CWT 10-19
-------
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
SIIEUJFTSU RESOURCE
AND
WKTER QUALITY
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Quality Administration
Northeast Region
New BSxjland Dasins Office
Nee<2iam Heights, Massachusetts 02334
August 1970
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
SUffBVRY vi
iNTRDDUcrioN 1
WATER QUALITY 3
SHELLFISH RESOURCE 11
APPENDICES
A. Waste Sources, Location and Characteristics A-l
B. Water Quality Standards—Classification, B-l
Present Condition, Water Quality Parameters
and Criteria, Applicable Biplenentation
Schedules
C. Current Data C-l
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Following
Male NO. Page No.
1 Location and Estimated Characteristics A-l
of Domestic and Industrial Wastes
Discharged to New Haven Harbor and
Its Tributaries
2 Ccn|>arison of Water Quality Standards B-l
3 ' Water Quality Sanpling Stations 10
New Haven Harbor
4 Coliform Values, New Haven Harbor 10
5 Maximum Coliform Values, New Haven Harbor 10
6 Geometric Mean Total Coliform Value for 10
Stated Fecal Coliform Value
7 Conductivity Values, New Haven Harbor 10
8 Temperature Values, New Haven Harbor 10
September 6-15, 1967
9 Temperature Values, New Haven Harbor 10
October 10-15, 1967
10 Profile - Harbor Side of Breakwaters 10
New Haven Harbor, Septenber 7, 1967,
Flood Tide
11 Profile - Morgan Point to Oyster River 10
Point, New Haven Harbor, Septenber 8, 1967,
Flood Tide
12 Profile - Forbes Bluff to Old Field Creek, 10
New Haven Harbor, Septenber 8, 1967,
Flood Tide
13 Profile - Fort Hale Point to Sandy Point, 10
New Haven Harbort Septenber 8, 1967,
Flood Tide
14 Biological Sampling Stations 10
New Haven Harbor Tributaries
ii
-------
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Hollowing
±OUJUS MW •
15
16
17
18
Biological S«"pii«g staticns
New Haven Harbor
Benthic Organisms, New Haven Harbor
and Tributaries
Shellfish Population Estimates and
Values for 1967
ttetal Content in Oysters
10
10
19
20
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Study Area Shewing Major Pollution
Sources and Water Quality Classification
Composite of Flood Tide Currents
Lxjrposite or roD iioe cuirents
Water Quality Sanpling Stations
Average Total Coliforms
September - All Tides
Average Total Coliforms
September - Low Tide
Average Total Coliforms
September - High Tide
Average Fecal Coliforms
September - All Tides
Average Fecal Coliforms
September - Low Tide
Average Fecal Coliforms
September - High Tide
Average Total Coliforms
October - All Tides
Average Total Coliforms
October - Low Tide
Average Total Coliforms
October - High Tide
Average Fecal Coliforms
October - All Tides
Average Fecal Coliforms
Following
Page No.
End of Report
C-l
C-l
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
16
October - Low Tide
Average Fecal Coliforms
October - High Tide
10
IV
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Following
Figure No. Page No.
17 Average Conductivity 10
Septetrber - Low Tide
18 Average Conductivity 10
Septenber - High Tide
19 Average Tenperature 10
Septenber - High Tide
20 Average Tenperature 10
Septenber - Lew Tide
21 Average Temperature 10
Octcber - High Tide
22 Average Tenperature 10
Octcber - Low Tide
23 Water Quality Profile 10
Station Locations
24 Biological Sampling Stations 10
25 Kinds of Benthic Organisms per Station 10
26 Sediment Depths in New Haven Harbor 10
and Tributaries
27 Shellfish Areas 17
-------
This report presents an evaluation of water quality in New Haven
Harbor in 1967, an enumeration of waste discharges related to the
problem and a detailed description of the shellfish resource in this
area, including the subsequent effects of water quality to this
resource.
Essentially, an examination of both bacteriological and biological
water quality data indicate that water quality standards in the harbor
area were not net at the tine of the study. This conclusion is sup-
ported by data in terms of standards for coliform bacteria and sludge
deposits and further, it appears that standards for dissolved oxygen,
color and turbidity, taste and odor and chemical constituents were
exceeded at least a portion of the time. The discharge of significant
amounts of untreated and inadequately treated waste from both municipal
and industrial sources in the harbor area undoubtedly accounts for the
contravention of approved water quality standards. Although the data
considered in this report was collected in 1967, current information
indicates essentially that little, if any, pollution abatement has taken
place in New Haven Harbor since the time of the study.
Implementation tine schedules as a part of Connecticut water
quality standards in New Haven Harbor, as approved by the Secretary of
the Interior, require initiation of secondary treatment facilities to
upgrade present primary treatment plants at the Boulevard, East Shore
and East Street plant locations, all of which are operated by the
City of New Haven. The dates in these Federally approved standards
VI
-------
require initiation of construction by November 1970, and initiation of
secondary operation by November 1972. The State of Connecticut Water
Itesources Commission has indicated, however, that these dates have
been delayed by about one year in terms of start of construction and
two years with regard to operation of new improved facilities. The
industrial waste discharges, in general, appear to follow the same
pattern of delay as the municipal plants.
The report develops a detailed historical background and an under-
standing of controls regulating the shellfish industry It also
relates the loss of shellfish acreage as a result of sludge deposits
end the closing of all shellfish beds in the Inner Harbor for commer-
cial harvest purposes due to waste contamination, particularly coliform
bacteria. Those beds remaining in the Inner Harbor can only be used
for cultivation and the shellfish must be transplanted to open beds in
the ocean for ccmnercial harvesting.
Both observations during the study and a brief examination of
limited tidal and current data appear to support the contention that
minimal scour of the bottom occurs in portions of the Inner Harbor.
As a result, extensive sludge deposition has taken place. It would
appear that after adequate waste treatment facilities are in operation,
consideration will have to be given regarding removal and ultimate
disposal of these deposits.
VII
-------
INTRODUCTION
New Haven Harbor is a relatively shallow estuary located in
Connecticut on the northern shore of Long Island Sound. It is in the
southern part of the state, 79 miles northeast of New York, New York
and 140 miles southwest of Boston, Massachusetts. The harbor is
divided into inner and outer portions by a line extending between Sandy
Point and Fort Hale Point. The Inner Harbor area is approximately
2.5 square miles and the Outer Harbor encompasses approximately 8.3
square miles. A dredged channel which forms the entrance to the
harbor is approximately 34 feet deep at the entrance, decreasing to
16 feet at the Perry Street bridge in the Quinnipiac River. The mean
depth at mean low tide for the entire harbor is 11.5 feet.
New Haven is the largest city in the east Connecticut coastal
basin with considerable industry in or near the city. There are over
400 separate manufacturing plants ranging from minor operations to firms
employing several thousand people. Predominant types of industry
include metal fabricating and plating, chemicals, paper board and boxes
and textile finishing. The Inner Harbor is surrounded on three sides
by industrial docking facilities, the majority of which are devoted
to the transfer and storage of petroleum products. A modern deep water
cargo handling facility is located on the east shore.
There are in excess of 200 miles of sewer mains serving the
municipality. Three New Haven water pollution control facilities, the
East Street plant, the Boulevard plant and the East Shore plant, dis-
charge their effluents to the Inner Harbor. These facilities also
-1-
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treat the wastewater from the towns of Hamden and East Haven. The
West Haven water pollution control plant discharges to the Outer
Harbor. The effluent from the North Haven water pollution control
plant is discharged to the Quinnipiac River. At the tine of the study,
all plants provided primary treatment with the exception of 14orth
Haven which had secondary treatment.
Information on those industries and municipalities contributing
wastes either directly or indirectly to the harbor area from New Haven
and surrounding communities is shown in Table 1 in Appendix A. The
location of these sources is indicated in Figure 1 at the end of the
report. In Appendix B a comparison of present water quality with
approved water quality standards on the basis of classifications is
shown in Table 2. The parameters and criteria assigned to various
classifications for the State of Connecticut are also included in
this section. Finally, Appendix B contains the present status of
implementation schedules for pollution abatement for New Haven and
West Haven. In Appendix C Figures 2 and 3 contain information con-
cerning current patterns in the Inner Harbor.
The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological
and biological quality of the waters of New Haven Harbor with partic-
ular regard to the valuable shellfish resource in this area.
-2-
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WATER QUALITY*
General
In order to obtain indications of water quality in the New Haven
area, a series of sampling stations were chosen in the Outer Harbor,
the Inner Harbor, West River, Mill River and Quinnipiac River. Bas-
ically , parameters included coliform bacteria, temperature and con-
ductivity. In addition a biological study was conducted to ascertain
general bottom conditions and'the'type "of benthic organisms encoun-
tered. The field work was undertaken by personnel of the New Qigland
Basins Office, Northeast Region, Federal Water Quality Administration,
during the periods September 6-15 and October 9-16, 1967. All
samples, with the exception of those obtained in conjunction with
shellfish or biological studies, were collected either at high water
and/or low water slack. A discussion of analytical procedures and
methods utilized in these studies is provided in succeeding sections.
Water quality sanpling station locations are shown on Figure 4 and
further identified in Table 3. Locations and data relative to shell-
fish sampling are presented under Shellfish Resource.
Microbiology
Values of total and fecal coliform densities were used as indi-
cators of bacterial pollution of New Haven Harbor.
The analytical method used to enumerate the coliform densities
was the multiple fermentation tube technique using decimal dilution of
five tubes per dilution. This test is also known as the Most Probable
*A11 tables and figures follow page 10.
-------
Number (MN) method as it is based upon a statistical estimation of
bacterial density. All techniques were in accordance with "Standard
ffethods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - 12th Edition."
During the first sampling period, September 6-15, 1967, the city
of New Haven was chlorinating its water pollution control plant
effluent. There was no chlorination of wastewater during the second
sampling period from October 10-15r 1967. Tables 4 and 5 present a
summary of the results obtained during the September and October
studies, while Table 6 indicates the geometric mean total coliform
values.
The data, as compared to actual fecal coliform values, show the
effect of chlorination of water pollution control plant effluents on
the harbor waters. During the period when disinfection was being
practiced, total coliform values in the harbor water ranged from
6000 to 100 tfN and fecal coliform ranged from 1500 to 20. During
the period when disinfection of the plant's wastes was not practiced,
the total coliform densities ranged from 150,000 to 200 MPN, and
fecal coliform values ranged from 25,000 to 100 MPN.
The maps showing approximate surface water sample total and fecal
coliform densities as isometric lines during both sampling periods
(Figures 5 through 16) illustrate the considerable effect chlorination
of the four primary plant effluents has on the water quality classifi-
cation that can be attained in New Haven Harbor. The sunmary for all
tides (Figures 5, 8,11 and 14) includes data obtained at ebb and
flood tides. It indicates the type of results that night be obtained
-4-
-------
fron a composite sanpling program. It does not represent an actual
point situation in the environment except on a relative magnitude
basis in a comparison between different periods or areas.
As would be expected, coliform concentrations are highest in the
Inner Harbor and in those areas receiving low flushing velocities as
shown in the current charts (Figures 2 and 3). Data obtained in the
vicinity of the water pollution control plant outfalls demonstrate
their effect on the overall harbor water quality, particularly when a
comparison is made between the periods of effluent chlorination and
non-chlorination. Further comparison between high and low tide values
in relation to the current studies, provides an interesting basis for
a look at the overall nature of the harbor problem.
Analysis of the water samples for September, taken in the vicinity
of shellfish sampling areas 1 through 4 (Figure 27), shows a direct
relationship in magnitude to the shellfish meat coliform data presented
later. The ability of the oyster to concentrate contaminants in
their consumable meat fraction is well demonstrated.
Table 6 presents a comparison between the geometric mean total
coliform value and the stated fecal coliform value. A comparison of
the values shown indicates that the fecal pollution at station group-
ings 11 through 17, and 18 through 24, was in all probability of a
recent nature.
Temperature and Conductivity Data
Temperature and conductivity data for both sanpling periods are
presented in Tables 7 through 9. A visual oonparison of surface water
-5-
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sarple oonduc±ivity data is presented in Figures 17 and 18. Results
obtained arc as expected, the freshwater influence being noted in the
Inner Harbor with a gradual increase in salinity proceeding out to
Long Island Sound. The character of the currents as shown in Figures
2 and 3 is further demonstrated here. Conductivity data is reported
only for the period of September 6 through 10 due to a malfunction in
the salinometer probe. Variations in temperature are presented in
Tables 8 and 9 and visually for surface water in Figures 19-22.
Profiles were taken from east to west across the harbor on
September 7 and 8, 1967. Station locations are shown in Figure 23
and the temperature and conductivity data obtained are presented in
Tables 10, 11, 12 and 13. All in-situ measurements were taken during
flood tide and depth figures given are not corrected to nean low water.
There were no marked variations in tenperature or conductivity,
either with depth at each profile location or between locations. In
alitcst all cases the surface temperatures and conductivities were
higher than those near the bottom. The range of values across each
of the four profiles is as follows:
Profile Tenp. Range °C Conductivity Range
mLHimhos/cm
Harbor side of breakwaters 19.4 - 20.6 35.1 - 35.8
ftorgan Pt. to Oyster River Pt. 19.6 - 20.8 35.4 - 36.3
Forbes Bluff to Old Field Crk. 20.0 - 21.9 35.2 - 35.9
Ft. Hale Pt. to Sandy Pt. 20.0 - 22.0 35.1 - 36.0
-6-
-------
There are insufficient data available to make any definitive
conclusions. Further cross sectional studies proceeding into the
Inner Harbor on both flood and ebb tides would be required.
Biology
A biological survey of New Haven Harbor was conducted during the
periods Septenber 11-22 and October 9-16, 1967 to investigate the
overall quality of the harbor as revealed by the benthic comnunity
and general bottom conditions. Two major tributaries to the Harbor,
the Mill and Quirmipiac Rivers, were also sampled in addition to
reference stations outside of the breakwaters in Long Island Sound
(see Figure 24 and Tables 14 and 15).
Immediately below Whitney Lake at Station 1, the Mill River was a
clear, fast moving stream about ten feet wide and one to two feet in
depth. The bottom was composed mainly of rock and coarse sand with
no evidence of siltation. Benthic organisms found included caddis
larvae, water fleas, hydrae, snipe flies, ostracods and clams (see
Table 16). Occasional patches of rooted aquatic plants were present,
and large schools of small eels and minnows were grazing in the area.
The number and kinds of benthic organisms found, in addition to
physical conditions, indicate good water quality at this station.
At Stations 2, 3 and 4 on the Mill River, the river bed was
covered by more than six inches of decomposing sludge. Benthic life
was completely absent, indicating severe toxicity caused by deoxygen-
ation of the environment and the production of toxic by-products by
the decomposing sludge. This section of the Mill River is tidal.
-7-
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thus pollutants discharged from industries downstream can be carried
upriver on flood tide and may affect these areas. Ohe absence of
benthic life in conjunction with the degraded physical environment
at Stations 2, 3 and 4 indicate that this portion of the Mill River is
grossly polluted.
A total of five biological stations were established and sampled
in the Quinnipiac River (see Table 14 and Figure 24). Bottom sanples
from Stations 5-8 contained a majority of polychaete worms, crabs and
barnacles. Sludge depths overlying a fine sand bottom ranged from two
to five inches, and sane evidence of deconpositicn was noted. A
noticeable increase in kinds of benthic organisms was evident at the
downstream stations 7 and 8 (Figure 25). These data indicate that
the Quinnipiac River is of intermediate water quality at Stations 5-8.
Station 9 in the Quinnipiac River could not be sanpled due to a
layer of oyster shells covering the bottom sediments. This area is
used by the Mansfield Oyster Conpany as a setting bed, making it
impossible for the dredge to obtain a sanple of the itud below the
shells. Benthic life was cotpletely absent at Station 10 in the
Quinnipiac River. Iwo to five inches of sludge covered the bottom,
and strong odors of decoiposition were apparent during sampling. This
station is affected by residual water from the Mill River on incoming
tide which may contribute to the grossly polluted conditions observed.
Station 11 was located 30 feet from the east bank of the harbor
just below the confluence of the Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers. Because
of its location, this station is influenced by harbor water on in-
coming tide and Quinnipiac River water on outgoing tide. The effect
-8-
-------
of the Mill River an this station is minimal. Many poiychaebe worms
(20,554 per square meter), as shown in Table 16, were present in
conjunction with scuds, mud crabs, clams, barnacles and snails. rihe
high numbers of polychaete worms indicate excessive organic enrich-
ment at this station, resulting in a polluted condition.
In general, the portion of the Inner Harbor from the confluence
of the Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers to City Point (Stations 12-15)
showed evidence of gross pollution. Sludge depths exceeded six
inches at these stations (see Figure 26), and benthic populations
were absent or represented by minimal numbers of polychaete worms
and snails. Quantities of oil were observed in all bottom samples
from this area, and decomposition odors were prevalent.
The substrate at Station 16 on the east shore of the Inner
Harbor was composed of gravel, sand and rock, and supported 15 kinds
of benthic organisms. No evidence of sludge deposition was noted at
this station.
An examination of the remainder of the Inner Harbor (Stations
17-20) revealed that two to five inches of sludge covers the bottom
and this area appeared to support only minimal numbers of polychaete
worms, snails and bivalves. This portion of the harbor is polluted.
'N
In the Outer Harbor at Stations 22, 28, 29, 31 and 32 two to
five inches of sludge covered the bottom. Four to six kinds of benthic
life inhabited these areas, indicating some recovery of the benthic
conditions from those found in the Inner Harbor.
-9-
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In Morris Cove at Station 21, one half to one inch of sludge
covered the botton. Here linpet snails, nysid shrimp, crabs, clans
aid polychaetes were present, indicating inproved biological con-
ditions. Apparently, the strong current running through the cove
of 0.70 knots on ebb tide (Figure 3) is sufficient to flush roost of
the solids through this area. From Morris Cove to the east breakwater
at the harbor entrance, a clean water benthic population existed.
Sludge deposition was not found behind the breakwater at Sandy
Point or along the west shore of the Outer Harbor (see Figure 26).
An examination of the bottom indicated gravel, sand and shells that
support 11 to 18 kinds of life (Stations 23, 24, 26 and 30), and is
indicative of good water quality.
In the nain channel of the harbor at the breakwaters (Station 35)
the bottom was conposed of sand, gravel and rock which supported a
variety of life, including itysid shrinp, linpet snails, clams and
polychaete worms.
On the Long Island Sound side of the breakwater at Stations 37-39,
a great variety of organisms were present, indicating a clean environ-
nent (see Table 16). Included in the benthic population at these
stations were moss animals (Ectoprocta) starfish (Asterias sp.),
hydroids (Podocoryne carnea) and (Bougainvillia carolinensis), copepods,
itysid shrinp, scuds, scwbugs, crabs, snails and small nunbers of poly-
chaete worms. Twenty-five kinds of organisms were present at Station
39, dominated by the clam Nucula proxima.
-10-
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TABLE 3
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
STATION
1
2
3
4
5
RIVER NAME
Quinnipiac River
Quinnipiac River
Mill River
Mill River
West River
RIVER MILES*
9.18**
1.26
6.54**
1.24
1.88
LATITUDE
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
41° 16' 46"
41 15 47
41 14 45
41 14 52
41 14 40
41 14 26
41 14 12
41 13 21
41 14 17
41 13 18
41 14 02
41 12 58
41 12 55
41 13 52
LONGITUDE
72° 54' 46"
72 54 48
72 54 56
72 55 44
72 56 02
72 54 35
72 57 43
72 56 22
72 53 39
72 54 35
72 55 02
72 57 06
72 55 47
72 53 07
* #1-5 Readings from 1954 USGS New Haven and Vicinity Quadrangle
Miles measured from mouth of river.
** Not shown in Figure 5, upstream from the area depicted.
-------
TABLE 4
COLIFORM VALUES - NEW HAVEN HARBOR
STA-
TION
1 8
2 8
3 8
If 8
5 8
9 8
X
B
12 8
B
13 8
14 8
15 8
B
16 8
B
17 8
*™ 1
18 8
B
19 8
~X
20 8
21 8
22 8
23 8
24 8
AVO. TOTAL COLIFCKMS
NPM/100 ML
LOW
TIDE
33,600
6,633
1,355
477,400
2,050
5,163
6^366
—
90
3,680
2,972
80
1,245
1*0
24
60
•*
72
244
80
20
20
20
OVER-
ALL*
53,633
13,487
1,478
331,200
6,575
4,280
230
4,111
130
73
2,964
1,576
40
1,297
67
46
245
20
64
112
50
50
20
20
HIGH
TIDE
63,650
20,340
1,600
185,000
11,100
4,315
230
740
130
65
74
20
20
117
80
72
110
20
65
20
35
65
20
20
-15, 1967
AVO. FECAL COLIFORMS
MPN/100 ML
LOW
TIDE
23,900
563
640
89,950
265
1,810
679
_
50
1,003
1,575
20
145
20
20
23
_
20
59
40
20
20
20
OVER-
ALL*
15,600
1,670
695
55,225
528
1,399
80
552
20
30
1,707
775
20
138
20
26
41
20
24
36
27
20
20
20
HIGH
TIDE
11,450
2,777
750
20,500
790
1,302
80
191
20
20
30
20
20
23
20
34
30
20
30
20
20
20
20
20
OCTOBER 10-15, 1967
STA-
TION
2 8
93
B
12 S
13 8
15 8
16 8
17 S
18 S
19 S
20 S
21 S
22 S
B
23 8
B
AVG. TOTAL COLIFORMS
MPN/100 ML
LOW
TIDE
13,000
151,975
75,800
91,775
6,087
5,420
50
140
1,822
2,498
5,080
35
-
190
-
OVER-
ALL*
67,050
89,411
13,000
83,933
61,336
3,446
4,187
476
630
3,708
1,243
3,914
77
700
148
20
HIGH
TIDE
85,067
39,360
13,000
90,440
30,898
1,465
3,570
795
875
5,216
240
2,982
133
700
128
20
AVG. FECAL COLIFORMS
MPN/100 ML
LOW
TIDE
200
28,625
15,550
4,995
1,243
1,300
30
65
372
195
2,560
20
-
35
-
OVER-
ALL*
11,525
17,289
800
11,747
3,852
657
760
214
143
456
113
1,346
29
90
25
20
HIGH
TIDE
15,300
8,220
800
8,704
2,710
218
490
352
182
522
48
374
40
90
20
20
-
•Includes values of surface coliforms at ebb and flood tides
8 - Surface water sample
B - Bottom water sample
-------
TABLE 5
MAXIMUM COLIFORM VALUES
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
STATION
2 S
9 S
9 B
12 S
13 S
14 S
15 S
16 S
17 S
18 S
19 S
20 S
21 S
22 S
22 B
23 S
23 B
24 S
TOTAL COLIFORMS
MPN/100 ML
SEPT.
54,200
13,000
17,200
-
> 16,000
16 ,000
9,200
220
2,400
230
490
80
80
20
20
OCT.
109,000
348,000
348,000
172,000
--
16 ,000
5,420
1,410
2,400
16,000
9,200
16,000
330
20
-
FECAL COLIFORMS
MPN/100 ML
SEPT.
7,900
7,900
1,700
-
> 16, 000
9,200
700
80
230
80
170
40
20
20
20
OCT.
24,000
92,000
33,000
10,900
-
3,480
1,300
790
330
1,720
490
9,200
80
50
-
S - Surface water sample
B - Bottom water sample
-------
TABLE 6
GEOMETRIC MEAN TOTAL COLIFQRM VALUE
FOR STATED FECAL COLIFORM VALUE
SEPTEMBER 6-15, 1969
FECAL
MPN/10O ML
<20
20
kQ
200
STATION GROUPS*
1-5
—
—
—
12^0
9
—
--
—
1300
12-17
33
**3
70
700
18 - 2k
31
50
117
—
«Stations 1-5 River
" 9 Inner Harbor
" 12-17 Outer Harbor
" 18 - 2k At or outside of Breakwater
-------
TABLE 7
CONDUCTIVITY VALUES
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
STATION
2
9 S
9 B
12 S
12 B
14
15
16 S
16 B
17
18 S
18 B
19
20
SEPTEMBER 6-10, 1967
AVERAGE CONDUCTIVITY MILLIMHOS/CM
HIGH TIDE
33.4
35.5
35.3
36.0
35.7
36.3
36.3
36.3
36.1
36.1
36.0
35.3
36.1
36.6
OVERALL
-
35.0
35.3
35.9
35.7
35.8
35.9
35.6
36.0
36.2
LOW TIDE
20.6
34.5
34.8
35.6
35.1
35.5
35.9
35.7
35.2
35.9
35.8
S - Surface water sample
B - Bottom water sample
-------
TABLE 8
TEMPERATURE VALUES
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
SEPTEMBER 6-15, 196?
STATION
1
2
3
k
5
9 B
9 S
12 S
12. B
13
1U
15 S
15 B
16 S
16 B
17
18 S
18 B
19
20
21
22
23
2k
MAX.
22.9
21.3
17.2
20.6
19.3
-
21.9
21.5
_
18.8
21.5
21.7
20A
21.7
_
21.1
20.9
-
21.0
21.5
18.9
18.9
18.8
18.9
TEMPERATURE °C
IGH TIDE LOW TIDE
AVG.
21.5
20.5
15-7
20.3
19.2
20. U
20.0
20.2
-
18.8
20.6
20.6
20.3
20.6
20.5
19.9
20.3
19.5
20. k
20.0
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
MIN.
19-3
19.8
1U.2
20.0
19.0
-
18.7
18.7
-
18.8
19.7
19-7
2O.2
19-5
-
18.7
19.3
-
19-5
18.8
18.8
18.6
18.7
18.8
MAX.
20.5
21.3
16.0
21.7
22.0
-
21.7
21.2
-
-
21.1
-
2k. 0
25.2
-
20.3
20.5
-
20.5
20.7
-
-
-
"
AVG.
20.2
20.0
15.8
21.5
21.7
20.U
-
20.2
-
I9>k
20.0
-
20.4
21.0
20.k
19.7
19-9
-
19.9
19-9
19.3
19.6
19 A
19A
MIN.
20.0
19.2
15.6
21.3
21. k
-
19.2
19-3
-
-
19.1
-
18.0
19.2
-
19.2
19.3
—
19.1
19.1
-
-
-
S - Surface water sample
B _ Bottom water sample
-------
TABLE 9
TEMPERATURE VALUES
NEW HAVEN HARBCR
OCTOBER 10-15,
STATION
2
9S
9 B
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 S
22 B
23 S
23 B
TEMPERATURE °C
HIGH TIDE LOW TIDE
MAX.
18.0
17.5
_
17.0
17.0
16.5
16.5
16.5
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
16.5
-
16.5
—
AVG.
17.1
16.3
-
16.0
16.2
16.1
16.3
16.0
16.2
16.1
16.3
16.2
16.2
-
16.1
••
WIN.
16.5
15.5
'-' '
15.0
15.5
15.5
16.0
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
16,0
-
16.0
^
MAX.
_
17.5
-
17.5
17.5
17.0
-
17.0
16.5
16.5
17.0
17.0
17.0
-
16.5
^
AVG.
16.5
16.7
-
16.3
16.2
15.8
16.0
16.1
16.0
16.1
16.2
16.5
16.3
-
16.0
^
MIN.
-
16.0
-
15.5
15.5
15.0
-
15.5
15-5
15-5
15.5
15.5
16.0
-
15.5
"
S - Surface water sample
B - Bottom water sample
-------
TABUS 10
PROFIIZ - HABBCBSIDE OP BKEAXHATSRS
NEV HAVEN HARBOR
9/7/67 FLOW) TUB
STATIOB ^ DEPTH (ft.) TBg. (°C) CONDUCTIVITY (millimhos/cm)
A 4 20.1 35-7
3 20.1 35.7
2 20.1 35.7
1 20.0 35.6
Surface 20.1 35*6
B 15 19-9 35.7
12 19.9 35.7
9 19.9 35.6
6 19.9 35.7
3 20.1 35.7
Surface 20.3 35-7
C 14 19.8 35.8
10 19.9 35.8
6 20.2 35.8
3 20.1 35-6
Surface 20.1 35*6
D 14 2O.O 35.3
10 20,1 35.2
6 2O.1 35.2
3 2O.1 35.2
Surface 20.6 35.2
I 26 19.8 35.3
19 19.9 35-3
13 19-9 35.3
7 2O.O 35.3
Surface 20.1 35.1
r to 19.4 35.6
30 19-5 35.6
20 19.6 35.7
IX) 19.7 35.6
Surface 19-9 35.7
G 20 19-8 35.4
15 19-9 35.4
IX) 19-9 35.4
5 19.9 35.4
Surface 20.1 35*4
-------
TABLE 10 (Continued)
STATION j DEPTH (ft.) TEMP. (°C) CONDUCTIVITY (millimhos/cm)
H IB 19.5 35.2
1* 19.9 35.2
9 19.8 35.2
* 19.8 35.2
Surface 20.2 35.*
I 25 19.6 35.2
19 19.8 35.1
13 19-5 35.1
6 19-7 35.1
Surface 20.3 35-5
J 28 19.8 35.3
21 19.6 35.3
1* 19.7 35.1
7 19-9 35.1
Surface 20.* 35-5
K 35 19-5 35.*
27 19.8 35.3
19 19-5 35.*
12 20.0 35.*
Surface 20.1 35-6
L 33 19.7 35.3
25 19.9 35.3
17 19.7 35.*
9 19.8 35.3
Surface 19.9 35.3
N 26 20.1 35.5
20 19-9 35.5
12 19.7 35.5
6 20.0 35.5
Surface 20.6 35.*
H 2* 19.9 35.5
18 19.8 35.5
12 19.7 35.5
6 19.8 35.7
Surface 20.2 35.8
0 2* 19.7 35.*
18 19.8 35.*
12 19.6 35.3
6 19.7 35.3
Surface 20.3 35.8
P 20 19.7 35.*
15 19.7 35.*
10 19.8 35.*
5 20.0 35.6
Surface 20.5 36.0
-------
TABLE 11
- MORGAN POIHT TO OYSTER RIVER POIHT
HIW HAVBJ HARBOR
9/8/6? FLOOD TIDE
SIATIOHl
Al
Bl
Cl
Dl
El
Fl
Gl
DEPTH (ft.)
20
15
1O
5
Surface
20
15
10
5
Surface
11
5
Surface
16
12
8
4
Surface
Ml
30
20
10
Surface
15
10
5
Surface
15
12
10
7.5
5
2.5
Surface
19-7
19.8
19-9
19.9
20.2
19.8
19.6
19.8
20.0
20.5
20.3
20.5
20 A
20.4
20.3
20.2
20.1
20.2
20.1
20.0
20.1
20.1
20.2
20.1
20.1
20.2
20.8
20.1
20.3
20.3
20.3
20.3
20.3
20.5
CONDUCTIVITY (millimhos/cm)
35.4
35.5
35.5
35.6
35.7
35.5
35.5
35.4
35.3
35.7
35.6
35.7
35.6
35.7
35.7
35.7
35.7
35.7
35.6
35.6
35.6
35.6
35.6
35.6
35.6
35.6
36.0
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.3
-------
TABLE 12
PROFILE - RUBES BLUFF TO OLD FIELD CREEK
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
9/8/6? FLOOD TIDE
STATION # DEPTH (ft.) TEMP. (°C) CONDUCTIVITY (milliinhos/cm)
A2 k 21.1 35.7
2 21.2 35.6
Surface 21. h 35.5
B2 7 20.7 35.5
5 20.9 35.5
2 20.9 35.6
Surface 21.2 35.6
C2 U3 19.9 35 A
30 20.0 35.1*
20 20.1 35.4
10 20.1 35.2
Surface 20.2 35.U
D2 10 20.5 35.7
7.5 20.3 35.7
5 20.5 35.8
2.5 20.6 35.8
Surface 20.7 35.8
82 15 20.2 35.5
12 20.2 35.6
9 20.3 35.1*
6 20.9 35.5
3 21.1* 35.7
Surface 21.9 35.9
-------
TABLE 13
PROFILE - FORT HALE POUJT TO SANDY POINT
NEW HAVER HARBGR
9/8/6? FLOOD TUX
STATION I PEPTH (ft.)
A3 8
6
U
2
Surface
B3
C3
HO
30
20
10
Surface
6
3
Surface
TEMP. (°fc) CONDUCTIVITY (millimhos/cm)
20.3 35.2
20.1 35.3
20.5 35.2
20.3 35.1
22.0 35-9
20.0 35A
20.1 35.^
20.3 35.H
20.5 35.5
21.0 35.7
20.9 35.6
21A 36.0
21.5 35-7
-------
TABLE 14
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING STATIONS
NEW HAVEN HARBOR TRIBUTARIES
1967
River Miles*
1. Mill River - 100' below dam on Whitney Lake - 1.9 miles
2. Mill River - 100' above Willow St. Bridge - 1.3 miles* (4)
3. Mill River - 100' below Route 5 Bridge - 1.1 miles
4. Mill River - East Fork - South End of Island - 0.4 miles
5. Quinniplac River - 100' above R.R. Bridge - 2.4 miles
6. Quinnipiac River - East Channel above R.R. Bridge - 1.6 miles
7. Quinnipiac River - opposite Chatham St. (west side)- 1.4 miles
8. Quinnipiac River - opposite Chatham St. (east side)- 1.4 miles
9. Quinnipiac River - 100' above Mansfield Oyster Co. - 1.3 miles* (2)
10. Quinnipiac River - 100' above Ferry St. Bridge - 0.6 miles
*Miles measured from the confluence of Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers
Number in parenthesis indicates nearest corresponding water
quality station.
-------
TABLE 15
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING STATIONS
NEW HAVEN HARBOR*
STATION
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
11 Inner Harbor
12 Inner Harbor
13 Inner Harbor
lU Inner Harbor
15 Inner Harbor
16 Inner Harbor
17 Inner Harbor
18 Inner Harbor
19 Inner Harbor
20 Inner Harbor
21 Outer Harbor
22 Outer Harbor
23 Outer Harbor
2k Outer Harbor
25 Outer Harbor
26 Outer Harbor
27 Outer Harbor
28 Outer Harbor
29 Outer Harbor
30 Outer Harbor
31 Outer Harbor
32 Long Island Sound
33 Outer Harbor
3U Long Island Sound
35 Outer Harbor
36 Long Island Sound
37 Long Island Sound
38 Long Island Sound
39 Long Island Sound
Ul 17 39
Ul 17 Uo
Ul 17 26
Ul 16 55
Ul 16 46
Ul 16 U?
Ul 16 U6
Ul 16 28
Ul 16 18
Ul 15 UU
Ul 15 U6
Ul 15 U3
Ul 15 08
Ul lU 5U
Ul lU 52
Ul lU 26
Ul lU Uo
Ul lU 12
Ul lU 01
Ul 13 lU
Ul 13 18
Ul 13 21
Ul 13 35
Ul lU 02
Ul lU 09
Ul lU 17
Ul 13 52
Ul 12 09
72°5U'17"
72 5U 25
72 5U U8
72 5U 38
72 5U 59
72 5U 29
72 5U U6*
72 55 26
72 55 39
72 5U UU
72 5U 07
72 5U U7*
72 55 11
72 55 UU
72 56 Ul
72 57 35
72 5U 35*
72 56 02
72 57 U3*
72 58 3U
72 58 00
72 57 03
72 56 22*
72 55 UU
72 55 02*
72 5U 19
72 53 39*
72 53 07*
72 53 U9
(9)
(12)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(21)
(19)
(2U)
*Nuiber in parenthesis indicates nearest corresponding
water quality station.
-------
TABLE l6
BENTHIC ORGANISMS
NEW HAVEN HARBOR AND TRIBUTARIES
SEPTEMBER 196?
(NUMBERS PER SQUARE METER)
STATION NUMBER'
1
10
11
12
Marine Worms (Polychaetaj
Paraonidae
Terebellidae
Cystenides gouldii
Lumbrineris sp«
Sigalionidae
Nephtys incisa
Nephtys caeca
Nephtys picta
Arabella iricolor
Phyllodoce groenlandica
Evilalia bilineata
Eulalia viridis
Clymenella torquata
Maldane sarsi
Nereis succinea
Sabellaria vulgarls
Ampharete sp.
Glycera americana
Glycera dibranchiata
Glycera S£.
C irgatulus grandis
Dodecaceria coralii
Tharyx acutus
Pherusa affinis
Arenicola sp.
Polydora commensalis
Polydora ligni
Lepidonotus squamatus
Harmothoe extenuata
Ammotrypane aulogaster
Stauronereis rudolphi
Unidentified
Q
1008
Ik
1022 ft
Q
Q
20720
= Qualitative Sanple
-------
TABU 16
BEKTHIC ORGANISM
NEW HAVgH HARBOR ADD TRIBUTARIES
SEPTEMBER 196?
_ (NUMBERS PER SQUARE METER) _
Mfctlfltt iMMh U V i!) Ib 17 A 19 *» 21 " 22 L 23 • • a> " 25 •
Marine Worms (Polychaata)
Paraonidae --1U- _...-
Terebellidae - . , -^ .....
Cvstenides gouldii .... Q 14 14 ..
Lumbrineris sp. ___. ....-
Sigalionida'e - - lU _ . . . - - Q
Nephtys incisa -- - - .112-42 ..
Nephtys caeca - -70 . . - - - -
Nephtys plcta - - - - - - --
Arabella Iricolor . . _ . ....._
Fhyllodo'ce groenlandica -.-- ,_..__
Eulalia bilineata - Q - 210 - 28 Q
Eulalia viridis . . . . ....-291*
CLvmenella torquata - - - -
Maldane. sarsi - - . ._ .,...-
Nereis succinea 28 - • - 42 - 211^ Q
Sabellaria vulgaris - - - - • - • - - -
Ampharete sp. - - • • • • • • " . "
Glycera americana " " " " ' ...-•-
Glycera dibranchiata ..---- - - 198
Glycera sp. ._........_
Ciraatulus grand! » - - - - - - - - --
Dodecaceria coralii ..._ ._____
Tharyx acutus ,..._....--
Pherusa af finis - - - r .- - - - -
Arenicola sp. - -28- - - - _ . . _Q
Polydora""cQrnmensalis • - - - - - - - - ' -
Folydora ligni - - - - - - - - -588
Lepidonotus squamatuj - - - - . - - -. lU - .
Harraothoe extenuata - - ' "
Ammotrypane aulogaster - - - -. - - - - - ~
Stauronereis rudolphi - - 1022 - - 6UU • - Ik 7980 Q
Unidentified ...... lU U2 - - Q
-------
UKliftHISHE
NEW HAYEK HARBOR AND TRIBUTARIES
1967
STATION NUMBER 2?
Marine Worms (Polychaeta)
Paraonidae
Terebellidae
Cystenides gouldii
Lumbrineris sp.
Sigalionidae
Nephtys inclsa
Nephtys caeca 14
Nephtys picta
Arabella iricolor
Phyllodoce groenlandica -
Eulalia bilineata
Eulalia viridis
Clymenelia torquata
Maldane sarsi
Nereis succinea
Sabellaria vulgaris
Ampharete sp.
Glycera americana
Glycera dibranchiata
Glycera sp,
Cirxatulus grand! s
Dodecaceria coralii
Tharyx acutus
Pherusa affinis
Arenicola sp.
Polydora ccanmensalis
Polydora ligni
Lepidonotus scjuamatus
Harmothoe extenuata
Ammotrypane aulogaster
Staiironereis rudolphi 28
Unidentified
7& W 30 31
ik - -
56 k2. - 70
812
Q
266
3^ 33
28
154
I \2
^- —
Ik
~ 14
28
14
238
34 -
Q .
Q
Q
Q
Q
35 - 3b- 37"
14-
28
Q
U2
Q
Q
Q.
Q
Q
" -- Q _
3B--
140
14
14
8k
56
39'
70
14
14
56
14
42
42
14
14
56
14
28
14
42
56
70
Qualitative Saqple
-------
- 16 (Continued)
(NUMBERS PER SQUARE METER) '
STATION NUMBER 1 53 h 3 ' fe" ' 7 « 9 10 11 12
Bivalve Mollusks
Tellina agilis -..._-----*-
Yoldia limatula --...-------
Spisula solidissima ------------
Pandora gouldiana ------------
Nucula proxima -_,.--------
Mercenaria mercenaria __..__------
Lyonsia hyalina --____------
Gemma gemma --_-_----r---
Petricola pholadiformls .-___-.-----
Mya arenarla --_._.-Q--lU-
Modiolus demissus --___.-Q----
Unidentified 20 -----------
Snails (Gastropoda)
Nassarius trivittatus - - ...-Q----U2
Nassarius obsoletus -_-__--Q-- U62
Retusa obtusa - - - - - - - - --
Polinices duplicata - - - - - - - ' -
Crepidula plana „.-.__.------
Crepidula fcynicata _._._--.----
Crabs (Decapoda)
Neopanope texana _.._.----- 14-
Rhithropanope-us harrisi - - - -Q -QQ
Pagurus longicarpus - ... . _ - - » . .
Unidentified ......---- Ik -
Shrimp (Decapoda)
Palaemonetes vulgaris .--..-------
Sowbugs (Isopoda)
Edotea triloba ------ Q Q - - - -
Cyathura polita ----.56 ------
Asellus sp. 5Q__.--------
Unidentified ------------
Scuds (Amphipoda)
Caprellidea - -- - - - --
Gammaridea __-._-QQ-- 910
Unidentified - -----------
Q. = Qualitative Saarole
-------
TABLE 16 (Continued)
(NUMBERS PER SKJARE METER
STATION NUMBER
15
19
20
21
el
Bivalve Mollusks
Tellina agilis
Yoldia limatula
Spisula solidissima
Pandora gouldiana
Nucula proxiina
Mercenaria mercenaria
Lyonsia hyalina
Petricola pholadiformis
Mya arenaria
Modiolus demissus
Unidentified
Snails (Gastropoda)
Nagsarius trivittatus
Nassarius obsoletus
Retusa obtusa
Poliniees duplicata
Crepidula. plaria
Crepidula fornicata
Crabs (Decapoda)
Neopariope texana
Rhithropanopeus harrisi
Pagurus longicarpus
Unidentified
Shrimp (Decapoda)
Palaemonetes vulgaris
Sowbugs (Isopoda)
Edotea triloba
Cyathura polita
Asellus sp.
Unidentified
Scuds (Amphipoda)
Caprellidea
Gammaridea
Unidentified
Ik
266 - 56
Uo6'- Ik
Ik
28
28 238 28 126 Q
Ik Ik
iko
Q
k2
Ik _
98
126
i+06 Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
56:
98
Q,
Q
266
28
Ik
70
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q Q
Q
Q Q
ft
798
1008
ft
ft
Q = Qualitative Sample
-------
SABLE 16 (Continued)
(NUMBERS PER SQUARE METER)
"57
NUMBER 27 28 29 30 31 3* 33 3* 35 36 37 38 39
Bivalve Mollusks
Tellina agilia &ko - - Ik Q 28 28 ft 1*06
Yoldia limatula 280 - 13M* 798 - 1008 238 " 392 " 210
Spisula *ana*M<«» 28 - 1U ik 1002 28 " Q 672
Pandora gouldiana - - • lli . ~ " " " " 14 Q
Nucula proxiaa 1*2 280 " " " " 168 " " W*8o
Mercenaria mercenaria " " ' lU 28 --------
Lyonsia hyalina ---„_------- ^
Gemma gemma -'- "28 " " " " " " ~ " "
Petricola pholadiformis " " • - - """ " " ~ ~ Ik
Mya arenaria .-_**.-------
Modiolus demissm - - - - --
Unidentified • - - - - - - - - - - --
Snails (Gastropoda)
Nassarlus triyittatua 98 28 6k ko6 70 Ok Bk Q 98 126 • lU Ik
Nassarius ob sole tug il* ------------
Retusa obtusa 22U 28' - 70 - - - - k2
Polinices duplicata - - . • Q - - "Q " " " ~
Crepidula plana - - -Q ' - k2 Q - "Q 532"
Crepidula fornicata ---Q _.----- Ik ~
Crabs (Decapoda)
Neopanope texana ' - - - Q -~28Q ~"Q28"
RhithropanopeuB harrisi ..- - - .. -
PaguruB longicarpua ...1 70 ---------
-Unidentified ------ 168 ---Q 42"
Shrimp (Decapoda)
Palaemonetea vulgaris -------------
Sowbugs (Isopoda)
Edotea triloba .»._.--------
Cyathura polita ...-.--------
Asellus sp. - - - - - • -
Unidentified - - k2 - 1008 Q - Ik ~ Q 770 28
Scuds (Amphipoda)
Caprellidea - - - - - - 182 - - Q 560 -
Gammaridea - - -- - - - - - - - Ik
Unidentified Ik - - - - . - -Q Ik
A _
-------
TABLE l6 (Continued)
(NUMBERS PER SQUARE METER)
STATION NUMBER 1 2 3 *+!? b 7 B 9 10 J-1- 12
Mysids (Mysidacea)
Meterythrop robusta _--____-----
Heteromysis formosa ______------
Neomysis americana - - >__
Barnacle (Cirripedia)
Balanus sp. __--Q--Q -
Seed Shrimp (Ostracoda) 10 ------------
Copepod (Copepoda) __„__--------
Cumaceans (Cumacea) --..-lU-Q ___--
Water Flea (Cladocera) 70 ------------
Hydroids (Hydrozoa)
Podocoryne carnea __»_---------
Bougainvillia Carolinensis -- - - - - - --
Hydra sp. 20 - - - • - - . -
Unidentified .- - - - - - - . -
Insects (Insecta)
Atherix variegata 300 ------------
Hydropsyche sp. 300 - - _-
Berosus sp. 10 ------------
Chirpnomidae (not gilled) 10 - _- - - __ _-
Worm (Oligochaeta) 56
Tubi field (not gilled) 70 ------------
Starfish (Echinodermata)
Asterias yulgaris ____-_-------
Asterias forbesi ____---------
Moss Animal (Ectoprocta) ____---------
Roundworm (Nematoda) -----42QQ -- 728
TOTAL ORGANISMS 1200 1876 25130 % 70
TOTAL KINDS 10 5 5 8 13 12 2 2
Q = Qualitative Sample
-------
TABLE 16 (Continued)
_ _ (mn^BERS PER SQUARE METER) _
STATION NUMBkR Ik J5 ifc 17 J8 j$ 26 21 22 53 & & '
Mysids (Mysidacea)
Meterythrop robusta - - - . _•_ .14
Heteromysis formosa --1+2-------QQQ
Neomysis americana - -Ik - - ' -
Barnacle (Cirripedla)
Balanus sp. - - - . . . _ _ _il*
Seed Shritap (Ostracoda) - - - - . - - - - - -
Copepod (Copepoda) --.._._.----
Cumaceans (Ctuaacea) - - -
Water Flea (Cladocera) - -'-
Hydroids (Hydrozoa)
Podocoryne carnea -_...__._Q __
Boxigainvillia carolinensis ------------
Hydra ap. .-...____.--
Unidentified .._..._._._-
Insects (Insecta)
Atherix variegata .._.....-_--
Hydropsyche sg. --_.___-----
Berosus ep. -_-._____---
Chironomidae (not gilled) - - - - - - - -.- - - ".
Worm (Oligochaeta)
Tubificid (not gilled) - - - - - - - - - - --
Starfish (Echinodermata)
Asterias vulgariB ....___-.---
Asterias forbesi .._.___-----
Moss Animal (Ectoprocta) ------------
Roundworm (Nematoda) -' 840 - 308 - 1526 • Q Q Q
TOTAL ORGANISMS 28 3290 70 126 1769 1176 126
TOTAL KINDS 1 15 3 1 .6 7 12 k 19 17 11 17
Q = Qualitative Sample
-------
TABLE 16 (Continued)
(NUMBERS PER SQUARE METER)
•35 3T
STATION NUMBER
27
28
30
32
35
37
Mysids (Mysidacea)
Meterythrop robusta
Heteromysis formosa
Neomysis americana
Barnacle (Cirripedia)
Balanus sp.
Seed Shrimp (Ostracoda)
Copepod (Copepoda)
Cumaceans (Cvmacea)
Water Flea (Cladocera)
Hydroids (Hydrozoa)
Podocoryne carnea
Bougainvillia carolinensis -
Hydra sg.
Unidentified
Insects (Insecta)
Atherix variegata
Hydropsyche sp.
Berosus sp.
Chironomidae (not gilled)
" •' orm (Oligochaeta)
Tubificid (not gilled)
S t ar f i sh (E chinodermata )
Aster ias vulgar is
Asterias forbesi
Q
Q
Q
Q
70
Q Q
28 '.
28
Q
Moss Animal (Ectoproc ta)
Roundworm (Nematoda)
TOTAL ORGANISMS
TOTAL KINDS
56
1918
322 Q
1470
5
980
5
2478
18
392
5
2380
18
18
210
6
42
840
8
Q
17
14
42
2450 6398
19 25
Q = Qualitative Sample
-------
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATION*
I O
• I Water sample
Shellfish sample
FIGURE 4
-------
FAIR HAVEN EAST
Alllngtown
^1000 MPN/IOOml
._ ^5000 MPN/IOOml
. =>5000 MPN/IOOml
AVERAGE TOTAL COLIFORMS
September - All Tides
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 5
-------
FAIR HAVEN EAST
Alltngtovil
N W H A V N
51000 MPN/100 ml
*5000 MPN / 100 ml
>5000 MPN/IOOml
AVERAGE TOTAL COLIFORMS
SCALE IN MILES
September-Low Tide
FIGURE 6
-------
AllinjtowK
N W H A V N
'O»«l«r Ri»r Pt.
Morgan Pt.
/' /'x5000 MPN/IOO ml
\*
AVERAGE TOTAL COLI FORMS
September- High Tide
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 7
-------
FAIR HAVEN EAST
<100 MPN/IOOml
£500 MPN/IOOml
^500 MPN/IOOml
AVERAGE FECAL COLIFORMS
September -All Tides
FIGURE 8
-------
AVERAGE FECAL COLIFORMS
^100 MPN/IOOml
S500 MPN/IOOml
>500 MPN/IOOml
September - Low Tide
FIGURE 9
-------
N W HAVEN
//
I / J n
Morgon Pt.
J s
~\y i
X— ^O»«t«r Bi»»r Pt. t
""••--. ^V
^"^
^*^^
*IOO MPN/ 100 ml
-cfinn MPN/lOOml
^>^nO MPM/IOpml
i /:^
i\ f^
,"?*>> \$
^ \%
%
\v
\\
V
AVERAGE FECAL COLIFORMS
September-High
1 0
SCALE IN MILES
Tide
i
FIGURE 10
-------
Ailing)
N W H A V
5000 MPN/IOO ml
500^-. D—
AVERAGE TOTAL COLIFORMS
October ~AII Tides
I 0 I
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 11
-------
N W HAVEN
5000 MPN/lOOml
AVERAGE TOTAL COLIFORMS
October -Low Tide
FIGURE 12
-------
-------
__ £100 MPN/lOOml
_ < 500 MPN/lOOml
>500 MPN/lOOml
NEW HAVEN
^=-\ fe,
j
Z^-s X
FIGURE 14
-------
500 MPN/IOOml
NEW HAVEN
10.000
MORRIS
cove
AVERAGE FECAL COLIFORMS
October-Low Tide
FIGURE 15
-------
500 MPN/IOOml
AVERAGE FECAL COLIFORMS
October -High Tide
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 16
-------
< 35.5 Millie/cm
< 36.0 Mi Hi A/cm
>36.0 Milli-a/cm
NEW HAVEN
\
V f 35.2
/ 35.6 /
AVERAGE CONDUCTIVITY
September-Low Tide
FIGURE 17
-------
<35.5 MilliA/cm
_ < 36.0 Millijv/cm
>36.0 Milli/x/cm
AVERAGE CONDUCTIVITY
September - High Tide
FIGURE 18
-------
FAIR HAVEN EAST
NEW HAVEN
20.0*C
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
September-High Tide
o
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 19
-------
AVERAGE EMPERATURE
September - Low Tide
O I
< 17.0 °C
_<20.0°C
>20.0°C
FIGURE 20
-------
-------
NEW HAVEN
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
October-Low Tide
20.0°C
FIGURE 22
-------
NEW HAVEN
r%r ^
% ^ marsh
2'
»
o
FAIR HAVEN
III
FAIR HAVEN EAST
Alllngtovn
r/'
0 i
2/f
.*
I
' .mor»h
WEST HAVEN
s/ ,'j'
iX.ll
Roynhom
EAST HAVEN
C3
s
-
[•artk
Bradl*)r PI.
Si '
*'
*/
SI
I'l
6
cove
Tw««d- Ntw Ha»«n
Airport •':..-•'
BrigMviaw
....... ^mrh
Dl
Morjon PI.
Profile Station Locations
WSTER QUALITY PROFILE
STATION LOCATIONS
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 23
-------
N
N W HAVEN
30
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING STATIONS
SCALE IN MILES
39*
FIGURE 24
-------
MILL QUINNIPIAC
RIVER . RIVER
INNER HARBOR
OUTER HARBOR
LONG ISLAND
SOUND
CO
S9C—
-------
FAIR HAVEN
FAIR HAVEN EAST
Allltlfllown
WEST HAVEN
Raynhom
EAST HAVEN
Trace ~ 2 Inch Depth
2-5 Inch Depth
Over 6 Inch Depth
SEDIMENT DEPOSITION
New Haven Harbor and Tributaries
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 26
-------
SHELLFISH RESOURCE
GENERAL
All coastal wetlands are part of a oonrplex ecological system
contributing to a wide variety of fish and wildlife. The shell-
fisheries with which we are concerned comprise a part of such a
system, requiring a delicate balance in the physical and biological
characteristics of the environment in order to insure full growth
and continuous development. The variation of any one or a nunber
of factors in the environment, however, may be sufficiently critical
to affect the growth and reproduction of titie shellfish. Connecticut,
^
at one tine, was gifted with natural conditions which enabled it to
become one of the most prolific shellfisheries in the world.
HISTORy
The Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
State of Connecticut reported in 1889 that..."nearly all of the
legally available grounds for oyster planting in the rivers, harbors
and bays have been designated, or deeded to private ownership, and
in addition, we have a great system of more or less productive deep
water oyster farms stretching for miles from the shores in an almost
unbroken line from Greenwich to Branford." The report further stated
that planting began in 1870 offshore in 30 feet of water outside of
the Itorwalk Islands, and was followed a few years later by deep water
planting-outside of New Haven Harbor. The export trade in oysters
began about 1872.
-11-
-------
Examples of shipments from Hew York to Europe are shown belcw:
Various Total in barrels
juc^a*.
1883 -
1884 *
1885 -
1886 -
1887 -
1888 -
4
5
6
7
8
9
•!•[• •*•**•• J» •• • " f — J
67,520
96,517
93,385
98,655
95,994
96,540
3,500
2,285
2,512
2,250
3,129
6,569
71,020
98,802
95,897
100,905
99,123
103,109
At least two-thirds and probably tiiree-fourths of the shipments
during 1888 and 1889 were Long Island oysters raised in Connecticut
waters. The price paid to Connecticut cultivators in 1888 to 1889
was three dollars per barrel.
The Connecticut Shell Fish Ccoroission, a state-supported agency
established in 1881, has estimated that at the turn of the century
production was over three million bushels of nature and seed oysters
annually. Environmental changes in the coastal areas has brought a
decline in shellfish production at a cost of over one billion dollars
during the past sixty-five years.
Early records dating bade to 1889, show that Hew Ilaven had, by
far, the largest oyster business among the coastal towns and cities.
At that time, it had a capital of $1,584,405, with 201 owners, 648
employees and $164,548 paid in wages. There were 162 vessels, all of
which were working over an area totaling 36,476 acres.
SHEUJTSH
Shellfish Connission: Harvesting and the sale of shellfish in
Connecticut are controlled by the State Department of Health, the
State Shell Fish Catroission and, to a lesser extent, the local town
-12-
-------
governments. Connecticut statutes provide that no shellfish shall be
sold for food unless taken from areas certified by the State Department
of Health. All commercial harvesters and shippers must register and
obtain from the State Department of Health a certificate to carry on
a shellfish business. The state is responsible for all shellfish
transplants from polluted waters to clean waters; the construction,
operation and inspection of shellfish shucking plants; the control
over wet storage of shellfish; and the packing and sale of shellfish.
The use of chemicals over shellfish beds for predator eradication is
under the jurisdiction of the State Board of Pesticide Control in con-
sultation with the State Department of Health, Board of Fisheries and
Game, and the State Shell Fish Ccranission. Shellfish areas closed for
direct harvesting are patrolled by the local police under the super-
vision of the State Department of Health and the State Shell Fish
Commission.
Ihe Connecticut State Shell Fish Commission was established in
1881 under statutory authority to exercise control of all state shell-
fisheries and the shellfisheries of Vfestport, Milford, West Haven
and New Haven as prescribed by law. This Commission is comprised of
four commissioners and a chairman, all of whom are appointed by the
Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate for four-year
terms, respectively.
Ihe Commission serves the public and shellfish industry in the
administration of approximately 46,000 acres of franchised, leased
and public grounds. It supervises all activities and establishes
-13-
-------
policy relating to the leasing of grounds, approval of transfers,
collection of rentals and taxes, issuing licenses, designation of
spawning areas, reviewing permits for dredging or construction within
tirfri waters and directing a volunteer unit of 34 shellfish policemen.
All records of titles, tax lists and detailed maps of private and
public oyster grounds are available and kept at the State Shell Fish
Ccnmission office in Milford, Connecticut.
Local authorities regulate the natural shellfish beds under
their control, including the right to harvest shellfish for sport or
for ccnraercial use. Most towns govern their own shellfisheries
through local shellfish commissions .
Leasing of Shellfish Grounds; The Shell Fish Corrnission is
entrusted with the exclusive jurisdiction and control of all state
shellfisheries of West Haven and New Haven, as prescribed by law.
grounds are divided into three classifications: franchised,
teased and public or natural grounds. In the case of New Haven Harbor,
all shellfish beds are under the jurisdiction of the Shell Fish Com-
mission as previously indicated.
Franchised grounds are beds in which perpetual rights are
obtained by holders who do not necessarily own the grounds but nay,
at tines, assign the perpetual rights to successive owners, as with
real property. Franchised grounds, however, are no longer conferred
by the Oomission. Records show that the last grounds allocated in
this manner were given by the Commission in 1915. Sixty percent of the
grounds along the Connecticut shores are in this classification.
-14-
-------
The direct leasing of grounds is the method for acquiring shell-
fish grounds since 1915. Grounds are open to public bids and the
highest bidder is given the right to lease the grounds for a minimum
of three years and a maximum of ten years with an option for renewal.
The minimum acceptable bid is fifty cents per acre per year; however,
certain grounds have run as high as twenty-five dollars per acre per
year.
Natural beds, or public grounds, are those available to the
public under a boat license or a personal license issued locally.
Community shellfish beds are available to the public with certain
residency requirements. In seme local areas a permit may or may not
be required, depending on the respective rulings of the towns.
Shellfish Ground Listing and Acreage: Town grounds under state
jurisdiction: There are 179 individually-staked lots of leased shell-
fish grounds totaling 1,709 acres in the New Haven estuary under this
classification. The lots are currently held by 27 individual owners:
mrs ACRES
New Haven town 61 1,073
West River 2 3
Mill River 5 3
Quinnipiac River (Vfest) 26 35
Quinnipiac River (East) 26 48
West Haven town 49 547
TOTALS 179 1,709
State Grounds: The following tabulation are grounds held under per-
petual franchise by thirteen owners. The total area is 6,054 acres:
-15-
-------
LOTS JOES
East Haven 15 1,021
New Haven 17 1,822
Wast Haven 44 3,211
•TOTALS 76 6,054
As of: January 1, 1966 New Haven and West Haven included 1,772 acres
of leased grounds owned by 23 owners.
DOTS ACRES
New Haven 16 371
West Haven 48 1,901
TOTALS 64 2,272
GRSND TOTALS 319 10,035
A shellfish population and potential market survey in New Haven
Harbor was node with the assistance of the major New Haven producers
and a marine biologist of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Within
the last two decades, at least 12 major oyster firms have liquidated
their assets and gene out of business. During the past two years,
only two certificates were granted for harvesting and transplanting
shellfish in New Haven.
Ihe impact of pollution from domestic and industrial waste dis-
charges, particularly in the Inner Harbor, has affected the shellfish
industry. Ihe shellfish grounds lying north of the breakwaters are
closed by the State Department of Health to direct harvesting of shell-
fish. Seed shellfish in the closure areas may, under the supervision
-16-
-------
of the State Department of Health, be transplanted into the open areas
beyond the breakwaters for natural self-purification. No shellfish
nay be removed from these areas for marketing without prior permission
from the Connecticut Health Department. Shellfish beds, as shown in
Figure 27, are based on 1967 data provided by the Connecticut State
Shell Fish Commission.
The tidal flats from the Grand Avenue Bridge northerly in the
Quinnipiac River provides a naturally protected oyster transplant
area. For many years this area has been used by the shellfish industry
for the culturing of seed oysters. There are scrae soft-shelled clams
in the intertidal zones on the east banks of the Quinnipiac River,
in an area located between Grand Avenue Bridge and Middle town Avenue
Bridge. No assessments have been made of these shellfish. Estimates
shewed that there are about 9,500 bushels of young oysters, not yet
of market size, in an area north of the Grand Avenue Bridge. South of
the Tomlinscn Bridge in the so-called Inner Harbor, there are about
20,000 bushels of seed oysters. This area is considered to be a good
and productive area for cultivating seed. In the Savin Rock area,
inside the breakwaters, estimates place the nunber of seed at 47,000
bushels and marketable oysters at about 10,000 bushels. Local dealers
consider this area to be one of the best suited for producing a shellfish
with firm neat, natural color and a hard shell. The lighthouse area
outside of Morris Creek is considered to be the best "setting" area
in the harbor. Ohere are about 20,000 bushels of seed oysters planted
there in several lots. The Shell Fish Commission has planted mature
-17-
-------
* 1 »or»h':.
1 /111
w»? /*/ m
1 /*
•.. -^-^TV •• ,•- *. \sr^f^-:-'-:--:--: »• i
I,
..;;;^f Brodl^kW^
1 Shellfish Sample Stations
X Culture Beds
Open Harvest Beds
SHEI LFISH AREAS
FIGURE 27
-------
oysters in an area off Morris Creek in an attempt to determine the
effects of water tenperature changes which night affect the spawning
mechanism of the shellfish. No assessments were made to determine the
population of this experimental project.
On open shellfish beds located beyond the breakwaters, estimates
showed that there are about 146,000 bushels of seed located in
several individually cultivated grounds. These oysters are of various
sizes and ages. Sore are one-year old seedlings, while certain amounts
are larger and will be ready for marketing within the next few years.
Studies conducted by the Shell Fish Coranission indicated that the
yield of the shellfish from the culturing stage to the marketable leve-
in this particular area is at the rate of about four to one. Generally,
one bushel of seed oyster will ultimately "bulk" and provide another
four bushels of marketable size oysters within three to four and
one-half years,
Market prices in 1967 place the value of seed oysters in a range
from $4.00 a bushel for natural sets against $10.00 a bushel for
artificially propagated sets. At the time, market oysters were sell-
ing at $16.00 per bushel. Estimates showed that the harbor crop
of immature oyster population (non-marketable) at a market price of
$4.00 per bushel, is worth about $1,002,000 based on natural sets.
This figure represents a standing crop of unharvested seed oysters.
In three to four years the shellfish potential yield from this crop
when sold upon maturity under a market price of $16.00 per bushel,
will carry a value of $16,032,000. A 20% loss deduction can be taken
-18-
-------
from this amount due to shellfish mortalities fron transplant opera-
tions and predatore, leavi^ a potential of §12,826,000 (Table 17).
SAMPLING OF SHELLFISH
This study included four stations selected for examining bac-
teriological and netal levels in shellfish. One sample station
(Number 1) is in the Inner Harbor south of City Point, adjacent to
the New Haven and West Haven town line. Tvo other stations (Nurbers
2. and 3) are located in the Outer Harbor areas, at Lighthouse Point
and Bradley Point, respectively. The final station (Nurrber 4) is
located just south of the Ludington Breakwaters. The shellfish were
collected and delivered to the Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, Public Health Service, Northeast Marine Health Sciences
Laboratory at Narragansett, Fhode Island, for analyses.
The National Shellfish Sanitation Program requires periodic
examination and evaluation of water quality data of shellfish areas
by the states for area classifications. The 1964 National Shellfish
Sanitation. Workshop adopted the following standards as being applicable
to all species of fresh and frozen oysters at the wholesale market
level. Satisfactory: fecal coliform density of not more than 230
M?N per 10Q grams; and a total plate count taken at 35°C of not
wore than 500,000 colonies per gram will be acceptable without
question. -••
Bacteriological results of four samples of oysters taken from
New Haven Harbor showed that two sanples met the above standards.
Stations 3 (closed area) and 4 (open area) both received satis-
factory bacterial counts of fecal coliform density of 45 MW and
-------
TABLE 17
SHELLFISH POPULATION ESTIMATES AND VALUES FOR 1967
Open Areas'
Location
Present Crop
(seed and mature)
Seed No.
Bushels
Outside
breakwaters* 20,000
6,000
120,000
TOTALS
146,000
Mature $4/bu in
Bushels dollars
80,000
24,000
480,000
584,000
Potential Yield
(nature
Growth
4 to 1 ratio $16/bu in
in bushels dollars
80,000
24,000
480,000
584,000
1,280,000
384,000
7,680.000
9,344,000
Closed Areas
Inner Harbor
Quinnipiac R.
Outer Harbor,
Outer Harbor,
Outer Harbor,
TOTALS
GRAND TOTAL
28,000
9,500
W. 47,000
W.
E. 20,000
104,500
250,500
112,000
38,000
188,000
10,000 160,000
80,000
10,000 578,000
10,000 1,162,000
112,000
38,000
188,000
—
80,000
418,000
1,002,000
1,792,000
608,000
3,008,000
—
1,280,000
6,688,000
16,032,000+
(less 20%)
12,826,000
*See Figure 27.
-•-Subject to predators and transplant operations.
-------
78 MPN, per 100 grans, respectively. Stations 1 and 2, in closed
shellfish areas, did not attain satisfactory bacterial counts. Fecal
ooliform density for Station 1 was 1300 M>N and the fecal coliforn
density for Station 2 was 330 M>N per 100 grams, respectively.
tesults of bacteriological examinations of four samples of
oysters from New Haven Harbor are as follows:
Station Ifo^ Colifotm IVS/IQQ G. Fecal Colifom MPN/100 G.
1 (closed) 17,000 1,300
2 (closed) 1,100 330
3 (closed 330 45
4 (open) 460 78
Sanples of oysters were sent to the Northeast Marine Health
Sciences Laboratory, USPHS, Ifarragansett, Fhode Island, for analyses
in determining levels of metals in shellfish tissues. The tissue
results were matched against the reference standards (following
chart) provided by Drs. Benjamin H. Pringle and Carl N. Shuster, Jr.
of the above laboratory and data from other scientists. The reference
standards data show an average reading and a range of metal levels
found in shellfish from Maine to North Carolina. Data from the other
group show their average levels or no data for a particular metal.
A comparison of the metal content (see Table 18) in the sampled
oysters with the reference standards show that results of all the
sampled shellfish fan within the standard range. Five of the metals;
Cr, Cu, Pe, tt> and Znj exceeded the average levels of the reference
standards. TVio metals, Pe and Zn, exceeded when compared with findings
by another research group (McFarren, et al, 1926).
-20-
-------
TABLE 18
METAL CONTENT IN OYSTERS (Crassostrea virginica) in ppm
Trace Metal
+*Ranges of
Reference Standards
Average
Reference Standards
Ranges of
Oyster Samples
Stations 1-4
xRange of Average
Readings by Other Scientists
Using Other Analytical Methods
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Fe
Pb
Mn
Ni
Zn
0.10
0.04
0.06
7.0 -
31.0
0.10
0.14
0.08
180 -
- 7.80
- 3.40
- 0.20
517.0
- 238.0
- 2.30
- 15.0
- 1.80
4120.0
3
0
0
91
67
0.
4.
0.
.10
.40
.10
.50
.0
47
30
19
1420
1.
0.
84
51
0.
0.
493
404
.90
.89
0 -
0 -
1605.
-
-
0
•«
-
1
2
0
17
2.045
0.646
116.03
116.03
.154
.780
- 2471.40
no
no
no
78.5
34.8
no
2.3
no
1018
data
data
data
- 230
- 57.
data
- 3.7
data
0
- 1641
*"A Guide to Trace Metal Levels in Shellfish," Northeast Marine Health Sciences Laboratory, Narragansett,
Rhode Island, Benjamin H. Pringle and Carl Shuster, Jr., December 1967.
+ Trace Metal values are given in ppm of shellfish wet tissue weights via atomic absorption oysters
from Atlantic Coast waters—Maine through North Carolina.
x McFarren, et al (1962): New Hampshire through North Carolina (1960 data).
Dry weight data (divided by 5) of Caltsoff (1964): Long Island Sound (1933-35)
Dry weight data (divided by 5) of Chipman, et al 1958: Connecticut through Georgia
Coulsen, et al (1932) : Rhode Island through New Jersey (1931 data).
-------
DISCUSSICXJ
At the turn of the century Connecticut's shellfish industry had
a production rate estimated at three Trillion bushels annually, serving
irany ports in England and the European continent. New Haven Harbor
had one of the largest oyster businesses and was managed by 201
owners. Presently, only a fraction of the original shellfish dealers
are in the business today.
•die harvesting, sale and shipping of shellfish are under the
supervision of the State Department of Health, while the administration
of all shellfish grounds and the community grounds of New Haven, West
Haven, Milford and Vtestport acne under the State Shell Fish Commission.
Local authorities are responsible for shellfish grounds in their
contnunities. New Haven Harbor covers about eight nautical square
itdles, containing 319 individual shellfish beds amounting to about
10,000 acres. "There are also 255 lots and about 7,760 acres of State
and town grounds resulting in a grand total of 574 lots and 17,800
acres for the estuary.
Comnercial shellfish in the harbor consist entirely of the
eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Portions of the Quinnipiac
River above the Grand Avenue Bridge are used for spawning. Both
the Inner and Outer Harbors are utilized for oyster spawning and
cultivating in preparation for transplanting and marketing. Esti-
mates indicate that there are about 250,500 bushels of seed oysters
and 10,000 market oysters valued at $1,162,000. As this crop matures
to market potential, its production is in the order of 1,002,000 bushels
with a value placed at $12,826,000.
-21-
-------
Sanplings of oysters at four locations in the harbor showed that
two had net the satisfactory standards for oyster meats established
by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. One station located
in tiie open shellfish areas had a fecal coliform density of 78
JfN/100 G, while the other sample, taken inside the breakwaters in
the closed area, had a count of 45.
Metal levels found in the oyster samples fall within the ranges
established by the research of Drs. Pringle and Shuster, Jr. in their
determination of metal contents in shellfish taken from Maine to
North Carolina. However, five metals exceeded the average reference
standard, and two of the above five metals exceeded average level
standards established by other scientists.
Twelve major oyster companies located in and near New Haven have
gone out of business within the last 20 years. State Shell Fish
CcBitdssion records show that many shellfish beds located in the
harbor and beyond the breakwaters are held under perpetual franchise
and have not been active during the past years.
The Connecticut State Shell Fish Contdssion and the oyster
industry in New Haven regard this estuary as one of the few remaining
valuable oyster grounds in Connecticut. Ihe area is not as large as
other estuaries along the coast; however, its value in terms of
shellfish production per unit area is greater than most others.
-22-
-------
APPENDIX A
Waste Sources, Location and Characteristics
The location and characteristics of municipal and industrial
waste discharges affecting New Haven Harbor are shown in Table 1.
The legend immediately preceding the table explains the syirbols
utilized in the data presentation. The information shown was
basically developed in 1967; however, more recent data has been
incorporated where changes are known to have taken place. In
addition, Figure 1 at the end of this report shows the location
of the most significant waste discharges.
A-l
-------
TABLE I
LOCATION AND ESTIMATED CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES DISCHARGED TO NEW HAVEN HARBOR AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
SYMBOL
MS
x
NA
Water Used - Other
Cs
c
I..
s
E
D
6
7
8
11
LEGEND DESCRIPTION
Discharged to municipal sewer
Unknown quantity
Not applicable
Primarily cooling water
Septic tanks
Settling tanks
Land underdrained
Sub-surface application
Lagoon
Lagoons for settling of sewage
Filters
Intermittent Sand Filters
Chlorination
Digester, separate sludge digestion
Filtration
Flotation
Neutralization
VJaste prevention measures - good housekeeping
That column entitled "River Discharged To" denotes the final discharge
point of the sanitary and industrial wastes, if known. If there is no
industrial waste discharge from the plant and the sanitary waste is dis-
charged to a municipal sewer, the information in this column indicates
the river on which the industry is located.
The "Water Used" values presented are based primarily on 1961 data
compiled by the Connecticut Water Resources Commission in their publication
entitled "Waste Water Disposal by Connecticut Industries.1'
-------
TABLE I
LOCATION AND ESTIMATED CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTES DISCHARGED TO NEW HAVEN HARBOR AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
SOURCE
NEW HAVEN
Acme Chromium
Plating Co.
(State St. Plant)
Amer. Steel &
Wire Div. of
U. S. Steel
Conn. Co.
Conn. Coke Co.
Conn. Hard
Rubber Co.
Federal Paper
Board Co., Ic.
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Mill River
Quinnipiac River
Mill River
New Haven Harbor
Mill River
Mill River
Geometric Tool West River
Co., Div. United
Greenfield Corp.
PROCESS
WASTE
WATER USED (OOP gpd) SANITARY WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Sanitary Process Other TreatV/Disch. To TreatT/Disch. TO
Chrome, Nickel 0.30
Copper, Zinc
Alkalai
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Lubricant Soap
Hydrochloric Acid
Oil & Grit
NA
NA
Fiber
Debris
Chemicals
Titanium Dioxide
Starch
Pigments
Clays
Glue
Soluble Oil 4.12
Brine
KPA
54.09 NA
MS
11.25 125.0 146.44
MS
2.40 22.32 0.28 MS
4.00 NA 8681.0 None Stream
3.75 NA 98.25 MS
15.0 2696.5
248.5
MS
2.24
16.01
MS
NA
7
NA
MS
None Stream
NA MS
7 Stream
NA NA
NA NA
Stream
MS
Dry Well Ground
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Greiat Mfg. Co. West River
Div. of Mite Corp.
Humble Oil &
Refining
Mite Corp.
National Gypsum
New Haven Bd. &
Carton Co.
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Quinnipiac River
Mill River
New Haven Gas
Co.
New Haven Malle-
able Iron Co.
N.Y., N.H. & H.
R.R. Co., N.H.
Motor Stor.
Mill River
Quinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
PROCESS
WASTE
Acids
Stripping Comp.
Stones
Pumice
Soluble Oils
NA
WATER USED (OOP gpd)
Sanitary Process Other
9.0
15.0 1264.95
0.45
0.30
Paper Fiber
Titanium Dioxide
Clay
Alum
Dye & Glue
x x
11.0 1728.0
Oils
Tars
NA
0.90
2.10
x
NA
Dirt
360.0
4.9
47.1
SANITARY WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat./Disch. To Treat./Disch. To
MS
None Stream
2.80 None Stream None Harbor
NA
NA
361.0
MS
MS
MS
None Stream
x
x
7
x
x
Stream
234.5 None Stream
3.58 None River
MS
NA
Stream
NA
None Harbor
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
N.Y., N.H. & H.
R.R. , Cedar Hill
Yards
Seamless Rubber
Co.
T.A.D. Jones &
Co . , Inc .
Textron
Electronics
Tidewater Oil Co.
United Illumin-
ating Co.
Wire Machinery
Corp. of America
Wyatt Fuels
Mansfield Oyster
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Quinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Quinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
Quinnipiac River
Stream
Ground
Quinnipiac River
PROCESS
WASTE
Dirt
Oil
Protein
Sugar
Color
Dirt
NA
NA
NA
Soluble oil
NA
Wash water
WATER USED (000 gpd)
Sanitary
5.0
12.4
0.40
x
0.41
4.2
0.52
0.83
x
Process
2.5
27.36
3.00
x
NA
NA
0.98
NA
x
Other
102.2
298.94
27.16
NA
NA
5745.8
NA
59.0
NA
SANITARY WASTE
Treat. /Disch. To
C8 Stream
MS
Cg Harbor
MS
C8 Harbor
C8 Stream
Cs Stream
MS
CSIU Ground
x x
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat. /Disch. To
x Stream
L Ground
None Ground
x x
NA NA
None Stream
C8 Stream
None Ground
x Stream
Co.
Incinerator
Quinnipiac River Ashes, Debris
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
Scrap Iron Yard
Lehigh Concrete
Boulevard WPCF
East Shore WPCF
East Street WPCF
HAMDEN
Botwlnlk Bros.
C.W. Blake a lee &
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Quinnlpiac River
Quinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Ground
Ground
PROCESS
WASTE
Debris, Drainage
Solids
Wastewater
Wastewater
Wastewater
Soluble Oil
Water, Sand &
WATER
Sanitary
X
X
12,400
4,800
10,000
0.75
1.20
USED (000
Process
X
X
NA
NA
NA
0.01
1.00
gpd)
Other
X
X
NA
NA
NA
0.97
60.0
SANITARY WASTE
Treat. /Disch. To
X
X
Primary
Primary
Primary
X
X
Harbor
Harbor
Harbor
MS
MS
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat. /Disch.
X
X
NA
NA
NA
Dry Well
Dry Well
X
X
NA
NA
NA
To
Ground
Ground
Sons, Inc.
Detroit Steel
Corp., Eastern
Div.
Eastern Ind.,
Dlv. Laboratory
for Electronics
Geo. W. Fleming
Co., Royal Brand
Cutlery Co. Div.
Ground
Shepard Brook
Mill River
Cement
Sulfuric Acid
Soluble Oil
Oil, Kerosene
Steel Chips
Soluble Oil
2.48 150.67 6.85
MS
C & L Ground
2.55 NA 7.45 C8Ig Ground 11 Ground
0.90 3.43 > .03 C8IU Ground CIU
Ground
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
H.A. Leed Co.
Giering Metal
Finishing, Inc.
High Standard
Mfg. Co.
Hlmmel tiros. Co.
Pepsi Cola
Bottling
Safety Electric
Equip. Corp.
Snow-Nab stedt
Gear Corp.
Whitney Blake Co.
Outfall //I
Outfall //2
Outfall #3
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Whitney Lake
Ground
Whitney Lake
Whitney Lake
Ground
Whitney Lake
Ground
Whitney Lake
New Haven East
Street WPCF
New Haven Boulevard
WPCF
New Haven East
PROCESS
WASTE
Sulfuric Acid
Alkalai
Chromium, Acid
Blackening
Anodizing, Ni .
Water, Acid
Caustic
NA
Copper, Acid
Plastic Scrap
Copper partic.
Wastewater
Wastewater
Wastewater
WATER
Sanitary
0.82
X
10.5
1.2
0.15
5.25
1.35
10.35
1190
2460
770
USED (000
Process
38.2
X
33.5
60.0
16.36
4.80
53.53
418.44
NA
NA
NA
gpd)
Other
0.50
X
79.21
0.75
3.79
7.95
6.02
18.10
NA
NA
NA
SANITARY WASTE
Treat. /Disch. To
MS
CSI Ground
MS
MS
Cs Ground
MS
MS
MS
Primary Harbor
Primary Harbor
Primary Harbor
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat. /Disch. To
None Lake
x Ground
8 Lake
Lp Lake
C Ground
None Lake
Dry Well Ground
None Lake
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
Shore WPCF
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
NORTH HAVEN
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
American Powdered Quinnipiac River
Metals Inc.
American Refrac- Stream
tory & Crucible
Aura Mfg. Co., Little River
Inc.
Branford Mfg.
Co., Inc.
Little River
Burndy Corp. Quinnipiac River
Carvin Co.
(Upjohn Co.)
Quinnipiac River
Circuit Wire Inc. Quinnipiac River
City Printing Co. Quinnipiac River
Conn. Container Quinnipiac River
Corp.
PROCESS
WASTE
Cooling
Aluminum Oxide
WATER USED (OOP gpd)
Sanitary Process Other
1.72 NA 42.7
Chromic Acid chips
Sulfuric Acid
Apex cleaner
Phosphate Lime
Muriatic Acid
Nitric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Cyanide, Silver
Acids, Alkalai
Organic Material
Starch
2.03 8.68
2.94
SANITARY WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat./Disch. To Treat./Disch. to
CSI Ground
CSI, Ground None Stream
0.45 0.01 1.55 Cfllg Ground None Stream
0.98 0.21 1.13
CSI8 Ground None Stream
3.15
1.25 C8lg Ground None Stream
3.50 108.27 1027.5
x x NA
x x NA
1.20 x 4.34
Ground L_ Stream
MS x x
MS x x
Cglg Ground C Stream
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
PROCESS
WASTE
WATER USED (OOP gpd)
Sanitarv Process Other
SANITARY WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat./Disch. To Treat./Disch. To
Drabkin Family
Spray Trust
Quinnipiac River
Empire, Inc. DBA Quinnipiac River
Empire Car Wash
Dirt
NA
NA
MS
MS
Stream
MS
Humphrey Chemical Quinnipiac River
Co.
Acids
0.32
0.02 19.8 C,,!,, Ground
S i>
None Stream
Knudsen Bros. Ground
Dairy
Linde Co., Div. Quinnipiac River
of Union Carbide
Co.
Water, Caustic
Detergent, Whey
Lime
Ferrous Silicone
3.24 988.56 6.60
0.33 1.00 7.67
Ground
Ground
CSIS Ground None Stream
McDermott Steel Little River
Specialty Co.
D.F. Mossberg & Quinnipiac River
Sons
Soluble Oils
0.33 0.02 NA
NA
CSIS Ground None 'Stream
MS
Platt Labonia Co. Quinnipiac River
Pratt Whitney Quinnipiac River
Aircraft, NH Div.
Stiles Brick Quinnipiac River
Div. Plasticrete
Corp.
NA
Chromium
Nickel, Acids
Cyanide
Silt
0.63 4.85 NA
153 1456 631
Ground None Stream
CgEFD Stream None Stream
1.35 540.0 11.6 Cesspool Ground Lp Stream
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
EAST HAVEN
C & F Cheese
Distributors
East Haven
Laundry
Tuttie Branch
Ground
Shoreline Packing Ground
& Abattoir Co.
Inc.
PROCESS
WASTE
Vincent Buonogore Quinnlpiac River x
& Sons
North Haven S.T.P.Quinnipiac River Wastewater
(1966)
Water
Skitn milk
Detergent
Water
Blood
Sewage Treat. Plant 1962 - none listed
WEST HAVEN
American Buckle Quinnlpiac River
Co.
Armstrong Rubber Quinnipiac River
Co.
WATER USED (OOP
Sanitary Process Other
x x NA
325
0.06
0.11
SANITARY WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat./Disch. To Treat./Disch. To
MS
NA
NA
Secondary Stream NA
NA
0.15 6.00 0.11 C8IU Ground None Stream
NA
NA
NA
C8IU Ground CIU Ground
C8IU Ground C Ground
MS
MS
MS
Car Washers, Inc. Quinnipiac River
NA
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
Corenco Corp.
Hamilton Mfg.
Company, inc.
New Haven Ren-
dering Co.
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Quinnipiac River
Ground
West River
PROCESS
WASTE
X
Soluble Oils
Water
Fat
Dirt
WATER
Sanitary
X
1.05
1.10
USED (000 gpd)
Process Other
x NA
0.04 5. A3
27.5 3164.4
SANITARY WASTE
Treat. /Disch. To
MS
MS
None River
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat.
X
None
X
/Disch. To
X
Ground
Stream
Newton, New
Haven Company
Cove River
Alkalai, Acid
Abrasive
2.79 5.22 1.79
MS
CSIU Stream
West Haven S.T.P. New Haven Harbor Wastewater
WALLINGFORD
3500.0
NA NA
Secondary Harbor NA
American Cyanamid
Co.
International
Silver Co. (M)
International
Silver Co. (A)
Stream, Ground
Sewer
Quinnipiac River
Soluble Oils
Cooling
0.71
5.76 1.20
Acid, Cyanide
Silver Soap
Whale Oil, Cooling
Hydrochloric Acid
Nitric Acid, Caustic
19.5 325.0 180.5
MS
MS
NA
NA
Quinnipiac River Ureaformaldehyde 22.5 14.4 3038.6 C I_ Ground None Stream
NA MS
11 Ground
MS
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SOURCE
RIVER DIS-
CHARGED TO
Meriden & Walling- Ground
ford Sand & Stone
P.B. Mutrie Motor Quinnipiac River
Trans.
Revere Corp. of Quinnipiac River
America
Goldfeder Silver Quinnipiac River
Co.
Times Wire & Quinnipiac River
Cable Co. (Sub.
Intl. Silver Co.)
Yalesville Silver Ground
Company
PROCESS
WASTE
Silt
Washwater
WATER USED (OOP gpd)
Sanitary Process Other
0.09 144.0 NA
SANITARY WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Treat./Disch". To Treat. /DischT To
Acids, Cleaners
Cooling
Nickel, Silver
Cyanide, Copper
Detergent, Acid
Glycerine
Cleaner, Silver
Sulfuric Acid
Potassium Cyanide
Silver, Cyanide
Alkalai
0.12
NA
Ground
MS
1.65 27.85 103.5
MS
Ground
5.24 20.97 63.78 C8IU Ground None Stream
0.75 3.47 NA CSIU Ground None Ground
11 MS
1.32 0.63 CSIU Ground None Ground
Wallingford S.T.P. Quinnipiac River Wastewater
1750
Secondary Stream
-------
APEEM3IX B
Water Quality standards—Classification,
Present Condition, Water Quality Parameters
and Criteria, Applicable Irplementation Schedules
The present water quality standards prepared by the State of
Connecticut in compliance with the Federal Water Quality Act, as
amended, and approved by the Secretary of the Interior, provide, in
part, for specific classifications for the waters of New Haven Harbor
and its tributaries. In addition, the standards include both para-
meters and criteria necessary to attain such classification and a
tine schedule for implementation by rtunicipalities and industries.
These classifications are shown on the map at the end of this report
and are further described in Table 2. This table also indicates the
present condition, in terms of classification, for these waters as
depicted by the State of Connecticut in 1970. The parameters and
criteria associated with the classifications shown are included in
this appendix following Table 2. The status of implementation tine
tables for municipal water pollution control facilities in Ifew Haven
and West Haven are shown below:
B-l
-------
TABLE 2
COMPARISON OF WATER QUALITY
PRESENT CONDITION VS. APPROVED STANDARDS
APPROVED WATER
PRESENT* QUALITY STANDARD
STREAM CONDITION CLASSIFICATION
Quinnipiac River
(source to tidewater C & D B
(tidewater to mouth SD SC
Whitney Lake - A
Mill River
(outlet of Lake Whitney to C B
State Street)
West River
(Route 80 to tidewater) A A
New Haven Harbor
(inside line extending from SD SC
Morse Park to Lighthouse Point)
New Haven Harbor
(between line extending from SC SB
Morse Park to Lighthouse Point
and New Haven Shellfish Closure
Line)
Long Island Sound
(beyond Shellfish Closure Line) SA SA
^Expressed in terms of classification, based on data contained in
Water Quality Standards, Water Resources Commission, State of
Connecticut, 1970.
-------
Compliance Date Conplianoe Date
Action in Federally as Revised by
Municipality Accomplished Approved Standards State of Connecticut
New Haven — Preliminary Plan 7/68 (Complete)
includes Final Plan 12/69 2/71
Boulevard Plant Financing 5/70 ,^1"
East St. Plant Start Construction 11/70 12/71
East Shore Plant* Start Operation 11/72 12/74
West Haven — Preliminary Plan 12/67 (Complete)
Final Plan 12/68 (Complete)
Financing 2/69 (Complete)
Start Construction 8/69 2/71
Start Operation 6/70 2/73
*Includes wastes from East Haven.
In general, the same pattern of delay applies to industrial waste
sources, particularly since many of these are tied in or will be
connected to the municipal sewerage system. Those industries that are
known to have completed treatment facilities have been adjusted in
Table 1.
B-2
-------
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
STATE OFFICE BUILDING • HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 06115
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
GENERAL POLICY
1. Water quality standards adopted on the basis of these criteria are
in accord with all the requirements of Section 25-54e of the 1957
Supplement to the General Statutes.
2. In the discharge of waste treatment plant effluent and cooling waters
to the receiving waters, cognizance shall be given both in time and
distance to allow for mixing of effluent and stream. Such distances
required for complete mixing shall not affect the water usage Class
adopted but shall be defined and controlled by the Commission.
3. Recommendations on other waste parameters will constitute a portion
of the continuing effort of the Commission in further defining
interstate and intrastate water quality standards. The Commission
reserves the right to amend or extend the following criteria as
improved standard methods are developed or revisions consistent
with the enhancement of water quality are justified.
4. Coastal and marine waters are those generally subject to the rise
and fall of the tide.
5. Interstate waters whose existing quality is better than the
established standards as of the date which such standards become
effective will be maintained at their existing high quality. These
and other interstate waters of the State will not be lowered in
quality unless and until it has been affirmatively demonstrated
to the Commission and the Department of the Interior that such
change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
development and will not interfere with or become injurious to any
assigned uses made of, or presently possible in, such waters. This
will require that any industrial, public or private project or
development which would constitute a new source of pollution or
an increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be
required, if provided a permit, as part of the initial project
design, to provide the highest and best degree of waste treatment
available under existing technology, and, since for interstate
waters these are also Federal standards, these waste treatment
requirements will be developed cooperatively.
-------
INLAND WATERS
CLASS A
Suitable for water supply and all other
excellent. (See note 9)
1, Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils, and grease -
scum
3. Color and turbidity
U. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Taste and odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
6. Chemical constituents
water uses; character uniformly
7596 saturation, 16 hours/day; 5 mg/1
at any time
None allowable
None other than of natural origin
Not to exceed a median of 100 nor
more than 500 in more than 10% of
samples collected
None other than of natural origin
As naturally occurs
None other than of natural origin
(See Note U)
CLASS B
Suitable for bathing, other recreational purposes, agricultural uses certain
'
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils, and grease
scum
3. Color and turbidity
M. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Taste and odor
75% saturation, 16 hours/day; 5 mg/1
at any time
None (See Note 6)
None in such concentrations that
impair any usages specifically
to this Class
Not to exceed a median of 1000 nor
more than 2MOO in moiv than 20% of
samples collected
None in such concentrations that would
impair any usages specifically assigned
to this Class nor cause taste and
odor in edible fish
-------
CLASS B - continued
6. PH
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
6.5 - 8.0
None except where the increase
will not exceed the recommended
limit on the most sensitive
receiving water use and in no
case exceed 85° Ff or in any case
raise the normal temperature of
the receiving water more than M F
(See Note M)
CLASS C
Suitable for fish and wildlife habitat, recreational boating, and certain
industrial processes and cooling; under some conditions acceptable for
public water supply with appropriate treatment; good aesthetic value.
1. Dissolved oxygen
Not less than 5 mg/1 for more than
6 hours during any 2M-hour period,
at no time less than 4 mg/1. For
cold water fishery, Cc, not less
than 5 mg/1 at any time.
Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils, and grease - None (See Note 6)
scum
3. Color and turbidity
U. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Taste and odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class.
Not to exceed an average in any 30-
day period of 5000 nor exceed this
value in more than 20% of the samples
collected during the period.
None in such concentrations that would
impair any usages specifically assign-
ed to this Class nor cause taste and
odor in edible fish
6.0 - 8.5
None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit on
the most sensitive receiving water
use and in no case exceed 85° F or
in any case raise the normal temper-
ature of the receiving water more
'than 4° F
8. Chemical constituents
(See Note M)
-------
CLASS 0
Suitable for navigation, power, certain industrial processes and cooling,, and
migration of fish; good aesthetic value.
1. Dissolved oxygen A minimum of 2 mg/1 at any time
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse - None (See Note 6)
floating solids, oils, and grease •
scum
3. Color and turbidity None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
M. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
5. Taste and odor None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
6. pH 6.0 - 9.0
7. Allowable temperature increase None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit
on the most sensitive receiving
water use and in no case exceed
85° F or in any case raise the
normal temperature of the receiving
water more than M F
8. Chemical constituents (See Note M)
-------
COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS
CLASS SA
Suitable for all sea water uses including shellfish harvesting for direct
human consumption (approved shellfish areas), bathing, and other water contact
sports.
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils, and grease
scum
3. Color and turbidity
Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
Not less than 6.0 mg/1 at any time
None allowable
None in such concentrations that will
impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
Not to exceed a median MPN of 70 and
not more than 10% of the samples
shall ordinarily exceed an MPN of
230 for a S-tube decimal dilution or
330 for a 3-tube decimal dilution
(See Note S.5)
None allowable
6.8 - 8.5
None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit on
the most sensitive receiving water
use and in no case exceed 8S° F or in
any case raise the normal temperature
of the receiving water more than
qo F
None in concentrations or combina-
tions which would be harmful to
human, animal, or aquatic life or
which would make the waters unsafe
or unsuitable for fish or shellfish
or their propagation, impair the
palatability of same, or impair the
waters for any other uses.
9. Radioactivity
(See Note S.6)
-------
NOTES
1. These criteria do not apply to conditions brought about by natural
causes.
2. Class D waters will be assigned only where a higher water use Class
cannot be attained after all appropriate waste treatment methods are
utilized.
3. All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disinfection before
discharge to the watercourse. The degree of treatment and disinfection
shall be as required by the State.
«*. Waters shall be free from chemical constituents in concentrations or
combinations which would be harmful to human, itiimal, or aquatic life
for the appropriate, most sensitive and governing water class use.
In areas where fisheries are the governing considerations and approved
limits have not been established, bioassays shall be performed as
required by the appropriate agencies. For public drinking water supplies
the raw water sources must be of such a quality that United States
Public Health Service limits, or State limits if more stringent, for
finished water can be met after conventional water treatment.
5. Radioactivity limits to be approved by the appropriate State agency
with consideration of possible adverse effects in downstream waters from
discharge of radioactive wastes; limits in a particular watershed to be
resolved when necessary after consultation between appropriate State
and Federal agencies. In no case shall the Alpha emitters exceed a
concentration of 3 picocuries per liter or the Gross Beta emitters
exceed a concentration of 1000 picocuries per liter.
6. Sludge deposits, floating solids, oils, grease and scum shall not be
allowed except for such small amounts that may result from the dis-
charge of appropriately treated sewage or industrial waste effluents.
7. The minimum average daily flow for seven consecutive days that can be
expected to occur once in ten years shall be the minimum flow to which
the standards apply.
8. Class B and C waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that:
a) unduly affect the composition of bottom fauna; b) unduly affect
the physical or chemical nature of the bottom; c) interfere with the
propagation of fish.
9. . Class A waters reserved for water supply may be subject to restricted
use by State and Local regulation.
10. All interstate Class A waters and all interstate Class B waters, except
Shetucket River from confluence of Willimantic and Natchaug Rivers to
Greenville Dam, Norwich, are considered to be suitable for cold water
fish spawning and growth.
11. The criteria for dissolved oxygen and allowable temperature increase
for interstate Class B and Cc waters are applicable to waters used
only for fish passage. When such class waters are suitable for cold
water fish spawning and growth, these criteria shall be the same as
those specified for Class A waters.
12. In the case of interstate Class B and Cc waters where parts of such
waters are not suitable for spawning and growth, the requirements for
fish passage shall be considered with other sensitive uses in defining
allowable temperature increases.
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CLASS SB
Suitable for bathing, other recreational purposes, industrial cooling and
shellfish harvesting for human consumption after depuration; excellent fish
and wildlife habitat; good aesthetic value.
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils and grease -
scum
Color and turbidity
M. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Taste and odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time
None except that amount that may
result from the discharge from a
waste treatment facility providing
appropriate treatment
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
Not to exceed a median value of 700
and not more than 2300 in more than
10% of the samples (See Note S.S}—
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class and none that
would cause taste and odor in edible
fish or shellfish
6.8 - 8.5
None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit on
the most sensitive receiving water
use and in no case exceed 85° F or
in any case raise the normal
temperature of the receiving water
more than 4° F.
None in concentrations or combina-
tions which would be harmful to
human, animal,or aquatic life or
which would make the waters unsafe
or unsuitable for fish or shellfish
or their propagation,or impair the
water for any other usage assigned to
this Class
9. Radioactivity
(See Note S.6)
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CLASS SC
Suitable fish, shellfish and wildlife habitat; suitable for recreational
boating and industrial cooling, good aesthetic value.
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse
floating solids, oils and
grease - scum
3. Color and turbidity
U. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Taste and odor
6. pH .
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
Not less than 5 mg '1 for more than 6
hours during any 2M-hour period and
at no time less than 4 mg/1. For cold
water fishery, SCc, not less than 5 mg '1
at any time
None except thnt amount thnt rony result
from the discharge from a waste treat-
ment facility providing appropriate
treatment
None in such concentrations that would
impair any usages specifically assigned
to this Class
Not to exceed an average in any 30-
day period of 5000 nor exceed this
value in more than 20% of the samples
collected during the period.
None in such concentrations that would
irr.pair any usages specifically assigned
to this Class and none that would cause
taste and odor in edible fish or
shellfish
6.5 - 8.S
None except where the increase will not
exceed the recommended limit on the roost
sensitive receiving water use and in no
case exceed 8S° F or in any case raise
the normal temperature of the receiving
water more than 4 F
None in concentrations or combinations
which would be harmful to human, animal,
or aquatic life or which would make the
waters unsafe or unsuitable for fish or
shellfish or their propagation, or
impair the water for any other usage
assigned to this Class
9. Radioactivity
(See Note S.6)
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CLASS SD
Suitable for navigation, power, and certain industrial cooling water;
migration of fish; good aesthetic value.
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils and grease -
scum
3. Color and turbidity
Coliform bacteria
5. Taste and odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
Not less than 2 mg/1 at any time
None except that amount that may
result from the discharge from a
waste treatment facility providing
appropriate treatment
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class and none that
would cause taste and odor in edible
fish or shellfish
6.5 - 8.5
None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit
on the most sensitive receiving
water use and in no case exceed
85° F or in any case raise the
normal temperature of the receiving
water more than 4° F
None in concentrations or combina-
tions which would be harmful to
human, animal, or aquatic life or
which would make the waters unsafe
or unsuitable for fish or shellfish
or their propagation, impair the
palatability of same, or impair
the water for any other usage
9. Radioactivity
(See Note S.6)
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NOTES
S.I All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disinfection before
discharge to coastal and marine waters. The degree of treatment and
disinfection shall be as required by the State.
S.2 These criteria do not apply to conditions brought about by natural
causes.
S.3 The waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that will: a) un-
duly affect the composition of bottom founa, b) unduly affect tho
physical or chemical nature of the bottom; c) interfere with the
propagation of fish.
S.U These criteria shall apply at all times in coastal and marine waters.
S.5 Surveys to determine coliform concentrations shall include those areas
most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most unfavor-
able hydrographic and pollution conditions.
S.6 The discharge of radioactive materials in concentrations or combinations
which would be harmful to human, animal or aquatic life shall not be
allowed. In no case shall the Alpha emitters exceed a concentration
of 3 picocuries per liter or the Gross Beta emitters exceed a con-
centration of 1000 picocuries per liter.
S.7 All interstate Class SA waters and all interstate Class S3 waters,
except Housatonic River from Derby Dam to mouth, Connecticut River
from Hurd State Park in East Hampton to mouth, and Shetucket and
Thames Rivers from Greenville Dam, Norwich, to mouth, are considered
to be suitable for cold water fish spawning and growth.
S.8 The criteria for dissolved oxygen and allowable temperature increase
for interstate Class SB and SCc waters are applicable to waters
used only for fish passage. When such waters are suitable for cold
water fish spawning and growth, these criteria shall be the same as
those specified for Class SA waters.
S.9 In the case of interstate Class SB and SCc waters where parts of such
waters are not suitable for spawning and growth, the requirements for
fish passage shall be considered with other sensitive uses in
defining allowable temperature increases.
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APPENDIX C
Current Data
Figures 2 and 3 obtained from the U. S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey indicate the speed and direction of currents in New Haven
Harbor. These limited data and observations made during the field
study indicate that large areas of the harbor are relatively shallow
and receive minimal tidal current action. Consequently, there appears
to be considerable sludge deposition in large areas of the harbor.
Ihis conclusion is also borne out in the results of the biological
survey conducted during the study.
C-l
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N
Composite of Flood Tide Currents
Arrows indicate direction and
figures speed in knots.
SCALE IN KMLES
FIGURE 2
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N W H A V
Composite of Ebb Tide Currents
Arrows indicate direction and
figures speed in knots.
FIGURE 3
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WPC North Havtn to
Quinnipiac
Matfoebtt Iron Co.
\nsfi»M Oyster Co.
Stomtlric TOO/ Co.
Div. United &»«*'** Corp
A Hi ng town
LEGEND
• - Approximate Location of Primary
Industries and Municipal Water
Pollution Control Plants. (WPC)
SA - Water Classification
^— Change of Classification
LOCATION MAP
T.A.D. Jonts and Co., Inc.
Hum bit Oil and Pt fining
SCALE IN MILES
NEW HAVEN HARBOR
NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT
FIGURE 1
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