WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES 14010 DM0 03/70 - A
Investigative Mine Survey
Of A Small Watershed
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
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INVESTIGATIVE MINE SURVEY
OF A SMALL WATERSHED
A Field Investigation to Locate and Define Unknown or
Hidden Drift Mine Openings in the Browns Creek Watershed
of the West Fork River in West Virginia
by
Halliburton Company
Duncan, Oklahoma 73553
for the
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Program Number 1H010 DM0
FWPCA Contract No. m-12-453
March, 1970
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe
the results and progress in the control and abatement
of pollution of our Nation's waters. They provide a
central source of information on the research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Department of the
Interior, through inhouse research and grants and con-
tracts with Federal, State, and local agencies, re-
search institutions, and industrial organizations.
Water Pollution Control Research Reports will be dis-
tributed to requesters as supplies permit. Requests
should be sent to the Planning and Resources Office,
Office of Research and Development, Federal Water
Quality Administration, Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C. 20242.
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FWPCA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration and
approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
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ABSTRACT
The primary purpose of this project was to conduct an investi-
gation to locate hidden or unknown drift mine openings in the Browns Creek
Watershed in Harrison County, West Virginia. Thirty unknown openings
were discovered in an initial reconnaissance. Additional probing using
power driven augers was not successful and was deemed impractical. Three
specific areas within the watershed were selected for further scrutiny.
The bottom of the highwall line in the strip mined area was determined
by land surveyors and this information was plotted on old mine maps to
indicate the intersection of the stripping with underground mining. A
minimum of 107 mine drifts were shown to be exposed by the 14,500 feet
of highwall surveyed in the three areas. This report was submitted in
partial fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-453 between the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration and the Halliburton Company.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
A. Synopsis of Previous Study - ___________ i
B. Scope and Purpose of Present Study- --- - - 3
Conclusions ----------------------------- 7
Recommendations --------------------------- 9
Browns Creek Investigation ---------_______ _n
Effects of Mining on Subsurface Water ----------------45
Acknowledgements- --------------------------53
References- -----------------------------55
Abbreviations ----------------------------57
Appendix- ----- _____ ______ _ _ _ _ _ 59
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No. Title Page
1 General Location Map- ---------------- - 2
2 Map - Browns Creek Area ------------------ 5
3 Geologic Map - Browns Creek and West Fork River Basins- - - 13
4 Generalized Geologic Column - Browns Creek Area- ----- 14
5 Typical Subsidence of Abandoned Coal Mine ---------17
6 Mine Survey Map - Browns Creek Watershed- ---------21
7 Browns Creek Coal Field - East Side 25
8 Browns Creek Coal Field - West Side 27
9 Map - Fairmont Big Vein Mine- --------------- 29
10 Void in Highwall Above Reclamation Backfill --------31
11 Void in Highwall - Fairmont Big Vein Mine ---------32
12 Suspected Opening Draining Under Backfill ----- --32
13 Map - Hutchison Coal Co. - Byron Mine ----------- 37
14 Timbered Portal - One-Family Mine-------- --39
15 Acid Mine Drainage Flowing from Hutchison Hollow- ----- 39
16 View of North Arm of Stripping Area - Hutchison Hollow- - - 40
17 Remains of Original Main Headings - Mine No. 40-066 - - - - 40
18 Openings in Highwall Exposed by Stripping --------- 41
19 Mine Map - Stout Mine - Mine No. 40-058 42
20 Highwall with Covered Openings - Stout Mine -------- 43
21 Subsided Highwall Area - Stout Mine 43
22 Typical Strip Area - No Reclamation ------------44
23 Partially Exposed Drift Openings in Highwall- -------44
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LIST OF FIGURES - Concluded
Figure
No. Title Page
24 Plat - Water Well - Unmined Area- 47
25 Drilling Site Topography - Unmined Area Well 48
26 Mine Area Well Location - Mine No. 62-009 -- 49
27 Water Level and Stream Flow Data 50
28 Geologic Section - Mine No. 40-036 61
29 Geologic Section - Mine No. 40-064 61
30 Geologic Section - Mine No. 40-058 62
31 Geologic Section - Unmined Area Well- ----------- 63
32 Geologic Section - Water Well - Mined Area -- - 64
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
No. Title Page
1 Flow Data of Mines from Previous Survey- --- ____ 65
2 Fluid Flow Data and Water Analyses - Browns Creek -
Sample Point No.l-------------------- 68
3 Fluid Flow Data and Water Analyses - Browns Creek -
Sample Point No. 2 70
4 Fluid Flow Data and Water Analyses - Browns Creek -
Sample .Point No. 3 -- 72
5 Fluid Flow Data and Water Analyses - Browns Creek -
Sample Point No. 4 - 74
6 Fluid Flow Data and Water Analyses- Browns Creek -
Sample Point No. 5 - 76
7 Pollution Data - Browns Creek- --------------- 78
8 Physical Characteristics - Drift Mine Openings -
Draining to Ground Surface ---------------- 79
9 Physical Characteristics - Drift Mine Openings -
Subsequently Stripped - No Reclamation - - 80
10 Physical Characteristics - Drift Mine Openings -
Stripped and Backfilled 81
11 Flow Data and Water Analyses - Selected Mines- -- -- 82
12 Driller's Log - Unmined Area Well 83
13 Driller's Log - Mined Area Well 84
14 Monitoring Data - Water Wells and Adjacent Streams - - - 85
15 Water Analyses - Mined Area- ---------------- 86
16 Water Analyses - Unmined Area -- 88
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INTRODUCTION
Synopsis of Previous Study
A previous contract to the Halliburton Company consisted of a
feasibility study in four parts on the application of various grouting
agents, techniques and methods to the abatement of mine drainage pollution,
This study, conducted from December 1966 to May 1968, included a survey
of mine drainage pollution in the upper West Fork River Sub-basin near
Clarksburg, West Virginia. This area is located on the map attached as
Figure 1.
The Monongahela River is formed by the confluence of the West
Fork and Tygart Valley Rivers, which occurs approximately five miles
north of the northern boundary of Harrison County, near Fairmont, West
Virginia. This study was concerned primarily with that portion of the
West Fork River Basin which terminates immediately south of Clarksburg
in Harrison County and extends to the headwaters in Upshur County. The
Sub-basin contains approximately 400 square miles and more than 200
drift mines.
Clarksburg, the fifth largest city in the State and seat of
Harrison County, is the major center of population and industry in the
Upper West Fork River Sub-basin. Situated at the base of the Sub-basin,
the city obtains its water supply directly from the West Fork River.
Numerous other communities are interspersed throughout the Sub-basin and
also take their water supplies from the river or its tributaries.
The feasibility study included an initial survey made by
reconnaissance parties throughout the Upper West Fork River Sub-basin.
All mined areas as revealed from information furnished by the Monongahela
River Mine Drainage Remedial Project were included in the survey.
The reconnaissance party located and identified the openings
which were evident within the Sub-basin and drainage water was noted,
sampled and analyzed to determine the acid and mineral content. The
geology of the mine sites was also recorded. A total of 228 drift mines
or openings were discovered in this survey. A resurvey was then con-
ducted on 60 mines which evidenced measurable flows during the pre-
liminary survey, or had drainage with high mineral content.
Possible remedial techniques to abate the flow of mine drainage
from the mines in this area were studied and a listing of the various
methods was made. A drift mine which had an acidic drainage coming from
the mine opening was selected for the installation of a mine seal. The
seal installed consisted of four layers of cloth retainers which were
allowed to conform to the shape of the mine floor, walls or roof as the
material hardened. When complete, the stack of retainers formed a seal
which conformed to the shape of the opening.
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CLEVELAND
PENNSYU. VANIA
T3JURGH
CLARKSBlTfl
MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN
CREEK BASIN
UPPER WEST FORK
RIVER SUB-BASIN
^CHARLESTON
/
VIRGINIA
WEST
VIRGINIA
FIGURE I - GENERAL LOCATION MAP
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Three other mine complexes were selected which were felt to be
representative of the flow and acid drainage of those within the basin.
Complete plans and specifications were drawn up for abatement construc-
tion work on the mine openings, utilizing the grout retainer seal tech-
nique as well as other sealing methods. Additional work in the study
included research on the grout retainer technique of sealing a mine,
with emphasis being given to development of a cement slurry which would
permit the seal to be placed in one working day.
Scope and Purpose of Present Study
The program of work reported herein was undertaken to investigate
a given drainage basin for location and delineation of any unknown or hidden
drift mine openings. Research was also conducted to develop background
data for improved knowledge of mine drainage.
Based on the previous mine surveys conducted, the Browns Creek
Area was selected as the drainage area in which an intensive investigation
was conducted to locate mine openings to permit proper abatement method
evaluation. The Browns Creek Area is located on the map attached as
Figure 2.
The first phase of the work was a resurvey of the entire area
by a reconnaissance party to confirm all visible and suspected openings.
The openings definitely confirmed were noted on a map and the physical
characteristics compiled. The party conducted probing and power driven
auger borings in attempting to locate hidden openings.
Using all the mine maps available from the Browns Creek area,
a composite mine map of the Sub-basin coal field was constructed. Three
separate mining complexes, for which the best mine maps were available,
were selected for a detailed study. A land surveying party located the
bottom of the highwall line in the three selected areas. This highwall
line was then designated on the map of each individual area. This
system would be used to aid in finding hidden openings.
The second phase of the work involved the comparison of water
tables and water quality between mined and unmined areas. Wells and
streams in both mined and unmined areas were monitored, sampled and
analyzed to obtain the comparative data.
In conducting the reconnaissance, investigations, stream sam-
pling and flow measurements in the Browns Creek coal field, no diffi-
culty was experienced in gaining entry to the mine sites or to the
surrounding properties. While many of the sites surveyed or visited
were unoccupied, when property owners, caretakers, lessees or renters
were encountered, they were both cooperative and interested. Access
rights at Mine No. 40-058 were obtained in order to conduct probing
and power driven auger borings.
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DIGITALLY
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CONCLUSIONS
Numerous findings have resulted from the tests and evaluations
performed under this contract. The following conclusions are drawn from
these findings:
(1) Browns Creek is a major contributor to the pollution of
the West Fork River at Clarksburg, West Virginia.
(2) The reconnaissance survey located 30 additional openings
and defined their physical characteristics; however, this method can
only locate those openings which are visible or are draining. As the
reconnaissance survey would result in locating only a small part of the
total hidden openings in a reclaimed strip mined area, it can be used
only as a preliminary survey.
(3) Tests to locate hidden openings using a small power
driven auger were not successful. It is concluded that this method
is not practical except for above grade openings which would release
mine drainage whenever an opening was penetrated.
(4) Land surveying to define the actual bottom of the high-
wall line and plotting the survey results on a mine map was the most
thorough method employed to locate hidden openings. A limitation of
this method is the need for reasonably accurate mine maps on which
the survey results may be plotted.
(5) On the east side of the Browns Creek Watershed, a head
of water as high as 150 feet could be accumulated behind a seal in the
Pittsburgh coal seam of the Fairmont Big Vein Mine.
(6) The intersection of deep mine drifts by strip mining
operations created a variety of opening configurations. The mine
sealing techniques developed under this contract would undoubtedly
be applicable to many of these openings, but it would be difficult
to plan any specific abatement method which might be applicable to
all the openings in the complex Browns Creek Area.
(7) After observing water levels in a well in both mined
and unmined areas for 10 months, it was concluded that mining oper-
ations affect the water table levels but do not affect the water
quality of water tables deeper than the mined coal seam.
(8) Although no difficulty was encountered in gaining
entry to mine sites for the investigations conducted, obtaining
access rights for field abatement applications can be very diffi-
cult and require a considerable expenditure of time and money.
It is vital and necessary to obtain these agreements well in
advance of any actual work.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the conclusions drawn in this study, the following
recommendations are submitted:
(1) It is recommended that the land survey method be utilized
to determine probable conditions present in any area being considered
for abatement construction work.
(2) It is recommended that the balance of the stripped area
of the Browns Creek Watershed be surveyed using the land survey method
to determine the probable number of openings exposed. A detailed engi-
neering study should be performed to provide basic information needed
for any abatement program which might be considered for the Browns
Creek Watershed.
(3) It is recommended that a small controlled watershed,
which does not have the complex problems of the Browns Creek area,
be selected for further work. An engineering survey should then be
made, followed by performance of abatement work using remedial tech-
niques developed under this or other contracts. Mine No. 40-058,
an isolated mine in the Browns Creek Watershed, might be a suitable
area for this study, since mine sealing at this mine could potentially
reduce the acid load of Browns Creek by 3,678 pounds per month and
give valuable cost information for planning larger abatement programs.
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BROWNS CREEK INVESTIGATION
Browns Creek is a tributary to the West Fork River south of
Clarksburg, West Virginia. The West Fork River, which rises south of
the Ireland community in Lewis County, West Virginia, flows northward
through Harrison County into Marion County, where it joins with the
Tygart Valley River near Fairmont, West Virginia, to form the Mononga-
hela River. That portion of the West Fork River Basin south of Clarks-
burg, West Virginia is considered the Upper West Fork River Sub-basin.
It is approximately 65 miles in length and contains an area of 384
square miles to that point.
Browns Creek has its headwaters in the hilly terrain about
two miles south an'd east of Mount Clare, Harrison County, West Virginia,
a community of about 1,000 population. The watershed, approximately
6.8 square miles in area, is located 2.5 miles upstream (south) from
Clarksburg, West Virginia.
Browns Creek flows in a north-northwesterly direction along
the longitudinal axis of the watershed for a distance of about 4.5 miles
and empties directly into the West Fork River. It is fed by intermit-
tently flowing tributary streams which range in length from 2,000 to
5,000 feet. These streams carry surface runoff from the watershed as
well as some ground water, including drainage from abandoned coal mines
located at higher elevations. Figure 2 shows a map of the Browns Creek
area.
The topography of the watershed is rugged. Elevations range
from 940 feet above sea level at the mouth of Browns Creek to 1,450
feet near its source. Browns Creek flows on an average gradient of 50
feet per mile through a deep valley, while the principal tributaries
have average gradients of approximately 150 feet per mile. These
smaller flowing or intermittently flowing streams drain the numerous
valleys in the watershed. A number of these streams carry mine drainage
from coal seams located at higher elevations.
Alluvial deposits in the channels and on the flood plain of
Browns Creek are responsible for the flat area in the drainage basin.
These areas are generally narrow and traversed by State Highway 25,
County highways and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which was extended
into the valley before the turn of the century. The town of Mount
Clare and small residential clusters are also located in the valley.
Where light industry and residential areas do not exist, these rela-
tively level areas contain only minor amounts of woodland and are
used principally for grazing and gardening.
The slopes of the very hilly terrain are generally wooded,
although some slopes are used for grazing. The area, once heavily
timbered, has been cut over several times. Extensive drift and strip
mining of the Pittsburgh coal seam has been accomplished where no
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further strip mining operations are contemplated, approximately two-thirds
of the stripped area has been reclaimed by regrading mine spoil and original
overburden over the stripped area so as to create a "bench" on the face of
the hillside slope. Many of these benches have been reclaimed to grazing
land or have been reforested; however, the near vertical highwall resulting
from "benching" the original hillside slope for the stripping operation is
exposed and is weathering to the extent that sloughing of the existing over-
burden over the highwall as well as the highwall itself is in evidence. In
some cases the Pittsburgh coal seam has been completely strip mined circum-
ferential^ around hillsides so that the remaining hilltops appear as knobs.
A geologic map of part of the West Fork River Sub-basin containing
the Browns Creek watershed is attached as Figure 3. Two anticlines, Chestnut
Ridge to the east and Wolf Summit to the west, dominate the watershed. A
secondary or minor geologic structure, the Shinnston Syncline, actually de-
fines the Browns Creek area. The entire drainage system in the area is
strongly influenced by these geologic structures. The Shinnston Syncline,
running in a northeasterly, then northerly, direction and dipping downward,
passes through the Browns Creek watershed and aligns itself with Browns
Creek for approximately 1.5 miles to its confluence with the West Fork
River. Because of the immediate location of this Syncline with respect to
Browns Creek, strata dip toward the creek and essentially in the same direc-
tions as the natural surface drainage.
The general stratigraphy of this area is not complex and can be
readily observed in the field. The series of strata ranges from the Monon-
gahela to the Conemaugh, the former overlying the latter, in the order of
stratigraphic sequence of the Pennsylvanian Period. A generalized geologic
column is included as Figure 4. Also the natural outcropping on hillsides,
as well as the numerous exposures at mine sites, abundantly reveal marked
similarity in lithological character throughout the area.
The geologic literature indicates that this area has gone through
at least two complete periods of erosion and re-elevation. The watershed
is known to have eroded to a peneplain sometime during Cretaceous time and
re-elevated and re-eroded in the Tertiary Period. At the closing of the
Tertiary, the land was re-elevated once again and at the present time is
being eroded. However, the field study shows that uneven erosion has taken
place not only in the layers of the Monongahela Series, which exist in the
northern section of the study area, but by the absence of this Series in
the southern section. It is obvious that these totally missing strata are
the result of a higher degree of uplift in the southern region which has
provided a far greater potential for subsequent erosional forces.
A second effect of this increased uplift activity is the expo-
sures in the southern portion of the study area of older rocks above the
natural drainage. This is evidenced by the outcrops of the older Cone-
maugh Series which are not in evidence in the north.
Although the Cedarville sandstone appeared to be the highest
and therefore the youngest stratum of the Monongahela Series at the
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BROWNS
WATERSHED
CREEK
MILES
GEOLOGIC MAP-BROWNS CREEK AND WEST FORK RIVER BASINS
FIGURE 3
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ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEV EL, HUNDREDS OF FEET
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CONEMAUGH FORMATION
UNIONTOWN
V" . TVN,^^ SANDSTONE
~~ ~T " ""i ,\^V^ ARNOLDSBURG
~-^~^r _r" ~ _\.
*_* *' * *.-*, ',*, r*\
_H~I_r~^ r~i i~i_r~_ _ v^
.: . . * . .» '..» . -Tlv.
- * j - i ! . i T^ g t NWOOD LIMESTONE.
.;..*.; . ; ."; ::/.':*. *.V/\ SEWICKLEY SANDSTONE
LR. PITTSBURGH SANDSTONE * ''.'.'* '.'.'.''' '.V'/'A
' ».»'« .. -A
- - ^^T ti_ir ^^z *^ ^^i «^ \
CONNELLSVILLE SANDSTONE .'. '*.'." /"".' .** ' ^V *
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GRAFTON SANDSTONE *.'. .'/*..«. .-..'.«
SA LTS BURG SAN DSTON E ''.''.''-'''.' ". % '""" " ."
FIGURE 4 - GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC COLUMN-BROWNS CREEK AREA
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and areas above the highwalls at mine sites surveyed, sub-
sequent information indicates younger strata of the Monongahela Series
to be present in higher peaks.
The Browns Creek watershed comprises a relatively large sur-
face drainage area which is generally dendritic in pattern. This sys-
tem has emerged as a result of erosion of a geologic plateau comprised
of basically undisturbed sediments. The topography is generally low
and rounded. Underground drainage in the watershed is largely gov-
erned by a series of broad geologic structures which enter into and
extend through the watershed, causing considerable local variation in
the subsurface drainage systems. In certain instances, the surface
system corresponds to the subsurface system creating a condition where-
by ground water draining from drift mine operations above the streams
is collected and discharged to Browns Creek.
The average rainfall for the Browns Creek watershed is 42
to 44 inches per year. The Clarksburg precipitation recording station
showed an average rainfall of 41.78 inches per year, based on 38 years
of records.
Data obtained from the Weather Bureau State Climatologist at
Morgantown, West Virginia indicated that the average annual evapotrans-
piration for the Browns Creek watershed is slightly over 28 inches.
The average rate for the five months of May through September is ap-
proximately 23 inches, which is about equal to the rainfall received
during the period. This would indicate low stream flows for that
period of the year and much higher runoff during the other seven
months.
Ground water in the watershed is derived chiefly from the
infiltration of rainfall and snow melt which has percolated to and is
stored in the voids of underlying shales and sandstones. When these
voids become saturated, the ground water moves slowly to areas of dis-
charge, which are usually lowland areas that are characterized by
springs, seeps and streams. Ground-water levels are at their highest
in late winter or early spring and at lowest in late summer or early
fall.
The area of the watershed has been mined using drift, strip
and auger mining methods. The Pittsburgh coal bed, because of its
commercial quality and thickness of 5 to 9 feet, has been extensively
mined. The Redstone coal is not generally present in this area in
commercially minable thickness. However, it is sometimes found in
seams as thick as 2 feet. Where it exists, it has been stripped
along with the Pittsburgh coal. Strip mining and augering have inter-
sected underground mines and have exposed additional mine voids and
provided new openings for air circulation, water entry and drainage
which make a definite contribution to the pollution problem in this
area.
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Drift mining by hand began in the Browns Creek coal field in
1904. At the height of the mining activity, as many as eleven mines were
in operation at one time. Mining drifts were usually terminated near the
perimeter of the hill where the outcrop coal of poor quality was encoun-
tered. This normally left 12 feet of cover above the coal seam, which
was the minimum amount of overburden desirable.
Most of the deep mines closed during the depression of the
1930's, although a few continued production through the 1940 decade.
Prior to 1940, most of the mining in Harrison County was confined to
the area north of Clarksburg, downstream from the city water supply
source and, therefore, mine drainage did not appreciably affect the
city water supply except for Browns Creek, where mining was active at
the time.
After many of the drift mines had been abandoned, coal owners
recovered the outcrop coal by stripping the perimeters of the old drift
mines. In many cases, Pittsburgh coal was recovered after the stripping
operations by augering with large diameter augers. The lateral extent
of the holes was as much as 200 feet where no mine void was encountered.
These abandoned auger voids serve as natural entry points for air and
water contact at coal faces or as direct drainage channels.
During and following World War II, mining was very active in
the southern portions of Harrison County and, to a lesser extent, in
Lewis County. Primary mining methods were used to remove approximately
30 to 35% of the minable coal and secondary methods used to recover an
additional 50 to 55%. Both mining methods were used in removing the
coal from the commercial mines of the area. Small reserves of Pitts-
burgh coal remain in the Browns Creek coal field, but geological and
economic conditions prevent much active mining at this time.
The secondary mining method, often referred to as "pillar
removal", created large void spaces and left little support for the
overburden load. Roof falls are prevalent throughout the abandoned
workings of the area. These frequently create surface subsidence.
These areas are normally identified by rounded depressions on the sur-
face above mined-out areas. A drawing depicting this condition is
attached as Figure 5. In most instances this occurs where the over-
burden is less than 30 feet. Should the overburden exceed 30 feet, it
normally has sufficient inherent strength to remain stable. Subsid-
ence also is associated to a great extent with the 12-rfoot cover line.
These areas offer entrance points for surface and subsurface water
runoff into the mined-out areas. Many of the mine drifts are par-
tially or completely filled with debris.
Strip mining and augering were prevalent during and immediately
following World War II. The stripped areas have usually been backfilled
against the highwall. This procedure and sloughing of the highwalls
made it very difficult to ascertain what additional openings were un-
covered by the stripping operation, but seepage of water through the
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GROUND SURFACE
i
TOP SOIL AND CLAY
" % ** *
7 "SHALE"*Arib "SANFSTONEH
* ' . .SANDSTONE ..:.'
Zt-'zS-^y
SHALE AND
HEAD COAL
COAL SHAFT
TYPICAL SUBSIDENCE OF ABANDONED COAL MINE
FIGURE 5
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backfill in many locations indicated that openings were present. Most of
the mine maps of the area are available, but their accuracy is question-
able.
The Pittsburgh coal has been found to contain approximately 4%
total sulphur in the Browns Creek Watershed as compared to much less in
the coal fields to the north of Clarksburg.
Brands Run Coal Company, a drift mine on the west side of Browns
Creek near its headwaters, was the only active mine during the period of
the contract, but it has since been abandoned.
Clarksburg, the fifth largest city in the State and the major
center of population and industry in the area, utilizes the West Fork
River for its potable water supply source. Increasing water treatment
costs for treating total hardness and removing objectionable minerals
have occurred because of the contamination of the river by acid mine
drainage upstream. This pollution is caused by the highly mineralized
mine drainage entering the river from several large tributaries. Browns
Creek, one of these major tributaries to the West Fork River, has been
cited by the Clarksburg Water Board as being so badly polluted for the
past 40 years that it cannot be used for any purpose. The acid load be-
ing discharged into the West Fork River approximately 2 miles upstream
from the Clarksburg Water Treatment Plant by Browns Creek is approxi-
mately 1,350 pounds of acid per day.
Some survey work was accomplished in this area under a previous
contract with the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The
information which formed the basis for this survey was that gathered dur-
ing a 1965 study by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
The mine classification system established and used in the Monongahela
Enforcement Project inventory for identification and location of mines
was maintained in this project. Mines in the Browns Creek area use a
mine number prefix of 40 since they are located on the USGS Mount Clare
(7.5-minute) quadrangle map. A total of 30 mine sites in the Browns
Creek drainage area were surveyed and reported in the Halliburton report
entitled, "Selection and Recommendation of Twenty Mine Sites", Part II,
1967, Appendix, Table B. These mines are listed in Table 1 included in
the Appendix.
Five sampling points were selected along the length of Browns
Creek in order to provide sufficient monitoring points to gather data on
the stream flow and water quality. The sample points were established at
strategic locations so that the data collected would reflect the pollution
load distribution along Browns Creek and help to determine the source of
the major contributors of acid mine water. Sample point locations are
shown on the area map, Figure 2.
Sample Point No. 1 was at the mouth of Browns Creek where it
flows into the West Fork River. Sample Point No. 2 was slightly over
one-half mile upstream. Sample Point No. 3 was located at Alpha Penn
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Road in Mount Clare. Sample Point No. 4 was opposite Mount Clare Lions
Club Park. Sample Point No. 5 was across the road from the Interstate
Building.
These points were monitored throughout the contract. Flow
data for Browns Creek is included in the tables containing the analyses
of samples. Flow reached a high of 3,774 gallons per minute during
the monitoring period with an average flow at the mouth of 1,400 gallons
per minute. Water analyses for samples taken at the five sample points
are included as Tables No. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the Appendix.
The average acid load per day for the West Fork River at
Clarksburg, West Virginia was 5,340 pounds in 1967. An average.daily
acid load of 1,339 pounds, or about 25% of the river load, was depos-
ited by Browns Creek into the West Fork River. The average daily iron
and sulfate load contributed by Browns Creek into the West Fork River
constituted 8U and 23% respectively. The average load data for the
West Fork River was obtained from the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Upper Ohio Basin Office, Wheeling, West Virginia. The
load data for Browns Creek was calculated using the following formula:
Load, pounds/day = Avg Flow (cfs) x Avg Acidity (mg/1) x 5.4
Iron and sulfate loads were calculated with the same formula,
substituting the average iron and sulfate values for the acid.
The pollution data for Browns Creek is shown in Table 7,
attached in the Appendix. This table gives the acid, iron and sulfate
loads per month for six segments of Browns Creek. This data indicates
that the largest portion of the acid and iron load comes from the mines
in the main Mount Clare area, and the largest amount of sulfate is pro-
duced by the,Two Lick Hollow area. However, the acid loads from the
other areas downstream from Sample Point No. 5 are almost equal to
that from the main Mount Clare area. The iron and sulfate loads from
the main Mount Clare area, the Two Lick Hollow area and the Hutchison
Hollow comprise the main part of the pollution load, but each of the
areas between the sampling points makes a significant contribution.
As the initial step in the location and identification of un-
known or hidden openings created by mining in the Browns Creek area, a
reconnaissance party conducted a thorough investigation of the area.
The survey was started at the south end of the area, east of
State Route No. 25, and proceeded in a northerly direction along the
east side of the area to the northern limits. It then proceeded south
down the west side of Browns Creek to the headwaters. The area was
covered on foot with all physical characteristics being noted, such as
subsidence, existing openings that were still visible, evidence of
mine workings by abandoned tipples, rails, etc. Further information
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was obtained from local residents in each of the areas who were knowl-
edgeable on the location of deep, abandoned mines. Many mine openings
had been covered by backfilling of stripping operations, subsequent
slides and sloughing of the highwall. In most cases, the party was
able to locate the main original mine headings, such as haulageways,
main portals and fanways. Less significant openings, such as drainways,
air vents, etc., are often difficult or impossible to locate and many
are not shown on old existing mine maps.
A total of 51 mine openings were located by a previous survey
conducted under the direction of the Monongahela River Mine Drainage
Remedial Project. These openings are marked on the map attached as
Figure 6. In addition, mines are outlined and numbered. Subsidence
areas and gob piles are designated.
During the reconnaissance survey, 30 additional openings were
located. These are designated on Figure 6 using a different symbol
from the openings previously marked. Further areas of subsidence and
gob pile locations were also determined and shown on the map. Physical
characteristics of the 30 openings were tabulated and are listed in
Tables 8, 9, and 10. Some of the openings found were monitored and
sampled. Flow data and water analyses for the openings are given in
Table 11. Many of the samples showed to have a pH value in the range
of 3, with high acid and sulfate content. Some samples also showed
high iron content.
Following the initial survey made by the reconnaissance party
on foot, the site of the Stout Mine (Mine No. 40-058) was selected to
test the use of a small, portable power-driven auger as a possible method
of probing to locate hidden mine openings from the surface. Some open-
ings were shown on existing mine maps, but have been covered by back-
filling after stripping was completed. Other openings have actually
been created in the stripping operation as the equipment cut into a drift
or exposed a crosscut in the drift mine, and were then covered by back-
/ * i i "*
filling.
The augering machine had been developed for horizontal drill-
ing of earth. It consisted of an engine driven auger flight with cutting
head attached. The engine and auger flights were mounted on a movable
frame, which permitted lateral movement of the cutting head.
The machine was set up on the bench in front of the highwall
at Mine No. 40-058, using a downward elevation of approximately 12
degrees from horizontal. Subsidence was evident, but no openings were
visible.
Drilling was begun and continued until stopped by a hard
obstacle after 31 feet had been drilled. No cuttings could be obtained
from this test, so it was very inconclusive. Four additional tests
were made with similar results.
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These tests were not successful because obstacles prevented
drilling the hole to the anticipated depth to reach the coal seam, and
it was difficult to identify voids encountered below grade.
A composite mine map of the watershed was constructed using
all available mine maps of the Browns Creek area. Even though many
of these maps were of poor quality, they are considered to be of
better than average quality for the age of the mines. Figure 7 shows
the mines located on the east side of Browns Creek. Figure 8 shows
the mines on the west side of Browns Creek. Included on the maps are
the drainage divides and the coal contours for each area. It can be
noted that the coal contours on the east side of Browns Creek dip 150
feet from the area east of Mount Clare to the mouth of Browns Creek.
After obtaining the composite mine maps, a decision was made
to select three areas within the Browns Creek watershed which might
portray typical conditions of the watershed. These areas were then
to be surveyed by a land surveying party to determine the bottom of
the highwall line in the stripped area. The results of the survey
plotted on a mine map would denote the openings which had been ex-
pos'ed in the stripping operation.
Examination of the composite maps disclosed that there were
three areas which seemed to be well suited for this purpose. The first
area chosen was Two Lick Hollow, near the mouth of Browns Creek wnere
it empties into the West Fork River. This area, on the east side of
Browns Creek, contains the Fairmont Big Vein Mine complex (Mine No.
40-035). The second area selected for survey was Hutchison Hollow on
the west side of Browns Creek. This area contains the Byron Mine
complex (Mine No. 40-066). The third area selected for survey was
the Stout Mine (Mine No. 40-058), which is an isolated mine located
near the headwaters of Browns Creek. It is located high above the
rest of the area, since this is at the upper end of the coal in the
Browns Creek mining area. These three areas, denoted on the composite
maps, were selected because it was felt that they were typical of the
Browns Creek area in general, and old mine maps were available for
each of these. These areas were surveyed by a land surveying party
to locate the bottom of the highwall line. The highwalls and the
stripped areas were marked on the two composite maps.
The results of the detailed survey made in Two Lick Hollow
are indicated on the large-scale mine map of the Fairmont Big Vein
attached as Figure 9. This map is one of the better mine maps of the
Browns Creek coal field. The present highwall line is denoted as
well as the area which had been stripped from the mine. It can be
noted on the map, by the intersection of the present highwall and
mine drifts, that a large number of openings were uncovered by the
stripping operation. A minimum of 40 drift openings were counted.
Several sections from which pillars had been removed were uncovered,
one of which was approximately 300 feet in length. There were
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5,545 lineal feet of highwall measured in this survey.
Figure 10 shows a void created in the area of the Redstone
limestone above the backfill. This void is designated as point "A"
on the mine map (Figure 9) and is located at the east end of the right-
hand strip area of the Fairmont Big Vein Mine. It appears from exam-
ination of the mine map that this void is due to the subsidence of the
formations above the coal where the stripping cut into the No. 2 North
heading. The base of the Pittsburgh coal would be about 20 feet below
this void.
Figure 11 is another void in the area above the reclamation
backfill located at the north end of the left-hand strip area. This
void is designated as point "B" on Figure 9 mine map. It appears to
have been created by subsidence of the formations above the Pittsburgh
coal seam where the stripping cut into the No. 3 Left heading of the
No. 2 North heading. A thin seam of Redstone coal is visible between
the Redstone limestone and the shale and slate. The geologic section
for this area is attached in the Appendix as Figure 28.
Figure 12 is a picture of a typical suspected opening in a
stripped area which has been backfilled. This point has a drainage of
acid mine water coming from under the backfill which has formed a marshy
area in front of the backfill. This is located on the north side about
midway up the hollow and is designated on Figure 9 as point "C". From
observation of the mine map, the drainage appears to be coming from a
line heading.
Throughout this area the Pittsburgh coal was augered where
economically feasible. All the auger holes and most of the drift
openings were covered by the backfilling operations, so the extent
of possible drainage points is uncertain.
The thickness of the Redstone Coal along the highwall area
in this survey was 2 feet and the thickness of the Pittsburgh coal seam
was 8 feet. The average flow from mines in this area was 308 gallons
per minute over a one-year period, with an acid contribution of over
8,900 pounds per montTi.
The second area surveyed was Hutchison Hollow which contained
the Byron Mine complex .(Mines No. 40-064 and 40-066). This hollow is
in the central part of the Browns Creek area on the west side. In this
area, 8,355 lineal feet of htghwall were measured. A minimum of 60
drift openings were intersected during the stripping operations, in-
cluding 5 which were not shown on the map. Several areas with pillars
removed were noted on the map. . This type opening would be very diffi-
cult to seal in an abatement program of any type.
In addition to the Byron Mine complex, an occasional one-
family mine was also discovered during the survey. The Pittsburgh
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FIGURE 10 - VOID IN HIGHWALL ABOVE RECLAMATION BACKFILL
-------
FIGURE 11 - VOID IN HIGHWALL - FAIRMONT BIG VEIN MINE
FIGURE 12 - SUSPECTED OPENING DRAINING UNDER BACKFILL
-32-
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coal was 8 feet thick in the mine complex and was augered where
economically feasible. Redstone coal was in thin sections from 6
inches to 2 feet thick. As was true in the other areas surveyed, the
physical characteristics of exposed openings were bad and in many
places were collapsed. Figure 13 is a detailed mine map with the
stripping area and the bottom of the highwall line shown on the map
to determine the points of intersection with the drift openings of
the mine. This area was a large contributor of acid mine water,
flowing an average of 302 gallons per minute over a one-year period
and contributing 10,339 pounds of acid per month to Browns Creek.
A fanway opening was listed on the original Monongahela
Survey as part of Mine No. 40-066. About 100 feet southwest of this
fanway is a timbered portal to a family mine which is still mined by
hand and wheelbarrow methods. Figure 14 shows this portal. Note
that the stripped highwall has been partially backfilled. A slight
drainage is noted from the opening. The fanway is denoted as point
"A" and the portal as point "B" on the mine map, Figure 13. These
openings are not indicated on the mine map of the area.
Figure 15 shows acid mine drainage coming from abandoned
deep mines in the hollow. This hollow also contains several in-
habited dwellings. Figure 16 is a view looking up the north arm of
the stripped area which shows numerous gob piles remaining from the
deep mining operations.
Remains of the original heading openings which were driven
into the outcrop of the Pittsburgh coal are shown in Figure 17 and
denoted on the mine map as point "C". The two concrete openings now
stand approximately 125 feet in front of the highwall because of the
removal of the Pittsburgh coal by the stripping operation. Figure 18
shows three openings exposed by stripping. The two openings on the
right are above the headings for the openings shown in Figure 17.
The base of the Pittsburgh coal is approximately 20 feet below these
openings beneath the backfill. These openings are shown on the mine
map (Figure 13) as point "D". The formations above the Pittsburgh
coal have collapsed to create the void spaces which are evident in
Figure 18. This condition is similar to that found in Two Lick
Hollow on the east side of Browns Creek and is prevalent throughout
the Browns Creek Coal Field. A geologic section for this mine com-
plex is included in the Appendix as Figure 29.
The third area which was surveyed was on the east side of
Browns Creek near the headwaters. This was an island-type mine known
as the Stout Mine, or Mine No. 40-058. A total of 1,300 lineal feet
of highwall was measured in the survey. A detailed map of the mine
workings for this mine, with the stripping area and the bottom of
the highwall line shown marked on the map, is attached as Figure 19.
A minimum of 7 drift openings were intersected by the stripping.
Some of the drifts,indicated by dotted lines on the map, are drifts
which were inaccessible to the engineers who made the map, so the
-33-
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extent of the opening uncovered by the stripping is unknown.
Figure 20 shows the reclamation backfill against the highwall
where considerable drainage is flowing under the coarse rubble which
has sloughed off the highwall. This area is denoted on the mine map
as point "A". The map reveals that the drainage is apparently coming
from two hidden drift openings of the main heading and a line heading.
Figure 21 shows the backfilled highwall on the west side of
the Stout Mine. This area is denoted on the mine map as point "B".
The map shows that the stripping cut into a complex of deep mine drifts.
This is further substantiated by the deteriorated highwall and subsid-
ence below the limestone ledge. The Pittsburgh coal base is approxi-
mately 20 feet below the top of the backfill. A geologic section of
the Stout Mine is included as Figure 30 in the Appendix.
This area contributed an average flow of 289 gallons per
minute over the one-year monitoring period containing 3,678 pounds
of acid per month.
Another important factor which must be considered in planning
any abatement program for this or similar areas is the presence of thin
sections in the existing highwalls. This situation resulted where
stripping had been extensive after drift mining, and could cause serious
problems of leakage or flooding if water trapped either naturally or by
bulkhead seals inside a mine obtained sufficient head to create a break-
out.
There were three survey methods utilized during this phase of
the contract. The initial survey by a reconnaissance party was limited
in results to observation of physical conditions, such as exposed open-
ings, drainage from under backfill, mining equipment and construction
still in evidence, subsidence, etc. The probing method with a power
driven auger was unsuccessful in determining location or extent of
hidden openings. The method of surveying the existing highwall line
created by the strip mining method and plotting the highwall line onto
a mine map was thoroughly investigated. This method was useful in
determining the possible existence of many of the suspected hidden
drift openings. The positive way of locating suspected drift openings
would be by removing the backfill placed against the highwall at the
time of strip mine reclamation. However, the cost of this method would
be prohibitive.
Some need for reclamation does remain in certain mine areas.
Views of Mine No. 40-081 attached as Figures 22 and 23 show this site
which has not been reclaimed. Gob piles from deep mining operations
are in evidence over the area. Drift mine openings into the highwall
with rail tracks and abandoned cars are also noted in Figure 23.
The investigative work accomplished during this phase revealed
the complexity of the pollution abatement problem for the Browns Creek
-34-
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area. Subsidence was evident extensively throughout the watershed.
The area had hundreds of openings which would require sealing. Many
of these were buried beneath backfills in the stripped areas, and some
were drifts or crosscuts exposed lengthwise which would present a very
difficult sealing problem. Some openings were found which were not
shown on available mine maps. Some of the drifts which were shown by
the land survey map to have been intersected by the stripping were
identified visually in each area. It can be noted on the composite
mine map of the east side of Browns Creek (Figure 7) that the mine
complexes north of Route 25 appear to be interconnected beyond the
mouth of Browns Creek. The coal dips 175 feet through this area.
In summary, the foot reconnaissance party did locate unknown
or hidden openings. An additional 30 openings were discovered besides
the 51 previously located by the Monongahela Survey. These 30 openings
were marked on a map and physical characteristics compiled. Attempts
to locate openings using power driven augers were not successful.
Another approach was employed in an attempt to find a better
method for locating hidden openings. A land surveying party deter-
mined the bottom of the highwall line in three selected areas. This
information was then plotted on an old mine map to show where stripping
intersected underground mines. A minimum of 107 openings were shown to
be intersected in these three areas. Photographs are included for some
points where openings were found which correspond to those marked from
this survey.
Although the investigation specified for this phase in the
Statement of Work was accomplished, this only gave an indication of
the abatement work which would be required should a remedial program
be desired which would encompass the entire Browns Creek Coal Field.
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r' v
\ > (\* V jHtt
* Ml \ 1*1 =
FIGURE 14 - TIMBERED PORTAL - ONE-FAMILY MINE
FIGURE 15 - ACID MINE DRAINAGE FLOWING FROM HUTCHISON HOLLOW
-39-
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FIGURE 16 - VIEW OF NORTH ARM OF STRIPPING AREA - HUTCHISON HOLLOW
FIGURE 17 - REMAINS OF ORIGINAL MAIN HEADINGS - MINE NO. 40-066
-40-
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.
FIGURE 18 - OPENINGS IN HIGHWALL EXPOSED BY STRIPPING
-------
STOUT MINE
DETAIL SURVEY OF
SELECTED STRIP MINE AREA
LEGEND
HIGHWALL
STRIP MINE AREA INVESTIGATED
FIGURE 19
-42-
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FIGURE 20 - HIGHWALL WITH COVERED OPENINGS - STOUT MINE
FIGURE 21 - SUBSIDED HIGHWALL AREA - STOUT MINE
-43-
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FIGURE 22 - TYPICAL STRIP AREA - NO RECLAMATION
FIGURE 23 - PARTIALLY EXPOSED DRIFT OPENINGS IN HIGHWALL
-44-
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EFFECTS OF MINING ON SUBSURFACE WATER
This phase of the project was undertaken to develop background
data for improved knowledge of the subject of mine drainage and to pro-
vide a better basis for future abatement projects. An unmined isolated
area, unaffected by mining, was selected for stream sampling and analysis
to compare water quality wi.th that of a nearby mined area. To obtain com-
parative data, a water table* in an unmined area and one in a mined area
were monitored, sampled and analyzed.
One well was drilled in an unmined area to a depth below the
Pittsburgh coal seam and another well in a mined area used in a previous
contract was deepened to a depth below the Pittsburgh coal seam. Both
wells were drilled and equipped identically.
An unmined area located in Warren District, Upshur County,
West Virginia was selected for the site of one well. This site, on
the headwaters of an unnamed tributary to Rooting Creek, was selected
because of similar geological conditions to the mined area. Figure 24
shows the location and plat of the site.
A survey was made and the following elevations were deter-
mined:
Well Site , 1301.73
Top of Redstone Coal Outcrop 1281.73
Top of Pittsburgh Coal Outcrop- -1229.51
A rotary-type drilling rig was moved on location to drill the
well. A view of the drilling site showing the topography of the loca-
tion is attached as Figure 25.
Drilling was initiated using a 5-5/8-inch OD bit to drill the
pilot hole. A show of water was encountered at 19 feet just above the
Redstone Coal. Water increased as the hole was drilled from 32 to 42
feet in depth. At a depth of 50 feet, drilling was stopped overnight.
There was 40 feet of water in the hole the following morning. Drill-
ing was continued to 80 feet and then the hole was reamed to 7-3/8 inches
in diameter. Pittsburgh Coal was found from 62 to 63-1/2 feet. The
hole was cased by seating 6-inch OD water well casing at 80 feet. Water
was blown from the hole and drilling continued using a 5-1/2-inch OD
bit. Hole was drilled to a depth of 182 feet with no additional signs
of water. A driller's log is included in the Appendix as Table 12 and
a geologic section for this well is included as Figure 31.
The mined area selected for study was Mine No. 62-009, north-
west of Lost Creek, West Virginia. This mine is on the back side of
Mine No. 62-008 which was previously described. This discussion would
-45-
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also apply to Mine No. 62-009. A hole drilled on a previous contract
was utilized for this study. This hole, designated as No. 3 in a group
of 8, had a 6-inch diameter hole to a depth of 88-1/2 feet. Figure 26
shows the location and plat of this well and location of sampling
stream. Elevation of the site is approximately 1020 feet.
A cable-tool type drilling rig was used to ream the 6-inch
hole to 10 inches diameter and continue drilling to a depth of 152 feet.
A string of 5-1/2-inch OD, 17 Ibs/ft, J-55 steel casing was seated at
113 feet. A 4-7/8-inch bit was then used to drill the hole to a total
depth of 227 feet. Redstone Coal was found from 68-1/2 to 76-1/2 feet.
Pittsburgh Coal was located from 97 to 103 feet.
During the drilling, static tests were made to check on water
influx to the hole by stopping the drilling and measuring fill-up in the
hole after a given time. Results were as follows:
Depth Downtime Water in Hole Influx
(feet) (hours) (feet)(gallons) (gal/hr)
152 16 12 11.6 0.73
183 41 45 43.6 1.06
211 17 41 39.7 2.33
This test showed that the deeper formations produced water at
a faster rate than the shallower formations.
A driller's log for this well is included in the Appendix as
Table 13 and a geologic section of this well is included as Figure 32.
Monitoring of each well and an adjacent stream was continued
throughout the duration of the project. A Stevens Type F Water-level
Recorder was installed on each well to continuously record the water
level. The fluid level in each well and the flow in the adjacent
streams are tabulated in Table 14 of the Appendix.
A plot of the data on water levels in the two wells and flow
in adjacent streams is attached as Figure 27. It can be seen that the
water levels are highest in the initial monitoring done in December and
January, then decline and level off about May for the balance of the
monitoring period. The level in the well at Mine No. 62-009 raised 18
feet from January 12, 1969 to May 5, 1969 and remained at that level
during the next 4 months of monitoring. The water level in the well
at the unmined area raised 48 feet in the same period and also remained
static during the following 4 months. Since the middle of February,
the level of the unmined area well has been higher than that of the
mined area by about 3 feet. This seems to show that the water level
will be lower in the mined area, although it is difficult to compare
these two wells since they are several miles apart.
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PROPERTY OF
HOWARD 8 EMMA POST
FORMERLY PROPERTY OF
EDWIN STARCHER
PROPOSED WATER WELL
ELEV. 1302
N
NOTE:
WELL IS LOCATED 1.36 MILES
EAST AND 0.7 MILES SOUTHOF
JUNCTION OF HARRISON .LEWIS
AND UPSHUR COUNTIES.
CORNER
FENCE POST
CORNER
FENCE POST
PLAT-WATER WELL
UNMINED AREA
WARREN DIST., UPSHUR COUNTY, WEST VA.
SCALE: i"= 200'
FIGURE 24
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:
., - ...
FIGURE 25 - DRILLING SITE TOPOGRAPHY
- UNMINED AREA WELL
-------
I
I
T.T»'
DETAIL - WEI_L«3 LOCATION
(OKAUI
jponrr
SURFACE CONTOUR INTERVAL 2'
COAL CONTOUR INTERVAL I1
MINE AREA WELL LOCATION-MINE NO. 62-009
FIGURE 26
-------
Q458GPM
I
in
o
*
p
z
STREAM -
UNMINED AREA
WELL -
I UNMINED AREA
STREAM -
MINED AREA
OKB » <5»o»a» 0>
(0(0 ID w K»
DATE MONITORED
WATER LEVEL 8 STREAM FLOW DATA
FIGURE 27
-------
The flow in the streams adjacent to the wells fluctuated over
a wide range. The stream at Mine No. 62-009 stabilized at a flow of
approximately 15 gpm on May 5 for the spring months. In the unmined
area, flow varied widely and seemed to be more dependent on precipitation.
The unmined area stream continued to decrease from a high of 322 gpm
on February 4, to 1.8 gpm on June 2 and was not flowing on June 30,
but flowed erratically for the balance of the monitoring period.
Also included in the Appendix is Table 15 which gives water
analyses for well and stream from the mined area and Table 16 contain-
ing water analyses for well and stream from the unmined area. It was
noted from this information that the water in the two wells was approxi-
mately the same pH and both were alkaline. The stream water showed a
lower pH and contained more sulfate than the well water. The stream
was generally harder than the well water.
Prior studies show that deep and surface mining operations
affect the ground-water hydrology. It is reported (Ward and Wilmoth,
1968, p. 13) that deep mining in Marion County, West Virginia lowered
ground-water levels to such a depth that some wells failed. After
mining operations ceased, water levels in wells recovered to their
approximate pre-mining level in 12 to 15 years. The greatest changes
in and acceleration of ground-water drainage caused by coal mining
usually takes place after the supporting coal pillars are removed.
This permits the overlying rocks to settle and fracture, increasing
the permeability and making it easier for water in the overlying rocks
and on land surface to infiltrate into the mine (Herndon and Hodge,
1936, p. 8).
It should also be noted that Nace and Bieber (Bulletin No. 14,
USGS, 1958, P. 10) state that measurements of the fluctuation of water
levels in wells in Harrison County and surrounding counties, reveal a
seasonal pattern of natural fluctuation. The water levels ordinarily
are lowest in September'or October, rise to their highest level in
March or April, then decline to their lowest again in September or
October. Precipitation during the summer months is mostly consumed
by transpiration or evaporation and little or none percolates to
ground-water reservoirs.
It can be seen that the water levels in the two wells seem
to follow the pattern described by Nace and Bieber, although data have
been gathered less than one year.
The well above the Redstone and Pittsburgh coals was cased
off. The findings of this research dealt only with water tables from
deeper sands below the Pittsburgh coal seam. These findings show much
less fluctuation than would be expected for water tables above the
coal seams which would be more affected by seasonal precipitation.
A mine opened in the Redstone coal would only drain ground
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water above the "Redstone coal seam. A mine opened in the Pittsburgh
coal would eventually drain any aquifers above the Pittsburgh seam.
By examining the geologic section of the area, it can be
noted that a thick section of fire clay exists adjacent to the base
of the Pittsburgh coal. This clay would not permit water above the
Pittsburgh coal to percolate to lower aquifers, but there was an indi-
cation that some water does find its way to lower tables, since the
water tables in the unmined area well stood 3 feet higher than that
in a well of the mined area.
The primary difference in the water quality between the
mined and unmined area was in the streams in each area. The stream
in the mined area showed to have a higher acid, iron and sulfate con-
tent than the unmined area stream. The water in both wells was of
similar quality and was almost neutral.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the development and accomplishment of the studies and
investigation requisite to the preparation of this report, the val-
uable assistance and suggestions of the Project Officers are grate-
fully acknowledged. During the Contract, four different Project
Officers were assigned. They are listed below in chronological
order:
Dr. Edward J. Martin - Washington, D.C.
July 15, 1968 to August 27, 1968
Mr. John R. Hyland - Wheeling, West Virginia
August 28, 1968 to March 16, 1969
Dr. Donald L. Warner - Cincinnati, Ohio
March 17, 1969 to September ~\7a 1969
Mr. Donald J. 0'Bryan - Washington, D.C.
September 18, 1969 to end of Contract
In addition, the analyses of the many water samples by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Laboratory in
Wheeling, West Virginia is deeply appreciated.
Mr. Paul W. Hornor, Consulting Mining Engineer of Clarksburg,
West Virginia rendered valuable assistance in general consultation
during the contract.
The cooperation of the personnel from the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration Laboratory at Norton, West Virginia
is also gratefully acknowledged.
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REFERENCES
Halliburton Company, "Selection and Recommendation of Twenty
Mine Sites", Part II, 1967, Appendix, Table B.
Herndon, L.K., and Hodge, W. W., 1936, "West Virginia Coal Seams
and Their Drainage": Proc. W. Va. Univ. Engr. Exper. Sta.
Bulletin 14, 43 p.
Nace, R. L. and Bieber, P. P., 1958, "Ground-Water Resources of
Harrison County, W. Va.": W. Va. Geol. Survey Bulletin 14, 43 p.
Ware, P. E., and Wilmoth, B.M., 1968, "Ground-Water Hydrology of
the Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia," W. Va. Geol.
Survey River Basin Bui. 1, 54 p.
-55-
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ABBREVIATIONS
alka.
AASHO
bpm
cfs
cm
disch.
ft
gpm
hr
hrs
ID
in.
Ibs/ft
Ibs/gal
Ibs/min
mq/1
ml
No., #
OD
psi
scfm
SP
USGS
alkalinity
American Association of State Highway Officials
barrels per minute (1 barrel = 42 gallons)
cubic feet per second
centimeters
discharge
foot, feet
gallons per minute
hour
hours
inside diameter
inch, inches
pounds per foot
pounds per gallon
pounds per minute
milligrams per liter
milliliters
number
outside diameter
pounds per square inch
standard cubic foot per minute
Sample Point
United States Geological Survey
-57-
-------
APPENDIX
-------
4.5'
SANDSTONE
W/
SHALE LAYERS
SHALE a SLATE
REDSTONE COAL
SHALE 8 SLATE
LIMESTONE
SHALE
PITTSBURGH
COAL
GEOLOGIC SECTION -MINE NO. 40-036
FIGURE 28
10'
20'
6'
\ . \ . \
SANDSTONE
SANDY
SHALE
LIMESTONE
SHALE
PITTSBURGH
COAL
GEOLOGIC SECTION - MINE NO. 40-064
FIGURE 29
-61-
-------
20-25'
10-15
\ . V.
SANDSTONE
W/
LAYERS OF
SHALE
PARTINGS
SANDSTONE
SHALE
a
SLATE
LIMESTONE
SHALE
PITTSBURGH
COAL
GEOLOGIC SECTION - MINE NO. 40-058
FIGURE 30
-62-
-------
CLAY
SHALE
12.5'
4'
32'
3'
67'
-. . .:...- -..>'
'*. ..* ' ..'.'_";
REDSTONE COAL
LIMEY
SHALE
SANDSTONE
W/SHALE LAYERS
SHALE
REDSTONE LIMESTONE
CLAY
PITTSBURGH COAL
CLAY
SANDSTONE
SHALE
a
SLATE
SANDSTONE
- SHALE
GEOLOGIC SECTION
WATER WELL - UNMINED AREA
FIGURE 31
-63-
-------
6'
21
27'
6'
9'
112'
CLAY
SHALE
SANDY
SHALE
SANDSTONE
SANDY SHALE
REDSTONE COAL
SHALE
REDSTONE LIMESTONE
PITTSBURGH COAL
CLAY
SANDSTONE
SHALE
GEOLOGIC SECTION
WATER WELL- MINED AREA
FIGURE 32
-64-
-------
TABLE 1
FLOW DATA OF MINES FROM PREVIOUS SURVEY
Mine No.
40-014
40-034
40-036
40-037
40-040
40-041
40-042
40-043
40-045
40-046
40-051
40-052
Date Sampled
3- 2-67
11-18-65
1-10-67
2- 1-67
2- 1-67
11-19-65
1-11-67
2- 1-67
11-19-65
1-10-67
2- 1-67
11-23-65
1-10-67
2- 1-67
11-23-65
1-10-67
2- 1-67
11-23-65
1-10-67
2- 1-67
11-23-65
1-10-67
2- 1-67
11-23-65
1-11-67
11-23-65
1-11-67
11-24-65
1-10-67
11-29-65
1-10-67
3- 2-67
Flow, gpm Remarks
No Opening
1.6
1.3
4.5 Opening No. 1
2.0 Opening No. 2
6.0
6.5
7.5
14.1
8.5
8.0
33.5
80.0
72.0
10.0
20.0
24.0
3.2
2.6
2.0
12.0
Seep
15.0
0 Dry
0
120.0
100.0
0 Dry
0
2.5
0
9.0
-65-
-------
Mine No.
TABLE 1 - Continued
FLOW DATA OF MINES FROM PREVIOUS SURVEY
Date Sampled
Flow, gpm
Remarks
40-053
40-054
40-055
40-058
40-063
40-064
40-065
40-066
40-067
40-070
40-071
40-073
11-29-65
3- 2-67
11-29-65
1-10-67
1-30-67
11-29-65
1-10-67
12- 1-65
1-11-67
3- 2-67
12- 2-65
1-11-67
1-27-67
12- 2-65
1-11-67
1-30-67
12- 2-65
1-11-67
12- 2-65
1-11-67
12- 3-65
1-25-67
2- 1-67
2- 1-67
12- 3-65
1-12-67
3-12-67
12- 3-65
1-12-67
12- 3-65
1-12-67
5.5
3.0
0
2.5
0.5
0 Dry
0
1.5
Seep
20.0
6.4
2.5
10.0
99.8
120.0
120.0
0 Dry
0
87.2 Flow
Seep
5.5
4.75
4.0 Opening No. 1
1.5 Opening No. 2
0 Dry
0
0
0.5 Dry
Seep
0 Dry
0
-66-
-------
TABLE 1 - Concluded
FLOW DATA OF MINES FROM PREVIOUS SURVEY
Mine No. Date Sampled Flow, gpm Remarks
40-074 12- 7-65 14.5
3- 2-67 0 Dry
3-17-67 0
40-079 12- 9-65 6.5
1-13-67 2.0
1-30-67 2.25
40-081 12- 9-65 44.85
1-13-67 Seep
1-30-67 7.5 Opening No. 1
1-30-67 24.0 Opening No. 2
1-30-67 Seep Opening No. 3
1-30-67 6.0 Opening No. 4
40-083 12- 9-65 0
1-13-67 3.0
1-30-67 3.0
40-085 12-9-65 26.5
1-13-67 6.0
1-30-67 20.0
40-087 12-10-65 0 Dry
1-19-67 0
-67-
-------
TABLE 2
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 1*
Date
Sampled
9-20-68
10- 3-68
10-17-68
10-29-68
11-11-68
11-21-68
11-26-68
12-12-68
12-18-68
12-30-68
1-20-69
2- 3-69
2-10-69
2-17-69
2-22-69
3- 3-69
3-10-69
3-17-69
3-27-69
4- 1-69
4- 7-69
4-14-69
4-21-69
4-28-69
5- 5-69
5-12-69
Flow Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) p_H.
.
1804
774
769
930
1747
908
1215
1145
-
2052
3591
_
1912
_
1243
1305
1060
3019
1583
3683
1574
2118
1835
1336
3774
3100
1574
2020
2016
1626
1320
1680
1560
1820
984
1080
980
950
1520
1626
1738
1634
1788
1146
1358
1026
1552
1436
1390
1700
1042
6.5
5.0
5.8
5.6
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.1
6.2
6,1
6.2
6.0
6.4
6.2
6.7
Acidity
as CaCOo
(mg/ir
30
245
50
35
45
40
50
110
30
0
44
39
98
16
142
297
31
150
88
70
52
50
88
510
76
25
Alka.
as CaCOq
(mg/lT
4
0
10
9
15
18
16
16
24
7
19
17
15
12
4
25
18
210
16
16
22
16
10
22
14
23
Hardness
as CaCOa
(mg/1)
mo
805
1090
1100
765
625 .
820
520
965
550
535
446
334
708
804
735
610
930
530
630
420
705
600
845
950
435
Iron
(mg/1)
5.0
28.4
2.6
7.2
8.0
9.6
12.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
7.5
7.0
5.5
10.8
11.7
14.6
13.4
11.9
7.8
9.1
6.2
10.3
13.2
8.6
7.2
6.9
Sulfate
(mg/1 )
1118
936
1079
1170
806
702
832
806
930
468
585
450
440
820
948
840
960
1020
600
680
480
820
800
720
900
380
Aluminum
(mg/1 )
3.7
17.5
1.8
4.2
4.0
4.8
7.6
5.0
4.8
2.9
<2.0
2.0
3.0
4.3
5.4
4.2
4.9
<4.0
<5.0
8.0
<5.0
4.3
5.3
3.1
3.5
5.5
* Mouth of Browns Creek.
-------
TABLE 2 - CONCLUDED
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 1
Iron Sulfate Aluminum
(mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
9.2 920 6.0
12.4 1005 4.6
8.7 1200 4.2
15.0 1180 3.5
10.7 900 4.8
10.2 1240 4.3
5.5 975 2.5
6.4 900 1.2
. _. .__. ... .. .. ... 6.3 570 1.2
f 7-29-69 - 766 7.2 24 27 717 6.4 700 4.0
8.3 900 3.0
6.8 690 2.5
4.7 1000 1.4
2.8 1080 1.4
1220
1.2 1100 0.3
4.3 1060 4.7
4.3 1080 0.9
Date
Sampl ed
5-19-69
5-26-69
6- 2-69
6-10-69
6-16-69
6-23-69
6-30-69
7- 7-69
7-21-69
7-29-69
8- 4-69
8-12-69
8-18-69
8-25-69
9- 2-69
9-16-69
9-22-69
9-30-69
Flow
Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) pji
1443
811
922
1006
1162
939
430
618
-
-
_
1844
688
524
540
387
607
495
1588
1764
1922
1900
1568
1906
1968
1752
1205
766
1606
1220
1588
1650
1666
1742
1724
1862
6.0
6.0
6.7
5.5
5.5
5.8
7.1
5.9
6.5
7.2
6.4
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.8
7.0
6.9
6.4
Acidity
as CaCOo
(mq/ir
11
83
37
56
68
71
0
101
17
24
104
181
19
11
22
111
152
40
Alka.
as CaCOo
(mg/l)J
15
13
21
19
16
13
72
21
17
27
25
24
21
27
25
25
17
20
Hardness
as LQLUo
(mg/ir
895
850
475
930
725
1060
1015
875
565
717
865
530
900
1095
1055
1050
945
1010
-------
TABLE 3
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 2*
Acidity
Date
Sampled
9-26-68
10- 3-68
10-17-68
10-29-68
11-11-68
11-21-68
11-26-68
12-12-68
12-18-68
12-30-68
1-20-69
2- 3-69
2-10-69
2-17-69
2-24-69
3- 3-69
3-10-69
3-17-69
3-27-69
4- 1-69
4- 7-69
4-14-69
4-21-69
4-28-69
5- 5-69
5-12-69
Flow Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) pH
344
1052
389
699
645
1314
812
935
786
_
1932
3166
^
1489
954
811
1011
873
2294
1358
3392
1140
1834
1577
1128
2785
1972
1560
2020
2026
1560
1220
1620
1490
1740
880
1000
880
840
1380
1590
1706
1572
1740
1052
1270
926
1480
1356
1324
1646
934
4.7
4.7
4.9
5.0
6.2
5.7
5.9
5.4
6.0
6.4
6.2
5.9
6.0
5.1
5.2
5.9
5.8
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.2
5.6
6.1
6.0
4.8
6.5
as CaC(h
(tng/1)
110
90
80
125
75
35
60
90
35
20
52
30
74
49
170
320
292
171
80
63
56
73
71
75
112
46
Alka.
as CaCOs
(mg/1)
0
0
2
3
9
12
7
5
13
12
13
8
9
2
4
11
10
16
14
10
15
3
8
10
3
14
Hardness
as CaCOs
(mg/1)
640
900
1050
1020
550
465
780
560
850
550
500
392
312
690
782
655
695
870
515
600
402
725
610
715
870
380
Iron
(mg/1)
11.7
24.6
6.2
10.9
10.2
10.6
20.4
13.9
16.3
8.8
8.4
9.4
6.7
12.8
14.1
17.9
15.5
14.8
9.4
9.9
6.6
12.6
13.2
10.9
10.8
7.0
Sulfate
(mg/1)
1092
930
1144
1118
806
546
884
780
923
442
525
440
374
820
920
1015
900
930
450
660
440
860
700
680
940
380
Aluminum
(mg/1)
9.0
10.6
4.4
5.2
4.6
4.3
9.6
5.5
6.3
4.0
<2.0
4.0
3.0
4.3
6.7
5.0
5.7
4.5
<5.0
7.5
<5.0
5.0
5.4
3.3
4.4
4.9
* One-half mile upstream from mouth.
-------
TABLE 3 - CONCLUDED
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 2
Date
Sampled
5-19-69
5-26-69
6- 2-69
6-10-69
6-16-69
6-23-69
6-30-69
7- 7-69
7-21-69
7-29-69
8- 4-69
8-12-69
8-18-69
8-25-69
9- 2-69
9-16-69
9-22-69
9-30-69
Flow
Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) ^
1254
730
642
744
1021
725
362
562
_
_
-
1219
357
380
328
363
467
391
1540
1650
1942
1882
1522
1900
1802
1738
1185
1296
1614
1141
1586
1630
1742
1920
1740
1862
4.9
5.2
6.1
5.6
5.0
5.5
6.9
6.1
5.7
6.9
5.4
5.9
5.1
6.8
6.3
6.5
5.9
5.9
Acidity
as CaCOo
(mg/l)d
53
120
78
125
95
100
70
98
30
56
138
156
76
51
32
130
157
61
Alka.
as CaCOo
(mg/ir
3
4
7
10
9
3
62
12
6
16
5
7
10
12
12
8
10
7
Hardness
as CaCOo
(mg/l)J
795
765
840
840
740
1055
1060
980
565
705
815
490
920
960
1040
1075
955
930
Iron
(mg/1)
19.0
13.9
12.1
18.4
11.8
14.2
10.0
11.0
6.7
8.7
10.2
7.8
6.0
4.2
-
3.5
6.8
9.8
Sulfate
(mg/1)
900
1005
1155
880
940
1200
1040
980
525
765
920
615
1000
1000
1200
1050
1180
1060
Aluminum
(mg/1)
6.0
5.2
5.6
5.7
5.0
5.6
3.2
2.0
1.6
4.3
4.2
3.4
2.4
3.0
-
3.0
6.4
2.4
-------
TABLE 4
r\>
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 3*
Date
Sampled
9-26-68
10- 3-68
10-17-68
10-29-68
11-11-68
11-21-68
11-26-68
12-12-68
12-18-68
12-30-68
1-20-69
2- 3-69
2-10-69
2-17-69
2-24-69
3- 3-69
3-10-69
3-17-69
3-27-69
4- 1-69
4- 7-69
4-14-69
4-21-69
4-28-69
5- 5-69
5-12-69
Flow
Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) JD|!
240
-
184
211
524
1220
299
479
352
-
1147
2802
-
1050
812
540
754
686
1784
1063
2375
997
1367
1251
770
2142
1934
870
1976
1966
1466
1140
1532
1458
1620
842
930
800
740
1310
1520
1710
1506
1714
966
1180
848
1416
1270
1242
1580
832
7.0
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.5
6.2
6.4
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.4
6.3
6.9
6.7
6.6
6.9
6.3
6.'5
6.4
6.4
7.2
6,7
6.4
7.0
Acidity
as CaCOo
(nig/l)3
315
10
0
35
0
90
50
90
75
0
22
18
80
18
154
312
236
117
72
32
40
39
30
28
41
21
Alka.
as CaCOn
(mg/ir
58
47
66
49
4
33
42
35
49
26
28
21
20
24
32
62
42
60
30
30
29
34
33
40
33
30
Hardness
as CaCOq
(mg/ir
945
425
1010
1010
625
540
700
650
750
480
455
352
262
618
740
780
730
820
490
580
364
715
595
790
770
435
Iron
(ma/I )
8.8
5.4
3.6
8.2
8.4
15.6
10.8
10.6
13.6
5.7
7.4
5.9
5.1
10.7
1.3
15.6
12.8
14.0
7.6
8.1
5.3
16.2
3.7
8.1
8.4
4.5
Sulfate
(mg/1)
910
119
923
1066
754
507
754
702
819
379
420
360
324
700
852
930
855
930
440
615
420
765
645
615
870
315
Aluminum
(mg/1)
5.5
36.0
1.5
4.3
2.9
4.8
3.3
4.4
3.7
2.3
<2.0
2.0
2.0
3.6
5.2
4.0
5.0
<4.0
5.0
6.0
<5.0
3.8
2.4
2.6
3.5
4.1
Alpha Penn Road at Mount Clare.
-------
.
CO
TABLE 4 - CONCLUDED
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 3
Date
Sampled
5-19-69
5-26-69
6- 2-69
6-10-69
6-16-69
6-23-69
6-30-69
7- 7-69
7-21-69
7-29-69
8- 4-69
8-12-69
8-18-69
8-25-69
9- 2-69
9-16-69
9-22-69
9-30-69
Flow Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) jM
808
537
427
560
793
417
268
398
-
-
-
469
333
360
310
290
319
353
1440
1660
1902
1814
1490
1834
1908
1754
1198
1240
1652
1038
1574
1560
1706
1900
1702
1822
6.5
6.7
6.9
5.1
6.0
6.4
7.3
6.7
6.5
7.1
7.2
6.9
6.7
7.3
7.0
7.3
7.2
7.1
Acidity
as CaCCh
{rag/1 )
17
70
64
119
50
68
66
54
26
70
185
18
0
8
15
50
no
85
Alka.
as CaOh
(rng/1 )
39
48
69
67
49
69
150
80
23
52
72
44
65
70
62
72
56
60
Hardness
as CaCCh
(mg/1)
710
875
865
760
740
1015
975
875
600
665
665
505
930
810
1050
1020
935
1010
Iron
(mg/1 )
7.5
11.8
9.9
12.5
2.5
10,4
7.2
9.0
4.4
6.1
5.2
4.6
4.0
3.4
_
4.0
5.6
7.2
Sulfate
(mg/1)
810
1000
1180
930
630
1050
750
920
560
630
885
550
880
960
1040
650
1020
960
Aluminum
(mg/1 )
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.6
5.1
4.2
2.3
1.5
0.3
3.1
1.4
1.5
1.0
2.2
_
3.6
6.0
1.4
-------
TABLE 5
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 4*
Date
Sampled^
9-26-68
10- 3-68
10-17-68
10-29-68
11-11-68
11-21-68
11-26-68
12-12-68
12-18-68
12-30-68
1-20-69
2- 3-69
2-10-69
2-17-69
2-24-69
3- 3-69
3-10-69
3-17-69
3-27-69
4- 1-69
4- 7-69
4-14-69
4-21-69
4-28-69
5- 5-69
5-12-69
Flow Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) j)H.
57
-
53
395
318
577
254
361
329
-
668
1777
-
589
425
307
358
316
1355
734
1639
378
710
554
456
1759
1636
724
1838
1658
940
720
994
944
1090
560
600
580
540
900
1113
1260
1104
1280
672
778
572
1012
-
850
1328
592
3.7
6.9
3.4
3.9
6.2
6.7
5.8
5.5
5.1
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.3
5.7
4.6
4.4
4.6
4.4
6.4
5.8
6.5
4.7
-
5.6
3.6
6.6
Acidity
as CaCCb
(mfl/ir
5
5
280
235
35
0
50
90
50
0
22
17
27
45
153
390
300
188
65
47
30
100
81
81
196
16
Alka.
as CaCO?
(ma/1)
0
63
0
0
1
19
3
3
1
16
15
16
12
2
3
0
3
0
12
6
18
0
4
62
0
20
Hardness
as CaCOq
(mg/l)J
660
360
815
815
340
350
450
305
480
390
289
246
198
420
482
535
445
535
315
355
252
520
344
495
525
248
Iron
(mg/1)
2.6
4.2
4.7
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.8
4.4
5.1
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.8
4.9
5.8
7.4
6.9
6.6
3.5
3.9
2.0
3.9
4.5
3.4
8.8
2.5
Sul fate
(mg/1)
832
440
943
910
338
268
455
455
559
247
375
200
205
460
615
700
610
690
270
360
240
490
410
410
670
220
Aluminum
(mg/1)
22.3
38.2
23.0
14.0
2.7
1.6
2.5
4.7
5.9
1.6
<2.0
<2.0
2.0
2.8
5.9
5.3
4.8
6.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
5.5
5.1
3.5
8.3
3.3
* Opposite Mount Clare Lions Club Park.
-------
Ol
I
TABLE 5 - CONCLUDED
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 4
Date
Sampled
5-19-69
5-26-69
6- 2-69
6-10-69
6-16-69
6-23-69
6-30-69
7-21-69
7-29-69
8- 4-69
8-12-69
8-18-69
8-25-69
9- 2-69
9-16-69
9-22-69
9-30-69
Flow
Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) p\±
565
222
66
94
376
70
28
-
-
-
272
103
292
78
84
50
64
1098
1586
2122
1686
1168
1700
2162
950
828
1322
690
1120
1210
1608
1622
1282
1364
4.4
2.8
3.3
4.0
4.8
3.7
3.4
4.4
7.1
4.2
6.9
4.2
4.3
3.6
3.7
4.3
4.4
Acidity
as CaC03
(mg/1)
60
225
401
316
105
248
443
64
37
355
38
166
186
289
268
244
154
Alka.
as
(mg/1)
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
14
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hardness
as CaC03
(mg/1)
575
720
790
610
540
825
855
515
465
485
390
645
605
795
860
615
645
Iron
(mg/1)
3.2
6.9
9.8
4.1
7.8
5.2
9.8
2.3
2.3
.8
2.3
2.0
1.0
Sulfate
(mg/1)
580
825
1400
930
855
1098
1150
430
190
660
310
735
690
1020
840
735
Aluminum
(mg/1)
7
14
22
13
4
15
24.4
2.6
3.6
10,
1,
5.5
9.8
13.3
17.1
10.7
,9
.7
-------
TABLE 6
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 5*
Date
Sampled
10- 3-68
10-17-68
10-29-68
11-11-68
11-20-68
11-26-68
12-12-68
12-18-68
12-30-68
1-20-69
2- 3-69
2-10-69
2-17-69
2-24-69
3- 3-69
3-10-69
3-17-69
3-27-69
4- 1-69
4- 7-69
4-14-69
4-21-69
4-28-69
5- 5-69
5-12-69
5-19-69
Flow Cond.
(gpm) (umhos/cm) jaM.
«,
31
42
200
-
264
268
295
-
671
1717
-
188
197
105
-
85
1039
520
1001
135
255
167
78
1735
89
578
1180
1054
690
598
728
690
870
440
520
510
450
740
964
1013
860
960
542
616
476
794
-
670
1034
502
830
7.2
6.6
7.3
7.1
6.7
6.8
6.5
6.4
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.8
7.1
6.9
6.6
6.8
-
6.7
4.7
7.1
6.6
Acidity
as CaCOo
(mg/1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
55
0
0
5
22
0
139
234
149
75
20
2
16
3
0
6
61
0
0
Alka.
as CaCOr*
(ing/lT
67
91
104
66
40
67
55
58
32
34
26
23
29
30
46
39
47
35
38
34
36
39
45
2
38
48
Hardness
as CaC03
(mg/1)
260
605
475
255
255
360
125
450
330
340
226
196
370
478
470
455
555
293
288
208
364
320
565
605
228
460
Iron
(mg/1 )
4,2
0.7
0.4
0.6
1.9
0.8
0.5
0.7
1.6
1.7
3.0
2.6
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.6
1.4
2.1
1.3
1.0
0.9
2.0
10.4
5.9
2.0
0.6
Sulfate
(mg/1)
82
494
403
182
180
260
242
325
161
170
170
170
360
494
480
390
440
210
220
164
310
265
270
510
170
335
A1 umi num
(mg/1)
50.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
1.1
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.5
<2.0
2.0
2.0
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.1
<4.0
<5.0
<5.0
<5.0
1.7
2.0
0.7
2.4
3.5
1.0
* Opposite Interstate Building.
-------
TABLE 6 - CONCLUDED
FLUID FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - BROWNS CREEK - SAMPLE POINT NO. 5
Date
Sampled
5-26-69
6- 2-69
6-10-69
6-16-69
6-23-69
6-30-69
7-21-69
7-29-69
8- 4-69
8-12-69
8-18-69
8-25-69
9- 2-69
9-16-69
9-22-69
9-30-69
Acidity
Flow Cond. as CaC0
(gpm) (umhos/cm) j)H_ (mg/1)
56
57
50
90
12
3
169
46
136
39
19
49
18
1184
1446
1182
934
1198
1284
830
614
744
476
728
768
872
924
1282
922
6.1
6.1
5.7
6.3
6-.0
6.1
6.2
7.5
7.2
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.3
33
46
45
41
44
39
11
0
190
0
0
0
0
82
55
54
Alka.
as CaCOo
(mg/ir
33
23
72
71
71
110
21
69
93
63
85
78
87
91
86
90
Hardness
as CaC03
(mg/1)
Iron
(mg/1)
640
675
545
390
690
715
430
305
440
260
360
390
485
610
525
495
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.9
0.7
10.3
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.8
Sulfate
(mg/1)
550
790
530
410
590
540
340
230
290
185
270
300
360
400
370
380
Aluminum
(mg/D
1.4
2.8
0.4
2.7
0.7
0.8
0
0.9
1.1
0.8
0.4
1.0
0
2.0
0.4
-------
TABLE 7
POLLUTION DATA - BROWNS CREEK
Area Represented
Entire Browns Creek Watershed2
Two Lick Hollow and Hollow
with Mine No. 40-0403
Conglomerate of mines on
both sides of Browns Creek
in Main Mount Clare Area1*
Hutchison Hollow5
South Mount Clare Area,
including Mine Nos.
40.053 and 40-0636
Area from Interstate Bldg.
south to headwaters of
Browns Creek, including
Mine No. 40-0587
Acid
Produced1
(Ibs/mo)
40,654
8,918
8,616
Iron
Producedl
(Ibs/mo)
4,524
992
244
Sulfate
Produced1
(Ibs/mo)
439,101
96,319
10,339
8,161
1,264
948
94,049
88,125
35,852
3,678
214
34,960
1 Production of acid, iron and sulfate based on average of data from
October, 1968 to October, 1969
2 Data taken at discharge of Browns Creek into West Fork River.
3 Difference in flow between SP No. 1 and SP No. 2. Analyses from
SP No. 1.
"* Difference in flow between SP No. 2 and SP No. 3. Analyses from
SP No. 2.
5 Difference in flow between SP No. 3 and SP No. 4. Analyses from
SP No. 3.
6 Difference in flow between SP No. 4 and SP No. 5. Analyses from
SP No. 4.
7 Flow in Browns Creek from headwaters to SP No. 5. Analyses from
SP No. 5.
Note: SP No. 1 - SP No. 5 locations shown on Map, Figure 2.
-78-
-------
TABLE 8
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DRIFT MINE OPENINGS - DRAINING TO GROUND SURFACE
In the Browns Creek area the following abandoned drift mine
openings include haulageways, fanways, drainways, etc., which discharge
mine water directly to the ground surface. Other variations in con-
dition or state of the mine openings are described under "Remarks".
Mine No. No. of Openings Remarks
40-014 7 Note B
40-056-1 1 Note B
40-070 1 Note B
40-079-1 & -2 2 Note A
40-079-3 1 Note B
40-081-1 1 Note A
40-081-2 1 Note B
Notes:
A - Drift opening partially closed by debris, sloughing
material from proximity of opening, or by partial
collapse of opening. Mine water often impounded
behind the opening and flowing over and/or through
the impounding material.
B - Mine opening at front completely filled by debris,
roof collapse and subsidence or sloughing of mate-
rial from the immediate area of the mine opening.
In certain instances, mine openings have been
closed or filled following abandonment or as part
of the mine sealing program undertaken during the
decade 1930-1940. Mine drainage flows from small
crevices or channels in filling material or seeps
through saturated fill material or percolates
around the perimeter of the opening.
-79-
-------
TABLE 9
DRIFT MINE OPENINGS - SUBSEQUENTLY STRIPPED
NO RECLAMATION
The following abandoned drift mine locations were stripped
for the barrier coal and for underlying or overlying unmined coal beds,
exposing haulageways, drifts, rooms, or crosscuts in a random manner
and the strip has not been reclaimed in whole or in part. A similar
condition is infrequently encountered where a coal seam has been drift
mined subsequent to the coal strip operation and is included here
though the degree of exposure of mined areas would be limited to that
encountered and described in Table 8. In each case the mine opening
at front has been completely filled by debris, roof collapse and sub-
sidence or sloughing of material from the immediate area of the mine
opening. In certain instances, mine openings have been closed or
filled following abandonment or as part of the mine sealing program
undertaken during the decade 1930-1940. Mine drainage flows from
small crevices or channels in filling material or seeps through
saturated fill material or percolates around the perimeter of the
opening.
Mine No. No. of Openings
40-051 1
40-064 2
40-066 2
40-084 2
40-086 1
-80-
-------
TABLE 10
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DRIFT MINE OPENINGS - STRIPPED AND BACKFILLED
This compilation includes abandoned drift mine locations which
were stripped and the strip reclaimed by regrading the spoil to provide
wide bench sloping or drainage toward the highwall. More recent strip
reclamation projects where the strip bench is graded to slope away from
the highwall are not found in the Sub-basin where mine drainage is in
evidence or has been identified. Depending on the specific mine site,
backfill may completely or partially cover the drift exposures. Other
variations on these locations are noted in the "Remarks".
Mine No. No. of Openings Remarks
40-035-1 & -2 2 Note B
40-044 1 Note A
40-048 1 Note A
40-050 1 Note B
40-056-2 1 Note A
40-058 2 Note B
Notes:
A - Graded backfill has completely covered the coal bed
exposure and mine drainage flows from the spoil, but
the source of this drainage and the drifts are
obliterated.
B - Location of opening is known either by observation
or accurate mine maps.
-81-
-------
00
TABLE 11
FLOW DATA & WATER ANALYSES - SELECTED MINES
Acidity Alka. Hardness
Date
Sampled
9-24-68
9-26-68
10- 2-68
10-14-68
10-14-68
10-15-68
10-15-68
11- 5-68
11- 6-68
11-25-68
Location
40-056-0png.#2
40-056-0png.#l
40-050
40-048
40-044
40-035-0png.#l
40-035-0png.#2
40-066
40-081-1
40-079-3
Flow Cond. 3
(gpm) (umhos/cm) £H
1.63 2056 6.9
6.00
3.40
1.00
0.54
0.65
1.67
6.75
9.00
7.69
2580
2222
1086
1682
2342
2610
2202
3000
4020
3.1
4.5
6.7
2.9
7.1
2.9
7.1
3.3
2.8
is CaCOo
(nw/ir
0
440
410
50
520
58
767
20
190
1570
as CaC03
(mq/1)
76
0
0
82
0
239
0
21
0
0
as CaCOs Iron
(mq/1) (tog/1)
1370
1120
980
625
395
970
1075
1410
1775
1390
5.
10.
0.
7.
67.
0.
9.
21.
38.
540.
6
4
9
2
2
8
0
6
4
0
Sulfate
(mq/1)
1157
1404
1118
533
780
1274
1534
1040
1560
2652
Aluminum
(mg/1)
2.1
56.0
2.6
5.2
27.8
0.4
60.8
0.7
3.0
105.0
-------
TABLE 12
DRILLER'S LOG - UNMINED AREA WELL
Depth (feet) Formation Remarks
0 to 5 Red Clay
5 to 19 Gray Shale First show of water
19 to 21 Redstone Coal
21 to 32 Gray Shale
32 to 33 Gray Lime Water increasing.
33 to 42 Broken Lime & Shale Water increasing.
42 to 46 Gray Sand
46 to 50 Sand and Shale Streaks
50 to 55 Gray Shale
55 to 57 Gray Limestone
57 to 61 Soapstone
61 to 63.5 Pittsburgh Coal
63.5 to 76 Soapstone
76 to 80 Sandstone
Ran 6" casing to 80'.
Shut off all water.
80 to 85 Limey Shale
85 to 112 Slate
112 to 115 Fine-grained, Hard
Gray Sand
115 to 116 Gray Shale
116 to 118 Red Shale
118 to 120 Dark Gray Shale
120 to 125 Gray Shale
125 to 162 Streaks'of Red and
Gray Shale
162 to 165 Red and Gray Shale
165 to 170 Gray Shale
170 to 175 Red Shale
175 to 180 Red Shale
180 to 182 Red Shale
182 Total Depth - No shows of
water.
-83-
-------
TABLE 13
DRILLER'S LOG - MINED AREA WELL
Depth - (feet) Formation Remarks
68.5 to 76.5 Redstone Coal )
76.5 to 76.8 Gray Shale } Core #1 - Feb. 8, 1968
76.8 to 77.5 Coal )
77.5 to 80.5 Gray Shale )
80.5 to 81.9 Shale )
81.9 to 90.5 Redstone Limestone ) Core #2 - Feb. 8, 1968
97.0 to 103.0 Pittsburgh Coal
103.0 to 112.0 Fire Clay
112.0 to 115.0 Sandstone
115.0 to 120.0 Gray Shale
120.0 to 130.0 Red Shale
130.0 to 135.0 Gray Shale
135.0 to 160.0 Red Shale
160.0 to 170.0 Gray Shale
170.0 to 183.0 Red Shale
183.0 to 200.0 Streak of Red and
Gray Shale
200.0 to 205.0 Gray Shale
205.0 to 227.0 Streaks of Red and
Gray Shale
-84-
-------
TABLE 14
MONITORING DATA
WATER WELLS AND ADJACENT STREAMS
Well Fluid Level, Feet Stream Flow, gpm
Date Mine 62-009Unmined Area Mine 62-009Unmined Area
12-13-68 - - 15.6 10.5
12-26-68 137.6 171.0 12.0 60.0
1- 2-69 132.1 - 15.0
1- 3-69 - 159.6 - 40.0
1- 8-69 130.6 150.4 5.6 25.0
1-15-69 129.7 - 12.0
1-16-69 - 140.1 - 12.0
1-24-69 127.1 130.7 15.5 135.0
1-30-69 123.2 - 43.3
1-31-69 - 124.9 - 322.0
2- 4-69 119.7 122.3 25.6 73.0
2-10-69 118.4 - 39.1
2-11-69 - 118.9 - 261.0
2-17-69 117.2 - 19.2
2-18-69 - 116.1 - 46.1
2-24-69 116.7 - 15.8
2-25-69 - 115.1 - 25.0
3- 3-69 116.7 - 14.3
3- 4-69 - 114.1 - 18.7
3-10-69 117.7 - 17.1
3-14-69 - 113.6 - 28.6
3-17-69 117.7 - 18.1
3-20-69 - 113.5 - 26.1
3-27-69 118.0 - 17.7
4- 8-69 113.9 111.6 20.7 186.0
5- 5-69 113.4 - 15.0
5- 8-69 - 110.9 - 8.9
5-12-69 114.1
5-26-69 - 110.8
6- 2-69 113.4 111.0 14.6 1.8
6- 4-69 - 111.5
6-16-69 114.5 - -
6-30-69 - 111.4 - 0
7- 7-69 114.1 - -
7-18-69 113.9 111.4
7-28-69 113.6 111.2 62.2 458.0
8-11-69 114.9 111.1
8-25-69 114.2 110.9 14.2 3.0
9-16-69 114.3 - -
9-22-69 114.3 111.0 9.8 11.8
9-29-69 - lll.O1
10- 6-69 113.6 - 13.3
1 Removed Water-Level Recorder from well.
-85-
-------
TABLE 15
WATER ANALYSES - MINED AREA
oo
.CM
Date
Sampled
11 --21 -68
12- 2-68
12- 3-68
12-13-68
12-26-68
12-26-68
1- 2-69
1- 2-69
1- 8-69
?- 8-69
1-15-69
1-15-69
1-24-69
1-24-69
1-30-69
1-30-69
2- 4-69
2- 4-69
2-10-69
2-10-69
2-17-69
2-17-69
Location
Well1
Well2
Well3
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Cond.
(umhos/cm)
2814
2510
2720
2500
1540
2500
1600
2800
1630
2900
1520
2640
1540
2050
1560
1850
1380
2260
1560
2090
1520
2760
pH
5.5
7.9
8.2
5.2
8.3
5.8
7.9
5.9
7.8
6.0
7.2
6.2
8.3
5.6
8.3
5.3
8.2
6.7
8.2
6.1
8.0
7.2
Acidity
as CaC03
(mg/1)
440
0
0
90
0
50
0
40
0
25
70
no
0
275
0
90
0
50
0
200
0
4
Alka.
as CaC03
(mg/ir
6
552
4940
41
487
18
587
23
569
21
561
46
573
5
561
3
561
28
569
15
554
40
Hardness
as CaC03
(mg/1)
1500
300
40
1150
150
1460
100
1700
70
1530
35
1490
40
1710
20
980
40
1920
20
935
18
1354
Iron
(mg/1)
146.4
39.0
8.4
10.8
3.0
19.2
7.8
19.2
2.6
15.7
0.8
12.8
2.2
13.1
3.0
14.4
9.3
9.3
5.4
12.4
4.9
11.0
Sulfate
(mg/1)
1846
33
10
364
8
1352
10
1612
17
1820
5
1677
5
1375
6
1075
11
1350
12
1400
17
1750
Aluminum
(mg/1)
0
12.7
3.3
15.8
2.0
5.6
0
1.6
0.5
4.1
0
3
< 2.0
3.6
4.5
9.2
3.0
< 2.0
2.0
3.0
0.9
2.2
Sample taken from well at Mine No. 62-009 while drilling. Depth - 103 feet.
Sample taken from well at Mine No. 62-009 while drilling. Depth - 183 feet.
Sample taken from well at Mine No. 62-009 while drilling. Depth - 211 feet.
-------
TABLE 15 - Concluded
WATER ANALYSES - MINED AREA
i
00
Date
Sampled
2-24-69
2-24-69
3- 3-69
3- 3-69
3-10-69
3-10-69
3-17-69
3-17-69
3-27-69
3-27-69
4- 8-69
4- 8-69
5- 5-69
5- 5-69
6- 2-69
6- 2-69
6-30-69
6-30-69
7-28-69
7-28-69
8-25-69
8-25-69
9-22-69
9-22-69
Location
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Cond.
(umhos/cm)
1560
2904
1566
3060
1426
2972
1500
3098
1520
2900
1540
2592
1540
2960
1560
3200
1570
3310
1430
1732
1420
2742
1422
2922
fiH
8.2
6.7
8.5
7.0
8.1
6.7
9.0
7.5
8.2
6.7
8.2
7.1
8.1
6.8
7.9
7.1
7.9
7.4
7.7
5.7
6.7
6.6
8.1
7.7
Acidity
as CaC03
(mg/1)
0
63
0
390
0
279
0
118
20
70
0
48
0
0
0
32
0
0
0
106
0
3
0
71
Alka.
as CaCCb
(mg/1)
61
51
664
55
576
49
566
52
537
24
567
57
594
54
568
53
634
94
506
35
556
63
580
65
Hardness
as CaCOq
(mg/1 )
25
1270
20
1230
815
1185
6
1555
23
1335
23
1340
45
1290
10
1140
23
1284
120
815
16
1920
16
1455
Iron
(mg/1)
2.4
10.0
1.9
11.0
2.1
11.8
1.9
10.0
5.5
14.5
1.0
5.3
4.5
2.3
1.2
2.5
2.6
1.0
3.4
21.4
2.1
1.7
2.4
1.8
Sulfate
(mg/1 )
17
2275
6
1701
9
2100
10
2135
30
1645
20
1110
30
1925
35
2065
960
1680
840
920
30
1820
25
1925
Aluminum
(mg/1)
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.0
<2.0
3.0
<4.0
<4.0
<5.0
<5.0
<5.0
<5.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.3
0
0
0.8
5.1
0
1.6
0.3
0.2
-------
TABLE 16
WATER ANALYSES - UNMINED AREA
Date
Sampled
12-10-68
12-12-68
12-13-68
12-26-68
12-26-68
1- 3-69
1- 3-69
1- 8-69
1- 8-69
1-16-69
1-16-69
1-24-69
1-24-69
1-31-69
1-31-69
2- 4-69
2- 4-69
2-11-69
2-11-69
2-18-69
2-18-69
2-25-69
2-25-69
Location
Well1
Well2
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Acidity
Cond.
(umhos/cm)
444
620
144
2100
152
2052'
116
2134
130
2220
184
1850
90
2000
965
2020
98
1960
112
1920
no
1994
134
as CaCOo
]?H (mg/1)
6.4
7.2
6.1
8.8
8.0
8.1
7.0
8.5
6.6
8.3
4.6
8.7
6.9
8.7
6.8
8.9
6.7
8.8
7.1
8.8
7.4
8.8
6.9
50
20
15
0
20
0
90
0
0
0
170
0
10
0
40
0
22
0
71
0
5
0
226
Alka.
as CaCOs
(mg/lT
210
284
24
667
28
650
25
645
22
640
2
630
21
620
18
648
20
609
19
630
20
622
24
Hardness
as CaCO?
(mg/ir
140
40
50
330
120
90
230
10
70
25
50
120
40
10
48
45
55
40
40
10
44
9
60
Iron Sulfate
(ma/1 ) (mg/1 )
72.0
51.6
0.6
9.6
0.2
13.4
0.5
7.4
0.4
8.4
0.8
31.0
0.8
9.7
0.4
7.7
0.5
31.7
0.4
30.0
0.4
37.0
0.3
21
38
179
23
10
43
9
39
13
31
15
34
10
39
11
40
13
30
10
35
10
35
10
Aluminum
(mg/1)
34.1
9.5
0
2.0
0.1
9.5
0
5.9
0.2
5.2
0
89.5
< 2.0
12.5
2.0
12.3
0
72.8
< 2.0
58.0
0.9
170.0
1.4
Sample taken from well while drilling. Depth - 30 feet
Sample taken from well while drilling. Depth - 79 feet
-------
00
ID
I
Date
Sampl ed
3- 4-69
3- 4-69
4- 8-69
4- 8-69
5- 8-69
5- 8-69
6- 2-69
6- 2-69
6-30-69
7-28-69
7-28-69
8-25-69
8-25-69
9-22-69
9-22-69
Location
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Stream
Well
Well
Stream
Well.
Stream
Well
Stream
TABLE 16 - Concluded
WATER ANALYSES - UNMINED AREA
Cond.
(urnhos/cm)
1920
105
131
2360
2100
146
2050
167
1762
1788
151
1784
1764
116
fii
8.7
7.0
7.0
7.0
-
7.3
6.9
7.1
7.6
7.3
7.0
4.7
7.6
7.5
Acidity
as CaCOo
(mfl/1)
0
98
50
0
0
9
0
2
0
0
9
0
0
43
Alka.
as CaCOo
(mg/1)
601
27
27
305
560
38
548
40
660
550
30
544
464
41
Hardness
as CaCth
(mg/1)
22
60
52
98
60
56
31
45
50
46
49
48
71
58
Iron
(mg/1)
29.1
0.3
0
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.5
2.0
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.2
Sulfate
(mg/1 )
.
6
50
20
52
35
60
50
60
140
235
60
55
20
Aluminum
(mg/1)
36.0
< 2.0
< 5.0
< 5.0
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
0
0
0.3
1.6
0.4
1.0
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Halliburton Company, "Investigative
Mine Survey of a Small Watershed"
FWPCA Program No. 14010 DM0
ABSTRACT: The primary purpose of this project was
to conduct an investigation to locate hidden or
unknown drift mine openings in the Browns Creek
Watershed in Harrison County, West Virginia.
Thirty unknown openings were discovered in an
initial reconnaissance. Additional probing
using power driven augers was not successful
and was deemed impractical. Three specific
areas within the watershed were selected for
further scrutiny. The bottom of the high-
wall line in the strip mined area was deter-
mined by land surveyors and this information
was plotted on old mine maps to indicate the
intersection of the stripping with under-
ground mining. A minimum of 107 mine drifts
were shown to be exposed by the 14,500 feet
of highwall surveyed in the three areas.
This report was submitted in partial ful-
fillment of Contract No. 14-12-453 between
the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration and the Halliburton Company.
KEY WORDS:
Mine Surveys
Powered Auger
Probi ng
Hidden Mine Openings
Highwall Locations
Strip Mining Effects
Exposed Drifts
ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTDJG OFFICE : 1970 O - 404-764
------- |