temperature 8 to 10°F higher than that of the
intake water. Temperature data on the influent and effluent
condenser cooling water for -year 1966 and 1965 is given
below in °P:
Month Inf. Eff. Month Inf. Eff . Month Inf. Eff.
1966 1965 1965
Jan. 36.9 42.8 April 48.7 55.9 Aug. 76.5 84.3
Feb. 37.4 45.5 May 67.3 72.7 Sept. 72.6 80.1
March 40.6 47.9 June 68.9 76.1 Oct. 60.7 69.4
July 76.3 84.2 Nov. 49.4 58.4
Dec. 44.3 52.1
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Paul DePalco
19b
Jersey Central Power and Light, Sayreville Generating Station
Sayreville, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Sayreville Generating Station, located
adjacent to the Raritan River approximately 6.20 miles from
its STORET mouth, is owned and operated by Jersey Central
Power and Light. The installation employs 160 people and
operates 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. The plant was
first put in operation in 1930.
2. Capacity;
The plant has a gross electrical output
capacity of 376 megawatts, and a net electrical output
capacity of 351* megawatts.
3. Operations;
The plant produces electricity with 4 condensing
turbine units and 1 topping turbine unit. The topping unit
requires no cooling water per se. In essence, the plant
consists of three plants. Units 1, 2 and 3 called the old
plant were installed in the early thirties, and have a
combined gross output of 100 megawatts. These units have
six boilers (#5 and #6), The new plants, units H and 5
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587
Paul DePalco
each have a gross capacity of 138 megawatts and one boiler
each (#7 and #8 respectively).
In normal operation, units 4 and 5 are used
continuously with the old units 1, 2 and 3 used for peak
power demands.
Pressure
Tetnp°P psig
Plant Design Capacity;
Electrical - 376 megawatts
Following is the name-plate capacity of each
generator:
Gross Output
Megawatts
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Demineralizer Plant
This plant utilizes city of Sayreville water
and consists of 4-two bed systems (cation and
anion units in series) and 2-mixed bed systems
(cation and anion resins homogeneous mixture).
The mixed bed units are used as polishers after
the two bed units. Each unit has a 60 gpm
capacity. The cation units are regenerated with
33.75
33.75
25.97**
122.5
125.0
600
600
900
1050
1050
300
300
875
2000
2000
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58
2lb Paul DePalco
1,230 gallons of 1.6$ solution of I^SCty and the
anion units with 1,136 gallons of a 1.6$ solu-
tion of caustic (sodium hydroxide). Each two
bed unit will pass approximately 70,000 gallons
of water before regeneration is required and
the mixed bed units will pass approximately
1,000,000 gallons. The finished water has a
quality of 0.5 to 7.0 micromhos conductivity,
depending on the quality of the resin.
Fuel Usage
Following is the actual fuel consumption for the year
1965 :
Coal; 542,391 tons Bituminous grade
Fuel Oil; 395,^60 gallons #2 grade
Natural Gas; 4,50^,155 million cubic feet
5. Water Supply;
A. Sources of Water
1. Salt Water - from Raritan River
#1 unit - 2 circulating pumps each rated at
23,500 gpm
#2 unit - 2 circulating pumps each rated at
23,500 gpm
#3 unit - Topper unit with no cooling water
required - steam exhausts into steam
header for units 1 and 2.
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Paul DeFalco 589
#4 unit - 2 circulating pumps at 37,700 gpm each
#5 unit - 2 circulating pumps at 37,700 gpm each
Total circulating pump capacity -- 244,800 gpm
In addition to the condenser cooling water
pumps, salt water is pumped for ash transport.
#1, 2, 3 units - 3 pumps rated at 1200 gpm
#4 unit - 2 pumps rated at 1000 gpm
#5 unit - 2 pumps rated at 700 gpm
2. Fresh Water - source from city of Sayreville.
The average water use for 1965 was 0.32 mgd and
varied monthly as follows for the year 1965:
Jan. 0.295 May 0.255 Septi 0.361
Feb. 0.267 June 0.356 Oct. 0.409
March 0.325 July 0.325 Nov. 0.296
April 0.355 Aug. 0.297 Dec. 0.306
B. Use of Water
1. Salt Water
Cooling - used for cooling #1, #2, #4 and #5
condensers. The maximum usage would be 244,800
gpm or 353 mgd. During the year the pumps are
operated as follows:
Units 1 and 2 - During 4 winter months (Dec., Jan.,
Feb., and March) two of the 23,500 gpm pumps do
not operate at all. For eight months per year all
4 - 23,500 gpm pumps will not be operated during
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590
23b Paul DePalco
the weekends. During the week days, for 10 hours
each day, 2 of the 23,500 gpm pumpa are off for
12 months per year. Approximately 7 weeks of the
time, 2 are out for 2^* hours per day. On a yearly
basis, the pumps for units 1 and 2 average 55 tngd.
During the 8 warm months they average 65 mgd while
during the 4 winter months they average 12 mgd.
The maximum pumpage would be 106 mgd and would
occur for a 5-day duration.
For units 4 and 5, during approximately 3 months
of the year when the water temperature is below
40°P only 2 of the 37,700 gpm pumps are operated.
The remainder of the time both are operated.
The total maximum warm weather pumpage is then
approximately 323 mgd. During the winter months
the rate woulci be approximately 150 mgd.
The ash transport pumps for units #1, 2 and 3
operate approximately 2 hours per day during the
gas season (April through September) and 4 hours
a day during the remainder of the year. The #4
unit pump operates 3 hours per day during the gas
season and 6 hours per day otherwise. The #5
unit operates 12 hours per day regardless of
season. The warm weather pumpage then averages
0.88 mgd while the cool weather average is 1.2 mgd.
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2l|b Paul DePalco
The salt water is used for condenser cooling and
ash transport.
The salt water used for the condenser cooling is
chlorinated at the rate of 1 tng/1 with an average
residual of 0.5 mg/1 in the effluent resulting.
Units 1 and 2 are chlorinated every 4 hours with
3^ pounds of chlorine gas when the water tempera-
ture is about ^5°F. Below 45°P the treatment is
every 6 hours.
Units 4 and 5 are treated at the same frequency
with 50 pounds of chlorine gas per treatment. Each
treatment takes 20 minutes. In 1965, 75 tons of
chlorine were used.
2. Fresh Water
Treated in the demineralizer plant for use in
the steam cycle of units 1 through 5. Portion
used for drinking, washroom facilities, etc.
6. Sewage;
Sanitary wastes from this plant are discharged to
a 3,OOO gallon septic tank with a 100' x 66' tile drainage
field. This field lies to the east of the main plant.
There is no direct discharge to the river.
WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
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25b Paul DePalco
7. Demineralizer Waste:
Wastes from the demineralizlng plant consist of
dilute solutions of sulfurlc acid and caustic soda used to
regenerate the ion exchange resins in the two-bed and mixed-
bed units.
8. Quantity of Waste;
The quantity of waste produced by the demineralizer
consists of 2,230 gallons (1,230 regeneration w/1.6# H^SO/j
followed by 1,000 gallons rinse water) for each cation bed;
2,636 gallons (1,136 regeneration w/1.6# caustic followed
by 1,500 gallons rinse water) for each anion bed. Approxi-
mately 300 gallons of water are used in each bed for back-
wash. The combination of the waste waters gives an alkaline
mixture.
9. Method of Disposal;
The waste from the plant is collected in a sump.
Prom here it is pumped into the condenser cooling water
intake canal. It then flows through the condenser and is
discharged with the cooling water.
10. Description of Facilities;
The disposal facilities consist entirely of the
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Paul DePalco
stamp storage area and pumps to the condenser cooling lines.
11. Boiler Acid Cleaning Waste;
An ammonlated citric acid solution fortified with
0.2# sodium nitrite and a wetting agent is used for acid
cleaning the boilers. Boilers are cleaned, based on
condition, every 1-10 years. The cleaning waste, approxi-
mately 30,000 gallons, flows to the condenser cooling water
lines before cooling the condensers.
12. Solid Wastes - Slag and Fly Ash;
Slag and fly ash from all five units is sent to
the waste ponding area adjacent to the plant site. The
solid wastes settle out and the water is returned to the
Raritan River. Approximately 28,000 yards of slag and ash
per year is collected and carted away by a contractor.
13. Thermal Pollution;
Cooling waters discharged to the Raritan River
are at a temperature 10 to 15°* higher than that of the
intake water. The following table gives the average monthly
temperatures in °P for the condenser outlet and inlet lines
and for units 1, 2, 3 and V5. This data is for year 1965.
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27b
Paul DePalco
Influent
Effluent
MONTH Units 1,2,3
Jan
Feb.
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec
1.
38.2
37.0
^3.2
52.9
68.5
74.2
80.3
80.0
74.9
62.4
51.1
44.0
International
Organization;
Units 4,5
36.0
35.6
43.2
51.0
67.5
73.8
79.5
79.5
7^.6
62.3
49.2
43.6
Units 1,2,3
46.7
46.6
51.3
59.6
76.1
82.5
88.3
88.8
83.3
71.1
60.7
54.1
Units 4,5
49.1
48.7
54.7
64.1
80.1
86.6
93.1
93.2
87.0
76.5
62.1
56.5
Flavors and Fragrances Incorporated
Union Beach,
N. J.
This plant of International Flavors and Fragrances,
Inc., is located on the southern shore of Raritan Bay at
Union Beech, New Jersey. The facility employs approximately
350 people and is operated on a 24 hour, six day per week
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Paul DeFalco 595
basis. Approximately 75 percent of the force works during
the day and the remainder at night. The company's main
executive and operating offices are located in New York
City.
2. Products - Operations;
This Installation is engaged in the production of
intermediate essence and essential oils. The manufacture
of these products involves compounding, processing, reacting
and distillation of various chemical products. The opera-
tions are usually batch type and involve the use of in
excess of IJOO separate chemicals. In excess of 300
separate production materials are produced during the
calendar year. Two products - Myrcene and Phenyl Ethyl
Alcohol - are produced almost continuously.
3. Water Supply;
International Flavors and Fragrances maintains
its own domestic and industrial water supply. At the
present time three wells are on the property. However,
only two of these sources are active. The combined
capacity of these two wells is 635 gpm, with one having a
capacity of 500 gpm. In the event of a breakdown within
the plant - pressure maintained at approximately 80 psi -
city water at approximately 55 pounds will cut in auto-
matically.
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596
Paul DePalco
" The well water, which is obtained from a depth of
300 feet, is extremely soft, and high in hydrogen sulfide,
carbon dioxide, and ferrous iron. A Zeolite softener
reduces the iron content from 9 ppm to .1 ppm; chlorine Is
used to remove the remainder. H^S and C02 are removed by
aeration.
The total water consumption at the plant site has
been shown to average 130 gallons per minute and may be
accounted for in the following table:
gpm
Boiler House makeup 35
Cooling Tower consumption 30
Domestic usage 10
Flow to waste treatment plant 25
Dilution water for experimental
waste treatment plant 10 to 20
Miscellaneous losses, production
retention and untreated discharge 10
4. Sewage;
All sanitary wastes are treated in septic tanks.
At the present time there are five different systems with
tile fields serving the plant.
5. Waste Characteristics;
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Paul DePalco 597
The waste reaching the treatment plant is an
intermediate strength acid solution containing small amounts
of lost aromatic chemicals and solvents. Stable salts of
reactive materials are also present in the flow. Analytical
determinations to specifically identify various forms of
materials present have been unsuccessful. The strength of
the waste has therefore been generally described in terms
of its total dissolved solids, suspended solids, BOD and
COD.
6. Treatment Facilities;
The present waste treatment plant consists of
primary sedimentation and oil separation followed by
chemical coagulation and precipitation. The effluent from
these processes is then equalized for four days before dis-
charge. The separated oils are drummed for disposal off
site while the precipitated sludge is lagooned within
company property. The effluent from the plant is discharged
to a diffusion field on company property. During the
summer months some leaching into Raritan Bay has been
reported. Present treatment provides total removal of
floating oils, 95$ reduction in suspended solids and
approximately 50# BOD reduction. The discharge from the
treatment works averaged 25 gallons per minute flow,
2,530 Ibs. BOD per day and less than 50 Ibs. per day
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31b Paul DePalco 598
suspended solids during the period August 1964 to August
1965. Influent samples to the plant are not obtained on
a routine basis due to analytical and collection problems.
In an effort to develop feasible methods of
improving waste treatment in the plant, the company has,
for the past 3-1/2 years, been engaged in extensive re-
search and experimentation. It is recognized that the
next step in the development of treatment is the establish-
ment of a biological system to further degrade the wastes.
Experimentation has indicated that the total dissolved
solids concentration of the waste is in itself an inhibiting
agent to effective biological treatment. The company haa,
however, developed a process, similar in concept to an
aerated lagoon treatment, which is capable of reducing
the remaining waste load to less than 300 Ibs. BOD per
day during the warm weather months. The present process
has the marked disadvantage of requiring three gallons of
water for each gallon of waste treated. Experimentation is
proceeding to eliminate or greatly reduce this water
requirement. The company's present experimentation is
on a pilot plant capable of providing 95# reduction for
approximately one fourth of the plant flow.
7. Untreated Wastes;
Two other waste sources have been identified in
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599
Paul DeFalco
the plant that do not reach the combined treatment system.
The first of these involves a stream containing high con-
centrations of aluminum chloride. This stream, although
low in volume, causes significant difficulties when ad-
mixed with other wastes in the treatment system. At present,
the largest portion of this waste is stored and periodically
removed by truck from the plant site. The dilute washings
from the process are discharged directly into the plant
dispersion field. Studies are presently underway to
provide pretreatment for this waste so that it may be
discharged to the waste treatment plant. The remaining
source of discharge is a small intermediate chemical
process which sometimes produces a dilute chromate solution.
Chromium present in this stream is always converted to the
trivalent form before discharge to the ground.
S. S. White Company, Prince Bay
Staten Island, N. Y.
1. Organization;
This plant is a solely owned non-affiliated firm,
with executive offices in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It
was known formerly as the S. S. White Dental Manufacturing
Company. The plant owns 15 acres in Prince Bay, Staten
Island, of which 5 acres are occupied. Approximately
v
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Paul DePalco
square feet of floor space Is In use. There are
a total of 650 employees, including office personnel and
operating staff, at this plant.
2. Products;
This plant of S. S. White produces annually the
following:
Dental Burs and Handpieces - 4,500,000
Dental furniture -- Chairs: 2,000; Dental Units:
1,200
Nitrous oxide - 110,000,000 gallons
Dental filling and impression materials - 76,000 Ibs
Molded plastics - 48,000,000 pcs.
Resistors - 100,000 pcs.
Flexible shafting - 40,000,000 feet
Flexible shafting - fittings 50,000 pcs.
3. Raw Materials;
Raw Materials - annually used - include:
Iron: Pig 25 tons - Scrap 15 tons - Steel 90 tons
Brass 30 tons
Chromic Acid - 1000 Ibs
Nickel salts - 800 Ibs
Copper - 500 Ibs
Cadmium - 100 Ibs
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Paul DeFalco 601
- 200 Ibs
Cyanides - 500 Ibs
HgSOjj _ Sulfurlc acid - 5000 Ibs
Potassium permanganate - 500 Ibs
NaOH - Sodium hydroxide - 200 Ibs
Ammonium nitrate - 1500 tons
Plastics - 90 tons
Aluminum: Bar & sheet 11,000 Ibs - Castings
85,000 Iba.
Capacity:
Quantities listed in Section 5 represent about
of plant capacity.
5. Operations;
The plant is in operation 5 days per week, 8 hours
per day, on a year long basis. Some departments work 16-22
hours a day but no appreciable waste discharge takes place
during these extended shifts. During a normal day the only
continuous discharges are in the plating and rinsing
sections .
6. Water Supply;
Fresh water from New York City is used at a rate
of approximately 57,000 gallons per day. Salt water, pumped
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35b Paul DeFalco 6oe
from Raritan Bay at a rate of 1,000 gpm, is used for
cooling purposes.
7. Sewerage;
Two separate sewer systems serve this facility.
Sanitary wastes flow by gravity through a 12-inch sewer
to a 1,800 gallon chlorine retention tank. The chlorinated
effluent is then mixed with the cooling water return prior
to being discharged to Raritan Bay.
Industrial wastes are collected in 12-inch sewers
and discharged directly to the Bay without treatment.
Approximately 100 Ibs. per month of chlorine is
used for disinfection. The effectiveness of this treat-
ment is questionable since the contact tank is subject to
flooding during high tides. Also, no attempt is made to
maintain- a "bacteria killing residual" -- chlorine is fed
at the same rate, regardless of flow.
8. Principal Processes;
Because of the variety of products, no one outline
completely describes the process. In general terms, however
it would include casting, plating, rinsing, painting,
machining, assembly, mixing and preparing chemical products,
WASTE SOURCES
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Paul DePalco
603
9. General;
Treatment of a metallic surface prior to the
application of a metallic coating such as copper, nickel,
chrome, gold, cadmium, zinc, etc., or prior to the applica-
tion of paint or lacquer, usually involves the use of an
alkali cleaner as one of the initial steps. Proprietary
cleaners are usually used which may contain one or more
of the following chemicals, sodium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, silicates of soda, sodium phosphate, and
detergents.
Being strongly alkaline these materials are
followed by water rinses and, in some cases, neutralizing
acid dips before further treatment. Where removal of rust
or heavy coatings of oxide Is required, very strong acids
are used. Water rinses follow these acid treatments.
Water rinses of unknown quantities from both acid and
alkaline cleaning processes are continuous discharges to
the sewers. Such rinses are not shown on the following
list of processing solutions used in the various depart-
ments. (See A below and B through M on following pages.)
Solutions, suspensions, or solids marked with an
asterisk are normally only temporarily contained in
vessels or are discharged directly into sewers. Alkali
cleaners are used for one to four weeks before being
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37b Paul DePalco
discarded. Plating solutions, cyanide dips and acid dips
generally have a much longer life before being discarded.
Alkali cleaners and the latter group of solutions are
periodically replenished in concentration of constituents
since a certain amount of depletion takes place due to
chemical or electro-lytic action, and to "drag-out" by
parts in process. Heat treating baths are similarly
replenished in concentrations over rather extended periods
of time.
An average of about 50,000 gallons per day of
combined process wastes are discharged to the Bay.
A. Metallurgical Department
1. Surface preparation and plating solutions
Alkali Cleaner
Nickel Strick
nickel chloride and hydrochloric acid
Copper Plating
copper sulfate and sulfurlc acid
Nickel Plating
nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, boric
acid, organic brighteners and wetting
agents
Chromium Plating
chromic acid and traces of sillco-
fluorides
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605
Paul DePalco
Bright Dip
nitric and sulfuric acids
Gold Plating
gold cyanide, potassium cyanide,
potassium carbonate
2. Processing Solutions
Sulfuric Acid - 5#*
Methyl alcohol*
Hydrochloric acid
Detergents*
B. Engineering Division:
Acetic acid*
Ammonia*
Sodium sulfite*
Potassium Perrocyanide*
Photographic developing and printing*
C. Chemical Department;
(residues washed from processing equipment)
Detergents*
Zinc oxide*
Arsenic tri-oxide*
Aluminum oxide*
Acetic acid*
Phosphoric acid*
Alginates*
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606
Paul DePalco
39b Alcohols*
Toothpaste*
D. Chemical Laboratory;
Samples of all plating solutions, anodizing
solutions and bonderizing solutions*. Solutions from
general laboratory analyses containing mainly nitric,
hydrochloric and sulfuric acids*,
E. Bur Department;
Copper Plating
copper cyanide, sodium cyanide, sodium
carbonate
Cyanide Dip
sodium cyanide
Alkali Cleaners
proprietary
Chromium Plating
chromic acid, traces of silicofluorides
Copper Strip
chromic acid, sulfuric acid, copper
Hydrochloric Acid
Steel Blackening
alkaline nitrate (proprietary)
Heat Treating Bath
molten sodium cyanide
F. Chemical Packaging;
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607
Paul DePalco
Glue, paste (from cleaning of equipment)*
G. Handpiece Department;
Heat Treating Baths
molten sodium cyanide, cyanate and
carbonate
molten barium salt bath (neutral)
Alkali Cleaner
proprietary
H. Plating Room;
Alkali Cleaners (10)
proprietary cleaners containing hydroxides,
silicates, borates and detergents
Acid Dips
hydrochloric (4) (l-l by volume)
sulfurlc (5) 5 to
nitric (2) 2% and
nitric-sulfuric (1-2 by volume)
Cyanide Dips (3)
sodium cyanide
Dlchromate Dip
proprietary - dlchromate and nitric acid
Copper Plating (2 )
copper cyanide, sodium cyanate, sodium
carbonate, Rochelle Salt, potassium
cyanide, potassium carbonate, potassium
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608
Paul DePalco
tartrate, organic brighteners and wettinj
agents.
Nickel Plating (3)
nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, boric
acid, organic brighteners and wetting
agents
Chromium Plating
chromic acid, traces of silicofluorides
Zinc Plating (2)
zinc cyanide, sodium cyanide, sodium
hydroxide, sodium carbonate
Cadmium Plating (3)
cadmium cyanide, sodium cyanide, sodium
hydroxide, sodium carbonate
I. Japan Shop;
Anodizing Process
alkali cleaner
Bright Dip
chromic acid, sulfurlc acid
Anodizing Solution
sulfuric acid
Dye Solution
organic dyes
Acetate Sealer
nickel acetate
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609
Paul DePalco
Bichromate Sealer (2)
potassium dlchromate (l-5#)
Stripping Solution
chromic acid, phosphoric acid
J. Bonderite Process;
Alkali Cleaners (2)
Parcolene Z
titanium phosphate
Bonderite Solution
boric acid, ferrous sulfate, sodium
fluoride, phosphoric acid, zinc and
manganese phosphates
Parcolene (8)
chromic acid
K. Paint Strippers; (3)
Alkali Solutions
Hydrochloric Acid (cone. )
L. Gas Department;
Sulfuric Acid
Alkaline Potassium Permanganate
Salt Water*
Nitric Acid - ammonium nitrate solution* - 80
gallons per hour per generator
(approximately 1.7 Ib HN03 per 80 gallons)
Alkali Cleaners
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Paul DePalco
M. Power Plant;
Regeneration of Hydrogen Zeolite water softener
(weekly) - 83 Ibs sulfur-Ac
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611
^ DeFalco
chlorlnatlon period at peak flow was also provided. The
effluent from this system would be mixed with the cooling
water return before discharge to Raritan Bay.
During the past year the Health Department
has "loosened up" on their abatement order since a sewer
is planned for the area. As the situation stands now
S. S. White is waiting to connect to a city sewer and
will not proceed with their original plans. As of thfe
writing, no estimate is available as to when the city will
provide the sewer.
Procter and Gamble Manufa cturlng Company
Port Ivory, Stat en Island, N.Y.
1. Organization;
The Port Ivory plant of Procter and Gamble
Manufacturing Co., is located at the northern end of
the Arthur Kill in Port Ivory, Staten Island, N. Y. The
facility, which employs approximately 1200 people, first
began operation in this area in 1907. The plant presently
occupies 122.5 acres.
2. Products ;
The products of this plant are broken down
into the following four categories:
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612
Paul DePalco
Cake Mix - Duncan Hines
Shortenings -Oils - Crlsco, Fluff o, Primex,
Plakewhite .(latter two industrial)
Synthetic Detergents - Duz, Tide, Cheer, Oxydol
Ivory Flakes
Soap -Bar; Lava, Camay, Ivory, Zest
Liquid: Mr. Clean, Top Job
Cleanser: Comet
3. Raw Materials :
Raw materials used include:
Cake Mix - flour, sugar
Shortening - Oils - Soy bean oil, cotton seed
oil, hydrogen
Synthetics - Linear Alkyl benzenes,
sodium phosphate
Soap - Animal fats, sodium and potassium
hydroxide
Raw materials are delivered by both tank cars
and trucks.
4. Capacity :
Figures on plant capacity or output are confi
dential; figures on raw product quantities are also
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613
Paul DePalco
unavailable. Reportedly, however, there is no seasonal
fluctuation In output.
5. Operations;
Essentially there are four separate operations
at this plant.
Cake Mlxt flour, sugar and shortening are
mixed to provide desired mix. Material
is then packaged and shipped.
Shortenings-Oils; Raw oils are refined,
hardened by passing hydrogen through
the oil, deoderized under vacuum,
chilled,and then packaged in cans or
bottles.
Soap; Pats are split, yielding fatty acid;
neutralization with caustic follows.
Dry "plastic" product formed is ex-
truded and cut into bar lengths, cured,
stamped, and packaged.
Synthetics; neutralize LAS with H2SOjj; add
phosphate, builders and mix; spray
dry, then package.
6. Water Supply;
Two sources of water are available, namely
Arthur Kill and the municipal system of New York City.
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Paul DeFalco
Freah water, used at a rate of 1,800,000 gpd is used for
steam generation, drinking and sanitary purposes, and for
processing.
Salt water from the Arthur Kill is used on a
cnce through basis for cooling at a rate of *J,000,000 gpd.
Quality of Arthur Kill water presently satisfies the needs
of the plant. No problems have been encountered with
corrosion or clogging as a result of these waters being
used for cooling.
7. Sewerage t
The Port Ivory Plant now has combined sewers
discharging at a number of points — eight -- into Bridge
Creek, and one directly into the Arthur Kill where it joins
Newark Bay. The total plant effluent includes wastes
streams from:
1. Processing equipment used primarily in
the manufacture of:
a. Household soaps and detergents
b. Shortenings, edible oils and
prepared baking mixes
2. Sanitary wastes from toilets and locker room
3. Plant cafeteria
4. Plant chemical laboratory
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615
Paul DePalco
The average dry weather flow of wastewater
from all sources, measured In June 1963 during five
consecutive operating days, was 5,450,000 gallons per day.
The combined sewers also collect and discharge storm
water run-off from much of the 122.5 acres of plant
property.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Background
Procter & Gamble realized many years ago that
it would become necessary to stop discharging raw wastes
to Bridge Creek and the Arthur Kill. A survey of Port
Ivory wastes was completed in 1954 and updated in 1963 --
See Table I - in preparation for negotiations with the
New York City Department of Public Works to accept these
wastes for treatment in the Port Richmond Sewage Treatment
Plant. Tests at the University of Wisconsin showed that
Procter & Gamble wastes could be treated satisfactorily in
conjunction with domestic wastes.
The city agreed in principle with this Joint
treatment at a time when an interceptor sewer would be
available to bring Port Ivory wastes to the Port Richmond
treatment plant. Subsequent negotiations with the
Department of Public Works confirmed the agreement in
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Paul 6l6
principle for joint treatment. Procter & Gamble will
pay treatment charges to the city in accordance with the
established city schedule based on volume, suspended
solids and biochemical oxygen demand.
Procter & Gamble received an order dated
April 11, 1963* from the Commissioner of Health, City of
New York, to cease discharging untreated wastes by April
26, 1964. The Commissioner of Public Works on May 23,
1963 , wrote to the Commissioner of Health requesting an
extension of the order to Procter & Gamble on the basis
that it would be in the best interest of the city to treat
Port Ivory wastes at the Port Richmond Treatment Plant
and that it would take both the city and Procter & Gamble
longer to complete the necessary engineering and construc-
tion. The date for compliance with the order now has been
extended to June 1, 196?. There will probably be another
extension of the order until mid-1968, which is the present
New York City target date for completion of the Richmond
Terrace interceptor.
Summary of Plans
Procter & Gamble proposes to segregate dirty
wastewater from clean wastewater with the installation of
a new plant, sewer system to collect all sanitary wastes
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Paul DeFalco 617
and the industrial wastes which contain significant pollu-
tion. Detergent-bearing wastewaters will continue to be
discharged to the kill through a special sewer line.
A. Clean Water
The existing sewer system will be reserved for
storm water run-off and the discharge of clean cooling
water, most of which is salt water. This system will
continue to discharge through existing outfalls to Bridge
Creek and the kill. Table II shows the expected flows and
characteristics of these flows.
B. Detergent-Bearing Wastewater
Salt water used for scrubbing the exhaust
air from the synthetic detergent spray drying tower and
water used for periodic wash-down of the tower will be
piped to the end of Pier No. 3 where the wastewater will
be discharged into the kill through a distributor submerged
below low tide level.
C. Dirty Water
A new sewer system will collect all sanitary
wastes and those process wastewaters which are significantly
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618
5 lb Paul DePalco
polluted. Since certain limited outdoor areas in the
plant, representing less than one percent of the total
area, are subject to leaks and spills, storm water run-off
from these areas also will join the sanitary sewers.
These polluted waters will be collected in a
gravity sewer system ending In an underground sump. The
wastes will be pumped out of the sump through a force main
and discharged into a manhole of the city's projected
interceptor sewer at the corner of Richmond Terrace and
Western Avenue.
A detailed description of the new dirty water
sewer system including pretreatment, anticipated flows and
waste characteristics is given in the company supplied
report. Pretreatment includes the use of fat traps,
neutralization of acid wastes, and the use of flow limiting
devices to reduce fluctuations in volume and BOD pumped to
the city sewer.
D. Pollution Abatement Effects
This sewer segregation project reportedly
will have the following effects on the plant's discharge
to Arthur Kill:
1. Remove all floating matter
2. Remove settleable solids
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Paul DeFalco
3. Remove color, taste and odor producing
materials
4. Remove more than 85$ of the present BOD
contribution to Arthur Kill. Compared to
195^ loads the reduction reportedly may be
as much as 96$.
The existing waste discharges contain no toxic
materials or immediate dissolved oxygen demand.
Status of Program;
Procter & Gamble has already begun its program
of reducing wastes loads -- eliminated Hydrolizer wastes in
December 1965. Completion of the full pollution abatement
program is expected to coincide with the date that New York
City provides a sewer to the facility, mid-1968.
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620
TABUS I - 1963 SURVEY OF EXISTING HASTES
Summary of Results of Sampling and Metering Program
Outfall
A
B
C
D
B
F
6
H
Xl
*2
J
gpd-Flow
596,000
Abandoned
14,200
122,000
Abandoned
75,500
2,770,000
691,000
6,800
200,000
962,000
Average
s.s.
1,100
—
—
166
~
~
1,400
706
2
592
665
Pounds/day
B.O.D.
3,335
—
—
2,670
--
~
1,215
3,530
3
269
943
ABS
...
...
—
~
~
—
—
-..
1
239
~~
Totals
5,437,500
4,631
11,965
240
210
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621
TABLE II - PROPOSED DRY WEATHER FLOWS TO ARTHUR KILL
Outfall
A
C
D
F
6
H
h
12*
J
(see Appendix,
gpd Flow
131,000
14,000
65,600
75,400
2,460,000
278,000
5,800
201,000
1,065,000
Section 1 for additional detail)
P&G Report
Average Pounds/Day
S0S. B.O.O.
-
- —
— —
— —
491
- 3
— —
592 269
22 15
ABS
-
—
—
—
—
—
—
240
—
Totals
4,295,800
614
For Comparison
Vastes to Arthur Kill from:
1963 Survey 5,437,500 4,631**
1954 Survey 5,610,000 14,500
Reduction From:
1963 Survey
1954 Survey
21%
23%
87%
96%
778
11,965**
18,500
93%
96%
240
240
* Detergent-bearing waters to be discharged at the end of Pier No. 3
instead of to Bridge Creek.
** Reductions in SS and BOD from 1954 to 1963 are the result of removing
spent bleaching earths from the plant effluent and technological changes
in processing.
211
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Paul DePalco
General American Transportation Corporation, Terminals JClv.
Carteret, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Terminals Division of General American
Transportation Corporation is located at the eastern edge
of Carteret, New Jersey, adjacent to the Arthur Kill. The
facility, located on 57 acres, employs approximately 200
people.
2. Products;
This facility of General American Transporta-
tion Corporation is a warehouse for a wide variety of
liquid chemicals, naphthas, petroleum products and plastic
pellets. The organization is essentially in the business
of leasing storage tanks and providing manpower necessary
for the shipment of these products. Approximately 20 to
25 chemical or petrochemical industries are participants
in this operation.
Materials for this operation are brought in
and distributed by ship, barge, truck or tank cars.
3. Capacity:
This plant has the capacity of storing appro*'
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Paul DeFalco
mately 2.5 million barrels of liquid.
4. Operation;;
Essentially, this plant operates eight hours
per day, five days per week. The waterfront operation,
however, operates 24 hours a day, seven days per week.
5. Water Supply;
The only source of water is the Middlesex
municipal supply. Approximately 100,000 gpd is used during
the winter months -- 60,000 during other periods. Sixty
percent of the water purchased is used for steam production;
the remainder being used for cleanup, washdown and sanitary
purposes.
Steam is used for heating approximately 20
percent of the tanks, normal heating, and for various
smaller operations.
6. Sewage;
Sanitary wastes from the facility, with the
exception of one building, are treated by septic tank
systems. The area not being handled Is discharged to the
plant's oil-water separator system described below.
WASTE TREATMENT
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62k
57b Paul DePalco
7. Oil-Water Separators;
This plant of General American Transportation
Corporation has two oil-water separators which receive run-
off from the diked storage areas, plus any other cleanup
or washdown waters. It is estimated that the flow to each
unit is 4 gpm.
Reportedly, the sole source of wastes during
dry periods is condensate from the steam system, and water
lines which are kept running for reasons of safety. During
the winter some of the plant's lines are kept running in
order to eliminate freezing.
There are no analytical results available on
the characteristics of the wastes which now discharge into
the Arthur Kill.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
At the request of the Interstate Sanitary
Commission, the Terminals Division of General American
Transportation Corporation, initiated studies to determine
whether or not it would be economically feasible to treat
their own wastes. Infilco, which is owned by General
American Transportation Corporation, provided the technical
assistance on this problem. The final decision reached was
that it would be more economical, because of the low
i« «it--H *•.*.«» municioal sewer system.
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625
Paul DePalco
At the present time, the company has completed
the design and has had plans approved for this tie in. It
is anticipated that by no later than June 1, 1966, this
connection will be completed. This arrangement is being
made with the cooperation of PMC Corporation, who is permit-
ting the Terminals Division to tie into their sanitary
sewer, which in turn is connected to the municipal system.
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Elizabeth, New Jersey
1. Organization:
The Marine Oil Division plant of the Archer
Daniels Midland Company is located at the eastern edge of
Elizabeth, New Jersey, between the Arthur Kill and South
Front Street. The facility, which employs approximately
50 people, began operation in this area about 80 years ago.
The company's main executive and operating offices are
located in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
2. Products:
This plant of the Archer Daniels Midland
Company is essentially a fish and sperm oil processing
plant. Production is by batch operations. The principal
finished products are:
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59t> Paul DeFalco
Fish Oil
Pressed
Refined -- used in paint and varnish industry
Sperm Oil
Pressed
. Wax - used in cosmetic industry
Vegetable Oil - oxidized body used in paint and
varnish industry
3- Raw Materials:
Raw materials used include:
Pish oils - ^5$ of crude
Sperm oils - *15# of crude
Vegetable oils - 10$ of crude
Caustic soda, used for refining, 300,000 Ibs per year
Sulfuric acid, used for neutralizing; 275,000 Ibs per
year
Sperm oils are delivered approximately five times
per year by tankers, and fish oils are brought in approxi-
mately eight to ten times per year by barges. Tank cars
are used for supplying the crude vegetable oils. Crude is
stored in tanks which have a total capacity of six million
gallons.
^. Capacity;
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627
Paul DePalco
The plant has the capacity of processing
approximately *»0,000 to 48,000 gallons per day of oil.
There is no seasonal fluctuation in output.
5. Operations;
Essentially .. there are three separate operations
at this plant: Filtration of crude oils; oxidation of oils;
and refining,,
Filtration of Crude Oils; Crude fish and
sperm oils are chilled and then filtered on a rotary-type
vacuum filter.
Oxidation of Gils; A small quantity -- 1% to
2% -- of the filtered fish oils, filtered sperm oils and
vegetable oils are applied to the plant's blow tanks. The
finished products from this process are blown oils and
oxidized oils.
Refining Process; Filtered sperm oils and
filtered fish oils, along with caustic, acid, steam and
vacuum, are applied to the refining tank. The finished
product from this unit is refined oils. The soap and wash
water from the refining tank is further treated in a split
tank to produce soap stock. Sweet water from the split
tank is discharged to the separator. This waste will have
a high BOD because of the glycerine content.
The refining process, presently a batch
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6lb Paul DePalco
operation, Is being converted to a continuous operation.
This change-over is expected to be completed by July 1, 1965
The plant operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week, 12 months a year. The availability of crude oil is
the controlling factor in the plant's operation. All
three crudes— fish, sperm, and vegetable oils -- are
generally run simultaneously.
6. Water Supply;
Two sources of water supply are available,
namely, Arthur Kill and the municipal supply from the
City of Elizabeth. Fresh water is used for steam genera-
tion, cooling oil processing kettles, refining, drinking
and sanitary purposes. Water which is used for steam
generation — maximum output 17,OOO Ibs/hr — is not
condensed and re-used, as the company has found it desirable
to let it go off as free steam rather than taking the chance
of contaminating the condensate. Approximately 200,000
gallons per day of fresh waser are used by this installation,
Salt water from the Arthur Kill is used at a
rate of 240,000 gallons per day. This water is used on a
once-through basis for the condensers In the plant's
refrigeration system. The quality of the Arthur Kill water
presently satisfies the needs of the plant. No problems
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629
Paul DePalco
have been encountered with corrosion or clogging as a
result of these waters being used for cooling.
When comparing existing fresh water intake
records with fresh water use — based on pump capacity and
steam generating capacity — there is a large quantity of
unaccounted-for water. Reportedly, a maximum of 22,200
gallons per day of fresh water is used in the filtration
process; 3,000 gallons per day in the blow tanks; and 3,OOO
gallons per day in the refining tanks. The total capacity
of the steam generating plant, as previously mentioned, is
17,000 Ibs. per hour, which is equivalent to 35 gallons
per minute (50,400 gallons per day). Therefore, the
maximum total accountable for-fresh water is 77,600 gallons
per day, which is far below the 165,000 gallons per day
figure recorded by the company's water meter.
7. Sewerage;
All sanitary wastes from the facility go to
the municipal plant — Elizabeth Joint Meeting. Processing
waters and wastes are collected in open concrete lined
trenches, which discharge to the separators.
8. Principal Processes;
Principal processes at the Archer Daniels
Midland Company are filtration, oxidation and refining.
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63b Paul DeFalco
WASTES TREATMENT
9. Oil-Water Separators;
This plant of the Archer Daniels Midland!
Company has two oil-water separators. The larger of the
two units -- 10'6" X 19'111: X61 SWT -- is used continuous
except for period of cleaning when flow is diverted to the
small -- 5« X 14« X 6' SWD -- oil water separator. During
the past year, the larger unit has only been taken out of
service once.
Skimmings from the separators are pumped bade
to the plant for processing. Sludge is removed by scavenj
approximately once a year.
There is presently no flow indicating or
recording device at the plant. Flow records are based on
water use data, which as previously mentioned, are questio!
able. It is estimated that wastes flows are approximate!]!
15 gallons per minute with peaks reaching as high as 50
gallons per minute. Effluent from the treatment units is
discharged to the Arthur Kill through 15 inch and 12 inch
diameter submerged pipes.
10. Analytical Results;
Only parameter checked routinely — once a ^
— is pH of the effluent. Past records indicate that the
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Paul DePalco
change in temperature for the cooling water is approximately
8 - 10°P.
On July 19, 1962, a series of samples were
taken by the New Jersey State Health Department and the
Interstate Sanitation Commission. Results of tfiese grab
samples are as follows:
Point I - Separator Effluent Point II - Cooling Water
Effluent
Sample No. DO BOD Ether Soluble DO BOD Ether Soluble
1
2
3
0.8 82
6.9 127
1.6 117
289 5.5
349.7 5.7
64.4 5.6 /7
18.1
11.8
20.1
COMPOSITE
DO
BOD
Alkalinity
COD
Phenols
Sulfides
Settleable
Salinity
Chlorides
Separator
Effluent
I
0.8
104
58
412
Trace
Neg
Solids 18.0
--
33.0
Cooling Water
Effluent
II
5.9
A5
118
173
Trace
Neg
2.0
2.120
—
Raw Water
Intake
0.4
64
2,506
0.05
--
8.0
1.190
--
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Paul DePalco
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
In 1963t the firm engaged Roy P. Weston, Inc.,
consulting engineers, for professional assistance and
guidance with regards to water pollution control. The
service provided involves quarterly review with the plant
management of pollution control problems. Following such
reviews, recommendations are made for maintaining and up-
grading continuing control program. Recommendations from
the consulting engineers have resulted in the following:
1. The broadening of the effluent sampling
(pH) and observation program fi'om once per week to once
daily.
2. Design modifications of the oil water separa-
tor, which include changes in the inlet design and removal
of all baffles but the final.
3. An Inspection schedule to insure proper
operation of the oil water separators — visits now made
on an hourly basis.
4. Installation of an in-plant separator-
holding tank to equalize water discharges and trap oily
"heels" from batch treatment tanks. These units have
reportedly prevented oil slugs and flow surges to the
separator unit.
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Paul DePalco 633
Koppers Company, Inc., Forest Products Division
Port Reading Plant, Port Reading, New Jersey
1. Organ!zation;
The Port Reading Plant of the Forest Products
Division of Koppers Company, Inc., is located at the eastern
edge of Port Reading, New Jersey, adjacent to the Arthur
Kill. This facility, located on 55 acres, 13 of which are
in Carteret, was purchased by Koppers in 1956. The instal-
lation, built in 1910, was previously owned and operated
by the Port Reading Railroad. At the present time, approxi-
mately 30 to 35 people are employed, with peaks of 50 being
reached during the summer period.
2. Products:
This plant is essentially a wood preserving -
creosoting - facility. Production is on a batch basis.
The principal products are pilings, telephone poles and
railroad ties.
3. Raw Materials;
Raw materials include wood - pine, oak or mixed
hardwoods - in either pole or plank shape. Creosote and
No. 6 fuel oil are used for preserving the wood.
Raw wood products may be either purchased by
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6?t» Paul DePalco
the company or supplied by a contractor, such as a
railroad.
4. Capacity;
This plant has the capacity of processing or
preserving 3,000,000 cubic feet per year of wood. Present
output is approximately 1.5 million cubic feet per year.
5. Operations;
This plant can operate 24 hours a day, seven
days a week, 12 months per year; at the present time,
however, it is operating on a two shift, five day per week
basis.
Wood, prior to impregnating, is dried either
in the atmosphere or in a steam atmosphere in the plant's
treating cylinder. After this pretreatment the wood is
handled in the following manner:
1. Tram cars loaded with dried wood are placed
inside the treating cylinder - 88 inches in diameter by
144 feet long.
2. Cylinder is sealed at both ends and filled
with air in order to occupy the voids in the wood.
3. Cylinder is then filled with either creo-
sote or a mixture of creosote and oil, at a temperature of
200°P. and at a pressure of 185 psi. Detention under
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635
68b Paul DePalco
these conditions, depending on the type wood and product
desired, varies from 2 - 2-1/2 hours.
4. Impregnating solution is removed from
treating cylinder.
5. A vacuum is pulled on the whole cylinder
in order to remove excess oil from the voids.
6. Wood is then removed and stored, ready
for shipment.
Under normal conditions, 12 pounds of oil are
applied per cubic foot of wood. If extra protection is
needed, such as for salt water pilings, the wood contains
upwards of 25 pounds of oil per cubic foot. Under these
conditions the wood in the treating cylinder is initially
placed under vacuum so as to permit greater absorption of
the oil into the voids. (Step 2.)
6. Water Supply;
Only one source of water is available at this
plant, namely, the Middlesex Water Company. Fresh water
is used at a rate of approximately 1,000 gpd, with peaks
running as high as 1,500 gpd. This water is used for
makeup water in the recirculating cooling water system;
cooling the air compressor; for vacuum units in the
treating cylinder; and for sanitary and drinking purposes.
Steam, used in heating and processing, is
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636
69b Paul DeFalco
purchased from the Sinclair Koppers Plant on the adjacent
property.
Since the major source of wastewater is that
volume of water which is trapped in the voids of wood -
under normal conditions, 85 to 90 percent of the wood by
weight is water - no comparison can be made between fresh
water consumption and waste discharge volumes.
7. Sewage;
It is presumed that all sanitary wastes from
this facility discharge to a septic tank. No plans or
drawings are available to document this fact.
WASTE TREATMENT
8. Oil Water Separators;
Sources of wastewater are as follows: Steam
condensate; water removed from the wood in the treating
cylinder; floor washings; and water accumulations from
pump drains. The average total flow is 5,000 to 7,000 gpd,
The plant's separator-type system consists of
the following: Slowdown tank - most of settling takes
place in this unit; dehydrator; two interconnected, heated,
cylindrical settling units; and two rectangular-shaped
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Paul DePalco
settling tanks equipped with baffles to trap o^l.
(See diagram-FWPCA Piles)
Oil recovered from the bottom of the blowdown
tank goes to the oil dehydrator where steam is injected
to boil off the water. The reclaimed oil is either sold
or used within the plant. Decant from this tank then
passes through the other settling-separating units before
being discharged to a small tributary creek to the Arthur
Kill.
9. Analytical Results:
The plant, because of its size, doe's not main-
tain continuous surveillance of its effluent. The task
of checking the discharge is the responsibility of the
company's research center at Monroeville, Pennsylvania.
Results of a study conducted by this group on July 24, 1962,
are as follows:
COD 6,300 ppm
BOD 2,500 ppm
Phenol 130 ppm
pH 5.8
Chloride 145 ppm
Turbidity 2,200 JCU
Total solids 2,280 ppm
Fixed solids 360 ppm
Suspended solids 880 ppm
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71b '38
' Paul DeFalco
Settleable solids 0.2 ml per liter
Samples were collected on a composite basis
over an eight hour period and analyzed at the MonrcevilJ'-
Research Center.
The following are average wastes characteristics
•••'? r'.y?j:i'-!.Łc! f-y *-:iŁ; (;o'.ios-ry :
Plow 3,000 to 5,000 gpd
BOD5 1,500 to 3,500 ppm
pH 5.5 ,to 6.5
Chlorides 100 to 200 ppm
Total solids 2,000 to 3,000 ppm
Fixed solids 300 to 1,000 ppm
Phenol 100 to 150 ppm
COD 4,000 to 6,300 ppm
Oil (ether extraction) 500 to 1,000 ppm
The average figures supplied by the company
are based on previous samplings at this plant and on
effluent data from other company owned plants of the same
capacity.
10. Pollution:
Wastes presently being discharged by Koppers
are highly polluted. During the visitation, it was noticed
that sludge from the creosote storage tanks was disposed
of in an undiked area adjacent to a stream tributary to
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Paul DePalco Jy
the Arthur Kill. During a storm period, it is felt that
leaching from these sludge deposits could produce a
noticeable phenolic load on the Arthur Kill.
Johns-Manville Products Corporation,
1. Organization;
The Johns-Manville complex is divided into
two sections: Research and Engineering Center at Plnderne,
New Jersey, and the Manville Plant, which is the production
facility, at Manville, New Jersey. The Research Center,
built in 19^6, is located on 96 acres and employs approxi-
mately 850 people. The Manville Plant, located approxi-
mately two tniles above the confluence of the Millstone and
Raritan Rivers, was built in 1912 and presently employs
3,150 people. The actual plant site occupies 185 acres;
however, Johns-Manville owns an additional 210 acres west
of the plant,
2. Products ;
Research and Engineering Center
Pilot production only, on new products and
processes, is carried out at this location.
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73b Paul DePalco 6*°
Manville Plant -- Water-Formed Production
Roofing felt (organic)
Asbestos paper
Flex-board (asbestos cement product)
Transite pipe
Cerro-form (ceramic fibers in wet medium)
Manville Plant — Dry-Formed
Asbestos Textiles
Asbestos packings (sheet, coil)
Friction materials (brake linings, clutch facings)
Floor tile
Insulation: (high temperature)
Lime-silica insulation (steam lines and boilers)
Asphalt roofings (rolls and shingles)
Asbestos cement shingles
3. Raw Materials t
Research and Engineering Center
None, other than those needed for pilot operations
Manville Plant — Wet-Formed Production
Raw materials used Include:
Asbestos fiber
Portland cement
Celite
Silica
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Paul DePalco
Hydrated lime
Wood (Jersey Pine)
Waste paper
Starch
Acrylic emulsion
Polyvlnyl chloride emulsion
Silicate of soda
Separan*
Nalco-21S*
No. 2 fuel oil*
* Used to treat process water.
4. Capacity;
Water-formed production during 1964 amounted to
170,700 tons. This type production accounts for approxi-
mately 50-60 percent of total plant production.
5. Operations:
Research and Engineering Center
This facility functions on an 8 hour day, 5 day
week. Operation consists primarily of pilot studies on new
products and processes.
Manvilie Plant
Operation of this complex is on a 24 hour per
day, 5-7 day per week, 52 week per year basis.
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75b Paul DeFalco
6. Processes;
Research and Engineering Center
None, other than various experimental processes,
Manville Plant
Only the two major water-formed products are
described:
Transite Pipe - Mixing of cement, asbestos and
silica to form a mat which is rolled on a mandrel until
the desired thickness of pipe is attained. Mandrel is
removed; pipe then cured in steam atmosphere for 20 hours -
equivalent to 28 days; hydrostatic test performed on each
pipe prior to shipment.
Roofing Felt (Organic) - Half of raw material
from mixed papers processed in hydrapulper; other half comes
from chipped Jersey pine processed through defibrators
operating at 180 psi steam pressure. After blending and
refining, the combined pulp is diluted to vat consistency
of about 1$; screened and then formed on a single 120-inch
face cylinder mold. Resulting web passes through wet
pressing equipment to rotating steam drier rolls and
intermediate and final calendering units which produce
porous finished product.
Two paper machines, Number 5 — with a capacity
of 100 tons/day — and Number b — with a capacity of 50
ton/day -- are used for felt production. Bleed off from
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Paul DePalco
these machines - white water - averages approximately 20
gpm. It is estimated that the BOD of this waste equals
2,000 mg/1.
7. Water Supply;
Three sources of water, namely, Raritan River,
Borough of Manvllle, and wells located on company property,
are utilized.
Raritan River - Water used essentially for
cooling and wet processing: Present total use - 13 mgd;
maximum withdrawal 18.0 mgd.
Water used for power house cooling — approxi-
mately 7.0 mgd of the 13.0 total - is discharged back to
the Raritan with a temperature elevation of about 20°F.
Manville Plant uses approximately 4.0 mgd for processing.
An additional 0.5 mgd, obtained from the filtration plant
which services the Research Center, is used as boiler feed.
The Research and Engineering Center withdraws
approximately 1.0 mgd for processing and for washroom use
at the Center. As mentioned above, half of this total
goes to the Manville Plant. Treatment of this water
consists of rapid sand filtration and chlorination.
Borough of Manville - Approximately 0.33 mgd
for drinking purposes and special manufacturing operations.
Well Water - Approximate use - 40,000 gpd.
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77b Paul DePalco
Well capacity Is 0.3 mgd. Water used for high pressure
Jet cleaning.
A detailed water balance Is given in Table I
at the end of this report.
8. Sewerage;
Each section of the Johns-Manvilie complex -
Manville Plant, Research and Engineering - maintains and
operates its own wastewater treatment plant. Domestic
wastes, however, are handled separately at the Borough of
Manville Sewage Treatment Plant.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
9. Wastes Treatment;
Research and Engineering Center
Primary plant, designed for maximum flow of
1.4 mgd. Sludge dewatered on vacuum filters. Chlorinated
effluent discharged to Raritan River approximately 100
feet downstream from water intake for Research Center.
During the period January 1, 1965* to October
31, 1965, flow averaged 0.515 mgd; BOD influent - 24.6 mg/1.
effluent - 14.4 mg/1; SS influent - 246 mg/1, effluent -
22 mg/1. Spot checks indicated coliform organisms were
absent in effluent.
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Paul DePalco
Manville Plant
Treatment Consists of clarification, neutraliza-
tion and chlorination. Paoilities are designed for a
maximum flow of 6 mgd. Detention time in sedimentation
units -- two earthen diked basins used on an alternating
basis -- averages 7 hours. Effluent is combined with
Borough of Manville's, prior to being discharged below
the confluence of the Millstone and Rarltan Rivers.
During the period January 1, 1965 -- October
31, 1965, flow averaged 4.6 mgd; BOD influent -- 33.4 mg/1,
effluent - 20.6 mg/1; SS influent - 469 mg/1, effluent -
17.2 mg/1; pH reduction 10.9 to 8.0; coliform organisms -
none.
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646
TABLE I
RARITAN RIVER USE - 1964
JOHNS-MANVILLE PRODUCTS CORP.
MANVILLE PLANT AND RESEARCH & ENGINEERING CENTER
Research &
Manville Plant Engineering Center Total
A. Average Use-MGD Intake Discharge Intake Discharge Intake Discharge
colo 1 col, 2 col. 3 col. 4 col* 5 col. 6
i
"
T. Raritan 3095 3.95 1.0 ,5 4.95 4.45
b» Raritan - ,5* - - - «5
c« Non-Raritan U35 .35** - - 035 .35
d. Metered **** - (408) (1.0) (.5) - (5.3)
2. Power Generation
Raritan 7*0 7aO - - 700 7.0
3. Sanitary Sewage
to Boro of Manville
Sewers - Raritan ,2 - „! - a3 -
Total Raritan 11.15 11.45 lal .5 12.25 11.95
Total Non-Raritan 035 .35 - - *35 .35
Grand Total 11.-5 11.8 1.1 <5 12.6 12.3
f Peak Use - MGD
1. Process-Raritan Only
4.9 5.5 1.2 ,6 6.1 6.1
2a Power Generation 700 7.0 - - 700 7.0
3. Sanitary Sewage ,2 ,1 - ,3 -
4. Fire Protection 403 4.3 104 - 4,3 4.3***
16C4 16..8 1,3*** »6 17,7 17.4
*Transfer from Research & Engineering Center
**Non-Raritan Water C3MGD from Boro of Manville and »05 MGD from Plant We
***Total includes Manville plant fire pumps only - (assumed that fires
would rarely occur simultaneously at both locations)
****Not included in totals - explanatory only
227
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Paul DePalco
Philip Carey Manufacturing Company
Perth Amboy, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company is a
publicly owned company occupying 43 acres in Perth Amboy,
New Jersey. Main offices are in Lockland, Cincinnati 15,
Ohio.
Approximately 250 people - 60 percent day
shift, 25 percent second shift, 15 percent night shift -
are employed on a round-the-clock basis. During the
summer months the plant operates 6 or 7 days per week. A
5-day week is observed during other periods of the year.
2. Products;
Asphalt and asbestos building and roofing
materials.
3. Raw Materials;
Waste paper 17,000 tons/year
Cord wood 11,000 tons/year
Jute 600 tons/year
Sawdust 900 tons/year
Asphalt 47,000 tons/year
Tar 5,000 tons/year
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8lb Paul DePalco
Roofing granules 26,000 tons/year
Sand 8,000 tons/year
Limestone 21,000 tons/year
Asbestos 1,800 tons/year
Portland cement 6,000 tons/year
4. Capacity;
To be supplied by company.
5. Operation and Processes;
The plant Is divided into two sections --
asphalt and asbestos. In the asphalt section a mechanical
pulp is made, pressed and dried. Asphalt and roofing
granules are then applied to the rolled sheets.
In the asbestos section a mechanical asbestos
pulp is produced. The remainder of the process is the saint
as in the asphalt section.
6. Water Supply;
Approximately 600,000 gpd of water are purchasi
from Perth Amboy's municipal supply.
7. Sewerage;
Three sewers carry all sanitary wastes to the
City of Perth Amboy.
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64Q
Paul DePalco
8. Waste Sources;
Asphalt pulp section - 72 mg per year of
process waste
- 33.3 mg per year of
boiler water
Asphalt application section - 57.2 mg per year
of process waste
Asbestos section - JJ8.6 mg per year of process
waste
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
9. Wastes Treatment;
The operation sections of the plant are
served by a Dorr-Clarifier treatment unit. A variable
pH as well as high concentrations of solids and ether
soluble material led to the installation of these treat-
ment facilities. Present plans call for bringing wastes
from the asbestos section to the treatment unit so as to
obtain neutralization of 'the wastes.
10. Analytical Results;
Results of analyses, made before the clarifiers
were Installed, are as follows:
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650
QoU Paul DePalco
030
5-day BOD 18-42 ppm
10-day BOD 32 ppm
ether soluble trace to 11.4 ppm
total solids 178-287 ppm
suspended solids 39-144 ppm
dissolved solids 139-143 ppm
pH of asphalt section 6.5
pH of asbestos section 10.0
Effluent from both units is presently dis-
charged to the Raritan River and sludge is disposed of at
a land fill site.
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Paul DePalco
REPORT
for
THE CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION OP
RARITAN BAY AND ADJACENT
INTERSTATE WATERS
THIRD SESSION
VOLUME III-APPENDICES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHEAST REGION - RARITAN BAY PROJECT
METUCHEN, N.J.
MAY 1967
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2m Paul DePalco
CON, TENTS
Appendix A - Shellfish Resource - Raritan Bay
Appendix B - Pish and Wildlife - Raritan Bay
Appendix C - Recreational Boating - Raritan Bay
Appendix D - Recreational Bathing - Raritan Bay
Appendix E - Boat Pollution - Raritan Bay
Appendix P - Geology of Raritan Bay
Appendix G - Chemical Analyses of Shellfish - Raritan Bay
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Paul DePalco
APPENDIX A
SHELLFISH RESOURCE - RARITAN BAY
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, BUREAU OF STATE SERVICES
Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection
Shellfish, Sanitation Branch
NORTHEAST RESEARCH CENTER
Narragansett, Rhode Island
A Report on the
SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF RARITAN BAY, NEW JERSEY
Prepared by
Robert Campbell
Marine Research Biologist
2 July 1964
(Revised May 1965)
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Paul DePalco
A REPORT ON THE SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF RARITAN BAY
Abstract
Cases of infectious hepatitis traced to clams
harvested from Raritan Bay in 1961 stimulated a cooperative
State-Public Health Service study of water and shellfish
sanitary quality in the bay.
The present report describes the distribution of
only two species of clams, the Soft Shell Clam, Mya arenaria,
and the Northern Quahaug, Mercenaria mercenaria. Quantita-
tive features of population sampling permitted statistical
evaluation of the clam resource of Raritan Bay. This informa-
tion, coupled with the bacteriological information being pro-
cessed for a separate report, describes the clam-water
relationship in Raritan Bay.
Density-distribution charts illustrate the diverse
patterns of array found in the northern and southern sectors
of the bay. A more evenly and widely distributed population
is evident on the New York side while the contrasting New
Jersey population is notably spotty in appearance. The
distribution of these shellfish is further emphasized by this
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655
Paul DePalco
survey and is no doulyt related to hydrographic and substrate
conditions inherent iti the bay.
Consideration of the population on a State basis
shows that New York possesses the greater density of quahaugs
(hard shell clams) — 1.05 individuals per square foot com-
pared with O.H7 for New Jersey. In the standing crop esti-
mates, New York contains almost a three-to-one ratio in
millions of bushels over New Jersey.
Quantitative estimates for the various size
categories show that "large" size quahaugs are two times more
abundant than "necks." "Sub-legals" are the least abundant.
Soft shell clams appeared to be more abundant in
the deeper waters. The majority of those in the western
sector of Raritan Bay and coves of Sandy Hook were of
smaller size compared with other areas of the bay. Instances
of 50 or more individuals per square foot were not an uncom-
mon occurrence.
A REPORT ON THE SHELLFISH RESOURCES OP RARITAN BAY
INTRODUCTION
Historical reviews of natural resources in
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Paul DePalco
estuarine environments recount the decline of the resource
6m
as being directly proportional to an increase of both
domestic and industrial pollution. Over the years, however,
it has become increasingly evident that overfishlng of a
resource, coupled with an increase of pollution and other
man-caused environmental changes, may be considered the
major agents responsible for an actual decrease or eventual
extinction of a fishery (McHugh, 1964). Such has been the
case of at least one important shellfish resource in Raritan
Bay, New Jersey.
During the oyster's relatively short economic
history within the confines of Raritan Bay, it has declined
from a species of major commercial importance to a nonentity.
Of the two clam varieties endemic to the area — soft shell
clam, Mya arenaria. and Northern Quahaug, Mercenarla
mercenaria, the soft-shelled clam, although having declined
considerably, has nevertheless managed to maintain a popula-
tion in the western portion as well as the Sandy Hook section
of the bay. Predictions relevant to the fate of the quahaug
fishery are more difficult to form, due to the area-confining
aspects pollution has had on the fishery. Until the below-
described shellfish resource survey was completed, any estimates
of the commercial shellfish resource in the whole of Raritan
Bay were opinions based on conjecture.
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Paul DePalco
Prom an historical standpoint, the shellfish
resources of Raritan Bay have been adequately summarized on
several occasions over past decades as indicated by Dr.
Julius Nelson's (1909) records on oyster production;
Gumming, Purdy, Ritter (1916); and Gumming (1917) exhaustive
studies of pollution of growing areas. Gumming and his
associates confined their studies to the effect of domestic
waste on shellfish waters, while Dr. Nelson (1916), during
the same period, investigated the effect of industrial pollu-
tion in the form of metallic copper upon the oyster itself.
Within a few years, following Dr. Nelson's studies, the oyster
Industry in Raritan Bay became virtually extinct due to this
predicted effect of metallic copper on the environment
(Nelson 1916).
Between the time of these major contributions
and the present, ecological studies were initiated to evalu-
ate the relationships of pollution to marine animals. An
earlier study by Udell (1951) was concerned with the effect
of pollution on shellfish. Later, a combination biological-
oceanographic study was conducted to determine the distribution
and diversity of planktonic organisms, as well as nutrients,
in conjunction with current patterns and related pollution
(Patten, 1959; Jeffries, 1962).
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658
8m Paul DePalco
Closely related to the sanitary quality of the
waters of Raritan Bay is the related decrease in the avail-
ability of the shellfish resources. Over the span of 60 years
more and more shellfish grounds have been closed due to
sewage pollution, resulting in a rather steady decline in the
fishery. Finally, by 1961, almost 90 percent of the original
grounds had become unavailable.
As a result of public demand in the early part
of the century, oysters were accorded a much higher rank
than any other shellfish in Raritan Bay. According to
Gumming (1917), about 20,000 acres on the New York side of
the bay contained oysters, 8,000 of which were under cultiva-
tion by private industry. New Jersey, in comparison, accounted
for much less in total productivity. Gumming also reported
that "flats and foreshores have many extensive hard clam and
soft clam producing areas." Sandy Hook was the most noticeable
of these as a continuous producer of soft clams. Shellfish
growing and shipping in New Jersey during this period was
asserted to be one of the most important industries in the
State with the annual oyster catch alone valued at from two
to four million dollars.
Post-World War II evaluations of the shellfish
resources in Raritan Bay are few in number and these are
confined to Investigations conducted by Rutgers University
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659
Paul DePalco
biologists on particular sections of the bay, with emphasis
equally divided between life history studies and population
studies. New Jersey waters, therefore, have received the
bulk of the attention on the two commercial species. The
soft clam, Mya arenaria, received considerable attention in
the vicinity of Sandy Hook (Durand, 1950; Aldrich, 1951;
Shuster, 1952), while all of New Jersey commercial grounds
were evaluated for density and distribution of the hard clam,
Mercenaria mercenaria (Haskin, 1962). Shellfish resource
data are nonexistent for the New York section of the bay,
except for hearsay and assumptions based on past catch records.
Considerable attention was focused on Raritan
Bay in 196! as a result of"an epidemic of infectious hepatitis
traceable to the consumption of raw clams from the Raritan
Bay which led, on May 1, 1961, to the closing of the Bay
to the harvesting of clams," (First Conference Session, 1961).
As a result of this epidemic an intensive study of the environ-
ment and shellfish resources was initiated to evaluate the
existing conditions in order to make formal recommendations for
the best use of the waters in the future.
Due to the general lack of an adequate resource
inventory in Raritan Bay, it was necessary to plan and execute
a survey of the clam population in conjunction with a con-
sideration of the sanitary quality and human health aspects
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660
10m Paul DeFalco
of the shellfish resource. It was also desirable that the
resulting data could be used to provide information per-
tinent to the commercial shellfish industry of Raritan Bay
and to resource-management agencies of New York. It is
believed that the survey data can be useful in connection
with consideration of activities affecting the standing crop
and in predicting recruitment and projected value of the
fishery in the near future.
The above statements reflect the objectives and
interests of the Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research
Center in the shellfish resources of Raritan Bay. The study
reported herein was conducted through cooperation with the
Raritan Bay project of the Division of Water Supply and
Pollution Control, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare.
METHODS
The area under consideration, collectively
referred to as Raritan Bay, is a triangular body of water
with Lower Bay in the northeast sector, Raritan Bay located at
the apex, and Sandy Hook Bay in the southeast sector. The
bay extends inland for about ten miles between Staten Island,
New York, to the northwest, and the east-west shoulder of
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661
Paul DePalco
New Jersey to the south. The eastern base of the enclosure
Is a ten-mile base opening to the Atlantic Ocean. The
boundary between the two States passes approximately from
east to west through the middle of the bay area to the
western end (Figure 1).
The area of Raritan Bay which came under direct
consideration during the survey was inside an imaginary line
from the northern tip of Sandy Hook to the easternmost
point of Staten Island at the Narrows. The western limit was
an imaginary line from Ward Point, Staten Island, southwest to
the pier of the Jersey Central Power and Light Company in
New Jersey (Figure 2). The northern and southern boundaries
were the shorelines of Staten Island and New Jersey,
respectively. Sampling was conducted to the mean low water
mark and, through necessity, channel areas, restricted areas,
and cable areas were excluded. The calculated sampling area
totaled approximately 50,000 acres.
The assay techniques used for this survey were
modification of those developed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, clam investigations, in Narragansett Bay (1956).
The variations occurred on^Ly in the methods of selecting
sampling stations. Instead of using a sampling pattern based
on a perfect grid with stations an equal distance apart, the
stations were chosen by means of table of random numbers and
-------
Elizabeth
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA
UPPER BAY
STATEN ISLAND
LOWER BAY
\ RARITAN BAY
SANDY HOOK
BAY
NEW JERSEY
101234
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD CLAMS
STATION LOCATIONS
1963
U S Public Heoltn S«rvtc«
Northeast Shdlfl»h Sanitation Research Center
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
/.-v-:'- •'
**t| NEW JERSEY
FIGURE 2
GPO »56 S92
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664
12m
Paul DePalco
applied to the numbered basic pattern. Economically, from
a project cost standpoint and time considerations, this
method was considered more feasible because of the large size
of the area, which prohibited a small grid internal for a
useful grid system, and because it removed any bias or ten-
dency to select stations based on previous knowledge of shell-
fish distribution.
To locate the randomly distributed stations, it
was first necessary to grid the area on the U. S. Coast &
Geodetic Survey Chart #369 in 300-yard intervals oriented
north and south and east and west along the lines of latitude
and longitude. Prom the resulting 3026 squares, 535 were
randomly selected to represent offshore stations, and 210
numbers to represent inshore stations. Thus, the population
estimate is dependent upon these 7^5 stations. The results
of this procedure indicate a rather evenly distributed
sampling structure, as shown in Figure 2.
In the field, stations were located using shore
bearings (sextant) and calculated running time of the vessel.
While on station, a sample was obtained with a one-half yard
construction-type, clam-shell bucket operated from a double-
drum hydraulic winch aboard the U. S. Public Health Service
R/V B. W. Brown. The bucket covers a surface area of
approximately five square feet and digs to a maximum depth
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665
Paul DePalco
of 18 Inches. Experience indicated that the bucket sampled
satisfactorily in most types of bottom except rocks. The sedi-
ment, after being brought aboard and dumped into a sorting
box, was washed through a 1/2-inch mesh screening with salt
water from the vessel's deck pump. Areas too shallow for the
research vessel, draft 5', were sampled from a skiff using
16-foot, 12-tooth tongs. The samples taken within the 6'
contour were classified as the inshore survey. The baskets
of the tongs were enclosed with 1/2-inch wire screening and
the handles modified to allow only restricted expansion.
Two "grabs" with these altered tongs roughly equaled one
"grab" with the clam-shell bucket (U.S.P.W.S. 1956).
Log sheets were kept for each station; data were
recorded for bottom type and for the number and size of all
commercially important shellfish in the sample. Measurements
were made using vernier calipers on the longest diameters
(lengths) of both hard and soft clams and recorded in milli-
meters .
Density-distribution charts (Figures 3-6) were
prepared to present diagrammatically a general picture of how
the three size groups of hard clams were arranged on the
bottom: "sub-legals" — 15 to 46 millimeters in length;
"necks" — *»7 to 66 millimeters long; and "large" — over
66 millimeters. The density-distribution patterns are shown
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RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD CLAMS
TOTAL ALL SIZES*{AII Sizes Over 15 Millimeter
1963
U.S. Public Health Service
Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research Center
\
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
LEGEND
Number of Hard Clams
Per Square Foot
F22-2.2-3.0
NEW JERSEY
I 012345
FIGURE 3
GP*O 956-592
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RARITAN BAY PROJEC
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD CLAMS
"LARGE"(Over 66 Millimeters)
1963
U.S. Public Health Service
Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research Center
STATEN ISLAND
Number of Hard Clams
Per Square Foot
|3-Over-3.0
FIGURE 4
a\
o\
~q
GPO 956-592
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RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD CLAMS
"NECKS" (47 to 66 Millimeters)
1963
U.S. Public Health Service
Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research Gemer
B R O O K L Y N
LEGEND
Number of Hard Clami
Per Square Foot
FIGURE 5
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BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD CLAMS
"Sue-LEGALS"US to 46 Mill,m»t«r«)
1963
u S PuMic M«oim Strvic*
Sor»totian R»t»0fcr<
~
*
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670
18m Paul DeFalco
by "Iso-clam" contours based upon categories of the number
of hard clams per square foot (0.0, 0.2-1.0, 1.2-2.0, 2.2-
3.0, and over 3.0) at each sampling station.
The data were analyzed at the University of Rhode
Island Computer Laboratory, utilizing programs written for
the IBM 1620 Data Processing System, We gratefully acknowledge
the assistance of Dr. Saul B. Saila, Director of the Computer
Laboratory, and his associates.
Sampling in the above-described area began on 17
July 1963 and continued to 23 August 1963. A total of 7^5
stations were occupied during this period. The survey was
conducted by Mr, Robert Campbell, Marine Research Biologist,
assisted by Capt. Arthur W. Smith, and three summer assistants
from the Raritan Bay Project.
RESULTS
DISTRIBUTION - Two sub-areas of the shellfish re-
source survey were established by use of the boundary line
between New York and New Jersey running in a general east-
west direction almost through the center of the bay. This
boundary provides almost equal division of the water area —
the New York sector comprising half of Raritan Bay and
practically all of Lower Bay, while New Jersey makes up half
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Paul DePalco
of Raritan Bay, all of Sandy Hook Bay and a small portion of
the Lower Bay. Presentation of the survey results according
to State waters permits application by the State agencies
concerned with these matters.
The general hard clam distribution is well
illustrated in the "all-sizes" chart (Figure 3) and the pattern
is rather closely adhered to, but to a lesser degree, by
charts for each size category (Figures 4, 5, 6). The most
outstanding feature of the "all-sizes" chart is the more even
distribution of hard clams northi of the State boundary in
contrast to the "spotty" concentrations south of the line.
The same holds true with respect to the distribution of heavier
concentrations. The New York sector of Raritan Bay is, by
far, more widely covered with commercial-size hard clams than
its southern counterpart. "Sub-legals," however, are almos^
j
equally divided and contribute in a very minor degree to the
overall pattern of total distribution. The general distribution
patterns, particularly those for "sub-legals," are noticeably
irregular and may be interpreted as being directly related to
setting Intensity and other factors. The observed distribu-
tion pattern "may be influenced by current patterns, bottom
sediments, or general hydrographic conditions," (U.S.F.W.S.
1956).
A previous resource survey in New Jersey (Haskin,
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672
20m Paul DeFalco
1962), although using different equipment and techniques,
shows close similarity in total hard clam distribution.
The only difference between the two surveys is the "spottiness"
of hard clams revealed by the recent assay compared with the
relatively large areas of evenly distributed individuals in the
former. This variability in assay may be attributed to the
sampling technique, this method being one of random sampling
where the tendency to locate stations based on previous
knowledge is reserved.
DENSITY - The observed density of Mercenaria
merceneria differed greatly on the two sides of the bay.
Thus, an independent estimate was made for both the New Jersey
and New York sides of Raritan Bay. It was assumed, however,
that the sampling distribution of the population was similar
in each of the two bay areas.
An IBM 1620 computer program was used to test the
fit of the observed frequency distribution to the negative
binomial distribution. Past experience in a Narragansett Bay
hard clam survey suggested fitting the negative binomial
rather than some other sampling distribution. The following
table (I) gives the chi-square values for the -5% and -95%
levels of significance, and those calculated for the various
sub-classes, testing the goodness of fit of the negative
binomial.
-------
TABLE I
Chi-x<
Degrees of
Freedom
-5%
-95*
New York:
All sizes
Large
Necks
11.82013
3.24130
4.90236
9
6
2
16.9
12.6
5.99
3.33
1.64
.103
New Jersey:
All sizes
1.74016
9.49
.711
u>
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Paul DePalco
22m
It Is clear from the table that the -5% value is
not exceeded In any instance, and that a relatively good fit
is provided by the negative binomial to the observed distribu-
tion. Conventional analysis of observations distributed in a
manner such as that indicated by the quahaug is possible only
after a suitable mathematical transformation. To this end
the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation (Beale, 1954) was
used. The means, variances and standard errors of estimate
were computed from the transformed data. These values were
then retransformed for use in the estimates according to the
method suggested by Quenouille, 1950. The confidence limits
(where appropriate) were computed and the population estimates
were made with respect to the bay and station areas provided
by the sampling.
The abundance of hard clams is a reflection of the
natural variability of distribution found in the northern
and southern sections of Raritan Bay. As would be expected
from observing the density-distribution patterns of the "all-
sizes" category, the New York area proves to be more heavily
populated, as Indicated by an average density of 1.05 indi-
viduals per square foot compared to 0.47 individuals per
square foot for New Jersey. Prom the standpoint of commer-
cially important shellfish, New York possesses a 3:1 ratio
for the "largetl-size group compared with the "necks," whereas
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Paul DeFalco
New Jersey contains a more equal concentration between the
two. The "sub-legal" group is the least abundant of the
three divisions throughout the entire area and numerical values
were not computed since the low frequency of occurrence of
this group did not permit application of the statistical meth-
ods employed for other groups.
Total population estimates for each area were
calculated only for the commercially important shellfish
for which conversion factors are available. In the case of
the "large" size hard clam a factor of 250 individuals per
bushel was used, whereas a factor of 850 was used for the
"neck" size category.
Establishing the value of the standing crop of
any area, in the form of bushels per acre, is subject to error
because of the size range of the individuals encountered and
the inaccuracy of estimating the total area involved.
When interpreting the population size, using the
above conversion factors, the ratio with respect to bushels
are more pronounced. The difference in number of bushels
becomes greater and is, in reality, a more comprehensive
picture of the standing crop value of the resource.. New York,
in the case of "large" size hard clams, has almost triple the
quantity New Jersey has, but only about equal quantities of
"neck" size clams. The comparative resource values are
contained in Table II.
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676
Paul DePalco
TABLE II
STANDING CROP ESTIMATES FOR HARD SHELL CLAMS IN RARITAN BAY
New York (Confidence Limits)
Bushels of "Necks"
Bushels of "Large"
Total Bushels
291,200
3,153,000
3,444,200
+212,702
+454,818
+667,520
New Jersey (Confidence Limits)
Bushels of "Necks"
Bushels of "Large"
Total Bushels
353,000)
)
1,040,000)
)
1,393,000)
Point estimates
SOFT CLAM DENSITY-DISTRIBUTION - The soft clam,
Mya arenarls, proved to be more widely dispersed in the
western sector of the bay than was expected. Patches of
sub-legal animals were also apparent in Sandy Hook Bay, as
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677
Paul DePalco
well as protected coves within Sandy Hook peninsula. The
general distribution illustrated in Figure 7 suggests a rather
evenly but widely scattered pattern of "sub-legal" size
C/2") soft clams and appears quite surprising considering
the depth of water involved. "Legal" size shellfish were
less abundant and appeared more or less confined to specific
locations; in most instances they were intermixed with large
quantities of "sub-legal" animals. No attempt was made to
assign a quantitative figure to the soft clam resource because
of the ineffectiveness of the clam shell bucket and tongs to
obtain an equally representative sample of soft clams in the
extreme type bottoms encountered in the bay. The soft clam
results, therefore, are somewhat biased toward the smaller
sizes. It is of interest to note that samples from some areas
contained from 1 to 284 animals, of which 90 percent or more
were of the "sub-legal" category.
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BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT CLAMS
TOTAL ALL SIZES
1963
US. Public Health Service
Northeast Shellflth Sanitation Research Center
STATEN ISLAND
LEGEND
© LEGAL (="2")
• SUB-LEGAL (<2")
+ BOTH SIZES
»**.r* *t:
JERSEY
FIGURE 7
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Paul DePalco
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aldrich, P. A. 1951. On studies of soft clam
populations conducted in the Navesink and Shrewsbury Rivers
and at Sandy Hook, New Jersey during the summer of 1951.
Dept. of Zoology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey. UMS
Beale, G. 1951*. Data in binomial or near-binomial
distribution. In: Statistics and Mathematics in Biology.
Iowa State Coll. Press, pp. 295-302.
Gumming, H. S. 1917. Investigation of the Pollu-
tion of Certain Tidal Waters of New Jersey, New York, and
Delaware. Publ. Health Bull. No. 86. U. S. Public Health
Service. 150 pp.
Gumming, H. S.; Purdy, W. C. and Hitter, H. C.
1916. Investigation of pollution and sanitary conditions of
the Potomac Watershed with special reference to self purifica-
tion and sanitary condition of shellfish in the lower Potomac
River. Bull. 104. Hygienic Lab. U. S. Public Health
Service. 239 pp.
Durand, J. B. 1950. Progress Reports: Spermaceti
Cove. Dept. of Zoology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
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680
28m
Paul DePalco
New Jersey. UMS
Haskin, H. H. 1962. The Hard Clam Population
of Rarltan Bay. A report to the Coram. of Health, and Comm.
of Conservation and Economic Development of the State of New
Jersey.
Jeffries, H. P. 1962. Environmental Charac-
teristics of Raritan Bay, A Polluted Estuary. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 7.: 21-31.
McHugh, J. L. 196*1. Problems of the United
States Shellfish Industry. (As determined from an analysis
of hearings before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife
Conservation of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
of the United States House of Representatives on October 2
and 3, 1963.) U.S.F.W.S. 14 p.
Nelson, Julius. 1909. Reports on Dept. of
Biology, New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta., Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, New Jersey.
Patten, D. M. 1959. Phytoplankton Energetics of
Raritan Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr., Ł: 369-38?.
Quenouille, M. H. 1950. Transformations. Elem.
Statistics. Butterworth-Springer, Ltd., London.
Shuster, C. N. 1952. Preliminary survey: soft-
shell clam, Mya arenaria L. populations in the rivers and bays
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681
Paul DePalco
in the region of Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Dept. of Zoology,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 72 p. UMS.
Udell, H. 1951. Bacterial Pollution and Lower
Bays and its relation to Shellfish. Typewritten rept., Fed.
Security Agency, Public Health Service.
U. S. Dept. of Interior, Pish and Wildlife Service.
October 1956. A Preliminary Report on Fishery Resources in
Relation to Hurricane Damage Control Program for Narragansett
Bay and Vicinity, Rhode Island and Massachusetts.
U. S. Public Health Service. August 1961.
Transcript of Conference on Pollution of the Interstate
Waters of the Raritan Bay and Adjacent Waters, First Session.
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Paul DePalco
APPENDIX B
PISH AND WILDLIFE - RARITAN BAY
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
59 Temple Place
Boston, Massachusetts 02111
October 28, 1964
Mr. Earl J. Anderson
Regional Program Director
Public Health Service
42 Broadway
New York City, New York
Dear Mr. Anderson:
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Paul DePalco
This report provides information on the fish
and wildlife resources of the Raritan, Lower New York, and
Sandy Hook Bays, located in Richmond County, New York, and
Monmouth and Middlesex Counties, New Jersey, as related to
your comprehensive water quality studies in this area. It
has been prepared in accordance with the Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act (48 Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 661-666
inc.), in cooperation with the New Jersey Divisions of Pish
and Game and Shell Fisheries and the New York State Conser-
vation Department. Those agencies concur in the report as
indicated in their letters of October 9, October 10, and
October 19, 1964, respectively.
We understand that your studies are directed
toward developing maximum benefits from a program to abate
domestic, municipal, and industrial pollution in the project
area. This report evaluates the present fish and wildlife
resources and presents data on the effect of improved water
quality on these resources.
The tidal flats, channels, and wetland areas of
the Raritan Bay area offer a variety of extremely productive
habitats for waterfowl, flnfish, and shellfish. The project
area includes Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and that part of
Lower New York Bay west of a line from the tip of Sandy Hook
to the eastern tip of Staten Island. It is characterized
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684
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Paul DePalco
by a rich biological productivity and is located in close
proximity to the most concentrated urban and industrial
complex in the United States. The chemical industry con-
centration is the largest in the country. The central area,
primarily in Lower New York Bay, averages around 21 feet deep.
The project area is bisected by one of the most heavily
traveled shipping channels in the world.
Commercial Shellfishery
The commercial shellfish resources presently con-
sist of hard clams, soft clams, and blue crabs. The history
of the shellfish resource in the project area indicates that
the harvest reached a peak in the late 1800's and maintained
that level until about 19^5 when it began a gradual decline to
reach the present low level. Oyster production was once a
major activity in this area. At present, due to the destruc-
tion of seed beds, increased salinity due to channel dredging,
and the increased pollution load, the oyster has disappeared.
Hard Clams
Hard clams are the most important species from the
commercial standpoint. About 50 percent of the project area
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685
Paul DePalco
Is considered to be commercial hard clam habitat. Due to the
present pollution conditions, only a portion of Sandy Hook
Bay is open to commercial clamming.
Many factors influence the distribution of the
hard-clam resources. Of the four bottom types (1) sand, (2)
sand and mud (sticky), (3) shell or gravel bed, and (4)
black mud, only the latter is not always considered productive
for shellfish. Other factors, such aa sunlight, which direct-
ly influences microscopic plant production, water temperature
and water evaporation; rainfall, which affects salinity and
water exchange; winds, which affect the movement of the
water within the bay and between the bay and its tributaries,
all have an influence on the distribution of hard-clam
resources in the bay.
The history of the commercial fishery for hard
clams in the Raritan Bay project area is one of steadily
decreasing harvests as the spread of pollution closed the
hard-clam beds to exploitation. No specific data are avail-
able to indicate the total harvests in the early years.
Limited data indicate that as recently as 1958, harvests of
hard clams worth about $500,000 annually were being taken.
At the present time the limited area open to clamming in
Sandy Hook Bay provides an annual harvest of about $40,000.
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Paul DePalco
There are no present plans to increase this
harvest. Methods of chemical purification have not been
worked out for the hard clam, and data are not available at
the present time that would indicate any procedure would be
developed in the near future. Plans for transplanting of
hard clams are being developed by the State of New York as
part of their present program of depletion of restricted areas.
It is estimated that such a program will Include clams valued
at $750,000 annually which will eventually be marketed from
the beds on which they have cleansed themselves.
A recent study by the U. S. Public Health Service
revealed a standing population of 3,4M,000 bushels in the
New York section of the project area and 1,393,000 bushels in
New Jersey. Based on a current average price of $7.00 per
bushel, the standing crop is presently worth over $3^,000,000.
Under optimum water quality conditions for this resource
the potential harvest would be about 550,000 bushels annually
with a value of about $3,850,000. While it is obvious that
water quality conditions are such that these shellfish cannot
be released for harvesting at the present time, at least half
of this quantity could be absorbed by the market now and the
entire amount utilized annually with proper promotion and
market development.
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Paul DePalco
Soft Clams
In the past, soft clams were taken commercially
along the New Jersey coast from Conaskonk Point to the
northern tip of Sandy Hook. In New York the production area
included the entire south shore of Staten Island. This
species is found throughout the project area except in the
/
extremely deep waters.
The history of the soft clam follows that of the
hard clam: In that deteriorating habitat conditions resulted in
a decline of the fishery. The latest commercial harvest data
reveal that in 19M8 about 175,000 bushels of soft clams
valued at over $600,000 were taken. At the present time there
is no significant commercial harvest.
Under optimum conditions the soft-clam beds can
produce a sustained average annual yield of 300 bushels per
acre of habitat. It is estimated that about 40,000 acres
of the project area are soft-clam habitat. This analysis in-
dicates a potential commercial value of about $18,000,000
annually, or about seven times the value of current landings
of soft clams for the entire Atlantic Seaboard.
It is assumed that before any effort is made to
market soft-clam products from this area, there must be
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Paul DePalco
complete agreement on the part of the U. S. Public Health
Service, the various State departments of health, and the
State conservation departments that the soft clam product
meets the requirements of quality and wholesomeness.
Although soft-clam production in this area would
likely have a naturally slow development, increase in soft-
clam production would have to be geared to a program of market
development and promotion to avoid the creation of soft-clam
marketing problems in other areas. It is considered that
the development of new markets is possible inasmuch as new
preservation techniques are being developed for fishing
products and a marketing potential of inland distribution is
available.
Blue Crabs
Formerly, the entire project area was considered
blue crab habitat. At the present time the outer portions of
the project area are still in good condition but the beach
erosion and navigation improvements in the upper portions have
caused deterioration of the habitat.
The commercial crab fishery in the project area
is largely a winter dredge fishery. During spring, summer
and fall, the crab population spreads out to the shallow
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Paul DePalco
waters. During the period November to March the crabs con-
centrate in the deeper waters and hibernate in the muddy
bottom. At this time they are taken by the large dredge boats
and by the smaller one-man garvey dredge boats.
The commercial blue crab fishery is subject to
violent fluctuations throughout its range. While there are
no specific data for blue crab harvests in the early days of
the fishery in the project area, data,covering adjoining areas
indicate that the blue crab harvests are continuing these
fluctuations. The I960 blue crab harvest in New Jersey, for
instance, was the second largest on record. In view of this
it is difficult to connect any effect on the commercial blue
crab fishery with the water quality conditions in the project
area.
Commercial Finfishery
The commercial finfishery exhibits the same history
in the Raritan Bay project area as the commercial shellfishery.
Peak catches, with an estimated value of $2,000,000, were
reported about the turn of the century and, on the average,
have declined to the present time. Certain finfish species,
such as the scup and black sea bass, are now taken in greater
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quantity than In the past, but this is believed to be due
to the smaller supply of more favored food fishes and the
resultant change in fish harvests.
In the recent past, the method of harvesting
commercial finfish has changed in the project area. Formerly,
the area supported an abundance of finfish that could be
taken in commercial quantities by a single operation in a
small boat. Most of these fishermen worked on a part-time
basis. As the supply of these fish diminished due to destruc-
tion of habitat, pollution, and overfishlng, this type of
operation became uneconomical. The change to large vessels
with crews began about 19^5 and is continuing to the present.
Table 1 reflects the number of commercial fishermen, vessels,
boats, and major gear as recorded in 1950 and I960, the latest
date for which these data are available.
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Table 1
Commercial Fisherman Vessels, Boats, and Major Gear
Raritan Bay Project Area
Fishermen
On vessels
Boats and shore
Regular
Casual
Motor vessels
Motor boats
Other boats
Pound nets
Purse seines
Otter trawls
Gill nets
Clam dredges
Crab dredges
Total
1950
297
I960
459
204
463
964
32
345
65
76
11
2
94
38
38
209
227
895
83
311
23
68
13
45
14
94
23
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MOm
The present commercial finfish harvest in the
project area is estimated to be about $200,000. This includes
those fish actually taken in the project area and those caught
outside the project area, but are dependent on the inshore
bays for part of their life cycle. The most valuable fish is
the porgy followed in order by the Atlantic menhaden. American
shad, whiting, blueflsh, black sea bass, summer flounder,
herring, eels, mackerel, striped bass, winter flounder, and
butterfish. Other species are taken from time to time but
are not considered significant in the commercial catch.
It is expected that with the trend to larger
boats and more efficient gear the catch would increase over
the long term trend to about $300,000 under present plans and
programs to improve water quality conditions. Under optimum
conditions of water quality and assuming that overflshing and
physical destruction of habitat will not occur, it is esti-
mated that the potential commercial finfishery would approxi-
mate $400,000 in annual value.
Marine Sport Fishery
Due to its proximity to the New York Metropolitan
area, the sport fishing use in the project area is high.
Sport fishing activity begins as soon as the weather breaks
in March, starting with the winter flounder. In succession,
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Paul DeFalco
striped bass, tautog, porgy, and summer flounder enter the
fishery. By midsummer the porgy and summer flounder dominate
the catch. Among other fish caught are kingfish, black sea
bass, weakfish, American shad, and northern puffer, which
recently has been discovered to be quite a delicacy. Early
in July, bluefish enter the bay and striped bass are again in
evidence. By mid-September the summer flounder begin to drop
out of the catch to be replaced by tautog and winter flounder.
Pishing for bluefish and especially for striped bass continues
on into autumn. These same species of fish form a part of
the commercial fishery of the bay.
The number of pleasure boats which are berthed
in the New Jersey section of the project area totals aboulf
8,000. There are about 3,000 inboard and 5,000 outboard and
sailboats. The New York section has a total of about 1,200,
of which 400 are inboard and 800 are outboard and sailboats.
About two-thirds of these boats are used for marine sport
fishing. Most of the large inboard boats go outside project
area limits to fish for porgies, bluefish, and other species.
The smaller boats are usually restricted to the bay area.
A recent sport fishing survey conducted by the
New Jersey Division of Pish and Game indicated that there were
about 330,000 fisherman-days use of the New Jersey section of
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Paul DeFalco
the project area during 1963. This is an increase of 30
percent from the year 1953. The sport fishery in the New
York section of the project area is confined mostly to shore
fishing for striped bass and bluefish. The party boats which
operate out of Great Kills Harbor generally go out of the pro-
ject area to fish for porgies, bluefish, and other species.
An estimated 25,000 fisherman-days were expended on this sport
in 1963 in the New York section of the project area.
The total sport fishing use of the project area
is about 355,000 fisherman-days. At $1.50 per fisherman-day
the present annual value is about $530,000. Present pollution
control programs will be beneficial in the future and will
double present values. Under optimum water quality conditions
it is estimated that fishing use would at least triple to a
value of about $1,590,000. In large measure this would be due
to the improved quality of the fish from the human use stand-
point. At the present time, due to the noxious taste in the
meat of the fish, it is reported that relatively few are eaten.
Recreational Shellflshery
Blue crabs, soft clams, and hard clams, in that
order, provide some recreation activity in the project area.
In prior years a trip to the bay in pursuit of these
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Paul DePalco
shellfish was a favorite sport of thousands of people. Most
of these have shifted their operations to the unpolluted
areas of Long Island and Barnegat Bay in New Jersey.
About 7,000 recreational clamming licenses were
sold in New Jersey in 1964 and it is estimated that about 10
percent of these were used in the project area in the open
unpolluted waters in Sandy Hook Bay. No license is required
for the taking of blue crabs in either State. Since the crab
is not as susceptible to the effects of pollution, it is
taken along the shoreline except in those upstream areas that
are usually too roily for successful crabbing. At the present
time it is estimated that about 35,000 man-days are spent in
recreational shellflshing. At an average value of $1.00 per
recreation day, the present value would be about $35,000.
It is not expected that this sport would increase significant-
ly in the future under present conditions. However, under
optimum water quality conditions throughout the entire pro-
ject area, it is estimated that this activity would increase
at least five times and have an annual recreational value of
about $175,000.
Wildlife
Except for waterfowl, the Raritan Bay project
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Paul DePalco
area is not significantly important to wildlife. The prin-
cipal value to waterfowl is as a resting and feeding area
during migration periods. There is little nexting activity
dependent on the bay waters, although in mild years a consider-
able number of ducks spend the winter in the area.
Present hunting use of the waterfowl resource is
limited. About 1,000 acres of salt marsh border the bay and,
except for the wetlands in Cheesequake State Park, it is
under constant threat of development. It is estimated that
about 1,000 man-days worth approximately $3,000, constitute
the present waterfowl hunting value. Improvement in water
quality conditions would improve waterfowl habitat by increas-
ing the food supply of small fish and shellfish but would have
little effect on hunting opportunity.
Summary
The Raritan Bay project area was once a leading
producer of commercial and sport fish and shellfish. Human
activity in the interests of navigation, beach erosion
control, hurricane protection, mosquito control, residential
and industrial development, have destroyed or altered adverse-
ly a considerable reach of the shoreline and the adjacent bay
waters. Much of this adverse activity cannot be reversed to
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Paul DePalco
return the original conditions favorable to fish and shell-
fish. However, one of the major adverse factors is the effect
of pollution on water quality. The increase in the pollution
load in the waters of the project area has had a significant
adverse effect on most of the fish and shellfish species. As
a result, the productivity and the economic value of these
resources are far below the potential productivity as is
proven by past records of fish and shellfish harvest.
Present pollution control programs are increasing
the value of these resources. This report also provides an
optimum value of the resource if all sources of pollution
are controlled. The question of defining values of a lesser
degree of control is dependent to a degree on the type of
control and the waste products to be controlled. The shell-
fish industry, for instance, could not be reinstated until
the water quality conditions met the required 70 M.P.N.
standard. This Service and the States of New York and New
Jersey will be pleased to work with you and will attempt
to provide data that may be required in the course of your
study.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Fred L. Jacobson
Acting Regional Director
Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife
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Paul DePalco
/s/ John T. Gharrett
Regional Director
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
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Paul DeFalco
APPENDIX C
RECREATIONAL BOATING - RARITAN BAY
SUMMARY
The Raritan Bay Project, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, U. S. Department of the Interior
(formerly Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare) conducted a survey of recreational
boating in Raritan Bay during July and August 1963. The
purpose of this survey was to determine the magnitude of use,
and the present and possible future economic values associ-
ated with recreational boating in Raritan Bay.
The survey found 63 marinas and 15 yacht clubs
along the shores of the Raritan River, Raritan Bay and Arthur
Kill. These facilities had a gross annual income of nearly
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Paul DePalco
$2,500,000 as a return on capital investment of approximately
$10,500,000. The 5,^80 boats surveyed represented a capital
investment of nearly $22,000,000. With allowances for
transit and trailed boats, recreational boating in 1963
provided an estimated 506,000 recreation days with a value
of $760,000.
Future projections Indicate a substantial in-
crease in recreational boating. By 1985f the effects of
population growth alone should increase this activity to over
1,000,000 recreation days, worth more than $1,500,000 annually.
INTRODUCTION
A survey of recreational boating was conducted
during the period July 17 - August 10, 1963, as a part of the
overall study of Raritan Bay by the Raritan Bay Project.
The purpose of this survey was to determine the magnitude
of use and the present and future economic value of recrea-
tional boating in the study waters.
According to Marlon Clawson, "Recreation is a
vital need in today's world. It is perhaps the greatest
opportunity for self expression, for doing what one really
wants to do, not what one is forced to do to earn a living.
The very phenomena which have brought leisure and income
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Paul DePalco
have also brought serious tensions for every-day life.
Both working and living take place hurriedly, under crowded
and often noisy conditions. Recreation under conditions of
one's choosing is necessary to relieve these tensions.
For many, the physical activity of outdoor recreation is
vital in building and maintaining physical fitness and in
discharging nervous energy." (1) Recreational boating
fulfills all these requirements and is a family-type of
recreation enjoyed by all, regardless of age. Boating is also
a natural adjunct to the enjoyment of such allied sports as
swimming, fishing, skin-diving and water skiing.
The number of boats and outboard motors in use
provides an index on the growth of recreational boating. The
number of outboard motors in use in this country has risen
rapidly from 1.8 million in 1947 to 6.4 million in 1963- Of
the 1963 figure, nearly 900,000 motors, or 15 percent of the
total in use, were located in the three States of New York,
New Jersey and Connecticut. The number of boats in use
has risen also, from 2.4 million in 1947 to 7.7 million in
1963.(2)
SURVEY PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
Procedures: The survey was limited to
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Paul DePalco
recreational boating. Boats used for commercial fishing
or for carrying passengers for profit, such as party and
charter boats, were not included. The bodies of water
included in the survey, as shown in Figure 1, are Sandy Hook,
Raritan and Lower New York Bays, the Raritan River, and
Arthur Kill. The study area was divided into eight
sections as shown in Figure 2. Areas A, B and C were
located on the southern shore of Staten Island, New York;
Areas D, E and F, the New Jersey shore of Raritan and Sandy
Hook Bays; Area G the shores of the Arthur Kill, and Area H
the navigable portion of the Raritan River.
Marinas, boat yards, and yacht clubs were
located by contacting major oil companies supplying oil
products in the area, by consulting phone directories, and
by shoreline surveys. The United States Coast Guard was
contacted for additional information. A total of 63 marinas
and 15 yacht clubs were included in the survey. A staff
visit was made to each of these facilities to obtain the
needed information. The survey included only those activities
directly related to recreational boating, such as rental of
dockage space, repairs, and sales of equipment, fuel, bait,
and tackle. Restaurants and boat yards specializing in
major overhauling or construction were not included. In
this survey, boats and yachts were classified and evaluated
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as follows:
Paul DePalco
703
Prams
Sailboats
- non-motorized
- non-motorized
150
1,500
Class A boats - less than 16 feet 1,700
Class 1 boats - 16 to less than 26 feet 3,000
Class 2 boats - 26 to less than 40 feet 7,000
Class 3 boats - 40 to not more than 65 feet 18,000
Boats over 65 feet 200,000
Results:
The results of the survey are summarized in Tables 1
through 4. Data were tabulated by individual areas, with sub-
totals for both New York (Areas A, B and C) and New Jersey
(Areas D through H). Although Area G, the Arthur Kill, in-
cludes both New York and New Jersey, all of the activity
noted during the survey was on the New Jersey shore. There-
fore, this area was included in the New Jersey sub-totals.
No values are shown for Area A, since this is a public beach
area with no boating facilities.
Table 1 presents the number of boats counted during
the survey, by area distribution and by size classification.
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Elizabeth
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA
STATEN ISLAND
\
i
\ -»
\ -
\
...-V-
\
\
2
<
UJ
0
0
o
H
<
SANDY HOOK
BAY
CtPO 955-949
FIGURE I
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RARITAN BAY PROJECT
RECREATIONAL BOATING SURVEY AREAS
1963
O
VJl
FIGURE 2
GPO 956-592
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706
TABLE I
RECREATIONAL BOATS IN RARITAN BAY
Area
Sub Total - NY
Sub Total - NT
Total
Area
Sub Total - NY
Sub Total - NJ
Total
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
B
C
D
E
F
6
H
Prams
-
38
53
91
140
193
59
HO
21
453
544
Glass 3
-
3
58
61
9
28
6
-
26
69
130
Sailboats
-
2
109
111
4
41
31
157
15
248
359
Over 65 ft.
-
-
1
1
-
4
-
-
3
7
8
Class A
-
157
283
440
70
48
243
126
78
565
1005
Total
-
362
1257
1619
696
883
1139
638
505
3861
5480
Class 1
-
140
504
644
272
170
569
217
275
1503
2147
Rental
Boats*
-
43
33
76
130
136
5
-
-
271
347
Class
-
22
249
271
201
399
231
98
87
1016
1287
2
Value of
Boats ($)
-
-
-
6,055,
-
-
-
-
-
15,663,
21,718,
150
450
600
*These boats are also included in their respective categories.
C-5
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TABLE 2
RECREATIONAL BOAT USE IN RARITAN BAY - 1963
Class
fen Powered
A
1
2
3
Over 65 feet
Total Surveyed
No. of boats
Surveyed
903
1,005
2,147
1,287
130
8
5,480
btimated Transit and trailed
total Estimated Use
Days of
Usage
10
20
20
25
30
30
vessel use
Average
Population
2
2
3
4
5
10
Man days
Use
18,060
40,200
128,820
128,700
19,500
2,400
337,680
168,840
506,520 Man days use
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TABLE 3
ECONOMICS OF RECREATIONAL BOATING IN RARCTAN BAY
Area
Gross Conces-
Income sions^/ Fuel
<$) ($) ($)
Boat
Dockage Rental Repairs—' Misc.
C$) C$) ($) ($)
Employ-
ment
(Man- Salary Investment
A
B
C
Sub Total NY
D
B
F
G
H
Sub Total NJ
TOTAL
-
112,850
584,000
696,850
387,900
353,000
789,850
107,200
106,000
1,743,950
2,440,800
_
36,000
148,640
184,640
59,200
56,000
15,000
26,000
12,000
168,200
352,840
•
15,000
35,000
50,000
54,000
64,000
98,000
4,000
12,000
232,000
282,000
-»
6,950
195,750
202,700
114,900
115,000
165,050
28,200
40,800
463,950
666,650
M
25,000
20,000
45,000
16,300
27,000
1,000
-
-
44,300
89,300
4—
19,000
157,750
176,750
128,500
2,000
492,300
12,000
34,200
669,000
845,750
.
10,900
26,860
37,760
15,000
89,000
18,500
37,000
7,000
166,500
204,260
9
49
58
35
20
28
14
14
111
1693/
^'
29,250
218,400
247,650
122,600
70,700
127,580
40,000
50,960
411,840
659,490
693,000
2,219,000
2,912,000
1,535,000
2,300,000
1,725,000
1,422,000
501,000
7,483,000
10,395,000
I/ Concessions include snack bars, bait and tackle shops.
2/ Repairs include repairs of boats and equipment, sales and service.
3/ Based on 117 full-time and 156 part-time (4 months per year) employees.
C-7
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TABLE 4
DOCKAGE FACILITIES IN RARITAN BAY
Berths
Area
A
B
C
Sub Total MY
D
E
F
6
H
Sub Total NJ
TOTAL
Present
-
322
832
11 54
657
788
1045
406
247
3143
4297
Anticipated
-
336
1269
1605
712
2838
1745
406
927
6628
8233
Moorings
Present Anticipated
-
44
337
381
6
56
107
0
96
265
646
-
116
449
565
6
150
352
0
500
1108
1673
MOTE: Anticipated berths (or moorings) are the total number that are
planned or proposed for future expansion by the marina owners.
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Paul DePalco
A total of 5,480 boats were found, 4,577 of which were
powered and subject to registration. These boats had an
estimated total value of $22,000,000.
The State of New Jersey Department of Conserva-
tion and Economic Development reported that about 90,000
boats were registered in that State in 1963. Of these,
36,000 were Class A, 43,000 Class 1, 10,000 Class 2, 1,000
Class 3 and five were over 65 feet in length. The Depart-
ment estimated that 8,000 of these boats were in Raritan Bay
and adjacent waters, including the Navesink and Shrewsbury
Rivers.
The State of New York Conservation Department
estimated that 350,000 boats were registered in New York State
in 1963, and that approximately one-half of these were
located in the Long Island-New York City area. The Depart-
ment's records showed 262,500 of these boats were Class A,
with the remaining 87,500 in larger size categories.
In addition to the boats counted during the
survey, other boats used the Raritan Bay waters during
1963, either as transient visitors from outside the survey
area, or as trailed boats. It was estimated that vessel use
in this category was approximately one-half that attributed
to the boats surveyed. Table 2 indicates approximately
506,000 recreation days were involved in this phase of
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Paul DeFalco
recreation in 1963. The Ad Hoc Water Resources Council
has suggested a value of $0.50 to $1.50 per recreation day
for general outdoor recreation (3). Assuming the upper
value of $1.50 per recreation day spent in recreational
boating, the estimated value of this activity in 1963 was
$760,000.
The investment in real estate and improvements,
and the gross income associated with recreational boating
in Raritan Bay is represented in Table 3. The employment
figures were based upon the total number of employees found
in the survey, 273, of whom the 156 summer or part-time help
were assumed to work 4 months per year. Recreational
boating in 1963 provided a gross annual income to the area
of $2,440,000 on a capital investment of $10,400,000.
A comparison of the gross annual income for
recreational boating in Raritan Bay and the upper value of
$1.50 per general recreation day recommended by the Ad Hoc
Water Resources Committee suggests the latter value is
conservative. Based upon the observed gross annual Income
of $2,440,000 for 506,000 recreational days, a closer value
estimate would appear to be in the order of $4.50 per
recreational day spent in recreational boating.
Table 4 presents the existing number of boat
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Paul DePalco
berths and moorings, and the additional number anticipated
by marina operators for expansion in the foreseeable future.
These data show that the operators plan to more than double
the existing facilities.
PROJECTIONS
Any projection of future growth of recreational
boating in the study area must consider a number of factors.
Certainly for this form of recreation to increase, water
quality must be suitable for this use. Obnoxious odors,
objectionable esthetic floating matter, and oil slicks would
not tend to lure people to relaxation. Assuming suitable
water quality is available, other essential growth factors
are population, Income, leisure and mobility.
The 1955 and I960 Census figures as well as
projected populations made by the Metropolitan Regional
Council for 1965, 1975 and 1985, for the United States,
the New York Metropolitan Region, and the five counties
bordering Raritan Bay, are:
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Paul DePalco
Population in Millions
1955 I960 1965 1975 1985
United States 165 179 196 235 286
N.Y. Metrop. Reg. 15 16 18 21 24
Five Counties* 1.4 1.6 2.2 3.2 4.3
*Richmond County (Staten Island), New York; Middlesex,
Monmouth, Somerset and Union Counties, New Jersey.
A gradual population decrease is expected in
New York City as a whole, with borough decreases in
Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx, stability in Queens and
an increase in Richmond (Staten Island).
Personal annual income in the United States
in 1955 was $1,865 per capita and is expected to rise to
$3,285 (both in 1955 dollars) by 1985. During the same
period, personal annual income in the New York Metropolitan
Region is expected to Increase from $2,470 to $4,350 (D.
As incomes and purchasing power increase, more money will
be available for recreation.
Leisure time in this country will be greatly
enhanced. It is anticipated that the present 40-hour work
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62m Paul DePalco
week will be reduced to about 32 hours by 1985. Such a
reduction in work hours could result in a six-and-one-half-
hour day, a four-day week, a two or three-month paid vaca-
tion, or more likely some combination of these. At the
same time, there will be more leisure for the non-working
portion of the population, due to earlier retirements and
continued mechanization of household chores.'^^
People are expected to become even more mobile.
Around 1900 the average American traveled only 500 miles
annually. By 1955, largely because of the automobile, this
figure rose 10 times to 5,000 miles per year. . A further
increase to 7,700 miles is expected by 1985. The potential
for increased mobility in the New York metropolitan region
in one important respect surpasses that for the Nation, since
this is the most mass-transit-oriented metropolitan area
in the country, with correspondingly fewer automobiles per
capita. It is anticipated that passenger cars in the
region will Increase from 3,900,000 to 8,600,000 between 1955
and 1985, a 120 percent rise in contrast to a population
Increase of 60 percent during the same period. The
increased mobility among the people in the region, together
with improved accessibility with completion of the
Verrazano Narrows Bridge and other public works, will no
doubt result in large increases in the recreational uses of
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Paul DeFalco
the Raritan Bay by residents of the New York City metro-
politan region.
Adequate water quality combined with the expected
changes in population, income, leisure, and mobility will
result in a great increase in recreational boating in
Raritan Bay. Since the population 1n the five counties ad-
jacent to the bay will virtually double by 1985, it would
appear that recreational days in boating should at least
double. On this basis, the annual use in 1985 would amount
to slightly over 1,000,000 recreation days, with an estimated
annual value in excess of $1,500,000 using a conservative
figure of $1.50 per recreation day, or $4,500,000 using the
value of $4.50 per recreation day for this activity as
noted during the survey.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
1. A survey of recreational boating found
5,480 recreational boats, with an estimated capital value
of $21,700,000 in the study area. In addition, an undeter-
mined number of trailed and transient vessels used the bay
waters.
2. In 1963, recreational boating in Raritan Bay
provided approximately 506,000 recreation days, with an
estimated annual value of $760,000.
-------
716
64m Paul DePalco
3. Capital Investment in the 63 marinas and
15 yacht clubs surveyed amounted to $10,440,000. Gross
annual income to these facilities in 1963 was estimated at
$2,440,000.
4. Planned or proposed moorings and berths
will more than double the present capacity of the facilities
surveyed in the near future.
5. Increases in population, income, leisure
and mobility will result in a large growth of recreational
boating in Raritan Bay. On the basis of population
projections alone, it is estimated that in 1985 recreational
boating will provide over 1,000,000 recreation days, valued
at more than $1,500,000.
REFERENCES
1. RPA Bulletin No. 9*» - "The Dynamics of Park
Demand" by Marion Clawson, I960 for Metropolitan Regional
Council and Regional Plan Association, Tri-State New York
Metropolitan Region.
2. "Boating 1963," by the National Association
of Engine and Boat Manufacturers, 420 Lexington Ave., New
York 17, N. Y. and the Marketing Division of the Outboard
Industry Association, 307 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 1»
-------
717
Paul DeFalco
Illinois.
3. "Supplement No. 1, Evaluation Standards
for Primary Outdoor Recreation Benefits" by the Ad Hoc
Water Resources Council, Washington, D. C., June 4, 1964.
-------
718
66m Paul De Palco
APPENDIX ^D
RECREATIONAL BATHING - RARITAN BAY
SUMMARY
The Raritan Bay Project, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, U. S. Department of the Interior
(formerly Public Health Service, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare) conducted a survey of
recreational bathing in Raritan Bay in 1963. The purpose
of the study was to determine the present value of the
bathing industry, and its potential for future growth.
The survey found 59 active bathing beaches in
Raritan Bay and the Arthur Kill, 17 of which were municipally
owned. The beaches had a land value of more than °°^
with capital improvements in excess of $4,000,000.
Bather usage was light, with a density of only
-------
719
Paul DeFalco
10 persons per acre. Based upon $.50 per bather day, the
industry had an annual value of $500,000 in 1963. Water
quality was poor at many of the beaches, with geometric mean
confirmed coliform MPN's at three sampling stations in excess
of the maximum limits for bathing established by the New
York City Department of Health.
Assuming adequate water quality is attained, the
bathing industry in Raritan Bay has a future potential
annual value, based upon $.50 per bather day, of $12,000,000
a year.
INTRODUCTION
An important facet of water use is recreational
activities, such as bathing. Hence, as part of its overall
study of Raritan Bay, the Raritan Bay Project conducted a
survey of recreational bathing during the summer of 1963.
The objectives of the bathing survey were to
locate the beach areas; determine investments, bather
usage and gross Income to the industry; and to estimate the
future growth of this water use.
The study included all municipally owned beaches,
as well as privately owned beaches which were accessible
to bathers other than the owners, within the Raritan Bay
-------
720
68m
Paul DePalco
Project study area. This area, shown in Figure 1, includes
the south shore of Staten Island, the shores of the Arthur
Kill, and the New Jersey shore of Raritan Bay from the
Raritan River to the Shrewsbury River.
SURVEY PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
Procedures; The beaches in the area were locate
by field reconnaissance. Each beach property was visited an
the manager and/or owner contacted to obtain the needed
Information. The number of bathers in supervised beaches
was obtained from records kept on the premises, while those
in unsupervised beaches were estimated from inquiries in the
area, and by counting the bathers at the time of the visits.
Values of beach land and improvements were
determined from tax assessments. The land considered in th<
evaluation Included both the beach proper and those adjacent
areas used in conjunction with the beach operation. Tax-
exempt land was evaluated on the basis of values of
representative properties as estimated by local tax boards,
resulting In the following capital values:
-------
721
Paul DePalco
Cottage $2,000 each
Hotel $l,000/room and $2,000/apt.
Pool $25,000 each
Bathhouse $2,000 each
Private House $15,000 each
Picnic Shelter $1,000 each
Refreshment Stand $2,000 each
Club Building $25,000 each
Restaurant $25,000 each
Bar $25,000 each
Information on the number of employees, salaries
and income from the industry was obtained from the management.
Data on the water quality in the bathing areas
during the bathing season for 1963 were as determined by the
Raritan Bay Project.
Results
The 59 active beaches surveyed are listed in
Table 1 and located on Figure 2. Of the total number of
beaches found, 42 were privately owned and 17 were municipally
owned.
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722
70m
Paul DePalco
Table 2 presents the total area, frontage and
value of the beaches surveyed. The total frontage is over
15 miles, virtually all located on the shores of Rarltan
Bay. The total beach land area was 1,450 acres. The value
of land occupied by these beaches was $23,600,000, while
Improvements, which excluded the value of erosion control
works by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and other public
works, amounted to $4,200,000.
Table 3 indicates the bathing usage, gross
income, employees and salaries for the 59 beaches. The
total number of bathers was estimated at 1,070,000 during
the summer of 1963, equivalent to a bather density of only
10 persons per acre per day for the 73-day season June 22-
September 2 (Labor Day). The Ad Hoc Water Resources Council
has suggested a value of $.50 to $1.50 per general recreati
day, to include bathing (D. Based on $0.50 per bather
day, the value of bathing in Raritan Bay in 1963 was slightlj
in excess of $500,000.
The gross income at all the beaches and accompany
ing facilities surveyed totaled approximately $750,000 for
the year ending September 2, 1963 (Labor Day). The income
at the municipally owned beaches was augmented by municipal
appropriations. The 65 year-around and 464 summer employ^8
received salaries totaling $748,000.
-------
RAR1TAN BAY PROJECT
RAR1TA.N BAY STUDY AREA
STATEN ISLAND
LO*Łft BAY
Wc-dWOo.\ \
L
Jr> ^ •'
~? J* j
>
r
- • (r<
-ViTIT JERSEY
FIGURE I
', P
-------
724
Table 1
Bathing Beaches Surveyed
1. South Beach 31.
2. Ocean Edge Colony, Inc. 32.
3. Clearwater Beach 33.
4. Cedar Grove Beach Club 34.
5. Great Kills Park 35.
6. Great Kills Beach 36.
7. Groton Street Beach 37.
8. Seacrest Avenue Beach 38.
9. Prol's Beach 39.
10. Bennet Place Beach 40.
11. Barclay Avenue Beach 41.
12. Lippset Avenue Beach 42.
13. PollIon Avenue Beach 43.
14. Arbutus Beach 44.
15. Huguenot Beach 45.
16. Wolf's Pond Park 46.
17. Seguine Point Beach 47.
18. Princess Bay Cabana Club 48.
19. Mount Loretto Beaches 49.
20. Tottenville 50.
21. Chelsea (Staten Island) 51.
22. Sewaren Beach 52.
23. James Street (E. Perth Amboy) 53.
24. Perth Amboy 54.
25. South Amboy 55.
26. Paul's Beach 56.
27. Laurence Harbor Beach 57.
28. Open Beach @ Laurence Harbor 58.
29. Cat «N Fiddle Beach 59.
30. Keyport - Broad Street
Keyport - Cedar Street
Union Beach
Laurel Avenue - Keansburg
Pinewood Ave-Carr Ave-Keansburg
Keansburg Public Beaches #1,2,3,4,5
Lighthouse Beach
Beacon Beach
Ideal Beach
Pews Creek
Barret Avenue Beach
Culloin's Beach
Bayside Way
Middletown Township Beach
Franklin Avenue Beach
Brevent Avenue Beach
Camp Happiness Beach
Atlantic Highlands Municipal Beach
Harborview Drive Beach
Torok's Beach
Doris 'N Ed's Picnic Beach
Mt. Mitchell Beach
Lynch's Beach
Conner's Hotel Beach
Gravely Point Beach
Waterwitch Beach
Atlantic Street Beach
Alley Avenue West Beach
Alley Avenue East Beach
Highlands Public Beaches #1,2,3
Note: Numbers refer to beach locations in Figure 2.
D-5
-------
in
C\J
t-
Zone
A
B
C
D
E
F
Table 2
Area Frontage and Value at Bathing Beaches
MUNICIPALLY-OWNED BEACHES
Land Land
Frontage Area Value
(Ft) (Acres) ($)
830
3,606
6,500
3,000
28,675
650
3.50
8.56
107.37
229.00
877.93
0.30
50,940
119,300
305,800
2,100,000
19,543,400
16,500
Improvement
Value
($)
2,600
41,000
78,000
121,000
2,620,000
0
Frontage
(Ft)
4,945
14,650
13,800
5,517
0
80
PRIVATELY-OWNED BEACHES
Land Land Improvement
Area Value Value
(Acres) ($) ($)
39.35
122.87
15.80
43.76
0
0.46
207,300 233,900
375,528 842,500
244,000 0
616,180 238,400
-
1,265 0
Total
43,261
1226.66 22,135,940
2,862,600 38,992
222.24 1,444,273 1,314,800
D-6
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BATHING BEACHES-1963
STATEN ISLAND
FIGURE 2
-------
727
Table 3
Income, Bathers and Employees in the Bathing Beaches
A
B
C
0
E
F
No. Employed
Year Round Summer
4
13
0
26
22
0
14
151
18
44
237
0
Gross Income
Per Year ($)
78,060
261,575
2,000
188,246
219,966
0
Bathers
Per Season
80,860
157,940
38,000
206,125
581,868
4,350
Salaries
($)
35,500
138,414
12,600
106,702
401,023
0
Jbtal 65 464 749,847 1,069,143 748,239
D-7
-------
728
Paul DePalco
76m
Table 4 presents a summary of bacteriological
data on the water quality at the Staten Island beaches, Areas
D and E in Figure 2 for the periods May through August 1963
and 1964. The sampling station locations are shown in
Figure 3.
The geometric means of confirmed coliform MPN's
at Stations 601, 602, 603 and 604 exceeded the recommended
limits for bathing waters of 1,000 per 100 ml as adopted by
the New York City Department of Health. Three of these
stations had confirmed MPN coliform geometric means in excess
of 2,400 per 100 ml, the maximum limit allowed for bathing
waters by the New York City Department of Health.
As a result of high bacteriological counts
observed in the water, the New Jersey State Department of
Health has closed the Perth Amboy bathing beach.
Area F where three bathing beaches were located
consists of the Arthur Kill. The waters of the Arthur Kill
have been classified as Class B by the Interstate Sanitation
Commission, which does not provide for recreational bathing.
Hence, the three beaches in this area are in contravention
of existing legal classification standards for these waters.
-------
729
Table 4
Summary of Bacteriological Data, May-August 1963
Shore Stations
Station
701
702
703
70k
705
706
707
';. 708
709
710
711
712
"713
714
715
716
615
616
617
Confirmed Coliform
No.
Sam-
ples
18
19
18
19
19
18
19
18
17
19
17
18
18
17
17
17
8
14
13
Geom.
Mean
/I 00 ml
48
208
34
57
151
178
324
497
390
361
295
302
938
532
399
5,478
400
566
160
No. of samples
Greater Than
1000/100 ml
0
4
0
1
3
2
3
4
5
4
4
2
8
4
4
13
2
4
-
Fecal Coliform
No.
Sam-
ples
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
15
16
16
5
11
10
Geom.
Mean
/1 00 ml
15
40
10
20
30
40
30
90
30
30
30
25
40
30
50
330
40
60
70
Fecal Streptococcus
No.
Sam-
ples
18
19
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
19
18
18
18
17
18
17
8
14
13
Geom.
Mean
/1 00 ml
16
33
13
28
53
52
46
130
82
39
48
85
132
178
137
82
126
376
226
D-9
-------
730
Table 4 Cont'd.
Zone
D
E
Station
611
612
613
614
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
Cor
No.
Sam-
ples
17
17
17
13
15
17
18
17
17
17
18
17
14
-
firmed Coliform
Geom.
Mean
/I 00 ml
348
410
205
403
14,044
7,895
4,908
2,219
476
627
174
153
97
-
No. of sample:
Greater Than
1000/100 ml
3
4
1
4
15
15
15
13
3
6
2
1
2
Fecal Coliform
No.
Sam-
ples
14
14
14
11
14
15
15
14
15
15
15
14
11
-
Geom.
Mean
/1 00 ml
40
50
30
80
1,600
700
700
220
60
40
30
20
25
-
Fecal Streptococcus 1
No.
Sam-
ples
17
17
17
13
16
18
19
17
18
18
18
17
14
M
Geom.
Mean
/I 00 ml
155
138
169
214
174
63
79
23
51
44
31
49
25
-
D-10
-------
BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY DROJECT
BEACH SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
FIGURE 3
CPO 956-59-'
-------
732
8Om Paul DePalco
PROJECTIONS
On a regional, as well as a national basis,
recreational bathing is receiving increased attention and
growth. Between 1945 and 1955, attendance at bathing parks
in Nassau and Suffolk Counties in Metropolitan New York
nearly quadrupled while the combined population only
doubled. &) Studies by the Federal Outdoor Recreation
Resources Review Commission indicate that by the year 2000,
recreational bathing will be the most popular single. outdoor
recreation, exceeding even automobile driving for pleasure,
which now holds first place. (3)
The usefulness of a given body of water for
recreational bathing depends on four factors: water quality,
proximity of population, accessibility, and suitability for
use. Assuming adequate water quality is attained, the large
population adjacent to Raritan Bay should result in increasing
use of this water for bathing.
Past and projected populations for Staten Island
(Richmond County), New York, and the four counties in New
Jersey closest to Raritan Bay are as follows:
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733
Paul DePalco
Population in Millions
1955 1965 1975 1985
Staten Island, N. Y. 0.20 0.32 O.M2 0.48
Pour N. J. Counties* 1.18 1.87 2.76 3.79
TOTALS 1.38 2.19 3.18 4.27
•Middlesex, Monmouth, Somerset and Union Counties.
Construction of the Verrazano Narrows Bridge
has resulted in making the beaches of Staten Island readily
accessible to persons living in Brooklyn. Hence, the figures
above could be revised upward to make allowance for an
additional 1,000,000 or more persons in close proximity to
the beaches of Raritan Bay.
It is estimated that over 40 percent of the
population prefer water based recreation.(3) on this basis,
by 1985, more than 2,000,000 persons in the immediate area
and Brooklyn will be looking to Raritan Bay waters for
recreation. Increased population throughout the metropolitan
region, coupled with better highways and more rapid trans-
portation, will place an ever increasing demand for water
based recreation in the area.
Experience in the New York metropolitan region
-------
82m 734
Paul DePalco
shows bather densities vary rather widely, from five persons
per acre at Orient Beach State Park on Long Island to 4,000
persons per acre at Coney Island. (2) Sandy Hook State
Park, just south of the Project study area had an average
bather density of more than 200 bathers per acre per day for
the bathing season included in the period July 1, 1963, to
June 30, 1964. Hence, if adequate water quality were
attained, a future density of at least 150 persons per acre
per day, similar to the conditions now found at Jones Beach
State Park in New York, can be projected for the Raritan
Bay beaches. With the currently active bathing beaches,
this would result in nearly 16,000,000 bather days for a
73-day season, as experienced in 1963, equivalent to a value
of nearly $8,000,000 per year based upon $0.50 per recreation
day. In addition, the development of additional beach areas
to meet the demands of an increasing population, especially
in the undeveloped areas of Middlesex and Monmouth Counties,
New Jersey, could easily increase the projected value to
$12,000,000 annually.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
1. In 1963, there were 59 active bathing
beaches on Raritan Bay and the Arthur Kill; of these 17 *ere
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735
Paul DeFalco
municipally owned, and 42 were privately owned.
2. These bathing beaches had a land value of
$23,600,000, while improvements totaled $4,200,000.
3. Use of these bathing areas was light, with an
average density of only 10 persons per acre. Based upon
$0.50 per bather-day, the value of recreational bathing in
1963 was only $500,000.
4. Water at many of the Raritan Bay beaches
was of a low quality. Geometric means of confirmed coliform
counts at three stations exceeded the minimum limits for
bathing established by the New York City Department of
Health.
5. If suitable water quality were attained, the
bathing industry in Raritan Bay could expand to a value of
$12,000,000 annually, based upon $0.50 per bather-day.
REFERENCES
1. "Supplement No. 1, Evaluation Standards for
Primary Outdoor Recreation Benefits" by the Ad Hoc Water
Resources Council, Washington, D. C., June 4, 1964.
2. RPA Bulletin No. 96 - "The Race for Open
Space" (Final Report of the Park, Recreation and Open Space
Project of the Tri-State New York Metropolitan Region),
-------
736
8 Mm
Paul DeFalco
I960, for Metropolitan Regional Council and Regional Plan
Association.
3. "Outdoor Recreation for America," a report
to the President and Congress by the Outdoor Recreation
Resources Review Commission, January 1962, Washington, D.C,
-------
737
Paul DePalco
APPENDIX E
BOAT POLLUTION - RARITAN BAY
SUMMARY
As part of its program to collect scientific data
on pollution of the waters of Raritan Bay, the Raritan Bay
Project, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
U.S. Department of the Interior (formerly Public Health
Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare),
studied available information to determine the effects on
water quality of commercial navigation in the bay and con-
ducted a survey of recreational boating to estimate the
magnitude of pollution from this source.
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86m 738
Paul DeFalco
This study showed that the New York - New
Jersey Channel which traverses Raritan Bay is an important
part of New York Harbor. Approximately one-fourth of the
larger vessel traffic entering or departing the port
traverses this channel. In both I960 and 1961, annual
totals of more than 120,000 vessel trips were made through
Raritan Bay channels. Of these, 4,000 trips annually were
made by ships of 20 feet draft or larger.
Projections of future commercial traffic indi-
cated that by 2015, the New York - New Jersey Channel will
handle 200,000 vessel trips annually, of which 6,000 trips
will be made by ships of 20 feet draft or larger.
The evaluation indicated the major pollution prob-
lems associated with commercial navigation in the bay,
both now and in the future, are local problems in the area
of docks and berths rather than pollution in transit and
anchorages.
INTRODUCTION
Purpose and Scope
As a part of its overall mission to collect and
evaluate scientific data related to water pollution and its
-------
739
Paul DeFalco
control in Raritan Bay, the Raritan Bay Project reviewed and
evaluated existing information on the extent of commercial
navigation within the study area, so as to determine the
magnitude of the water pollution problem associated with
such shipping. In addition, the Project conducted a survey
of recreational boating within the study area to determine
the effects of such boating upon water quality. The study
area is shown in Figure 1.
^
Sources of Data
Information on the present commercial vessel
traffic and industry trends was obtained from the published
records of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. From these
data, the present and future pollution loads associated with
this water use were estimated.
Information on recreational boating within the
study area was obtained as a result of a survey conducted
in 1963 by the staff of the Project. Details on this
survey have been reported in Appendix C.
Present and Future Navigational Use
Present Traffic
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88m 740
Paul DePalco
The study area Is adjacent to, and forms a
portion of the Port of New York, one of the world's busiest
seaports. The shipping channels in the study area are shown
on Figure 1. All of these channels have depths at mean low
water in excess of 30 feet. In addition to the channels,
the study area contains 11 designated anchorage areas, all
unimproved.
Table 1 presents the vessel trips in the New
York Harbor Entrance Channels for the period 1952 to 1961.
These data are counts of vessels passing the outer bar of
Ambrose and Bayside Channels, the two ocean entrances to
New York Harbor. The number of trips annually has shown
only minor variation during this decade, and averages 36,000
vessel trips per year. Of this total, one-half is due to
vessels with drafts of less than 20 feet, made up of coast-
line traffic adjacent to New York Harbor, such as large tows
and dump scows which unload beyond the channel outerbar.
While the total annual vessel trips have remained constant,
there has been a large decrease in the number of trips by
vessels under 20 feet draft, with an accompanying increase
in larger vessels, especially in the 34 to 38-foot draft
category.
Table 2 shows vessel trips for I960 and 1961
through the New York and New Jersey Channel, which runs
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
NAVIGATION CHANNELS
FIGURE I
GPO 956-592
-------
Table 1
New York Harbor Entrance Channels
Trips of Vessels of Various Drafts - 1952 to 1961
(Ambrose and Bay side - Gedney Channels)
Year
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
Number
38
and
Over
72
73
an
73
86
71
69
79
69
71
of Vessel
34
to
37.9
101
86
104
188
219
401
553
596
757
985
Trips
30
to
33.9
2,678
2,859
2,868
3,134
3,373
3,092
2,783
2,801
2,661
2,414
for Indicated
25
to
29.9
4,479
4,507
4,180
4,845
5,047
4,912
4,705
4,880
4,850
4,758
Drafts
20
to
24.9
7,555
8,172
7,850
8,140
7,923
8,326
8,940
9,352
10,161
10,303
in Feet
Less
Than
20
21,029
23,842
23,232
19,065
20,206
18,546
17,256
18,691
18,376
14,888
All
Drafts
35,914
39,539
38,318
35,405
36,854
35,348
34,306
36,399
36,874
33,419
Average 75
399
2,866
4,716
8,668 19,513
36,237
B-4
-------
New York &
Mew Jersey Channel Traffic, I960 and 1961
Number of Vessel Trips for Indicated Draft in Feet
Type of Vessel
Self-Propelled
Vessels
Passenger & Dry
Cargo
Tanker
Tow or Tug Boat
Towed Vessels
Dry Cargo
Tanker
Totals 1960
38 34
and to
Over 37.9
Inbound
30 25
to to
33.9 29.9
Outbound
20
to
24.9
Less
Than All
20 Drafts
38 34 30
and to to
Over 37.9 33.9
25
to
29.9
20
to
24.9
Less
Than
20
All
Drafts
CALENDAR YEAR 1960
4 594
4 594
4 74
1,441 177
1,445 261
95
142
9
64
310
C A L
16,413 16,586
11,601 13,959
22,559 22,559
8,220 8,229
10,883 10,947
69,676 72,280-
E N D A R YE
- 1
6 126
6 127
A R 1961
27
260
287
30
1,153
27
20
1,220
16,466
12,410
22,559
8,217
10,927
70,579
16,524
13,955
22,559
8,244
10,947
72,229
Self-Propelled
Vessels
Passenger & Dry
Cargo
Tanker
Tow or Tug Boat
Towed Vessels
Dry Cargo
Tanker
Totals 1961
665
4
1,132
79
191
665 1,136 270
122 12,336 12,541
116 9,659 11,772
18,950 18,950
7 6,064 6,071
20 9,925 9,945
265 56,934 59,279
3
81
19
347
Total Vessel Trips, All Drafts
Total Vessel Trips, Drafts 20 feet or more
Tanker Vessel* Trips, Drafts 20 feet or more
Total Self-Propelled Vessel Trips, All Drafts
6
1960
144,509
4,254
3,903
84
1961
119,346
4,157
3,790
86,997
366
68
1,243
13
32
1,356
12,356 12,446
10,436 12,113
19,175 19,175
6,004
10,284
58,255
6,017
10,316
60,067
*Self-propelled only
E- 5
OU
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92m
Paul DePalco
through Rarltan Bay from the Bayside Channel to the Arthur
Kill. Total vessel traffic for each of these years
amounted to over 120,000 trips. However, only 4,200 of these
trips were made by vessels of 20 feet or more draft.
Possible routes for vessels entering and leaving
the New York Harbor complex can be seen by the configuration
of shipping channels in Figure 1. Vessels entering from the
ocean via the Ambrose and Bayslde Channels can proceed
either through the Narrows into New York Harbor proper, or to
the Arthur Kill and Raritan River via the New York and New
Jersey Channel. Departing vessels would travel the same
routes, except for a tendency to avoid turning the larger
vessels in the Arthur Kill due to the narrow channel width.
Larger vessels generally enter the Kill from Raritan Bay and
continue so as to depart through Newark Bay, Kill Van Kull
and the Upper Harbor, or travel the reverse direction.
A comparison of data for I960 and 1961 in Tables
1 and 2 indicates the general proportion of traffic movement.
In each year, 18,500 trips were made by vessels of 20-foot
draft or larger. Only 4,200, or one-fourth, of these trips
utilized the New York and New Jersey Channel, while the
remainder generally traveled through the Narrows.
Additional vessel traffic in the area which is
not included in Tables 1 and 2 is that flowing between the
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745
Paul DePalco
Raritan River and the Arthur Kill, and that in the area of
Sandy Hook Bay. The traffic in these areas, for vessels of
20-foot or more draft, is known to be small in comparison to
the channels discussed above, although considerable traffic
does exist for smaller vessels.
Future Projections
The trend over the past decade toward larger
vessels is shown by Table 1. Trips by vessels with drafts
of 34 to 37.9 feet increased nearly tenfold during the
period 1952 to 1961, while there was a gradual reduction
in trips by vessels of less than 20-foot draft. At present,
about One-half of the tankers entering the New York Harbor
complex are of the T-2 class, built during World War II.
These vessels generally have a draft of 30 to 31 feet, and
a capacity of 17,000 dead weight tons. The remaining tankers
are generally post-World War II, with capacities of 20,000
to 40,000 tons. In recent years, tankers as large as 100,000
dead weight tonnage have been constructed. Table 3 presents
the size of tankers under construction as of July 1, 1962,
for three maritime nations, and illustrates the trend toward
tankers larger than the T-2 class.
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Paul DePalco
At present, the dry cargo ships entering New
York Harbor range in length from less than 300 to 600 feet
and in draft from 20 to 33 feet. Table 4 presents data on
typical dry cargo ships ordered as of June 1961 by United
States operators, and illustrates that these new vessels,
while large, are still within the range of ships now in
service.
Studies of tanker trends made by the Corps of
Engineers, the Suez Canal Company and others indicate that
the majority of tankers in the New York Harbor complex over
the next 50 years will be of the medium size, i.e., 45,000
dead weight tonnage. Hence, although the petroleum commerce
is expected to increase over this period of time, these
larger vessels will require fewer trips to carry this
commerce. It is estimated that 3,100 round-trips, or 6,200
vessel trips, will be made annually by tankers to and from
the New York Harbor complex 50 years from now.
On the basis of average annual prospective dry
cargo commerce in New York Harbor for the next 50 years,
it is anticipated that about 10,000 freighters with drafts
over 20 feet will enter New York Harbor annually, i.e.,
20,000 vessel trips through the Ambrose and Bayside Channels,
Table 5 presents a projection of traffic for
the year 2015 in the New York and New Jersey channel through
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Paul DePalco
Raritan Bay, based upon the above estimates of total New
York Harbor commerce. The assumptions used in this projec-
tion were that the present percentage of total traffic for
vessels of 20 feet draft and larger which use the New York -
New Jersey channel would remain constant, and that trips
of vessels with less than 20 feet draft and towed vessels
would increase proportionately with the larger vessel
traffic. These assumptions result in a projected commercial
navigation load in 2015 of 200,000 vessel trips annually
/•
through the New York - New Jersey Channel bisecting Raritan
Bay. Of this total, 6,000 vessel trips will be-made by
vessels of 20 feet and more draft.
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748
Table 3
Tankers Under Construction for U.S.. LIberian & Panamanian Flags, 1962
Dead-weight
Tonnage
18,000
25,000-36,000
36,001-45,000
45, 001 -55, 000
55,001-66,000
66,001-70,000
70,001-80,000
150,000
Approx.
Draft
Ft.
31
33-36
36-38
38-40
40-42
42-43
43-45
45+
U.S.
0
6
0
4
0
0
0
0
No. of Vessels
Liber ian
1
1
0
27
0
10
7
1
Panama
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
Total
1
10
0
33
0
10
7
1
% of Total
Vessels
1
16
-
55
-
16
11
1
E-7
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Table 4
Cargo Vessels Ordered by United States Operators
Vessel
Type
C3-S33a
C3-S37b
C3-S38a
C3-S46a
C3-S43a
C4-S19
C4-Sla
C4-Slt
C4-S49a
C4-Sllu
C4-S58a
C4-S57a
Length
Feet
484
495
492
493
506
564
564
565
545
565
574
560
(As
Beam
Feet
68
69
73
73
70
76
76
76
79
76
75
75
of June 1961)
Draft
Feet
28.5
28
27
27
28
30
27
30
27
30
30.5
28.5
Dead-Weight
Tonnage
12,300
11,000
11,000
12,800
13,100
14,000
15,000
13,700
9,300
14,300
12,600
12,000
No. of
Vessels
8
17
4
8
3
2
3
2
3
6
6
11
E-8
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750
Table 5
PROJECTION OF. TRAFFIC IN NEW YORK & NEW JERSEY CHANNEL IN YEAR 2015
Total Trips, Vessels 20* draft & larger, Ambrose &
Bayside Channels, 1960 18,498 ±Ł
Total Trips, Vessels 20' draft & larger, New York
& New Jersey Channels, 1960 4,254 -=Ł
Percent of Ambrose-Bayside Traffic to NY-NJ Channel 23%
Estimated Trips, Vessels 20' draft & larger, Ambrose &
Bayside Channels, 2015 26,200 ^~
Projection Trips, Vessels 20' draft & larger, New York
& New Jersey Channels, 2015 6,000 ^L
Percent Increase in NY-NJ Channel Trips for Vessels
20' draft and larger, 2015 41%
Present Traffic, Vessels less than 20' draft, NY-NJ
Channel, 1960 140,255 ^
Future Traffic, Vessels less than 20* draft, NY-NJ
Channel, 2015 198,000
Total Vessel Trips, NY-NJ Channel, 2015 204,000
-From Table 1.
I/From Table 2.
I/From Text, 6200 tanker and 20,000 dry cargo.
1/23% of 26,200.
— Assuming same percentage increase for small vessels as that for vessels
20' or more draft.
E-9
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Paul DePalco
POLLUTION PROM COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION
No field studies were made of the pollution
from vessels engaged In commercial navigation. Calculations
were made to estimate the order of magnitude of water pollu-
tion from this source.
Table 6 was prepared to suggest the size of
the problem of fecal pollution from commercial vessels in
Raritan Bay, based upon the data in Table 2. In preparing
Table 6, it was assumed that self-propelled vessels of
less than 20 feet draft were generally tugs, which did not
use the anchorage or dockslde areas to any significant
extent. Similarly, towed vessels of all sizes were considered
as barge traffic with one-man crews and were eliminated from
use of anchorage and berth areas.
On the basis of these assumptions, Table 6
indicates the major problem of fecal pollution from commercial
vessels is concentrated in the berthing area, where the
equivalent population was estimated as 600 persons. Pollu-
tion while in anchorage, or from vessels in transit, was
equal to a population of less than 100 persons.
With the projected increase of 50 percent in
vessel trips with draft of 20 feet or more, a proportionate
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100m 752
Paul DePalco
projection of the figures in Table 6 would indicate the
major future problem would also be localized in the berthing
areas.
The Interstate Quarantine Regulations govern
the discharge of polluting materials from commercial vessels
engaged in interstate traffic. A special committee
appointed to investigate the pollution problems associated
with commercial vessels has proposed the following be
included in the regulations:
"SEWAGE TREATMENT. New vessels undergoing major
conversion, that will operate in interstate
traffic under the terms of these regulations,
that are contracted for after the effective date
of this section, shall be equipped with facilities
to treat wastes from toilets, urinals, facilities
in hospital areas handling fecal material and
wastes from garbage grinders when such grinders
are installed. In lieu of treatment, these wastes
may be collected in holding tanks properly equipped
with pumps and piping, so that the wastes can be
discharged to approved shore-based or floating
installations, or on the high seas."
Table 6 does not include pollutional loads
which occur as a result of the discharge of oil and other
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Paul DePalco
bilge waste, discard of trash, garbage and other debris, and
spillages at dockslde during cargo transfer. No evaluation
was made of these sources, as existing laws controlling this
pollution are in effect at all levels of governments —
State, interstate and Federal.
PRESENT AND FUTURE RECREATIONAL BOATING
A survey of recreational boating in Raritan Bay
by the staff of the Raritan Bay Project found a total of
5,480 recreational boats located at marinas and berths
within the study area. In addition, a further vessel use
of one-half that surveyed was estimated as attributable to
transient visitors from outside the survey area either via
water or as automobile trailed boats.
Based upon expected changes in population,
income, leisure, and mobility, recreational boating in the
bay is expected to be greatly increased. Since the popula-
tion in the five counties adjacent to the bay will virtually
double by 1985, it would appear that recreational boating
would also at least double over this period. Estimates of
future pollution loadings were made on this basis.
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102ra Paul DePalco
POLLUTION PROM RECREATIONAL BOATS
Pollution of water by recreational boating may
occur In a number of ways: discharge of human wastes; fuel
and oil from spillage and engine exhaust; discard of trash
and garbage; and chumming when the boats are used for
fishing.
Of the 5,480 boats surveyed in 1963, 1,845 had
toilet facilities aboard. Only 46 of these had some pro-
vision for treatment of the waste before discharge, generally
chlorination.
Estimates were made to determine the order of
magnitude of the problem of fecal pollution from recreational
boats, on the assumptions that all of the boats surveyed
with toilet facilities were in use, and that an additional
50 percent of this number were present as transient visitors
from outside the survey area, as would occur on a weekend
or a holiday. The calculations are presented In Table 7.
The present BOD load from this activity is 725 pounds per
day, equivalent to a municipality of 4,300 persons. After
deducting the waste from those boats which provide treatment,
i.e., chlorination, the bacterial loading is equivalent to
the raw sewage discharge from 5,900 persons.
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(NY - NJ Channel)
1961 Estimated Man days Equivalent Man days Equivalent Man days Equivalent
Vessel Crew in Transit in Anchorage at Dockside
Trips- Size Transit- Population-^ Anchorage-7' Population- Dockside- Population-
Vessel
Category
Self-Propelled,
Draft 20 feet
or more 4,085
Self-Propelled,
Draft less
than 20 feet 82,912
Towed, all
Drafts
TOTALS
32,349
119,346
35
2,970
15 25,900
675
71
2
81
23,800
/
6/
65
I/
65
220,000
/
6/
600
6/
600
!/ From Table 2.
2/
"~ Assuming 30 minute channel transit time.
"• Man days ••• 365 to convert to 365 day year population.
— Assuming 1/3 of vessels use anchorage area for 12 hours each.
— Assuming 3 day tie-up at dock for each pair of vessel trips (i.e., incoming - 3 day berth - outgoing).
— No value calculated on the assumption that self-propelled vessels less than 20 feet draft and towed
vessels consist of tugs and barges and do not utilize the anchorage and dockage facilities.
E-12
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756
Table 7
FECAL POLLUTION RESULTING FROM RECREATIONAL BOATING
Number of Boats Surveyed 5,480
Number Surveyed with Toilets 1,845
Estimated Transit with Toilets 900
Total Boats with Toilets 2,745
Average Population Per Boat 4.4
Estimated Hours of Use 12
Tributary Population, capita-days 6,040
BOD Load in Ibs per Day ~ 725
2/
BOD Equivalent Population ~~ 4,300
Number of Boats with Toilets but No
Treatment 1,799
Estimated Transit with Toilets but No
Treatment 880
Total Boats with Toilets but no
Treatment 2,679
3/
Coliform Equivalent Population — 5,900
— Assuming a per capita contribution for domestic sewage of 0.12 Ibs
(Fair & Geyer, Water Supply and Waste-Water Disposal, Wiley & Sons, 1954,
Pg. 563).
2/
—' At 0.17 Ibs per capita for municipal sewage.
— Assuming boat population and hours of use given for BOD calculations.
E-13
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Paul DePalco
Assuming that recreational boating doubles by
1985, the pollutional load on this activity will become even
more significant than at present. If the present proportion
of boats with treatment remains constant, the resulting
equivalent population by 1985 would be more than 10,000
persons.
Although this pollution source is spread over
the bay rather than concentrated at a particular point,
the magnitude of this pollution is sufficient to warrant
control. In particular, the discharge of raw wastes from re-
creational boats directly over open shellfish areas presents
a sanitary problem with definite public health significance.
Further study of this problem and the development of adequate
treatment facilities are required to insure proper control
of pollution from recreational boating.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of available data and field surveys
of present commercial vessel traffic and recreational boat
use in Raritan Bay, and projections of future growth of
such uses, the following conclusions were reached:
1. Raritan Bay is traversed by several commercial
shipping channels and forms an important part of the Port
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106m 758
Paul DePalco
of New York complex.
Approximately one-fourth of the larger vessel
traffic entering or departing the Port of New York travels
the New York-New Jersey Channel through Raritan Bay. In
both I960 and 1961 an annual total of approximately 4,200
vessel trips were made through this channel by vessels with
drafts of 20 feet or more.
3. It is expected that by the year 2015, 6,000
vessel trips will be made annually through the New York-
New Jersey Channel by vessels with drafts cf 20 feet or more.
4. Present and future fecal pollution from
commercial navigation is of greatest concern in local dockside
areas. Pollution from these vessels while in transit or in
anchorage is much less significant.
5. There are existing pollution control laws
at all levels of government which forbid the discharge of
oil and pumping of bilge wastes by commercial vessels while
in these waters.
6. The present fecal pollution from recreational
boating is estimated to be equivalent to 4,300 persons on a
BOD basis and 5,900 persons on a bacterial loading basis.
7. Projected increases in recreational boating
indicate that by 1985 the equivalent population from this
source will be more than 10,000 persons.
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Paul DePalco
With the proposed clean-up of the waters of
the Rarltan Bay as an outgrowth of the existing and proposed
programs of State, interstate and local agencies, the problem
of pollution from commercial vessels and from recreational
boating becomes more significant. In the light of this the
following recommendations are made:
1. Existing laws regulating oil discharge and
bilge waste pumping continue to be enforced at all levels
of government;
2. Provisions be made within commercial vessel
docking areas for the transfer of fecal wastes to shore-
based treatment and disposal systems;
3. The proposed changes to the Interstate
Quarantine Regulations requiring adequate treatment facili-
ties or in-transit storage facilities for commercial vessels
be adopted;
4. Further study and development of adequate
treatment means be made so as to control the discharge of
sewage from recreational boats.
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760
108ra Paul DePalco
APPENDIX P
GEOLOGY OP RARITAN BAY
SUMMARY
During July and August 1963, the Rarltan Bay
Project, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
U. S. Department of the Interior (formerly Public Health
Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare)
conducted a geological investigation of Raritan Bay to
define water movement in the bay by the sediment pattern.
The study included a review of available
chloride data, as well as sampling and analyses of the bay
sediment. Sediment samples were subjected to size analyses
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Paul DePalco
and determinations of water, organic matter and carbonate
content. The distribution of these readily identifiable
sediment particles, the mineral rauscovite, the shell of the
small clam Mulinia lateralis, and detrital coal, was studied
to determine net movement of such particles in the bay.
Major conclusions from this investigation
include the following:
1. The shoreline off the Raritan estuary has
reached early maturity in the geomorphic cycle of shoreline
development.
2. Movement of high chlorinity water is centered
in the northerly portion of the bay, while fresher water
moves through the southern portion.
3. The bay floor is made up of four major sedi-
ment bodies, referred to as the Lower Bay and Keansburg
Sands, and the Sandy Hook Bay and West Raritan Bay muds.
4. The high organic carbon content found in
West Raritan Bay is due to small particles of organic matter,
probably the result of organic matter introduced through
pollution.
5. Sediment particles originating at various
locations in the bay are moved progressively toward the area
bounded by Sequine Point, Great Kills, Keyport and Keansburg.
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110m Paul DePalco
INTRODUCTION
As part of its work In gathering scientific
data relating to pollution of the waters of Raritan Bay,
the Raritan Bay Project investigated the geology of Raritan
Bay. During July and August 1963, sampling and analysis was
carried out to determine sediment types and distribution,
as well as sediment water, organic and carbonate content.
In addition to providing general knowledge to the
Bay area, the purpose of the study was to attempt to define
water movement in the bay as evidenced by the general sedi-
ment pattern.
DESCRIPTION OP AREA
GENERAL
Raritan Bay is a triangular-shaped estuary which
opens eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. It lies directly
adjacent to the New York metropolitan area, as shown in
Figure 1. Although collectively referred to in this report
as Raritan Bay, the estuary is actually composed of three
bodies of water: Raritan Bay proper in the western and
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Paul DePalco
southern area, Lower New York Bay in the north, and Sandy
Hook Bay in the southeast. The principal external sources
of water entering the bay in addition to the Atlantic Ocean
are the Raritan River, Arthur Kill and the Narrows.
BEDROCK GEOLOGY
The geologic formations and their areas of
exposure are shown in Figure 2. Rocks of less than 1
million years age form the shores of a large portion of Raritan
Bay. The terminal moraine of the latest continental glacier,
the Wisconsin Ice Sheet, bounds the bay to the north in the
area from Perth Amboy to Great Kills. Prom Great Kills east
to the Narrows the Staten Island shore consists of sands of
less than 1 million years,i.e., of Quaternary age. The New
Jersey shore from Keyport to Leonardo as well as Sandy Hook
are also composed of Quaternary sands.
The older sands, gravels and clays underlying
Raritan Bay and the rocks exposed along the shore of the
bay in the areas not described above are all of the Upper
Cretaceous age and were deposited between 100 and 70 million
years ago.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA
STATEN ISLAND
\ RARITAN BAY
NEW JERSEY
-------
RAR1TAN BA"Y PROJECT
GEOLOGIC MAP
LEGEND
QUATERNARY
I '.'•"••• '•"{ Itmtnla- vaunt IQ
SANDS a GRAVELS 102)
TEBTIABY
KH»WOOO CLAr IM
CKE TACEOUS
TWTON MAUL |([||
ffFORAIW SANO
NAVCSIWI HAM. IK ?l
HT » ••
IK 31
•ENON1X SAN05
SAMOIKSI
•ooo»u»' CLAT IKCI
KBCHAUT, I.L.E C-»' • •
T n MA3C*"' »
INN .„.-«,'«'"
TRIASS'C
3U«ASC •» 5
FIGURE 2
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766
114m
Paul DePalco
PHYSIOGRAPHY
Sea cliffs are shoreline features resulting
from marine erosion.(D On the Raritan Bay shore, these
cliffs are found on Staten Island, westward from Seguine
Point to the Arthur Kill and on the New Jersey shore
between Cliffwood and the Raritan River and between Leonardo
and Highlands.
Wide beaches are shoreline features which result
from marine deposition.(*' Sections along Raritan Bay with
such beaches are the Staten Island shore from Seguine Point
eastward to the Narrows, the New Jersey shoreline between
Keyport and Leonardo, and Sandy Hook.
The shorelines of Raritan Bay are relatively
straight compared to those of most Atlantic Coast estuaries.
Shorelines of erosion and deposition show linear continuity
with one another.
The bay is relatively shallow and its floor slopes
fairly uniformly and gently toward the center of the bay,
where its maximum depth Is about 27 feet. The mouth of the
bay is marked by a north-south series of shoals and bars,
Including Sandy Hook, Plynn's Knoll, Romer Shoal and West
Bank. None of the beach areas show offshore bars. Tidal
marshes are present on the New Jersey shore.
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Paul DePalco
Since sea level has risen several hundred feet
in the past 10,000 years, Raritan Bay is of rather recent
submergence. The bay has reached early maturity in the
cycle of shoreline development along submergent coasts. The
straight shorelines, uniform slope of the floor and the
absence of offshore bars satisfy the conditions for maturity,
although the presence of tidal marshes indicates that full
maturity has not yet been attained.^)
HYDROGRAPHY
Previous studies have shown that ocean water
enters the bay on the north, river water moves along the
south shore, and mixing occurs along the long axis of the bay.
( 2)
x ' The seaward drift of fresh water on the southern part
of the bay is horizontally separated from the landward counter
drift in the area where the bay widens. Surface waters are
of lower salinity than bottom waters.(3) Water from the
east enters the bay off Staten Island, moves westward toward
Staten Island, but then is recirculated along the beach in a
northeasterly direction.
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768
116m
Paul DePalco
STUDY PROCEDURES
Specific sampling and analysis for this investiga-
tion was conducted during July and August 1963. In addition,
results of general sampling for chloride, salinity, temper-
ature and wind directions, as described in Volume I, were
used for this report.
Field stations used for this investigation were
these established by the Project for chemical and bacterio-
logical studies of the bay. The stations are shown in Figure
3. Stations 31, 64, and the shore stations (600 and 700
series) were not sampled during this geology study.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Bottom samples were obtained with a Petersen
Grab Sampler. Contents of the sampler were emptied into a
large enamel pan, where the sample was examined for color,
stratification, texture, mass properties and unusual odor.
A quart of sediment was preserved in 10 percent formalin
for later mechanical and paleontologlcal analyses in the
Project laboratory. When stratification was noted in the
sample, at least 50 ml was taken from each layer and
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
RARITAN BAY,ARTHUR KILL
8 UPPER HARBOR
STATEN ISLAND
5 BOAT STATION
SHORE STATION
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN
cn
sO
FIGURE 3
GPO 956 592
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770
Paul DePalco
preserved in small containers for later analysis. At the
time of each bottom sampling the temperature, salinity and
pH were taken of water at 5' below the surface and 5' above
the bottom.
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
Samples were analyzed for size distribution
by passing through a series of graded sieves, with the
fraction retained by each sieve weighed. After weight of each
fraction was measured or calculated, the weight of all fractions
were added to obtain the total sediment weight in each sample,
and the percentage of total weight represented by each
fraction was determined. The cumulative weight percent was
then plotted on a cumulative curve with sediment size as the
abscissa and cumulative weight percent as the ordinate.
Prom the cumulative curve, three size measure-
ments were directly determined, the median and the first and
third quartiles. The median size is the diameter, of the
sediment particles at the midpoint in the cumulative curve,
while the first quartlie (Qx) and third quartile (Q3> sizes
are the diameters of sediment particles at the 25 and 75
percent points respectively on the cumulative curve.
The sorting coefficient, SQt was then calculated
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Paul DeFalco
from the relationship: SQ-1/ QI/ Q3 t where Qx is
always the coarser quartile. The sorting coefficient
provides an index to the uniformity of sediments.
Bulk density was cetermined by dividing the
mass of each sample, as determined in the sieve analysis,
by the volume of sample, generally one liter. Because of
compaction, the volume of tha on?; liter sample collected
actually varied by about 5 percent, so that density deter-
minations were marked by an error of this magnitude. However,
since densities were generally eitner over 1.0 kilogram per
liter, or less than 0.5 lcg/1, the error is relatively insig-
nificant.
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ANALYSES
Chemical analyses of the sediments included
water content, organic matter content, and carbonate content.
In addition, the minerology of the samples was determined to
classify the sediment.
Water and organic content were analyzed chemically
by weight. A sample was weighed, dried, washed to remove
dissolved salts, redried and weighed, with the difference
in initial and final weight representing the water content.
The dry sediment was then washed with hydrogen peroxide to
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Paul DePalco
remove organic matter by oxidation and the organic content
determined by loss in weight.
Microscopic point count analyses were performed
to determine the weight of organic debris, carbonate content
and minerology.
MOLLUSK DETERMINATION
Approximately one quart of preserved bottom
sample was screened and all organisms picked out of the
coarse size fractions. Live shellfish were counted, measured
and weighed. Empty shells were weighed. Only the distribu-
tion of common mollusks caught in the #5 screen was determined
SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION DETERMINATION
Sediment distribution studies were made for
three types of particles, (l) a clastic particle introduced
by natural physical processes, the mineral muscovite; (2) a
clastic particle produced within the bay, the empty shells of
a small clam Mulinia lateralls; (3) a clastic particle intro-
duced by man, detrital coal. For these studies the weight of
particles under consideration caught in the largest screen,
was taken for all stations and plotted on a chart of the bay.
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Paul DePalco
The same process was then repeated for all sieves down to
the smallest In which the particles under study were
retained. The distribution of particles caught in the
larger screens was compared to that for the smaller screens
to determine origin and distribution of the sediment
particles.
The muscovite particle distribution was done
by point count percent. To find point count percent, a
large number of mineral grains are counted and the grain
minerology determined. The number of muscovite grains per
100 grain of sediment is then calculated. This procedure was
done for particles retained in the #20, #40, and #100 sieves
at each station.
Detrital coal caught in the #5 sieve was weighed
directly. The amount caught in the #20, #40, and #100 sieves
was calculated by volume percentage timer density ratio, and
expressed in grams of coal per liter of sediment retained for
each sieve size.
Mollusk shell determination was made by
measuring and comparing total weight of shells at each
station.
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774
122m ' 'S
Paul DePalco
RESULTS
WATER MASSES
Chlorinlty: Plots of chlorinity determinations
performed by the Project were made to define the limits of
water masses in the bay. To eliminate effects of other
variables, limits were imposed as follows: (1) Temperature,
+1.5°C; (2) Wind directions, one major compass point
+45°; (3) Tidal cycle, and last half of one cycle to the
first half of the next,; (4) Time of year, for all stations
restricted to a period of five weeks.
Figure 4 shows the average chloride content for
the period June to December 1962 at 5-foot depth, and
indicates that there is: (1) a mass of relatively high
chlorinity water (13.8 parts per thousand or greater) extend-
ing from Seguine Point to Sandy Hook; (2) a more relatively
low chlorinity water extending along the southeast part of
the bay; and (3) an intermediate zone between these two
masses which extends southeast to Highlands. Figure 5 shows
the average chloride content 5 feet from the bottom for the
same period.
Figures 6, 7 and 8 show average chloride
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775
Paul DeFalco
concentrations a* 5 feet depths in May 1963, July 1962 and
October 1962 respectively. These indicate the same pattern
of water mass distribution noted in Figure ft, but with these
additions: (1) In Sandy Hook Bay, a tongue of high
chlorinity water projects southward Just west of Sandy Hook.
Lower chlorinity water appears west of this tongue (Figure
7): (2) The high chlorinity water projecting into Lower
Bay is divided into two lobes. The major lobe extends
westward from the mouth of the bay toward Seguine Point, and
a smaller lobe projects landward toward New Dorp on Staten
Island (Figures 6 and 7); (3) A mass of low chlorinity
water projects northeastward from the area between Keansburg
and Shoal Harbor, on the New Jersey shore (Figure 8).
Figures 9 and 10 show positions of deepwater
masses in June-July 1962 and October 1962 respectively. A
comparison of these with previous figures show that the
position of deep water masses corresponds closely to that of
shallow water masses for October 1962 and July 1962. The
displacement noted for the period June-December 1962, Figures
ft and 5, may be due to increased fresh water run-off during
the period. The less dense fresh water would override the
heavier sea water, moving the surface water mass eastward
of the bottom mass.
In a shallow bay, such as Raritan Bay, wave
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776
124 Paul DePalco
motion normally has an important effect on distribution of
water masses. The predominant incoming waves at the
entrance to New York Harbor are from the east and northeast.
With a west wind, the main tongue of higher chlorinity
water was closer to the Staten Island shore. However, stream
flow entering the bay from the Raritan River and other
tributary streams was not a controlled variable during the
study. Hence, insufficient data are available to determine
how much of this mass location is attributable to winds as
opposed to increased fresh water run-off.
SEDIMENT BODIES
Sediment Size; Size analysis showed four
distinct sediment bodies in Raritan Bay, two of which are
sands and two of which are predominantly silts, referred to
here as "muds." The location of these four bodies are shown
in Figure 11.
A prominent sand body, here called the Keansburg
sands, occurs north of Keansburg, at Stations 44, 45, 46, 51»
52, 53, 54 and 55. These sands are fairly coarse, averaging
300 microns in diameter. The median size increases westward
to the area north of Keyport where the body ends abruptly.
The boundary of this body roughly parallels the New Jersey
shoreline between Leonardo and Keyport.
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777
Paul DePalco
The other sand body, designated the Lower Bay
Sands, occupies the northeastern three-quarters of Lower
New York Bay. These sands are found east of Stations 2,
26, 18, 13 and 24 and extend to the channels marking the
eastern end of the Raritan Bay area. The average median
diameter of these sands is 250 microns, increasing seaward.
West of Sandy Hook, the sediment consists of
coarse to medium silts ranging in size between 15 and 60
microns. These Sandy Hook Bay muds are found at Stations
1, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 29, 48 and 49 and extend from
Sandy Hook toward Seguine Point.
The predominant sediments in Raritan Bay proper
are coarse silts, ranging in size between 20 and 60 microns.
This sediment, referred to here as West Raritan Bay muds,
is found west of an imaginary line between Keyport and
Seguine Point.
For many of the stations both the entire sample
and the clastic particles were analyzed. Figure 12 presents
the median size for the entire sample, while that for the
clastic particles are shown in Figure 13. The difference
between the median sizes for these two determinations is
due to organic matter and shells in the entire sample.
Sorting coefficients are closely related to
sediment types, with lower values indicating greater
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127m 778
Paul DeFalco
uniformity of grain size. The sorting coefficients for
entire samples are plotted in Figure 14. Sorting coefficients
for clastic particles are shown in Figure 15. The sands are
better sorted than the silts. For the entire sample, the
Keansburg and Lower Bay Sands generally show a sorting
coefficient less than 2.0, while the muds show coefficients
greater than 2.0, often greater than 3.0. For the clastic
particles only, the sands showed a coefficient of less than
1.5, while the muds were greater than 1.5. Clastic particle
sorting coefficients of the Keansburg Sands are strikingly
similar, with nearly all ranging from 1.2 to 1.3. The
sorting of the lower Bay sands was less consistent.
The bulk density of sediments is shown in
Figure 16. The sands were relatively dense, over 1.0 kg/1,
while the muds showed a consistently lower density, generally
less than 0.5 kg/1.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
AVERAGE CHLORIDE
CONCENTRATION
(IN PARTS PER THOUSAND-*.)
JUNE- DECEMBER,I»62
DEPTH-S FEET
STATEN ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
CONTOUR INTERNAL-0.2 X.
FIGURE 4
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
AVERAGE CHLORIDE
CONCENTRATION
(IN PARTS PER THOUSAND-%.)
JUNE-DECEMBER,1962
DCPTH-8 FEET FROM BOTTOM
5TATEN ISLAND
CONTOUR INTERVAL - 0.2 X*
FIGURE 5
OPO 956-592
-------
BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION
IN V..;MAY,I963; DEP
TEMP. 14.0*1.5* C
TIDE-LATE EBB TO EARLY FLOOD
WIND-WEST
STATEN ISLAND
\ "-^y 12 50
12.00 \ 1225 .
NEW JERSEY
CONTOUR INTERVAL - 0.25
FIGURE 6
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION
N%.1JULY.I»621DEPTH-S FEET
TEMP.-22.ot|.S« C
TIDE -LATE EBB TO EARLY FLOOD
WIND - EAST
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
FIGURE 7
GPO 956 -592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION
INK-, OCTOBER. 19621 DEPTH-5 FEET
TEMP.-I8.0-I.5* C
TIDE-LATE EBB TO EARLY FLOOO
WIND - SOUTHWEST
STATEN ISLAND
CO^TOUW WTEHVM.-025 On 0.5 X., DCPŁMOIN« OK COHTWOL
FIGURE 8
am
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION
IN%.;JUNE-JULY.im;DEPTH-3FEET FROM BOTTOM ^
TEMP.-ZOO*1.8* C
TIDE-LATE EBB TO EARLY FLOOD
WIND - EAST
Jf
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
CONTOUR INTERVAL - 0.25 %
FIGURE 9
OI*O 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION
IN%.iOCT06ŁR,l962,DEPTH-5 FEET FROM BOTTOM
TEMP.-I8.0- 1.5' C
TIDE-LATE EBB TO EARLY FLOOD
WWC -SOUTHWEST
STATE N ISLAND
CONTOUR INTERVAL-0.25 OR 0.5 %,. DEPENDIN8 ON CONTROL
FIGURE 10
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
RARITAN BAY
SEDIMENT BODIES
STATEN ISLAND
00
cr\
FIGURE II
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
MEDIAN SIZE OF SEDIMENTS
SIZE IN MICRONS
BROOKLYN
TAT EN ISLAND
CONTOUREO AT 100 MICRONS
FIGURE 12
95o 59.'
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
MEDIAN SIZE.CLASTIC PARTICLES
SIZE IN MICRONS
5TATEN ISLAND
\ 0 I
CONTOURED AT 100 MICRONS
co
co
FIGURE 13
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
SORTING COEFFICIENTS
OF SEDIMENTS
(ENTIRE SAMPLE)
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
NEW J Ł R S Ł r
FIGURE 14
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RARITAN BAY PROJECT
SORTING COEFFICIENTS
CLASTIC PARTICLES
6 R O O K L Y ft
STATEN ISLAND
FlfilJRE 15
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BULK DENSITY OF SEDIMENTS
(KILOGRAMS/LITER)
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
FIGURE 16
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792
l4lm Paul DePalco
WATER CONTENT
Analyses of 28 representative samples show that
sediment water content usually Is either greater than 50
percent or less than 30 percent of the total weight. Inter-
mediate values are found at only two stations. Water content
values have been plotted in Figure 17. A contour has been
constructed in Figure 17 for water content of 50 percent of
total weight. Stations where water content is less than
35 percent are 4, 6, 7, 10, 20, 28, 45, 47, 51 and 53.
Water content is greater than 50 percent at Stations 14, 15,
23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 63. Inter-
mediate values are found at Stations 2 and 59. The coarser
sediments, i.e., the sands, contain less water than the fine-
grained silt sediments, as is normally the case with
sedimentary rocks.
Organic Carbon Content; The organic carbon
content is shown in Figure 18. In Raritan Bay sediments, the
organic carbon content was between 0.1 and 6.2 percent by
weight, averaging slightly less than 1 percent. Organic
content, in general, is inversely proportioned to grain
size and is relatively constant for a particular sediment
body. In the Lower Bay and Keansburg sands the organic con-
tent is 0.2 and 0.4 percent respectively. The percentage
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793
Paul DePalco
of organic carbon In the Sandy Hook Bay muds varied from
0.6 to 2.0 percent, while that of the West Raritan Bay muds
was quite high and variable, with values from 0.3 to 6.2
percent.
Organic Debris: The weight of organic debris
in the sand size fractions is plotted in Figure 19. The
organic debris in Raritan Bay was found to consist largely
of amphipod tubes and wood fragments. The lowest amount of
organic debris was found in the West Raritan Bay muds, which
also showed the highest organic content. Hence, the organic
content in the West Raritan Bay muds must be due to particles
of silt-clay size.
Carbonate Content; Carbonate content of the
bay sediments, in the form of shells and shell fragments, is
plotted in Figure 20. The percentage carbonate content
of the sediments varies from less than 0.1 percent to ^0.2
percent, and was highest at Stations 26, M, 4?, 55, 56 and
59. Shell content was generally lower in Sandy Hook Bay and
in the shoals northwest of Sandy Hook. Most of the samples
with high weights contained large oyster shells. Production
of these shells appeared to be in the areas north of Keyport.
In general the higher shell contents appear to be related
to sands, while the mud areas showed the lowest production.
Carbonate in clastic sediments may originate by
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794
m
Paul DePalco
chemical precipitation from the overlying water or by produc-
tion of animal skeletons. Since the shells in Raritan Bay
show evidence of solution, a condition occurring when the
water is undersaturated, there is probably little chemical
precipitation. Solution of shells was evidenced by the
following: (1) Articulated shells showed loss of material
in certain shell layers; (2) Remains of mussel (Mytelus)
shells were often found with periostracum intact but little
carbonate clinging to the periostracum; and (3) Live
Nassarius obsoleuts often carry shells which show material
lost along the sutures. While boring organisms could account
for some of these factors, no remains of such organisms were
found. Since additionally no detrital carbonate derived from
limestone was found, shell production must be the source of
carbonates in Raritan Bay.
Mineral Content; The major light mineral
constituents counted were quartz, feldspar and rock fragments.
Most of the sands examined contained between 10 and 25 percent
feldspar and rock fragments with the latter predominating.
Hence, the sands can be classified as lithic sands or
protoquartfcites(5). Some samples contained more than 25
percent feldspar and rock fragments and can be called
subgraywackes(5). Sediments of this sand composition, and
with over 15 percent fine grained material were found in
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795
Paul DePalco
the western part of the Keansburg Sands. When lithlfied,
these would develop Into the rock type known as graywacke.
These sands are found only In the areas where there is a
transition between the sands and muds. Since lithic frag-
ments of chemically unstable components are found in the
bay sediment, the physical breakdown of source rocks must be
occurring faster than chemical decomposition.
Sediment Bodies Summary; On the basis of the
above studies, the sediment bodies in Raritan Bay have been
divided into four groups: the Keansburg and the Lower Bay
sands, and the Sandy Hook Bay and the West Raritan Bay muds.
SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION
The origin and distribution of three types of
clastic particles were evaluated to provide data on water
movement. The types were the mineral muscovite, the empty
shell of a small clam, and detrital coal. For each of these
types, it was assumed that the grain size distribution at each
source was essentially the same when multiple sources are
indicated and that during distribution of sediment particles
throughout the bay, the larger particles are deposited closest
to the source and progressively smaller particles are
deposited at progressively increasing distances from the
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796
145m Paul DeFalco
source.
Muscovite Distribution; The colorless mica,
muscovlte, was selected for study because it is easily
identified and is relatively light in weight and easily moved
by water. Figures 21, 22 and 23 show the distribution of
muscovite retained on the #20, #40, and #100 screen
respectively. The areas where the muscovlte is introduced
to the bay are defined by the distribution of material
retained by the #20 sieve. These areas are north and west
of Sandy Hook, and near Laurence Harbor. The #40 screen size
muscovite appears through much of New York Lower Bay, except
in the zone south and southeast of Great Kills Harbor. In
Raritan Bay, it appears in a tongue extending southwest from
Great Kills Harbor and through much of the southwestern part
of Raritan Bay.
Muscovite caught in the #100 screen appears
through nearly all the bay area, except for the sands north
of the Keansburg area.
While muscovite can form in the marine environ-
ment, particles so formed rarely show signs of abrasion.
The particles found in Raritan Bay showed signs of abrasion,
so probably were transported into the bay. The muscovite
appears to be introduced from the ocean east of the bay,
from an area where a suitable rock, the Raritan Formation,
crops out. It is spread progressively through much of the
-------
RARiTAN BAY PROJECT
WATER CONTENT OF SURFACE
LAYER OF SEDIMENT
(WEIGHT PERCENT WATER)
FIGURE 17
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
ORGANIC CARBON IN SEDIMENT
(PERCENT OF DRY WEIGHT ±05%)
S TATEN ISLAND
,i
01 2345
CONTOURED AT 0.5 WEIGHT PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER
>Ł>
CO
FIGURE 18
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
ORGANIC DEBRIS IN SEDIMENT
(GRAMS DEBRIS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
BROOKLYN
CONTOURED AT 30 OHAMS OHOAN'C 0Ł8«!S Pf.1 ^iTER SEGMENT
FIGURE 19
597
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CARBONATE CONTENT
(GRAMS SHELLS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
JY
BROOKLYN
CONTOURED AT 50 GRAMS SHELLS PER LITER SEDIMENT
FIGURE 2O
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCOVITE
RETAINED IN NO. 20 SCREEN
(IN POINT COUNT PERCENT)
STATEN ISLAND
^
ERSE r
r
o
FIGURE 2!
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCOVITE
RETAINED IN NO. 40 SCREEN
(IN POINT COUNT PERCENT)
STATEN ISLAND
CONTOUR INTERVAL-2.0 PERCENT MUSCOVITE
CO
8
FIGURE 22
< . I '< I 'Mo SV2
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCOVITE
RETAINED IN NO. 100 SCREEN
(IN POINT COUNT PERCENT)
BROOKLYN
CONTOUR INTERVAL - 2 0 PERCENT MUSCOVITE
T
o
FIGURE 23
'; 111 •
-------
Paul DePalco
bay, with net movement toward the area southeast of Seguine
Point,
Mollusk Shell Distribution; Final transport
and distribution of authigenic sediment particles (particles
produced within the area of sedimentation) was determined
by studying the distribution of shells of a particular mollusk,
Theoe shells can be considered as authigenic particles if it
can be shown that the shells are largely produced within the
confines of the bay. The small estuarlne clam Mulinia
lateralis was chosen because it is relatively common and its
shells are sufficiently small to be moved about by forces
of sediment distribution.
As shown by the distribution of the live clam
in Figure 2M, these shells are largely produced in three
areas, north of Port Monmouth, N, J., north of Keyport, and
southwest of Seguine Point. Figure 25 shows that the shells
are deposited (1) near the production areas; (2) in the fine
graineo. sediment north of the Port Monmouth-Keansburg area)
and (3) in a tongue extending north of Keyport. The shells
appear to have been transported north from the Keyport area,
and west from the Port Monmouth area.
Detrital Coal Distribution! Detrital coal,
including cinders, is a clastic element exclusively intro-
duced by man in the Raritan Bay area, since there are no
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805
Paul DePalco
outcrops of coal in the bay or on tributary streams. Coal
can be introduced into the bay from coal-using industries along
the bay and its tributaries, and from ships bringing coal to
these industries.
Figures 26, 27, 28 and 29 show the distribution
of coal retained on #5, #20, #40 and #100 screens respectively.
These figures show that coal is introduced into Raritan Bay
from four areas, around Perth Amboy, above Keyport, near
Port Monmouth, and east of Old Orchard Shoal lighthouse.
Ultimate movement is toward the area northwest of Keyport,
southwest of Great Kills and the Old Orchard Shoal lighthouse.
As previously noted, this assumes that grain size distribu-
tions for the difference sources are essentially identical.
Sediment Movement and Distribution; The results
of the above studies of sediment distribution indicate per-
manent effects of water movement within the Raritan Bay system.
Based upon the patterns of muscovite, clam shells and detrital
coal distributions, it would appear that sediments, although
introduced into the bay at various places, are all moved
toward the roughly quadrilateral area between Seguine Point,
Great Kills, Keyport and Keansburg. While river water moves
through the entire estuary, its transport influence is felt
primarily in the western portion of the bay, while the
influence of the ocean predominates in the eastern portion.
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BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAV PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING
MULINIA LATERALIS
(INDIVIDUALS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
TEN ISLAND
FIGURE
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPTY
MULINIA SHELLS
(WEI3HT PER LITER SEDIMENT)
B R 0 0 K L Y N
STATEN ISLAND
CONTOUR INTERVAL-I 0 GSAV UULINIA LATERALIS SHELLS PER LITER SEDIMENT
CC
FIGURE 25
CPO 956 592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DETRITAL COAL
RETAINED IN NO. 5 SCREEN
(GRAMS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
S TAT EN ISLAND
CONTOUR INTERVAL- Z.O GRAMS COAL PER LITER SEDIMENT
FIGURE 26
OPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DETRITAL COAL
RETAINED IN NO. 20 SCREEN
(GRAMS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
5TATEN ISLAND
N EW JERSEY
CONTOUR INTERVAL - 1.0 SHAM COAL PŁR LITER SEDIMENT
FIGURE 27
GPO 956 592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DETRITAL COAL
RETAINED IN NO. 40 SCREEN
(ORAWS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
STATEN /SLANT
CONTOUR INTERVAL-1.0 GRAM COAL PER LITER SEDIMENT
oo
M
o
FIGURE 28
CJI'O 9*5 592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DETRITAL COAL
RETAINED IN NO. 100 SCREEN
(GRAMS PER LITER SEDIMENT)
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
CONTOUR INTERVAL-1.0 GRAM COAL PER LITER SEDIMENT
03
l-»
M
FIGURE 29
GPO 956-592
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812
l6lm Paul DeFalco
The net effective movement from these two forces Is thus
toward the area described above.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
FINDINGS
Major findings of the study of Raritan Bay
geology are as follows:
1. The shorelines of the Raritan estuary are
relatively straight, with linear continuity between sea
cliffs and wide sandy beaches. The bay shoreline also
contains some tidal marshes on the New Jersey Coast.
2. High chlorinity water occupies the northern
portion of the estuary; lower chlorinity water is found in
the southern portion. The main water masses show much inter-
fingering with one another.
3. Wind appears to affect the position of the
water masses. With a west wind the main tongue of high
chlorinity water moves close to the Staten Island shore,
while an east wind moves the main tongue of high chlorinity
water toward the central position of the bay.
i». The floor of the estuary is made up of four
major sediment bodies. Sands with an average size of 300
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813
Paul DePalco
to 400 microns are found north of the New Jersey shore and
in Lower New York Bay. The sands are well sorted and have
low organic and water content. Silts, or muds, with median
diameters of 20 to 80 microns are found in the western part
of Raritan Bay and in Sandy Hook Bay. The silts are poorly
sorted and have high organic and water content.
5. Most of the sands can be classified as
lithlc or subgraywackes.
6. The sands generally are denser than the muds.
Bulk densities of the sands are usually over 1.0 kg/1,
compared to general values of less than 0.5 kg/1 for the muds.
7. Carbonate content ranges from 0.1 percent to
42 percent of total sediment by weight. The highest quanti-
ties of carbonate per unit volume of sediment are found in a
narrow zone parallel to the long axis of the estuary. Car-
bonate is produced by shell-bearing organisms rather than by
chemical composition.
8. Organic content ranges from 0.1 percent to
6 percent by weight. All values greater than 2.0 percent occur
in the West Raritan Bay muds.
9. Organic debris, consisting generally of
amphipod tubes and wood fragments, varies in the estuary,
but is generally highest in Sandy Hook Bay.
10. A study of the disposal of muscovite particles,
shells of a small clam, and detrital coal showed that while
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163m Paul DePalco
these materials were Introduced into the estuary at
varying locations, increasingly smaller particles were found
progressively closer to the area bounded by Seguine Point,
Great Kills, Keansburg and Keyport.
11. Detrital coal found in the bay sediment is
concentrated near industrial sources, particularly the
Perth Amboy area.
CONCLUSIONS
Major conclusions drawn from this study are as
follows:
1. The shoreline of the Raritan estuary has reaches
early maturity in the geomorphic cycle of shoreline development
2. Movement of high chlorinity water is centered
in the northerly portion of the bay while fresher water moves
through the southern portion.
3. The bay floor is made up of four major sediment
bodies, referred to as the Lower Bay and Keansburg sands, and
the Sandy Hook Bay and West Raritan Bay muds.
4. The high organic carbon content found in West
Raritan Bay is due to small particles of organic matter,
probably the result of an excess of organic matter introduced
through pollution.
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815
Paul DePalco
5. Sediment particles originating at various
locations in the bay are moved progressively toward the area
bounded by Seguine Point, Great Kills, Keyport and Keansburg.
REFERENCES
1. Thornbury, W. D., Principles of Geomorphology,
John Wiley and Sons, I960.
2. Jeffries, Harry P., Environmental Charac-
teristics of Raritan Bay, a Polluted Estuary, Limnology and
Oceanography Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 21-31 (1962).
3. Ketchum, Bostwick H., Circulation in
Estuaries, Coastal Engineering, Council on Wave Research,
The Engineering Foundation, 1953, PP- 65-76.
l*. New York City Water Survey Series, Report No.
6, I960.
5. PettiJohn, F. J., Sedimentary Rocks, Harper,
1957.
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816
165m Paul DeFalco
APPENDIX G
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OP SHELLFISH - RARITAN BAY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
BUREAU OP DISEASE PREVENTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
National Center for Urban and Industrial Health
Water Supply and Sea Resources Program
NORTHEAST RESEARCH CENTER
Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882
A Report on the
Analytical Chemical Data on Shellfish from Raritan Bay
Prom the Chemistry Section, NERC
July 1965
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817
Paul DePalco
Introduction
The cooperative role of the Northeast Research
Center in the Raritan Bay Project has been based upon a two-
fold interest in the quality of the environmental water as
related to biological and chemical contaminants, and the
distribution of the shellfish resource. Of special
interest has been the effect of these contaminants on shell-
fish including reclamation of this food source.
This study has consisted of two phases. Phase
I was a resource study concerned with shellfish density
(1) while Phase II has involved the investigation of quality
characteristics of the overlying water, silt, and clam meats.
The chemical data described herein represents a
contribution to the quality study of the Raritan Bay Project
(2, 3, 4). More specifically, Raritan Bay shellfish have
been analyzed at NERC for selected trace metals, pesticides,
as well as certain other pertinent organic materials.
A description of our methods and procedures,
including a discussion of the data obtained, follows.
Materials and Methods
Approximately seventy samples were selected from
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167.
Paul DeFalco
some four hundred collected during 1963 and 1964 from five
areas within the Raritan Bay. These samples, representing
twenty stations within these areas, were chosen on the basis
of shellfish concentrations and the prevailing currents, as
being most indicative of the quality information that we are
seeking. The areas and stations along with the shellfish
densities and currents are illustrated in the map of Raritan
Bay shown in Figure I. Figure II summarizes the total wet
weight of the whole-sample homogenate according to area,
station and date of collection.
The shucked and frozen samples, as received from
the Raritan Bay Project, were thawed and drained via standard
NERC procedures in an open Buchner funnel. The samples were
weighed and homogenized in a Waring blender and portions of
the material were removed for analysis. The remainder was
placed in plastic bags inside of pint containers and refrozen
for additional sampling, if necessary. Portions of the
material removed were lyophilized for phenols and mineral oil
determinations. The rest of the homogenate removed was used
in the wet state for botfi metals and pesticide analysis.
Analysis of Mineral Oils
NERC modifications of the chromotographic method
-------
819
Paul DeFalco
of H. D. Silverberg (5) was used for the determination of
mineral oils.
I. Preparation:
A. Reagents
1) Chromatographiccolumn: - 3x30 CM with stopcock
at the constricted end.
2) Alumina (absorbent): - 80-200 mesh Fisher No.
A. 540.
3) Petroleum Ether: ACS Grade.
4) Carbon Tetrachloride.
B. Sample Preparation
Lyophilize or oven-dry sample on a non-absorbent
surface until crisp and brittle. Grind and mix well,
store in air-tight container. Record the dry weight.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
AREAS STUDIED IN RELATION TO
CURRENTS AND CLAM DENSITY
1963
U.S. Public Health Service
Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research Center
Number of Hard Clams
Per Square Foot
mfl — Over—3.0
00
ro
o
FIGURE I
-------
FIGURE II
Summary of Samples by Area and Station
Area
Station #
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Date
8/7/63
11/5/63
11/10/63
12/10/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
5/25/64
8/12/63
11/5/63
11/19/63
12/10/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
5/25/64
8/21/63
8/21/63
11/5/63
11/19/63
12/11/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
5/25/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
125
476
444
389
406
427
390
800
494
456
432
392
405
414
459
442
478
490
421
390
405
307
Area # .Station #
I 4
4
4
4
4
4
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
41
41
Date
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
4
4
4
4
4
4
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
41
41
8/12/63
11/5/63
11/19/63
1/20/64
3/16/64
3/31/64
8/7/63
11/6/63
11/19/63
12/10/63
2/6/64
3/30/64
5/26/64
8/7/63
11/6/63
11/19/63
12/10/63
3/30/64
5/25/64
8/21/63
8/21/63
404
499
483
426
449
471
349
418
408
499
406
153
221
375
415
468
447
389
326
462
496
G-4
Co
ro
-------
Chemical Data - Raritan Bay
FIGURE II (Cont'd.)
Summary of Samples by Area and Station
Area #
Station ft
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Date
11/5/63
11/19/63
12/11/63
1/20/64
3/16/64
3/31/64
8/19/63
11/5/63
11/19/63
12/11/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
8/7/63
11/5/63
11/19/63
12/10/63
1/17/64
3/24/64
5/25/64
10/7/63
11/6/63
11/19/63
12/10/63
2/5/64
3/30/64
5/25/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams Area ff
492 II
397
420
408
437
237
594
460
441
425
376
423
165
505
434
384
431
409
402
203
416
432
391
416
414
406
Station ff
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
Date
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
8/26/63
8/28/63
11/5/63
11/12/63
12/2/63
12/9/63
1/20/64
3/16/64
3/31/64
5/26/64
11/4/63
11/12/63
12/2/63
1/20/64
3/23/64
5/26/64
8/28/63
11/4/63
11/12/63
12/2/63
1/20/64
3/23/64
5/26/64
11/4/63
11/12/63
12/2/63
155
362
483
497
274
386
404
223
411
193
470
423
413
399
463
231
480
512
465
383
374
365
301
486
465
383
G-5
CD
ro
ro
-------
FIGURE II
-------
Chemical Data - Raritan Bay
FIGURE II (Cont'd.)
Summary of Samples by Area and Station
Area
III
Station tf
33
33
Date
3/30/64
5/25/64
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
53
53
53
53
53
53
54
54
54
54
8/7/63
11/20/63
11/30/63
12/9/63
3/30/64
8/7/63
10/31/63
11/20/63
12/9/63
1/27/64
6/2/64
8/28/63
10/31/63
11/20/63
2/5/64
3/30/64
6/2/64
10/29/63
11/20/63
12/9/63
2/5/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams Area #
304 in
289
253
412
481
447
229
170
418
436
439
396
401
71
449
492
443
401
351
457
414
434
403
Station #
54
54
56
56
56
56
56
56
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
58
58
58
58
58
61
61
61
61
61
61
Date
3/30/64
6/2/64
8/7/63
10/31/63
11/20/63
12/9/63
2/6/64
3/30/64
8/7/63
11/6/63
11/9/63
11/13/63
11/20/63
2/6/64
3/30/64
5/25/64
10/31/63
11/20/63
12/9/63
2/6/64
3/30/64
11/6/63
11/20/63
12/9/63
2/6/64
3/30/64
5/25/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
418
377
285
467
412
368
399
335
204
356
413
419
417
369
368
305
147
377
374
424
196
421
412
396
421
281
171
G-7
-------
FIGURE II CCont'd.
Summary oŁ Samples by Area and Station
Area #
IV
Station #
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
Date
8/21/63
8/21/63
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/V63
1/20/64
3/16/64
6/1/64
6/2/64
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
12/11/63
6/1/64
8/19/63
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
12/11/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
6/1/64
8/21/63
8/21/63
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
426
494
504
458
434
390
382
187
402
474
453
424
452
320
132
489
446
455
424
397
434
413
367
800
Area # Station #
IV 27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
47
47
47
47
47
47
Date
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/27/64
3/30/64
8/12/63
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/27/64
3/30/64
6/1/64
8/7/63
10/31/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/27/64
3/30/64
8/12/63
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/27/64
3/7/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
486
463
417
429
396
605
498
468
420
396
451
349
209
474
487
425
396
399
800
478
470
453
420
384
Ul
G-8
-------
Chemical Data - Raritan Bay
FIGURE II (Cont'd.)
Area #
IV
Station #
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
51
51
51
51
51
51
52
52
52
52
52
Date
8/26/63
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
6/2/64
8/26/63
8/26/63
10/28/63
11/18/63
3/23/64
6/1/64
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
10/28/63
11/18/63
12/4/63
1/27/64
3/24/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
397
514
475
451
370
370
400
800
800
498
469
424
380
504
510
479
458
424
354
489
441
435
417
403
Area ft Station #
V 13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
Date
10/29/63
11/13/63
1/22/64
3/23/63
6/1/64
8/26/63
10/29/63
11/13/63
12/3/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
8/26/63
10/29/63
11/13/64
12/3/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
8/28/63
10/29/63
11/13/63
12/3/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
415
347
213
434
412
333
491
434
437
416
409
409
136
428
493
411
413
404
312
125
455
475
410
395
387
307
CD
ro
cr»
G-9
-------
FIGURE II CCont'-d.)
Summary oŁ Samples by Area and Station
Area #
Station #_
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
Date
8/26/63
10/29/63
11/13/63
12/3/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
10/29/63
11/13/63
12/3/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
8/21/63
10/29/63
11/13/63
11/13/63
12/3/63
1/22/64
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/63
8/26/63
10/29/63
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
621
484
456
459
384
455
357
477
452
422
388
401
427
430
488
497
429
444
397
399
372
352
473
471
Area # Station
V 24
24
24
24
50
50
50
19
11
73
tt Date
12/3/63
1/22/64
3/23/64
6/1/64
10/29/63
12/3/63
3/23/63
Miscellaneous
8/21/63
8/21/63
8/28/63
12/3/63
2/22/64
6/1/64
Total Wet Weight
of Homogenized
Sample in Grams
431
412
412
414
483
436
410
Station
475
677
620
426
400
397
00
ro
G-10
-------
117m 828
Paul DePalco
II. Analytical Procedure;
One hundred grams of drained, homogenized clam
tissue is lyophilized for 15 hours. The sample is ground to
a powder and extracted as in the original procedure.
A 100 gram wet-weight equivalent of the
lyophilized sample is weighed into a 800 ml. beaker. Extract
once with 300 ml. and repeat with 200 ml. of hot CHCL^.
Heat with stirring on a steam bath to effect extraction.
Filter each portion through fluted filter paper into a 600
ml. beaker. Evaporate extracts to a small volume on a steam
bath with the use of air. Transfer to a small tared beaker.
Evaporate solvent and dry oil to constant weight at 100°C.
Preparation of column. Pack pledget of glass
wool in the constricted end of a glass column. A constant
weighed amount of dry alumina is placed in the column. The
column is packed by using an electric vibrator for 4 minutes
during filling to insure uniform and consistent results. The
surface of the alumina is covered with a disc made from any
rapid flow filter paper, making it slightly smaller than the
inside of the column. Wash with 50 5 ml. portions of
petroleum ether. Shut off the flow Just before the last
washing settles in the alumina.
Separation of Unsaponifiables. The weighed and
-------
829
Paul DeFalco
extracted oil from the original sample is dissolved in
petroleum ether in a small beaker. This is carefully placed
on the alumina column. The stopcock is opened and the
eluate is collected at a rate not to exceed 5 ml/minute. The
stopcock is closed when ether-oil mixture reaches the surface
of the alumina. The beaker is rinsed with 2-3 mis. of petroleum
ether, pouring each rinse on the column so that the sides are
washed down. Again the stopcock is opened and the ether is
allowed to settle to the alumina surface. The column is filled
with petroleum ether and 100 mis. of eluate is collected at
the rate of 5 ml/minute. The petroleum ether is concentrated
to a small volume and transferred quantitatively to a tared
beaker. Evaporate to dryness at 100°C and calculate the
percent of unsaponifiables. The results are given as mgms
per 100 grams of tissue homogenate.
The residual oil is transferred to NaCl plates
and the IR spectrum is run. This is compared with a standard
USP mineral oil. If volume is too small, it is transferred
with the aid of CS2. Peaks should be present at 3.4, 6.82
and 7.25.
Analysis of Total Phenols
Total phenols were determined by the method of
-------
830
179m
Paul DePalco
Swain and Hillis <6> w±th certain NERC modifications.
I. Preparation;
A. Reagent s
1) Polin-Denis Reagent: To 750 ml. of H20 add
100 g. Sodium Tungstate, 20 g. phosphomolybdic
acid and 50 ml. phosphoric acid. Reflux 2 hours,
cool, dilute to 1 liter.
B. Extraction
Lyophilize 15 gram sample of drained homogenized
clam tissue for 16 hours. The 15 gram wet-
weight equivalent of material is extracted
with five 50 ml. portions of methanol. The
extract is filtered through #1 Whatman paper
into a 250 ml. volumetric flask and made up to
volume.
II. Analytical Procedure;
Twenty ml. of distilled water is introduced into
a 25 ml. volumetric flask. To this 0.5 ml. of the methanol
extract is added and mixed well. Add 1.25 ml. of Folin-Denis
reagent and mix thoroughly. Exactly three minutes later 2.5
ml. of 1.5M sodium carbonate solution is added and mixed.
The solution is diluted to volume, and mixed and set in a 30°c
constant temperature bath for 50 minutes. After 50 minutes
-------
831
Paul DePalco
it is read on a DU spectrophotometer in a 1 cm cell at 725
mu. Results are read from a standard curve and calculated
as mgms per 100 grams of original tissue homogenate.
Pesticide Analysis
Gas liquid chromatographic techniques were used
for the analysis of Lindane, Aldrin, and Dieldrin in shellfish
for this study, with NERC modifications of techniques developed
by Mills (7, 8). The sample is stripped, saponified,
extracted, and clean-up via either column chromatography
(Plorisil,-etc.) or solvent partitioning (acetonitrile, etc.).
Procedure:
Ten grams of shellfish tissue homogenate is
extracted with hexane and saponified with 20 ml. of alcoholic
KOH on a steam bath for 15-20 minutes. The material is
cooled and extracted quantitatively with 10 ml. of hexane.
This extract is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and
cleaned up if necessary via solvent partition with
acetonitrile or on a Florisll column. The final hexane
extract is sealed in glass ampoules and held for analysis
on a Perkln-Elmer Gas Chromatograph Model #800 with electron
-------
832
l8lm Paul DeFalco
capture detector using Chromosorb W and sllicone gum rubber,
The unknowns were quantitated with pesticide analytical stand-
ards. The results are calculated on the basis of ppm of the
original tissue homogenate.
Metals
The metals in this study were determined by a
method developed at NERC making use of atomic absorption
spectrophotometry (9). The metals zinc, chromium, nickel,
lead and copper were determined by wet-ashing 5 gram samples
of shellfish homogenate in 125 ml. Erlenmeyer- flasks using
1.1 mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids
with heat, such that the reaction temperature of the mixture
never exceeded 100°C. The resultant mixture was diluted
to 100 ml. with conductivity water and read on a Perkin-
Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Model #303. The
readouts for each unknown were quantitated by means of a
similarly prepared metal standard. The results are reported
as mgms per kilo of the original tissue homogenate.
Results and Discussion
In order to properly assess the analytical data
-------
833
Paul DePalco
from this study, it was deemed necessary to develop a normal
comparative pattern which could be used to evaluate the
experimental results. Comparable data in the literature for
these particular contaminants in shellfish are either non-
existent, or out-dated methods-wise. It was therefore
decided to collect a representative group of "normal" shell-
fish samples from chemically and biologically clean areas and
to analyze for those compounds and metals under study. The
resulting data served as our baseline values and were used
as "normal" levels in evaluating the Raritan Bay analyses.
These values are shown in Table I.
TABLE I
NERC Base Line Values
Trace Metals Phenols Mineral Oils Pesticides
Mg./Kilo tissue Mg./lOO gms tissue Mg./lOO gms tiss. PPM
Cu 0 - 5 mg. 35.2 0-4 Aldrin 0
Zn 40-60 mg. Dieldrin 0
Pb 0-.3 mg Lindane 0
Cr 0-.2 mg.
Ni 0-.2 mg
-------
834
183m Paul DePalco
The complete experimental data of this study
are summarized in Figure III and more specifically are
illustrated throughout this report in the various accompa-
nying plates.
Results and Discussion
Phenols
The phenol data are summarized in Plates I and
II. The average station values within the areas studied,
arranged according to seasons of collection, are illustrated
in the map on Plate I. There appear to be no significant
differences between the warm and cold weather samples
within the period studied. The values range from 38.0 to
100 mg./lOO grams of tissue. The station and area
averages are shown in Plate 2. Area I contained the
greatest number of analyzed stations (eight), due to the
fact that this area was considered to be one of the three
highly indicative of possible contaminant accumulation. The
station levels within this area range from 53.6 to 76.0
mg./lOO grams of tissue, with an Area I average of 63.7.
Area II contained two stations giving an average value of
55.5. Areas III through V contributed the highest values.
with averages of 73.3, 65.5 and 72.0 respectively. All five
areas within the bay resulted in an overall value of
-------
835
Paul DePalco
66.0 mg./lOO grams wet tissue. In comparing these results
with our baseline value of 35.2, we find an 88 percent increase
in the overall phenol values when compared with the normal,
for those areas studied.
The levels in those sections of the bay studied
are almost double our normal phenol value and perhaps
represent a certain degree of pollution in these particular
areas.
-------
836
FIGURE III
Summary of Analytical Chemical Data on Raritan Bay
Collection
Area # Station #
I 2
2
2
4
4
4
4
30
30
31
31
31
31
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
44
44
44
II 7
7
7
7
40
40
40
Date
8-12-63
11-5-63
3-24-63
11-5-63
8-12-63
3-31-64
8-13-64
8-7-63
11-6-63
8-7-63
11-6-63
3-30-64
8-19-64
8-13-64
8-21-63
11-5-63
3-16-64
8-19-63
11-5-63
3-24-64
8-18-64
11-5-63
3-24-64
8-19-64
11-6-63
3-30-64
8-19-64
8-28-63
11-4-63
3-23-63
8-13-64
11-5-63
3-31-64
8-13-64
Cu
6.4
10.2
7.0
8.0
7.4
7.4
9.4
7.2
8.0
7.6
8.8
8.4
8.4
8.2
9.4
9.4
7.2
7.2
6.4
6.2
7.6
6.8
3.6
7.0
6.6
7.4
7.0
5.4
10.4
6.6
8.4
68.1
6.6
6.2
Trace Metals (Mgms/Kilo)
Zn
43.0
47.0
55.0
51.0
47.0
60.0
84.5
66.0
52.0
50.0
53.0
55.0
42.0
78.0
52.0
63.0
52.0
64.0
38.0
50.0
71.0
32.0
39.0
43.0
44.0
52.0
54.0
69.6
87.6
88.4
118.6
2.0
27.0
72.0
Pb
3.0
1.6
3.6
5.4
2.2
3.0
3.5
3.5
1.6
7.3
3.0
3.6
3.6
6.6
6.6
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.6
4.9
3.5
6.0
3.6
6.4
5.0
3.5
5.5
3.3
4.7
4.3
0.0
2.2
2.3
Cr
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.4
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
0.0
2.8
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.9
1.3
Ni
1.8
3.8
3.1
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.0
1.8
5.0
6.0
3.1
2.1
4.2
2.6
4.5
3.6
4.0
3.1
3.9
3.1
4.5
4.0
3.1
2.8
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.2
1.8
4.3
0.0
G-15
-------
837
FIGURE III (Cont'd.)
Summary of Analytical Chemical Data on Raritan Bay
Phenols
Collection Pesticides (PPM) (Mgms/100
Area tt Station #
I 2
2
2
4
4
4
4
30
30
31
31
31
31
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
44
44
44
II 7
7
7
7
40
40
40
Date
8-12-63
11-5-63
3_24-64
11-5-63
8-12-63
3_31_64
8-13-64
8-7-63
11-6-63
8-7-63
11-6-63
3-30-64
8-19-64
8-13-64
8-21-63
11-5-63
3-16-64
8-19-63
11-5-63
3_24-64
8-18-64
11-5-63
3-24-64
8-19-64
11-6-63
3_30-64
8-19-64
8-28-63
11-4-63
3_23-64
8-13-64
11-5-63
3-31-64
8-13-64
Aldrin Dieldrin Lindane Cms)
- 67.0
<.01 - - 71.0
_ - - 47.0
_ 65.0
<.01 <.01 70.0
- - - 41.5
_ 48.0
49.0
<.01 - 68.0
_ _ - 100.5
<.01 - 50.0
<.01 - <-01 40.5
50.0
<.01 <.01 - 81.5
<.01 <.01 - 60.0
<.01 <.01 83.5
<;.01 - - 79.0
<.01 - 70.0
<.01 - 73.0
_ 68.5
<.01 - - 75.0
-------
838
838
FIGURE III (Cont'd.)
Summary of Analytical Chemical Data on Raritan Bay
Collection
Area # Station #
III 46
46
56
56
56
57
57
57
61
61
61
IV 22
22
22
22
22
28
28
28
48
48
48
48
52
52
52
V 24
24
24
24
50
50
50
Date
10-31-63
8-18-64
10-31-63
3-30-64
8-19-64
11-6-63
3-30-64
8-19-64
11-6-63
8-19-64
3-30-64
8-21-63
10-28-63
8-21-63
3-16-64
8-18-64
8-12-63
3-30-64
10-28-63
8-26-63
10-28-63
3-24-64
8-18-64
10-28-63
3-24-64
8-8-64
8-26-63
10-29-63
3-23-64
8-17-64
10-29-63
3-23-64
8-17-64
Cu
9.4
6.3
7.3
6.5
6.8
4.2
4.6
7.7
9.8
8.1
7.7
7.2
5.9
8.5
6.6
7.0
3.9
7.0
6.8
7.2
7.3
6.4
8.3
9.2
7.4
8.2
4.5
7.2
6.0
10.0
5.6
5.0
5.3
Trace Metals (Mgms/Kilo)
Zn
64.0
36.6
53.0
35.0
53.0
66.0
74.0
47.0
76.6
77.2
90.6
70.3
43.1
67.3
59.1
44.0
48.2
47.4
45.3
73.2
49.7
50.2
73.2
83.0
77.0
79.0
44.4
77.0
56.0
55.0
54.0
34.0
46.0
Pb
3.5
2.8
4.4
4.2
3.3
4.2
4.6
3.4
5.0
6.1
2.7
2.4
3.3
2.5
2.7
0.5
0.7
2.2
1.9
3.3
1.6
2.3
2.3
0.0
3.1
3.1
4.5
0.3
2.4
4.2
1.0
1.0
0.5
Cr
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ni
4.5
2.9
2.7
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.2
4.0
4.2
1.9
1.7
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.6
2.0
2.8
2.3
2.7
2.9
2.1
1.3
2.6
3.9
2.6
0.0
2.5
3.2
0.0
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.0
G-17
-------
839
FIGURE III (Cont'd.)
Summary of Analytical Chemical Data on Rarltan Bay
Phenols Mineral Oil
Collection Pesticides (PPM) (Mgms/100 (Mgms/100
Area #
m
IF
V
Station #
46
46
46
56
56
56
57
57
57
61
61
61
22
22
22
22
22
28
28
28
48
48
48
48
52
52
52
24
24
24
24
50
50
50
Date Aldrin
10-31-63
3-30-64
8-18-64
10-31-63
3_30-64
8-19-64
11-6-63
3-30-64
8-19-64
11-6-63
8-19-64
3-30-64
8-21-63(1)
10-28-63
8-21-63(2)
3-16-64
8-18-64
8-12-63 < .01
3-30-64
10-28-63
8-26-63
10-28-63
3-24-64
8-18-64
10-28-63
3-24-64
8-18-64
8-26-63 < .01
10-29-63
3-23-64
8-17-64
10-29-63
3-23-64 < .01
8-17-64
Dieldrin Lindane Cms)
61.0
0.05 - 58.0
78.0
68.0
77.0
85.5
66.6
89.0
64.0
88.0
78.5
65.0
0.01 92,0
0.02 97.0
70.0
53.0
0.02 - 52.5
56.6
0.04 54.0
53.5
66.0
64.5
92.0
<.01 65.5
0.01 - 74.0
54.5
0.01 - 38,0
79.0
78.0
75.0
0.04 75.5
72.5
62.5
61.5
Cms)
2.3
1.19
8.32
1.1
0.5
1.7
0.7
3.5
0.9
0.1
G-18
-------
840
189m Paul DePalco
Mineral Oils
Inasmuch as the method used for the detection of
mineral oils requires a considerable amount of sample
material, we were necessarily limited as to the number of
samples and stations that could be studied within a given
area. As a result, in order to obtain sufficient analytical
material, it was found necessary to combine samples within
certain stations. The results of the mineral oil analyses
are shown in Plate 3. The average of all areas was
approximately 2 mg./lOO grams wet tissue. The greatest
concentration was found in Area III with an average of 3.6
and a range of 1.19 to 8.32 mg./lOO grams. Area I with the
greater number of stations analyzed resulted in a value of
2.8 and a range of .3 to 7.82 mg./lOO grams. The average
value of Area V is 1.5 with a range of .1 to 3.5 mg./lOO
grams. The remaining areas (II and IV) gave the lowest
values of .67 (range .1 to 1.7) and 1.1 (range .5 to 1.7)
respectively. In comparison with the normal range (0 to *
mg./lOO grams) we find that four stations in Area I (**Q%
of total) and one station in Area III (33% of total) exceed
this figure. All stations within Areas II, IV and V fail
to exceed the normal level for mineral oil content. Howeve
in Areas I (60*), III (66%) and V(33!O, we find the median
-------
8*11
Paul DePalco
of the normal range exceeded by the percentages indicated
within the parentheses. These results may indicate a degree
of pollution as concerns mineral oils.
Trace Metals
Chromium
The data for chromium is illustrated in Plates 4
and 5. Here the data are somewhat inconclusive in reference
to possible abnormal levels for chromium (Plate 5). In
addition, there is no evidence of any significant seasonal
variations. (Plate 4). Only two areas (I and II) indicate
a questionable elevated chromium level, when compared with
the normal range of 0. to .2 mg/100 grams of tissue. Area
I and II show average station values of O.*l and 0.7 mg./lOO
grams respectively. The possibility of chromium contamina-
tion is rather improbable, although 75 percent (six of eight
of the stations in Area I show values significantly greater
than our normal range. All stations (two of two) in Area II
resulted in values somewhat higher than normal. It would
appear, however, that chromium is not a significant source
of contamination in the areas considered and determined
through the analysis of shellfish tissue.
-------
842
191m Paul DePalco
Copper
Plates 6 and 7 summarize the data for copper.
Plate 6 again Indicates that there are no seasonal variations
in copper levels. Plate 7 summarizes the area results for
copper. All stations exceed the normal baseline range as
determined for copper. The area average for copper is
7 mg./lOO grams of tissue with a range of 6.2 to 7.6. The
survey values are significantly greater by about 50 percent
over the highest levels in our baseline range (Table I).
They exceed by Mo percent the average figures for copper in
hard clams, as determined by a recently completed NERC
trace metal study of the eastern Atlantic Coast. Although
the bay copper levels may tend to indicate a degree of
pollution, they do not indicate that excessive amounts are
present, when compared to certain coastal areas where copper
is known to be a definite contaminant.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
PHENOL ANALYSIS RESULTS
U.S. Public Health Service
Northeast Research Center
mg per 100 gram tissue
O Sample Collected Aug '63
A Sample Collected Nov. '63
D Sample Collected March '64
0 Sample Collected Aug. '64
STATEN ISLAND
CD
-Cr
GPO 956-592
PLATE I
-------
PHENOL
MG/IOO GRAM TISSUE
90-
80-
70-
60-
0 50-
2E
40-
30-
|
S
-rr-
•T
r-r
':":
v
V*
;i;
AVE. 2 4 30 31 41 4243 44
AREA 1
|
AVE. 7 4O
AREA 2
1,
AVE. 46 56 57 61
AREA 3
i
s
\
N
s
\
\
\
\
1
1
\
\
\
s
N
\
\
\
!
AVE. 22 28 48 52
AREA 4
I
1
AVE. 24 50
AREA 5
STATIONS
PLATE 2
00
-------
845
MINERAL OIL
10.0-
8.0-
u
3
W
2 6.0-
h
0
0 4.0-
0
0
s
2.0-
•^T
§
',-',
'.;'.
:'::j
:;!:
•:•
y.
.<•
'.''s
V'
'•:•
:;•;
~^
•S
•A
X!*
x^*
:•:':
:|a
*v
X;
SAMPLES 22112
_
I
f>a
:•:•
i;!;
:;t
•*•
'*•*
x*
X;
|:|
*::'::
•X
.V
v!
|.'i
X
:;:.;
;X
*.^.
•:•
I
j
i —
I
1
I
^
l\
4123 223 221 222
STATION 2 4 4 41 41 4242434344 7 7 40 465761 222228
y
X
1
1 3
4854
AREA 1 AREA 2 AREA 3 AREA 4
Ft
^
S
x
x
x
\
IL
222
242450
AREA 5
PLATE 3
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHROMIUM ANALYSIS RESULTS
U S Public Health Service
Noftheast Research Center
mg per Kilogram tissue
O Sample Collected Aug '63
A Sample Collected Nov. '63
Q Sample Collected March '64
• Sample Collided Aug '61
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
CD
-Cr
01
GPO 956-592
PLATE 4
-------
CHROMIUM
MG / KILOGRAM TISSUE
O-NO CHROMIUM DETECTED
3.0-1
O
2.0-
i.o-
1
0 1 0
I
000
AVE. 2 4 30 31 41 42 43 44
AREA I
AVE. 7 40
AREA 2
AVE. 46 56 57 61
AREA 3
• 00
AVE.
\
s
\
s
0 0
22 28 48 52
AREA 4
AVE.
AREA
0
24
5
0
50
STATIONS
PLATE 5
GPO 956-592
(JO
-Cr
-•4
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
COPPER ANALYSIS RESULTS
US Public Health Service
Northeast Research Center
mg per kilogram tissue
O Sample Collected Aug '63
A Sample Collected Nov. '63
D Sample Collected March '64
• Sample Collected Aug. '64
BROOKLYN
*m*$^
NEW JERSEY
GPO 956-592
PLATE 6
-------
COPPER
MG / KILOGRAM TISSUE
10.0-
9.0-
8.0-
O 7.0-
_J
6.0-
2
5.0-
4.0-
3.0
AVE. 2 4 30 31 41 42 43 44
AREA I
AVE. 7 40
AREA 2
AVE. 46 56 57 61
AREA 3
STATIONS
PLATE 7
^
I
> 28 48 52
EA 4
1
Y
AVE. 24 50
AREA 5
00
-------
850
199m
Paul DePalco
Lead
Lead values, detected in those sections of the
bay studied, proved to be substantially elevated when com-
pared to our normal levels for this particular metal. Plates
8 and 9 summarize the analytical results for lead. In Plate
8 we were unable to observe any cold versus warm weather
sample difference. Plate 9 indicates that all stations
have lead values exceeding the normal limits by approximately
ten times. The area average for lead is 3.2 mg./kilo tissue.
The station values range from .8 to 6.2 mg. This is a ten-
fold elevation when compared to the normal range of 0 to
.3 mg. It appears that lead might be considered a pollutant
source as regards the area studied. We find that Area V
appears here as elsewhere to be the section of least
pollution.
Nickel
The results for nickel appear to be about the
same as for lead. Every station gave values which were
elevated tenfold over normal. The overall average is 2.6
mg./kilo, while the results range from 1.8 to 3.2 mg. The
data for nickel are summarized in Plates 10 and 11. Con-
sistent with all our other data, the seasonal levels shown in
-------
851
Paul DePalco
Plate 10 again indicate that no warm and cold weather
relations appear to exist as regards shellfish tissue for
those contaminants studied. Here again, although elevated,
we find lower station values for nickel in Area V.
Zinc
Zinc data are illustrated in Plates 12 and 13.
As has been the case throughout this study, we have been
unable to detect any significant variations between warm
and cold weather sampling. This pattern holds for the
zinc levels as well and is shown in Plate 12. The station
averages indicate values in the upper range of normal, but
no significant elevations were noted. Plate 13 indicates
that Area averages range from 50.8 to 75.9 rag./kilo tissue.
The overall area average is approximately 61 mg., which is
at the uppermost limits of our normal range of values
(40-60 mg./kilo) shown in Table I. Therefore, it appears
that zinc levels as found in shellfish tissue do not appear
to be a significant contaminant within the bay areas
studied.
Pesticides
In the cooperative experimental design of this
study, it was decided that the three pesticides proposed to
-------
852
201m Paul DePalco
be studied would probably be most indicative for this par-
ticular area as regards such a group of organic contaminants.
The compounds selected were Aldrin, Dieldrin and Llndane,
which are exceptionally persistent in the environment in which
released, because of their chemical structure (chlorinated
hydrocarbons). The pesticide data are illustrated in Plate
1*J. All Area I stations were positive for at least one
of the three pesticides studied, although no station gave
values greater than .01 ppm. All samples in this area were
positive for all of the eight stations analyzed. Twenty
of a total of twenty-seven samples were positive for one
of the three pesticides surveyed. Ten samples out of thirty
resulted in values of .02 to .05 ppm for these same three
pesticides in Areas II through V. The remaining positive
samples in these four areas were of levels of less than
.01 ppra. Out of a total of 68 samples 33 proved to be
positive for one of these particular compounds. It appears
that these materials are finding their way into the bay areas
studied and are being picked up with probable concentration
by shellfish within this environment.
Summary
1. Sixty-nine representative shellfish samples
-------
«53
Paul DePalco
out of some four hundred collected were studied to
ascertain the possible presence of certain trace metals, and
organic materials (phenols, mineral oils, and pesticides),
which had been agreed upon as possibly being indicative
of contaminant sources within the areas of the Raritan Bay
being studied.
2. These sixty-nine samples from twenty stations
within the five areas were selected on the basis of shellfish
source and currents.
3. The phenol values within the areas studied
appear to be significantly elevated when compared with the
normal values.
lJ. The results of mineral oils analyses may
possibly indicate some degree of pollution.
5. The copper levels, although somewhat
elevated compared with the normal baseline values, do not
appear to indicate any gross contamination.
6. Lead appears to be a possible contaminant
source in all areas studied. The values are approximately
tenfold higher than normal.
7. The nickel levels run almost parallel with
lead as a contaminant source, inasmuch as values for this
particular metal were also found to be at least ten times
those of the normal baseline results.
-------
854
203m Paul DeFalco
8. Zinc, with values falling within the
upper level of the normal range, does not appear elevated
and probably does not represent a contaminant source for
shellfish in these areas.
9. Chromium results in general are not indica-
tive of a contaminant source role for this particular metal
within any of the five areas studied. Levels were found
to be within the normal range with the exception of Areas
I and II. In these particular areas, the levels did not
approach values to lend any credence to chromium being a
possible pollutant.
10. The fact that at least one of the three
pesticides under study was detected in every area, does
indicate the possibility that these materials may be
contributing to pollution within the areas studied.
11. Analytical results within Area V indicate
that there probably is less contamination here than in the
remaining sections surveyed.
12. All other sections vary as to the degree
of contamination, while Areas I and II indicate pollution
of greater significance for those materials studied.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
LEAD ANALYSIS RESULTS
US Public Health Service
Northeast Research Center
STATEN ISLAND
mg per Kilogram tissue
O Sample Collected Aug 63
^Sample Collected Nov. '63
D Sample Collected March '64
Sample Collected Aug. '64
"O
U1
-1
GPO 95* 59.'
PLATE 8
-------
LEAD
MG / KILOGRAM TISSUE
CD
7.0-
6.0-
5.0-
4.0-1
3.0^
2.0-
1.0-
AVE. 2 4 30 31 41 42 43 44
AREA I
AVE. 7 40
AREA 2
1
1
I
1
]
46 56 57 61 AVE. 22 28 48 52
AREA 3 AREA 4
AVE. 24 50
AREA 5
STATIONS
PLATE 9
03
U1
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
NICKEL ANALYSIS RESULTS
US. Public Health Service
Northeast Research Center
mg per kilogram tissue
O Sample Collected Aug. '63
ASomple Collected Nov. '63
D Sample Collected March '64
• Sample Collected Aug. '64
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
00
\r\
GPO 956-592
PLATE 10
-------
6. On
5.0
O 4.0-
3.0-
2.0-
1.0-
NICKEL
MG/KILOGRAM TISSUE
AVE 2 4 30 31 41 42 43 44
AREA I
AVE 7 40
AREA 2
AVE 46 56 57 61
AREA 3
AVE 22 28 48 52
AREA 4
AVE 24 50
AREA 5
STATIONS
PLATE II
00
U1
CO
Gl'O 956 592
-------
BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
ZINC ANALYSIS RESULTS
U.S Public Health Service
Northeast Rosearch Center
STATEN ISLAND
mg per Kilogram tissue
O Sample Collected Aug. 63
A Sample Collected Nov. '63
D Sample Collected March '64
Sample Collected Aug. '64
O 703
B45 O 67.3
GPO 956-592
PLATE 12
-------
ZINC
MG/KILOGRAM TISSUE
o
CD
100-
90-
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
AVE. 2 4 30 31 41 42 4344
AREA I
AVE. 7 40
AREA 2
AVE. 46 56 57 61
AREA 3
AVE. 22 28 48 52
AREA 4
STATIONS
PLATE 13
AVE. 24 50
AREA 5
CO
cn
O
-------
861
.uo
.04-
.03
.02
01
05
.04
2 .03
I .02
K
U 01-
Q-
f»
-------
862
211m Paul DePalco
REFERENCES
1. Campbell, R., U.S. Public Health Service.
July 196M. A Report on the Economically Important Shellfish
Resources of Raritan Bay.
2. U. S. Public Health Service. August 1961.
Transcript of Conference on Pollution of the Interstate
Waters of the Raritan Bay and Adjacent Waters, First Session.
3. U. S. Public Health Service. April 1963.
Progress Report for the Conference on Pollution of Raritan
Bay and Adjacent Waters, Second Session.
H. U. S. Public Health Service. May 1963.
Transcript of Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of Raritan Bay and Adjacent Interstate
Waters, Second Session.
5. Sllverberg, H. D., Mineral Oil in Food,
J.O.A.C. *I5>, 241, (1962).
6. Swain, T., and Hlllis, W., Phenolic Constitu-
ents in Pronas Cemistica, J. Sci. Food Agric., 10, 63, (1959)-
7. Mills, P. A. In: Barry, H. E. and Hundley,
J. G. (Editors), Pesticide Analytical Manual, Food and Drug
Administration, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and
Welfare, July 1965.
-------
863
Paul DePalco
8. Mills, P. A., Pesticides, J.O.A.C. 4Ł,
734, (1959).
9. Perkln-Elmer Company. Analytical Methods
for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, January 1964.
-------
864
1m
Paul DeFalco
MR. DE PALCO: That, gentlemen, Is the comole
fols.
Vol. Ill report of the Project.
of report
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any comments or questions from the
conferees?
Mr. Glenn?
MR. GLENN: No.
MR. STEIN: Dr. Kandle?
DR. KANDLE: No.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Hennigan?
MR. HENNIGAN: No.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Klashman?
MR. KLASHMAN: I have none.
MR. STEIN: I would like to say, at least
speaking for myself, that I think the report you gentleme
have completed is one of the most comprehensive, thorough
and direct that I have seen in my years in this business
As most of you know, that has been a considerable number
years.
As a matter of fact, this might explain some
of the activities you will see later. Most of the people
we have on the panel, in dealing with this, are old
colleagues who have known each other for the better part
of a quarter of a century, and have worked together for a
-------
865
Paul DePalco
long time.
With this report that we have heard, we have
a clear statement of the problem and, as I sense, without
questions on the details from the conferees we will be pre-
pared to move forward.
At this point I would like to, as I always like
to do, give you the best prognosis that I can make of the
conference. After a recess for lunch, we will hear from
the other Federal agencies. Then New Jersey and its invitees
will make presentations; the Interstate Sanitation Commission
will come next; and New York will follow that.
If we have any of the congressional delegations,
they will be here tomorrow morning. We will make an announce-
ment on that later.
Checking with the local experts, the New York
situation being what it is, I understand the most rapid
time we can adjourn for a reasonable lunch hour is an hour
and a half, and so we will stand recessed until one-thirty.
Thank you.
(Whereupon, at twelve o'clock noon a luncheon
recess was taken.)
-------
866
3m Mark AbeIson
AFTERNOON SESSION
(1:30 p.m.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
Mr. Klashman?
MR. KLASHMAN: I would like now to call on the
Federal agencies who have indicated they wish to make state-
ments.
The first will be Mr. Mark Abelson, who is my
colleague in Boston. He is the Regional Coordinator for
the United States Department of the Interior in Boston,
representing this region.
STATEMENT OP MARK ABELSON, REGIONAL
COORDINATOR, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OP THE INTERIOR, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
MR. ABELSON: Chairman Stein, Conferees,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am Mark Abelson, Regional Coordinator for the
Northeast Region, United States Department of the Interior.
The Department of the Interior is the Nation's
primary agency charged with the responsibility for a wide
variety of programs for the management, conservation and
development of the natural resources benefiting every
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Mark Abelson
section of the Nation. For this reason Interior can best
be described as the"Department of Natural Resources."
The Department is made up of some two dozen bureaus
and offices, whose functions and responsibilities cover the
entire range of natural and human resources. In the North-
east, coordination of these functions and responsibilities
is accomplished through my office in Boston.
In carrying out our vital responsibilities for
sound management of natural resources, the Department
encourages efficient resources use; works to assure that a
sound resource base is provided to meet the needs of our
expanding economy and our natural security; promotes an
equitable distribution of benefits from nationally owned
resources; and seeks to prevent wasteful exploitation of
resources.
The Department has a definite interest in all
waters of the country and in the entire pollution problem.
Water, and its associated opportunities and
problems, ignores State, regional and international
boundaries. It is necessary that these interrelationships
of water be so recognized, and that the efforts of all
concerned plan for the best use of this valuable resource.
The focus of Interior's efforts is directed
to the maintenance of adequate water supplies and adequate
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5m Mark AbeIson
water quality, for whatever uses man may wish to make of
this resource. The Department's approach emphasizes the
coordination and interrelation between uses and the effect
of these uses on management and the quality of the total
water supply system. We hope we can keep the country as
an affluent, not as an effluent, society.
Maintenance of water quality involves not
only the quality levels for human consumption, but also
quality levels for consumption by other animal and plant
life, for development of other natural resources, and for
industrial processes. These quality considerations are
interrelated. They can be understood and controlled best
from the point of view of water as a resource, rather than
of a particular quality need.
Interior Bureaus, in addition to the Water
Pollution Control Administration, carry on water quality
studies related to the physical, chemical and biological
adequacy of our water resources. These studies and the
associated research are chiefly those in which the skills
and required knowledge are based on geology, chemistry,
hydrology, engineering and other physical science aspects
of water management. Interior's water quality research
extends beyond water supply to the study of environments
adequate for the propagation, production and control of
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Mark Abelson
both fish and wildlife resources, and for water-based
recreation.
In conclusion, I would like to say that we urge
that steps be taken to eliminate from Raritan Bay and
adjacent interstate waters those domestic and industrial
pollutants which detract from the full public enjoyment of
the aquatic resources of these areas.
Mr. Richard Griffith, who is at present the
Regional Director of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, will present a statement on the interests of that
and the sister Bureau of the Department — the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response. )
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much.
MR. KLASHMAN: Mr. Griffith is the Northeastern
Regional Director of the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and
Wildlife, another colleague from the Department of the
Interior, also located in Boston.
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7m 870
R. E. Griffith
STATEMENT OP RICHARD E. GRIFFITH, NORTH-
EASTERN REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF BUREAU OF
SPORTS FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, DEPART-
MENT OF THE INTERIOR, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
MR. GRIFFITH: Chairman Stein, Conferees,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am Richard Griffith, Northeastern Regional
Director, Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, Boston.
In 1964 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
prepared a report on the fish and wildlife resources of the
Raritan, Lower New York, and Sandy Hook Bays. I would like
to call your attention to some of the highlights of that
report at this time, even though the report itself will be
made a part of the record of this hearing.
The Service is vitally interested in reducing
pollution in Raritan Bay and we feel that major benefits
would result if the quality of these waters were at the
level necessary to support a safe shellfishery.
The commercial shellfish resources presently
consist of hard clams, soft clams, and blue crabs. The
history of the shellfish resources in the Raritan Bay area
indicates that the harvest reached a peak in the late
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R. E. Griffith
1800's and maintained that level until about 1945, when it
began a gradual decline. Oyster production was once a major
activity in this area. At present, due to destruction of
seed beds, increased salinity due to channel dredging; and
increased pollution load, the oyster has disappeared.
Of the shellfish, hard clams are the most
important commercial species. About 50 percent of the
Project area is commercial hard clam habitat. Due to
present pollution conditions, only a portion of Sandy Hook
Bay is open to commercial clamming. The commercial fishery
for hard clams in the Raritan Bay area is one of steadily
decreased harvests as pollution increased. -In recent years,
the limited area open to clamming in Sandy Hook Bay provides
an annual harvest of about $40,000.
It is estimated that there is a total population
amounting to 3,444,000 bushels in the New York section
and 1,393,000 bushels in New Jersey. Under optimum water
quality conditions .for this resource, the potential harvest
would be about 550,000 bushels annually, with a value of
about $3,850,000.
At one time, soft clams were taken commercially
along the New Jersey coast from Conaskonk Point to the
northern tip of Sandy Hook. In New York the production
area i-icluded the entire south shore of Staten Island.
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R. E. Griffith
872
The history of the soft clam follows that of the hard clam
in that deteriorating habitat conditions resulted in a
decline of the fishery. The latest commercial harvest
data reveal that in 19^8 about 175,000 bushels of soft
clams valued at over $600,000 were taken. At the present
time, there is no significant commercial harvest. Under
optimum conditions the soft clam beds can produce a
sustained average annual yield of 300 bushels per acre of
habitat. It is~estimated that about 40,000 acres are soft
clam habitat of commercial quality. This indicates a
potential commercial value of about $18,000,000 annually.
It should be noted that to realize this potential, the
soft clam product would have to meet the Federal and State
requirements of quality.
- The commercial crab fishery is largely a winter
dredge fishery. During spring, summer and fall, the crab
population spreads out to the shallow waters. During the
period November to March the crabs concentrate in the
deeper waters and hibernate in the muddy bottom. At this
time they are taken by dredge boats. The commercial blue
crab fishery is subject to violent fluctuations throughout
its range. While there is no specific data for blue crab
harvests in the early days of the fishery in the project
area, data covering adjacent areas indicate that the blue
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R. E. Griffith
crab harvests are continuing these fluctuations.
The commercial finfishery exhibits the same
history in the Raritan Bay area as the commercial shell-
fishery. Peak catches, with an estimated value of
$2,000,000, were reported around the turn of the century and,
on the average, have declined to the present time. The
present commercial finfish harvest is estimated to be about
$200,000. This includes those fish actually taken in the
project area and those caught outside the project area, but
which are dependent on the inshore bays for part of their
life cycle. Under optimum conditions of water quality and
assuming that such things as overfishing and physical
destruction of habitat will not occur, it is estimated that
the potential commercial finfishery would approximate
$400,000 in annual value.
In addition to the major benefits to commercial
finfishing and shellfishing that would result from optimum
water quality conditions, a very substantial increase in
the value of the area for marine sport fishing and recrea-
tional shellfishing would result.
The Raritan Bay is important to waterfowl as a
resting and feeding area during migration periods.
Improvement in water quality conditions would improve
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llm R. E. Griffith
waterfowl habitat by increasing the food supply in the form
of small fish and shellfish.
About 1,000 acres of salt marsh border the
bay and are extremely important for fish and wildlife.
Except for the wetlands in Cheesequake State Park, this
acreage is under constant threat of development. Present
hunting use of the waterfowl resource is limited. It is
estimated that about 1,000 man-days, worth approximately
$3,000, constitute the present waterfowl hunting value.
In summary, the Raritan Bay area was once a
leading producer of commercial finfish and shellfish.
Human activity in the interests of residential and industri-
al development, navigation, beach erosion control, hurricane
protection, and mosquito control have destroyed or altered
adversely a considerable reach of the shoreline and the
adjacent bay waters. The effects of these activities
cannot be overcome to the point of fully restoring condi-
tions favorable to finfish and shellfish. There is,
however, a problem which can be corrected and that is
pollution. The increase in the pollution load in the
waters' of this area has had very damaging effects on the
finfish and shellfish populations.
In the interest of meeting future needs for
food supplies and recreational opportunities, the United
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875
R. E. Griffith
States Fish and Wildlife Service urges that steps be taken
to cure the unfavorable conditions which now prevail in
Raritan Bay and adjacent interstate waters.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Griffith, for a
very excellent statement.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: Let me ask you one question.
You say the oysters disappeared completely and
clams only account for 50 percent of the harvest. What
accounts for the rest?
MR. GRIFFITH: The clams account for 50 percent
of the fishery resource harvest in this area.
MR. STEIN: That includes finfish?
MR. GRIFFITH: The remainder constitutes the
finfish, both commercially important species and those
which are Important as game species.
MR. STEIN: What do you estimate that you
can increase your clams to?
MR. GRIFFITH: I quoted a figure of an annual
potential yield of about $3,850,000.
MR. STEIN: How much of an increase is that
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13m
R. E. Griffith
over the existing yield?
MR. GRIFFITH: The existing yield at the
present time, based upon information available, is valued
at about $40,000, so this represents an almost fantastic
increase.
MR. STEIN: Let me ask another question: Do
you think we can ever restore the oysters in this area?
MR. GRIFFITH: There are two experts on that
question in the audience, and I am sure Mrs. Wallace
or Mr. Wallace will comment on this later.
DR. KANDLE: All it needs is that the people
disappear.
MR. STEIN: Let's hear from Mrs. Wallace. She
may be able to tell you, Doctor, how we can have both
people and oysters. It is possible. We had a walrus and
the carpenter. (Laughter.)
This seems to me rather significant. In any
area where you have, even at these depleted conditions,
50 percent of the value of the fishery in shellfish as
compared to finfish—and you have heard the almost
astronomical increase projected by Mr. Griffith and we
will hear about the oysters later—this is, as far as
I can see, a rather significant fact.
MR. GRIFFITH: With your permission, I would
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R. E. Griffith
like to make an additional comment.
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. GRIFFITH: This relates to the offshore
fisheries, commercially as well as recreationally.
It is estimated that the recreational fishery
for the mid-Atlantic coast has an annual value of about
$25 million. This figure represents the annual expendi-
tures of the many people for the equipment and services to
pursue their sport.
This $25 million sport fishery, not to mention
the commercial fishery, is dependent in very large part on
a series of small estuary areas, a series of bays, such as
Raritan Bay, to provide the nursery grounds for the fishes
themselves, as well as some of the organisms upon which they
are dependent.
I cannot overemphasize the extreme importance
of every area along the metropolitan coast, such as Raritan
Bay. It is my sincere hope that in the interest of the
total fishery resource represented in this area, that there
is progressive action towards producing a solution to the
problem.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response.)
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15m
R. Van Derwerker
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much.
Mr. Klashman?
MR. KLASHMAN: The next Federal representative I
wish to call is Mr. Ralph Van Derwerker, United States Public
Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
MR. STEIN: You know Mr. Van Derwerker and I
worked together so long ago, I'm not sure that the Raritan
wasn't clean that far back.
(Laughter.)
STATEMENT OP RALPH VAN DERWERKER, REGIONAL
REPRESENTATIVE OP THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR
URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND REGIONAL
PROGRAM CHIEF OF THE WATER SUPPLY AND SEA
RESOURCES PROGRAM OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE
MR. VAN DERWERKER: Chairman Stein, Conferees,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
My name is Ralph Van Derwerker. I am Regional
Representative of the National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health and the Regional Program Chief of the Water Supply and
Sea Resources Program of the Public Health Service, Department
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R. Van Derwerker
of Health, Education, and Welfare.
I would like to compliment Mr. DePalco and his
staff for the really excellent report and job they have done
on a truly difficult task.
My statement of interest in the Third Session of
the Conference on Pollution of Raritan Bay and Adjacent Inter-
state Waters is on the health aspects of water pollution
control and is made under the auspices of the Interdepartmental
Agreement between the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare and the Department of the Interior dated September 2,
1966. Our interest in the health aspects of water pollution
at this conference relate principally to our responsibilities
under the National Shellfish Sanitation Program and the use of
Raritan Bay waters for water contact recreation.
The National Shellfish Sanitation Program was
established in 1925 to provide for the protection and certifi-
cation of safe shellfish through effective sanitary control of
the shellfish industry. It is a voluntary cooperative effort
comprising the Public Health Service, the several participating
States and the shellfish industry itself.
The fundamental components of this National Program
are contained in the Manual of Recommended Practices for the
Sanitary Control of the Shellfish Industry, Part I, II and
III. Copies of these parts are submitted here for the record.
I have copies of these, if the conferees need them
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17m R. Van Derwerker
for the record.
MR. STEIN: Do you want them included in the
record?
MR. VAN DERWERKER: If you desire them.
MR. STEIN: Let's make them an appendix to the
record.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: Fine.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: The goals of the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program, as stated in Part I of the
National Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations
(see Appendix) are:
1. "the continued safe use of this natural
resource and
2. "active encouragement of water quality
programs which will preserve all possible
coastal areas for this beneficial use."
As a result of these goals and the administrative
responsibilities of the Public Health Service in the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program, we are directly interested in
the pollution profiles of Raritan Bay and Adjacent Interstate
Waters and the proposals both as to the use of these waters
and the means for safeguarding any such use for shellfishery
purposes.
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R. Van Derwerker
I would first like to speak to the relationship
of the second goal enumerated above, namely, "active encourage-
ment of water quality programs which will preserve all possible
coastal areas for this beneficial use." For this purpose it
will be necessary to make reference to the transcripts of the
record for the First and Second Sessions and the Summary
Report for the Third Session.
In the First Session it was found that in
accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(Public Law 660) pollution of interstate waters which endangers
the health or welfare of persons in a State other than the one
in which the discharges originate did exist and that this
was cause for considering abatement under the procedures
described by law. Among the material presented by the Public
Health Service in support of this finding was the reported
"substantial number of cases of infectious hepatitis" traced
to clams taken from Raritan Bay. Among the material presented
by the Public Health Service in support of damage to the wel-
fare of the area was the loss to the economy from the closing
of shellfish areas only a few months prior to the First
Session.
The conclusions of the Second Session reported
that the cooperative studies undertaken by the Public Health
Service had demonstrated that pollution interfered with the
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R. Van Derwerker
legitimate use of Raritan Bay and that such conditions
"still remain a health hazard at bathing beaches, preclude
the operation of a safe shellfish industry and interfered
with other recreational uses, including fishing, and boating...1
For the conference record, I would like at this
point to submit reports covering two aspects of the Raritan
Bay Study prepared by the Public Health Service's Northeast
Marine Health Sciences Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island,
formerly known as the Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research
Center. The two reports are titled, "Analytical Chemical
Data on Shellfish from Raritan Bay, New Jersey" and "Shell-
fish Resources of Raritan Bay, New Jersey," which furnish an
estimate of the value of this resource.
Because of the direct relationship of the initia-
tion of this conference and related study to the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program, and the possibility of benefits
to this program in keeping with the second goal of the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program, it is necessary to express
regrets that shellfishing is not listed in the "conclusions"
of the Summary Report for the Third Session as a planned bene-
fit to be covered by a related abatement program, but only as
a possible additional undetermined or unspecified by-product.
The exact statement is:
"Additional major benefits would accrue if
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883
R. Van Derwerker
"the quality of these waters were at the level
necessary to support a safe shellfishery."
No information was presented that would indicate
if any such benefit would accrue as the result of the proposed
abatement schedule.
When I arrived here this morning, I was given a
revision of Table X, "Water Quality Requirements," which
corrects some of this comment, in that the provision for
sanitary quality in the shellfish sanitation manual be
described by this revision as a criteria of water require-
ment for a coliform bacteria.
In connection with this revision, I would like to
comment again on it. Under other parameters it refers to
parameters in Table IX, and I would suggest adding all other
provisions in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual,
because there are chemical, radioactive and pesticide require-
ments in the manual that are not mentioned in Table IX and
should be applied to this commercial shellfish area.
It is necessary to point out that associated with
the water quality, for a safe shellfish area, are the safe-
guards associated with the continuity of such quality for all
times that shellfishing is permitted. This apparent
demotion of shellfishing to a lower consideration as a benefit
to be derived from a designed abatement program is of
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21m R. Van Derwerker
884
particular surprise to the National Shellfish Sanitation
Program since we understand that within the stated enforce
ment measures enumerated in the latest Water Pollution
Control Act, 33 USC 466 et seq, is the following:
"The Secretary shall also call such a
conference whenever, on the basis of reports,
surveys, or studies he has reason to believe
that any pollution referred to in subsection
(a) and endangering the health or welfare
of persons in a State other than that in
which the discharge or discharges originate
is occurring; or he finds that substantial
economic injury results from the inability
to market shellfish or shellfish products in
interstate commerce because of pollution
referred to in subsection (a)..."
No information was presented in the "Summary
Report" covering the considerations given to the re-
establishment of the shellfish industry and the basis for
not including an abatement program for at least a partial
recovery of the shellflshery. We would urge that this
session of the conference give every consideration to this
possibility, together with the associate procedures for
developing the abatement program needed for any specifie
protection for the area associated and in keeping with
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R. Van Derwerker
the health requirements as specified in the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations. In
addition it is suggested that such considerations should
be made a part of the final conclusions of the conference.
If in the future, as a part of this conference,
an abatement program is to be designed to reclaim the use
of a portion of the shellfish areas in Rarltan Bay for
market shellfish or if it is anticipated that such reclama-
tion of areas be a by-product of other abatement actions
and programs, it is recommended that the plan and the
supporting information be presented to the applicable
units of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program both
State and Federal for an adequate review and comment
before entering upon such a program. This will reduce
the possibility of situations where a proposed abatement
action does not achieve the desired result due to inadequate
understanding of the critical health considerations appli-
cable for the safe use of raw food resource. It should be
noted that a complete review has not been possible with
the data and in the time made available as the "Summary
Report" was received on May 26, 196?. We would suggest
that if shellflshing is to be contemplated as a legitimate
use of a portion of the Rarltan Bay that abatement pro-
posals and the supporting study information be presented
to the National Shellfish Sanitation Program for review
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23«n R. Van Derwerker 886
and that In keeping with the volume of supportive data need
and complexity of the situation that appropriate time be
given for such a review.
In regards to the first goal of the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program, namely, "the continued safe
use of this natural resource," I would like to call your
attention to the fact that presently the governing area
classification needs are covered in the National Shell-
fish Sanitation Program Manuals of Operation and would
apply to interstate shellfish shipments. These Include
chemical, bacteriological, radiological and pesticidal
criteria for ensuring the safety of the shellfish from
these growing areas. Special reference is made to items
#3 and #4 of Section C of Part I of the applicable Manual
of Operations.
The recreational use of the waters in Raritan
Bay is also an Important consideration since the report
indicates 90# of the present estimated annual value of
water use of the Bay is associated with recreation. On
the health aspects of water pollution in the use of
Raritan Bay waters for water contact recreation, the
Public Health Service is currently developing water
quality standards for applying to recreational waters.
We know it is potentially dangerous to have recreational
contact with waters containing unchlorinated sewage
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R. Van Derwerker
effluent as in Raritan Bay and obviously the higher the
coliform count, the greater the possibility that a public
health hazard exists.
Waters used for swimming and bathing should
conform to three general conditions: (a) they should be
esthetically enjoyable, i.e., free from obnoxious floating
or suspended substances, objectionable color, and foul
odors; (b) they should contain no substances that are
toxic upon ingestion or irritating to the skin; and (c)
they should be reasonably free from pathogenic organisms.
Specific bacteriological standards for recreational waters,
however, have not been promulgated by the Public Health
Service as they have for approved shellfish growing waters
which must have a median coliform MPN of less than 70 per
100 ml. In general though a limit of 1,000 to 2,400
coliform organisms per 100 ml as an indicator of pathogenic
organisms is considered acceptable for approved beach
waters by the American Public Health Association Joint
Committee on Swimming Pools and Bathing Places, as
discussed in their 10th edition of "Recommended Practice
for Design, Equipment and Operation of Swimming Pools
and other Public Bathing Places." This water quality
level is considered by the Public Health Service and most
State health departments to be the best guide currently
available on the subject and we have no evidence to
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25m R. Van Derwerker
indicate a health hazard exists when it is met. However,
we feel that where water contact recreation is permitted
in an area, secondary treatment including disinfection of
sewage discharging to the area should be required.
In most instances, therefore, any recreational
water quality standards would be met in Raritan Bay if the
quality of the Bay waters were at a level for an approved
area classification for shellfish growing waters, as
presented in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program
Manual of Operations.
Conclusion
1. The use of Raritan Bay as a shellfish
growing area and the loss of such area for market shell-
fish following a reported outbreak of infectious hepatitis
traced to shellfish from Raritan Bay was a prime cause
for the initiation of the Conference on Pollution of Rarits
Bay and Adjacent Interstate Waters in accordance with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Public Law 660).
2. The "Conclusions" of the Summary Report
for the Third Session of this conference apparently do
not Include the restoration of any portion of the shell-
fishery lost in 1961 Just prior to the calling of the
First Session of the conference.
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R. Van Derwerker
3. In keeping with the two goals of the
National Shellfish Sanitation program concerned with the
continued safe use of this natural resource and the active
encouragement of water quality programs which will preserve
all possible coastal areas for this beneficial use, it is
recommended for consideration by this Third Session that a
proposed abatement program related to restoration of a
portion of Raritan Bay for market shellfishlng be developed
by the Raritan Bay Project together with supportive
technical and study findings and this abatement program
along with supportive material be presented to the National
Shellfish Sanitation Program for review and comments prior
to arriving at a Conference decision for or against the
use of the area for such market shellfish purposes.
4. We are in agreement with the report state-
ment that "Additional major benefits would accrue if the
quality of these waters were at the level necessary to
support a safe shellfishery." We therefore urge the
effective implementation of an abatement program designed
to restore maximal usage of Raritan Bay waters for the
direct market harvesting of shellfish. Such a program
would by virtue of the utilization of the stringent shell-
fish standards also reclaim a maximum of area acceptable
to water contact recreation including fishing.
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lma R. Van Derwerker
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Van Derwerker.
Do you have available those manuals for submission
to the reporter?
MR. VAN DERWERKER: Yes.
MR. STEIN: Would you hold yourself available for
questions?
Mr. Glenn?
MR. GLENN: I would like to ask Mr. Van Derwerker
a couple of questions.
One is that I am sure that the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration, as well as ourselves, would love
to open the shellfish beds in Raritan Bay again. They have
proposed secondary treatment with year-round chlorination,
which again I am in favor of. However, we still have combined
sewers in the area that we do not have a solution to.
Every time it rains in the future, after all this
work has been completed which has been proposed, over 750
million gallons a day of raw waste will be discharged out of
the combined sewers into these shellfish waters that used to b«
open.
Now, the question I would like to ask is this:
What do you propose for an abatement program in addition to
what has been proposed, so that these shellfish waters could be
opened for shellfish again?
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R. Van Derwerker
MR. VAN DERWERKER: I would propose a full con-
sideration and awareness of the water quality standards In
the shellfish manual. I agree with that portion of the
report which Indicated that It Is Impossible at this time to
evaluate the effects of the combined stormwaters on the con-
ditions in the bay; and certainly, after your abatement
program on Industrial and municipal wastes is well along,
that should be measured.
Actually, we cannot predict at any time what the
conditions will be five or ten years hence in an area of
this sort because, while we are cleaning up one situation,
another situation is likely to develop.
MR. GLENN: Do you think you should open the shell-
fish beds as long as there are going to be combined sewers
spilling out every time it rains?
MR. VAN DERWERKER: I don't think it is a question
of that. I think shellfish beds can be opened when bacterio-
logical surveillance indicates that they are approved. So
far, from the indications we have the chemical, pesticidal
and radiological, are within the criteria being proposed.
It is only in the bacteriological area that the approved area
criteria are exceeded at some time during the year.
MR. GLENN: I don't think you have answered my
question. As long as there are going to be 750 million gallons
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R. Van Derwerker
of raw waste discharged every time it rains that will reach
these shellfish beds within a tidal cycle, would you recom-
mend these beds be opened for shellfish?
MR. VAN DERWERKER: That would be subject to a
survey at the time. We can't predict. We cannot recommend
now.
MR. GLENN: But you said in your statement: "We
therefore urge the effective implementation of an abatement
program designed to restore maximal usage of Raritan Bay
waters."
I am asking you for this abatement program you
are proposing. So far I have heard nothing other than to
wait until this other work that has been proposed is done.
Now, I would agree if we did all this other work
and there is some way we could correct the combined sewers,
that the shellfish beds should be opened, but I do not have
any confidence that they will ever be opened unless we can
find a solution to the combined sewers.
I know that there are many Federal research
grants being given now trying to find a solution to combined
sewers, but I do not like to see a statement made like this,
Indicating that if the States and the interstate agency did
their Job, these shellfish beds would be open. I have so
far not heard anything you have said in addition to what has
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R. Van Derwerker
been proposed that would bring about these conditions.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: I think that if the abatement
program as proposed here were adopted, that the open area
could be increased. I don't think all the shellfish area
in the bay could, because of the problem that you raised.
MR. GLENN: How much —
MR. VAN DERWERKER: I think of the area out near
the Narrows.
MR. GLENN: I don't have any further questions.
MR. STEIN: Are there any other questions or
comments?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: Let me see if I can understand this.
As I understand the purport of the Federal Report and your
comments, which were very pertinent, one of the key questions
we have is the opening of the shellfish beds.
In the New York metropolitan area, you really want
to have two rough indicators of abatement of pollution. One
is whether you can swim safely in all the beaches; and the
other is whether we can have shellfish harvesting and marketing
with the approval of the Public Health Service. If you can
match these two, you will have clean waters in New York.
The question is how to get this, and there have
been certain proposals made here. Obviously, we have the
stormwater problem and many other problems.
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R. Van Derwerker
As I understand this, the Federal Report proposes
a relatively ambitious program of 90 percent removal and year-
round chlorination. This is about as high a degree of treat-
ment as is generally demanded in any but very specialized
places in the country.
Once this is done, the probability is that we
will be able to find many more of the beaches safe — hope-
fully, most of them, and maybe all of them. The more critical
and delicate area is to be able to open many more of the
closed areas to shellfish harvesting and marketing. The
question here is if we have any proposal at this time to feed
into the program to do more.
As I understand the proposal here, once we have
accomplished this program and examined the effects of this
on the beaches and on the shellfish harvesting areas, the
question will be, in the light of the effects then, what we
have to do further.
I think what Mr. Glenn was pointing out is if there
is anything to suggest in the program at this time other than what
is suggested by the Federal Report that could give us a
further leg up on the program.
I fully agree with you that the prime objective
should be to open the shellfish areas. I do not think that
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R. Van Derwerker
the statement was made that an additional objective should be
the opening of the shellfish areas, because they did not want
the areas open.
The question was — and I think this was likely
related to what Mr. Glenn stated — that he did not want to
hold out the false hope, or the investigators did not want to
hold out the false hope that with the program they were
recommending at this time we would have water quality condi-
tions that would permit the unlimited opening of shellfish
areas.
Unless I do not understand the facts, I think this
is the case.
MR. GLENN: That is right.
MR. STEIN: Now, here we get down to two points;
Either we adopt the program recommended by the study group,
or some modification of it, with a reevaluation of opening
the shellfish areas at the time, or we have at the present
time some other device that we can put in or recommend for
the consideration of the conferees which would permit the
opening of the shellfish areas, and more shellfish areas.
With that approach, I would like to have your
comment. Do we have that? And, if we have it, I would like
to give it to the conferees, because no one likes to eat
oysters and clams more than I do, and I don't like the high
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R. Van Derwerker
prices we are paying now.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: This gets me into another
personal forecast with regard to the shellfish industry. That
is, it won't be many years before all shellfish to be eaten
raw will have to go through a depuration process. As a matter
of fact, the shellfish in Raritan Bay that are used now is
with this type of treatment.
MR. STEIN: It is, in fact, being used now, isn't
it?
MR. VAN DERWERKER: No, it is not on Raritan Bay.
There are two projects under consideration and
study to be developed, which will permit the utilization of
this resource even under present conditions in a good deal of
Raritan Bay.
MR. STEIN: Let me go off the record here for a
minute.
(Discussion off the record.)
MR. STEIN: All right.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: I agree that this matter of
stormwater is an additional problem.
MR. STEIN: But what else could you suggest, Mr.
Van Derwerker?
Again, I ask you this just as a question of a
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R. Van Derwerker
respected individual in the business. What else do you
suggest that we could propose and crank into the program now
which would provide additional protection for the shellfish,
or a reason to believe that we can open up additional shellfish
areas other than that proposed in the Federal Report?
If we have any of these, I certainly will press
them with the conferees.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: One thought that I would offer
in connection with this is to discharge any effluents that are
possible out to the sea instead of in the bay.
MR. STEIN: You mean, have long outfall lines?
MR. VAN DERWERKER: Yes. There is under considera-
tion now a large plant in one of the counties there that is
proposing to discharge into the bay and would be relatively
close to the remaining open area of the bay. Instead of
discharging it there, I would think consideration be given to
spending a little more money and taking it outside the bay
area.
This has been recommended in New Jersey for South
Jersey as a means of eliminating the problem in the estuarine
bays. I think it is applicable to this location, in some
situations, though probably not all.
However, any diversion of waste from the bay
is certainly going to be helpful to the overall water quality
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R. Van Derwerker
picture in the bay.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any other comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much, Mr.
Van Derwerker.
MR. VAN DERWERKER: You are welcome.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Klashman?
MR. KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr. Van
Derwerker.
Next we will hear from Mr. Pagano of the Corps of
Engineers.
STATEMENT OF PRANK PAGANO, NEW YORK DISTRICT
OFFICE, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
MR. PAGANO: Chairman Stein, Conferees, Ladies
and Gentlemen:
My name is Frank Pagano and I represent the Corps
of Engineers, New York District Office, which is located at
111 East 16th Street, New York City. Colonel R. T. Botson,
the District Engineer, regrets that he cannot be here today.
The Corps of Engineers, through a long list of
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P. Pagano
Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control Acts, Is authorized
to plan, design and construct water resource projects in
the interest of river basin development, flood control,
river and harbor improvements for navigation, major
drainage, water supply, beach erosion control and hurricane
flood protection. Other functions in the interest of hydro-
electric power, water quality control, recreation, fish
and wildlife enhancement may be Included in such projects
where warranted.
The Corps is also responsible for preparation
of flood plain Information reports which are developed
and furnished to local communities for use in planning
Judicious use of the flood plains. This authority has
recently been extended to Include a management service to
local officials in which guidance, advice, and technical
support may be provided as requested.
In addition to the foregoing, the Corps is
also authorized to participate in disaster relief in
connection with natural major disasters when determined
to be such and to perform emergency operations involving
flood fighting, rescue operations and emergency repairs
when required.
The New York District includes for civil works,
the watersheds of the Hudson River and Lake Champlain and
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p. pagano
the many waterways draining into New York Harbor and the
Atlantic Ocean as far south as Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey,
and as far east as Montauk Point, Long Island, New York.
The basic interest of the Corps of Engineers
in pollution of navigable waters stems from its responsi-
bility in the development of water resources of all rivers,
bays and harbors within its boundaries. The most general
law with respect to pollution, enforced by the Corps of
Engineers, is Section 13 of the River and Harbor Act of
3 March 1899. This law in essence states that it is
unlawful to throw, discharge or deposit any refuse matter
of any kind or description whatsoever other than that
flowing from streets and sewers and passing therefrom in a
liquid state, whereby navigation shall or may be impeded.
You will note from the last phrase, that pollution in its
broadest Interpretation is not unlawful under the statute
but only the deposit of refuse material which is injurious
to navigation. Under this statute this distinction limits
the role of the Corps of Engineers in the prevention of
pollution.
However, the Corps of Engineers plays a
significant part in pollution abatement in comprehensive
natural resource studies that involve navigation, flood
control, beach erosion, and hurricane protection. In
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P. Pagano
this light it is effected through close coordination
and participation of local, State and Federal agencies
in these studies.
Pursuant to the foregoing, several studies
are being conducted by the New York District Office in
the Rarltan area. The first is a multiple purpose study
in the interest of water supply, recreation, flood control
and other allied purposes, and covers the entire Raritan
River Basin. In connection with this study, consideration
is being given to the feasibility of a tide dam near Crab
Island, which is in the lower estuary about 5 miles above
the mouth of the stream, with a view toward strengthening
the existing groundwater aquifers for water supply purposes
since they have been intruded by salt water, provision of
a fresh water lake upstream of the barrier for outdoor
recreational purposes and construction of improvements to
protect adjacent communities against flooding either by
fluvial flow or hurricane conditions. This study also
gives consideration to water resource improvements in
other areas of the basin. Coordination is being effected
with the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to
assure the compatibility of any recommended improvement
with water quality Interests; in fact, in this particular
instance, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
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P. Pagano 902
ls actually participating in the study, which is scheduled
for completion in fiscal year 1968.
Several years ago a report was completed by
our office titled "Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays, New Jersey
This study, also coordinated in 1962 with the United
States Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control, has resulted in authorization of
projects by the Congress which include:
a. A combined shore and hurricane protection
project at Madison Township;
b. A shore protection project at Matawan
Township and the Borough of Union Beach; and
c. A hurricane protection project at Keansburg
and East Keansburg.
The work consists principally of placing beach
fill on each of four reaches, constructing three groins at
Keansburg and constructing levees at Madison Township,
Keansburg and East Keansburg. The Madison project has
been constructed, and the work at Keansburg and East
Keansburg will be initiated after formal receipt of lands,
easements and rights-of-way from the State of New Jersey.
It is noted that in connection with assurances of local
cooperation, local Interests are required to include an
item which assures our office that water pollution will
be controlled to the extent necessary to safeguard the
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903
P. Pagano
health of bathers. Another study in the interest of
hurricane protection for those remaining areas of Raritan
and Sandy Hook Bays which were not included in the recom-
mendation for projects previously mentioned, is underway,
and is scheduled for completion in fiscal year 1968.
In addition to the foregoing, a completely
separate study is nearing completion by our office to
determine the feasibility of deepening and widening
channels in the Raritan River and Washington Canal for
navigation purposes and to determine the reasons for the
occurrence of shoaling in these streams. This report is
nearing completion and present indications are that navi-
gation improvements appear uneconomically Justified.
In connection with our New York-New Jersey
Channels Study — consideration is being given to
straightening of the existing project channel in Raritan
Bay from Raritan Bay East reach at mile 10.0 west to the
bend at Ward Point mile 17.7- This would eliminate a 60
degree bend at Sequine Point and reduce travel time by
about O.JJO hours per tanker trip or 0.80 hours per round
trip. However, based on navigation considerations alone,
the cost of such a proposal may not fully Justify the
expenditure. Therefore, consideration must be given to any
pollution abatement benefits that would accrue as a result
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904
15n»a p. pagano
of this channel relocation. The Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration will be requested to evaluate the
magnitude of this benefit so that it can be integrated
into our study prior to completion.
Lastly, advanced engineering and design is
underway in connection with construction of a navigation
inlet through Sandy Hook Peninsula. The design, which is
scheduled for completion by the end of calendar year 1968,
is also being developed in close coordination with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to assure
compatibility with water quality interests.
The foregoing represents a summary of our
present civil works activities in the Rarltan Bay area.
We will continue to cooperate with all local, State and
Federal agencies to control pollution in streams to the
extent of allowable authority and to ask for their coopera
tion on stream pollution matters in basin-Hide studies for
the conservation and development of water resources. The
Corps fully supports the effort of the Federal Water Pollu
tlon Control Administration in this endeavor to restore
Rarltan Bay and adjacent waters to a high quality water
resource.
Thank you.
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905
P. Pagano
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Pagano.
Are there any questions or comments?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: The Corps is one of our sister
agencies in water resource development, and we work very, very
closely with them on these programs.
Mr. Klashman?
MR. KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr. Pagano.
Is Mr. Kachic, Assistant Regional Hydrologist
of the United States Weather Bureau, here?
(No response.)
MR. KLASHMAN: If not, are there any other
Federal agencies who wish to make a statement?
(No response.)
MR. KLASHMAN: That completes the presentation
for the Federal Government.
MR. STEIN: For the rest of this afternoon, we
will have presentations from New Jersey and then from the
Interstate Sanitation Commission.
At this time, let's recess for ten minutes.
(Whereupon a recess was had.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
We have one more statement that the Federal
people are going to ask for. This will be from a long-time
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E. M. Wallace
2mb
professional in the field, Mrs. David H. Wallace of the Oyster
Institute of America, really known as Elizabeth M. Wallace,
except I call her "Libby."
Would you come up, please?
STATEMENT OP MRS. ELIZABETH M. WALLACE,
DIRECTOR, OYSTER INSTITUTE, SAYVILLE,
NEW YORK
MRS. WALLACE: Chairman Stein, Conferees, Ladies
and Gentlemen:
You may consider me an extension to the recess,
because this is not a prepared statement. It is just an
opportunity — and I'm not in the business of representing the
molluscan industry to clam up at an opportunity like this —
so I thank you all for the privilege of being able to come up
and represent the people who belong to the Association, which
is one of the oldest in existence, the Oyster Institute of
North America.
Now, that is a bit confusing, because you think
that I represent only the oyster people, but, in reality, I
represent three species of oysters and the people that work
with them.
Clams seem to succeed oysters when the going
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E. M. Wallace
gets tough, so our people In the oyster business become
people in the clam business. Many of them are in both simul-
taneously, so I represent the molluscan industry.
We asked for the Government's help of the Public
Health Service back in 1925, having first gotten ourselves
organized in 1904.
I am enormously impressed as a citizen with the
work that has been done on this Raritan Bay Project. I told
Mr. DePalco so, and I thank him as a citizen, because I think
it is this kind of information we must have if we are going
to get a substantial improvement in the situation. We
absolutely must know with what we are dealing. If we comply
at the 90 percent level being set by the Project, we will find
such an improvement in the waters that we will be able to meet
the standards as set by the Public Health Service.
Now, I intend to live so long that in the shellfish
industry, good news is good news, instead of the reverse of
bad news being good news.
You can be sure that the shellfish-associated
diseases are here. I intend to live so long that all of you
will know that oysters and clams make more people well by
far than any that might by chance make them ill. The
disease relating to this is purely circumstantial — everybody
will admit to that — and I would like you to consider, please,
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*»mb E. M. Wallace
that it is also circumstantial evidence that those of us who
enjoy and eat shellfish are so hale and hearty, as witness
Chairman Stein (Laughter).
I was asked earlier about oysters in Raritan Bay.
We have members walking around who are considerably younger
than I who remember the harvesting and farming of oysters in
Princess Bay, where they had their leases. Why are oysters
there no longer? Because they could not be used even if they
were there. The pollution has made it economically infeasible
to farm these areas.
However, if we comply with the recommendations of
the Raritan Project, that again will become quite attractive.
I hope my husband, David Wallace, who is in charge of the
District of New York, will have the privilege of issuing leases
again in this area for the husbandrymanship that it takes to
raise the oysters.
The minute it becomes even remotely feasible to
make a profit, you can be sure the oystermen will be in there
in order to plant, grow, husband this resource, and bring the
oyster back.
Right now we have uncounted millions of bushels
of clams that are available to be used if we can get around to
using them, if we can bring the necessary expertise to bear
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E. M. Wallace
to reduce the pollution loads so that these waters are
returned to the standards by which we can harvest them.
Naturally, I am speaking for the industry, but
I think our truest justification comes not from the money
value that Mr. McNamara made so popular. I do think that it
is quite unrealistic and it is on its way out. If I may put a
price tag, if that would make anybody feel better, we could
say that an oyster industry of $1 million is quite feasible in
this area, provided, of course, this resource could be used.
However, so much more is involved in this. It is
the enhancement of an environment to be enjoyed by millions
of people. This is for the benefit of all our citizens and,
if you will permit me to go further and say, for all of those
who will follow us. Surely, we owe them this as their right-
ful heritage.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mrs. Wallace.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: You wouldn't believe this, but libby
is a scientist. You know, this is the reason why we have so
few pretty women scientists. When they find one, they make
her an executive of a trade association.
Thank you very much.
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910
R. P. Kandle
6mb
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, we will call on New Jersey.
Dr. Kandle?
STATEMENT OF ROSCOE P. KANDLE, M.D., CONFEREE
AND COMMISSIONER, NEW JERSEY STATE DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH, TRENTON, NEW JERSEY
DR. KANDLE: Good afternoon, friends.
I am Roscoe P. Kandle, Commissioner of the New
Jersey State Department of Health, which is the responsible
agency in our State for water pollution control. In this
capacity I am representing the State of New Jersey as one of
the conference participants in this Third Session of the
Interstate Conference on Pollution of the Raritan Bay and
Adjacent Interstate Waters.
We are pleased to participate in this conference
and hope that its deliberations and conclusions will construc-
tively aid our cooperative effort to eliminate pollution of
the Raritan estuary system. While we are pleased to partici-
pate, I would like to comment for the record on the notice
given of this conference and on its timeliness.
On May 23 I received telegram notification of
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R. P. Kandle
of the conference which was to begin on June 13. This notice
was to the day the minimum required by the Federal statute
under which such conferences are authorized. The reports of
the Project study upon which the conference will be based
were delivered to us on May 29, 1967. This schedule hardly
permitted careful examination of the results of the thorough
study made of the Raritan by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration and preparation of a suitable
commentary on our part. Furthermore, the conference itself
has been scheduled in the midst of our final preparation of
water quality standards, stream classifications, plans for
their implementation, and of the State water pollution program
plan, all of which are to be submitted before the end of this
month to the same agency which has called the conference.
Maybe this job we do doesn't mean anything to you,
but it means a lot to New Jersey, because it is whether or
not we get the "Federal dough," so this is a matter of very
considerable importance. We were loath to interrupt our
efforts.
Given these considerations and the fact that
more than four years have been permitted to elapse since the
Second Session of the Conference, we recommended on May 31 that
the session be postponed until July. We were notified
yesterday afternoon by telegram that this request was denied.
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912
8mb R. P. Kandle
Obviously, we considered the silence in the interim to be a
constructive denial.
In future cases we would recommend to the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration to give the States at
least 30 days' notice of an impending conference, including
delivery of the Project study reports.
Pollution control was a major, if not the major,
consideration of our State administration in the current
legislative session. Both the legislative message and the
fiscal message of Governor Richard J. Hughes cite the pollu-
tion control needs in New Jersey.
A package of legislative bills was introduced
which would provide a statutory strengthening of our pollution
control efforts, both as to air and water. The Joint Committee
on Air and Water Pollution and Public Health of the legislature
held a series of public hearings throughout the State to
assess public opinion on these important issues and as to the
specific legislative proposals themselves. The six basic
bills were adopted and will be signed into law by Governor
Hughes on Thursday of this week. In the statement which
follows by Mr. Sullivan, a brief description will be given of
the import of this new legislation as it regards water
pollution control.
Governor Hughes' fiscal recommendations were
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R. P. Kandle
likewise adopted. The funds available for our Water Pollution
Control Program for the fiscal year beginning 1 July will be
more than twice the appropriation for this purpose in the
current year.
To provide maximum administrative strength to
our Department's pollution control programs I have
accomplished a Department reorganization of these functions.
Effective February 16, 196?, by administrative order, I estab-
lished a new Division of Clean Air and Water. The new agency
comprises the Air Pollution Control Program, the Solid Waste
Disposal Program and the Water Pollution Control Program.
These three were merged in a single unit of government because
of their obvious common denominator. It is my belief that the
establishment of this Division will help us to move ahead more
forcefully and with more perspective in the important work we
need to do to improve the quality of our environment.
On the same day the new Division was established,
we appointed and were lucky to recruit as its Director
Richard J. Sullivan. You will hear from him shortly.
I would like to comment, Murray, about a couple
of points in the report. There is one sentence in the
Summary Report to which I think particular attention ought
to be given. It is on Page H and it is No. 6 in the Summary
volume. It says, and I quote:
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10mb
R. P. Kandle
"Priority for construction grants be established
so affected communities may obtain funds to meet the
requirements outlined above."
There is no information about where these funds
are to come from. The facts are that most, almost all of
the funds for water pollution abatement and control, have
come from local government through bonds, and from industry.
The local people are the ones who actually achieve pollution
abatement and control, and who put up their money and build
sewerage systems and treatment plants. It is not the Federal
or the State government which actually cleans up the water.
Federal funds have subsidized construction in New
Jersey to the extent, in the past and currently, of about
4 to 6 percent of the total annual construction costs. The
annual average construction costs have been about 60 to 75
million dollars, plus those which have been expended by
industry and which I do not have very accurate data on.
There is one thing that is bothering me, Murray.
I may say, as an aside, that in some ways the subsidy programs
have held things up, because people postpone with the idea
that they are going to get more Federal money, and this has
plagued us, as it has plagued you, I am sure.
Starting July 1st, there will be also State funds
for the subsidy of construction. At present, these funds
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R. P. Kandle
will be at about the same level as the current Federal money.
There is the possibility of their being raised to larger
amounts, should Federal money be available.
As you may have seen in today's New York Times,
another group indicated that there was a need for $2-1/2
billion, and that seems modest to me in view of the New York
excellent activity.
However, New Jersey has made, over the past three
years, both outright grants for stream or regional or multi-
municipal feasibility studies, and has provided interest-free
loan funds for engineering designs of stream value or regional
or interim municipal sewerage systems.
Obviously, if you do not have very much money, as
we have not had in the way of subsidy money, you have to have
a priority system, and so we have always had one and always
used it.
The construction schedules which are recommended
by the Department of the Interior, however, do not appear to
utilize a priority system, except that the emphasis is on the
total Raritan. That is understandable in the context of this
conference.
However, just a short time ago, we had the one on
the Hudson River, and we were faced with exactly the same
situation, where the priority ought to be on the Hudson.
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12mb R. P. Kandle
Well, we also have the Delaware River, and we
also have a couple of rivers inside of our State which are not
so hot, so we might think of some other priorities.
All I am pointing out is that this is quite a
contest, to see where the priorities ought to go.
Certainly, both the Federal and State funds are
totally inadequate now with regard to subsidy for the con-
struction at these enormous costs which will be necessary, and
which we certainly will achieve. I have no doubt that we will
achieve the kind of treatment that we ought to have, but it
sure is going to cost us.
The last recommendation is lOc of the Summary
Report, and that puzzles me. That is the one that deals with
the possibility of an interceptor that would pick up stuff
from the Arthur Kill.
I Just have to talk to Paul about it, and I
apologize, Paul, that I have not brought it up before, but I
don't know what you do with the effluent.
Does somebody intend that that go into the Raritan
River too, or the Raritan Bay?
This whole issue bothers me considerably, Murray,
and I think it is a point that we have really not gotten into
as much as we should, that there is a re-use of water, and
whether or not we can afford to dump all this stuff into the
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R. P. Kandle
ocean or some place like that, and not re-use it more
effectively. This is concerning us in New Jersey since we
have had this drought situation.
I don't know the answer to this, but I am concerned
that that recommendation stands rather baldly.
For example, we have used the ocean for discharge
of sewage from above Beach Haven .for a great many years, and
we have studied this. This is our third year of research on
the use of the ocean as a method of disposal, and we know
that we can use it safely, and we must use it more, because
the bays are absolutely filled up. We can't put any more
sewage into the bays, including the Raritan, so this matter of
the disposal and conservation and re-use of these waters seems
to be an area which we have not covered very well.
I would like for the record to assure the audience
and Murray if he will come and visit with us in the summer,
that the bathing and contact water areas of Raritan Bay which
are open for such purposes, are safe, and they do meet our
standards, which are even higher than the ones which are
suggested within the range of the conference, so I am not
really bothered about that at the moment. They have always
been protected by chlorinated water, so any information to the
contrary is incorrect.
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R. P. Handle
We expect to participate in this conference
constructively, and we welcome the opportunity to work with
our friends, Murray and Lester Klashman and Paul and the rest.
Now Mr. Richard J. Sullivan, Director of the
Division of Clean Air and Water, will continue with the
technical statement of the conference.
MR. STEIN: Let's, see if we have any comments or
questions. Are there any?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: You know, Doctor, I agree with almost
all that you said, particularly your statement about the re-
use of water. That certainly makes sense. I do not have
any disagreement with that.
Dr. Kandle has worked with pollution problems
through the years long and hard, and his words are worth
noting.
However, there are a few other points there, the
first being this notion that subsidies have held things up.
We have heard this argument ever since the
beginning of the Federal grant program, and it is always an
appealing argument. I like it because intellectually and
theoretically it makes sense.
However, there is one problem with this: Whenever
our construction grant people come up with the figures, they
-------
919
R. P. Kandle
show every time we have more millions, there is more construc-
tion. There is a direct correlation between the amount of
Federal and State money and the amount of construction.
So, despite what we may think theoretically about
the Federal Government or the State government putting up
money, you may expect these fellows to prove the point to
my satisfaction, but all I can do is add, and they add, and
then we have more construction.
The third point I wish to make is that I agree
with Dr. Kandle that if we come there in the summer, the
beaches which are open are safe. That is no doubt true.
I grew up around this area, Just across the river
on the bay in Brooklyn. I don't think the kids have changed
a bit since I grew up. When I went to a beach -- and if
pressed I will give you its name -- I saw those kids swimming
within a hundred feet of a sewage outfall. I know you did
not declare it safe, but there the kids were. My guess is
that they are no different today than when I used to be
there, because I used to do the same thing.
The fourth and last point I have to make is this
and this always kind of intrigues me because, Dr. Kandle,
I am always a student of poetic predetermination in govern-
ment — I share your sympathy with the short notice of
-------
920
16m b R. P. Kandle
21 days, but this 21 days was adopted by the Congress at the
suggestion of Dr. Daniel Bergsma, Dr. Handle's predecessor in
office as Health Commissioner of New Jersey (Laughter).
DR. KANDLE: I don't want to argue, Murray. I
agree with you that the larger Federal subsidies will, No. l,
beget larger State moneys for construction, and will beget a
good deal of construction money.
I just mean that this is like in all other things,
it is a two-edged sword.
MR. STEIN: Right. I don't think there is any
disagreement.
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, will you continue with the
presentation, Dr. Kandle?
DR. KANDLE: Mr. Richard J. Sullivan.
STATEMENT OP RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, DIRECTOR,
DIVISION OP CLEAN AIR AND WATER, NEW JERSEY
STATE DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, TRENTON, NEW JERSEY
MR. SULLIVAN: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies
and Gentlemen:
-------
921
R. J. Sullivan
I am Richard J. Sullivan, Director of the
Division of Clean Air and Water of the New Jersey State
Department of Health. The remarks which follow supplement
those of Commissioner Roscoe P. Kandle and are a part of
the total statement made on behalf of the New Jersey State
Department of Health.
The temper of New Jersey — of the State
administration, of the Legislature, the press, and the
public — is one of impatience toward pollution control,
both air and water. I personally share this impatience.
When I was appointed Director of the Division
of Clean Air and Water in February of this year I was
given a clear, certain mandate by Dr. Kandle and by
Governor Hughes to enforce fully all of the Department's
pollution control statutes and regulations* This I intend
to do.
Dr. Kandle has given me a free hand to issue
corrective orders where the facts require and to initiate
court prosecution when necessary to achieve timely com-
pliance.
In the last six weeks I have issued water
pollution abatement orders against 76 municipalities,
authorities, large industries and private utilities, some
of them in the Raritan area. A similar number of orders
-------
922
R. J. Sullivan
Is likely to be Issued in the next 60 days, mostly
against pollution sources in the southern Delaware Basin
and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Orders do not make the
water clean; but we cannot enforce them if we do not first
issue them. If reasonable steps toward compliance with
these orders are not taken in accordance with the time
schedule contained in them we will invoke the sanctions
provided by statute.
The Division now has the full-time service of
three competent and dedicated Deputy Attorneys General to
handle prosecutions in air and water pollution cases.
Several current court cases of interest to this conference
will be referred to later.
The New Jersey Legislature has shown its willing
ness to support effective water pollution control. Since
the last session of this conference, Session No. 2, New
Jersey has enacted statutes which provide State grants for
the study of the feasibility of regional collection and
treatment systems; loans to defray the engineering costs of
system design; and authority of our Department to dis-
approve any waste treatment facility not a part of a
rational regional system. On Thursday of this week two
new statutes affecting water pollution control will be
signed into law. One provides that equipment and facilities
-------
923
R. J. Sullivan
whose primary purpose is water pollution control shall be
exempt from real and personal property taxes as is already
the case in air pollution control facilities. The other
statute will add to the available supply of professional
staff in this field, offering fully funded undergraduate
and graduate scholarships; the law will also create a
representative Clean Water Council to serve as our advisory
committee. Most significantly, the new law will put
New Jersey in the construction grant business in a program
compatible with the Federal grant system and providing funds
to match this year's Federal allocation. We will appro-
priate from $2.8 to $7 million depending on the outcome
of the current Congressional debate on this subject. More
on this later.
In addition, the State is strengthening its
program by providing additional funds beginning 1 July
next. We will have the money to add 24 people to our
water pollution control staff. We hope to be able to
recruit in a field where the unemployment rate is very
low. I might say one of our recruitment problems is the
existing aspect of personnel in New Jersey who are all on
the staff of the Federal Government. (Laughter.)
Further, we have ambitious plans to collect on
a continuous basis the water quality data we require to
-------
924
20mb R. J. Sullivan
measure control needs and progress. Our Division now has
on the line the best air quality monitoring system in the
country. By August, three field laboratories and four
monitoring stations will continuously be telemetering air
measurement data to our central office receiving station
and computer. By the following August this network will
comprise 22 stations. One of the products of this systen
will be the frequency distribution for a number of air
quality parameters of integrated half-hour samples on a
continuous basis. Absent this kind of statistically sigr
ficant data for water, no one can really appraise the
quality and the changes in quality of water even for the
much studied Raritan. I mention the air monitoring syst
because it was designed and has the capacity to receive
and process, without modification, water quality data on
the same basis. It is our intention to select appropriat
sites in consultation with our Federal friends and other
where the proper sensing elements can be placed to telem
the data for the appropriate water quality parameters as
well.
As a part of the total enforcement activity,
water quality standards have been defined and establishe
streams have been classified, and degree-of-treatment
regulations promulgated for every drainage basin, except
-------
925
R. J. Sullivan
one. The exception is the Little Wallkill, up in North
Jersey, where the water runs uphill to New York State.
We haven't withheld for that reason, however, but to
assure compatibility with the New Jersey program for the
controlled development of the Impact area of the Tocks
Island national park. The Wallkill public hearing will be
held next Monday.
Our water quality standards, stream classi-
fications, treatment regulations, and plans of implementa-
/•
tion for all drainage basins and, as well, our program
plan, will be submitted to the U. S. Department of the
Interior before the end of this month.
All of the elements of the program mentioned
above are important. But the main one, however, is money.
Our professional staff has estimated that it
will cost approximately $500 million to construct at this
moment in time the treatment facilities needed in New
Jersey to comply with our current regulations. This figure
does not take into account the impact of growth, nor does
it provide for the cost of collection facilities in un-
sewered communities. If the latter two elements are in-
corporated, the estimate becomes $760 million.
If the $500 million figure is used and if we
postulate that this money could be spent by 1971 in keeping
-------
926
22mb R. J. Sullivan
with the objectives of the Federal statute, we find this
would considerably more than double the current rate of
expenditure. If all the funds promised under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act are, in fact, provided they
will amount to 22% of our needs in this period. If the
current proposed cutback to 40# of this amount were to
prevail throughout the four-year period, total Federal
assistance under this law will amount to less than 9Ł of
our funding requirements, which is hardly overwhelming
support for this area.
The decision of the Federal administration to
cut back this year is distressing and we hope it will be
changed. If the full amount of these funds is available
and increasing amounts become available through the
matching grants of other Federal agencies we will be able
to make significantly more progress in the massive treat-
ment facility construction program that faces us.
With regard to the technology of water pollu-
tion control as opposed to administrative matters, I am a
ninety-day wonder with all of the limitations that phrase
implies. I have consulted at length, however, with our
competent and well-informed professional staff as to the
water pollution problem in the Rarltan and particularly
with regard to the Federal report on these waters, which
-------
927
R. J. Sullivan
is the subject of this conference.
The previous session of this conference
concluded that the State and Interstate water pollution
control agencies had effective water pollution abatement
programs within the conference area. New Jersey has
continued this program since the conclusion of the second
session. More significant progress toward the resolution
of these pollution problems in the project area can be
reported than in the previous years despite the continued
rapid growth that is taking place.
The uses of these waters have been well
established in the previous essslons of this conference
and there is no need to dwell on this subject except
merely to say that these uses have intensified because
of the tremendous growth in the area.
An interdepartmental committee of representa-
tives of various divisions within the Departments of Health
and Conservation and Economic Development recommended
classification of the Rarltan River and Raritan Bay in
accordance with the provisions of the water quality
criteria that I mentioned earlier. These waters were
selected for the first trial in the classification pro-
cedure. A public hearing was held in Trenton on December
Q, 1964, at which time these classification regulations
-------
928
R. J. Sullivan
24mb
were discussed by the public and interested persons. The
hearing was conducted in conformity with the laws of New
Jersey.
Effective April 15, 1965, our State Department
of Health promulgated regulations entitled "Classification of
the Surface Waters of the Raritan River Basin Including the
Raritan Bay." The classes established for the water of the
basir. varied from Class PW-2 for the upstream reaches of the
river, which are used for public potable water supply, to the
tidal reaches of the river and bay, which were classified as
TW-1.
The definition of TW-1 waters is as follows:
"Tidal surface waters suitable for all recrea-
tional purposes, as a source of public potable water
supply where permitted and, where shellfishing is
permitted, to be suitable for such purposes."
To avoid confusion regarding this definition, as
it applies to the Raritan tidal waters, it was given special
treatment as follows:
"These waters are not a source of public
potable water supply and therefore standards of
quality and criteria referring exclusively to water
supplies are not applicable. The standards of quality
and bacterial criteria for shellfish growing areas are
-------
929
R. J. Sullivan
applicable only in areas where shellfish
harvesting is permitted by the Department."
"These waters shall be maintained in a con-
dition suitable for all recreational purposes."
Implementation Plan
Implementation of this classification program
is a very simple and direct procedure.
The first step in the Raritan Valley was the enact-
ment of rules and regulations establishing minimum degrees of
treatment for domestic and industrial wastes. These regula-
tions carry an effective date of February 1, 1966, and require
as a minimum 80 percent reduction in BOD for domestic wastes
separately or in combination with industrial wastes at all
times including any four-hour period of a day when the strength
of the waste may be expected to exceed average conditions.
These regulations also require a minimum of 80 percent BOD
reduction at all times for industrial wastes and such further
reduction in BOD as may be necessary in order to maintain
the water quality as specified in our criteria.
Employing the regulations establishing classifica-
tions, the regulations governing minimum degrees of treatment
and the procedures established by law, orders were issued against
-------
26mb 930
R. J. Sullivan
the known major violators in the Valley. These orders took
the form of long standing and they contained no timetable
for compliance. They carried an effective date generally of
approximately 100 days after the date of issue. All of these
orders recently have been supplanted by "Amended Orders,"
establishing timetables for appropriate action, including
terminal dates for the completion of the required construction.
There is attached to these papers — and I will
make them part of the record — a tabulation listing the names
of the principal offenders against whom orders incorporating
timetables have been issued.
MR. STEIN: Do you have that paper with you?
MR. SULLIVAN: That is attached.
MR. STEIN: That will be entered in the record,
without objection, as if read.
MR. SULLIVAN: Very good.
The listing is here to make it clear as to what
timetable I am referring to. The events, in sequence, are
to report on design, preliminary plans, final plans, awarding
of contracts, and the completion of construction.
As I said earlier, it is our intention, if
reasonable steps toward meeting any of these dates are not
taken, to invoke the sanctions provided in our control statute.
Prom time to time, additional orders will be
-------
931
R. J. Sullivan
issued against pollution sources in the upper reaches of the
Raritan as the facts are developed. The tabulation shows the
timetable to be applied throughout the "interstate" waters
of the Raritan River Basin. This list includes every
municipal waste treatment plant which presently discharges
into the Raritan Bay, with the exception of the new secondary
treatment plant serving the Cliffwood Beach area of Matawan
Township.
Abatement Program - Arthur Kill
Effective May 16, 1965, the waters of the Arthur Kill
were classified as TW-3 subsequent to a public hearing. The
definition of TW-3 waters is as follows:
"Tidal surface waters used primarily for
navigation, not recreation. These waters, although
not expected to be used for fishing, shall provide
for fish survival. These waters shall not be an odor
nuisance and shall not cause damage to pleasure craft
traversing them."
The treatment requirement established for these
waters was specified in a report of the Interstate Sanitation
Commission in 1962. The requirement of 80 percent BOD reduction
for all wastes entering the Arthur Kill was established after
-------
932
28mb
R. J. Sullivan
a detailed analysis of the Arthur Kill during the critical
time period and at the point of critical dissolved oxygen
deficit. The recommendation of the Interstate Sanitation
Commission was endorsed by the New Jersey Department of Health
and incorporated in our orders.
Orders were issued against municipalities, sewerage
authorities and industries requiring abatement of pollutional
discharge into the kill. These orders, as well, were recently
supplanted by amended orders establishing timetables, as was
the case of Raritan Bay, for appropriate action, including
terminal dates for the completion of indicated construction.
Likewise, I would like to enter into the record a
tabulation listing the names of the recipients of these amended
orders. This tabulation shows the dates of important stages
of development in each case.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, that will be
entered into the record, as if read.
In addition, the following sources of pollution
have been or shortly will be removed from the Arthur Kill:
(a) Citgo (formerly Cities Service Oil Company)
was placed under order by the Department on August 26, 1965-
This firm ceased manufacturing operations on November 1, 1967-
(b) The Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., operates two
manufacturing plants in the study area; one in Elizabeth and
-------
Performance Schedule Under Current Orders
Report on Preliminary Final Award
Design Plans Plans Contracts
Complete
Construction
Remarks
3/1/69 6/1/69
10/30/70
11
it
it
M
II
4/31/68 10/30/68
3/1/69 6/1/69
10/30/70
10/30/70
M
See note 3,
See note 4.
See note 3.
Atlantic Highlands 10/1/67 4/1/68
Highlands
Keansburg
Keyport
Madison Township
Matawan Borough
Matawan Township
Authority (2 plants)
Middlesex County
Sewerage Authority
Perth Amboy 10/1/67 4/1/68
Sayreville
South Amboy "
Voodbridge (Keasbey) " "
American Cyanamid
(Bound Brook) 1/1/70
1. Or agree to tie into Middlesex County Sewerage System on or before 10/1/67.
2. Other significant dates refer to equipment testing and installations.
3 Work performance schedule shall be in conformity with the master engineering plan for sewerape
services in the County of Monmouth approved by the N. J. State Department of Health.
L Samp as 3 except change County of Monmouth to County of Middlesex.
See note 1.
See note 2.
-------
New JerseyjfStatej De rtment of Health
Arthur Kill Basin
Performance Schedule Under Current Orders
Perth Amboy
Borough of Carteret
Report on Preliminary
Design Plans
10/1/67 4/1/68
11/1/67
Final
Plans
3/1/69
2/1/68
Award
Contracts
6/1/69
4/1/68
Complete
Construction
10/30/70
4/1/69
Remarks
See Footnote 1
Borough of
Woodbridge Township
Sewaren Section
Rahway Valley Sewage
Authority
DuPont
Humble Oil and
Refining Co.
General Aniline and
Film Corporation
10/1/67
Elizabeth Joint Meeting 10/1/67
Linden-Roselle
Sewage Authority
Hess Oil and Chemical
Corporation
American Cyanamid
Company
10/1/70
6/30/68
4/1/68
2/1/68
3/1/69 6/1/69
7/31/67 3/31/68 8/31/68
4/1/68 3/1/69 6/1/69
4/30/68 7/15/68
7/1/67 12/1/67
7/1/67 10/1/67
6/1/68 7/1/68
10/30/68 4/30/69 10/30/69
10/30/70
10/30/69
10/30/70
12/31/69
6/1/68
11/30/67
5/1/68
12/30/69
10/30/70
Carteret under
court order
See footnote 1
1. Or agree to tie into Middlesex County Sewerage System on or before 10/1/67.
-o
'
-------
935
R. J. Sullivan
the other in Carteret. In October 1965, the Elizabeth plant
completed a connection into the municipal sewer system. The
Carteret plant is presently negotiating for a connection into
the Borough sewer system.
(c) The Sinclair-Koppers Company, located in
Port Reading, is also negotiating at this time to make a
connection into the municipal sewer system.
As a result of efforts of the Department and the
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority, the Hatco Chemical
Division of W. R. Grace & Co., located in Fords (Woodbridge
Township) became a participant in the Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority system on November 21, 1966. This resulted in the
removal of a substantial pollution source from the Raritan
River.
In addition, the Department issued orders against
the Catalin Corporation, December 29, 1966, also located in
Pords. Although this corporation is a participant in the
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority, laxity on the part of the
company resulted in a small portion of their wastes escaping
into a marsh area, and thence to the Raritan River. Recent
inspections have revealed that corrective measures have been
completed.
Additional improvements completed in this area
since the second session of this conference are noted as
-------
32mb 936
R. J. Sullivan
follows:
(a) A new secondary waste treatment facility has
been constructed by the Matawan Township Municipal Utilities
Authority to serve the Cliffwood Beach area along the Raritan
Bay shore. These facilities were placed in operation in
January of last year.
(b) The duPont Photo Products Division located
in Parlin has reached an agreement with the Borough of Sayre-
ville to discharge 150,000 gallons per day of highly con-
centrated wastes into the municipal sewer system for treatment
at Middlesex County Sewerage Authority facilities.
(c) The Johns-Manville Products Corporation,
located in Manville, has recently completed improvements to
its Industrial waste treatment facilities. These include
segregation of the highly contaminated paper mill wastes and
diversion to a mechanically aerated lagoon. This system has
been in operation for a year.
Staff members of the Water Pollution Control
Administration have made investigations of the industries in
the Project study area. It is interesting to note that in
many cases following conferences with these Industries their
reports commended these industries for their pollution abate-
ment efforts.
-------
937
R. J. Sullivan
General Comments
The Project study under consideration here has
assigned to the Raritan River a daily BOD load of approximately
72,000 Ibs. The report lists for Hatco Chemical Division a
discharge of approximately 37,000 Ibs per day of BOD into the
Raritan River. This represents more than 50 percent of the
total loading ascribed to the river. In fact, this material
is no longer discharged into the river, as noted in comments
above concerning this company. Furthermore, our information
shows the average daily BOD loading at the present to be
approximately 22,000 Ibs. The discrepancy between our informa-
tion and that contained in the Project report is 50,000 Ibs. per
day, about 10 percent of the loading of the entire Project
study area.
Five cases in the area of interest recently have
been brought to the courts for prosecution under our control
statutes, as follows:
(1) Trans-Liquids, Inc., located 'in South
Brunswick Township, charged with pollution of Farrington Lake
(Lawrence Brook), a tributary of the Raritan River.
(2) The Borough of Carteret, charged with dis-
charging inadequately treated waste into the Arthur Kill.
(3) Republic Wire, located in Woodbridge
-------
34mb 938
R. J. Sullivan
Township, charged with pollution of Woodbridge Creek, a
tributary of the Arthur Kill.
(4) Heyden Chemical Division of Tenneco Plastics,
Inc., located in Fords (Woodbridge Township), charged with
pollution of the Raritan River.
(5) Philip Carey Manufacturing Company, located
in Perth Amboy, charged also with pollution of the Raritan
River.
In each of these cases, actions have resulted in
the issuance of a court Injunction in each case.
Another indication of New Jersey's efforts to
control pollution in this area is the "Master Sewerage Plan
for the County of Monraouth," which was approved by our
Department on March 15, 1966. This plan outlines in great
detail a realistic regional approach to providing sewerage
services for the entire County of Monmouth.
In the current report before this session, today's
session, there have been presented a number of recommendations.
The most significant of these recommendations is that favoring
a minimum of 90 percent removal of BOD and suspended solids.
It does not appear from the information contained in the
report that this standard was scientifically determined giving
full consideration to the size, location and use of the
receiving waters. This standard appears to be arbitrary and
-------
939
R. J. Sullivan
without scientific or technical Justification. As was
pointed out earlier in this statement, New Jersey has estab-
lished a minimum degree of treatment of 80 percent BOD removal.
This requirement was established after a detailed mathematical
analysis by the Interstate Sanitation Commission, and was
further substantiated by a consultant expert in the field of
water quality analysis. New Jersey's requirement of 80 per-
cent BOD removal has been general knowledge to the Project
study staff since the requirement was established.
The consulting firm of Quirk, Lawler and Matusky
of New York City on the 10th of March, 1966, was engaged by
the New Jersey State Department of Health to make a mathematical
analysis of the effects of waste discharges entering the
Arthur Kill-Raritan Bay-Raritan River estuary system.
The following data were used in this analysis for
the Arthur Kill, which has the highest pollution level of the
waters of the estuary system:
(a) Temperature-8l°F. (Highest daily average temperature
recorded in the data collected by
the Interstate Sanitation Commis-
sion over a period of years.)
(b) Average Dissolved Oxygen - 4.0 mg/1 (the value recom-
mended in the Project study report.)
-------
940
R. J. Sullivan
36mb
(c) Daily BOD loading - 500,000 pounds (the value reported
in the Project study report for
the entire area).
(d) A 25 percent reserve capacity for future development.
Even though these extreme parameters were used in
this analysis, it was shown that an overall reduction in BOD
loading of 61 percent is required to meet these conditions.
Assuming that all of the BOD originated from New
Jersey and that New York was entitled to 50 percent of the
assimilation capacity, it would then be required that the New
Jersey loading be reduced by 80 percent, or the standard we now
have in effect.
Therefore, under the worst conceivable conditions
a reduction of 80 percent in the BOD loading would satisfy the
specified requirements during extreme conditions, with a large
margin of safety, since 25 percent reserve capacity has been
allowed for in the analysis. An additional safety factor is
built in this analysis because there are only insignificant
sources of pollution now originating in the Staten Island
area. This area may never build up to a point of requiring
its allowed 50 percent of the capacity of the waterway.
It is our opinion that if the recommended 90 per~-
cent BOD removal is established in the Project study area such
a requirement would set back the entire pollution abatement
program for several years. All of the working programs and til
schedules have been established based on New Jersey requiremen
-------
R. J. Sullivan
I would like to emphasize this point. I have
no psychological attachment to the standard of 80 percent.
Pour months ago I never heard of it.
My only concern here would be, as administrator
of this program, that we do not, in an attempt to achieve a
higher degree of clean water, have further delay. Because of
the fact that the industries and municipal systems here
themselves treat a great deal of industrial waste, a lot of
the research and development was indeed geared to comply
with the standards of our order, based on 80 percent. This
work by our staff would be nullified by a new standard at
this date, making it possible for a new time schedule and
the changing of our orders.
Whatever we do now, I can't see any change now that
would put off to, say 1972, that which can be established by
1970, especially since there is no scientific justification
for the standard that is already in force.
There is only one significant source in New Jersey
of raw sewage being discharged into the Project study area.
This originates from two sections of the City of Elizabeth.
The City of Elizabeth has recently advertised for bids and
authorized an expenditure of almost one million dollars for
the construction of interceptor sewers to serve these areas.
New Jersey's water quality criteria specify a
dissolved oxygen requirement of not less than 50 percent
-------
2mc
R. J. Sullivan
saturation for TW-1 waters (Raritan Bay and tidal portion of
the Raritan River and its tributaries) and not less than 30
percent saturation for TW-3 waters (Arthur Kill). To meet
these requirements the average dissolved oxygen saturation
will be much higher than these absolute minimum values,
especially in the tidal waters of the Project area.
Therefore, it is our opinion that our oxygen
standard saturation is at least comparable to that of the
Project report.
In my own judgment there is a remarkable improve-
ment in the prospect of a successful attack against the
destruction of our waterways by pollution. We look forward
to continued cooperation with our neighboring States, the
Interstate Sanitation Commission, and the Department of the
Interior in protecting the public interest in this important
area.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Sullivan.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response. )
MR. STEIN: Mr. Sullivan, I would like to con-
gratulate you on a very clear and comprehensive statement.
.1 can understand it very well, although I did not
really have the benefit of reading it 21 days in advance, or
-------
943
R. J. Sullivan
even now, when you gave a copy to the reporter. I understand
Mr. DeFalco had that 20 minutes ago, and you started speaking
19 minutes ago, but I think your statement speaks for Itself.
It Is really clear, and I had no trouble understanding it.
I think you pointed out, though, the major dis-
crepancies that might be discussed by the conferees in
executive session, and that is the clear issue of the difference
between the 80 and 90 percent. I don't think there is any doubt
about that.
I have one more point on a tactical statement. I
am not arguing with the 80 or 90, because that is a matter of
view. I think the facts are straight.
However, there is one statement that is repeated
over and over again, a sober, factual statement, and that is,
"If we get the money promised under the Federal Act."
Gentlemen, as many of you well know, no money
was promised under the Federal Act.
Under the Federal system, as in most State
systems, we have an authorization and an appropriation. An
authorization is not a binding promise. It is not a promissory
note. At most, it is a hunting license.
We may have differences of view in judgment on
what you say. I don't have any differences on your facts or
your computations, although our scientific people may have,
-------
R. J. Sullivan
but this is the kind of thing that we have heard over and over
again, and that creates a load of confusion.
If we had in the Federal Government all the
money appropriated for which there were authorizations, the
national debt wouldn't even begin to come close. The
authorizations vastly exceed that.
In other words, you have to remember, as we have
to remember, that in the States until the State legislature
or the Congress appropriate the actual cash, we do not have
it. There is no holding a legislative body, State or
Federal, to any kind of promise.
MR. SULLIVAN: I will change from "promise" to
"authorize."
MR. STEIN: Thank you (Laughter).
Are there any other comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much.
Dr. Kandle?
DR. KANDLE: We would like to hear from the
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority. Mr. Mat Adams will speak
STATEMENT OF H. MAT ADAMS, CHAIRMAN, MIDDLESEX
COUNTY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY, SAYREVILLE, NEW JERSEY
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H. M. Adams
MR. ADAMS: Chairman Stein, Distinguished
Conferees, Ladies and Gentlemen:
My name is Mat Adams. I am Chairman" of the
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority.
The Middlesex County Sewerage Authority, serving
the lower basin of the Raritan River and its tributaries
which comprises Middlesex County, portions of Somerset and
Union Counties, their municpalities, Joint meetings and
separate industrial firms, is pleased to participate in the
Third Session of this conference called by the United States
Secretary of the Interior. We wish to commend those who have
assembled the voluminous data contained in the various reports
for the conferees and to again state our appreciation for the
opportunity of participating in the fact-finding efforts
carried out over the past few years by the fine personnel of
the Federal Government.
Represented at this conference are officials of
the Federal Government, the two States concerned — New York
and New Jersey — the Interstate Commission, regional groups
such as ours and the representatives of municipalities and
industries of the region. It is our fervent hope that in this
fight against water pollution a real and dynamic partnership
may come to exist between the levels of government involved
so that time, energy, talent and money may be best employed
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6mc H. M. Adams
to eliminate the presence of pollution in our waters.
We have welcomed this conference as we have the
two previously held. We have consistently called for higher
standards of pollution control and vigorous and uniform
enforcement thereof.
We wish to record our approval of the progress
made in New Jersey in administrative and legislative matters
concerning water pollution under Governor Hughes' leadership.
The splendid work of the representatives of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Agency with Dr. Kandle, New Jersey
Commissioner of Health, has borne fruit and has brought forth
an up-dating in the approach to a better solution of problems
in this area, demonstrating once again the benefits that may
be derived from a Federal-State partnership.
It has been this Authority's policy, our interpre-
tation of our duty, to pursue ways and means to do a more
effective pollution control Job and to anticipate the future,
even without regulatory order or suggestion. After thorough
investigation by our engineers as to the methods of secondary
treatment best applicable to our wastes containing a heavy
percentage of industrial wastes, we placed in operation two
pilot treatment plants for experimental purposes in November
1965. The results of these studies definitely indicate that
the wastes of this Authority are treatable by microbiological
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H. M. Adams
methods. Therefore, we have commissioned engineers to draw
up preliminary design for this secondary process together
with a study and preliminary design of expansion of our trunk
line collecting system to meet the explosive growth of our
basin. The Authority has funded more than half a million
dollars for these engineering purposes.
Reflecting a concept strongly advocated by the
State Department of Health, we have opened the door to those
municipalities and separate industries in the lower valley
and bay area and the upper river who have not joined our
Authority as participants to study with us ways and means of
joining with us in one vast regional approach for central
treatment and disposal of wastes. In those instances wherein
definitive studies have been made both the efficiency and the
economics appear to markedly favor the centralized regional
approach.
We have been concerned with a recent public dis-
cussion of perhaps locating a major metropolitan Jetport at
the Solberg site in Hunterdon-Somerset Counties in the heart
of the State reservoir system of the Raritan watershed.
Spruce Run Reservoir is now operating and Round Valley
Reservoir is now filling up, and both are designed to release
water into the branches of the Raritan for down-river potable
draws. Round Valley and the open streams would one day carry
-------
948
H. M. Adams
8mc Tocks Island water from the Delaware, and New Jersey has
requested 300 million gallons daily. Other reservoirs
planned are all within a few miles of the Jetport site
itself, which would virtually border both branches of the
Rarltan. We soon discovered that we had the makings of a
major pollution catastrophy.
In brief, the sources of pollution were from
three groupings that could all directly result from the Jet-
port, and the calculations of pollution loadings when projected
on the limited flows of the streams were quite shocking. The
sources were:
1) Residual pollution after sewage, Industrial
wastes and stormwater from the Jetport had been
treated and discharged into the streams;
2) unburned hydrocarbons and other exhaust gases
from the Jets from taxiing, landing, take-off and hold
patterns of planes in the area of the Jetport, including
the influx of thousands of automobiles and emergency
dumping of Jet fuel;
3) the pollution created from new industries and
a new spread city as "camp followers" of the Jetport.
The Governor of New Jersey has removed this site
from consideration, at least for the time being. We believe
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H. M. Adams
that the pollution menace of this potable watershed will
remove it forever. Also the impact of locating the jetport
in this watershed would be immense on the water use of the
basin affecting plans downstream, including the Army Corps
of Engineers' studies of the Crab Island Dam and intrusion
into the bay's waters of pollution, including some very
difficult-to-treat chemicals from the Jetport and that area.
We are proceeding with our planning and develop-
ment with the assumption that a gross error such as this
will not be made at some future time. We cannot compensate
for it in our planning and attain the satisfactory water use
results unless we change the concept and reduce both the
quantity and quality of the water.
On July 3, 1967, just several weeKs away, we
commence construction of a 67 million gallon daily pumping
station gravity sewer and force main on the northern side of
the Raritan, enabling us to serve an expanded industrial and
municipal requirement in the Edison-Heyden area, as well as
others who may seek our service in that general region.
In all of these efforts anticipating the future,
our boldness in committing our own funds and our desire to
accomplish our mission in the finest manner, we would be
remiss if we did not take full cognizance of what is happening
around us and what others may do or not do which would
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950
lOmc H. M. Adams
virtually torpedo what we will do. In short, the Raritan
Bay is the "low man on the totem pole" in the greater New
York waters. If ever the rule of relativity was applicable,
it is so in these waters.
Although we are encouraged with a number of
things that are happening in the States of New Jersey and New
York, we still wish to register our concern about the general
situation. The hundreds of millions of gallons of raw sewage
and the added jolts of partially treated industrial wastes
that enter the Hudson River far upstream at Troy, Rensselaer,
Albany and other places along the Hudson are of concern to
the resident of Plainfield, New Brunswick and Bound Brook, as
well as to the industrialist in Middlesex Borough and Sayreville
For this pollution from the Hudson, from New York City, from
Newark Bay, from Northern New Jersey sources, from the Arthur
Kill or the Kill Van Kull enters Raritan Bay. Today it joins
with local sources in hitting the bay, and the contribution
from other than the bay's shores is in itself enormous.
Therefore we are concerned with the rules, the
timetables, the standards and the stream criteria and the
uniform enforcement of these requirements, when violated.
We think we have a right to expect uniformity. Certainly
the record of achievement and agreement among the States of
the Delaware River Basin, wherein New York State and New
-------
951
lime
H. M. Adams
Jersey and the Federal Government play such a vital role
should indicate the concerted agreement possible in these
interstate waters of the greater New York metropolitan area.
I would like to say at this time that certainly
we in New Jersey salute Governor Rockefeller for his
courageous and very able program of the bond issue for $1
billion to get the ball rolling in New York State for a fast
water clean-up. He certainly has set the tone and the spirit
and the pace for the other States to follow. He has given
all the States, I am sure, great encouragement in this field.
As to the recommended timetable for completing
municipal treatment plants to meet new standards, the
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority, operating under orders
from the New Jersey State Department of Health, wishes to
advse as follows:
1. The Federal suggestion is that treatment plant
design must be completed by not later than December 1, 196?.
The State of New Jersey order calls for such work to be
completed by April 30, 1968. This date was predicated on com-
pletion of the work of our two pilot plants, which were
completed on April 30, 1967, and a preliminary design contract
has been duly entered into calling for completion of the
preliminary work by November 1, 1967, and anticipating final
design by April 30, 1968.
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952
12mc H. M. Adams
2. Initiate construction no later than June 1,
1968, as suggested by the Federal people. This must be
compared to the New Jersey order date calling for same by
September 30, 1968.
3. The Federal suggestion calls for June 1, 1970,
to be the completion date and the State order calls for
October 30, 1970.
We have accepted the New Jersey order in good
faith and have acted contractually thereon. We have committed
more than half a million dollars of our funds for the
implementation of this timetable program.
Our position at this conference is to support this
order. Therefore, Dr. Kandle, we support your position in
regard to this matter.
This Authority, as well as other agencies and people
interested in this vast problem of pollution control, is
concerned with the aspects of financing the projects which
call for the outlay of tremendous sums of money. In our ca^se
the secondary treatment plant could reach $30 million. It
was in recognition of this problem nationally that there
evolved a sincere desire to divide the costs of these projects
between the Federal Government, the States and the local or
regional government concerned. This is a matter of law.
This Authority was a part of a national movement that supported
-------
953
H. M. Adams
this philosophy and subscribed to and publicly advocated a
"crash program" for an all-out effort to finance and build
these required water treatment facilities at the earliest
date. And this position was taken long before meaningful
legislation to accomplish this was introduced in the Congress.
The Congress acted with the Clean Waters Restora-
tion Act of 1966, which was passed unanimously by both Houses
and supported by both political parties. The Federal Govern-
ment authorized a water treatment program which would escalate
from year to year with $^50 million in grants in 1968, $700
million in 1969, $1 billion in 1970 and $1.25 billion in 1971.
Also stipulated was that maximum grants of upwards
to 55 percent of construction costs would be to those
projects in States where the State would grant 25 percent of
construction costs if they were regional and conformed to a
comprehensive plan.
Governor Hughes advocated and New Jersey, for the
first time in its history, has responded with a 25 percent
grant appropriation. However, the disturbing element is that
the Federal Government as reflected by the President's Budget
asks that the 1968 authorization be cut from $450 million
to $203 million, moved, we are sure, by problems pertaining
to our military commitments.
We have asked our representatives in Congress
-------
954
H. M. Adams
to restore the authorized amount in the appropriation bill.
We feel that in this initial year, with timetables for per-
formance obviously predicated on the fulfillment of the
authorized funds, the almost 60 percent cut would throw
programs out of gear and have a sorry psychological dampening
of enthusiasm to meet responsibilities as planned.
We are hopeful that Congress will respond to
public demand and restore these funds. If not, we foresee
problems.
We have submitted this to you, Commissioner
Roscoe Kandle, in your capacity as the New Jersey Conferee
in this conference, and we trust it will be made a part of the
record.
In your capacity as Commissioner of Health for
New Jersey, this Authority wishes to express its appreciation
for your many kindnesses and fine efforts in our c'ommon endeavors
in the Raritan, as well as for your leadership in this field.
Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Adams.
Would you wait for any comments or questions?
I have Just one comment. By the way, I think
this is an excellent and very perceptive statement, but, among
other things, you mentioned the interrelationship of the
Hudson and the Raritan Bay. You go as far upstream as Troy,
-------
955
H. M. Adams
Rensselaer, Albany, Plainfield and other places, and I could
not agree with you more. Then you say, "We think we have a
right to expect uniformity." I agree with you.
Now, the problem here, as it is with every city,
is that Troy, Rensselaer, Plainfield, New Brunswick, Bound
Brook, and so forth and so on, also think they have a right
to expect uniformity together with you.
The question you raise and that must be faced here
is that you are dealing with the entire Hudson River. I
s
think the time schedule is what we should talk about. By
secondary treatment we mean 90 percent. If we come up with
secondary treatment; if they are thinking in terms of uni-
formity and you are talking in terms of uniformity -- this is
the problem that you are Just going to have to face.
I Just want to focus the issue. This is quite
important, I think, for both States and the Federal Govern-
ment. I don't want to minimize this.
Again, I say that you have stated the problem as
clearly as I have seen it stated. But from the other point
of view, those other cities are asking for uniformity too.
Are there any other comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much.
Dr. Kandle?
-------
I6mc
956
DR. KANDLE: May I inquire? I have the names of
some people from New Jersey who indicated that they might
want to speak, and I am sorry that I have not been able to
identify them. The list is as follows:
Mr. Robert Smalley.
I do not have the name of the Morgan Bayview Manor
Improvement Association.
Mr. Meseroll.
MR. KARMATZ: Mr. Meseroll will be here tomorrow.
DR. KANDLE: We will have another speaker, Murray,
if I could ask your indulgence. With the people tomorrow
then we will complete our presentation.
MR. STEIN: Do you have any more today?
DR. KANDLE: No, sir.
MR. STEIN: All right. That concludes New Jersey.
As I understand our commitments, Mr. Glenn, we have
this room engaged until five o'clock. Do you think we can
find a convenient breaking point, or I will be glad to incur
the wrath of the management if you want to go over that time.
I Just wanted to indicate that to you.
MR. GLENN: We should be through by four-thirty.
MR. STEIN: All right. Thank you very much.
MR. KARMATZ: My name is Karmatz and I am from
New Brunswick, New Jersey. There will be two men here
-------
957
N. Colosi
tomorrow. Mr. Meseroll will be one.
MR. STEIN: Either see Dr. Kandle or myself, and
we assure you that anyone who feels they have anything
relevant to say will be given an opportunity to present the
statement.
Mr. Glenn?
MR. GLENN: The Interstate Sanitation Commission
would like to call on our Chairman, Dr. Natale Colosi, to
present the statement.
STATEMENT OF DR. NATALE COLOSI, CHAIRMAN, INTER-
STATE SANITATION COMMISSION, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
DR. COLOSI: Mr. Chairman., Distinguished Conferees,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
My name is Natale Colosi. I am Professor of
Bacteriology and Public Health at Wagner College, and also
Dean of New York Polyclinic Medical School and Hospital.
However, I speak here today in my capacity as Chairman of the
Interstate Sanitation Commission.
The Interstate Sanitation Commission and the
State and local water pollution control agencies of New York
and New Jersey have continued to engage in an active and
effective program in the New York metropolitan area waters.
-------
I8mc 953
N. Colosl
We would like to bring the status of pollution abatement up
to date since the Second Session on the Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of the Raritan Bay and Adjacent Interstate
Waters was held on May 9, 1963.
The waters of Raritan Bay are affected by any
pollution in entrant waters from the Arthur Kill, Raritan
River, through the Narrows and from any direct discharges
locally.
Some wastes are transported by the Arthur Kill
directly into the Raritan Bay, but the majority of the wastes
discharged into the Arthur Kill pass through the northerly
end out through the Kill Van Kull and eventually through the
Narrows into the Raritan Bay. As stated at the second
conference, the Commission in November 1962 determined the
assimilative capacity of the tidal waterway and made it
possible to set new treatment requirements for the Arthur
Kill. The State of New Jersey and New York City followed this
up with orders to municipal and industrial plants requiring
80 percent removal of BOD or its equivalent.
Several of the smaller industries found it more
economical to connect to municipal systems rather than
provide secondary treatment on their individual wastes. One
of the larger industrial plants has chosen to barge their
wastes 110 miles to sea. Their barge is under construction and
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19mc 959
N. Colosl
this operation should begin in September of this year. Three
of the five municipal plants located in New Jersey along the
Arthur Kill constructed and operated pilot plants and
these studies are nearly completed.
The State of New Jersey followed up the original
orders with amended orders which contained detailed timetables.
The Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority is scheduled to complete
construction by October 30, 1969, the Linden-Roselle Sewerage
Authority by December 31, 1969, the Elizabeth Joint Meeting
and the Woodbridge Treatment Plants by October 30, 1970, and
the Carteret Sewage Treatment Plant has been turned over to the
Attorney General of New Jersey for the necessary legal action
to obtain compliance.
The industries on the Arthur Kill which are
required to have 80 percent BOD reduction or equivalent, have
also received timetables requiring completion by specific
times, some as early as this year, but none later than October
30, 1970. Elizabeth is receiving bids on the two projects
which will remove raw wastes from the-Bayway and Singer area.
These projects will be completed this year. On the New York
State side of the Arthur Kill, it was determined that the
Willowbrook State School, instead of going into secondary
treatment, would put in a pumping station and pump to the
Port Richmond Treatment Plant on the Kill Van Kull. This
-------
960
20mc N. Colosi
diversion has now been completed. The two industrial waste
discharges will be intercepted into the New York City sewer
system. The West Branch Interceptor of the Port Richmond
Plant which will intercept one of these industrial plants,
is scheduled to be completed in the summer of 1968 and the
Tottenville Plant will intercept the other.
In addition to wastes from the Arthur Kill
eventually passing through the Narrows, there are other
sources in the Upper Harbor area which were subject to the
Hudson River Conference, which also discharge out through the
Narrows and affect Raritan Bay. In 1965, the States agreed
with the Commission that more than primary treatment should
be required and it would be left to the States as to what
degree of secondary treatment is necessary. At the Hudson
River Conference the States and this Commission again agreed
to this policy of secondary treatment. Construction continues
on the Newton Creek Pollution Control Project and is nearing
completion. This plant will provide treatment for approxi-
mately 300 million gallons per day of raw wastes and will
remove approximately 150 million gallons per day for treatment
immediately and the remainder will be intercepted for treat-
ment in 1968, when the pumping station on Manhattan is
completed. This project has been under construction for
several years and the total cost is approximately $165,000,000
-------
961
21mc N. Colosi
It will make a substantial Improvement in the quality of the
water passing through the Narrows and thereby will benefit
the bathing beaches of the Raritan-Lower Bay area.
The States and the Commission agreed in 1965
that chlorination would be required for plants in the
Upper Harbor area by the summer of 1967. This is timed with
the completion of the Newtown Creek Plant. This chlorination
requirement will make a tremendous improvement in the
bacteriological quality of the beaches in the Staten Island
and Coney Island area. The North River Treatment Project,
which will remove the remainder of raw wastes from Manhattan
for treatment, has been designed and some of the interceptors
are under construction. The treatment plants in the Upper
Harbor, Lower Hudson and Kill Van Kull areas have been issued
orders by the State of New Jersey with detailed timetables.
The larger plants affected by these orders are Passaic
Valley, Bayonne, Jersey City and Hoboken, and the construction
of secondary treatment plants to remove not less than 80
percent BOD is to be completed not later than October 30,
1970. New York City has designed plans not only for
secondary treatment, but also greater capacity for the Port
Richmond Plant. This is scheduled to be completed during 1969
In the immediate Raritan Bay area, New Jersey has
issued orders on all plants requiring secondary treatment not
-------
22rac 962
N. Colosl
later than October 1970. The Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority in preparation for this additional treatment has been
operating a pilot plant to obtain design criteria. The Totten-
ville Plant is under design and the plant for secondary
treatment completed by the summer of 1969. New York City is
planning an extension of the Oakwood Beach interceptor by the
summer of 1969. Between this interceptor and the sewer
system for Tottenville, all industries along the south shore
of Staten Island will be intercepted for treatment.
Thus it may be seen that very substantial progress
is being made in the conference area and in the waters adjacent
thereto. As the conferees agreed at the close of the second
session of the conference, "The States of New Jersey and New
York and the Interstate Sanitation Commission have active
and effective programs for the control and abatement of
pollution of the waters of Raritan Bay and adjacent waters
as evidenced by:..." This was followed by a recital of the
activities of the two States and the Commission up to the
time of the second session. This is not to say that the
waters under consideration are in a condition even approaching
the quality that could prevail if the area were less heavily
populated and industrialized. On the other hand, the fact of
this intense population and industrial concentration must
not be used to condone a lesser water quality than reasonably
-------
963
23mc N. Colosi
can be produced, and that is desirable for the health and
welfare of the people of the metropolitan area.
In view of the ongoing programs already recognized
by the conference, the problem is how best to sustain control
and abatement activities which have been under way for a
number of years. In the Raritan Bay area we do not write on
a clean slate. Fortunately, all of the municipal discharges
and many of the industrial discharges are already receiving
a significant measure of treatment or are programmed as per
administrative and court orders already issued and containing
timetables for the installation of facilities. Nothing
should be permitted to place obstacles in the way of compliance
with these orders and timetables.
The fact that standards for effluents and receiving
waters have been increasing in the past few years introduces
a complicating element. Several years ago we would have
viewed the achievement of primary treatment of all wastes as
a proud accomplishment. Anything more was thought by the
knowledgeable part of the public and the technicians to be an
extra measure of virtue, above and beyond the call of
necessity. It is only within the last five years that
secondary treatment has been determined to be the general rule
for the area. This is not to say that it should remain so for
an indefinite length of time or for the future. But no one
interested in improving the quality of Raritan Bay waters
-------
N. Colosi
now or in the immediate future can ignore the fact that
plants recently completed, others already under construction,
and still others which have already entered the design and
financing stages, rely on the proposition that secondary
treatment will meet regulatory requirements now and for a
reasonable time into the future. Moreover, secondary
treatment is not generally understood to mean an immutable
set of numbers. Account must be taken of the fact that
virtually all secondary treatment facilities recently built
and under way have been designed to an 80 percent removal
figure, and that this has most assuredly been regarded as well
within the confines of secondary treatment. Indeed, this 80
percent figure frequently means something more than that,
because the standards in effect for most of the Raritan Bay
area propose "never less than 80 percent."
The report issued by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration Just prior to this third session of
the conference suggests that a flat 90 percent removal of BOD
be required. It also suggests agreement on a timetable for
all dischargers of waste in the area that would have universal
completion of treatment works designs by the end of this year,
commencement of all construction no later than mid-1968, and all
treatment works in operation and meeting the 90 percent
removal requirement by 1970. This completion date is
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25mc 965
N. Colosi
realistic only if reliance is placed on the knowledge that
most or all of the major projects necessary to meet the
standard have already been initiated and that some actual
work has been done. Indeed, so far as those who will comply
with the outstanding orders by 1970 are concerned, this is
the case. But their compliance will be the standard as it is
now and as it was when they made their commitments, and not
with an until now unknown 90 percent removal figure.
Consequently, this proposal based on an administra-
tive decision creates a dilemma that all the conferees should
avoid. Either a number of new plants will be in immediate
violation of requirements, through no fault of their
municipal and industrial owners, or design and construction
work already in progress must be discarded, with consequent
waste of money and time, and the time when actual improvement
of water quality in the area can be expected must be pushed
back a number of years.
If the standards being suggested were so clearly
superior in practical effect on the waters of Raritan Bay
and its environs to the versions of secondary treatment
hitherto thought acceptable, present Insistence on the new
requirement might be Justified, even though involving sub-
stantial delay in the attainment of any improvement in water
quality. But, as already pointed out, the actual difference
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26mc N. Colosi
between what has been hitherto understood and what the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration now suggests,
is quite small. The practical effect becomes yet smaller
when one realizes that none of the water concerned is potable
and that its uses are limited by its salt character. More-
over, it must be recognized that such difference as may exist
will be periodically obliterated by mammoth discharges from
combined sewers.
It should be clearly understood that the Inter-
state Sanitation Commission has no objection to a 90 percent
removal requirement as such. If secondary treatment were not
yet a fact on any significant part of the waters under con-
sideration, and if there were not substantial construction
already in preparation or under way to produce more such
treatment, we would be pleased to consider the 90 percent
proposal. On the other hand, the existence of the circum-
stances Just discussed leads us to point out further that the
report of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
which proposes 90 percent removal contains no explanation
of the figure and does not even attempt to show why it is the
best one to meet the actual conditions and needs of the area.
Accordingly, we suggest a firm requirement for secondary
treatment. It is also useful to point out in the conference
conclusions, as the Federal Water Pollution Control
-------
27mc 96?
N. Colosi
Administration report does, that even more treatment probably
will be required in the future, as population densities and
pressures on water use increase, and to indicate that all
future site selections should be so arranged that these addi-
tional degrees of treatment may be added.
One more point should be made. All sessions of
this conference have dwelled more or less forcefully on the
previous shellfish industry in Raritan Bay and on the closing
of the beds because the water quality in the area is not
good enough to make shellfish culture safe. Unfortunately,
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration report does
not state unequivocally that shellfish require the very best
water quality and that, under the conditions prevailing in
the greater New York metropolitan area, even 90 percent BOD,
plus year-round disinfection of effluents, will not raise the
quality of Raritan Bay water to a point where there can be a
safe shellfishery. Achievement of this goal, in addition to
many other steps that might be necessary, would certainly
require the elimination of the combined sewers in the area,
at a cost of many billions of dollars.
Accordingly, we urge that proposed "Conclusion 12"
be amended to read:
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968
28mc N. Colosl
"12. Additional major benefits would accrue
if the quality of these waters were at the level
necessary to support a safe shellfishery, but this
could be accomplished only at a cost running to
many billions of dollars."
The Interstate Sanitation Commission is pleased
to see the change that has come over attitudes toward water
pollution control in this area and throughout the Nation.
It is now almost universally recognized, as it was «not only
several years ago, that we do need to make major improvements
in water quality, and that substantially increased treatment
requirements must be one of the means to the necessary end.
However, we. do not want to see our progress measured only by
paper requirements of a kind that, however impressive sounding,
will produce significant delay in the actual clean-up. We
need to encourage early compliance, and we do not want
enforcement agencies faced with numerous foredoomed violators
who can plead the changes in requirements as an excuse to
win endless extensions of their timetables in the courts.
Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. ColQsi.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much for a
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969
very complete, forthright statement.
DR. COLOSI: Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Are there any other statements on
behalf of the Interstate Sanitation Commission?
MR. GLENN: That is all the statements we have.
MR. STEIN: Does anyone else have anything today?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: Tomorrow we may well have some
congressional visitors, if the situation in Washington permits.
Then we will hear from New York, and, hopefully, we will be
able to get into executive session. I don't know how long
New York is going to take. We will see how far we can go
towards concluding the conference. We will also hear from the
people in New Jersey, if they appear, to make their presenta-
tions.
I suspect if we do get a visit from Washington,
it may very well prove the most entertaining and instructive
and dramatic portion of the conference. If that occurs, it
will be at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow morning.
The conference will stand in recess. We will
reconvene at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at J*:35 p.m., the conference was
adjourned until Wednesday, June 14, 1967, at 9:00 o'clock
a.m.)
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