wEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
WH-550
Drinking Water
Mobilization
Coordinators'
Handbook
September 1990
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Table of Contents
Section 1
Mobilization Strategy: Meeting the Challenge of
Safe Drinking Water
Section 2
Public Water Systems—Program Background
Section 3
Regulatory Overview
Section 4
State Program Capacity Initiative
Section 5
Institutional Support Initiative
Section 6
Technology and Training Support Initiative
Section 7
Local Health Officials Initiative
Section 8
Non-Transient Non-Community Water Systems Initiative
Section 9
Public Education Initiative
Section 10
Resources for Small Water Systems
Appendix A
Regulatory Summary
Appendix B
Regulatory Calendar
Appendix C
Infrastructure Financing for Small Systems
Appendix D
Organizations
Appendix E
Implementation Progress Report
Appendix F
Mobilization Calendar
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Mobilization Strategy
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Section 1
Mobilization Strategy
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Section 1
The Mobilization Strategy:
Meeting the Challenge of Safe
Drinking Water
SDWA A New Era for Water Supply
fassagcof the 19S6SafeDnnkmg Water Act Amcndmcntsmarkedlhedawn of anew
era in the protection of America's drinking water. The Amendments mandate a
sweeping and comprehensive regulatory program to insure the uniform safety of
• . dnnkmg water for all Americans served by public water systems, at home, at school,
comprehensive and at work.
Overall, nearly 85% of our population rcccivcsitsdnnkmg water from public water
systems that are regulated by the 1 986 Amendments. Asa result, nearly everyone will
TO be affected m some way by the impacts of this important law.
New Standards
Water 'n ^P01^ to '^creasing threats to dnnking water quality from expanding human
activity, the Amcndmentsrequire that rcgulationsbcestabhshcd to protect thepublic
from both short- and long-lctm health effects of a wide array of microbiological and
chemical contaminants The total number of regulated dnnking water contaminants
has gradually increased from the original 18 in 1975, to 26 as of 1979, and to 34 at
present The number will grow to a total of 83 by the mid-1990s, and to nearly 200 by
the year 2000.
Big Changes for Water Suppliers
For all 200,000 public water systems in America these requirements will mean
increased monitoring. Averageannualmorutonngcostsfortheinibal 83 contaminants
are estimated to total approximately 5208 million (1986 dollars).
Many systems will need to install or u pgrade trea tment in order to comply with the
new requirements. Total capital costs for compliance with the regulations for the
initial 83 contaminants are estimated at nearly 510 billion (1986 dollars).
The total annual compliance cost for the initial 83 contaminants includingamortized
capital, operation and maintenance, and monitoring are conservatively expected to
approach S2J5 billioa
The sheer dollar impacts are daunting in themselves. However, when one
considers thenatureof the 200,000 water systems which must bear these costs, the true
challenge of SDWA implementation becomes clear.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-1
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Section 1
Small Systems Hardest Hit
Only about 4% of the nation's approximately 200,000 public water systems are
community systems serving year-round residential populations of more than 3300
persons. These 7,500or so systemsconstitute the nation's major waterutilities which
areowned and opera ted by local unitsof govemmentorprivate water companies. The
majority of Americans obtain their water from these systems. For the most part these
utilities have the financial, managerial, and technical capabilities to expeditiously
comply with the new regulations. Their relatively large service populations allow for
economies of scale and allow individual households to enjoy high quality water at
reasonable rates.
There are another approximatley 52,000 community water systems serving year
round populations of 25 to 3300. Many of these systems serve fewer than 500 people
and are owned and operated by mobile home parks or homeowners associations
which lack the financial,managerial, and technical capabilities to readily comply with
the new regulations. Their small service populations do not allow for economies of
scaleand individual households will face very large rate increasesif these systems are
to comply.
Finally thereareapproximatclyl40^)00 non-community water systemsowned and
operated by restaurants, schools, factories, roadside rest stops and the like whose
owners may not even be aware of their status as a regulated "public water system"
and who certainly have very limited understanding of water testing and treatment.
Of the approximately 140,000 non-community systems, 23,000 serve the same people
regularly and must comply for the first time with essentially the same requirements
as major community water systems.
State Costs Will More Than Double
Serious impactsand instiru tional shortcomings are not limited to the regulated public
water systems. The State drinking water programs which regulate them face
significant implementation challenges of their own.
Implementation of the 1986 amendments will cost States an estimated $180 million
in "one-time costs" through 1992 and will lead to an increase in annual costs of $150
million per year after 1992. This represents more than a doubling in State drinking
water program costs.
Proportion of U.S. Population Served by Regulated Public Water Systems
and Non-Regulated Systems
Total U.S, Population—
250 Million
85% Regulated Public Water Systems
Household Wells and Other
Non-Regulated Systems
SOURCE Federal Reporting Data Syscms, July 1990.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-2
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Section 1
Mobilizing to Meet the SDWA Challenge
The VS. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Officeof Drinking Water (ODW)
recognizes the scope and seriousness of the challenge it faces in trying to turn the
vision of public health protection, embodied in the SDWA Amendments, into reality.
In order to meet this challenge EPA has adopted a broad and far-reaching "Mobili-
zation" approach.Through Mobil izationEPAhopes to bring the talents and resources
of all constituencies impacted by SDWA to bear on its implementation.
Mobilization involves the formation of action-oriented partnerships between EPA,
State Drinking Water Programs, and external groups and associations. These part-
nerships are absolutely necessary since EPA and State Drinking Water Programs can
provideoniy a fraction of the technicalfinanagerial, and financial assistance necessary
to facilitate compliance. EPA and the States can leverage their limited resources
through these partnerships with organizations representing affected constituencies.
The organizations benefit from forming these partnerships. Through a partnership
with EPA and Slate Drinking Water Programs, the organizations arc better able to
provide much needed information and services to their membership.
There is ar«thcr reason for forrrung these parmerships that is equally as important
as mutual leveragingof resources. Namely, fundamental changes in the way drinking
the watcr !S ^°^ provided and perceived will be necessary to fully realize the public
health benefits envisioned m the 1986 SDWA Amendments. For example, drinking
water will cost more and it will significantly more difficult for small systems—such
.as mobile home parks—to attain and maintain compliance. The necessary changes
Ol can only be brought about through the concerted efforts of all affected parries.
Through these partnerships, those most affected by Ihc Amendments can work
together.
Through the formation of acnon-onented partnerships the drinking water com-
munity can work together to accomplish the folio wing goals:
1. Strengthen the institutional framework for water supply at both the State
Program level and the small water system level (i.e., the laws, policies,
programs, ownership/operational arrangements and their
interrelationships).
2. Build technical and managerial capabilities for SDWA implementation
through the understanding and application of technical and management
solutions for small systems and development and delivery of training.
3. Change public attitudes. Establish an informed and supportive public
that views drinking water as a valuable commodity and is willing to pay
the cost of safe drinking water.
"Many Hands Make Light Wot*"
To accomplish these goals, EPA's Mobilization effort forms a coordinating umbrella
under which a variety of Initiatives are proceeding. The common element among
these Initiatives is that each seeks to achieve its specific objectives through the
coordinated effortsof external groups and associations. Beyond thiscommonelement,
the actual subs tanceof the vanouslrutiativesisquitedifferent,rangingfrom increasing
State program resources to strengthen] ng the institutional framework of small water
systems to public education.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-3
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Section 1
The basic concept of Mobilization is perhaps best stated by the adage "many hands
makelight work." Through Mobilization EPA hopes to bring the talents and resources
of the special interest groups, whose constituencies are impacted by 5DWA, to bear
on its implementation.
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^^'^•a^SiS^^^^^l^rf.
Why Mobilization Is Necessary?
Historically, EPA and State agencies have worked closely with many organizations
in the effort to ensure the provision of safe drinking water. These cooperative actions
include training, technical assistance, financial assistance, and information transfer.
However, the passage of the 1986 Amendments present a challenge of a different
magnitude. The SDWA was comprehensively amended in order to greatly increase
the size and scope of the Public Water Supply Supervision (PWSS) program and the
stringency of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs). For a
variety of reasons, including high compliance costs for small systems and limited
State and local resources, the requirements stemming from the 1986 Amendments
will greatly exacerbate PWSS program compliance and implementation problems.
As indicated in Figure 1, EPA is well on its way to completing the regulations
mandated by the Amendments. In bncf, the 1986 Amendments require that EPA:
1) Vastly increase to approximately
200 by the year 2000, the number of
regulated contaminants and adhere
to a tight schedule in doing so;
2) Require monitoring of many
presently unregulated
contaminants;
3) Require specific best available
treatment technology for use in
controlling each regulated
contaminant;
4) Require filtration for nearly all
surface water systems, and
disinfection for all public water
systems;
5) Ensure that a new ban on lead-
based solder, pipe, and flux
materials is properly implemented;
and
6) Take action in response to newly
bolstered enforcement powers.
In addition to the PWSS program, which
is administered by the Office of Drinking
Water, SDWA establishes three other
major EPA programs that are closely re-
lated to the PWSS program; the Wellhead
Protection, Sole Source Aquifer, and Un-
derground Injection Control programs.
The Wellhead Protection and SoleSource
Drinking Water Regulatory Development Schedule*
Contamlnant/Raqulroment Final Rule" Effective Date'"
Fluoride 4/86 10/87
Lead Ban (SDWA 1 *17) 6/86 6/86
Phase I Volatile Orgamcs 6/87 1/89
Public Notification 10/67 4/89
Lead Ban Policy Guidance 9/88 3/89
Surface Water Treatment Rule 6/89 12/90
Total Cohtorm Rule 6/89 12/90
Lead/Copper 1990 6/91
Phase II38 Contaminants 1991 1992
Phase III Radionuclides 1992 1993
Phase V 25 Contaminants 1992 1993
Disintecaon/Disinlecbon By-Products 1993"" 1994
Additional List Contaminants 1994"" 1996
* In addition to the schedule shown above, the 1986 SDWA Amendments
require EPA to develop regulations for 25 additional contaminants for every
three-year period beginning in 1991
" All dates after August 1990 are estimated
'" EPA Rules are generally effective 18 months after being finalized State rules
are required to be adopted by the EPA effecDve date Rules require specific
best available treatment technology (BATs) for use in controlling each regu-
lated contamanL
*"* These estimated dates are currently being reconsidered. September 1990
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Section 1
Aquifer programs are administered by the Office of Groundwater Protection. The
Underground Injection Control program is administered by the Office of Drinking
Water in dose cooperation with the Office of Solid Waste.
Further, in 1988 Congress passed the Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA)
which requires EPA to maintain an updated accounting of water coolers with lead-
based components, and to develop guidance for controlling lead contamination of
school drinking water. These LCCA activities arc administered by the Office of
Drinking Water.
There are three major factors—associated with the magnitude of changes to
drinking water requirements—that make it necessary for EPA to both intensify and
formally structure its Mobilization efforts:
Costs: The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDW A)
require EPA to increase both the number and stringency of drinking water
regulatory requirements. It cannot be overstated that the 1986 amendments
require an unprecedented and ambitious effort to protect public health by
idcnbfying and removing contaminants affecting our drinking water
supplies. The total costs of implementing existing and upcoming drinking
water regulations is approximately 1 to 2 billion dollars annually for the
next ten years.
Small Systems: The vast majority of water systems that must comply with
the expanding requirements are small systems (i.c., serve populations of less
than 3300). Twenty-five (25) percent of small systems are mobile home
parks and 15 percent consist of homeowner associations. Due to economic,
financial, managerial, planning, capital, and technical limitations, these
systems will be heavily impacted by the changing regulatory requirements.
Also, the vast majority of past regulatory violations have occurred among
small water systems.
State Resources: The SDW A places the responsibility of implementation on
the States. However, the States do not possess the funding and personnel
necessary to carry out even those requirements that were in existence before
the 1986 SDW A Amendments. In order to implement the expanding
requirements. States will be faced with greater than 100 percent increases in
program costs. Due to State and Federal resource constraints, the provision
of sorely needed technical, managerial, and financial assistance for small
water systems will require the participation of all relevant organizations
These three factors are interrelated in the sense thatdnnkingwatersystemsmustmeet
the expanding regulatory requirements, yet approximately 95 percent of affected
systems are small and very small systems; systems that will need substantial outside
assistance in order to attain and maintain compliance. Due to resource constraints at
the Federal and State level, both EPA and State drinking water programs will be able
toprovideonly a small portion of that assistance. The result, then, is that EPA and the
States must mobilize all relevant groups and organizations into a coordinated effort
of providingallnecessaryassistancetosmall watersystems. The effort must eliminate
barriers to implementation of dnnkmg water requirements, and effect many social
and institutional changes.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-5
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Section I
Changes to be Realized Through
Mobilization
Major barriers stand to obstruct implementation of the PWSS program, and enforce-
ment actions alone will not result in overall compliance. Institutional and societal
changes arc necessary. Essential changes include:
1) The public must quickly become willing to pay more for safe drinking
water, and in many cases substantially more, because the 1986 SDWA
amendments have provided Americans with a more stringent "definition"
of "safe." The drinking water regulations are aimed at controlling both the
short- and long-term health effects of biological and chemical contaminants.
A single type of contaminant may impose only short-term (acute) effects,
only long-term (chronic) effects, or both;
2) The public must quickly develop an understanding and appreciation of the?
health benefits associated with reducing drinking water contaminants to
acceptable levels. It is especially important that Americans understand the
health benefits associated with controlling those contaminants having only
long-term health effects. The vast majority of the 200 contaminants
scheduled for regulation by the year 2000 impose only long-term health
effects at levels which occur in drinking water.
If the issue of long-term health effects is not communicated and understood,
customers will be unaware of the benefits associated with the treatment
improvements for which they arc being asked to pay, and thus resist needed
changes. For example, customers may be asked 10 pay for the installation of
treatment necessary for controlling a contaminant having only long-term
health effects. If the customers do not possess an appreciation of its health
effects, and the contaminant does not impart taste, color, or odor problems,
the proposed treatment expenditure will appear to the customers as a waste
of money because no benefit is apparent to them;
3) The ongoing proliferation of small, non-viable waler systems must quickly
cease, and existing non-viable systems must quickly identify ways to attain
and maintain compliance. Options for consolidation include regionalization,
managerial consolidation, and circuit-ndcrs;
4) Inexpensive and effective small system treatment technologies must be
developed, marketed, and eventually approved by State PWSS programs.
These technologies must be simple to operate and maintain, and also be
capable of maintaining compliance;
5) State PWSS programs must expand in order to implement the expanding
drinking water requirements. States should evaluate and develop new and
creative ways to fund their PWSS programs;
6) State drinking water programs should leverage their limited resources
through adoption of a mobilization/coalition based strategy; and,
7) Owners and operators of small systems must understand how the new
regulations affect them and the steps they will have to take to stay in
compliance.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-6
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Section I
Putting Mobilization Into Action
Mobilization involves the formation of action-oriented partnerships among EPA,
State drinking water programs, and organizations representing constituencies af-
fected by the 1986 SDWA Amendments. In more detail, Mobilization is all of the
following:
1) An effort to focus the resources of all constituencies affected by the 1986
SDWA amendments—in a coordinated, effective, and efficient fashion—
upon providing all necessary outreach assistance to small water systems;
2) A coordinating umbrella for all of EPA's implementation efforts, but with
a special emphasis on small system capabilities and compliance, State
costs and public awareness; and
3) A mechanism to ensure that the efforts of participating organizations are
not conflicting or redundant, but that they arc complementary and form a
syncrgishc, overall effort whereby all outreach activities result in the
greatest possible benefits to all recipients.
To hclpfocusthevanousactiviries which need to beaccomplished, EPA is spearhead-
ing six Mobilization Initiatives. The common clement among these Initiatives is that
each seeks to achieve its specific objectives through the coordinated cffortsof external
groups and associations. Beyond.this common element, the actual substance of the
vanous Irutialives isquitediffcrcnt, ranging from increasingState program resources
to strengthening the institutional framework of small water systems to public
education (sec Figure 2).
^^^EiaUR^Z^(Ulbbilizationilnitiatlves^a^:S 1
INITIATIVE
State Capaaly
Local Health Officials
Institutional Support
Non-Transent Non-
Cooununity Systems
Technology and Training
Support
Public Education
TARGET
Stale Decision Makers
County Health Officials
Systems serving <3300 and
State Programs
Non-Transient Non-
Community Systems
Engineering and Technical
Community
General Public
GOAL
Strong State programs with Primacy
Support and action by local health
officials
Viable and compliant small
systems Effective State institutional
frameworks for small systems.
Awareness and compliance
Awareness and use of appropriate
technology. Development and
delivery erf training.
Informed and supportive Public
May 1990
Mobilization Strategy • 1-7
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Section 1
Mobilization Initiatives
State Capacity Initiative
Audience: State decision-makers.
Objectives: 1) Promote Regional /Slate activities which will result in
increased drinking water program resources.
2) Engage national and local groups and associations in
activities which assist States in obtaining increased drink-
ing water program resources.
The Problem
Adequate staffing and fund ing will been ticaJ for States to beable to maintain primacy
in the face of theadministrati veand field dcmandsof the new regulations. Asa result,
this Initiative is directed toward legislators, governors, and State public health and
dnnking water agencies.
Mobilization Approach
The overall intent of the Initiative is to facilitate Regional, State and constituency
activities which will produce expanded dnnking water program resources.
Participant Organizations
Theorganizations involved with this Initiative are those whose members include key
State officials such as the National Governors Association (NGA), National Confer-
ence of State Legislatures (NCSL), Council of State Governments (CSG), and the
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissions (NARUC). It will also
include organizations which, through their membership, have significant influence
at the Statelcvcl. Included are the Association of State Dnnking Water Administrators
(ASDW A), American Water Works Association (A WWA), League of Women Voters
(LWV), Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA), and EPA Regional
Offices.
Actions
The Initiative actions that these organizations will undertake include briefings for
legislators and legislature staff, factsheet and pamphlet development, special studies
and reports, newsletter articles, conference presentations, and "peer matching"
programs.
Institutional Support Initiative
Audience: Public WaterSystemsserving less than3300peopleand the
State programs which regulate them.
Objective: Toensurethatsmallwatersystemspossesstheinstirutional
arrangements,operatorcapabihties,and State-coordinated
support network needed to attain and maintain compli-
ance with dnnking water regulations.
The Problem
Overall, existing State and local legal systems and institutions do not adequately
recognize and address the unique problems experienced by small community water
systems (CWSs). Examples of relevant support institutions include State drinking
water primacy agencies. State public utility commissions,State financing agencies,
Mobilization Strategy • 1-8
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Section 2
and local arrangements for system ownership and operation. It is necessary to correct
institutional inadequacies by re-orienting State and local laws, programs, and own-
ers hip/opera ton arrangements toward eriSuringSTnallOVSviabilityand compliance.
Mobilization Approach
This Initiative is intended to—
1) facilitate the development of the State institutional framework for
addressing the problems of small water systems (for example. State-level
policies for use of administrative penalties);
2) enhance the technical capabilities and professional stature of small water
system operators; and, perhaps most importantly; and,
3) facilitate the development and use of alternative institutional arrangements
for ownership and operation of small water systems. Well-chosen and well-
planned local arrangements will result in financially viable systems capable
of consistent compliance.
Participant Organizations
Organizations esscnhal to this Initiative include those representing mobile home
parks, rural assistance organizations, large uhlities,unlityassocianons,Stateagenaes,
EPA Regional Offices, other Federal agencies, county and municipal officials, pro-
fessional associations, and State university systems.
Actions
The Initiative actions that these organizations will undertake mdude operator
training programs, workshops and seminars, simplified training, technical guides,
video tapes, computer-based training, large utility outreach programs, and "circuit
nder" technical assistance programs to share facilities, monitoring equipment, and
other resources. State programs will take action to increase their efforts to promote
consolidation, restructuring, administrative penalties, and ensuring new system
viability as a means of achieving compliance.
Technology and Training Support Initiative
Audience: Engineenng, technical, and general drinking water com-
munity
Objectives: 1} Development and widespreadavailability/understand-
ing of appropriate, low-cost technological solutions to small
water system treatment problems.
2) Development of coalitionsat the national and State levels
to develop and deliver training which will address the
training needs identified as high priority in the FWSS
Program National Training Strategy.
Trie TrainingarKJTechnoIogySupportlrutiativecorisisbsof two partsorSubini datives—
theTechnologySubinibativeand the TrainingSubinitiaave. The former focuses upon
low-cost small system technology testing and development, while the latter focuses
on the overall training needs of the drinking water community including technology
transfer workshops and training.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-9
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Section I
Technology Subinltiatlve
The Problem
The regulatory demands of the 1986 SOW A Amendments make it necessary to
develop appropriate and inexpensive technological solutions to small water system
treatment. The cost impacts and technical complexity of existing forms of the best
available technologies (BATs) are daunting, and possibly prohibitive for many small
water systems. Treatment techniques that are commonly used by large systems often
require too much site-specific engineering to be affordable to small systems.
Mobilization Approach
The primary intent of this Initiative is to facilitate a public/private partnership
network which can identify, develop, market,broadly apply, and properly maintain
acceptable drinking water technologies that are inexpensive and simple to operate.
The emphasis is on the development of package (or off-the-shelf) technologies in
order to lower cost impacts, and to enhance understanding of small system regula-
tion, management, and technology.
Participant Organizations
The key organizations involved include universities, research organizations, EPA,
State environmental and health agencies, water equipment manufacturers, and
engineering/scientific consulting firms.
Actions
The actions thjt these organizations will undertake include research, development,
marketing, and State program approval with respect to affordable and simple
treatment technologies for small water systems. Additional actions include the
production of drinking water informational materials and workshops for the specific
purpose of transferring technical information. The results of demonstrate projects
involving simple and affordable treatment technologies for small systems will be
made available through a Water Supply Resource Network.
Training Subinitiative
Tne Problem
The 1986 SDWA Amendments and the new drinking water regulations have dra-
matically increased the need for regulatory and technical training for State and
Regional staff, water system managers and operators, and other members of the
drinking water community such as local decision-makers and local health officials.
Mobilization Approach
The intent of the Training Subinitiative is to ensure that drinking water constituency
orgaruzationsrespond to all training needs identified by EPA in consultation with key
organizations.
Participant Organizations
Key organizations involved include the Association of State Drinking Water
Administrators (ASDWA), State 109{b) Environmental Training Centers, National
Environmental Training Association (NETA), National Rural Water Association
(NRWA), Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP), American Waterworks
Association (AWWA), National Environmental Health Association (NEHA), and
National Association of County Health Officials (N ACHO).
Mobilization Strategy • 1-20
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Section 1
Actions
Primary actions under this Subinitiative indudel) establishment of an effective
coalition of key national organizations to develop and deliver training toa widerange
of groupsin the drinking water community^) identification and development of core
regulatory training modules; and 3) establishment of State level coalitions to meet
high priority training needs of water system owners and operators {including
privately-owned, very small systems).
Local Health Officials Initiative
Audience: County, municipal, and other local health officials
Objectives: 1) Enable local heal th officials to provide expert assistance
to consumers, primacy agents, and private well owners in
the areas of contaminant health effects, applicable regula-
tory requirements, treatment technology, and source pro-
tection with special emphasis on private wells.
2) Facilitate resource effective coordination of drinking
water program responsibilities between States and local
health officials.
The Problem
County and other local health officials are most often on the front line of responding
to public health concerns since such problems arc almost always a localized occur-
rence, especially drinking water problems. As a result, local health officials need
training and other information to enable them to take on an expanded and/or formal
role in relationship to State drinking water programs.
Mobilization Approach
The intent of this Initiative is to develop effective relationships with organizations
representing local health officials, and to facilitate the provision of formal training
with respect to drinking water related matters. EPA will also work to facilitate
communication between State programs and local health officials. Constructive
State/local relationships are an important vehicle for creating increased awareness
and involvement at the local level.
Participant Organizations
Organizations essential to this Initiative include those which directly represent
relevant local officials such as the National Environmental Health Association
(NEHA), National Association of County Health Officials (NACHOs), National
League of Cities (NLO, National Conference of Mayors (NCM), and the National
Association of Towns and Townships (NATT). Also involved will be other groups
having influence over local health officials such as the Rural Community Assistance
Program (RCAP), League of Women Voters (LWV), American Water Works Asso-
ciation (AWWA), State municipal associations, Agricultural Extension Service, and
county health departments.
Actions
Actions these organizations will undertake will occur at the national. State, and
Regional levels. They include the development of newsletter articles, guidebooks,
conference sessions, and special workshops. Actions may also entail direct contact
and assistance within communities, that is, community forums,circuit-rider technical
assistance, and pilot outreach self-help programs.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-11
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Section 1
Non-Transient Non-Community Systems Initiative
Audience: Owners and operators of non-transient non-community
water systems (NTNCs).
Objectives: 1) Develop a comprehensive training program for NTNCs
focusing on regulatory requirements and options for
compliance.
2) Publish information about drinking water regulatory
requirements and compliance options in the trade journals
and newsletteisof organizations reachingNTNCs. Present
information at meeting and conferences of associations
whose membershipindudessignificantnurnbersofNlNCs.
The Problem
This Initiative focuses upon reaching the approximately 25,000 NTNCs across the
nation. Under the new regulations, NTNCs arc being required to meet the same
stringent requirements that apply to community water systems. These systems
include rural schools, factories, office parks, and Federal facilities which are not
customers of community systems. Further, NTNCs utilize their own wells or other
supply source, and do not serve residential populations. Many NTNCs are not aware
that they are in fact regulated as public water systems. In addition, most NTNCs are
small systems and possess typical small water system managerial, financial, and
technical problems.
Mobilization Approach
The intenl of this Initiative is to assist NTNCs in understanding and fulfilling their
new responsibilities. The approach includes 1) the preparation of informational
materials that target the special si tuations of NTNCs and development of a network
to reach those systems, 2) briefing those organizations which represent schools,
restaurants, and industrial facilities,3) encouraging and facilitating the development
and delivery of training on NTNC requirements, and 4) providing demonstrations
regarding the use of innovative approaches to system management, including
improved compliance.
Participant Organizations
Essential organizations involved with this Initiative include State environmental/
health agencies. Association of Slate Drinking Water Administrators (ASDW A), EPA
and other Federal agencies, National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), Edison
EectncaJmsbtute(EEI),AinencanPetroleiimlnsn
Association (CMA), National Soft Dnnk Association (NSDA), and national associa-
tions representing schools, day care centers, hospitals, and industries.
Actions
Actions these organizations will undertake include the development of newsletter
articles, sessionsatnational and State conferences, technical assistance programs, and
special factsheets and pamphlets.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-12
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Section 1
Public Education Initiative
Audience: General Public
Objecti ve Increase visibility of drinking water issues via media cov-
erage and public information regarding a) potential health
risks and benefits and b) the need to pay the cost of
increased public health protection.
The Problem
There is no question that full implementation of the 1986 SDWA Amendments will
mean tha t drinking water will be more expensive, especially for those served by small
systems. Therefore, the. ongoing support of the general public who must bear these
costs, will be critical.
Mobilization Approach
This Initiative will focus on the development of comprehensive public education
materials to be made available to States, the media, national associations, and Federal
agencies via public education coalitions. The public must understand that:
1) Public water systems generally provide good water;
2) As our knowledge of health risks increases, and as we become more aware
of threats to dnnking water quality, additional and often expensive steps
must be taken to maintain safe dnnking water;
3) Safe drinking water will mean higher costs (often much higher) to
consumers; and
4) Direct local action is sometimes necessary to ensure the safety of drinking
water.
Participant Organizations
Organizations essential to this Initiative include those most directly concerned with
dnnking water and public education. Included are the EPA and U.S. Agricultural
Extension Service, American Water Works Association (AWWA), National Rural
Water Association (NRWA), Association of Stale Dnnking Water Administrators
(ASDWA), League of Women Voters (LWV), National Association of Counties,
National Association of County Health Officials (NACHOs), National League of
Cities (NCLJ, American Association of Reared Persons (AARP), National Environ-
mental Health Association (NEHA), Environmental Policy Institute/Friends of the
Earth, Association of Environmental Editors, Water and Wastewater Equipment
Manufacturers Association {WWEMA),Nabonal ParentTeachers AssodationGVPTA),
local civic associations (Jaycees, Lions Qubs), and local homemakers clubs
Actions
Actions that these organizations can take include formation of public education
coalitions at the national and State level and development and distribution of
materials that are relevant to and useful to their constituents and the general public.
Mobilization Strategy • 1-13
-------
Section I
Future Outlook
The 1986 5DWA amendments are intended to ensure that the American public can
depend on the safety of the tapwa ter that they purchase, drink, and otherwise use. The
expanded regulations will protect both the long-and short-term health of consumers.
The priorities of EP A's drinking water program will continue to support this goal
by:
• Issuing regulations that are timely and scientifically sound.
• Ensuring continued voluntary compliance through the deterrence effect of
strengthening the enforcement component of the program.
• Overcoming, through the Mobilization effort, the societal and institutional
barriers to successful implementation of the new requirements.
D D
Mobilization Strategy • 1-14
-------
Program Background
-------
Section 2
Public Water Systems-
Program Background
-------
Section 2
Public Water Systems-
Program Background
Today citizens
drink tap water
with little fear
of acute illness
Chlorlnatlon Has Led to a Dramatic
Decrease In Waterborne Diseases
400
300 '
53 200
Ji
Is"
IB10 20 30 40 M M 70 M 1090
Derived from: Gunther F. Grain, ed.Waterbornc Diseases in the
U.S. (Boca Raton, KL; CRC Press, Inc.; 1986) p.91
History of the National Drinking Water Program*1
Most of the nation's drinking water supplies are safe. This, however, does not mean
that consumers should assume that all drinking water is free of contamination nor
docs it mean that public health officials should become complacent in regulating
water supplies. Rather, everyone should understand that drinking water isa precious
commodity and that its protection requires diligence, commitment,and a willingness
by consumers to pay the costs of a potable supply.
The transmission of certain infectious diseases through drinking water has been a
public health concern since before the turn of the century. Mass migration of workers
into urban areas during the Industrial Revolution coupled with unsanitary practices
(i.e., disposing of animal and human wastes on streets, etc.) led to the contamination
of drinking water supplies by microbiological organisms. The presence of these
organisms in water led to the frequent transmission of diseases, including such
serious illnesses as cholera and typhoid fever.
Chlorine was introduced as a disinfectant of water supplies in the United States in
1908.The subsequent widespread useof thisdisin/cctant in the USand other countries
led to dramatic decreases in the number of reported waterbornc disease outbreaks
and individual cases of illness. The number of deaths attributed to waterbome
outbreaks (namely deaths resulting from typhoid fever) dropped to virtually zero in
the US by the 1950s (see Figure 1).
The potential health effects of chemicals in drink-
ing wa tcr ha ve also been recognized throughou t this
cenrury.Standardsestablished by the US Public Health
Service in the 1920s, 1940s, and 1960s addressed
known chemical and microbiological contaminants.
Most of these early standardsfocused on the presence
of inorganic metals and minerals, such as lead and
arsenic These latter substances were recognized at
that time primarily for their acute toxiciry and lethal
effects.
Over the past two decades, great advances have
been made in detecting and measuring chemicals
present at very low levels in air, soil and water. This,
together wi th ad vances in understanding of chemical
toxicology, has led to an increased awareness of and
concern for the health consequences of long-term
(chronic) exposure to these substances.
1) Adapted fracnDrinking Water Contaminants: A Consumer
Eduction Guide, Association of State Drinking Water
Adminstrators, May 1988.
[""I Urn at CMorkw In Drinking M
(tint IntnMuo** In 1«0«)
Program Background • 2-1
-------
Section 2
The chemicals that have been found in drinking water cover a wide spectrum of
both naturally occurring and man-made substances. Naturally occurring contami-
nants are primarily metalsand minerals that enter source water through contact with
geological materials. Someof the naturally occurringcontaminants,suchasradon,are
radioactive elements.
Man-made chemicals discovered in drinking water include both organic and
inorganic compounds used in industrial, commercial and agricultural products.
Contamination of ground water by certain solvents and degrcasing agents was well-
documented in the 1970s and 1980s. More recently, it has become evident that a
number of pesticides and herbicides are making their way into ground water supplies
as well.
Some chemical contaminants found in drinking water are a product of the water
treatment and delivery pnxessitself. In the early 1970sitwasdiscoveredthatchlorine
used to disinfect water combines with materials produced from decaying vegetation
tofbrmthcpotcntianycanceT^ausmgcompoundsknownastrihalomethanes. Recently,
increased attention hasbeen given to the significanccof the Icachingof lead from pipes
and solder in home plumbing.
At the same time that chemical contaminants were being identified, public health
officials around the country discovered that the problem of microbiological organ-
isms in drinking water had not been completely resolved. The number of watcrbome
disease outbreaks reported by public health officials actually began to increase in the
1960s and 1970s. While some of these outbreaks can be attributed to the improper
operation and maintenance of water treatment facilities and improved reporting by
public healthofficials.otheroutbreaksmustbeattnbutcd to theorganisms themselves.
In other words, many outbreaks arc thought to have occurred due to the presence of
recently evolved or unidentified microorganisms which, due to their structure and/
or behavior in water, were capable of surviving current treatment processes. The
majority of these microorganisms exist in surface water supplies (i£., nvers and
lakes). Consequently, Federal and State drinking water officials have initiated actions
to require more rigorous treatment of all water supplies served by surface sources.
The 1974 SDWA2
Pnor to 1974, State health departments had the major responsibility for surveillance
and regulation of public water supplies. The only applicable Federal program,
conducted by the USPublicHcalthScrvice(USPHS),regu la ted water systems serving
interstate earners such as trains, planes, and buses. In 1970, the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) assumed this Federal regulatory role. Drinking water
quality was judged according to 1962 Public Health Service Standards which were
also used by a number of States.
Unfortunately,many State programs were severely understaffed and underfunded;
therefore, public water systems failed ID receive badly needed surveillance and
technical assistance. The resulting problems were brought sharply into focus by the
Community Water Supply Survey conducted during 1969 by the USPHS and by
evaluations of State drinking water programs conducted by EPA during the early
1970s. The findings of these studies played a role in the passage of the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA) of 1974.
Thel974SDWAestablishedthePublicWaterSupplySupervision(PWSS)program—
the base program under which the nation's public water supplies are to be regulated.
The Act mandated a major change in the surveillance of drinking water systems by
establishing specific roles for the Federal government. States, and public water
2) Adapted from QupterOneof Naa Dimensions at Safe Drmkaig Water, 2nd Edition, American Water
Works Association, 1988.
Prnoram Rarle~rnurtd • ?_?
-------
Section 2
supplies The Federal government, specifically EPA, is authorized to set national
drinking water regulations, conduct special studies and research, and oversee the
implementation of the Act The State governments, through their heal thdepartmen ts
or environmental agencies, are expected to accept the major responsibility, called
primary enforcement responsibility or primacy, for the implementation and en-
forcement of the Acfs provisions. In this way, the Act imposes uniformity and
consistency in the management of the nation's public water supplies but still respects
the historic role played by States in drinking water regulation.
Public water suppliers are assigned the day-to-day responsibility of meeting the
regulations. To meet this goal, routine monitoring must be performed and results
must be provided to the pertinent regulatory agency. Violations must be reported to
the public and remediated. Failure to perform any of these functions can result in
enforcement actions and penalties. Some of the major provisions of the 1974 Act
include:
• definition of a public water supply,
• process for establishing national drinking water regulations,
• procedures for a Slate to assume primacy,
• procedures for utilities to obtain variances and exemptions from the
regulations,
• provisions for public notice,
• enforcement provisions,
• establishment of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, and
• establishment of the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program to
protect underground sources of drinking water.
The 1986 SOW A Amendments
Congress, concerned about drinking waterquahty and frustrated by the pa ceat which
EPA was developing regulations, enacted major amendments to SDWA in 1986.
(Between 1974 and 1986, EPA regulated approximately 26 dnnkmg water contami-
nants.) The 1986 SDWA Amendments significantly strengthen the Federal role in
drinking water by requiring EPA to:
• establish national drinking water standards or treatment techniques
within specified time frames (resulting in the regulation of approximately
200 contaminants by the year 2000);
• establish moru toring requi rements for many presently unregulated
contaminants;
• specify best available treatment technology(ies) for controlling regulated
contaminants;
• establish filtration requirements for nearly all surface water systems and
disinfection requirements for all public water systems;
• ensure that a new ban on lead-based solder, pipe, and flux materials is
properly implemented;
• take action in response to newly bolstered enforcement powers; and
• develop additional programs to protect groundwater supplies (i.e.,
wellhead protection and sole source aquifer protection programs).
Program Background • 2-3
-------
Section 2
National Drinking Water
Program Statutory Background
Pre-1974
• Umued Federal Regulaoon
• Individual Stale Standards
1974
•SafeDrinking Water Aa
- Public Water Supply Supervision
- Underground Injection Control
1B86
• Sate Dnntung Water Aa Amendment!
1988
• Lead Contamination Control Aa
A new provision was added ID the SDWA in 1988 when Congress passed
the Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA). This law requires EPA to
maintain an updated accounting of water coolers with lead-based compo-
nents and develop guidance for controlling lead contamination in school
drinking water supplies. Figure 2 provides a brief historical summary of the
Federal government's involvement in drinking water.
Today, the national Public Water Supply Supervision (PWSS) program
established under the SDWA is predominantly implemented and managed
(on a direct and daily basis) by the States. To date, 48 States and six territories
have primacy for the drinking water program. Although the 1986 SDWA
Amendments include provisions for Indian tribes to apply forprimacy (over
drinking water on Indian lands), no tribe currently holds this status.
Roles in the Public Drinking Water Program
The ultimate goal of the drinking water program is to prevent endangerment to
human health resulting from the contamination of drinking water supplies. This
mission requires intense cooperation among EPA, State agencies, and the regulated
community. Each has a well-defined and imperative role in the regulatory process.
The Role of EPA
EPA is responsible for
1) national policy direction and program oversight;
2) nsk assessment and standard-setting;
3) technical, administrative, and legal support;
4) research and development;
5) morutonng environmental progress;
6) ensuring the drinking water requirements are understandable and
practicable;
7) implementation where States and Indian Tnbes are unwilling or unable
to assume primacy; and
8) enforcement assistance cither when requested by pnmacy States or when
State
-------
Section 2
1) ensuring adequate financing for the planning, design, construction, and
operation of the system;
2) operating and maintaining public water systems that comply with all
Federal, State, and local regulations;
3) obtaining public support for establishing and collecting adequate user fees;
and
4) cooperating with any Federal, State, or local enforcement actions.
The Role of Professional, Trade, and Public Interest Associations
Special interest organizations, whoseconstinjeroesareaffeded(directlyorindirectly)
by the expand ing drinking water requirements, shou Id play a ma jor role in referring,
informing, training, and otherwise advising their members on drinking water
requirements and issues. Such information exchange should be oriented toward the
natun?ofthdrconstituen(y'sinvolvenient,thatis,plumber,equipmentnaniifacnirer,
financier, etc. Further, theseorganizations should be encouraged strongly to establish
programs to assess members' dnnkmg water needs and concerns, and communicate
such information to the State and EPA.
The Role of the General Public
The provision of safednnkmg water to the general public is the ultimate purpose of
the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Federal and State drinking water regulations.
Accordingly, the general public can playa very significant rolcand contribute greatly
to the important process of public water supply. The public can become better
informed about dnnkmg water issues, both nationally and locally, and can seek to
become more involved in the community with regard to these vital issues. Further,
each houscholdcan become moreawarc of the importance of safednnkmg water,and
take appropriate measures to use this valuable commodity more prudently. Lastly,
the public can lend their support to rate increases, where necessary, to facilitate the
upgrade of local drinking water treatment facilities and to assist in the overall
improvement of public drinking water.
Federal Drinking Water Standards
Underthe SOW A, EPA sets two kinds of dnnkmg watcrstandards: National Primary
Dnnking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) and National Secondary Dnnking Water
Regulations (NSDWRs). NPDWRsare health-based and enforceable. The secondary
standards provide guidelines regarding taste, odor, color and other aesthetic criteria.
The pnmary standards consist of maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) and
maxdmun contaminant levels (MCLs). MCLGs are set at the concentration where no
known or anticipated adverse effects on health should occur and MCLGs are non-
enforceable. Note that MCLGs are set at zero for known or suspected carcinogens.
MCLs are the enforceable standards which are set as close to the MCLG as feasible.
Feasible means the level of contamination control that can be achieved by using the
best technology or treatment technique or other means (takingcost into consideration)
after examining the technique for efficacyunder field conditions Notevery contaminant
has an MCL or MCLG, however. In some instances, the EPA will adopt a specific
treatment technique to prevent contamination when it is neither economically nor
technically feasible to measure for the presence of a contaminant in drinking water.
To be in compliance with the NPDWRs, a public water system must not exceed
applicable MCLs and must adhere to related monitoring, reporting, and public
notification requirements.
Program Background • 2-5
-------
Section 2
The New Requirements
Partly in response to a growing awareness of the potential threat to drinking water
supplies, the United States Congress amended the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1986.
The Amendments set mandatory deadlines for the following areas:
• regulation of key contaminants;
• monitoring of unregulated contaminants;
• establishment of benchmarks for treatment technologies;
• improvement of enforcement authorities; and
• providing major new authorities (i.e., the Sole Source Aquifer and
Wellhead Protection Programs) to protect groundwater resources.
The 1986 Amendments also prohibited the use of lead solder, flux, and pipes
(known as the Lead Ban). In 1988, Congress also passed the Lead Contamination
Control Act of 1988 (LCCA), which includes requirements regulating lead-lined
water coolers, lead in schools, and lead screening programs.
As of early 1990, it is clear that the Agency will not meet the ambitious regulatory
development schedule established by the 1986 Amendments. Resolving the complex
scientific, economic and implementation issues in the regulatory development pro-
cess will take additional time. There has been, however, considerable progress made
and EPA is well on its way to completing the regulations mandated by the Amend-
?nts (sec Figure 3). EPA has already
smulgated/ina/ rules for the following:
MCLs/MCLGs for 9 Volatile
Organic Chemicals (Phase I VOCs);
MCL/MCLG for Flounde;
Drinking Water Regulatory Development Schedule*
Contaminant/Requirement Final Rule" Effective Date'"
Ruonde 4/86 10/87
Lead Ban (SDWA 1417) 6/86 6/86
Phase I Volatile Organics 6/87 1/89
Public Notification 10/87 4/89
Lead Ban Policy Guidance 9/88 3/89
Surface Water Treatment Rule 6/39 12/90
Total Coliform Rule 6/89 12/90
Lead/Copper 1990 6/91
Phase II38 Contaminants 1991 1992
Phase III Radtonudtdes 1992 1993
Phase V 25 Contaminants 1992 1993
Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products 1993"** 1994
Additional List Contaminants 1994"" 1996
In addition to (he schedule shown above, the 1986 SDWA Amendments require
EPA to develop regulations tor 25 additional contaminants tor every three-year
period beginning in 1991
" All dates alter August 1990 are estimated
"* EPA Rules are generally effective 18 months after being finalized State rules
are required to be adopted by the EPA effective dale Rules require specific
best available treatment technology (BATs) for use in controlling each regu-
lated contamant
"" These estimated dales are currently being reconsidered. Seoianber 1990
• Monitoring for 51 unregulated
contaminants;
• Surface Water Treatment
Requirements; and
• Total Coliforms.
The followingare rules proposedby EPA
for public comment:
• Lead and Copper and corrosion by-
products;
• MCLs/MCLGs for 38 contaminants
(Phase C SOCs/IOCs); and
• MCLs/MCLGs for 25 organic and
inorganic contaminants (Phase V).
These proposed rules are expected to be
finalized in 1990,1991, and 1992 respec-
tively. Lastly,EPA will propose additional
regulations coveting:
• MCLs/MCLGs for Radionuclides
(Phase m); and
• MCLs/MCLGs for disinfection
chemicals and by-products (Phase
Via).
Pro -ram Background • 2-6
-------
Section 2
F!G UR B
Regulated Universe of Public Water Systems
ToUl Public Water System* = 198,774
Transient
Non-Community
Systems
sax
NwvTrantltnl
NoivCommunlty
Sy*l*ms
12%
SOURCE: Federal Reporting Data System. July 1990
Type of Ownership—Community Water Systems*
100
ttf^. •""*•-;•>:;!, ,Hd[ti.i;l~ir [ '•'".', -IT""*
Community Water Systems Size Distribution
•• P»io»U9» 01 Ccnvnunly Wilw 9r*l«ni
PERCENT CJ P.MOWUO** T*« POC.VM.M i~>-
M —
—
M —
40 —
0 —
• 9%
s
ki
Vwy
S»MB
_
-
•-
-
ni
la
10»i
•
Pli
Snwll UKUum U
SIZE CATEGORY
4 »X
'»•
_
-
-
-
V*ryl
-1
-
—
-
*B»
SOURCE: Federal Reporting Data SvsterTt, Julv 1990.
vm j> iQjCDD
Individual Wn«r-SytHm s«rvic» Area Population
Note: PrmnUgM May Not Add Due to Rounding and Nai-lndu>lon at Indian SyMcim
SOURCE: Federal Reporting Data System, FY1986and FY1987.
1986 Survey of Community Water Systems.
Through enactment of the 1986 Amendments, Con-
gress presented the EPA drinking water program with
a major challenge. Now in 1990, that challenge is well
on the way to beingrealized. Establishing new standards
andmonitoringrequirements,improvingenforcement
authorities to enhance compliance, and planning to
meet the increased costs of the new regulations are just
a few of the steps EPA is taking to implement the Safe
Drinking Water Amendments of 1986. To encourage
early and effective action, the Agency has begun mo-
bilizing state and local governments, water suppliers
and private business into partnerships to properly and
effidentlyimplernentthenewregu la tions. The Agency's
goal is nothing less than to insure quality drinking
water for all citizens.
The Nature of the Regulated
Community
Presently, there are approximately 200,000 public wa-
ter systems (PWSs) regulated under the SOW A. Of
these, approximately 60,(XX) are community water sys-
tems (CVVSs), about 25,000 are non-transient non-com-
munity (NTNC) water systems, and approximately
115,000 arc transient non-community (TNO water
systems (see Figure 4).
CWSs A CWS is defined as any permanent system
pro viding water to more than 15 serviceoutlctsor to the
same 25 people at least 60 days a year. Community
water systems range from water treatment plants serv-
ing major cities to systems serving a single trailer park.
Only about four percent of the nation's approximately
200,000 public water systems are CWSs serving popu-
lations greater than 3300. These approximately 7,500
systems constitute the nation's major water utilities
whi chare owned and operated by local unitsof govern-
ment or private water companies. The majority of
Americans obtain their water from these systems. Most
CWSs, however, are small, serving less than 3300
people and are mostly privately-owned and operated.
Figures 5 and 6 provide additional information con-
cerning the size/population distribution and the size/
ownership distribution of CWSs.
NTNC Water Systems Unlike CWSs, NTNC water
systems do not service year-round residential popula-
tions. Rather, they serve a daily average of at least 25 of
the same individuals for at least six months out of the
year. The most common types of NTNC water systems
are rural schools, factories, and restaurants which have
their own well or other individual supply source (see
Figure 7). Historically, NTNC water systems were
required to meet only those standards designed to
Program Background • 2-7
-------
Section 2
Non-Transient Non-Community Water Systems
taurcnU
10%
Manufacturing
10%
Total Number of Systems = 24,468*
•SOURCE: Federal ReportinR Data Svstcm, )ulv 1900
»v "" i*^7**- -TV- , \ , . • • ^^
fc^ •• . •szi-i.v-ii' ' •" i: • ?J' • . • • • • • , y
™
*3^&^m 1 1" • •"*>- •"•• --4- "•"'
Classification and Number ol Public Water Systems
System Type
System Size Population
Served
Very Large/Large > 10.000
Medium 3300-10.000
Small 500-3300
Very Small 25-500
Community Non-Community
Non-Transient Transient
3.267 11
4.214 95
14.243 2.476 4
37.241 21.886 111
Total Systems 58.965 24.468 115
SOURCE: Federal Rroortinc Data SvMcm, Mv 1990.
44
247
029
021
341
Types of Public Water Systems
prevent short-term health problems such as bacteria,
nitrates, and turbidity.
As a result of the 1986 Amendments, NTNCs are
being required to meet the same standards as com-
munity systems since their service populations con-
sist of long-term users. In fact, relative to their home
consumption, many individuals consume more of
their drinking water at school or in the work place. Of
the approximately 25,000 NTNC water systems, 89
percent are very small water systems—service popu-
lations of less than 500 people (see Figure 8).
TNC Water Systems Like NTNCs, transient non-
community water systems do not service year-round
community populations. TNCs service transient
populations of at least 25 individuals daily. That is,
they do not serve the same 25 individuals on a con-
tinual basis as do NTNCs. In addition, TNCs need
operate only 60 days out of the year to be subject to
regulation. The most common types of
TNC water systems include rest stops,
restaurants, campgrounds, park facili-
ties, and gas stations.
There arcapproximatdy 115,QOOTNC
watersystemsof which the vast majority
are very small systems (sec Figure 8).
As with CWSs and NTNCs, the vast
majority of TNCs arc groundwater
systems. Unlike CWSs and NTNCs,
TNCs arc required to meet only those
standards designed to prevent short-
term health problems such as bacteria,
nitrates, and turbidity. Asa result of the
1986 SOW A Amendments, the 3 per-
cent of TNCs that do utilize surface
water supplies will be required to meet
standards forfiltration and disinfection.
For additional information on the types
of public water systems,consultFigures
9 and 10.
The Public Water System (PWS) Is a system which has at least
fifteen service connections or regularly serves an average of at
least twenty-five Individuate dally for at least 60 daya a year. EPA
breaks PWS's down Into the following:
®The Community Water System (CWS) n a Public Water System wnich
serves year-round residents.
/2\ The Noo-transisnt Non-Community (NTNC) Water System means a
^y Public Water System that is not a Communty Water System and that
regularly serves at least 25 ol the same persons over a penod ol six
months per year. NTNCs include schools, workplaces, and hospnais
which have their own water supply.
/Js The Transiem Non-Community (TNC) Water System is a Public Water
'*•' System which serves different people everyday. TNCs include
campgrounds, gas stations, and roadside rest slope.
Implementation Issues
Given the number and nature of the
standards being developed by EPA asa
resultofthel986SDWA Amendments,
a numberof implementation issuesarise
for members of the drinking water
community. The availability of re-
sources to meet requirements is the
fundamental implementation issue.
This is especially true for small systems
and State drinking water programs.
The nature of the implementation
Program Background • 2-8
-------
Section 2
Distribution of Public Water Systems by
System Type and Source Water (FY1987)
•» WM9W PWSTTYPBMHr SOURCETYPEW POPUtAHOWfe
-160 Million
-78 Million
-1.5 Million ]
•21 Million
SOURCE: Federal Reporting Data System, July 1990.
Proportion of Violations of Drinking Water
Requirements Among Community Water Systems
(CWSs)
o 100
0
>
50%
o%
Small CWSs' Medium and
Large CWSs"
Service populations ot <3300 people,
" Service populations respectively of 3300 to 10,000
people and >10,000 people.
SOURCE: Federal Reporting Data System. FiscaJ Year 1989
Types of Small Community Water Systems*
Total Number of Small Systems -52.000
Horn* Ownw«
Association*
15%
1 Those CWSs that have service populations of <3300 people.
problems for small systems and State
programs isdiscussed briefly below and
in more detail under the appropriate
Mobilization Initiative section.
The Small Systems Problem
About 87 percent of the nation's ap-
proximately 60,000 CWSs serve less than
3300 persons. Of these approximately
52,000 systems, nearly 75 percent serve
less than 500 persons. Clearly, in terms
ofsheernuJTtber5ofsvstems,implemen-
tation of the SDWA requirements is a
"small systems problem." But the chal-
lenge of small system implementation
goes much deeper than numbers.
Implementation of the new requirements will not be
easy for anyone. New drinking water standards mean
increased requirements and higher costs. Currently, me-
dium (3300 to 10,000 people served) and large systems
(greater than 10,000 people served) arc largely in compli-
ance and have the means to fully and expeditiousiy
comply as new rules arc promulgated. Due to larger
service populations, large systems generally possess sub-
stantial revenue bases, reasonable rates, management
sophistication, engineering/planning knowledge, and
financial capabilities. This combination of resources al-
lows them to install needed treatment and increase moni-
toring while maintaining affordable rates. In addition,
due to the large populations that they serve, anything less
than complete and timely compliance would be unac-
ceptable to EPA, the States, and the general public.
In contrast, small and very small PWSs, with their small
and less dense service populations, have much difficulty
consistently delivering safe drinking water at affordable
prices. Recall from the above discussion that the vast
majority of PWSs are small and very small water systems
(i.e.,87percentof
-------
Section 2
Mobile home park and homeowner associations systems are are very weak
institutional arrangements for the provision of drinking water. Mobile home park
systems are often neglected by park owners because water supply is not their
principal business activity. Homeowner associations are created for water supply
provision because residential developments are often isolated from larger commu-
nity water systems. Homeowner assodations,along with mobile home parks, usually
lack the managerial and technical expertise and financial resources necessary for
successful water system development and operation.
EPA estimates that the total compliance costs for the new drinking water regula-
tions is $15 billion per year (see Figure 13). Sixty-eight (68) percent—or 1.7 billion
dollars—of those total costs will fall upon small and very small PWSs (see Figure 14).
For most small CWSs, the most significant compliance costs will be those associated
with monitoring and reporting requirements. Many small CWSs, however, will be
confronted with further costs of installing and operating treatment, disinfection, and
corrosion control systems. For most NTNC and TNC water systems, the vast majority
of costs will be those associated with monitoring and reporting requirements
These compliance costs will place a severe strain on most small water systems of
every type and classification, unless user fees and water ratcsare increased appropri-
ately. Figure 15 displays the percentage of median family income spent on various
utilities since 1950. Note that water rates have consistently remained below one
percent, significantly lower than telephone, electncity, and natural gas. Further,
t«lii55?^!»«Elt^Cfc35s^
-------
Section 2
Annual Compliance Cost by System Size*
(Millions 1986$)
11500-
1200-
900-
600-
300-
V»ry Small Small Urge
(.3,300)- (3,300-10,000) (>10,000)
Monitoring
Treatment
TOTAL
154
1,255
$1,409
25
254
$279
29
771
$800
Percent of Median Family Income Spent on
VMT
Average Water Rates Distributed by System Size
VERY SMALL
IABOE
JO?
Figure 16 indicates that water rates increase with decreasing system size. For our
largest urban systems, monthly water bills are in the area of $10, whereas for small
rural systems monthly water billsaverageabout$21 with many such systems having
rates that are significantly higher than the average. The point is that small CWSs are
currently faced with higher user costs, and compliance with the new requirements
will increase user costs even further. Americans will quickJy need to understand that
drinking water has been grossly undervalued and that they will be asked to lend
increased public support for higher user fees.
The increases in small system
compliance costs become dear
upon examination of the kinds
of treatment which some sys-
tems may need to install in or-
der to comply with the 1986
SOW A Amendments and the
per household costs associated
with the use of these technolo-
gies. Figure 17 illustrates that
about 45 percent of the 3,406
small CWSs which use surface
water will need to install one
formof treatment—h'ltrabonor
corrosion control. Thirty-nine
(39) percent of small CWSs will
need to install two forms of
treatment—filtration and cor-
rosion control. Figure 17 also
indicates, forexample, that very
small CWSs (25 to 100 custom-
ers) needing filtration and cor-
rosion control could face costs
of $400 to $1200 per household
per year. Whereas the per
household annual costs for
large systems is only $13 per
year.
S«r,lc« Ar«i Populilioo—lndlvl«u«l W.l.r Syit.
Out of the population—
39% pays less than $100 annually
39% pays between $100-200 annually
3% pays more than $500 annually
Program Background • 2-11
-------
Section 2
Rgures 18 illustrates the treatment and per household cost impacts for ground wa-
ter systems. Note that very small ground water CWSs (25 to 100 customers), which
need four types of treatment, could face costs of $560 to $1700 per household per year.
When compared to the current average small CWS monthly user fee of S21 permonth,
this represents upwards of a seven-fold increase to about $160 per month. These cost
projections emphasize the need for development and approval of appropriate, low-
cost technologies for small water systems.
^ FIGURE
Treatment Needs for Surface Water CWS*
Serving <3300 People
Attscled Surface Water
Syclems « 3,406
Ho Trvilnwnl
12%
Sourer: \JS EPA. TjttmMn of (he Toul fonHlu ind Ta«J Cow
AMOCUltd wah impif mrnutlon d Ihf 1»«4 SDWA/ Mjn* 1 WO.
Projected Estimated Annual Costs for House-
holds Served by Affected Surface Water CWSs
Individual Household Costs (Wear)
Treatment Required
Filtration
Corrosion Control
Filtration and
Corrosion Control
2J-100'
330-990
80-240
400-1200
Syetem Size
1 000-3300
95
20
115
75.000-100.000
9
4
13
•Costs in small systems may vary widely depending on use of
appropriate technologies.
GURBtr
Treatment Needs for Groundwater CWSs
Serving <3300 People
Affected Groundwaler System* . 42,656
-^-- 1 "»^^ DSF and CC 114%)
X^ ^V. CC and PTA (7%)
X _ XpSF and PTA (3%)
/^ Treatment X
/ 42% 2 TfvatiMMt* \
\4^*^. '•••!' 4s|^j|j^3 Treatment*
Ho 4/OlrW P^S)*"1
Treatment Treatment*
16% 4%
IE . ton Exchange and PTA(<1%)
DSF . Dttlrtecuon
CC - Corrosion Control
PTA - PacMd Tower Aeration
Sourer US. H"A. "E«linitti o< th« Toul BcnrftB *nd Toul Colt
AttaOUmd wtth ImplcnvntatlDn at UK V)tt> SOW A." Much 1 WO.
Projected Annual Costs for Households Served
by Affected Groundwater CWSs
Individual Household Costs (S/Year)
Treatment Required
CC
DSF
PTA
DSF and CC
CC and PTA
DSF and PTA
DSF, CC. and PTA
DSF. CC, IE. and
PTA
Syitem Size
25-100 1000-5300 75.0OO-100.0OO
80-240 20 4
140-420 335 3
160-460 40 8
220-660 55 6
240-720 60 11
300-900 70 10
400-1200 95 14
560-1 700 245 50
CC - Corroaion Control PTA > Padwd Tower Aeration
DSF . D«ml»aion IE- Ion Excrtano*
•Costs In small systems may vary widely depending on use of
appropriate technologies.
Program Background • 2-12
-------
Section 2
The State Drinking Water Program Capacity Problem
EPA relies on each of the States (namely the primacy agencies) to run the Federally
mandated PWSS program at the State level. Accordingly, all State primacy agencies
must adopt and enforce all new or revised regulations by their effective date (usually
18 months after EPA promulgates a given regulation). In order to obtain or retain
primacy, each State must continually demonstrate that its program is adequately
funded and meets various requirements.
As new requirements are adopted, however, State programs will have great
difficulty expanding to incorporate the increased tasks associated with oversight and
enforcement of these new regulations.
The Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) and EPA
conducted a survey in 1988 to quantify the resources required by States to manage the
"current" Federal drinking water program and those that would be required to
implement and manage the new requirements under the SOW A. Based upon State
responses to the survey, i t was estimated that the annual costs of the current drinking
water program were SI 29 million. Actual expenditures toward the current program
were estimated to be 595 million. Of this amount, S32 million or 34 percent consisted
of Federal funds. A comparison of the estimated resources required to manage the
current program to those actually expended illustrate that a shortfall of $34 million
exists.
With respect to the new SDVV A rcqui rcmcnts
be required between 1987 and 1992 for initial"
Shortfall of Funds Necessary to Implement the
State Drinking Water Program*
Funding for
Current State Programs
St*t» Contribution
C63 Million
Funding for Current and
New Requirements
[Total - $129 million per year|
Currant PW8
Program Shortfall
$34 Million
Current
Program Funding
S95 Million
[Total » $281 million per year!
•Form* new raqutonwm, and addilonal $180
miller Oollan In orw-Bmg costs I* «wo nocMury.
SOURCE Adapted from "State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act
Amendments. ASDWA/EPA, August 1989.
,Statesestimated thatSlSOmillion will
one-time" costs related to implemen-
tation.Therequiremcntsincluded
in this estimate were the Volatile
ganic Chemicals Rule, Surface
Water Treatment Rule, Total Col-
iforms Rule, Phase II Rule (inor-
ganicchcmicals, synthetic organic
chemicals, and pesticides), Lead,
Copper, and Corrosion Control
Rule,and the Radionuclides Rule.
The States further estimated that
after 1992, total annual costs for
meetingnewSDWArequirements
will be approximately $150 mil-
lion (see Figure 19).
The bottom line for most States
is that they will need to "beef up
their programs to fully implement
and manage the requirements of
the law, while at the same time,
develop methods to help the
regulated community comply.
Accomplishing these tasks suc-
cessfully will require an influx of
resources into State programs.
Since forthcoming Federal funds
are not likely to increase signifi-
cantly, the burden will be placed
on States to finance the funding
shortfall. Since most States are
experiencing funding probiemsof
their own, creative and altema-
Program Background • 2-13
-------
Section 2
tivewaysoffundingdiinkingwaterprogramsmustbesoughL Primacy retention wffl
undoubtedly become an issue if States are unable to adequately expand the capacity
of their drinking water programs.
Dramatic increases in Federal funding are unlikely; therefore. States are faced with
increasing their budgets and/or cutting back on current program activities in order
to address the new requirements. Critical program elements such as publiceducation,
staff training, special studies, inspections and sanitary surveys are often cited as
activities most likely to be limited when resources are scarce.
References
VS. EPA, "Estimates of the Total Benefits and Total Costs Associated with
Implementation of the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act,"
March 1990.
D D D
Pro ram Back round • 2-14
-------
Regulatory Overview
-------
Section 3
Regulatory Overview
-------
Section3
With the 1986
Amendments,
Congress
revised and
expanded the
regulatory
requirements
for public
water systems.
Overview of Regulatory
Requirements under the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Amendments of 1986
Introduction
Following is an overview of the regulatory requirements that have and will be
developed as a result of the 1986 Amendments. The requirements will be presented
in throe categories:
(1) Final Rules;
(2) Proposed Rules; and
(3) Rules Yet-To-Be-Proposcd.
For rules in the first two categories, citations for the Federal Register (FR) and Title
40, Part 141 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) have been used when
appropriate. The dates and schedules for rules that have not yet appeared in the
Federal Register are based on estimations offered by EPA's Office of Drinking Water.
Please note: Only final rules that have reached their effective dates are rules that
must be followed by public water systems. Proposed rules are subject to both public
scrutiny and comment, and, in some cases, may change before they are finalized.
However, it is important to include proposed and vet-to-be-proposed rules in this
overview because public water system owner/operators, regulatory officials, local
governments and commissions, public health offkials.and the general public need to
get the "big picture", and need to begin to plan and prepare for the future.
Final Rules
Following is an outline of the regulatory requirements for the rules which have been
finalized:
Fluoride
• Final rule in the April 2,1986 Federal Register (51 FR 11396);
• Established enforceable primary MCL of 4.0 mg/1;
• Established non-enforceable secondary MCL of 2.0 mg/1;
• Established sampling and analytical requirements, as follows:
Regulatory Overview • 3-1
-------
Sections
— Community water systems using surface water sample initially within
one year of effective date (by 10/2/87) and repeat at yearly intervals;
— Community water systems using ground water sample initially within
two years of effective date (by 10/2/88) and repeat every three years;
— Samples are taken at the entry point to the distribution system;
— The State may increase or decrease the monitoring frequency;
— If monitoring is reduced, the determination must be made in writing,
and the frequency can be lowered to no less than every ten years;
— If MCL is exceeded, State must be notified within 7 days, and system
must initiate three additional analyses at the same sampling point
within one month;
— If the average of the four samples exceeds the MCL, then the system
must notify the State and submit public notification to all users of the
system;
— Compliance with the MCL shall be determined based on each
sampling point. If any sampling point is determined to be out of
compliance, the system is deemed to be out of compliance;
Special requirements for public notification— including specific language
regarding health effects— contained in 40 CFR1435 (part of the
secondary drinking water regulations).
Requirement Scenarios for Fluoride
Minimum requirements:
— Surface water or groundwater source;
— Initial sample and analysis; MCL not exceeded;
— Consequent monitoring reduced to every 10 years.
Maximum requirements:
— Surface or groundwater source;
— Initial sample and analysis (or any consequent sampling interval, MCL is exceeded;
— Three additional samples and analyses, MCL still exceeded;
— Public notice requirements;
— Ongoing monitoring at a frequency determined by the State, until MCL has not been
exceeded for two successive monitoring periods, or until conditions of exemption or
variance are effective.
VOCs
• Final rule in the July 8,1987 Federal Register (52 FR 25690);
• Established enforceable MCLs for eight VOCs;
VOC MCL(mgfl)
Benzene 0.005
Vinyl chloride 0.002
Carbon tetrachloride 0.005
1,2-Dkhloroethane 0.005
Trichloroethylene 0.005
1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007
1,1.1-Trichloroethane 0.02
para-Dichlorobenzene 0.075
Regulatory Overview • 3-2
-------
Section 3
Established non-enforceable MCLGs for eight VOCs;
Established "phased-in" monitoring schedule, as follows:
Persons served
More than 10,000
3,300 to 10^)00
Less than 3300
Monitoring to begin by:
January 1, 1988
January 1, 1989
January 1, 1991
Established both initial and repeat monitoring frequencies for systems,
based on nature of source (surface or ground), vulnerability to
contamination, and detection of contaminants during monitoring. The
frequencies are displayed below.
Established public notification requirements for violations of MCLs;
Established cntcna and procedures for use of point-of-entry and other
non
-------
Section 3
Requirement Scenarios for VOCs
Minimum requirements:
System— surface water source, non-vulnerable, no detection of VOCs;
Requirements — quarterly samples for one year, repeated only at discretion of the
State.
Maximum requirements:
System— ground-water source with multiple wells, regardless of vulnerability,
detection of VOCs in initial monitoring period;
Requirements—quarterly samples for three years unless waived by the State, and
public notification requirements (initial notices to all users of the system and conse-
quent notices until situation is corrected).
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Part of VOC rule in July 8,1987 Federal Register (52 FR 25715);
Established "phased in" monitoring schedule for 51 unregulated
contaminants, based on size of system like VOC monitoring schedule;
.(Reminder Systems serving less than 3,300 persons must begin
monitoring no later than January 1,1991)
The 51 unregulated contaminants are split into three groups.
; CroupIT I^uii^for^Systans (34>^j
Chloroform, Bromodichloromethane, Chlorodibromomcthane,
Bromofomn, trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene, as-l^-Dichloroethylene,
Chlorobenzcne, m-dichlorobenzcne, o-dichlorobenzene,
Dibromomcthane, 1,1-Dichloropropene, Tetrachloroethylene, Toluene, o-,
m-,and p-Xylene, Dichloromethane, 1,1-Dichloroethane, 1,2-
Dichloropropane, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, Ethylbenzene, 1,3-
Dichloropropane, Styrene, Chloromethane, Bromomethane, 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane, l,l,l^-Tetrachloroethane,Chloroetnane, 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane, 2,2-Dichloropropane, o-Chlorotoluene, p-Chlorotoluene,
Bromobenzene, 1,3-Dichloropropene
Croup 2. Required for Vulnerable Systems (2)
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
U-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)
Croup 3. Required at State Discretion (15)
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene,
n-Propylbenzene, n-Butylbenzene, Naphthalene, Hexachlorobutadiene,
13/5-Trimethylbenzene, p-Isopropyltoluene, Isopropylbenzene, tert-
Butylbenzene, sec-Butylbenzene, Fluorotrichloromethane,
Dichlorodifluoromethane, Bromochloromethane
Regulatory Overview • 3-4
-------
Section 3
Owner/operators of community and non-transient non-community water
systems must submit a copy of the monitoring results to the State within
30 days of receipt of the laboratory analysis;
The owner/operator shall notify persons served by the system of the
availability of the results of the monitoring program, either in the first set
of bills after receipt of results or via written notice within three months.
Requirement Scenarios for Unregulated Contaminants
Minimum requirements:
— Monitor and report on only 34 contaminants;
Maximum requirements:
— Monitor and report on all 51 contaminants.
Public Notification
Final rule in the October 28,1987 Federal Register (52 FR 41534); effective
on April 28,1989.
Amends general public notification regulations;
Amends the public notification regulations for exccedances of the national
secondary drinking water regulations for fluoride to make them
consistent with the new general notification requirements;
Establishes special public notice requirements for lead contamination of
drinking water; these requirements include:
— Notice must be submitted by all community and non-transient non-
community systems;
— Nobcc must be submitted to all users of the system beginning no later
than June 19,1988;
— Nonce must be given either by: (1) three consecutive newspaper
notices, (2) one-time notice in the water bill or by direct mail, or (3)
one-time hand delivery;
— Non-transient non-community systems may provide notice by
continuous posting;
— Notices must comply with content requirements, as established for
general public notification (see above);
— Notices must contain specific mandatory health effects information.
Established new requirements regarding the manner, form, content, and
frequency of the public notice; these include:
(1) Classification of Violations:
— Tier 1: Violations directly related to potential adverse health effects,
including "acute" and "non-acute" violations;
— Tier 2: Violations that do not pose a direct threat to public health, but
nonetheless warrant public notice.
Regulatory Overview • 3-5
-------
Section3
(2) Form and Contents of Notice
Each notice must contain the following:
— A clear and understandable explanation of the violation;
— Information about potential adverse health effects, including specific
mandatory language that must be provided by all systems with Tier 1
violations and by all systems that have been issued a variance or
exemption;
— Identification of the population at risk;
— An indication of the steps being taken to correct the problem;
— Information about the need for an alternative water supply, if any;
— Explanation of preventive measures to be taken until the violation is
corrected.
Each notice must inform the public in a simple, understandable manner.
As such, the regulations require the following:
— Notices must be clear and conspicuous (easily seen and read);
— Nonces must not contain unduly technical language;
— Notices must not contain unduly small print;
— Notices must include the phone number of the owner, operator, or
designee of the public water system;
— Where appropriate, notices must be multilingual.
(3) Manner of notice (depending on type of violation, type of system, and
options available to the system):
— Through the local electronic media (radio and TV);
— In the local daily newspaper;
— By direct mail;
— In the customers' water bills;
— By hand delivery; and,
— By continuous posting in a conspicuous place.
(4) Tuning and frequency of notice:
Within 72 hours
— Notices by all systems via the electronic media for Tier 1 Acute
violations; or
— Notices by non-community systems via hand delivery or posting
for Tier 1 Acute violations.
Within 14 days
— Newspaper notices by all systems for all Tier 1 violations; or
— Notices by non-community systems by posting or hand delivery.
Within 45 days
— Notices by all community water systems by direct mail, in water
bills, or by hand delivery for all Tier 1 violations.
Within 3 months
— Newspaper notices by all systems for Tier 2 violations; or
— Notices by non-community systems by posting or hand delivery
for Tier 2 violations. •
Regulatory Overview • 3-6
-------
SectionS
Repeated eveiy 3 months
— All notices given by all systems by direct mail or hand delivery for
both Tier 1 and Tier 2 violations.
Continuous notice
— All notices given by posting, for as long as the violation exists.
Requirement Scenarios for Public Notification
Minimum requirements:
— One-time special public notice for lead;
— No violations of regulations that require public notice.
Maximum requirements:
— (>K^hnrK?speaalpublicrK)hrcforlcad,arKisubsco^cTitrKDticeraquiredbytheState;
— A Tier 1 Acute violation of the regulations, which requires:
(1) Nobcc to the State within 43 hours;
(2) Notice by electronic media within 72 hours;
(3) Written nonce in the local daily newspaper within 14 days;
(4) Notice in the mail within 45 days, unless waived by the State;
(5) Nobccinthenuileverythrcxjmonthsorcontinuouspostingforthroernonths
Total Conforms
Final rule in June 29,1989 Federal Register (54 FR 27544);
Established enforceable MCL based on presence or absence of total
coliforms, rather than coliform density;
For systems required to take less than 40 samples per month (which
includes systems serving less than 3,300 persons), no more than one
coliform positive sample is allowed;
If a total coliform positive sample is followed by a total coliform positive
repeat sample(s), and at least one of them is positive for fecal coliforms or
E. Coli, men the system would be in an acute violation of the MCL, and
would have to notify the public of an acute risk to health;
Routine monitoring requirements are as follows:
— Samples must be collected at sites which are representative of water
throughout the distribution system according to a written sample
siting plan;
— Monitoring frequency for community water systems is based on the
population served, as follows (only up to 3,300 included):
Minimum number of
Persons served samples per month
25tol,000* 1
1,001 to 2,500 2
2,501 to 3300 3
(• note: includes public water systems which have at least 15 service
connections, but serve fewer than 25 persons.)
Regulatory Overview • 3-7
-------
Sections
— Community water systems serving 25 to 1,000 persons may have
frequency reduced to as low as one sample per quarter if the system
has no history of total coliform contamination arid a recent sanitary
survey (within 5 years) shows that the system is solely supplied by a
protected groundwater source and is free of sanitary defects;
— A Non-community water system using only groundwater and
serving less than 1,000 persons, monitors only during each calendar
quarter in which it serves drinking water; this may be reduced by the
State in writing; but after June 29,1994 it must be no less than once
per year;
— A Non-community water system using only groundwater and
serving greater than 1,000 people (including systems up to 3300
people) monitors as often as a community system of the same
population size; may be reduced for the months in which the system
serves less than 1,000 persons (for example, when a school is out of
session in the summer);
— Non-community water systems using surface water monitor as often
as community systems of the same size;
— All systems collect samples at regular intervals throughout the
month; however, if system uses only groundwater and serves less
than 4,900 persons, the samples can be collected on the same day,
provided they are from different sites;
• Repeat monitoring requirements are as follows:
— All repeat samples should be taken within 24 hours of notice of
positive routine sample;
— Samples should be collect upstream and downstream, as well as at
the place where a positive sample was taken;
— All repeats should be taken in the same day, except for single service
connections;
— If any repeat samples arc coliform-positive, then collect another set of
repeat samples;
— If a system collects fewer than 5 samples per month (which includes
systems serving less than 3300 persons), and it has one or more
coliform-positive samples, then the system must take 5 samples in the
next month.
• Established criteria for invalidation of total coliform-positive samples and
total coliform-negative samples.
• Established requirements for sanitary surveys, as follows:
— Systems that collect less than five samples per month must undergo
initial sanitary survey—community systems by June 29,1994, and
non-community systems by June 29,1999; must undergo further
surveys every five years;
— Non-community systems that use only protected and disinfected
groundwater must undergo subsequent surveys every 10 years;
— Sanitary surveys must be performed by the State or an agent of the
State, and the system is responsible for ensuring the survey takes
place.
Regulatory Overview • 3-8
-------
Sections
Established reporting requirements—within 48 hours of violation, unless
otherwise indicated in the regulations;
Established public notification requirements —(1) to include violation of
the MCL as an acute risk to human health, and (2) to require the use of
mandatory language for total coliforms and fecal coliforms/E. Coli;
Established non-enforceable MCLGs for total coliforms (including fecal
coliforms and E. Coli) — set at "zero."
Requirement Scenarios for Total Coliforms
Minimum requirements:
Community Water System
— System serving 25 to 1,000 persons;
— Ground water source with no history of contamination;
— One sample per quarter, with no coliform-positives;
— Sanitary survey by June 1994, repeated every 5 years.
Non-Community Water System
— System serving less than 1,000 persons;
— Only using groundwatcr as a source;
— Sample during calendar quarters in which water is served;
— Sanitary survey by June 1999,rcpcatcd every 5 yearsdOyears if source is protected,
disinfected groundwatcr).
Maximum requirements:
Community Water System
— System serving 2,501 to 3,300*persons;
— Three samples per month - one is positive;
— Collect no less than 3 repeat samples and analyze;
— If repeats are positi ve, then take 3 more samples; unless system is in violation of the
MCL and notifies the state;
— Notify the State and submit public notification;
— Take at least 5 samples in the following month;
— Sanitary survey by June 1994, repeated every 5 years.
Non-Community Water System
— System serving 2,501 to 3,300* persons;
— Surface water is used as source;
— Initial and repeat monitoring same as community system;
— Notification requirements same as community system;
— Sanitary survey by June 1999, repeated every 5 years.
• Limited to systems serving less than 3,300 persons; sampling requirements increase with a corresponding
increase in system size.
Regulatory Overview • 3-9
-------
Section 3
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Final rale in the June 29,1989 Federal Register (54 FR 27486);
Established treatment technique requirements including disinfection, and
filtration if appropriate, in lieu of MCLs for Giardia lamblia, viruses,
heterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legiandla, and turbidity; and
Established sampling and analytical requirements for turbidity, and raw
water turbidity limits, effective until 12/30/90 andl2/30/91 respectively
for unfiltered and filtered systems. Established sampling and analytical
requirements, and filtered water turbidity limits, effective 6/30/93 for
filtered systems;
Systems must:
— Either meet the requirements for avoiding filtration or meet the
requirements for filtration.
The treatment technique requirements require systems to install and
properly operate water treatment processes which achieve the following:
— 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Ciardia lamblta cysts;
— 99.99 percent removal and /or inactivation of viruses;
The system must be operated by qualified personnel who meet the
requirements specified by the State;
Criteria to avoid filtration:
(1) Meeting source water quality conditions, which include:
— Compliance with fecal coliform and total colifonm criteria; and,
— Turbidity less than 5 NTUs.
(2) Meeting site specific conditions, which include:
— Compliance with disinfection requirements;
— Watershed control program;
— Annual on-site inspection for watershed control and disinfection;
— No history of disease outbreak; and,
— Compliance with MCL for total coliforms.
Disinfection requirements:
(1) For systems that do not provide filtration:
— Ensure 99.9 percent removal and /or inactivation of Giardia lamblia;
— Ensure 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses;
— Disinfection system must have redundant components or automatic
shut-off for delivery of water to the distribution system;
— Maintain a disinfectant residual concentration of at least 0.2 mg/1 prior
to entry into distribution system; and,
— Residual cannot be undetectable in samples taken prior to distribution
system in more than 5 percent of monthly samples, or the concentration
of heterotrophic plate count bacteria cannot be greater than 500/ml, for
any two consecutive months of service.
(2) For systems that do provide filtration:
— Atleast99.9and99.99percentinactivationand/orremovalrespectively
of Giardia lamblia and viruses;
— Maintain a disinfectant residual concentration of at least 0.2 mg/1 prior
to entry into distribution system;
Regulatory Overview • 3-10
-------
Section 3
— Residual cannot be undetectable in samples taken in the distribution
system in more than 5 percent of monthly samples, or the concentration
of heterotrophic plate count bacteria cannot be greater than 500/ml, for
any two consecutive months of service; and
— Ensure that filtered water turbidity is less than OS NTU in 95 percent of
samples each month for systems usingrapid granular filtration,and less
than 1 NTU in 95 percent of samples each month for systems using slow
sand and diatomaccous earth filtration.
Filtration requirements:
— Must provide treatment consisting of both disinfection (as above) and
filtration treatment which complies with the requirements for one of the
following:
(1) conventional or direct filtration (rapid sand);
(2) slow sand filtration;
(3) diatomaccous earth filtration; and,
(4) other appropriate filtration technologies.
Analytical and monitoring requirements:
Analytical— Only the analytical methods specified in the regulations, or
otherwise approved by EPA, may be used to demonstrate compliance;
Monitoring— Requirements differ for unfiltercd and filtered systems:
(1) Systems that do not provide filtration:
— Must perform fecal coliform and total coliform density measurements
weekly; Systems take samples according to following frequency;
Disinfectant Residual Monitoring
(without filtration)
Persons served
Less than 500
501 to 1,000
1,001 to 2300
2,501103,300
Samples per day
1
2
3
4
(Note: the samples cannot be taken at the same time; sam-
pling intervals are subject to State review and approval)
Persons served
Less than 500
501 to 3.300
3301 to 10,000
10,001 to 25,000
greater than 25,000
Samples per week
1
2
3
4
5
Disinfectant Residual Monitoring
(with filtration)
Persons served
Less than 500
501 to 1,000
1,001102,500
2,501 to 3300
Samples per day
1
2
3
4
Must perform turbidity measurements by grab
samples every 4 hours;
Must determine the total inactivation ratio for each
day of operation based on CT values;
Must conduct continuous monitoring of disinfection
residual concentration, unlessa system malfunctions,
in which case grab samples may be taken every 4
hours for up to 5 days;
Systems servinglessthan3,300 persons may take grab
samples instead of continuous monitoring, according
to frequencies in the chart at left. If disinfectant re-
sidual falls below 0.2 mg/I in a system using grab
sampling, the system must take a grab sample every
4 hours until the residual isequal to or greater than 02
mg/1, and the disinfectant residual concentration or
HFC samples are to be taken at the same time and
place as the total coliform samples, unless otherwise
allowed by the State.
Regulatory Overview • 3-11
-------
Sections
(2) Systems that do provide filtration:
— Ttirbidirysamplesmustbetakenatfrequenciesrangingfrornonceevery
four hours to once per day depending on the type of filtration, but
systems may use continuous monitoring if protocol is approved by the
State;
— State may reduce turbidity samples to one per day, depending on type
of filtration used;
— If systems serves less than 500 persons, the number of turbidity samples
may be reduced to one per day, with State approval; and
— Systems serving less than 3,300 persons may take grab samples instead
of continuous monitoring, according to frequencies in the chart at left. If
disinfectant residual falls below 0.2 mg/1 in a system using grab sam-
pling, the system must takea grabsampleevery4 hours until the residual
is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/1, and the disinfectant residual
concentration or HPC samples are to be taken at the same time and place
as the total coliform samples, unless otherwise allowed by the State.
Reporting and rccordkeeping requirements:
(1) Systems that do not provide filtration:
— Report by the end of the next business day on the following:
® discovery of watcrbome disease outbreaks,
® turbidity measurements greater than 5 NTUs, and
Q) disinfectant residual concentrations below 02 mg/1 at the point of
entry to the distribution system.
— Submit monthly report on source waterquality, within 10 days after the
end of each month in which water is served to the public;
— Submit information monthly on disinfection requirements, within 10
days after the end of the month in which water is served to the public;
— Submit annual report on watershed control program and the annual on-
site inspection, within 10 days after the end of the fiscal year (Sept 30);
(2) Systems that do provide filtration:
— Report by the end of the next business day on the following:
1) discovery of waterbome disease outbreaks,
2) turbidity measurements greater than 5 NTUs, and
3) disinfectant residual concentrations less than 02 mg/1 at the
point of entry to the distribution system.
— Submit monthly report on turbidity measurements, within 10 days of
the end of the month in which water is served to the public;
— Submit information monthly on disinfection requirements, within 10
days after the end of the month in which water is served to the public.
Regulatory Overview • 3-12
-------
Sections
Requirement Scenarios for SWTR
Minimum Requirements:
Systems Without Filtration
— System must be operated by qualified personnel;
— Comply with all analytical requirements;
— Satisfy criteria to avoid filtration, including:
(1) source water quality (coliforms, turbidity),
(2) watershed control; and
(3) compliance with disinfection requirements.
— Comply with all monitoring requirements, which include:
(1) 1-5 cohform analyses per week depending upon system size;
(2) continuousdisinfcction monitonngforsystemsservmggreaterthan3300pcople; 1-4 grab samples per
day, depending on system size, for monitoring the disinfectant residual concentration in systems
serving less than 3,300 persons;
(3) disinfection residual or HPC monitoring requirements in distribution system;
(4) daily determination of level of inacti vahon by disinfection; and
(5) turbidity samples every 4 hours.
— Satisfy all reporting and rccordkceping requirements, including:
(1) monthly report on water quality;
(2) monthly report on disinfection requirements; and
(3) annual report on watershed control plan.
Systems With Filtration
— Operated by qualified personnel;
— Comply with filtered water turbidity performance criteria;
— Comply with all analytical, filtration, and disinfection requirements;
— Comply with monitoring requirements, including:
(1) one turbidi ty sample every four hours (with allowance for reduction to) one turbidity sample per day
for systems serving less than 500 persons, per state approval;
(2) continuous disinfection monitoring for system serving greater than 3300 people; 1 -4 grab samples per
day, depending on system size, for monitoring the disinfectant residual concentration in systems
serving less than 3,300 persons; and
(3) disinfection residual or HPC monitoring requirements in distribution system.
— Satisfy reporting and recordkeeping requirements, including:
(1) monthly report on turbiditys; and
(2) monthly report on disinfection.
Regulatory Overview • 3-13
-------
5ecrion3
Proposed Rules
Following is an outline of the regulatory requirements that have been proposed by
EPA. Remember, these requirements are not yet final and are subject to change.
Lead and Copper Rule
• Proposed in the August 13,1988 Federal Register (54 FR 31516);
• Proposed a revision to the MCL for lead (from 0.05 mg/1 to QMS mg/1);
• Proposed a MCL for copper at 13 mg/1;
• Proposed MCLGs for both lead (zero) and copper (13 mg/1);
• Proposed the best available technology (BAT) for treatment of lead and
copper in source water;
• Proposed a treatment technique requirement which would require
optimal corrosion control to minimize lead and copper as a corrosion by-
product;
• Treatment technique requirement also includes the development of a
public education program to heighten public awareness of lead
contamination and reduce exposure to lead as a corrosion by-product.
• Final rule anticipated in January 1991;
• Effective date anticipated 18 months later (Winter/Spring 1992).
IOCS and SOCs-for Phase,ltew£
Inorganics:
Asbestos, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium,
Mercury, Nitrate, Nitrite, Selenium
Synthetic Orgardcs:
Aoylamide, AJachJor, Aldicarb, Aldicarb sul-
foxide, Aldicarb sulfone, Atrazine, Carbofu-
ran, Chlordane, Dibromochloropropane, o-
Dichlorobenzene, ds-l,2-Dichloroethylene,
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene, 1,2-Dichloro-
propane,2,4-D, Epkhlorohydrin, Ethylbenzene,
Ethylene Dibromide, Heptachlor, Heptachlor
epoxide, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Monochlo-
robenzene, PCBs, Pentacniorophenol, Styrene,
Tetrachloroethylene, Toluene, Toxaphene,
2,43-TP (Silvex), Xylenes (total)
Phase II Rule (lOCs and SOCs)
Proposed in the May 22,1989 Federal Register (54 FR 22062);
Proposed MCLs and MCLCs for 8 inorganic chemicals (lOCs) and 30
synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs).
Proposed the best available technology (BAT) upon which the MCLs are
based and the BAT for purposes of issuing variances;
• Proposed monitoring, reporting, and public
notification requirements for the 38 contaminants;
• Proposed monitoring requirements for 113
unregulated lOCs and SOCs; as proposed,
monitoring for these unregulated contaminants will
be largely determined by the States;
• Proposed secondary MCLs for nine contaminants,
including:
-Aluminum -Silver
-o-Dichlorobenzene -Styrene
- p-Dichlorobenzene - Toluene
- Ethylbenzene - Xylene
- Pentachlorophenol
• final rule anticipated in January 1991;
• Effective date anticipated in July 1992.
Regulatory Overview • 3-14
-------
Section 3
Phase V Rule (Remaining SOCs and lOCs)
Proposed in July 25,1990 Federal Register (55 FR 30370);
Proposed MCLs and MCLGs for 18 synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)
and sue inorganic chemicals (lOCs);
Proposed monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements for
these chemicals;
Proposed best available technology (BAT) upon which the MCLs are
based and BAT for the purposes of variances;
Proposed a secondary MCL (SMCL) for Hexachlorocydopentadiene
Final rule anticipated in March 1992;
Effective date anticipated in Fall 1993.
g£fc££^»&£g£^
Inorganics:
Antimony, Beryllium, Cyanide, Nickel, Sulfate, Thallium
Synthetic Organics:
Di (ethylhexyl) adipate, Dalapon, Dichloro-methane (methylene
chloride), Dinoscb, Diquat, Endothall, Endnn, Glyphosate,
Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorocydopentadiene, Oxamyl (vydate),
PAHs (Benzo-a-pyrene), Di (ethylhexyl) phthalate, Picloram, Simazine,
1,2,4-Tnchlorobenzcne, 1,1,2-Tnchloroethane, 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Rules Yet-To-Be-Proposed
The following rule arc required by the 1986 Amendments, but have not yet been
proposed by EPA. As mentioned earlier, these rules are "in the works", and EPA
anticipates they will be proposed and/or finalized according to the dates indicated
below. Be sure to follow the Federal Register to track these rules as they are proposed
and (eventually) finalized.
Radionuclides (Phase III)
• Proposed rule anticipated in March 1991;
— Will include MCLs, MCLGs, monitoring, reporting, and public
notification requirements for Radium 226, Radium 228, Uranium.
Radon, and beta particle and photon radioactivity; gross alpha
particle activity may not receive a proposed MCL, but it may be used
as a monitoring screen for the other radioactive contaminants.
• Final rule anticipated in Winter 1992;
• Effective date anticipated in Spring 1994.
Contaminants from the Drinking Water Priority List
In addition to the development of regulations for the list of 83 contaminants, the 1986
Amendents also require EPA to publish a list of contaminants that are known or
anticipated tooccur in drinkingwater and which may require future regulation—this
list is called the Drinking Water Priority List (DWPL).
Regulatory Overview • 3-15
-------
Section 3
E7A was required to publish the first list by January 1,1988, and subsequent lists
every three years thereafter. EPA published a draft DWPL in the July 8,1987 Federal
Register (52 FR 25720). Further, EPA must propose and finalize National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) for at least 25 contaminants on the DWPL
every three years beginning in 1991.
EPA believes that, with the promulgation of regulations for the list of 83 contami-
nants,many of thesignificantdrinking water contaminants will have been regulated.
The remaining anticipated drinking water problems are primarily in the area of
disinfection by-products and pesticides as well as some VOCs, organics, and SOCs.
Triennial use of the DWPL will be the primary vehicle by which EPA considers
substances/contaminants for futureregulation.The final DWPL was published in the
January 22,1988FedcrdR£gister(53FR1892).Arevisedlistis scheduled forpublication
in January 1991.
1,1,1,2-Tetrachlorocthane, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorocthane, 1,1-Dichloroethane, 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, 1,1-
Dichloropropane, 1,3-Dichloropropane, 2,2-Dichloropropane, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Aluminum,
Ammonia, Boron, Bromobcnzcne, Bromochloroacctorutnle, Bromodichloromcthane, Dichloroacetonitrile,
ETU, Mctolachlor, Metnbuzin, Molybdenum, Ozone By-Products, Silver, Sodium, Strontium,
Trichloroacetonitnle, Bromoform, Bromomcthanc, Chloramine, Chlorate, Chlorine, Chlorine dioxide,
Chlori te, ChJoroethane, Chloroform, Chloromethane, Chloropicnn, Cryptaspondium, Cyanazine, Cyanogen
chloride, Dibromoacctonitnle, Dibromochloromcthane, Dibromomethane, Dicamba,Trifluralin, Vanadium,
Zinc, o-Chlorotoluene, p-Chlorotoluene, Halongenatcd acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and other
ni biles.
Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products
(Phase VI-A)
• Proposed rule anticipated in Summer 1992;
— Will include 10 standards for chlonnation and ozonation, as well as
• the by-products created by these processes;
— As a companion rule, EPA will propose disinfection requirements for
ground water systems.
• Final rule anticipated in Winter 1993;
• Effective date anticipated in Spring 1995.
Additional List Contaminants (Phase VI-B)
• Proposed rule anticipated in 1992;
— Will include 15 standards for pesticides, lOCs, VOCs, and SOCs.
• Final rule anticipated in 1994;
• Effective date anticipated in 19%.
n
Regulatory Overview • 3-16
-------
State Program Capacity
-------
Section 4
State Program Capacity
Initiative
-------
Section 4
State Program Capacity
Initiative
The Stale Program Capacity Initiative is intended to address the critical
resource issues confronting State programs. It is recognized that creative and alternative
methods for funding drinking water programs must be found if the States are to retain their
pnmacy status. The State Program Capacity Initiative embodies two major activities, the
first of which involves educating officials who can have an influence on State capacity
issues about drinking water. The second activity of the Initiative is to help State drinking
water officials strategize ways to overcome their resource or capacity problems.
EPA
recognizes that
the1986SDWA
Amendments
will not be
successfully
implemented if
States are
unable to play
the lead role.
Introduction
Regulation of drinking water supplies traditionally has taken place at the State
level. The Federal government became involved in 1974 when Congress passed
the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This law called for the development of
uniform standards to assess drinking water quality and for consistency in State
regulatory procedures.
Congress recognized the value in States regulating their respective drinking
water supplies. The SDWA encouraged States to manage the Federal program.
Under the law, States could be granted "primacy" if they successfully exhibited to
EPA their technical and financial ability to implement and manage the program.
Pnmacy States were eligible to receive Federal grant funds to help offset program
costs. If a particular State did not apply or was not granted pnmacy, the SDWA
required that EPA operate a State-level program.
It was envisioned under the SDWA that the Federal government would prima-
rily be involved in drinking water from the perspective of research and devel-
opment, whereas the States would primarily be responsible for hands-on and day-
to-day regulatory activities. EPA,of course, would retain the authority to step into
States if their assistance had been requested or if the Agency believed it to be
required.
The 1986 SDWA Amendments reflect Congress' original philosophy that States
should play the primary role in drinking water regulation. The Amendments,
however, also reflect Congress' concern over the nature of potential drinking
water contaminants and the pace at which standards were being developed by
EPA. Whereas the 1974 law gave EPA discretion for standard-setting, the 1986
Amendments require the Agency to develop standards or treatment techniques
for specific contaminants within specific time frames. Enforcement powers are
also broadened under the Amendments.
State Program Capacity Initiative • 4-1
-------
Section 4
The 1986 SDWA Amendments will result in over 200 contaminants, microbio-
logical and chemical, being regulated in public water supplies. The multitude of
standards and the pace at which they are being developed and implemented
places considerable resource burdens upon States and public water systems. In
addition to increasing their own capacity to manage and implement the new
drinking water program, States will need to develop methods for assisting water
systems, especially small systems, in complying with the new requirements.
Unlike large and medium-sized water systems, small water systems lack the
resource base from which to respond to new regulatory requirements. These same
systems are also historically recognized as having the greatest difficulty comply-
ing with monitoring and reporting requirements. If these systems lack the
resources to meet some current regulatory conditions, they are likely to have
difficulty in meeting new requirements. Consequently, the States must devise
methods for handling such constraints in the regulated community. This will
mean the development of additional technical assistance and violation resolution
capacity on the part of the States.
The bottom line for most States is that they will need to "beef" up their programs
to fully implement and manage the requirements of the law, while at the same
time, develop methods to help the regulated community comply. Accomplishing
these tasks successfully will require an influx of resources into State programs.
Since forthcoming Federal funds arc not likely to increase significantly, the
burden will be placed on States to finance the funding shortfall. Since most States
are experiencing funding problems of their own, creative and alternative ways of
funding drinking water programs must be sought. Primacy retention will un-
doubtedly become an issue if States arc unable to adequately expand the capacity
of their drinking water programs.
The State Program Capacity Initiative under EPA's Mobilization effort is
intended to address the critical resource issues confronting State programs. EPA
recognizes that the 1986 SDWA Amendments will not be successfully imple-
mented if States are unable to play the lead role. Consequently, EPA has made an
investment through "Mobilization" to help States build their resource capacity.
EPA's State Capacity Initiative embodies two major activities, the first of which
involves educating of finals whom can have an influence on State capacity issues
about drinking water. These officials might include the heads of State health or
environment departments, key State legislators, Governors, and State legislative
staff. The second action of the Initiative is to help State drinking water officials
strategize ways in which their resource or capacity problems can be overcome. For
example, what alternative funding mechanisms exist, how acceptable are these
mechanisms to State decision-makers, what steps are required to encourage State
decision-makers to take action on a given capacity problem, and what organiza-
tions or people would be most successful in bringing the issues forward to the
decision-makers? By "mobilizing" interested members of the drinking water
community toward the goal of increased State capacity, EPA hopes to foster the
States' abilities to implement and manage the Federal drinking water program.
State Program Capacity Initiative • 4-2
-------
Section 4
Current and New Requirements
(Estimated Costs in $M/Year)
Currtnl
(Stall Fund!)
M3
SOURCE Adipttd from•Sut«Co«l«n«
PUn 0« «r DM* Marnt/
•* Hapenlng
SOURCE: Adapud from "Sex* Con
-------
Section 4
The Initiative in Action
EPA has employed both a "top-down" and "bottom-up" approach in responding
to the State capacity issue. The top-down approach involves the identification of
various professional organizations whose members ha ve a stake or other interest
in the provision of safedrinking water and whose members may have an influence
at the State legislative level. Some of the organizations identified include:
• American Metropolitan Water Authorities (AMWA),
• American Water Works Association (AWWA),
• Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA),
• Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO),
• Council of Infrastructure Financing Authorities (QFA),
• Council of State Governments (CSG),
• Government Finance Research Center (GFRC),
• Grocery Manufacturers of America (GMA),
• League of Women Voters (LWV),
• National Association of County Health Officials (NACHO),
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC),
• National Association of Water Companies (NAWC),
• National Conference of State Legislators (NCSL),
• National Education Association (NEA),
• National Governors' Association (NGA),
• National Rural Water Association (NRWA), and
• National Soft Drink Association (NSDA).
These organizations are either actively pursuing activities to build State capacity
or are making themselves available to States and EPA on an as needed basis. EPA
maintains contact with these national organizations on a routine basis. The
organizations, in turn, communicate news on the State Capacity Initiative to their
respective memberships.
The bottom-up approach employed by EPA involves working directly with a
key number of States to help build their respective resource capacities. EPA is
pursuing such activities through its Regional offices and through ASDWA. Both
the Regional offices and ASDWA have identified a key number of States with
whom they will work on a "hands-on" type basis to help solve State capacity
problems.
With the targeted States, ASDWA and EPA's Regional officesare identifying the
respective States' barriers to implementing and managing the Federal drinking
water program. In addition, key officials and decision-makers in the States are
being identified. A strategy for educating these decision-makers is then being
developed (i.e., what would the components of an effective message be; who
could deliver this message most efficiently; and where and when should the
message be delivered).
Some States have found that by developing a committee or task force made up
of individuals affiliated with organizations that have a stake in safe drinking
water (i.e., utilities, local governments, citizen organizations, legislative staff
members, industry, etc.), they have been successful in developing well-rounded
State Program Capacity Initiative • 4-4
-------
Section 4
and well-balanced strategies for increasing capacity. There are two significant
benefits to this approach. The first benefit is that the policy formulation process is
broadened so that the final policy proposal reflects a consensus of sorts among a
greater cross-section of the population. The greater the cross-section of individu-
als involved in the policy development process, the more likely the policy is to be
accepted in the community as a whole. The second benefit of the committee
approach is that the members can serve as communication vehicles back to their
"constituencies" about the policy formulation process. Such communication is
likely to foster greater support for the policy proposal in the community. Theoreti-
cally, this support should translate to greater acceptance in the State legislature.
Other States have relied upon members of relevant national organizations to
carry their message on the need for increased capacity forward. For example,
members of a State section of the AWWA or other group might be influential
before theStatelegislatu re orothergovemmentdecision-makingentity that needs
to be educated about the capacity problem in the drinking water program. Still
other organizations might be helpful to States by designing a presentation format
for the message or by providing speakers.
D D D
State Program Capacity Initiative • 4-5
-------
Institutional Support
-------
Section 5
Institutional Support
Initiative
-------
Section 5
Institutional Support Initiative
For the most part, existing State and local legal systems and institutions do not
adequately recognize and address the unique problems experienced by small
community water systems (CWSs). Examplesofrclevantsupport institutions include
State drinking water pnmacy agencies, State public utility commissions, State
financing agencies, and local arrangements for system ownership and operation.
Overall, it is necessary tocorrect institutional inadequacies by rc-onenbng State and
local laws, programs, and ownership/operation arrangements toward ensuring
small CWS viability and compliance. Accordingly, the Institutional Support Initia-
tive of the Mobilization Strategy is aimed at those CWSs serving 3300 or less people
(small public water systems), and all State programs responsible for CWS planning,
regulation, and technical /financial assistance.
I")3S b@6n 3 "^ ofyxavc of the Institutional Support Initiative is to ensure that small CWSs
. possess the insbruriona) arrangements, operator capabilities, and State-coordinated
CilTTlCUlt 3nd support network needed to attain and maintain compliance with dnnking rcgula-
tions. Therapidly increasing sizeof thcdnnking water program and the increasing
scopeand stringency of regulatory requirements— coupled with the States' respon-
SIDinhcs 'or implementing and enforcing the drinking water program — make it
necessary for Stales to adopt the major role in ensunng that State and local laws,
for P°'iaKand "restitutions ensure smallCWS viability and compliance.
This ^ection cxPlains tnc Institutional Support Initiative and outlines critical
clementsoflheinshrutionalframeworkforwatersupply.AddresscdarcDInitiative
elements, 2) the need for institutional reform, 3) local institutional arrangements for
water supply provision, 4) needed State program changes, and 5) options for
infrastructure financing (see Appendix C).
Background
Since enactment of the original Safe Drinking Water Act (SOW A) in 1974, compliance
has been a difficult and often nearly insurmountable problem for small water
systems. The requirements stemming from the 1986 SDWA Amendments will
worsen those compliance problems, unless EPA, the States, and others initiate action
to change the overall institutional framework for small water systems.
The 1986 SDWA Amendments are greatly increasing the scope and stringency of
the Public Water Supply Supervision (PWSS) Program and the National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) that have been in place since 1975. In brief,
the 1986 Amendments require that EPA:
• In over little more than a decade, increase the number of regulated
contaminants from 26 to nearly 200.
• Require the monitoring of over 100 yet unregulated contaminants.
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-1
-------
Section 5
• Establish regulatory benchmarks for treatment technologies.
• Take acton in response to newly bolstered enforcement powers.
• Ensure that a new ban on lead-based solder, pipe, and flux materials is
properly implemented.
• Require the filtration and disinfection of nearly all surface water systems,
and the disinfection of all ground water systems.
On the regulated community sde, small CWSs account for 87 percent of the
approximate 60,000 CWSs, 92 percent of all SOW A violations, and served 11 percent
of all peopleserved by CWSs. In addition. CWSsservingSOOor less people(very small
CWSs)amountedto63percentofaUCWSs.Thesestatistics,incombination with small
CWS managerial and financial problems and the expanded drinking water regula-
tions, present tremendousPWSSProgramimplementationproblems.Section2of this
Handbook provides further details on the nature of the regulated community, the
small systems problem, the State capacity problem, and the PWSS Program.
The Initiative
The Institutional Support Initiative is intended to facilitate the development of
institutional arrangements, increased operator capabilities, and enhanced State
coordinated support networks necessary to achieve and maintain compliance with
drinking water regulations. The Initiative will attain this goal by removing barriers to
small system compliance. The key barriers are:
• Operators are not trained in drinking water operation and technologies,
and commonly have many other responsibilities.
• Small systems have a limited financial base and do not benefit from
economies of scale.
• Owners and operators often lack basic management knowledge and skills
in water system operations.
• There is an absence of simple and affordable small water system
treatment technologies.
• Systems are often owned and operated by individuals whose primary
interest and activity is not public water supply. The water system is an
incidental and often neglected aspect of their business endeavor. For
example, 40 percent of small community water systems are owned by
mobile home parks or homeowners' associations.
The Initiative's objectives are to:
A) Facilitate the development of State institutional frameworks capable of
addressing the problems of small water systems.
B) Facilitate the development and use of alternative institutional
arrangements for small systems. Ownership and operation via these new
local arrangements will result in financially viable systems capable of
consistent compliance.
C) Enhance the technical capabilities and professional stature of small system
operators.
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-2
-------
Section 5
EPA plans to pursue the following types of activities in concert with State drinking
water programs and external constituency groups.
1) Developing and distributing information on the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA) requirements. Much of this information will be developed
pursuant to the EPA Mobilization Effort's Public Education Initiative.
Much public education must occur through greatly improved
communications between constituency groups and both the local and
mass media.
2) Facilitating the development and delivery of innovative training and
technical assistance programs to small systems through a variety of
existing networks.
3) Facilitating the development of pilot projects aimed at improving small
system performance.
4) Working with Public Utility Commissions to simplify and expedite rate
increases for small systems. The mteni is to achieve full-cost pricing.
5) Promoting "big brother" assistance from larger water utilities, and
privatization and other appropriate third party operations for small
systems. Due to liability and other concerns, these three institutional
alternatives to date have received little use.
6) Encouraging viable small systems through rcgionalization, merger,
acquisition, and managerial consolidation.
7) Encouraging the enactment of State and county codes which will promote
viable small systems.
8) Facilitating the development and utilization of alternative financing
approaches for small system infrastructure.
Examples of activities currently underway include:
• A study of the approaches which four States have taken to ensure the
viability of new small water systems.
• A demonstration project in Florida to improve compliance through
enforcement supported by technical assistance and training.
• A pilot project in Texas to determine the most effective means of
providing information and technical assistance to mobile home park
systems.
• Development of a series of simple handbooks which will allow small
system owners to judge their financial viability.
• Development of a certification exam for operators of systems serving
under 500 people.
• A pilot project on forming a cooperative, involving 11 mobile home parks,
to share operation and management services (Pennsylvania).
The Need For Institutional Reform:
Removing the Barriers to Small
Community Water System Compliance
The regulated community characteristics and demographics outlined in Section 2 of
this Handbook indicate that the PWSS Program is dichotomous in nature. When
viewed from a population standpoint, the PWSS Program is an urban program. In
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-3
-------
Section 5
direct contrast, when viewed from a water system standpoint, the PWSS Program is
a rural and small community program. In other words, the vast majority of the US.
population (served by central water systems) is served by a relatively small number
of large CWSs, and EPA expects that these systems will be capable of achieving
compliance within the existing institutional framework for water supply develop-
ment and operation. In fact, due to the large population served by the relatively few
large CWSs, the institutional framework has favored large water systems. On the
other hand, a minority (11 percent) of the population is served by a large number of
small water systems. These small systems, with their special problems, account for the
vast majority of SDWA violations and create the PWSS program implementation
problem.
Asa result, it is critical to re-orient the legal and insti tu tional framework for drinking
water toward the problem of small system compliance. Principal reforms must occur
primarily at the State and local levels and include:
• The development and delivery of innovative technical assistance and
training programs. Such training and assistance should focus upon the
special needs of small system mayors, managers, and operators.
• The development and use of mechanisms to promote viable water
systems. For example. States and localities must develop incentives to
encourage regionalization, mergers, and acquisitions. States should focus
upon encouraging the managerial consolidation of small systems located
near to one another, e.g., circuit-nder programs.
• State Public Utility Commissions must simplify and expedite rate
increases for small water systems, and develop policies to promote viable
pnvatcly-owncd water systems.
• States and localities must adopt policies to broaden the use of
privatization and other third party operations when such arrangements
are appropriate.
• Both States and the private sector must develop and use alternative
financing approaches for small system infrastructure, including
innovative State grant and loan programs.
• Large and medium water systems could develop cooperative agreements
and other arrangements to provide assistance to nearby small water
systems.
• States must eliminate the use of local institutional arrangements that are
not conducive to the effective provision of drinking water service.
Institutional Arrangements for the
Provision of Drinking Water
Each state has enacted enabling legislation authorizing both public and private
organizations to provide drinking water service. These organizations are often
referred to as "local institutional arrangements" for the provision of public water
supply. In other words, an institutional arrangement is a particular form of water
system ownership and operation. Ideally,an institutional arrangement must embody
both the organizational and procedural means to provide the resources necessary for
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-4
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Section 5
proper water system planning, construction, operation, and maintenance. Types of
institutional arrangements include:
• General-purpose units of local government, that is, counties and
municipalities;
• Special-purpose governmental organizations, usually affiliated with
county or municipal government;
• Private companies and non-profit organizations; and
• Alternative arrangements.
The titles assigned to special-purpose governmental organizations and private
organizations vary with each state. In addition, the characteristics (i.e., method of
creation and authorities) of various types of special-purpose and private arrange-
ments will also vary slightly. For the sake of clarity and brevity, the discussion that
follows addresses special-purpose and private arrangements in a generic fashion. To
identify exactly which special-purpose arrangements arc possible within each State,
and their specific powers and authorities, one must examine the state enabling
legislation. Unlike special-purpose and private arrangements, the drinking water
service characteristics of county and municipal governments are essentially identical
from state to state.
The following is a discussion and brief analysis of the characteristics of those local
institutional arrangements commonly used for the provision of drinking water
service. Discussed arc those arrangements that have been employed on a traditional
basis (county/municipal government, special-purpose organizations, private non-
profit organizations, private.companies), and alternative arrangements which are
being newly utilized for water supply provision purposes.
Institutional Arrangements
Local arrangements for the provision of drinking water service (i.e., forms of owner-
ship/operation) include county and municipal government, special-purpose gov-
ernmental districts, private non-profit corporations, and private profit-making cor-
porations.
County and Municipal Governments
Municipalities and counties possess general authority to provide water supply
service. Typical authority includes the power to acquire, construct, enlarge, improve,
maintain, own, and operate drinking water systems. In most states, this authority
extends both within and outside the local government's jurisdictional boundaries,
with limits established by the particular local charter or ordinance. Also, in most
states, two or more local governments may create a joint agency to plan, construct,
operate, and maintain a water system. Under such an arrangement, the two govern-
ments can confer any necessary powers to the joint agency, and the member
governments jointly finance the service.
A chief ad vantage of this institutional arrangement is that it views the provision of
public service as its prime concern, whereas other types of public water suppliers
often view such service as no greater thana secondary concern. County and municipal
governments also possess managerial and financial advantages. Water system man-
agement is often enhanced by other public works programs. Different public works
activities can combine to achieve economies of scale that may be unattainable by a
small drinking water system. In addition, counties and municipalities enjoy consid-
erable financing flexibility with respect to public works projects. Sources of funds
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-5
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Section 5
include taxes, general obligation and revenue bonds, service fees, and state/federal
grants and loans.
A major disadvantage with the provision of drinking water by county and
municipal governments is that managerial and financial capabilities vary drastically
among local governments. For many rural areas and small communities, the ability
of local government to plan, finance, operate, and otherwise manage water systems
is limited. For more details regarding the problems associated with small systems,
refer to the first part of this Chapter.
Special-Purpose Governmental Organizations
Examples of special-purpose governmental organizations include local arrange-
ments with titles such as service districts, water and sewer districts, sanitary districts,
rural community water districts, water authorities, and public facility districts. The
decision to crea to such an arrangement rests with the relevant local government and /
or affected citizens. Principal advantages to creating special-purpose districts arc:
1) they provide a mechanism for a county or municipality to supply water
within designated areas either within a local political jurisdiction, or
within areas that transcend county or municipal boundaries; and
2) they can often be structured with a management board dedicated solely to
the particular water system. However, depending upon the types of
authorty provided to the district via State enabling legislation, it may be
more advantageous for affected local governments to create a joint agency
and define its authorities themselves.
Special-districts vary greatly in form and m their strengths and weaknesses for
providing drinking water service. A critical variable affecting this capability is the
relationship between the special-district and the local government within whose
boundaries it operates. As provided for in the State's enabling legislation, the
relationship may range from the district's control by the local government to the
district's operating independence.
In situations where the county or municipal government maintains control and
management responsibilities, the district's institutional structure and capacity for
providing water supply is essentially the same as that for the responsible local
government. An exception is that service is provided within limited areas (i.e., the
district's boundaries) rather than throughout the political subdivision.
Districts which operate independent of local governmental control and responsibil-
ity also possess ad vantages and disadvantages with respect to the provision of water
supply services. A principal advantage is that their boundaries can be established to
reflect appropriate service areas, either within the boundaries of a single local
government or including all or parts of two or more localities. In situations where the
independent district includes parts of two or more localities, the affected local
governments must jointly decide upon the composition of the management board.
Weaknesses, however, can stem from the form of district management. In most all
situations, independent districtsare managed by an appointed or elected board. With
respect to management boards, a potential disadvantage is that political appoint-
ments can weaken managerial capabilities. And even with a highly qualified board,
special districts may develop management problems for two principal reasons: 1)
they are separated fromcounty and municipal publicworksdepartments;and 2) their
financial capabilities—including their ability to levy taxes, issue bonds, and obtain
government grants/loan—are limited relative to local governments
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-6
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Section 5
An additional institutional characteristic, which can reduce a special district's
viability as a mechanism for providing drinking water service, is whether a referen-
dum—or simply a local government resolution—is required for creation of the
district. The extent of citizen involvement and support iscritical to success of a small
water system operation. The requirement for a referendum increases citizen aware-
ness and participation and ensures a broad base of citizen support in establishing a
district. Unfortunately, due to the relative ease associated with creating a district by
local government approval (i.e., resolution) only, there exists a tendency for local
governments to use the resolution method of creation rather than the referendum
method. The resolu tion approach can lead to minimal citizen awareness and support.
Of course, as a result of the various combinations of authorities and methods-of-
creation, not all special districts are equally desirable arrangements for the provision
of drinking water. For example, in many cases a favorable arrangement would likely
be a district that 1) was created by referendum, 2) is under the responsibility of local
government, and 3) can ha ve taxes levied on i ts behalf. In many cases, a less desirable
arrangement would be a district that 1) was created simply by resolution, 2) operates
independent of local government, and 3) has no taxing authority.
Private Non-Profit Corporations
With respect to the provision of drinking water service, private non-profit corpora-
tions often exist in the form of citizen cooperatives. This local arrangement is an
alternative to governmental water supply, but retains the favorable characteristic of
placing primary emphasis on public service. Private non-profits usually are based on
substantial citizen interest and support. Typically, they are controlled by a board of
directors whose members also are customers of the water system, an arrangement
with an inherent incentive for effective water system development, management,and
operation.
Basic weaknesses of this organizational arrangement are associated with the small
and very small size of their water systems. Many citizen cooperatives own and
operatesystems that are even too small toquahfy as public water systems, and are thus
unregulated. In addition, many forms of private non-profit organizations are not
eligible for financial assistance otherwise available to local governments and special-
purpose districts.
Private Profit-Making Corporations
Private profit-making corporations (private companies), that own and operate water
systems, range in nature from large urban investor-owned systems to mobile home
parks, schools, factories, and residential/commercial developments. This arrange-
ment for the provision of drinking water often exists because municipal or other
alternative institutional arrangements are not locally available. Unlike governmental
and private non-profit suppliers, they are subject to rate and other financial controls
imposed by state public utility commissions (PUCs). In addition, they are subject to
problems separate from those associated with local governments, special districts,
and non-profit organizations.
In too many instances, private companies are not in business for only water supply
purposes. Somewhat isolated factories, schools, trailer parks, and so forth must
provide water supply for their establishments if an existing public system is not
accessible. Of course, since water system operation and management is not their
primary interest, such systems are often subject to neglect, operational problems, and
capital deterioration. Further, these systems are typically financed through arrange-
ments made for the entire development. Since private companies are not usually
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-7
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Section 5
eligible for federal and state financial aid, any needed repairs or upgrading must also
be financed privately. Although this institutional arrangement sees considerable use,
small establishments, such as schools, mobile home parks, and residential develop-
ments possess basic deficiencies (see the foregoing section entitled 'The Small
Systems Problems") as water supply mechanisms. An exception, of course, is
investor-owned systems which are usually medium to large systems, and have
proven to be successful arrangements for water supply provision.
With respect to the extent of its use, consider that there exist more than 200,000
public water systems. Of those 200,000 systems,approxirnately60,000arecommuniry
water systems (CWSs), approximately 115,000 are transient non-community water
systems (TNCs), and approximately 25,000 are non-transient non-community water
systems (NTNCs). Small CWSs—those having service populations of 3300 or less
people—amount to 87 percent of all CWSs, Of all small CWSs, 64 percent are
privately-owned non-profit organizations and profit-making companies. Very small
CWSs—those serving 500 or less people—amount to 63 percent of all CWSs. Of all
very small CWSs, 76 percent arc pnvatcly-owned. In contrast, less than 20 percent of
medium and large CWSs are privately owned. To compound the problem of small
private CWSs, consider that the vast majority of NTNCs and TNCs are also pnvately-
owned.
Alternative Arrangements
Alternative arrangements for providing drinking water stem from 1) recent efforts to
overcome thedifficultproblems that smallcommunity water systems facem complying
with the new regulations, and 2) the need to find a way around the small water system
ownership/operation dch'denaesinherentinthetradibonalownershiparrangements
discussed above. The purpose is to provide needed skills and resources in any or all
areas of water system operation, maintenance, and management.
For the mostpart,thcsealtemativesarenotcntirelynew,but have seen considerable
use in other areas of public works and business. The most common local arrange-
ments include the individual or combined use of a) administrative consolidation, b)
contract operation and maintenance, and c) privatization. When put to actual use in
any situation, there is usually considerable overlap of the three approaches.
Administrative consolidation or regionalization involves centralizing the control of
several nearby small systems. The intent is to bring scarce local and regional expertise
to bear on as many systems as possible. Physical interconnection of the systems may
often not be desirable nor necessary. Consolidation can be accomplished by several
means including 1) the creation of a joint agency or special purpose district, 2)
contracting the services of a circuit-rider to perform specified operation and manage-
ment duties, and /or 3) adopting agreements to obtain technical assistance from
nearby, large water systems.
Contract operation and maintenance involves the provision by contract of services
needed for successful water system management,operation,and maintenance. Water
systems can enter into service contracts with equipment vendors, governmental
service units, service companies, circuit-riders, consulting firms, and others. Admin-
istrative consolidation may or may not be involved.
Privatization involves the private ownership and operation of a water system used
by a county or municipality to perform its drinking water supply responsibilities. A
traditional example are large, investor-owned drinking water utilities. Privatization
arrangements are useful for public works projects that exceed the financial capabili-
ties of a local government It also allows localities to obtain operation and manage-
ment expertise that is difficult to attract due to local payroll scales and other
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-8
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Section 5
employment conditions. However, whether privatization is a practical option for
small water systems remains to be seen.
Privatization of individual small water systems has not seen considerable use,
primarily because the high cost per household restricts revenue and profit generation.
It is perhaps more conceivable, however, that privatization can be used in conjunction
with the administrative consolidation of several water systems.
References
Cox, William E. and Kurt S. Patrizi, Institutional Framework for Rural Water
Supply, Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute,
Blacksburg, Virginia, 1984.
State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Amendments, Asso-
ciation of State Drinking Water Administrators, Arlington, Virginia, 1989.
Raftelis, George A., Water and Wastewater Finance and Pricing, Lewis Publishers,
Chelsea, Michigan, 1989.
Water Utility Capital Financing, American Water Works Association (AWWA),
Manual M29, Denver, Colorado.
ana
Institutional Support Initiative • 5-9
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Technology and Training Support
-------
Section 6
Technology and Training
Support Initiative
-------
Section 6
Technology and Training
Support Initiative
Introduction
For all 200,000 public water systems in the nation, the new regulations will mean
increased monitoring, analytical, and reporting requirements. Many systems will
need to install or upgrade treatment in order to comply with the new require-
ments. Two factors vital to compliance with the requirements are development
and use of appropriate technologies and training and technical assistance.
The Technology and Training Support Initiative is a key part of EPA's overall
Mobilization Strategy. This Initiative has been split into two respective
submitiabvcs. The primary objective of the Technology Subinitiati ve is the devel-
opment and widespread availability/understanding of appropriate, low-cost
technological solutions to small water system treatment problems. The primary
objective of the Training Subinitiative is the establishment of coalitions at the
national and State levels to develop and deliver training which will address the
high priority training needs of the entire drinking water community.
Technology Subinitiative
Key SDWA Provisions and Technology
Requirements
The 1986 SDWA Amendments require EPA to markedly increase the scope and
stringency of the drinking water regulations. Four basic statutory provisions
mandate that the NPDWRs contain standards requiring PWSs to increase moni-
toring, and in many cases to install and/or upgrade treatment systems. The
provisions are:
1) Within approximately the next 10 years, EPA must increase the
number of regulated contaminants from 26 to nearly 200;
2) EPA must regulate contaminants ei ther by establishing an MCL
requirement, or by establishing a treatment technique requirement;
3) Whenever EPA establishes an MCL requirement for a particular
contaminant, the Agency must also identify the Best Available
Technology (BAT) for removing that contaminant from drinking water,
and require that PWSs utilize the BAT for maintaining compliance
with the MCL.
4) Whenever EPA establishes a treatment technique in lieu of an MCL,
affected PWSs must install the specified process of treatment.
Technology and Training Support Initiative • 6-1
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Section 6
Best Available Technology
By definition, BAT means the best technologies, treatment techniques, or other
means which are available to PWSs, taking both efficiency and cost into consider-
ation. It is important to note that alternative treatment technologies are allowable,
if it is proven to the State that the new technology is at least as effective as the
specified BAT.
To date, EPA has determined that the following treatment technologies are
treatment techniques and/or BATs:
• Packed Tower Aeration (PTA); Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC>—
PTA and GAC are the BATs for various synthetic organic chemicals
(SOCs).
• Ion Exchange (IE); Reverse Osmosis (RO); lame Softening (LS);
Coagulation/Filtration (C/F)—IE, RO, LS, and C/F are the BATs for
various inorganic chemicals (lOCs).
• Disinfection (DSF)—DSF is the BAT for total and fecal coliform
bacteria.
• Filtration and DSF are also the treatment techniques for various
microbiological contaminants as specified in the final Surface Water
Treatment Rule.
To determine the specific contaminants associated with each BAT or treatment
technique, refer to the NPDWRs (Title 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142).
The cost impacts associated with installing and operating the BATs and treat-
ment techniques arcdiscussed mScction 2of thishandbook. It is important to note
that the figures are based upon utilization of the specified technologies in their
traditional full-scale form, and do not reflect possible less expensive technologies
that may qualify as BAT replacements. The cost impacts for small systems are
daunting and reflect the need to develop alternative forms of specified BATs, and
the need to develop complete BAT replacements. One promising possibility for
cost reduction is to scale-up existing home treatment technologies, i.e., point-of-
use (POU) and pomt-of-entry (POE) devices, for small system use.
Technology Subinitiative
The costs impacts and technical complexity associated with existing forms of best
available technology (BATs) are tremendous, and possibly prohibitive for many
small systems. Treatment techniques that are commonly used by large systems
often require too much site-specific engineering to beaffordable to small systems.
The subinitiative intends to facilitate a public/private partnership which can
identify, market, broadly apply, and acquire review agency approval for simple
and affordable drinking water treatment technologies for use by small water
systems. The intent is to develop package (or off-the-shelf) technologies in an
effort to lower cost impacts, and to enhance understanding of small system
regulation, management, and technology.
Package plants can be purchased as individual unit process modules or as a
complete preassembled unit from a single manufacturer. The package plant
usually includes all treatment equipment (flash mix, flocculation, settling, mixed
media filter, etc.), pumps, chemical feeders, and control instrumentation—some
are full automated. As soon as the water pipes and electrical power have been
connected, the plant is ready to operate.
Technology and Training Support Initiative • 6-2
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Section 6
States, package plant manufacturers and distributors, and the regulated com-
munity will attempt to determine how existing and future technologies will best
be incorporated into small systems. Several weaknesses of package plant tech-
nologies have been the lack of maintenance support and ongoing operations. To
prevent this from continuing, vendors will need to assume a larger role in
installing, maintaining, and operating their technologies at small system plants.
In order to meet its objective, the Technology Support Subinitiative has identi-
fied five areas in which to concentrate their efforts. These areas and their respec-
tive objectives are:
Technology Development
To identify and demonstrate the efficacy of low-cost small system
treatment techniques for use in the smallest water systems.
Technical Plan Review
To review existing plan review processes and propose new approaches
which could speed plan approval for small systems, while continuing to
ensure adequate protection of public health concerns.
Financing
To identify alternative financing approaches and demonstrate their
efficacy in resolving small system financing problems.
Drinking Water Clearinghouse
To establish a Drinking Water Clearinghouse which will link all current
assistance programs, establish a credible source of engineering data on
small system technologies, provide technical and problem solving
assistance to small systems and State engineers, and serve as the
touchstone for technical and administrative questions on drinking water.
Inplace Technology Review
To identify small system technologies which fit the low cost definition, and
describe them in a manner which permits: (1) improvement in definition of
1415 BAT, (2) verifies unit costs for technology elements, and (3) provides
the seed for the clearinghouse data base on small system technologies for
use by State engineers.
Training Subinitiative
Regulatory and Technical Training
The advent of the new regulations and their respective treatment technologies has
dramatically increased the need for training and technical assistance to State and
Regional staff, water treatment system managers and operators, and others in the
drinking water community, such as local decision makers and local health
officials. Many small water systems will struggle to meet these demands, because
presently, they do not have the technical capabilities to implement the future
requirements.
New regulations will establish additional MCL's, and will require that stan-
dards be met using the Best Available Technology (BAT) identified by EPA. If BAT
is not established, then treatment techniques must be employed to achieve
compliance. Furthermore, public water systems likely will have to monitor for
more than 200 contaminants within the next ten years.
Technology and Training Support Initiative • 6-3
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Section 6
System managers and operators, and state and local health officials must
understand not only what constitutes compliance, but how to achieve it. Small
systems especially, with their limited capital and technical resources, will ha ve the
most difficulty doing so. As a consequence, technical training and assistance will
be needed to assist system operators and managers in understanding, operating
and maintaining these technologies.
System Management Training
In addition to regulatory and technical training, small water systems can
benefit from system management training. System management training
should cover a variety of issues, such as rate-setting, financial management,
and operator certification programs. System management training for
regulatory staff, utilities of all sizes, and local officials also should address the
development of supplementary skills in areas such as health effects and
toxicology, risk communication, and public information and education.
The benefits of system management training are many. Sufficient revenues
should be collected in order that the operation and maintenance of a system can
be sustained long term. As capital is generated, adequate accounting systems and
financial records need to be maintained so that the system can accurately deter-
mine the true cost of supplying water to customers. Small systems need to
extensively communicate with customers. Information on water quality, system
improvements, and reasons for rate increases is always welcomed by consumers.
This serves to prevent conflicts or misinformation about issues such as rate hikes
and water safety.
System management training will also contnbutc to maintaining a competent
work force in the drinking water industry. Newly hired operators and State
regulatory personnel alike need training in the variety of basic skills required to
adequately operate or regulate a public water system. Without ongoing develop-
ment and maintenance of basic skills, compliance with new and more extensive
requirements is unlikely.
The PWSS National Training Strategy
The US. EPA Office of Drinking Water is currently developing a comprehensive
training strategy that will identify and prioritize drinking water training needs.
The goal of the training subinitiative is to foster cooperation among the many
members of the drinking water community in the development and implementa-
tion of the training strategy. The objective of the training strategy is to ensure that
training is provided to those who need it most.
The draft strategy identifies 12 priorities grouped into four general categories
where training efforts need to be augmented to more effectively implement the
emerging drinking water program.
Implementation of the New EPA Regulations: ODW will be directly and im-
mediately involved in developing a core set of materials for training in new rule
requirements and related subject areas.
• New Rule Requirements
• Implementation of the Lead Ban and the LCCA
• Sampling and Analysis for Newly Regulated Contaminants
• New Treatment Technologies
• Reporting and Data Management
Technology and Training Support Initiative • 6-4
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Section 6
Small System Compliance Support: ODW will directly and indirectly support
efforts to increase awareness of small systems compliance issues and build skills
across the drinking water community to deal with these issues.
• Small Systems Issues (Compliance and Viability)
• Financial Management
• Facility Planning
Supplementary Skills Development ODW will continue existing efforts and
work with others to build expertise in public education and risk communication,
to increase awareness of health effects and toxicology, and to utilize compliance
and enforcement tools effectively.
• Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring
• Health Effects and Toxicology Information
• Public Education and Risk Communication
Maintaining Work Force Competency- ODW will work with the States and
vanous associations to ensure effective institutional arrangements exist to keep
Regional, State and local personnel trained in needed skills.
• Continuing Work Force Competency
Training Subinitiative
Training is needed to enhance the regulatory, technical, and managerial knowl-
edge in all sectors of the drinking water community, and in particular, with
respect to small water systems. The Training Subinitiative intends to:
(1) Establish an effective coalition of key national organizations to develop and
deliver training to a wide range of groups in the dnnking water community. The
training will address the high priority training needs of the drinking water
program identified in the PWSS National Training Strategy. Recently, AWWA,
ASDWA, NRWA, NETA, RCAPs, NEHA, NACHO, and State 109(b) Environ-
mental Training Centers have initiated the formation of such a coalition;
(2) Identify and develop core training modules. As examples are the core
training modules which will be developed as part of the Water Regulations
Compliance Training 1990 Project (WRCT-90). This project will be conducted
through a grant to the National Environmental Training Association and the
Coaliton of Environmental Training Centers (CETC); and
(3) Establish State level coalitions to meet high priority training needs of owners
and operators of public water supplies (including privately-owned, very small
systems), local health officials, State personnel, and others involved in the imple-
mentation of drinking water regulations. All training and technical assistance in
a State should respond to priority needs identified by the primacy agency.
The Role of the States
A key component to the success of this national strategy is State involvement.
ODW will rely heavily on the States to develop coalitions among the various
drinking water associations and organizations that are active at the Slate level.
ODW realizes that individual States may have needs and priorities that are
slightly different from those outlined in the PWSS National Training Strategy.
Through State coalitions, specificState level training needs can be better identified
and addressed, and the consequent development and delivery of training to meet
these needs will contribute to the overall success of the national strategy.
Technology and Training Support Initiative • 6-5
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Section 6
References
Small and Individual Water Supply Systems, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Drinking Water, Draft Manual, 1990.
The Public Water Supply Supervision (PWSS) Program National Training Strategy,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, Draft,1990.
"StateCosts of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Amendments," Association
of State Drinking Water Administration, Arlington, Virginia, 1989.
Sawyer, C N. and P. L. McCarry, "Chemistry for Environmental Engineering," 3rd
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, 1978.
Clark, J. W., Viessman, W. and M. J. Hammer, Water Supply and Pollution Control,
D D D
Technology and Training Support Initiative • 6-6
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Local Health Officials
-------
Section 7
Local Health Officials
Initiative
-------
Section 7
The U.S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency and
the States will
rely heavily
on...
local health
officials.
Local Health Officials Initiative
Introduction
The requirements established by the 1986 Amendments are quite extensive, and
withoutthcsupportanddircctinvolvcmcntof local hcalthoffirials, these requirements
will be difficult, if not impossible, to implement. Through the Local Health Officials
Initiative, EPA will strive to enlist the participation of local health officials—in
conjunction with States and vanous national associations and organizations—to
ensure that all consumers receive high quality drinking water.
The primary objectives of the Local Health Officials InitiativeareO) to enable Local
Health Officials to provide expert assistance to consumers, primacy agents, and
private well owners in the areas of contaminant health effects, applicable regulatory
requirements, treatment technology, and source protection—with special emphasis
on private wells; and (2) to faalitatcresourceeffcctivccoordinationofdnnking water
program responsibilities between States and Local Health Officials.
Background
The group that may well be most severely impacted by the flurry of new rules and
regulahonsarcsmall water systems—either those serving "communities" of less than
3,300 persons, or those serving "non-communities" such as schools, restaurants,
factories, and other non-residential facilities that have their own source of drinking
water. Thesesmall systems will be required todo just about everything that the bigger
community systems are required to do—but unfortunately—the small systems too
often lack a sufficient financial base, they don't have up-to-date and properly
functioning treatment technology, and they have few (if any) well-trained and
technically capable personnel. Given the upcoming regulatory lesponsibilin'esof the
1986 Amendments, they have a lot of work on their hands and they need help.
Another group that needs assistance are those individuals who obtain their
drinking water from private household wells. Although these wells are not subject to
federal regulation, EPA and the States fed it is important to provide these persons
with information about the potential health risks and/or benefitsassociated with well
water and about treatment technology that is available to ensure adequate water
quality.
Help is Needed
In order to provide this much needed assistance to small systems and individual well
owners, both the EPA and theStates must rely heavilyon outside groups. One group
is particularly well-suited to play a significant role in insuring the provision of sa/e
drinking water by small systems—local health officials.
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-1
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Section 7
Traditionally, county and/or local health officials have been involved in a number
of activities with small communities. These activities include conducting sanitary
inspectionsoffoodanddauyproduction/inspectingrestaurants,schools,motels,and
public parks, and overseeing the placement, construction, and maintenance of septic
tank systems and private household wells. In many small towns, the local health
department official is a veritable Jack-of-all-Trades, and because there is no one else
to turn to, the official must do his/her best to become a master-of-all-trades too. As
a result, small communities are very familiar with and rely quite heavily on the
knowledge, expertise, and assistance of their local health officials.
Both the traditional role(s)of the health official and the dose relationships they have
with the publiccan be very useful to the drinking water program. Health officials can
offer substantial assistance to small community and non-community systems in
helping them comply with all of the applicable requirements—sanitary surveys,
sampling/monitoring, laboratory analysis and interpretation of results, and general
notificationandreportingrequirernents. They can also provide a helpful service to the
residents of these small communities by acting as a reliable source of information on
a wide range of topics, such as health risks, wellhead protection, and water conser-
vation.
This section is intended to outline some of the ways in which local health officials
can assist EPA and the States in their efforts, as well as show how EPA, the States, and
various national associations and organizations can in turn offer their assistance to
these same officials. Further, throe cases studies have been included as examples of
successful cooperative arrangements between State drinking water programs and
local health departments.
The Role of Local Health Officials
Local health offiaalscanofferassistancein many ways. Theexact role thatisassumed
will undoubtedly vary from place to place, depending upon a number of factors.
Among these factors arc the interest of the health officials themselves, the amount of
resources available to the health departments in which they work, the particular
natureoftheirStatednnking water program,and the presence orabsenceof statutory
barriers to State delegation of authority and resources to local health departments.
All variables and factors aside, EPA has identified three general areas of activity in
which local health officials could provide significant assistance. These areas are:
• Providing information and/or technical assistance for private household
well owners; and
• Providing information for public water system consumers;
• Assuming a formal role in the State drinking water program.
Working with Private Well Owners
Many local health officials are already very involved with private well owners.
Private wells serving individual households are not subject to federal drinking water
regulations, and in most cases, theonly regulation of any kindoccursat the local level.
Nonetheless, EPA is concerned about the welfare of private well owners and wishes
to be certain that they benefit from the Agency's understanding of health risks
associated with the consumption of contaminated drinking water.
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-2
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Section 7
Accordingly, local health officials can help private well owners in the following
ways:
• By answering questions or conducting proactive public education
programs about the significance of and the health risks associated with
drinking water contamination;
• By explaining where contaminants come from and how they get into
private wells, and if necessary, what kind(s) of household treatment
devices can be used for prevent consumption of contaminated water;
• By providing information and technical assistance to well owners in
sampling and analysis of their water, as well as interpretation of the
results. This includes being able to locate nearby State-approved
laboratories;
• By educating well owners and the community at large about
groundwater protection (pollution prevention), which includes an
increased awareness of the local geology and hydrogeology, and an better
understanding of the impacts on groundwater that are caused by certain
land usage such as agricultural and livestock, underground storage of
petroleum products and other chemicals, and the proper handling and
disposal of household chemicals; and,
• By encouraging private well owners to take practical and pragmatic steps
to conserve water resources.
Informing Public Water System Consumers
Most of our nation's population—about 85 percent—receives its household drinking
water from a public water system. Most of the water that is consumed away from
home—at school, work, or in public places such as restaurants and parks—is also
supplied by these same public systems. As a result, nearly everyone will be affected
in some way by the impacts of this important law.
Local health officials can play an important role in their communities by answering
the public's questions about the importance and impact of these new regulations,
about the public health significance of drinking water contamination, and what steps,
if any, consumers should be taking.
Following are several ways in which local health of finals can work with the public
• The Amendments require the immediate development of new or revised
regulations for 83 drinking water contaminants, as well as the
development of regulations for 25 more contaminants every three years
beginning in 1991. By the end of the century, over 200 contaminants will
be regulated. In coordination with local water utilities, health officials
should be able to provide answers or conduct proactive public education
programs for the public about the nature and/or occurrence of these
contaminants, as well as the potential danger and/or health risks
associated with the consumption of these contaminants.
• Health officials should be able to explain to the public how their water
system protects them against contamination, including treatment
corrosion control, filtration, or whatever applies in their particular
situation. They should emphasize that the regulations and corresponding
treatment requirements are structured to provide long term protection
against adverse health effects.
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-3
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Section 7
• Health officials should be able to explain how to identify lead pipes,
solder, and flux that may have been used in household plumbing, and
encourage citizens to take the proper steps to reduce exposure to lead
contamination. These steps include: (1) identifying lead materials; (2)
taking tapwater samples and having them analyzed by a certified
laboratory; (3) flushing cold water taps to reduce leaching of lead into
drinking water; (4) replacing or repairing plumbing that poses a health
risk; and (5) installing an effective treatment device, if necessary.
• Local health departments should be able to assist the public with locating
a nearby state-approved laboratory. Health officials can obtain a list of
labs from their State Laboratory Certification Officer.
• In coordination with local water utilities and the State drinking water
program, health officials can conduct public education programs on
prevention of contamination at the source and efficient use of water
through conscious and conscientious conservation.
• In order to provide adequate long-term protection, a water system needs
adequate treatment technology and properly trained personnel—and
these needs are not free. Health officials should also play a significant role
in fostering public support for higher water rates, as well as support for
other financial mechanisms such as local bonds and State funding.
Assuming a Formal Role
One of the unfortunate realities that State Drinking Water Programs must face as they
attempt to implement the requirements of the 1986 Amendments is a significant lack
of funding. Some Statesarebetteroffthanothcrs,butasarule,all State Programs have
quite a financial challenge ahead of them.
Local health officials can help the States with their financial woes in a number of
ways. Health officials could help generate support for increased Statednnking water
program resources among both the general public and State decision makers. Local
health officials can also help the Stale manage scarce resources more efficiently by
entering into a formal agreement to perform certain duties. This agreement would
enable the local health department to perform certain State program activities—such
as monitoring/sampling, inspections, and some enforcement activities—and thus
lighten theburden of the State programs staff. Detailsof such arrangements will vary
from State to State depending on the program and the statutory framework in each
State, but in any case, such assistance from local heal th officials could be very helpful
to the States. A few examples of these special arrangements will be discussed later in
more detail in the case studies.
Following is a summary of the ways in which local health officials can take formal
action within the drinking water program;
• By supporting efforts to increase the capacity of the State drinking water
program;
• By actively encouraging elected and appointed decision makers to
support increased resources for State drinking water programs;
• By explaining to the public the importance of a strong State drinking
water program;
• By establishing special contractual arrangements with the State, as
mentioned above and discussed in the case studies;
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-4
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Section 7
• By supporting State program efforts to deal with small system problems,
including the promotion of institutional change among small systems (i.e.,
regionalization, consolidation, or formation of cooperatives); and
providing assistance with understanding monitoring requirements and
interpretation of monitoring results.
Who Can Help the Health Officials ?
Given theincreasingresponsibilitiesof small systems and State programs, local health
officials could be very active with drinking water activities—and they will need some
help, too. Fortunately, many groups will be in a position to provide a wide range of
assistance to local health officials. Most prominent among these groups are State
drinking water programs, national associations and organizations that either repre-
sent or work closely with local health officials, and the U.S Environmental Protection
Agency—EPA.
National Associations and Organizations
Someof the many national associations and organizations that can provide assistance
include:
• The National Environmental Health Association;
• The National Association of County Health Officials;
• The American Public Health Association;
• The National Rural Water Association;
• The American Water Works Association;
• The Rural Community Assistance Programs;
• The Association of State Drinking Water Administrators; and
• The USD A Agnail rural Extension Service.
Some of the ways these groups can help local officials include:
• Providing information to their members about drinking water news and
issues through newsletters and journal articles;
• Developing and distributing special publications on drinking water issues
to their members;
• Including drinking water issues on agendas for major meetings;
• Establishing training for their members on drinking water issues,
including:
(1) basic training in drinking water regulations, health effects of contami-
nants, monitoring and sampling requirements, and treatment tech-
niques so that members can respond to questions from the public;
(2) training in proper application of home treatment devices so that mem-
bers may answer questions from both private household well owners
and the general public;
(3) training in the specific requirements of their State's drinking water
program; and
(4) trainingin groundwaterand wellhead protection,pollution prevention,
and water conservation.
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Section 7
What EPA/States Can Do
• Provide information and articles for newsletters and journals;
• Provide speakers, displays, and publications for national meetings,
conventions, and symposia;
• Provide training for a given organization's trainers;
• Support pilot and demonstration projects focused on increasing the role of
local health officials; and
• Document and publicize successful cases of local health official
involvement.
Case Studies
In some instances, local health officials are already providing significant assistance to
their State's drinking water programs. Following arc (three) case studies that
illustrate how local health departments can become formally and institutionally
involved with the management and regulation of public water supplies.
Case Study Number 1
Idaho Health Districts
In the State of Idaho, the Department of Health and Welfare has gained a significant
amount of assistance withtheirdnnking water program by signing contracts with the
State's Health Districts. These Health Districts were established by state law and exist
as seven independent entities. The Districts report only to theirownBoardsof Health
and have been delegated the authority and responsibility for maintaining a number
of programs traditionally run by the Department of Health and Welfare. These
programs include food and dairy inspections.and sanitary inspections at restaurants,
motels, and schools.
Individual Contracts and Individual Entities
One of the areas for which authority was not delegated is the management of public
drinking water supplies. When the Districts were originally created, it was decided
that the Slate would retain responsibility for the regulation of public water systems
of all sizes and types.However, due to a personnel shortage and the increased
regulatory demands placed on both the State and its public water systems, the State
decided to enlist the assistance of the Health Districts.The State wrote contracts with
the Districts and thus empowered them as the regulatory entity/agency for certain
public water systems. Specifically, the Districts were given responsibility for about
1,400 active non-community water systems and about 200 small community water
systems (which serve less than 100 persons).
Originally, all seven Districts were under contract and the State drinking water
program was able to provide funding by using leftover State Primacy money. The
State was unable to use the money for their own programs because they were subject
to a "hiring freeze'', so they channeled the funds to a place where they could be put
to good use—the Districts.
The primary function of the District was to oversee compliance with sampling for
bacteria and inorganics, and to offer assistance with any follow-up sampling required
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-6
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Section 7
by positive test results. The Districts have and continue to provide substantial
assistance with the state-wide inventory of public water systems, because they knew
of the whereabouts of every little, out-of-the-way system in the State. Each District is
also responsible for conducting a minimum of 20 sanitary surveys each year.
Times Are Changing, Money Is Tight
Unfortunately, two of the Health Districts have terminated their contracts and
returned their responsibilities to the State—and the reason for doing so was lack of
funding. State fundingfortheDistrictshasbeen harder to comeby, and lastyeara total
of only $96,000 was made available for use by the five Districts still under contract. In
each case, the Districts had to match the State funds with their own District dollars (in
most cases, the funding is close to 50/50) in order to finance their programs. The
Districts that brokeofftheircontractsimplycouldnotafford to be partof the program
anymore.
Despite the loss of these two Districts and the ongoing struggle to keep the others
intact, the State still values the Districts greatly. As oneState official remarked, "We'd
be swamped without them!. We just don't have the people, the time, or the money to
keep up with all of our non-community systems—but the Districts can, because they
work closely with these systems in so many other areas."
Enforcement Hurdles
But this "closeness" between regulators and the regulated community also creates
one of the biggest weaknesses of the Health Districts—namely, their inability to be
effective enforcers. Apparently, it is difficult for many of the District officials to
leverage their enforcement authority against their neighbors and fellow citizens. As
a resul t, the Districtsarc only required to ufenti/y enforcement problemsand then refer
the cascXs) to the State. Once the State has completed the formal enforcement actions
and an order has been written, then the Districts step back in and ensure compliance
with the order. Ideally, the State would like the Districts to exercise their full
authonry—which is actually broader in scope than the State's comparatively more
limited authority—but for now, they welcome what they can get.
Training Needs
Another area in which the Districts need help is trainingand technical assistance. Most
Distnctsdo not have highly trained people. Accordingly, the State makes every effort
possible to provide training programs for District personnel, particularly in en-
forcement. Each year, the State provides an in-house program for their own staff and
the District staffs are encouraged to attend. Most of the programs are developed and
conducted by State personnel, although outside consultants and other agencies are
used on occasion. One of the State staffers who conducts training remarked," If we
could only teach the District officials a few 'tricks of the trade'—such as negotiation
skills and holding enforcement meetings at neutral sites—then we would make some
progress. But if s tough given our staff and budget—we do the best we can."
Overall, Idaho's Health Districts offer a great amount of help to the state drinking
water program. As the 1986 Amendments bring more and more regulations for non-
community systems, the Districts will become even more important to the State-
provided enough money is available to keep them up and running.
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Section 7
Case Study Number 2
The City of Albuquerque, New Mexico
The Qty of Albuquerque, New Mexico presents two examples of cooperation
between local environmental health officials and public water supplies. The first
example is the regulation of 11 public water supply systems—all within the city
limits—by the Gty Environmental Health Department. The second is the develop-
ment of Albuquerque's Comprehensive Ground water Protection Policy and Action
Plan.
Before discussing these two examples, it is important to understand the particular
demographicsof Albuquerque and theState of New Mexico. Nearly half of thestate's
population resides in the Albuquerque metropolitan area, and further, nearly 80
percent of Bemalillo County's population resides within the Albuquerque city limits.
As a result, the city has a much larger and more productive tax base than the county.
In effect, theory supports the county, and not the other way around, as is customary
in most places. Accordingly, the Gty Departments—Environmental Health, Public
Works, Planning, etc.—are bigger and better funded than the corresponding County
Departments.
Regulation of Public Water Systems
For example, the Gty Department of Environmental Health is directly involved in the
regulation of public water supplies. In cooperation with the Environmental Im-
provement Division of the State Department of Health and Environment, the City of
Albuquerque has obtained authority to regulate 11 public water systems. This
authority has been granted through the New Mexico Municipal Health Act and
enables the G ty Department of Environmental Health to oversee the implementation
of allapplicabledrinking water regulations, the enforccmentof these regulations, and
the development and implementation of public outreach activities.
These systems are all located within the city limits and include both community
water systems such as the University of New Mexico and the Veterans' Administra-
tion Hospital, and several non-community water systems such as restaurants and
schools. The State retains authority for regulation of the municipal water supply in
Albuquerque, as well as for the additional 80 (or so) public water systems located in
Bemalillo County, but the assistance provided to the State by theCiry is very valuable.
The City receives no financial assistance from the Stale to manage these systems; the
funds are obtained from Department of Environmental Health resources.
Groundwater Protection Policy and Action Plan
Albuquerque has also developed a plan to protect its groundwater supply. By joint
resolution of the Gty Council of Albuquerque and the Bemalillo County Commis-
sion, a consortium of city and county departments was mandated to develop the
Comprehensive Groundwater Protection Policy and Action Plan. The City Council
has authorized $1 million to fund the development of the policy and action plan,
which will be overseen by the Gty Department of Environmental Health, the Gty
Department of Public Works, the Gty Planning Department, and the County Health
Department. Representatives from each of these departments have been selected to
form a policy coordinating committee, whose task-at-hand is to get the policy and
action plan up and running.
The plan is intended to assist city and county officials with planning and siting
issues that have potential to impact the Middle Rio Grande Aquifer—Albuquerque's
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-8
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Section 7
sole source of drinking water. Among the issues of concern are the siting of industrial
facilities that have the potential to contaminate groundwater, and general land use
issues such as residential development, industrial activity, and agricultural practices.
The development and prudcntuseof the policy and action plan provides both theQty
and the County with an effective way to protect Albuquerque's drinking water
supply—without inhibiting the overall growth and well being of New Mexico's
largest city.
The resolutions were made on August 25,1988 and the plan is expected to be
completed by June 1991. During the past year, tlte policy coordinating committee has
met regularly with two important groups—the Citizen's Advisory Committee and
CH2M-Hill, the consulting firm that has been hired to develop the plan. The Gtizen's
Advisory Committee is composed of 24 persons—lOdtizensappointed by the Mayor
of Albuquerque, lOcinzensappointedbytheBemalillo County Commission, and one
person each from the State Environmental Improvement Division, the Middle Rio
Grande Council of Governments, the County Commission, and the City Council. As
of late August 1989, the policy coordinating committee was involved in the final
review of the work plan forCH2M-Hill. Thccommiltccanticipatcs that the work plan
will be approved shortly, and the project will get under way immediately thereafter.
Case Study Number 3
County Health Departments in Oregon
Another example of successful cooperation between a state drinking water program
and its local health departments can be found in Oregon. Twenty (20) of Oregon's
thirty-six (36) counties have signed contracts with the Department of Human Re-
sources/Health Division, and assumed both the authority and responsibility for
running an important part of the State's public drinking water program. It is
important to note that the remaining sixteen counties—most of which are in rural,
eastern Oregon—do not have health departments and all of their drinking water
systems are regulated by the State.
Individual Contracts
The contracts were originally signed in 1982, and each of the twenty counties
established a separate contract with the State. In the beginning, funding for the
contract programs was shared by the State and the counties. Now the contracts are
funded entirely by the State. In fact, approximately 20 percent of Oregon's annual
primacy money is spent on the county health department contracts
Thecontractsempower the county health departments to regulate all non-community
water systemsand community water systems thatservelessthan 200 persons. County
environmental health officials in Oregon have traditionally been involved with
activities such as the placement and construction of septic tanks and drain fields, and
sanitary inspections of restaurants and motels. Assuming the responsibility for
checking up on non-community drinking water systems was a logical addition to
these responsibilities. The county officials make sure that monitoring for bacteria and
inorganics is conducted properly, and they try to improve the overall monitoring,
reporting, and MCL compliance performance by these non-community systems.
The counties' responsibility for small community systems, however, may soon
come to an end. With the increase in regulations brought about by the 1986 SOW A
Amendments, the State may need to assume responsibility for these systems. Inmost
cases, checking up on drinking water systems is just one of the may tasks for a county
Local Health Officials Initiative • 7-9
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Section 7
official.andunfortunately.thecurrectlevel of fundingonlycreatesaboutone
-------
Non-Transient Non-Community
Water Systems
-------
Section 8
Non-Transient
Non-Community
Water Systems Initiative
-------
Section 8
Non-Transient,
Non-Comrnunity
Water Systems Initiative
As a result of
the 1986
Amendments,
the regulatory
requirements
for NTNCs are
increasing
greatly.
Introduction
Non-transient non-community (NTNCs) water systems will be significantly im-
pacted by the 1986 Amendments. Prior to the Amendments, the regulatory re-
quirements for these systems were scant compared to community systems; asa result
of the Amendments, the requirements will be greatly increased. Further, most
NTNCs are small systems. Thus, in addition to Ihe excessive increase in regulatory
responsibilities, NTNCs are also likely to be prone to "small system problems", such
as incomplete and/or lack of information, scarce resources, and i nadcquatc technical
expertise—all of which contribute to non-compliance.
The Non-Transient Non-Community Water System Initiative was developed to
address the needs of this newly defined and newly regulated member of the drinking
water community. In a sense, most all NTNC water systems are starting "from
scratch" and will benefit from the efforts of the other Mobilization Initiatives. Most
importantly, NTNCs must get up to speed on the basic regulatory requirements and
must become a ware of the many options for compliance. -
Accordingly, the primary objecti vcsof the Non-Transient Non-Community Water
System Initiative arc: (1) to develop and implement a comprehensive drinking water
training program for NTNC watersystems, focusing on regulatory rcquircmentsand
options for achieving compliance; (2) to facilitate efforts by organizations to inform
their membership of drinking water regulatory requirements and options for
compliance in the trade journals and newsletters of organizations reaching NTNC
systems; and (3) to present information at meetings and conferences of associations
whose membership indudes significant numbers of NTNC systems.
Background
Many people drink a large amount of water away from home. Whether at work or
school, or traveling for busi ness or vacation, people consume nearly as much drinking
water from these sources as they do from their own household faucets and taps.
In many cases, these "other sources" of drinking water are owned and operated by
the factory or school itself. The water is obtained from the establishment's own well,
spring, or small reservoir and is not supplied by the local community water supply.
These are considered "non-community" systems. More specifically, if the system
serves the same 25 persons {or more) each day (e.g. employeesor students), then it falls
into a special regulatory category of non-community systems—non-transient non-
community water systems.
NTNCs • 8-1
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Section 8
Contamlnmt/Requlnment
As part of thel986Amendments,Congressdecidedthatthesametypeof protection
afforded to users of community water systems should be extended to those people
who receive drinking water from non-transient non-community systems. For these
systems, this means monitoring for literally hundreds of possible contaminants,
installing and using new treatment technologies, and complying with various
reporting and public notification requirements. As a result, a lot of systems are going
to be responsible for a lot of new requirements, and somehow these systems need to
become aware of these new regulations and requirements and begin to take the steps
necessary to ensure compliance.
Overview of the Regulatory Requirements
EPA is developing regulations on a staggered schedulein response to the 1986SDW A
Amendments. Consequently,some regulations havebeen finalized and are presently
effective, while others have only been
proposed or will be proposed in upcom-
ing months and years. By 1993, NTNC
water systems will need to comply with
complex requirements forcontrollmgover
100 microbiological and chemical con-
Drinking Water Regulatory Development Schedule'
Final Rule"
Effective Date"
Fluoride
LeadBan(SDWA1417)
Phase I Volatile Organics
Public Notification
Lead Ban Policy Guidance
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Total Coliform Rule
Lead/Copper
Phase II 38 Contaminants
Phase III Radwnuclides
Phase V 25 Contaminants
Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products
AddfDonal List Contaminants
4/86
6/86
6/87
10/87
9/88
6/89
6/89
1990
1991
1992
1992
1993""
1994'"*
10/87
6/86
1/89
4/89
3/89
12/90
12/90
6/91
1992
1993
1993
1994
1996
In addmon to the schedule shown above, (he 1986 SDWA Amendments
require EPA to develop regulaaons for 25 additional contaminants for even/
three-year penod beginning in 1991.
Ml dates attar August 1990 are estimated.
EPA Rules are generally effective 18 months after being finalized. State rules
are required to be adopted by the EPA effective date. Rules require specific
best available treatment technology (BATs) for use in controlling each regu-
lated contamant
1 These estimated dates are currently being reconsidered
September 1990
taminants.
The following sections explain how
NTNCs are affected by the regulations
and, very importantly, when these regu-
lations must be followed by NTNCs. This
schedule is summarized in Table 1 and
laid out in more detail inAppendix A at
the end of this handbook.
Current and Effective
Drinking Water
Regulations
Bacteria
Presently, NTNCs are required to rou-
tinely sample once each quarter for colif-
orm bacteria. If a positive result (as deter-
mined by density) is obtained, at least two
consecutive daily follow-up or check
samples must be taken. The frequency
and necessity of further check samples is
determined by the State's drinking water
office.
Beginning on December 31,1990, the
coliform bacteria requirements will be-
come more extensive. Information on the
new requirements can be obtained from
the State drinking water office. The current monitoring costs for coliform bacteria are
approximately $100 year. This cost could increase to $1,000 annually if results are
positive and follow-up samples are required.
NTNCs • 8-2
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Section 8
Nitrates
Presently, NTNCs are required to test at least once for nitrates and to conduct
additional monitoring and analysis at a frequency required by the State drinking
water office. The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrates is 10 milligrams per
liter (mg/1). (The State may allow up to 20 mg/1 under certain circumstances.) The
monitoring costs related to nitrates are approximately $50 per sample. The required
amount of samples each year is determined by your State and is likely to be no more
than four.
Turbidity
Presently, NTNCs are required to analyze for turbidity (cloudiness) only if the
system uses surface water as a complete or partial supply source. If required to
sample, it must be done onceeach day and the subsequent analysis must yield results
that remain below one Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) as determined by a
monthly average. If the State rules out any risk to public health for a given system, the
turbidity limit for that system may be raised to as high as five, and the monitoring
frequency may be reduced to less than daily.
These requirements will change on a staggered schedule for the system types noted
below. These requirements canmore fully be explained by yourState'sdnnking water
office.
• Unfiltered Surface Water Systems December 30,1991
• Filtered Surface Water Systems June 29,1993
Special Public Notice for Lead
As of June 19,1988, NTNCs should have posted a special one-time public notice
warning of the health concerns associated with the potential lead contamination of
drinking water.
The notice was to be posted in full view at the facility and was to comply with the
content requirements established by EPA's newly revised public notification regu-
lations. If such a special nobcc concerning lead has not yet been posted, it should be
done as soon as possible.
Lead Ban
Asof June 19,1986, all water systems were no longer permitted to install lead-based
materials as part of their water supply collection, treatment, distribution, and
plumbing systems. All newly installed solder, flux, pipes, and pipe fixtures are to be
"lead-free." Solder and flux must contain less than 02 percent lead and pipes and pipe
fixtures must contain less than 8.0 percent lead.
General Public Notification
On April 28,1989, more stringent public notification requirements became effec-
tive. For water systems with violations exceeding an MCL, notices are to be made in
accordance with language specified in the regulation. These notices are to be made
within 14 days of the violation and remain in place until the violation is corrected. For
less severe violations, water systems have up to three months to notify customers of
the violation.
Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
MCLs are currently in effect for eight VOCs. If a NTNC water system serves greater
than 3300 people, that system presently is required to be in compliance with the
monitoring requirements for these contaminants. If the system serves less than 3,300
people, the system must complete its first year of monitoring by December 1991.
NTNCs • 8-3
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Section 8
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Presently, NTNC systems serving greater than 3,300 people must have monitored
for 34 unregulated contaminants (both volatile and synthetic organic chemicals).
NTNC systems serving less than 3300 people must have completed the first year of
initial monitoring by December 1991. At State discretion, systems may also be
responsible for monitoring for an additional 17 unregulated contaminants.
Forthcoming Drinking Water Regulations
Short Term and Immediate Requirements
As noted previously, EPA has issued newly revised standards for bacteria and
turbidity and new standards for eight VOCs. Moni taring requirements ha vealsobeen
issued for 51 unregulated synthetic and volatile organic chemicals.
Volatile Organic Chemicals
MCLs are currently in effect for all systems; compliance dates for initial monitoring
requirements arc as follows:
>3300 Completed by 12/89
<3300 Completed by 12/91
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
>3300 Completed by 12/89
<3300 Completed by 12/91
Compliance dates for the new bacteria and turbidity requirements are as follows
Bacteria
December 29,1990
Turbidity
Unfiltcred surface waters: December 30,1991
Filtered surface waters: June 29,1993
Longer-Term Requirements
EPA has issued a final rule requ iring filtrationof all surface wa tors. According to this
rule, NTNC water systems (using surface water) will have to install filtration by
January 29,1993 unless they have met the extensive criteria to avoid filtration (as
determined and approved by your State's drinking water office). Some States are
requiring that all surface water systems install filtration. Systems using groundwater
under the direct influence of surface water will receive State notification by June 1999
if they are to comply with the filtration requirements.
New regulations are presently proposed for 14 inorganic (lOCs) and 48 synthetic
organic chemicals (SCO), and for corrosion control. New regulations will soon be
proposed for radionudides, disinfection by-products, and the disinfection of
groundwater systems.
Compliance and Enforcement
NTNC water systems—like all public water systems—are responsible for comply-
ing with both monitoring and MCL requirements. If the State indicates that a system
is in violation of one or more of these requirements, the system is responsible for
nrtuniing to compUanceinatimelyfasWoa If diffioilties are experienced byasystem
in thecourse of remedying a compliance problem, systems should consult their Slate
drinking water office for technical assistance. If a system does not respond to its
NTNCs • 8-4
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Section 8
violation problem(s) in a timely manner (by resolving the problem(s) itself or
consulting the State for assistance), it can expect an enforcement action to be taken
against it by the State or EPA.
Addressing the Needs of NTNCs
EPA has several actions underway to assist NTNC water systems in understanding
and fulfill ing their new responsibilities. Among these actionsare efforts to:(1) prepare
and distribute informational brochures; (2) educate organizations and associations
tnatn?presentsdvx>ls,irdi>striaJfaciUties,r^
these associations to irrfoimuieirnTenTbersoftrienewrequirements;and(4)encourage
and facilitate the development and delivery of training on NTNC requirements.
Indeed, NTNCs will benefit greatly from the efforts of those organizations involved
in the National Training Strategy, which is a key component and driving force of the
Technology and Training Support Initiative (see Section 6).
In much the same way, NTNCs will benefit from each of EPA's Drinking Water
Mobilization Initiatives. For example, increased resources for State drinking water
programs will enable these programs to better address the needs of their NTNCs.
Similarly, the availability of affordable treatment technologies, successful interaction
with local health officials and the public, increased technical capabilities for NTNC
opera tors, and the development of secure, viable institutional arrangements will help
strengthen the overall service provided by NTNCs and will help ensure the provision
of high quality drinking water regardless of the type or size of system.
For more information that may be helpful to NTNCs, please refer to Section 10 of
this handbook, entitled. Special Extras for Small Systems.
D D D
NTNCs • 8-5
-------
Public Education
-------
Section 9
Public Education Initiative
-------
Section 9
Public Education Initiative
The public
cannot be
overlooked,
underestimated,
or forgotten...
Introduction
In addition to the many statutory and regulatory requirements imposed by the
Safe Dnnkmg Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1986, both public water
systems and regulators alike are faced with another critical challenge—working
with the public. The Public Education Initiative is dedicated to the development
and widespread distnbution of public information materials and will strive to
assist all members of the drinking water community in their efforts to educate the
public, including the media, on the importance of safe dnnking water.
Theobjectwes of the Public Education Initiative arc: (Dtodevclopa comprehen-
sive set of public information matcnals and to make them available to States, the
media, National associations, and other Federal agencies; (2) to build an effective
public education coalition among States and key national organizations to inform
the citizens of small communities about the Safe Drinking Water Act and its
provisions, the regulatory process, and the need to support higher wa ter ra tcs; and
(3) to increase the extent of media coverage of drinking water issues, and in
particular, ensure that information about the potential health nsks associated with
contaminated dnnking water and the need to raise water rates to pay the cost of
increased protection is being communicated in a wide variety of publications and
radio and television programs.
The Public Education Challenge
Without the support of a well-informed public, neither the regulators nor the
public water systems which they regulate will be able to accomplish the mission
given to them by the 1986 Amendments. The public cannot be overlooked,
underestimated, or forgotten; their confidence, input, and support (particularly
financial support) are essential to the success of the entire drinking water pro-
gram.
What the public needs is a simple, honest, straightforward, positive message—
a message that lets all of them know that the water is safe to drink. And if the water
is not safe to drink, they need to know that, too, and they need to be assured that
both the regulators and regulated are doing something to make it safe again.
So, how does this message get out to the public? How can the public's
support be gained when they are being told that the water is not safe todrink?
Hopefully this section will provide some ideas and suggestions on how to
develop and deliver this most important message: the water is safe to drink!
Public Education Initiative • 9-1
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Section 9
The Hurdles
Everyone needs water. As human beings, we use water for many purposes,
including its use as a fundamental part of basic nutrition. Most of our country^
population—abou 185 percent—receives itshousehold dnnking water from public
water systems. Most of the water we drink away from home-^at work, school,
restaurants, parks, rest stops, etc.—also comes from these public water systems.
It's fair to say, then, that we really do rely on public water systems, and unfor-
tunately, they ha ve become something that all of us take for granted. After all, you
only need to turn the tap, right?
But despite its widespread use, drinking water has become more and more
subject to public scrutiny. More and more people have begun to express their
concern, discontent, or dislike for publicly supplied drinking water, as evidenced
by the rapid increase in sales of bottled water and household water treatment
devices.
But who can blame the public, when hardly a day goes by without another
report on the evening news about storage tanks leaking harmful chemicals,
tankers spilling oil into our nation's waters, and radioactive wastes leaching into
the ground water from old military facilities? Whocan blame the public when their
favorite mo viestar appears on prime time television, promoting the use of a water
filter to protect themselves against all the chemicals in theirdrinking water? Who
can blame the public when "everyone" in their neighborhood is drinking carbon-
ated "designer water" or one of the other varieties of "naturally pure" drinking
water? And who can blame the public when they are told that hundreds of
drinking water contaminants havebeenfoundand only 26are presently regulated?
And now that the Amendments have been passed and more contaminants will be
regulated, their water bills will go up?
Perhaps a few insights can be gained from EP A's Safe Drinking Water Hotline.
The Hotline is a toll-free, nationwide information service which was originally
designed for the regulated community—the public water systems—so they could
obtain up-to-date information on dnnking water laws, regulations, and policies.
Since its inception in the summer of 1987, the Hotline has received nearly 40,000
calls— but only halfoi these calls have come from public water systems, state and
local officials, and consultants and engineers engaged in drinking water work.
Who made all the other calls? You guessed it—Mr. a nd Mrs. America—the general
public.
And what do they want to know? Here's several examples of what the Hotline
has been asked by citizens?
• Is the water in (their town) safe to drink? How do I know?
• I heard about the chemical spill (on the other side of the State), will this
affect my drinking water?
• Why does my water smell bad and taste bad?
• A salesperson told me that my water contains cancer causing
chemicals; is this true? What can I do about it?
• Do I need a filter for my kitchen tap? Which one should I buy?
• Which is better to drink—bottled water, distilled water, or tapwater?
• How do I get my water tested?
Public Education Initiative • 9-2
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Section 9
These questions—and others like them—indicate that people are indeed con-
cerned about the safety of their drinking water. The questions also indicate that
most people don't know a whole lot about the location and nature of their source
of drinking water, how it is managed and treated prior to delivery to their
household tap,and what kind of heal thrisks(ifany)are presented bydrinkingany
type of water, whether it is distilled, bottled, filtered, or delivered by the local
water supplier. Further, the public doesn't really know who to turn to for help and
where to go for answers. They have been bombarded with a mixture of alarming
news, conflicting claims,aggressive sales pitches, and a steady stream of information
from a variety of sources that is resulting in confusion and distrust.
Public water suppliersand the agencies that regulate them must work together
to sort out fact from fiction, and myth from truth. The public needs good, clear
information so they can make well-informed decisions about the drinking water
in their immediate area.
The Message
In order to clear me air of confusion and ensure the support of a well-informed
public, we need to communicate a solid, positive message. This message contains
five fundamental parts:
• In general, the water is pretty good;
• The more we leam, the more we need to do;
• You have to pay for more protection;
• You have to get involved; and
• You need to value water more highly and use it more wisely.
The Water is OK to Drink
Most public water systems supply safe, clean drinking water to their customers.
Despite the uproar created by bottled water and water filters, the vast majority of
peoplearcsatisfied with thcirdnnkmg water. Of course, some places ha veserious
problems and the water should not be consumed. But for the most part, if a public
water system follows the regulations and guidelines established by EPA and the
States, then the water is just fine.
Perhaps the public needs to hear and begin to understand some of the following
ideas—things that regulators and suppliers know and take for granted, because
they deal with them every day—and maybe they will begin to feel better about the
water they drink:
• Various surveys and studies have discovered hundreds of different
contaminants in our nation's drinking water supplies, BUT, these
contaminants are not everywhere. A relatively small number of the
contaminants are present at levels and frequencies that warrant
immediate concern.
• Every town's water supply is not the same—it really does depend on
where you live. Your water supply is not affected by every incident
you see or hear in the news, only by incidents in your immediate area.
Public Education Initiative • 9-3
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Section 9
• If your water tastes bad, smells bad, or looks bad—ifs not necessarily
unsafe to drink. Many drinking water "contaminants" do not present
health risks at low levels, but they may make the water aesthetically
unattractive. The presence or absence of various naturally-occurring
minerals, the temperature and pH of the water source, and the
particular method of collection and treatment by the public water
system all determine how your water tastes, looks, and smells. It may
be bad, but in most cases ifs just the way things are; in fact, many of
the most harmful contaminants are tasteless, colorless, and odorless.
The More We Learn, the More We Need to Do
Despite the fact that most water supplies are pretty good, there is no denying that
the potential for contamination exists. In fact, our modem industrialized society
is manufacturing and using more chemicals than ever before. If these chemicals
arc not handled and/or disposed of properly, they may ultimately end up in our
drinking water supplies. If we consume these contaminants—even in small
doses—we may experience a wide array of adverse health effects.
Fortunately, weareleaming more and moreabout these contaminants each day.
The more we know, the better we understand the dangers presented by these
contaminants and the better we can protect ourselves. With an increase in
knowledge and understanding comes an increase in regulations; with an increase
in regulation comes an increase in costs for the regulators, the regulated, and the
general public.
Doctor Bills or Water Bills?
In many ways, paying your water bill is a lot like going lo the family
doctor—the more protection provided, the bigger the bill.
If all you need is an aspirin for a headache, it won't cost very much.
But if your doctor treats you for the flu, or takes care of your children
when they gel the measles, or he examines your heart and lungs and
other organs to assure that you are healthy, or he determines thai you
have diabetes and helps you deal with it, or he removes a tumor and
prevents you from dying from cancer—he becomes a pretty valuable
person to have around. And despite the cost, you will pay him for his
knowledge and expertise, because he is protecting you against a variety
of ills. And If you're lucky enough, your doctor will continue to do his job
well and you and your family will live long and healthy lives.
Is your local drinking water plant really any different? If all you had
to pay for was the delivery of water from the reservoir or well to your
house, it probably wouldn't cost that much. But who would takeout the
potentially harmful bacteria and viruses that cause disease such as
hepatitis, dysentery, cholera, and giardiensis? Who would prevent your
pipes from rusting and corroding? Who would be able to filter out
Impurities that cause bad tastes and odors? Who would be able to
remove Industrial and agricultural chemicals that were washed into the
reservoir or seeped into the groundwater well? Who would do all these
things and still do them at a reasonable rate? Is your daily, monthly,
yearly, and lifetime health worth it? Or would you rather wait around
and try to fix the problem when it happens? What if it's too late to fix it?
You can't give cancer back to the water, but you can pay a little bit more
up front to help finance the technology that can take out the cancer
causing chemicals before they have a chance to get into your glass.
After all whose bill would you rather pay?
Paying For Protection
Perhaps the most difficult part of the message
is trying to tell people that they have to pay a
larger water bill because of the new regula-
tions. Most people don't notice any difference
in their water, they don't feel any better or any
worse—they just have to pay more each
month.
Most people don't realize what they pay for
with their water bill. In many cases, they don't
realize the full gamut of services that their
public water supplier provides—gathering,
filtration, disinfection, corrosion control,
fluoridation, taste adjustment, and delivery
to their homes. Quite a bit of activity takes
place between the reservoir or aquifer and the
kitchen tap, and the more people know about
these activities, perhaps the more receptive
they will be to increased water rates.
More importantly, almost no one considers
the fact that they are paying for long-term
protection against the adverse health effects
of drinking water contaminants. Drinking
water regulations are written to protect us
against an entire lifetime of exposure—not
Public Education Initiative • 9-4
-------
Section 9
just today, tomorrow, or even next year, but for an adult lifetime. If more people
were aware and appreciative of this broad scope of coverage, perhaps they
wouldn't be so reluctant to make a bigger "monthly investment" in their public
water system. And besides, compared to most doctor bills and insurance policies,
the protection you "buy" with your water bill is fairly inexpensive.
If You Want Clean Water — Get Involved!
One way for the public to insure the safety and cleanliness of their drinking water
is to get involved and take direct action. People need to be reminded that the local
public water system is not just a nameless, faceless entity that merely sends you
a bill and periodically asks you to run the water fora few minutes when the water
gets rusty while they clean out the distribution system. Rather, the water system
is operated by people—usually people who live in the same town—and they are
just as concerned as the rest of the town about the quality and cost of water. In fact,
it's not only their job to be concerned, but they happen to drink the water too.
Citizens of all kinds, particularly those of voting age, should be encouraged to
of fer support to their local water supplier. Such support can come in a number of
ways:
• Voting for issuance of bonds to finance construction of upgraded
treatment facilities;
• Serving on water boards and commissions;
• Lending technical assistance and expertise to lesser-trained plant
operators;
• Attending and participating in public meetings;
• Offenng assistance and participating in public outreach/public
information programs;
• Electing local officials sympathetic to the need for improved local
drinking water quality;
• Participating in efforts to prevent pollution of the local water supply;
and,
• Supporting rate increases.
Value Your Water and Use It Wisely
Finally, itis important to encourage the public toconsiderdrinking water asa very
valuable commodity—one that is precious and deserving of prudent use. Even in
areas that have "a lot of water", it is important to promote both pollution
prevention and conservation for our public water supplies.
There are a number of ways to promote conservation, including bill sniffers and
flyers, educational posters, elementary and secondary school programs, and
home conservation kits.
Public Education Initiative • 9-5
-------
Section 9
Delivering the Message
Now that you are well versed in the overall purpose and general contents of the
message, it is time to discuss how you might get the message delivered to the
public. In order to effectively communicate the message, you will need to have the
following three things:
• A well-trained, well-informed, enthusiastic, and dedicated team of
messengers (trainers);
• Well-written, well-packaged, and properly presented information; and
• A receptive audience — which has been specifically targeted to receive
the information being presented.
The Messengers
All messengers (trainers) should possess two basic qualities: expert knowledge of
the drinking water program and genuine enthusiasm to share that knowledge
with the public. If a messenger knows every rule and regulation, every fact and
figure, and every little technical detail, the knowledge is useless unless the
messenger really wants to deliver the message. The messenger must firmly
believe in what he/she is presenting, because if their is any doubt, the audience/
public will notice and they will be lost.
At the same time, the messenger should never assume that he/she "knows it
all." There will always be new examples and different circumstances, and most
often an exception for every rule. The best preparation for exceptions is no
preparation at all—know the rules as written, be open-minded enough to listen to
the exceptions, and have the patience to explain the difference.
Messengers also need to leam how to work with an audience. When it comes to
public speaking, not everyone is comfortable in front of a crowd, and not every
crowd is composed of the same kind of people. Be sure to leamas muchas possible
about your audience ahead of time, including their occupations and educational
backgrounds, their sense of importance and priority, and how much time they
intend to spend listening to yourinformation. By thesame token, if you are writing
something, be sure you know your readers. You don't want to baffle common
folks with highly technical jibberish, and you don't want to insult a bunch of
engineers with something too simplistic.
When you work with an audience of any kind, follow these simple rules:
• Listen as much (or more) than you speak;
• Offer suggestions, not mandates;
• Encourage suggestions, criticism, and general participation;
• Be authoritative, but not overbearing;
• Stand your ground, but don't be stubborn or defensive;
• Don't be afraid to make mistakes (as long as you correct them); and,
• Don't be afraid to charm them - if they like you, they will listen to you.
Public Education Initialise • 9-6
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Section 9
The Materials and Methods
The safe drinking water water message can be spread very effectively through a
varietyof media—printed materials,radioand television spots,and presentations
and exhibits. Following isa list of ways and means that have been used successfully
by EPA's Office of Drinking Water.
• Is Your Drinking Water Safe?—A pamphlet that provides an overview
of the regulatory requirements established by the Safe Drinking Water
Act Amendments of 1986. Written in simple, non-technical terms, the
pamphlet is a good source of basic information on EPA's public water
supply program.
• Eight-Panel Brochures—Written on important topics and issues. At
present, EPA has prepared a number of these, including topics such as
the Lead Contamination Control Act, the lead ban, public notification,
VOCs, and the unregulated contaminant monitoring program.
• One-Page Fact Sheets—Written on any issue for a quick glance or
introduction, and as a good way to encourage people to seek more
information. These are particularly helpful when a rule has just been
proposed or finalized.
• Public Service Announcements and Press Releases—Written on
important issues, especially just after a rule is proposed or finalized.
• Radio and Television Spots—Both interviews and announcements
can work very well in the electronic media. Be sure to offer
publications or printed materials that can be obtained either by writing
or calling.
• Distribution at the Supermarket—Printed materials can be
distributed easily through local supermarket/grocery store "Good
Neighbor Boards." Colorful, catchy covers for pamphlets and
brochures work best.
• Distribution through Trade Journals and Magazines—
Announcements about the availability of materials work well in
technical publications such as the journal of the American Water Works
Association, and non-technical household magazines such as Family
Circle, Good Housekeeping, and Ladies Home Journal.
• Flyers and Bill Sniffers—Announcements about information and
publications can be spread widely and quickly by mail. In both cases,
order forms and mail-back cards are effective ways to generate
requests.
• The ODW Exhibit—the Office of Drinking Water has a portable
exhibit that travels around the country to a variety of meetings,
conventions, and symposia. The exhibit contains many handouts and
giveaways, including pamphlets, posters, publications, and
promotional ribbons, pens and pencils, and stickers. The promotional
pieces are very effective and very popular, but you have to remember
that they cannot bear the EPA logo. Another great success at the
exhibit is order forms—lots of document requests are generated by
these forms. People are more likely to read material they receive
separately in the mail rather than material they pick up along with a
bunch of other things in the exhibit hall.
Public Education Initiative • 9-7
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Section 9
These are just some of the many ways to inform the public about drinking water.
Equally as important as the availability and distribution of the materialsis the way
in which they are written and presented. Following are a few rules-of-thumb that
may be helpful:
• Information needs to be simple and non-technical, and needs to be
written and delivered in terms that can be understood by the
"common person."
• Don't give people too much at once—present things in an easy-to-read,
easy-to-look-at, easy-to-understand manner. Pictures and colors work
well with all audiences.
• Slide shows and other visual presentations can be very effective for
public meetings and other medium to large sized audiences, provided
the slides and visuals are prepared and presented properly (see side
bar at left).
• Information needs to be direct and to the point—even if it is discussing
"bad" things such as cancer risks and potential health problems.
Honesty goes a long way, provided
that it is presented properly. Avoid
being alarmist, but at the same time,
do not downplay something that is
important.
How to Avoid a Slide Show Nightmare
Slide shows can indeed be very effective—they can also turn off a crowd faster
than anything Try to avoid some of the cardinal sins of bad slide show presen-
tations by heeding some of these helpful hints
Don't Put Too Much In formation on One Slide or Graph
How many tunes have you seen a slide with way too many words' 1 low many
times have you furiously copied a slide, but only managed to finish 6 or 7 of the
10 items listed? And how many times have you simply ignored the slide because
the words were too small, too complicated, or in some "foreign" language Never
again.
A single slide or vu-graph should have very few words (less than 10 is ideal.
and rarely over 15 to 20). The words should be legible, understandable, and
simply there to provide a skeleton for your brilliant verbal presentation Slides
should summarize bigger and better ideas, and should be used in conjunction
with handouts or manuals.
Tell Your Audience How to Behave With Each Slide
How many tunes have you furiously copied only 6 or 7 of the 10 items on a vu-
graph, and then later found the whole list in a handout or manual? Aaargh! Do
your audience a favor and 'coach" them a little as you present the information.
If your slides or graphs summarize part of the accompanying workshop hand-
book, then tell them. If you want them to write down every single word, tell them
that, too. Nothing is worse than an audience that spends most of their time
scribbling notes and little or none of their time listening to what you have to say.
Avoid this situation with a few courteous suggestions, and give your audience
time to absorb the information by listening and writing, not just one or the
other—or neither of the two.
Don't Be Afraid to Entertain
Slide shows are notoriously boring and a proven cure for insomnia—but they
don't have to be. You don't have to win an Oscar for cinematography, but it
makes a lot of sense to give a presentation that is as in (cresting as it is informative.
Not every situation calls for humor, but the use of colon, graphics, and other
visually appealing features will catch and hold the attention of your audience-
just be sure to avoid distracting them. And if it's appropriate to throw in a
humorous cartoon or caricature—do it—there's no rule that says you can't have
a little fun with a slide show.
• Present the facts as
realistically as possible, but avoid
overwhelming people with technical
jargon. Not everybody reads the
Federal Register and the Code of Federal
Regulations, and most people are not
well versed in science and technology.
People can understand complex ideas
if they are brought down to their level
of understanding and into their
perspective.
Know Your Audience
Another secret to a successful public
information program is identifying the
proper audiences) for your message
and tailoring your presentation to meet
the particular needs, interests, or ex-
pectationsof that audience. Some things
will always work well for you, no mat-
ter the nature of the audience, so use
them as appropriate. But if you want to
become a truly effective communicator,
it is better to have a variety of materials
at your disposal so you can pick and
choose what you need for a particular
situation.
Public Education Initiative • 9-8
-------
Section 9
Knowing your audience is also very important. In most cases, the audience
determines the type of materials and the manner of the presentation, so leam as
much as possible about the audience ahead of time and adjust your presentation
accordingly. For example, a presentation given to a group of public utility
commissioners will be quite different from one given to a group of high school
students on a field trip. The overall message is the same, but the depth and
complexity of the information will vary greatly. If you always prepare the
presentation to match the group, then you're more likely to experience success.
Measuring Your Success
How do you know if the message was read or heard? How do you know if the
people are actually going to do something constructive after they read your
brochure or attend your presentation?
At onelevel, vou may never know. You may never know if your efforts inspired
a citizen to vote for the issuanceof a bond,or to lobby for rate increases, or to foster
support for pollution prevention measures, or to use water more conservatively.
If these things do happen in a given community, perhaps you can be satisfied that
your efforts may have contributed—but you won't know for sure.
At another level, it is possible to determine the impact of your message by
counting the number of requests for information, especially those requests that are
made for more information after the first piece was read. In order to measure or
quantify the impact of your message, you have to plan ahead of time and
incorporate a few "tncks-of-thc-tradc" into your publications, announcements,
and request forms. Here's a few helpful suggestions:
• Instead of handing out a piece of information directly, display
examples of the publication and provide order forms. If people take
the time to order something it is usually a good indication that they
will read it.
• If you advertise or promote a single publication or set of materials m a
number of different ways {posters, magazine ads, newsletters, radio
spots), it will be helpful to determine which method is most effective.
The best way to accomplish this task is to make some part of the
request form slightly different for each method, e.g., assign different
contact names for each different promotional method.
• On the request forms or write-back cards, you may want to include a
mini-survey—e.g., How did you learn about this publication? (a) the
radio (b) my water supplier (c) a magazine; etc.— to help determine
how the message has been spread.
• Keep in touch with groups with whom you have worked or spoken.
They may want more information and they may be able to give you
constructive feedback on the effectiveness of your first message.
ana
Public Education Initiative • 9-9
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Resources for
Small Water Systems
-------
Section 10
Resources for Small Water
Systems
-------
Section 10
Resources for Small
Water Systems
Introduction
This section is a "grab bag" of sorts which contains information and references
primarily directed to small systems. Much of the information, however, is useful for
all systems—regardless of size—and for other members of the drinking water
community. Included arc the following:
• Regulatory definition of public water systems, especially NTNCs
• Advice on water testing
• A summary of the federal regulatory development process
• A discussion of treatment technologies for small systems
• A list of contacts
• A list of reference materials
What l&aSmalli System?
The SDWA defines public water systems as those having 15 or more service
connections or regularly serving at least 25 people 60 or more days per year. Public
water systems can be publicly or privately owned and are subdivided for regulatory
purposes into two major categories: community and non-community water systems. A
community water system (such as a municipal utility) serves water to a resident
population year round, whereas a
noncommunity water system serves
water to a nonresident population.
Noncommunity systems are subdi-
vided into one of two categories:
nontransient(such as schools and busi-
nesses with their own water systems)
or transient (highway rest stops and
motels).
--•-•-.•••• *— •-->< ^-— Fl G U R E:1fr±:^^^^^n^'--'-r 1
Classification and Number of Public Water Systems
System Type
System Size
Very Large/Large
Medium
Small
Very Small
Total Systems
Population Community
Served
>1 0.000 3.267
3300-10.000 4.214
500-3300 14.243
25-500 37.241
Non-Community
Non-Transient Transient
11
95
2.476
21.886
44
247
4.029
111.021
58.965 24.468 115.341
Source: Federal Reporting Data System, July 1990.
Within the federal regulatory pro-
gram, a small water system is defined
asone that regularly servesS^OOor less
persons. Further,eachof the three regu-
latory categories mentioned above
contains small systems, most of which
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-1
-------
Section 10
areactually"very small" systems servingless than 500persons(See Figure!). Thetwo
typesof small systems that will be most impacted by the 1986 Amendments are small
and very small community systems and small and very small nontransient,
noncommunity systems (NTNCs).
Small community systems are regulated in much the same way as their larger
counterparts. However, due to the large increase in responsibility and the limitations
pr cnt at most small systems, compliance will be difficult. Fortunately, small
s* -ms have been given special consideratioiv—for example, phased in monitoring
by system size)—which should enable them to attain compliance.
RwNTNCs, however, the new regulatory requirements are truly brand new.Prior
to the passage of the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act (SOWA) Amendments, NTNCs
were only responsible for testing for conditions that posed short-term health risks to
consumers, suchascoliform bacteria and nitrates. Now that theSDWA Amendments
are in place, these systems must also test for contaminants that pose long-term health
risks to consumers—much like community systems— whichamountstoa substantial
increase in both responsibility and cost.
HowI&GefcWateeSamplesaested?
Unlike some larger community water systems, many small water systems do not
have their own drinking water laboratory. As a result, these systems must obtain the
services of a State-certified laboratory. A certified lab is one that has met the
requirementsoftheState drinking water office; thatis, they have the properanalytical
equipment and trained personnel, and they have met the State's quality assurance
standards.
Labs vary inhow they interact with thcircustomers-Insome cases, the lab will send
you the proper bottles and reagents and provide sample-taking instructions. In other
cases, the lab will provide a technician to take samples at your facility, flexibility in
this regard will depend upon State laboratory requirements. All analytical results
must be submitted to the State. Some States require that the lab submit the results;
other States place the submission responsibility on the water system's owner/
operator. Regardless of who submits the sample, thcState determines compliance by
comparing the analytical results to the relevant Federal/State standards.
Contact your State drinking water office if you need assistance in identifying a
certified lab. The State's laboratory certification officer can send you a Statewide list
of approved labs. The list will indicate the location of labs in your State (and possible
adjacent States) and may indicate the contaminants for which a given lab is certified
to test.
Understanding the Development of Federal
Regulations
Where do all these regulations come from anyway? Where can they be found? And
how can they be followed if they're changing all the time? Hopefully the following
will help you answer these questions and help you begin to understand the various
steps taken to develop a federal regulation.
The Law
Congress passesor "enacts" laws and provides federal agencies with the authority to
conduct certain activities. For example, with the Sife Drinking Water Act Amend-
rnenteof!986(theUw),Q)ngTessdirectedEPA(theagency)toreviseand/ordevelop
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-2
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Section 10
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) for public water systems
(the activities).
The Regulations
The NPDWRs are federal regulations. They apply in all states and territories, including
Indian lands. The regulations are established for a particular regulated community-
public water systems—and members of this community must comply with all ap-
plicable parts of the regulations. The regulations are usually contained or packaged
in a "rule", such as the Surface Water Treatment Rule or the Total Coliform Rule.
Is It Final or Proposed?
Only final rules (and regulations contained therein) must be followed, and more
specifically, only after the rules have become effective. Before a rule is "promulgated
as final", it must first be proposed and subject to public reviewand comment. The term
"promulgate"—which means "to make known or to put in force through open
declaration"—is reserved for final rulesonly. Final rules arc promulgated and they are
law; proposed rules are just that, proposed (or announced), and they are not law—they
are only an important step along the way, and arc subject to change before they are
finalized / promulgated.
The Federal Register
Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federol Register, which is published
daily by the United States Government Printing Office. The Federal Register contains
a number of important items— notices, announcements, and even Presidential
proclamations—but most importantly, it is the daily record of all the regulatory
changes for the entire Code of Federal Regulations (that is, all the regulations that go
along with all the laws in our country).
Federal Register citations are very commonly used in regulations, because they
catalogue or reference when and where the rule took place. A typical citation includes
the volume (which goes by year), the abbreviation "FR", and the page number on
which the particular rule starts. For example, the Surface Water Treatment Rule was
promulgated as final in the June 29,1989 Federal Register. Its proper citation is "54 FR
27486"— volume 54 corresponds with the year 1989, and the text of the rule begins on
page 27486. Note that the page numbers in the FR are a continuous running total
beginning at "page 1" in January of each year.
The Code of Federal Regulations
Once a rule is promulgated, it becomes part of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Federal regulations are encoded according to particular "titles", depending on the
federal law from whence they came and the Executive department or federal agency
that was responsible for their development. For example, regulations that are devel-
oped by the Department of Transportation are encoded in Title 49, those for the
Department of Labor are encoded in Title 29, and those developed by EPA for
protection of the environment are encoded in Tide 40.
Asa rule is promulgated, the regulations are established in chapters, subchapters,
parts, subparts, and sections of the code. The various parts of the code are determined
by the regulatory program—for example, Subchapter D of Title 40 addresses Water
Programs; Part 141 of Title 40 contains the National Primary Drinking Water Regu-
lations; Part 141, Subpart B contains sections 141.11 through 141.16, all of which
contain the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water contaminants. So, if you
see a citation that reads "40 CFR 141.13", it means that it is in Title 40 of the Code of
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Section 10
Federal Regulations, Part 141, Section 13-^and it gives the MCL for turbidity.
Are You Confused?
Don't worry if you are, because the laws, the FR and theCFRare(unforhinately) very
complex documents—and it takes time to get used to them. But if you intend to keep
up to speed and remain in compliance, it is best to become familiar with these three
sources of information. And rest assured that there are people who actually under-
stand these sometimes frustrating and convoluted documents, and they will be glad
to help.
Treatment Options for Small Systems
In many instances, compliance with the new drinking water regulations will most
likely include the installation and operation of certain treatment technologies. EPA
estimates that approximately 78 percent of all small community systemsand approxi-
matcly 84 percent of all NTNC water systems will need to use sometypeof treatment.
As a result, owners and operators of small water systems will need to determine
which kind of treatment technology is needed, how to install and operate it, and
perhaps most importantly, how much it is going to cost. Hopefully, the next three
sections will help answer some of these questions.
What Kind of Treatment Do I Use?
Whenever EPA finalizes regulations for drinking water contaminants, the regula-
tions indicate the best available technology(BAT) for treatment and /or removal of these
contaminants. By definition, BAT means the best technology, treatment techniques,
orothermeanswhicharcavailableto public watersystcms, taking both efficiency and
cost into consideration.
Accordingly, if a water system determines that its water supply contains certain
contaminantsand it needs to treat the water to bemcompliance with Federal find State
standards, then the system must use appropriate techniques and /or technologies to
treat the watcr.Followingarcbriefdescnphonsof several treatment technologies that
are commonly used by public water systems.
Disinfection
The purpose of disinfecting drinking water is to destroy organisms that cause
diseases in man. Most harmful bacteria and many other microorganisms are
removed from water in varying degrees by a number of conventional treatment
processes. Chlorination is most widely used in water treatment to ensure satisfactory
disinfection of potable (drinkable) water supplies.
Chlorination eliminates microorganisms by interrupting or destroying certain
enzymatic processes thatare required for life. In order to be effective asa disinfectant,
chlorine must be introduced during the water treatment process and maintained
throughout the distribution systeraWater systems are required to maintain a
"minimum chlorine residual" to ensure that every person in the system—no matter
how close or how far away—receives adequate protection against harmful micro-
organisms.
The process of disinfection varies from system to system, depending on the nature
of the source (groundwater versus surface water), the pH and temperature of the
water, and the size of the system. For example, surface water sources are generally
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-4
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Section 10
much morelikely to contain hannfulmicroorg9rasmsand,asaresult,require heavier
doses of chlorine than ground-water sources. Selecting the proper disinfection
technique is important, so contact someone who can help you select and install the
best method for your system.
Packed Tower Aeration (PTA)
'Tacked tower" or "packed column" aeration is one of the most effective ways to
remove volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from drinking water supplies. The term
"volatile" means that a chemical tends to migrate or transfer easily from water to air,
given proper physical and chemical conditions. VOCs do not present a significant
threat to surface water sources of drinking water, because the chemicals vaporize or
"volatilize" easily in the open air. However, VOCs are a threat to ground-water
sources of drinking water because the contaminants are not exposed to the open air.
PTA is considered thebest available technology for the eight VOCs in the July 8,1987
rule (52 FR 25690).
In a "packed tower", contaminated water is pumped to the top of the column. The
water then cascades down through a bed of inert packing material. Uncontaminated
air enters the bottom of the column and is driven or drawn upward through the
packing, exiting at the top of thecolumn. VOCs arc transferred from the water to the
air, resulting in treated water with very low VOC concentrations leaving the column
at the bottom and air with elevated levels of VOCs discharged from the top of the
column into theopcn air. Because of the countcrcurrcnt flow pattern of air and water,
very high removal efficiencies are possible—somewhere between 90 to 99 percent.
When selecting the proper type of PTA for your system, the most important
considerations are depth and type of packing material, water loading, and air
loading.
Corrosion Control
The process of corrosion is primarily electrochemical in nature, with reactions
occu rring between metal surfaces and chemicals in cither the soil or water that comes
into contact with metal surfaces. There is a complex interaction of factors such as pH,
buffer capaaty,calciumcarbonate(CaCO3)deposition,alkalinity,andtheactivityof
electrolytic cells. If the interaction of factors causes an electrical current to flow from
an anodic to a cathodic area while water or soil is in contact with the metal, then
metallic ions are released into solution at the anode, resulting in rusting and pitting.
Metallic corrosion can be retarded or prevented by (1) cathodic protection, (2)
application of coatings or linings, (3) regulation of the outside pipe environment, (4)
the addition of inhibitors to the water, and (5) production of films by chemically
treating the water.
In order to select the best method of corrosion control for your system, it is
important to be aware of the various stimulating and inhibiting factors present in
your water supply. Contact a local consulting engineer or the State drinking water
program for assistance in determining these factors
Ion Exchange
Ion exchangers are commonly used in water and waste treatment plants to soften
water, to recover valuable chemicals that otherwise would be lost in wastewater
discharges, and to selectively remove specific impurities or contaminants. Many
inorganic elements and compounds that present health risks as drinking water
contaminants—nitrates, heavy metals such as arsenic, barium, cadmium, and radio-
active elements such as radium—can be removed by ion exchange.
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Section 10
Ion exchange removes contaminants from drinking water by passing the water
thitnighabed of sodiunvimpregria ted exchange i^in.The contaminants are takenup
by the resin, which simultaneously gives up or "exchanges" sodium ions. After the
ability of the resin to remove contaminants has bien exhausted, the resin bed is
backwashed with a solution of sodium chloride. This removes the contaminants and
at the same time restores theresin to itsoriginal sodium condition. Ion exchangers are
available commercially, so any system that intends to install one should consult with
the proper experts.
Filtration
Filtration (especially when used in combination with disinfection) is considered the
most effective way to eliminate a variety of microbiological contaminants. This is of
particular importance for protection against Giardia lamblia, a microorganism re-
sponsible for many disease outbreaks in our country. This organism cannot be killed
or inactivated by conventional disinfection, because during part of its biological life
cyde,Gun/uencasesitself in a protective cyst. Asa result thecystsmust be physically
removed by filtration.
Several types of filtration are available and used by public water systems. The most
common type for treating municipal or large community water supplies is the rapid
sand filter. Despite its widespread use, this method has often proved inappropriate
for small systems because it is a technology that requires skilled operation. Accord-
ingly, slow sand filters are more commonly used by small systems, because they are
both easier and less costly to operate, yet sbll provide adequate treatment.
Where Can I Get the Technology?
Treatment technologies and accessories are a vailable from a wide variety of commer-
cial manufacturers and distributors. A list of vendors can be found in something as
familiar as theyellowpagesof your local phone book, or through contacting either the
National Sanitation Foundation or the Water Quality Association. You may wish to
retain the services of a consulting engineer. Contact your State Drinking Water
Agency (listed at the back of this chapter) or your local Professional Engineering
Society.
Tablet^
Cost Impacts of Compliance
increased Cost/Household/Year
Size of
System
Small
Medium
Large
Very Large
Volatile
Organlcs
$41
12
3
3
Synthetic
Organlcs
$125
40
20
10
Inorganics
$461
126
72
0
nitration/
Disinfectants
$>200
100-200
<100
<100
Source: Matcall and Eddy, 1989.
How Much Will Treatment Cost?
The actual costs of treatment will vary
depending on the particular type of tech-
nology, the type and size of the system
that it is being served, and the particular
contaminants that are being treated/re-
moved. Following is a chart that displays
a low-medium-high capital cost range for
certain treatment technologies, according
to two different system sizes.
References
dark, John W. and Warren Viessman, Jr.
and Mark Hammer, "Water Supply and
Pollution Control," Third Edition Harper
& Row, Publisher, 1977.
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-6
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Section 10
Wher^CartaSmalliSystemiGa For Help?i
Fortunately, small systemsare not alone in theirefforts to comply with the regulations
and requirements. Many groups and organizations—both public and private—are
able and willing to provide assistance. Following is a list of some of these groups.
Various trade, professional, and educational associations not listed here may be able
to help too.
Federal Government
US. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Drinking Water (WH-550)
401M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
The Safe Drinking Water Hotline
(800) 42M791 or (202) 382-5533
US. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Offices—
Region
Region I Water Supply Branch
JFK Federal Building
Room 2203
Boston, MA 02203
(617)565-3610
Region II Drinking Water/Ground
Water Protection Branch
26 Federal Plaza, Rm 824
New York, NY 10278
(212)264-1800
Region III Drinking Water/Ground
Water Protection Branch
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215)597-8227
Region W Water Supply Section
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404)347-2913
Region V Safe Drinking Water
Branch
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312)353-2152
Region VI Water Supply Branch
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214)655-7155
Region VII Drinking Water Branch
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)551-7032
States
Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire
Rhode Island, Connecticut,
Massachusetts
New York, New Jersey, Virgin
Islands, Puerto Rico
Delaware, District of Columbia
Maryland, Pennsylvania
Virginia, West Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Georgia
Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Tennessee,
South Carolina
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan
Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Arkansas, Louisiana, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska,
Missouri
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Section 10
Rfgion VIII Drinking Water Branch Colorado, Montana, North
One Denver Place Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
99918th Street Wyoming
Suite 300
Denver, CO 80202-2413
(303)293-1413
Region IX Water Supply Branch Arizona, California, Hawaii,
215 Fremont Street Nevada, American Samoa, Guam,
San Francisco, CA 94105 Trust Territories
(415)9705-2111
Region X Drinking Water Branch Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)442-4092
Other Federal Numbers
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control
Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404)488-4772
United States Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents
Washington, DC 20402-9371
(202)783-3238
State Agencies
State Public Water Supply Program—In most States, this program is located in the State
capital or another major city and is usually part of the Department of Health or
Environment. Consult the following list for your State's drinking water agency. Note
that the States are not listed in strict alphabetical order; rather, they are grouped
geographically according to EPA Regions.
REGIONI
Manager, Drinking Water
Connecticut Bureau of Health
Water Supplies Section Division of Health Engineering
Department of Health Department of Human Services
150 Washington Street State House (f' 10)
Hartford, CT 06106 Augusta, MJ J3
(203)566-1253 (207)289-382,
Massachusetts New Hampshire
Division of Water Supply Water Supply Division
Department of EnvironmentaJ Quality Water Supply and Pollution Control
Engineering Commission
One Winter Street Post Office Box 95
Boston, MA 02108 Hazen Drive
(617)292-5529 Concord, NH 03301
(603)271-3503
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-8
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Section 10
Rhode Island
Division of Water Supply
Department of Health
75 Davis Street, Health Building
Providence, RI 02908
(401)277-6867
Vermont
Water Supply Division
Department of Health
60 Main Street
Post Office Box 70
Burlington, VT 05401
(802)863-7220
REG ION n
New Jersey
Bureau of Potable Water
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Protection
Post Office Box CN-029
Trenton, NJ 06825
(609)984-7945
New York
Bureau of Public Water Supply Protection
State Department of Health
2 University Place, Room 406
Western Avenue
Albany, NY 12203-3399
(518)458-6731
Puerto Rico
Drinking Water Supply Supervision
Program
Department of Health
Post Office Box 70184
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936
(809)766-1616
Virgin Islands
Natural Resources Management
Department of Conservation and
Cultural Affairs
Government of Virgin Islands
Post Office Box 4340
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas, Virgin Is. 00801
(809)774-6420
REGIONIU
Delaware
Office of Sanitary Engineering
Division of Public Health
Jesse Cooper Memorial Building
Capital Square
Dover, DE 19901
(302)736-4731
District of Columbia
Water Hygiene Branch
Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
5010 Overlook Avenue S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
(202)767-7370
Maryland
Division of Water Supply
Office of Environmental Programs
Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(301)631-3702
Pennsylvania
Division of Water Supplies
Department of Environmental
Resources
Post Office Box 2357
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-9035
Virginia
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Department of Health
James Madison Building
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804)786-1766
West Virginia
Drinking Water Division
Office of Environmental Health Services
Department of Health
1800 Washington Street East
Charleston, WV 25305
(304)348-2981
REGIONIV
Alabama
Water Supply Branch
Department Of Environmental
Management
1751 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205)271-7773
Florida
Drinking Water Section
Department of Environmental
Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32301-8241
(904)487-1772
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-9
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Section 10
Georgia
Drinking Water Branch
Environmental Protection Division
Department of Natural Resources
270 Washington Street S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404)656-4807
Kentucky
Division of Water
Department of Environmental
Protection
18 Reilly Road, Fort Boone Plaza
Frankfort. KY 40601
(502) 564-3410 (Ext. 543}
Mississippi
Division of Water Supply
Board of Health
Post Office Box 1700
Jackson. MS 39205
(601)960-7518
North Carolina
Water Supply Branch
Division of Health Services
Department of Human Resources
Bath Building
Post Office Box 2091
Raleigh, NC 27602-2091
(919)733-2321
South Carolina
Division of Water Supply
Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803)734-5310
Tennessee
Division of Water Supply
Bureau of Environment
Department of Health and Environment
150 9th Avenue, North
Nashville, TN 37219-5404
(615)741-6636
REGION V
Illinois
Division of Public Water Supplies
Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62706
(217)785-8653
Indiana
Department of Environmental
Management
Public Water Supply
105 S. Meridian Street
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
(317) 24(W217
Michigan
Division of Water Supply
Bureau of Environmental and
Occupational Health Services
Department of Public Health
3423 North Logan Street
P.O. Box 30195
Lansing, MI 48909
(517)335-9216
Minnesota
Section of Public Water Supplies
Office of Environmental Health
Department of Health
717 BE. Delaware Street
P.O. Box 9441
Minneapolis, MN 55440
(612)627-5100
Ohio
Office of Public Water Supply
Environmental Protection Agency
361 East Broad Street
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
(614)644-2752
Wisconsin
Bureau of Water Supply
Department of Natural Resources
101 South Webster
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
(608)267-7651
REGIONVI
Arkansas
Division of Engineering
Department of Health
4815 West Markham Street
Little Rock, AR 72201-3867
(501)661-2000
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-10
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Section 10
Louisiana
Department of Health and Hospitals
Public Health
Department of Health and Human
Resources
P.O. Box 60630
New Orleans, LA 70160
(504)568-5105
New Mexico
Drinking Water Supply
Health & Environment Department
P.O. Box 968
Santo Fe,NM 87504-0968
(505)827-2778
Oklahoma
Water Facility Engineering Service
Department of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405)271-5205
Texas
Division of Water Hygiene
Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, IX 78756-3199
(512)458-7533
REGION VII
Iowa
Water Supply Section
Surface and Ground water Protection
Bureau
Department of Natural Resources
Wallace State Office Building
900 East Grant Street
DesMoines,IA 53109
(515)281-8998
Kansas
Permits and Compliance Section
Bureau of Water Protection
Department of Health and the
Environment
Forbes Field
Topeka,KS 66605
(913)296-1500
Missouri
Public Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental Quality
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson Gty, MO 65102
(314)751-5331
Nebraska
Division of Environmental Health
Department of Health
301 Sentenial Mall South
P.O. Box 95007 3rd Floor
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402)471-2541
REGIONVni
Colorado
Drinking Water Section
Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 320S333 (Ext. 4546)
Montana
Drinking Water Section
Water Quality Bureau
Department of Health and Environmental
Sciences
Cogswell Building, Room A206
Helena, MT 59620
(406)444-2406
North Dakota
Division of Water Supply and
Pollution Control
Department of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58501
(701)224-2370
South Dakota
Bureau of Drinking Water
Department of Water and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 Capital Avenue, East
Pierre, SD 57501
(605)773-3151
Utah
Bureau of Drinking Water/Sanitation
Department of Health
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 841164690
(801)538-6159
Wyoming
Water Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
401 West 19th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7781
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-11
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Section 10
REGION IX
Arizona
Field Services Section
Office of Water Quality
2655 East Magnolia Street
Phoenix, AZ 85034
(602)392-4002
California
Sanitary Engineering Branch
Department of Health
714 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916)323-6111
Hawaii
Drinking Water Program
Sanitation Branch
Environmental Protection and
Health Services Division
Department of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808)548-1682
Nevada
Public Health Engineering
Department of Human Resources
Consumer Health Protection Services
505 East King Street Room 103
Carson City, NV 89710
(702)8854750
Guam
Guam Environmental Protection
Agency
Government of Guam
P.O. Box 2999
Agana, Guam 96910
(671)646-8863
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands
Division of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950
Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands Environmental
Protection Authority
Hospital
Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960
Pohnpei
FSM Environmental Protection
Board
FSM Health Services
Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941
Palau
Palau Environmental Quality
Protection Board
Hospital
Koror, Palau 96940
REGION X
Alaska
Drinking Water Program
Water Quality Management
Department of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box I
Juneau,AK 99811
(907)465-2653
Idaho
Water Quality Bureau
Division of Environment
Department of Health and Welfare
Statchouse
Boise, ID 83720
(208)334-5867
Oregon
Drinking Water Systems Section
Health Division
Department of Human Resources
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue
Portland, OR 97201
(503)229-6310
Washington
Drinking Water Program Section
Department of Social and Health Services
Mail Stop LD-11
Olympia,WA 98504
(206)753-5954
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-12
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Section 10
Associations and Other Sources of Information
American Water Works Association (AWWA)
6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
(303)794-7711
National Rural Water Association (NRWA)
2915 South 13th Street
P.O. Box 1428
Duncan, OK 73534
(405)252-0629
Rural Community Assistance Program, Inc. (RCAP)
602 South King Street
Suite 402
Leesburg, VA 22075
(703) 771-8636
Reference Materials^ocSmalLSystems
The US. Environmental Protection Agency has developed a number of helpful
reference materials for use by both small public water systems and small privately
owned water systems. Following is a list of some of the materials currently available.
• Water System Self-Assessment for Mobile Home Parks
EPA 570/9-89-011
• Self-Assessment for Small Privately Owned Water Systems
EPA 570/9-89-012
• Water System Self-Assessment for Homeowners' Associations
EPA 570/9-89-013
• Self-Assessment for Small Publicly Owned Water Systems
EPA 570/9-89-014
• Resource Guide for Small Drinking Water Systems
EPA 570/9-89-015
• Drinking Water Treatment Guide for Small Communities
EPA 625/5-90/025
EPA has also prepared a draft manual, entitled, Small and Individual Water Supply
Systems. This manual is an update to the EPA Manual of Individual Water Supply
Systems which was published in 1982. EPA is issuing this revision of the manual due
to the regulatory conditions placed upon public water supplies by recent amend-
ments to the Safe Drinking Water Act and greater public awareness of health and
environmental issues. For information on the availability of this manual (and other
materials), contact the Office of Drinking Water or the Safe Drinking Water Hotline.
Resources for Small Water Systems • 10-13
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Appendix A
Regulatory Summary
-------
Appendix A
Regulatory Summary
-------
Appendix A
Summary of Regulatory
Requirements
Regulations Existing Prior to the 1986 Amendments
^
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
Based on coliform density. The number of coliform bacteria shall not exceed:
1) An average of 1 per TOO ml during compliance period;
2) 4 per 100 ml in more than one sample when taking less than 20 samples per month.
3) 4 per 100 ml in more than 5 percent of the samples when taking 20 or more samples per month.
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Take samples in each calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public.
• Samples shall be analyzed or sent to an approved laboratory for analysis, and the analysis shall be completed
according to the test methods specified in 40 CFR 141.21.
COMMENTS
• If any regulations are violated, notify the public (users of the system) according to 40 CFR 141.32.
• These regulations are presently in effect, but starting Dec. 31,1990 they will change.
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
10 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) unless State allows up to 20 mg/1, as explained in 40 CFR 141.11(d).
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Sample and analyze once, then repeat as determined by the State.
COMMENTS
The regulations for nitrate are subject to possible revision and will be part of the Phase II rule.
Turbidity (40 CFR1141'.13)
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
1) 1 MTU (Nephelomatric Turbidity Unit) determined by a monthly average.
2) 5 TLTs if allowed by State.
3) 5 or fewer TLTs based on an average for two consecutive days.
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Only required for systems that use surface water.
• Samples are taken daily at a representative entry point to the distribution system.
• Samples are analyzed according to methods in 40 CFR 141.22.
COMMENTS
The regulations for turbidity were revised in the Surface Water Treatment Rule.
-------
Appendix A
Regulations Finalized Since the 1986 Amendments
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
VOCandMCL(mgfl)
Benzene —0.005
Tnchloroethylene — 0.005
Vinyl chloride-0.002
1,1-Dichloroethylene — 0.007
Carbon tetrachloride — 0.005
1.1,1-Tnchloroethane — 0.02
U-Dichloroethane — 0.005
para-Dichlorobenzerie —0.075
MONITORING AND ANAL YTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Monitor for 8 VOCs on a quarterly basis for one year;
• Monitoring schedule is "phased in", based on the number of persons served by the system; following is th. schedule:
more ttian 10.000
3,300 to 10.000
less than 3.300
Monitoring to begin by:
January 1,1988
January 1.1989
January 1.1990
• Samples from ground-water systems are taken at points of entry to the distribution system representative of each
well after application of any treatment;
• Samples from surface water systems are taken at points in the distnbution system representative of each source or at
entry points to the distnbution after any application of treatment; and
• The frequency of repeat monitoring/sampling depends on (1) the results of the initial monitoring, (2) the nature of
the source (ground or surface), and (3) the vulnerability of the system to contamination (see 40 CFR141.24 (g)(8)).
COMMENTS
• Finalized in the July 8,1987 Federal Register (52 F_R 25690).
• Established definition of "non-transient non-community" systems.
• Established public notification requirement for violations of MCLs.
• Established criteria and procedures for use of point-of-entry and other non-centralized treatment devices by public
water systems.
j-UnregulatedJContaminant Monitoring^;:
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
These contaminants are presently unregulated, and EPA needs more information to establish MCL or treatment tech-
niques. Public water systems are required to conduct this monitoring program to assist EPA.
Croup 1—Chloroform, Bromodichloromethane, Chlorodibromomethane, Bromofonn, trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene, os-1,2-
Dichloroethylene, Qilorobenzene, m-dichlorobenzene, o-dlchlo-obenzow, Dibroniomethane, 1,1-Dichloropropene,
Tetrachloroethylene, Toluene, Xylenea, 1,1-Dichloroethane, 1,2- --hloropropane, 1,1,2^-Tetnchloroethane, Ethylbenzene, 1,3-
Dichloroprapane, Styrene, Chloromethane, Bromotnethane, 1,2^-7 richloropropane, 1,1,1 .2-Tetrachloroethane, Chtoroethane, 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane, W-Dichloropropane, o-Chlorotoluene, p-Chlorotoluene, Bromobenzene, 1,3-Dichtoropropene
Croup 2—Ethylene dibromide (EDB), U-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)
Croup 3—1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 1,23-Trichlorobenzene, n-Propylbenzene, n-Butylbenzene, Naphthalene,
Hexachlorobuladlene, 1,34-Trimethylbenzene, p-lsopropyltoluene, Isopropylbenzene, tert-Butylbenzene, sec-Butylbenzene,
Fluorotnchloromethane, Dichlorodifluoromethane, Bromochlorometnane
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REr IREMENTS
• Total of 51 unregulated contaminants, - ut not all must be monitored. The contaminants are split into three groups:
Group 1— 34 contaminants - to be monitored by all systems;
Group 2—2 contaminants - to be monitored by a system only if the State determines that the system is susceptible
to contamination by either or both of the contaminations; and
Group 3— 15 contaminants - to be monitored by a system only if required by the State.
• Monitoring is to be conducted according to a "phased in" schedule like VOCs (see chart above).
-------
Appendix A
Regulations Finalized Since the 1986 Amendments—cont.
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Continued
COMMENTS
Part of the VOC rule in the July 8,1987 Federal Register (52 FR 25715).
Owner/operators non-transient non-community water systems must submit a copy of the monitoring results to the
State within 30 days of receipt of the laboratory analysis.
The owner/operator shall notify persons served by the system of the availability of the results of the monitoring
program, either in the first set of bills after receipt of results or via written notice within three months.
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
Does Not Apply
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Docs Not Apply
COMMENTS
• Used by public water systems to provide notice to the public (persons served by the system) for violations of MCLs,
treatment techniques, vanancc and exemption schedules, and other primary regulations.
• Finalized in the Oct. 28,1987 Federal Register (52 FR 41534).
• Revised public notification process for public water systems; New requirements affect:
— classification of violations;
— form and contents of notice;
— manner of notice; and
— timing and frequency of notice.
• Established mandatory health effects language for specific contaminants or parameters.
Ifil^SpecialPufalfciNoticei^
MCL Off TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
Does Not Apply
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Does Not Apply
COMMENTS
• Special one-time requirement.
• Part of general public notification requirements in the October 28,1987 Federal Register (52 FR 41534).
• Requirements include:
— Notice must be submitted by all community and non-transient non-community systems;
— Notice must be submitted to all users of the system beginning no later than June 19,1988;
— Notice must be given either by (1) three consecutive newspaper notices, (2) one-time notice in the water bill or by
direct mail, or (3) one-time hand delivery;
— Non-transient non-community systems may provide notice by continuous posting;
— Notices must comply with content requirements, as established for general public notification (see Public
Notification); and
— Notices must contain specific mandatory health effects information.
-------
Appendix A
Regulations Finalized Since the 1986 Amendments—cont.
MCL OH TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
• Show compliance with MCL based on presence or absence of total coliforms in a sample rather than coliform density.
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Collect routine samples at sites which are representative of water throughout the distribution system, according to a
written sample siting plan.
• Ground-water systems serving 1,000 persons or fewer are required to monitor each calendar quarter that the system
provides water to the public, unless reduced by the State
• Ground-water systems serving 1,000 persons or IT- -~ and all surface water systems (regardless of size) are required to
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as indicated in 40 CFR 141,2l(aK2). (see the chart
below or the June 29,1989 Federal Register. (54 EE 27563)).
Population served 25 to 1,000
minimum samples/ month 1
1,001 to 2^00
^
1501103,300
3
3,301 to 4,1 00
4
4,101 to 4,900
5
• Repeat monitoring/additional samples arc taken according to 40 CFR 14I.21(b).
• Analysis must be done in accordance with one of the following analytical methods (1) Multiple-Tube Fermentation
Technique; (2) Membrane Filter Technique; (3) Presence-Absence Coliform Test; and (4) Minimal Medium ONPC-MUC
Test (also know commercially as "Colilcrt").
COMMENTS
• Finalized m the June 29,1989 Federal Register (54 FR 27544).
• Effective on December 31,1990.
• Requirements apply to all public water systems.
• A sanitary survey must be conducted by the State or its agency, and the system is responsible for cnsunng the survey
takes place.
• If the MCL is violated, the system should inform the State no later than the end of the next business day after the
violation is determined and notify the public according to the requirements in 40 CFR 14132.
^M Surface WatecTreatment Rulesssg
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
• Established sampling and analytical requirements for turbidity, beginning 12/30/91; established raw water turbidity
limits for unfiltered systems beginning 12/30/91; established sampling, analytical, and filtered water turbidity limits
beginning 6/30/93 for filtered systems.
• Established treatment techniques (instead of MCLs) for viruses, Cierdia lamblia. Legionella, and heterotrophic plate count
(HPO.
• The treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water treatment processes which
achieve the following:
— 995 percent removal and /or inactivation of Cierdia lamblia cysts;
— 9959 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses;
— Either meet th? requirements for avoiding filtration (40 CFR 141.71) or meet the requirements for filtration (40 CFR
141.73); and
— Meet the requirements for disinfection (40 CFR 141.72)which include a minimum residual disinfection concentra-
tion (0.2 mg/1) in the water leaving the plant and the maintenance of a residual concentration, or heterotrophic
plate counts of less than 500/mls in all portions of the distribution system.
MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Each system must comply with the analytical and monitoring requirements in 40 CFR 141 .74 and the reporting and
recordkeeping requirements in 40 CFR 141.75, as needed.
COMMENTS
• Each system must be operated by qualified personal who meet the requirements specified by the State.
• If a system must notify the public regarding a violation of the treatment technique or other regulations, the notice should
include the mandatory health effects language of microbiological contaminants.
-------
Appendix A
Regulations Proposed But Not Yet Final
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
• Proposed revision to the maximum contaminant level for lead;
— Existing MCL is .05 mg/1
— Proposed MCL is .005 mg/1
• Proposed a maximum contaminant level for copper at 1.3 mg/1.
— Existing SMCLofl.O mg/1
• Proposed treatment techniques to reduce exposure to corrosion by-products.
COMMENTS
• Proposed in the August 18,1988 Federal Register (54 FR 31516)
• Proposed public education requirements for public water systems.
• Final rule anticipated in December 1990.
Phase lli(IOCs; arict SOCs)&
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
• Proposed MCLs and MCLCs for 8 inorganic chemicals (lOCs) and 30 synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs).
Inorganics:
Asbestos, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury, Nitrate, Nitnte, Selenium
Synthetic Organies:
Acrylamide, Alachlor, Aldicarb, Aldicarb sulfoxide, Aldicarb sulfone, Atrazine. Carbofuran, Chlordane, Dibro-
mochloropropane, o-Dichlorobenzcne, cis-l^-Dichlorocthylcne, trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. 1,2-Dichloro-
propanc, 2,4-D, Epichlorohydrin, Ethylbcnzcnc, Ethylcne Dibromide, Hcptachlor, Hcptachlor epoxide.Lindane,
Mcthoxychlor, Monochlorobenzcne, PCBs, Pentachlorophenol, Styrcne, Tctrachloroethylene, Toluene, Toxa-
phone, 2,4,5-TP (Silvex), Xylenes (total)
COMMENTS
• Proposed in the May 22,1989 Federal Register (54 FR 22062).
• Proposed the best available technology (BAT) upon which the MCLs are based and the BAT for purposes of
issuing variances.
• Proposed monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements for the 38 contaminants.
• Proposed monitoring requirements for 113 unregulated lOCs and SOCs; monitoring for these unregulated
contaminants will be largely determined by the States.
• Proposed secondary MCLs for nine contaminants, including:
- Aluminum - Silver
- o-Dichlorobenzene - Styrene
- p-Dichlorobenzene -Toluene
- Ethylbenzene - Xylene
- Pentachlorophenol
• Final rule anticipated in January 1991.
-------
Appendix A
Regulations Proposed But Not Yet Final—cont.
pnase\£(Remaining SOCsranct IOCS,
'^-- -'-- '--:-.._....... • •"! .-4.:... -.•..- • ••-•;•• • •-
MCL OR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE
• Proposed MCLs and MCLGs for 6 inorganic chemicals (lOCs) and 18 synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs).
Inorganics:
Antimony, Beryllium, Cyanide, Nickel, Sulfate, Thallium
Synthetic Organics:
Di (ethylhexyl) adipate, Dalapon, Dichloro-methane (methylene chloride), Dinoseb, Diquat, Endothall, Endrin,
Clyphosate, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachloro-cyclopentadiene, Oxamyl (vydate), PAHs (Benzo-a-pyrene), Di
(ethylhexyl) phthalatc, Pichloram, Simazine, 1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene. l,U-Trichloroethane, 2.3.7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
COMMENTS
Proposed in July 25,1990 Federal Register (55 FR 30370),
Proposed monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements for these chemicals;
Proposed best available technology (BAT) upon which the MCLs arc based and BAT for the purposes of vari-
ances;
Proposed a secondary MCL (SMCL) for Hexachlorocyclopentadiene;
Final rule anticipated in March 1992, and,
Effective date anticipated in Fall 1993.
Regulations To Be Proposed
ii^^
Will include MCLs, MCLCs, monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements for Radium 226, Radium 228,
Uranium, Radon, and beta particle and photon radioactivity; gross alpha particle activity may not receive a proposed
MCL, but it may be used as a monitoring screen for the other radioactive contaminants.
Disinfection and Disfection By-Products^
Will include 10 standards for chlorination and ozonation, as well as the by-products created by these processes; as a
companion rule, EPA will propose disinfection requirements for ground water systems.
Phase VI B (Additional List Contaminants)
Will include standards for a group of 15 chemicals from drinking water priority list.
-------
Appendix B
Regulatory Calendar
-------
Appendix B
Regulatory Calendar
-------
Safe Drinking Water Act and Amendments of 1986
Appendix B
|KplW$pl|
|(forSystem^S
iSen/inglfjJA»5^?«JJJJJJJJ>{^
1987
1 w vr f
On May 2:
• Effective date for lab
analysis §14123(g)(4)
• Initial sampling for
compliance with MCL
for SURFACE WATER
systems (repeated
yearly)
• Final rule on JuL 8
• Part of final VOC rule,
Jul.8
• 51 contaminants to be
monitored:
- 34 by all systems
- 2 if system is vulner-
able
- 15 as determined by
State
• Proposed rule on Nov. 3
• Proposed rule on Nov. 3
• Final rule on Oct. 28
• Existing regulations in
effect until Apr. 28, 1989
4 Q O Q
On May 2:
• Initial sampling for
compliance with MCL
forGROUNDWATER
systems (repeated every
3 years)
• First yearly repeat
sample for surface water
systems
f SPECIAL EVENT \
On October 31:
_ Lead Contamination
Control Act (LCCA)
signed into law
• Special public notice for
lead — required to begin
no later than Jua 19
States may require sub-
sequent notices.
1989
B m. Jt A_0 m. Jf
1 %r ^*r \f
• Second yearly sample
for surface water
systems
• Public notification
requirements revised
• MCLsforSVOCs
effective on Jan 9
• Final rule on Jun. 29
• Final rule on Jun. 29
• New regulations
effective on Apr. 28
• Tier land Tier 2
violations
• Revised requirements
for fluoride
-------
Appendix B
Schedule of Regulatory Requirements for Public Water Systems
1990
"inal rule anticipated in
)ocember
'inal rule anticipated in
December (or early
991)
roposed on July 25
1991
1992
• Effective date antici-
pated inWlnter /Spring
• Effective date antici-
pated In June/July
• Final rule anticipated in
March
1993
• Effective date antici-
pated in Fall
1994
• Proposed rule antici-
pated in January
• Proposed rule antici-
pated in Fall
• Ground water treatment
rule will accompany
• Final rule anticipated in
December
• Effective date antici-
pated in Winter
• Final rule anticipated in
Fall
The 1986 SDWA Amendments require EPA to develop regulations for 25
additional contaminants for every three-year period beginning in 1991.
• Effective date antici-
pated in Winter/early
1995
-------
Safe Drinking Water Act and Amendments of 1986
Appendix t
K* Wt^'V :<•*•: 7AV-
-------
Appendix B
Schedule of Regulatory Requirements for Public Water Systems
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Second sample for
groundwater systems
• Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Second sample for
groundwater systems
Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Third sample for
groundwater systems
Initial monitoring by
systems serving less
than 3,300 persons—
must begin no later than
Jan.1
NOTE: The frequency of repeat monitoring for VOCs depends on:
CD Type of source (ground or surface)
<2> Vulnerability (determined by State, if not by detection)
Q> Detection during monitoring
Consult40 CFR, Part 14U4(g)(8) for details
Systems serving 3,300 to
10,000 report to state on
monitoring results and
notify public of the
availability of results
Monitoring by svstems
serving less thai " 300
persons—must bc^in no
later than Jan. 1
Systems serving less
than 3,300 persons
report to State on
monitoring results and
notify public of the
availability of results
Rule effective on Dec. 31
Systems without filtra-
tion begin compliance
with.
1) analytical and moni-
toring requirements
2) reporting and record-
keeping requirements
On Dec 30, systems
without filtration:
• Begin compliance with:
1) criteria for avoiding
filtration
2) public notification for
disease outbreaks
3) disinfection
On Jun. 29, systems with
filtration:
• Begin compliance with:
1) disinfect ion
2) filtration—including
turbidity performance
criteria
3) analytical/monitoring
4) reporting/record-
keeping
5) public notification
Rule effective on Dec 31
requirements Include:
• Compliance with MCL based on presence or absence, not density
• Routine monitoring/sampling determined by size and type of system
• Repeat monitoring required for coUfbrm-poBitive samples
• Sanitary surveys
• Reporting and public notification requirements
• Beginning Jun. 29, State
cannot reduce monilor-inj
frequency for non-
community systems
serving less than 1,000 to
less than once per year.
• By Jun. 29, community
systems serving less than
4,900 persons must
undergo sanitary survey
(repeated every 5 years)
• Non-community systems
by Jun. 29,1999
-------
Safe Drinking Water Act and Amendments of 1986
Appendix B
tf >WR
' -•'. fit!fi\.-^;t~:
fProposei
|Rule:
Lead and
Copper
1986
1987
198
• Proposed on Aug. 18
• MCLs for Pb and Cu
• Treatment technique to
minimize corrosion
• Publk education
program
198
Phase II
(SOCs and
IOCS)
Proposed May 22
MCLs, MCLGs, etc for.
(D 30 synthetic organics
(Z> 8 Inorganics
Monitoring for 113
unregulated SOCs and
IOCS
SMCLSfor9SOCsand
IOCS
Phase V
(SOCs and
IQCs)
ilPDWRs RuleSYet-to-Be Proposed!
Radio-
nuclides
OnScpL3ft
Advanced notice of
proposed rule making for
radionuclides
Disinfection
Chemicals
and By-
products
Phase VI—
First 25 from
the Priority
List
25
from the
Priority List
-------
Appendix B
Schedule of Regulatory Requirements for Public Water Systems
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Second sample for
groundwater systems
• Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Second sample for
groundwater systems
Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Yearly sample for
surface water systems
• Third sample for
groundwater systems
Initial monitoring by
systems serving less
than 3,300 persons—
must begin no later than
Jan.1
NOTE: The frequency of repeat monitoring for VOCs depends on:
CD Type of source (ground or surface)
® Vulnerability (determined by State, if not by detection)
3 Detection during monitoring
Consult 40 CFR, Part 141 -24(g)(8) for details
• Monitoring by systems
serving less than 3,300
persons—must begin no
later than Jan. 1
• Systems serving less
than 3,300 persons
report to State on
monitoring results and
notify public of the
availability of results
Rule effective on Dec 31
Systems without filtra-
tion begin compliance
with:
I) turbidity requirements
2) analytical and moni-
toring requirements
3) reporting and record-
keeping requirements
Systems with filtration
begin compliance with
turbidity requirements
On Dec. 30, systems
without filtration:
• Cease compliance with
turbidity requirements
• Begin compliance with:
1) criteria for a voiding
filtration
2) public notification for
disease outbreaks
3) disinfection
On Jun. 29, systems with
filtration:
• Cease compliance with
turbidity requirements
• Begin compliance with:
1) disinfection
2) filtration
3) analytical/monitoring
4) reporting/record-
keeping
5) public notification
Rule effective on Dec 31
Basic Requirements Include:
• Compliance with MCL based on presence or absence, not density
• Routine monitoring/sampling determined by size and type of system
• Repeat monitoring required for coliform-posltive samples
• Sanitary surveys
• Reporting and public notification requirements
• Beginning Jun. 29, State
cannot reduce monitor-
ing frequency for non-
community systems
serving less than 1,000 to
less than once per year.
• By Jun. 29, community
systems serving less than
4,900 persons must
undergo sanitary survey
(repeated every 5 years)
• Non-community systems
byjun.29,i999
-------
Appendix C
Infrastructure Financing
-------
Appendix C
Infrastructure Financing for
Small Systems
-------
Appendix C
APPENDIX QS
Infrastructure Financing for
Small Systems
Introduction
Municipal governments often must borrow money in order to finance the construc-
tion of new drinking water treatment facilities. Many methods for both long- and
short-term financing can be used to raise sufficient funds for capital improvements.
Of these, general-obligation bonds, revenue bonds, letters of credit, notes, grants,
contributions and leasing are some of the most common. Each financial mechanism
works differently, with a varying amount of return and risk.
The need for infrastructure improvements has become more evident even as local
government issuers faced high, volatile interest ratesand decreased federal assistance.
At the same time, demand for public services has increased, and water treatment
construction costs have escalated because more expensive treatment technologies are
required due to more stringent drinking water regulations.
Over the past several years, utilities have seen significant change in the tax laws
affecting the financing of public works projects. Prior to the early 1980's, government
utilities could issuedcbt at relatively low interest rates. Innovative financing methods
were virtually nonexistent, with most utilities using traditional methods for financ-
ing, such as revenue and general obligation bonds. In response to increasing interest
rates, banking firms introduced innovative techniques for financing projects at lower
interest rates.
As a result of economic recovery, the mid-1980's was a period of great water and
wastewater expansion, with most of it financed by tax-exempt debt. Refinancing
became common because interest rates decreased significantly. In most cases, the
lower debt service payments far outweighed the issuance cost of refinancing the
existing debt.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 and the Deficit Reduction Act of 1987 instituted major
changes to the tax laws affecting taxable and tax-exempt bonds, and to how the
proceeds could be used. Gaining tax-exempt status became more difficult, and
numerous bondable projects were redassified as "privateactivity," severely restricting
their tax-exempt status. In the past few years, these events have caused government
utilities to change their bonowingphilosophy.They were cautious to enter in to short-
term and long-term financing while their tax-free status of their debt was still being
determined. However, it seems that in the last two or three years, investors' confi-
dence has been restored, with utilities moving into the bond market again.
-------
Appendix C
In response to the changing laws and increased demand for services, an array of
innovative long-term debt.creditenhancementsand short-term financing techniques
have been developed and used. The innovations generally seek to improve the
security and marketability of the bonds for resale, obtain better credit ratings, provide
market-price protection, shorten maturity periods and lower interest rates, thus
decreasing the amount of money that must be repaid.
The following sections review the various vehicles available to local governments
for borrowing money to perform capital improvements to drinking water treatment
facilities.
Long-Term Debt Financing
Utilities normally use long-term debt for large and infrequent major capital projects.
This is done to spread the project's cost over a number of years, keeping annual
revenue obligations low and ensuring that future users of the service pay for the
project. However,ubliticsshould not jeopardize their financial well-being by incurring
massive debt. Rather they should use an optimal mix of revenue and debt financing
so that current customers continue to receive reasonable rates, bu t yet f utu re users still
pay their shareof the costs. Conventional long-termdcbt financingconsistsof general-
obligation and revenue bonds.
Generally, bonds have a set face-value amount ($100, $1000, $10,000 etc.), and a
specified ame period (1 year, 10 years, 30 years, etc.) in which to mature. They are
given a rating which indicates their credit quality, ranging from highest (Aaa/A AA)
to noninvestmentgrade(Ba/BB* or below). The bondsareoffcrcd to investors to help
generate capital. For example, an investor purchases a $1,000,30-year bond from an
issuing municipality. During the 30-year maturity period, the bond accumulates
interest at a certain rate. At the end of the 30 years, the bond is sold back to the
municipality for the original face value ($1,000) plus any accumulated interest.
General-Obligation Bonds
General-obligation bonds are debt instruments backed by the full faith and credit of
the issuing government. The bonds are secured by an unconditional pledge of the
issuing government to levy taxes to retire the bonds. This pledge is regarded as the
strongest form of bond security and generally represents the lowest cost of financing
available to local governments.
General-obligation bonds are the most traditional, well-known form of tax-exempt
borrowing. Interest ratesof general-obligation bonds are usually the lowest available,
thus saving considerable payment on interest. Thepledge to retire the bonds through
tax levies and the ability to use current revenues for other purposes makes general-
obligation bonds even more attractive.
There are drawbacks, however. Levying of new taxes to support new general-
obligation debt must be authorized through voter approval. Additionally, general-
obligation debt may be limited by local-government debt ceilings and interest rate
ceilings.
The use of general-obligation bonds can work in the following way: A local
government, City Y, operates a drinking water system serving 3,000 people. The dry
council decides to improve the water treatment plant and needs funds to perform the
work. They issuegeneral-obligation bonds witha30-year maturity period and use the
-------
Appendix C
revenuefromthebondstoupgradethesystem.CityYuses tax revenuescollected over
the 30 years to pay off the bonds upon maturation.
Revenue Bonds
Revenuebondsareusedtofinanceloal^verruTrtententerpriseprojectstratgenerate
revenue and are expected to be self-sustaining. Principal and interest are paid from
the revenues received from the project being financed. No taxes are levied nor
pledged asa backup,anddcbt paymentsusually come from usersof the water system.
Revenue bonds generally have higher interest rates than general-obligation bonds
because market acceptance of them depends largely on the type of project being
financed. Therefore, investors take more risk.
To provide investors with some assurances, most revenue bonds contain the
following security elements:
• a revenue pledge—that all revenues will first be used to pay operation
and maintenance costs, and other associated repair or replacement costs;
• a rate covenant by which the issuer agrees to enact rates sufficient to cover
project costs;
• an additional bonds test in which a historical and future revenue test is
performed to verify coverage of the outstanding debt; and
• a reserve fund required to be held as a cash reserve for annual debt
payments to the benefit of the bondholders.
Other positive features of revenue bonds are that they usually do not require voter
approval, and they are not included in the issuer's debt limit, thus a government's
credit is not diluted.
Revenue bonds have their handicaps as well. Because there is more risk associated
with revenue bonds, financing provisions often have restrictions. Issuing more bonds
and refinancing existing debt is more difficult. Initiating a revenue bond program is
morecomplex than general-obligation bonds. Projects being financed need ademon-
stration of engineering and financial feasibility, and with this comes higher legal,
engineering and trustee expenses.
The use of revenue bonds can work in the following manner Township Z has an
outdateddrinking water bratnvmtsysternthatcurrentlyserves2,OOOpepple.Inorder
to meet new, more stringent regulations, the system needs technological improve-
ments. However, citizens do not want to pay for the bonds with tax levies. The
township commissioners consider their request and issue revenue bonds to finance
the work. Investors purchase the bonds because they will receive higher interest rates
than general-obligation bonds, and township citizens will not pay additional taxes.
Revenues received from customers over the 30-year period pay for the bonds when
they 3 hire.
Municipal Credit Enhancement
Investors have long been concerned about the quality of long-term municipal
securities. Volatile bond markets, government fiscal problems and municipal bond
defaultsall have contributed to theirunrest In order toattractinvestors, two different
vehicles can be used by a government to enhance its credit worthiness—municipal-
bond insurance and bank letters of credit.
-------
Appendix C
• Municipal bond insurance enables low-rated issuers to obtain a better
rating and to trade bonds at lower interest rates than their own credit
would normally allow. For the cost of a one-time premium, the bond
insurer guarantees the entire debt service on the bond. Standard and
Poor's Corporation will assign a thple-A rating to the bond with this
guarantee. However, some disadvantages come with bond insurance. The
up-front premium payment is deducted from proceeds thereby reducing
the amount of available construction funds. Insured bonds generally do
not perform as well as comparably rated bonds and insurers often impose
restrictions, like reserve funds, on the municipal bonds.
• Letters of Credit (LOCs) are provided by banks and given a high-
investment rating. Many times this rating is better than the rating an issue
would receive without the LOG support. A letter of credit on bonds
represents an unconditional pledge to meet debt payments should an
issuer default on them. Banks generally do not extend their LOG beyond
5 or 10 years, thus most bonds have short maturities or arc structured to
pay off the debt before the expiration of the LOG Because of shorter
maturity periods, bonds backed by LOCs have higher annual payments
than if other financial mechanisms are used. Annual fees, based on the
amount of credit given the bonds, and administrative costs from filing
reports with the bank raise the cost of using letters of credit.
Municipal Credit Enhancement can work in the following way: Village Q is quite
small. The water system serves about 600 people, and is in poor condition. The village
council would like to make improvements to the system, but because of a poor
revenue base, the village cannot issue high-rated bonds to attract investors. The
council purchases municipal bond insurance to guarantee that all bonds will be paid
should the village fault on its loan. Similarly, the village could use a letter of credit
from a local bank to guarantee bonds.
Contributions
Contributions of money and property from customers can serve a key role in
financing water utilities. Historically, contributions have been used for service
connections and distribution—residents pay for meters or installation taps and
developers provide distribution mains and fire hydrants in new subdivisions. Some
utilities require developers to make contributions in advance and then reimburse the
developers as more people connect to the system.
Contributions enable the utility to ensure that new users share service expenses,
using the funds for new expansion or rehabilitating or upgrading facilities. With
contributions,currentcustomersdonotpay for new consumers to be connected to the
system.
Contributions can be an inconsistent source of capital, and thus not always a part
of municipal planning. Growthcyclesorademand for service mayeffectcontribution
amounts, making it difficult to plan project budgets.
Contributions can work in the following manner Township K has a water system
presently serving 2,300 people. The area is growing, however, and new housing
subdivisions are being built The government board is afraid that expansion of the
present system will cause rates to rise significantly. Current customers are upset
about the rate hike. Thus, the township requires the contractor and new customers to
-------
Appendix C
pay for installations and connections before the homes are finished. These contribu-
tions provide capital to finance the expansion, while holding rates for existing
customers down.
Grants
Development of public water supplies has traditionally been a local responsibility,
and unlike the wastewater industry, there has no t been a large federal] y funded gran ts
program for constructing drinking water plants.
There are however, grants available from various state and federal agencies for
rural or economically depressed areas. The Economic Development Administration
(EDA), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) have all helped poorer economic areas
obtain better water supplies. Grantsand loans for rural water and sewer systems have
been provided by the Farmers Home Administration (FmH A) for communities with
less than 25,000 people. Additionally, some states, namely Wyoming, Colorado,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Oklahoma and North Carolina give grants or loans in
limited instances.
Using grant monies helps keep total costs of new construction low forcurrent users.
With grants there is a tendency for local governments to oversize system capacity,
allowing a utility's money to go farther. Oversized facilities may operate inefficiently,
resulting in greater operating costs. If grant funds decline or grantor's requirements
bccomeoverlystrict,financingcapital costs could raise the ratcsof existing customers.
Most grants require increased reporting and compliance with all provisions. These
may cause the utility to incur future unforeseen expendituresand cripple its flexibility
for other financing.
Reduced federal spending makes future grant monies appear limited. This will
remain true even though federal drinking water standards will further burden small
water systems. It will then be the local utilities who have the obligation to provide
alternative and adequate sources of funding.
Grants can work in the following way: Town W's water system serves 800 people,
and is more than 50 years old. New government regulations have forced this rural
government to improve the system. But the town is very poor. It cannot get any
collateral for loans, and thus options for securing credit are quite limited. The town
should apply for grant monies from the several agencies offering such help.
Leasing
Leasing is an alternative form of financing facilities or equipment for water utilities.
It iscomplex, often requiringlegalassistancewhenstructuring and entering into lease
agreements. Tax rulingscangreatlyaffecthowbothlessorand lessee are affected, thus
knowledgeoftaxlawis very important Atall times, leasesare subject tointerpretation
by
-------
Appendix C
Major sources for lease financing include banks, real estate development firms,
leasing companiesand equipment manufacturers. Most firms give preliminary lease-
rate quotas, which are used for comparing leasing to ownership. Most leases are
written so that the utility has the option to buy at the end of the lease agreement.
Utilities are responsible for maintenance, consequently the facility's value at the end
of the leasedepends largely onhow well theutilirymainteinsitduringtheagreement.
Leasing can work in this fashion: Community J has always been small. Its water
system serves 1700 people. Recently, former residents brought their businesses back
to town, and with it, a stimulated economy. As new jobs are created, the population
also increases. The community directors know they must expand the water system to
accommodate this growth. But they wish to do it rapidly so as to not slow their
prosperingeconomy. But their isone problem. Local laws limit the amount of debt the
community can incur. There is not enough time to change the law. Local leaders
decide to lease new equipment and facilities from a private party. By leasing, the
rommururycanrrakcirnproverncntstothesystomquickly,andthcreforeaccomodate
new residents while not stunting the economic growth. The community operates the
system like before and has an option to buy at the end of the lease.
Privatization
Privatization is the private-sector ownership and/or operation of facilities and
services used by government in their public function. An example of privatization is
an investor-owned public utility.
For water systems, privatization for financing the construction of public facilities.
A private industry designs, finances, constructs, owns and operates the facility on a
long term basis. This mechanism allows the private sector to design the facility at a
lower cost, construct it in a more timely and cost effective manner, operate it at a lower
cost and above all, provide the capital financing at a user cost to the consumer that is
much lower than a public agency could provide.
The basic agreement may contain a provision for the local government or private
firm to purchase the service at fair market value when the option is exercised. As with
lease agreements, customers pay fees, set at a certain rate, to the public or private
agency to cover administrative costs and periodic payments to the privatization
investor/owner.
Handicaps to privatization agreements may include a state's limitation's on long-
term contractual commitments by a municipality. Some states may have such
restrictions in their statutory laws. Therefore, before venturing into privatization
contracts with local governments, parties should make certain that their is no
statutory constraints against long-term commitments by local entities. It is not
believed privatization will beavailable to very small water systems,butitmaybeused
by larger small systems.
Privatization can work in the following way: Gty T has an outdated water
treatment system that serves 3,200 persons. It needs many repairs, and consultants
havedeterminedthatitwill cost more to repair it than to constructanew system. More
importantly, citizens want the new system. However, the city not only lacks capital
forconstructingtheplantbuttheydonothavequalified people torun it Furthermore,
the city cannot afford to hire plant operators from the outside. The city, therefore,
enters into a privatization agreement with a company. The company constructs,
operates and maintains the facility at a low cost—customers pay service fees to the
company. In return, City T receives quality drinking water at a lower price.
-------
Appendix C
Special Assessments
Special assessment districts are generally established so that consumers benefiting
from system improvements pay the costs associated with them. In turn, rates for
current users remain the same. Special assessments are performed in order that
benefits and improvements to new areas can beappraised.The assessment, or benefit
determination, is usually measured by one of two ways—area, like square footage or
acreage or ad valorem basis. The assessment districts are formed at the request of the
majority property owners, with public hearings held early in the process.
Two pitfalls when using special assessments are the improper sizing of the district
or oversizing capital projects. Defining distinct boundaries is imperative. This
ensures that all those benefitting from improvements will pay for them, and vice-
versa. Projects should not be planned for use too far into the future. Planning for 5-
lOyearsof future use help minimize risk, and public opposition to proposed facilities.
Revenues received from special assessment districts pays the debt on the special
assessment bonds issued for financing capital projects. Interest rates on these bonds
are typically higher than general-obligation bonds or revenue bonds. This is a
reflection of a smaller, revenue-generating population and a smaller investment
market overall.
Special Assessment Districts can work in the following manner A specific area of
Township M is being modernized. The modernization includes improving the
drinking water system in that area, and affects about 600 of the township's 2900
people. The improvements are costly, and other citizens resent having to pay for
better living condihons for others. The township government makes the modernized
area a special assessment district and issues bonds to finance the construction. Those
citizens benefitting from the improvements pay higher taxes and/or rates, and thus
pay for the bonds upon their maturity date. In addition, existing customers continue
to get the same rates. In essence, people in Township M get what they pay for, and
vice-versa.
Options for Investor-Owned Utilities
A primary objective for investor-owned water utilities is to attract and retain capital
investment, while minimizing the effect on rates. The major sources of capital are
bonded indebtedness, preferred stock and common stock.
In order to attract capital investment at minimum cost, a balance in the use of rate
structure to generate revenues and the alternative capital sources must be main-
tained. Additionally, utilities, especially water, must provide safe reliable services to
its customers, maintain a respected public image, demonstrate sound financial
management and efficiently operate their facility.
• Bonded indebtedness is secured by a mortgage of the utility's property. It
has the highest lien on the utility's assets which means that interest
payments on bonded indebtedness must be paid before dividends can be
paid on common and preferred stock. Any debt on the original principal
is repaid prior to refunding stock. Bonded indebtedness is then the most
secure and least risky form of attracting capital, and accordingly the cost
of the debt is less than that of common or preferred stock.
-------
Appendix C
Preferred stock is the second least-risky investment. Debt on principal
and dividends are payable before payment are made to holders of
common stock. Thus, its cost to the utility is greater than bonded
indebtedness but not as high as common stock. Due to the increased costs
of capital, preferred stock may result in increased overall operating costs.
If bonded indebtedness and preferred stock is used excessively, the
capital source cost itself will rise, and cost differences between them will
diminish with each new issue.
Using common stock equity for capital investment does not tend to have
as great an effect on its costs or return as does excessive use of bonded
debt or preferred stock. Greater percentages of the higher-costing
common equity tends to increase both the protection and financial
strength of capital. However, diluting the earnings per share with
increased stock issuance may make the stock less desirable to investors.
Industrial Bonding
A fourth source of low cost funds available to small privately owned water utilities
is the industrial bonding authority of each state, county or municipality. Section
103(b) of the Internal Revenue Code allows states to issue tax-exempt bonds for
providing water for any purpose as long as it is made available to the general public.
The facilities must be operated by a government agency or an agency must regulate
the rates. A lirmtof $150 pcrcapitaor$200.000,000 whichever is greater, is set for these
funds. These funds may be especially useful to small water systems in search of
capital.
Investor-Owned Utilities can workin thisfashiorc Pure Reservior WaterCompany
supplies water to Gty S. The utility offers bonds to attract investors. The company
secures thebonds by mortgaging their property. Because the utility putsa lienon their
property, any revenues generated from the system must first be used to guarantee
payment of construction loans, before any dividends arc distributed to stock holders.
In this manner, the debt is always paid on the original principal. In this manner,
privately owned water systems, especially small ones, remain financially viable.
Short-term Financing
A traditional goal behind utility debt financing has been to match the term of the
financing with the lifespan of the project being financed. For example, a water
treatment plant that will operate for 25-30 years can be financed with a 30-year bond.
As a result, the project's cost can be recovered from consumers being served by it.
In the early WSffs, long-term debt financing became difficult because interest rates
were at record highs. In response to the need for public service debt financing, short-
term financing has become popular. Short-term techniques have lower interest rates,
and generally, a utility will have the flexibility to convert the debt to a long-term
contract if market conditions become favorable.
Several short-term techniques have become popular in the 1980's and they include
tax-exempt commercial paper, variable rate demand notes, and traditional fixed rate
demand notes.
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Appendix C
Traditional Fixed Rate Notes
Fixed rate notes are notes issued for a period of one to three years. They are used for
financing major facilities and are typically issued in denominations of $5000. The
notes cannot be called by the purchasers because the interest rate is fixed. Notes are
issued "in anticipation of revenue being generated. Since there are no revenue
sources at the time the funds will be used, credit support from a bank may be needed
to secure payment of the notes at redemption. These notes usually have a higher
interest rate because of the fixed rate.
Common fixed notes include:
• bond anticipation notes (BANs)—issued in anticipation of the sale of long-
term bonds;
• grant anticipation notes (GANs)—issued in anticipation of receipt of state
or federal grant funds; GANs have been a common debt instrument for
constructing wastewater plants;
• tax anticipation notes (TANs>—issued in anticipation of receipt of taxes
collected from taxpayers in a certain government district; and
• revenue anticipation notes (RANs>—issued in anticipation of revenues to
be generated by a utility once facilities arc built and service initiated.
Tax-Exempt Commercial Paper (TECP)
Tax-exempt commercial paper is short-term unsecured promissory notes backed by
a line of credit from one or more banks. Maturities range from 1 to 270 days, with an
average maturity of 30-45 days. It is an attractive short-term vehicle because rates can
be as low as 50% of the prime rate. TECP can be sold on specific dates that funds are
required, with maturity dates coinciding with dates when revenues, taxes or grants
are anticipated. Also proceeds from the sale of TECP can be received on the same day,
whereas in traditional bond markets this would be impossible.
As with any short-term financing, there is always the risk that upon converting the
project to long-term financing, interest rates may rise. Another disadvantage is that
if issuers become too dependent on rolling over TECP, it could lead to financial
instability. Also some states do not allow TECP. In others, the issuing of it is severely
restricted. Depending on the particular state regulation, tax-exempt commercial
paper may not be available to municipalities, or if it is, it may have to be paid off at
least annually.
Tax-Exempt Variable Rate Demand Note (VRDNs)
Tax-exempt variable rate demand notes are sold to investors who after some period
of time, have the right to demand payment of the face value of the notes. Because of
their high liquidity, VRDNs are attractive to investors. While notes are being held,
then-interest rate istied to market conditions,and they carry a lower rateof return than
less flexible, more traditional financing instruments.
In order that the issuing government utility can meet demand payment criteria, the
utflityr«nrBllyentersintoacreditaiTangernentwimacommercialbank.Ifavariable
rate note is called, the utility (\£. the issuer) can pay off the note with available funds
or use funds from the bank's credit arrangement.
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Appendix C
Short Term Financing can work in the following way: Community B has 3100
people. During a recent hurricane, the old drinking water treatment facility was
destroyed. The community leaders need to move quickly to finance and construct a
new plant. They wish to issue short-term notes with good interest rates to attract
investors. But there are no present revenues to secure a long-term loan. The local bank
realizes that its survival will also depend on serving the citizens. The bank guarantees
payment on the notes issued by the community, and thus a new facility can be built.
Once revenues are generated, the short-term loan can be converted to a long-term
debt.
Capital Recovery Charges
Capital recovery charges are established as one-time charges assessed against de-
velopers or new water or wastewater customers as a way to recover a part or all of the
cost of installing additional capacity. They arc also known as system development
fees, system development charges, facility expansion charges, capacity charges and
impact fees. Capital recovery charges has generally been used in areas experiencing
extensive new residential and commercial development.
Capital recovery charges have become popular because their aim is to add equity
to the system. Expansions to water systems are more costly per unit of capacity than
the existing system. If debt from new construction were to be financed conventionally,
like through bonds, payments on the expansion debt would significantly raise user
rates. This makes existing customers unhappy because they essentially must pay for
new people being added to the system.
Capital recovery charges help alleviate this problem. The system is theoretically
given equity by making new users make up-front contributions so that rates are not
increased to finance facility expansion. In essence, existing customers do not have to
subsidize growth. For water systems, capital recovery charges can only be used for
major system components, such as supply, treatment, transmission and pumping
equipment. On a local level, utilities serving new customers also charge assessment
fees or receive contributions from developers to keep rates down.
Assessing capital recovery charges upon new devclopmentsor customers has been
a source of controversy. From a community standpoint, there are a number of
advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages are that:
• charges are paid up-front, in a lump sum, enabling the community to
provide additional service immediately;
• collection of funds are generally simple;
• charges do not require a public vote, like bonds;
• charges act as an equalizer, requiring new customers to buy into the
community's infrastructure and repay existing customers who have
already subsidized the system; and
• charges provide an additional revenue source for maintaining essential
services.
On the other hand, some disadvantages are that:
• capital recovery charges add to the front-end cost of housing, making it
less affordable for low- and middle-income families;
-------
Appendix C
• residents living a long time in a community, who decide to buy a new
home in the same area, are required to bear new costs, just the same as
new residents; and
• capital recovery charges are not federally tax deductible.
Capital Recovery Charges can work in the following manner An area of City V is
undergoingdevelopment Approximately 1,000 new customers need to be connected
to the city's water system. This expansion will cost much more per capita than the
original system, and will likely raise water rates. Existing customers, many living in
Gty V for years,do not want to finance costs for new residents. The city council plans
to assess capital recovery charges to new customers to pay for connections, and to
keep current customers' rates dowa The developers, as well, must pay sums of
money before construction begins to help cover installation costs. This method of
financingis similar to contributions, however it is a more consistent source of capital.
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Appendix D
Organizations
-------
Appendix D
Organizations
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American Water Works Association
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/90
Page 1
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
25898 Anderson, James T. (Sham) Jr
Chairman
APS Inc.
P.O. Box 23278
Des Moines IA 50322
515-225-8500 0
24456 Broyles, Joseph R.
Sr. Vice President-Operations
Indianapolis Water Co.
P.O. Box 1220
Indianapolis IN 46206
317-263-6460 0
80091 Bryck, Jack M. G.
Design Engineer
Dayton & Knight Ltd.
Box 33 Site E
P.O. Box 91247
Bowen Island BC VON 1GO CANADA
604-922-3255 0
604-922-3253 (FAX)
44063 Casey, Richard W.
Comm
Troy Dept. of Public Utils.
55 Leversee Rd
Troy NY 12182
518-270-4510 0
90845 Chapman, Harvey R.
Owner
Chapman Technical Group
P.O. Box 1355
St. Albans WV 25177
304-727-5501 0
60767 Cosentino, Richard M.
Executive Director
Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Auth.
Ste. 700 Porter Bldg
Pittsburgh PA 15219
412-255-8949 0
25676 Cowles, Curtis
President
Cowles Equipment Sales
11407 36th St., S.E.
Lowell MI 49331
616-897-9456 H
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/90
Page 2
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
28541 Flanagan, Ellen P.
Chief Microbiologist
Chicago Water Department
1000 East Ohio Street
Chicago IL 60611
312-744-3738 0
23214 French, James A. Jr.
Project Manager
Ranney Division
P.O. Box 729
Westerville OH 43081
614-882-3104 0
81691 Garcia T., Raul
Agua Y. Drenaje De Monterrey
Matamoros Pte 171'7
Monterrey NL MEXICO
000-042-2622 H
19093 Givens, James W.
Administrator
Campbell Co Utils & Ser Auth
8700 Timberlake Road
Lynchburg VA 24502
804-239-8654
33166 Gwinnup, Phillip
Sales Engineer
W-Cubed
2121 S. West Temple
Salt Lake City UT 84115
801-466-3819 0
801-466-3850 (FAX)
20540 Hoicomb, Howard E.
Executive Director
Macon-Bibb County Water & Swr
780 Third Street
P.O. Box 108
Macon GA 31298
912-741-9167 0
912-745-9531 (FAX)
76431 Jones / Greg V.
Engineer
Flour Daniel
Box 2266
Fairbanks AK 99707
907-452-1414 0
907-456-2707 (FAX)
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/90
Page 3
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
20306 Kinard, Steve W.
Manager
Commission of Public Works
P.O. Drawer B
Charleston SC 29402
803/724-6800
803-724-7121 (FAX)
12761 LaJoie, J. Pierre
Urecon Limitee
1800 boul. Bedard
St-Lazare PQ JOP 1VO CANADA
514-455-5629 0
514-455-0350 (FAX)
22760 Lester, Danny
Supt. - Water Treatment
Jackson Utils. Div-Wtr Dept.
610 SO Royal St.
Jackson TN 38301
901-422-7520 0
45708 Lindahl, Merlin E.
Columbus Water Department
City Hall
2424 14th St.
Columbus NE 68601
402-564-8584
32152 Lowe, John B.
Director of Utility
City of Midland
P.O. Box 1152
Midland TX 79701
915-685-7261 0
915-685-0523 (FAX)
12830 Masson, Wayne
Manager, Sewer & Water Mtce.
City of Regina
P.O. Box 1790
2425 4th Avenue
Regina SK S4P 3C8 CANADA
306-777-7652
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/90
Page 4
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
59944 McLain, Clifford L.
Manager of Water Division
Moorhead Public Svc Dept
P.O. Box 779
Moorhead MN 56560
218-299-5470 0
218-299-5193 (FAX)
157344 Muniz, Omar D.
Consulting Engineer
Sharetech
P.O. Box 3122
Guaynabo PR 00651
809-720-5869 0
809-720-2318 (FAX)
26698 Nabak, William F.
Green Bay Water Department
P.O. Box 1224
Green Bay WI 54305
414-436-3747 0
12937 Nevala, Edward
Supervisor/Operation
Inco Metals Co.
Central Utilities
Copper Cliff ON POM 1NO CANADA
705-682-8294 0
705-682-8366 (FAX)
15556 Opaleski, Michael
Superintendent
East Brunswick Township
P.O. Box 218
East Brunswick NJ 08816
201-390-6886 0
201-390-6880 (FAX)
22224 Parks, David L.
Decatur utilities
110 Johnston St.
P.O. Box 2232
Decatur AL 35602
205-552-1406 0
205-552-1412 (FAX)
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/90
Page 5
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
14057 Peters, Leo F.
President
Western & Sampson Engineers
Five Centennial Drive
Peabody MA 01960-7906
508-532-1900 0
508-977-0100 (FAX)
30597 Prieur, Alvin L. Jr.
Vice President
Hoffman Prieur & Associates
2815 S. 28th Circle
Van Buren AR 72956
501-474-7916 0
83697 Richmond, Terence W.
Civil Engineer
Morrison-Maierle/CSSA, Inc
221 Parkway Drive
Kalispell MT 59901
406-752-2216 0
406-752-2391 (FAX)
12484 Robertson, Gordon A.
President
Scepter Manufacturing
403 Rothesay Avenue
P.O. Box 1225
Saint John NB E2L 4G7 CANADA
506-632-9000 0
506-633-6019 (FAX)
37905 Sander, Daniel K.
Section Head
State Dept. of Health
West 924 Sinto Avenue
Spokane WA 99201
509-456-2457
509-456-2997 (FAX)
32845 Schuster, Raymond J.
Clifton Water District
P.O. Box 100
Clifton CO 81520
303-434-7328 0
43189 Shafer, William H. Jr.
645 West 16th Street
Tempe AZ 85281
602-967-1589 0
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/90
Page 6
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
29426
64723
40131
34284
36947
49370
Shorney, Frank L.
Department Manager
Burns & McDonnell Engrg. Co.
3627 Basswood
Lees Summit MO 64064
816-373-9524
816-822-3414 (FAX)
Stephenson, William H.
Director of Utilities
City of Cocoa Utility Dept.
600 School Street
Cocoa FL 32922
407-639-7651 0
Stowe, Joe C. Jr.
Director
Charlotte/Mecklenburg Utils.
5100 Brookshire Drive
Charlotte NC 28216
704-399-2221 0
704-393-2219 (FAX)
Tate, Carol H.
Vice President
J.M. Montgomery Cnsltg. Engrs,
555 E. Walnut St.
Pasadena CA 91101
818-568-6412
818-793-5780 (FAX)
Waki, Melvin Z.
Sanit. Engineer
Naval Facilities Engrg.
98 1030 Kaonohi Street
Aiea HI 96701
808-471-3948 O
808-471-5870 (FAX)
Weaver, Grant
Water & Sewer Manager
Norwich DPU
34 Courthouse Sq
Norwich CT 06360
203-887-2555 0
203-823-4172 (FAX)
Comm.
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SECTION CHAIRMAN 909
07/03/9
Page 7
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
28024 Wilier, Richard A.
Dir Distribution & Storage
Las Vegas Valley Water
3700 West Charleston
Las Vegas NV 89153
702-870-2011
702-258-3271 (FAX)
52178 Woodward, Art L.
Superintendent
P.O. Box 2199
Liberal KS 67905
316-626-0138 0
316-626-0173 (FAX)
18847 Young, Stephen
County Engineer
Allegany County DPW
14811 Vermont Avenue
Cresaptown MD 21502
301-777-5933 0
301-777-2194 (FAX)
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SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/90
Page 1
JMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
39999 Anderson, Jerry L.
Engineer
CH2M Hill
Peachtree Center, Suite 300
229 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta GA 30303
404-523-0300
404-525-8029 (FAX)
40461 Biggers, Mark A.
Vice President
J.M. Montgomery Engineers
1776 N. Pine Island Road #310
Plantation FL 33322
305-472-0300 0
22946 Bond, Marvin T.
Professor
208 S Washington Street
Starkville MS 39759
601-323-7240 H
47583 Bradtke, Donald J.
Public Works Director
City of Avondale
939 N. Seton Street
Mesa AZ 85205
602-932-1909 0
38171 Brown, Timothy J.
General Manager
Kent County Water Authority
P. 0. Box 192
W. Warwick RI 02893
401-821-9300 o
106160 Caprella, Michael
Dep Dir Utils
City of Lima
P.O. Box 1198
Lima OH 45801
419-221-5294 0
74531 Current, Jim
Forbes AFB Building 740
Forbes Field
Topeka KS 66609
913-272-3520
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SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/90
Page 2
1 EMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
.3056 Dobronyi, Alexander S.
General Manager
London Public Utility Conun.
Ill Horton St., N6B 3N9
P.O. Box 8100, Terminal A
London ON N6A 4H6 CANADA
519-661-5533 0
519-661-5275 (FAX)
'0795 Ervin, Augustus L. Ill
Process Engineer
Black & Veatch
78 Westview Avenue
Greenville SC 29609
803-271-1673 0
79977 Feil, Douglas A.
Director
Kirkwood Community College
Environmental Training Center
Cedar Rapids IA 52406
319-398-5678 0
71666 Fritzsche, Richard E.
Assistant Manager
Granger Hunter Improv. Dist.
P.O. Box 70110
West Valley City UT 84170
801-968-3551 0
76213 Groth, Jerry D.
Civil/Environmental Engineer
Strand & Associates Inc.
910 West Wingra Drive
Madison HI 53704
608-251-4843 0
20067 Hall, William L. Jr.
Department Manager
McKim & Creed Engineers
243 N. Front St.
Wilmington NC 28401
919-343-1048 0
56881 Hardy, Irvin W.
Superintendent
City of Rupert
P.O. Box 426
624 F Street
Rupert ID 83350
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SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/90
Page 3
..EMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
26394
110590
61294
57161
25785
20472
51305
Hasseldahl, Charles
Manager
North Shore Water Commission
400 West Bender Road
Milwaukee WI 53221
414-963-0160 O
of Wtr. & N
Hilding/ Randolf K.
Training Spec
South Dakota Dept.
523 E. Capitol
Joe Foss Bldg
RM HOE
Pierre SD 57501
605-773-4219 0
Hill, John E. Jr.
Utility Superintendent
City of Crystal
4141 Douglas Dr.
Crystal MN 55422
612-537-8421 0
Johansen, Glenn M.
Supt. - Plant Operations
Elizabethtown Water Co.
P.O. Box 102
Bound Brook NJ 08805
201-654-1234 0
Jones, Stephen E.
Extension Specialist
Iowa State University
493 Town Engineering Building
Ames IA 50011
515-597-3957 0
Jungclaus, Roger N.
Project Manager
Sverdrup Corporation
801 North llth
St Louis MO 63101
314-436-7600 0
314-436-2959 (FAX)
Kelvington, William C.
Business Manager
Western Pennsylvania Water Co,
410 Cooke Lane
Pittsburgh PA 15234
412-343-0200 0
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1EMBER
SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/90
Page 4
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
52289 Kolish, Richard J.
Lab Tech Administrator
Ashburton Filtration Plant
Water Division
3001 Druid Park Drive
Baltimore MD 21215
301-396-0287 0
58944 Koonce, Gene C. Jr.
Civil Engineer
Barge Waggoner Sumner S Cannon
162 Third Avenue North
Nashville TN 37205
615-254-1500 0
19492 Kornegay, Billy H.
Technical Manager
Engineering-Science, Inc.
Two Flint Hill
10521 Rosehaven Street
Fairfax VA 22030-2899
703-591-7575
703-591-1305 (FAX)
31908 Kutchins, Kay
Management Consultant
Kay Kutchins & Associates
322 Martinez
Des Mazieres Bldg.
San Antonio TX 78205-3407
512-225-7214 0
512-225-5450 (FAX)
126875 Martinez, Edgardo N.
Principal
E. N. Martinez Associates
GPO Box 768
San Juan PR 00936
609-751-4444 0
16656 Mohanka, Shyam S.
Regional Supply Engineer
NYS Dept. of Health
36 Christopher Circle
New Hartford NY 13413
315-426-7608 0
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SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/90
Page 5
'HER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
151706 Moore, Jean M.
Asst. Superintendent
3 Rivers Filtration Plant
1923A Hazelwood
Ft Wayne IN 46805
219-427-1254 0
43350 O'Neill, Terrance P.
Senior Engineer
The Connecticut Water Co.
93 West Main Street
Clinton CT 06413
203-669-8636 0
203-669-9326 (FAX)
107752 Olivers, Clair
Everett Public Works Dept.
3200 Cedar
Everett WA 98201
206-259-8821 0
''0845 Oneil, James J.
Util Supv
Bp Exploration
P.O. Box 55591
North Pole AK 99705
907-488-0661 0.
75664 Ranard, Robert G.
Asst. Dir.-Util. Operations
Grand Island Water & Light
P.O. Box 1968
Grand Island NE 68802
308-381-5489 O
27707 Renner, Donald C.
Plant Manager
NSMJAWA
10007 Bryn Mawr
Box 66216 ATM O'Hare
Chicago IL 60666
312-686-0077
32589 Renner, Robert C.
Principal
Process Applications Inc.
2627 Redwing Road
Suite 340
Fort Collins CO 80526
303-223-5787 0
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SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/90
Page 6
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
34807 Roberson, Donald
Contracts Administrator
MacDonald-Stephens Engrs., Inc
MACDONALD-STEPHENS
26461 VIAHARINA
MISSION VIEJO CA 92692
(714) 8S5-2336
89479 Ruhd, Stephen D.
Asst. Water Superintendent
City of Conrad
411 1/2 South Main
Conrad MT 59425
406-278-5821 0
70505 Samuel, Gerald B.
Section Head
Alberta Environment
9820 l^oth Street
Edmonton AB T5K 2J6 CANADA
403-427-5877 0
54805 Sanford, La ry D.
Assistant Superintendent
City of Ann Arbor Utilities
919 Sunset Road
Water Treatment Plant
Ann Arbor MI 48103
313-994-2840 0
47232 Sarty, Conrad K.
Water Utility Engineer
City of Dartmouth
P.O. Box 817
Dartmouth NS B2Y 3Z3 CANADA
902-464-2265
902-464-2883 (FAX)
32313 Schulte, Paul A.
Vice Pre:. ident/Coordinator
Kelley Gidley Blair & Wolfe
550 Eagan Street
Charleston WV 25301
304-345-0470 0
304-345-5334 (FAX)
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SECTION EDUCATION 942
07/03/9C
Page 7
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
30550 Skinner, T. A.
Chief Engineer
State Board of Health
4815 West Markham Street
Little Rock AR 72205
000-661-2651 0
69398 Swanson, David
Water Supply Coordinator
Dewdney Alouette Regl. Dist
32386 Fletcher Ave,
Mission BC V2V 5T1 CANADA
604-826-1291 0
604-826-5843 (FAX)
57312 Teramoto, George M.
Environmental Engineer
US Navy
98-538 Kiliohu Loop
Aiea HI 96701
808-471-3948 0
49057 Brault, Marcel
870 Garry East
**Hold Pubs
d'Anjou PQ H1J 1H5 CANADA
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SECTION NEWSLETTER EDITOR 948
07/03/90
Page 1
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
40328 Almond, John H.
Managing Partner
Allen & Hoshall Ltd.
612 North State Street
Jackson MS 39202
601-355-3675 0
601-354-5755 (FAX)
20950 Brodeur, Timothy P.
Florida Region Manager
Malcolm Pirnie Inc.
1025 South Semoran Bvld. #1093
Winter Park FL 32792
305-658-1025 0
35119 Chandler, Thomas V.
CAL/NEV AWWA
P.O. Box 5430
San Bernardino CA 92408
714-888-7468 O
714-884-0286 (FAX)
27076 Cole, Larry D.
Supervisor/Laboratory
Minneapolis Water Works
4300 Marshall Street N.E.
Minneapolis MN 55421
612-788-5881 0
134327 Davalos, Guillermo F.
Pramberri Pte. 1531
Apartado Postal 657
Monterrey NL MEXICO
42-67-40
79649 Dooley, Colleen D.
Public Affairs Assistant
WSSC-PAO
4017 Hamilton Street
Hyattsville MD 20781
301-699-4173 0
110420 Dooley Vascotto, Mary Ann C.
Senior Engineer
MeteaIf & Eddy
60 E. 42nd St.
New York NY 10165
212-867-3076 0
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SECTION NEWSLETTER EDITOR 948
07/03/90
Page 2
EMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
4135 Eberle, Rick R.
Assistant Director
City of Avon Lake
33370 Lake Road
Avon Lake OH 44012
216-933-6226 0
9236 Eggborn, Hugh
Regional Director
Virginia Dept. of Health
102 North Main Street 3rd Fl.
Culpeper VA 22701
703-825-6772 0
'8779 Fanning, Dixie H,
Laboratory Director
Commission of Public Works
1104 Hanahan Road
Hanahan SC 29406
803-553-3951 0
803-569-1941 (FAX)
L27220 Paris, Graeme
Chief Operator
Regl. Dist. of Comx-Strathcona
Route 1, Site 180 C-29
Comox BC V9N 5N1 CANADA
604-339-5231 0
604-334-4358 (FAX)
14353 Grady, Robert P.
22C Douglass Street
P . Box 3553
Portland ME 04104
207-774-5961
51486 Guttman, Hershel
Director
R. V. Anderson Associates
58 Geraldton Crescent
Willowdale ON M2J 2R6 CANADA
416-497-8600
416-497-0342 (FAX)
184570 Hamano, Melvin
Department of Health
Five Waterfront Plaza
500 Ala Moana Blvd., #250
Honolulu HI 96813
808-543-8258 0
808-548-7237 (FAX)
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SECTION NEWSLETTER EDITOR 948
07/03/90
Page 3
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
89449 Howard, Denver
6440 Fairfield #305
Ft Wayne IN 46807
82299 Hubel, Richard E.
Design Engineer
American Water Works Service
1025 Laurel Oak Road
P.O. Box 1770
Voorhees NJ 08043
609-346-8360
66297 Jeffries, George M.
Manager-Engineering Services
Louisville Water Company
435 South Third Street
Louisville KY 40202
502-569-3600 0
49656 Kalkwarf, David 0.
Administrator
Municipal Water Department
110 Eighth Avenue
Marion IA 52302
319-377-4839
12593 Larivee, Raymond
Executive Director
AQTE
6290 Perinault
**Hold Pubs
Montreal PQ H4K 1K5 CANADA
514-874-3700 0
113332 Lewis, James M.
Chief Fin. & Acctg. Officer
SLC Corp. Dept. of Pub. Utils.
1530 S. West Temple
Salt Lake City UT 84115
801-483-6773 0
68206 Lisk, Ian 0.
Director
Alvord Burdick & Howson Engrgs
738 Woodmere Lane
Glenview IL 60025
312-236-9147 0
312-236-0692 (FAX)
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SECTION NEWSLETTER EDITOR 948
07/03/90
Page 4
1EMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
L70570 Loven, Christine
Southwest/Texas Wtr. Wks. Jrnl
P.O. Box 769
Temple TX 76503
817-778-1313
39986 Marshall, William L.
Owner
Marshall Engineering
914 North College Avenue #1
Columbia MO 65201
314-875-8832 0
10998 Matos, Jorge A.
Partner
Consoer Townsend de Puerto Ric
221 Ponce de Leon Avenue
Banco Central Building #1212
Hato Rey PR 00917
809-759-6001 0
809-250-0866 (FAX)
43025 Matulka, Mari
Information Administrator
Metropolitan Utilities Dist.
1723 Harney St.
Omaha NE 68102
402-554-7887 0
59595 McCarthy, Daniel W.
Engineer
Black & Veatch
611 West 70th St.
Kansas City MO 64113
913-967-2000 0
59304 McColgan, Heidi K.
120 Lucien Drive
Hamden CT 06518
203-288-7844 H
76613 Meyer, James W.
Accountant IIII
Milwaukee Water Works
8801 West Tripoli Avenue
Milwaukee WI 53228
414-327-4485 0
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SECTION NEWSLETTER EDITOR 948
07/03/90
Page 5
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
169265 Pelley, Kevin J.
NS Regional Manager
Atlantic Industries Ltd.
P.O. Box 100
E. Passage NS B3G 1M4 CANADA
902-465-6090
902-465-1136 (FAX)
87750 Powell, Bradley M.
Senior Project Manager
HDR Engineering, Inc
18826 North 4th Street
Phoenix AZ 85024
602-582-6936 0
32571 Richards, W. Thomas
Supt. of Maintenance
Denver Board of Water Comm.
4172 South Vrain Street
Denver CO 80236
303-628-6000 0
62216 Rosa, Richard L.
Sanit Engr
Montana Wtr. Qual Bur
4128 S. Lee
Spokane WA 99203
406-444-2406 0
120384 Sacher, Diane
Planning Engineer
City of Winnipeg
1500 Plessis Road
Winnipeg MB R2C 2Z9 CANADA
204-986-4484 0
74861 Shew, D. Bruce
.Risk Manager
WV-American Water Company
P.O. Box 525
Huntington WV 257100525
304-529-4892 0
28403 Stepp, Russell J.
Division Manager
CH2M Hill, Inc.
P.O. Box 91500
Bellevue WA 98009
206-453-5000 0
206-462-5957 (FAX)
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SECTION NEWSLETTER EDITOR 948
07/03/90
Page 6
MEMBER
NAME & ADDRESS
OFFICE
13985 Sterlacci, Michael R.
Pub Wks Supt
Ossining wtr. Dept.
7 N. Water St.
Ossining NY 10562
109660 Topliff, Sheryl Thelen
Resources Specialist
Michigan Public Health Dept,
P.O. Box 30035
3423 North Logan
Lansing MI 48909
517-335-8316 0
85029 Vaughn, Linda F.
Customer Relations Manager
Orange Water & Sewer Authority
P.O. Box 366
Carrboro NC 27510
919-966-4421
919-968-4421 (FAX)
147092 Walker, Robert F.
Public Relations Administrator
Philadelphia Wtr. Dept.
912 Glenroy Road
Philadelphia PA 19128
215-482-3312 H
78965 Water & Wastewater Assoc
P.O. Box 353
Pierre SD 57501
182313 Wilcox, Brenda
P.O. Box 102
Haines AK 99827
907-766-8265
907-766-3176 (FAX)
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USD A Cooperative Extension Service
-------
The Cooperative Extension System
(A Potential Partner 1n Mobilization)
The Cooperative Extension System Fred Swader
Cynthia Garman-Squler
WHAT IT IS:
-At the delivery end. the Cooperative Extension System (CES) 1s the
talents, abilities and organizational structure that delivers "Extension"
(non-resident education) programs 1n over 3,100 counties 1n the U.S.
-It 1s comprised of over 16,000 professional educators, most of whom are
Involved 1n delivering programs at the county level (hence, "county
agents").
-It has close ties to the Nation's Land Grant Universities (LGU's) (e.g. U
Mass, UMCP, NCSU, HSU (Michigan, Mississippi, and Montana), OSU (Ohio.
Oklahoma, and Oregon) etc.) These ties provide organizational structure
at the state level and ties to the research capabilities of the Land Grant
Universities and of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations.
-It 1s a cooperative. tr1-oart1te. partnership. Its support comes from
the Federal Government (through the Extension Serv1ce-USDA), from state
government (through the LGU's), and from the Individual counties.
-It 1s responsive to Federal, state and local concerns and priorities (not
necessarily 1n that order). As a cooperative agency. 1t must try to
satisfy the needs/desires/wishes of all three levels of government. Where
these needs/wishes/desires converge, priorities are relatively easy to
establish.
WHAT IT IS NOT!
-It 1s not a line-structured agency (There are no general/admiral types
who can Issue non-1gnorable orders).
-------
-2-
-It 1s not generally receptive to either the appearance or the reality of
mandated programs. ('Do 1t or else" frequently results 1n the "or else"
option).
-It 1s not a passive, service-on- request organization. These
professional educators have programs and agendas developed 1n response to
local advisory committees and local and state priorities. Host are not
looking for more programs.
APPROACH
There 1s, In every state, a person who 1s designated as the Director of
Extension. That person sometimes 1s also an official In/of the LGU. In every
case, the Director of Extension has an administrative staff and a technical
staff, which Include faculty 1n the LGU.
Usually a faculty person (Extension Specialist) will be your primary contact.
Your Initial contact, however, should be to the Director of Extension (unless
you have already Identified the appropriate Extension Spedalist(s)).
Explain to the Director - or some appropriate proxy- your program, and your
Interest 1n working with Cooperative Extension. Ask them to suggest
appropriate Extension Specialists whom you might contact to explore program
possibilities. (Remember- you are dealing with a bureaucracy similar to your
own. It may take a number of phone calls to make the appropriate contact.}
When you finally reach your "designated contact* be sure to tell him/her that
the Director of Extension (or whoever) suggested that you contact her/him.
Then lay t. . your Interests, and let things progress from there.
-------
-3-
If you have read the preceding, you recognize that you must be able to "sell1
your Interest to the Extension Director and Spedallst(s). Your proposed
cooperative effort will progress to the extent that such programs are mutually
beneficial to both you and the Extension Specialises) and. of course, the
Extension agents.
An abbreviated listing of Extension Directors follows. It may be helpful 1n
establishing the Initial contact with Cooperative Extension 1n the states 1n
your region.
-------
-4-
EXTENSION DIRECTORS
AL Or. Ann Thompson
AK Or. Irvln Skelton
AS Mr. Pemerlka Tau1l11l1
AZ Or. James ChHstenson
AR Dr. Ted Jones
CA Dr. Kenneth Parrel1
CO Dr. Kenneth Bolen
CT Dr. Klrvln Knox
DE Dr. Richard Fowler
DC Dr. T.K. Page
FL Dr. Gerald Zacharlah
GA Dr. Wayne Jordan
GUAM Dr. Ch1n-T1an Lee
HI Dr. Noel Kef ford
ID Or. LeRoy Luft
IL Dr. Donald Uchtmann
IN Dr. H. Wadsworth
IA Or. Elizabeth Elliott
KS Dr. Stanley D. Farlln
KY Or. Oran Little
LA Or. D.T. Loupe
ME Dr. Judith Bailey
HD Or. Craig Oliver
HA Or. Stevenson Fletcher
HI Mr. Ray G1llesp1e
HIC Mrs. Anita Suta
MN Or. Patrick Borlch
MS Or. Hiram Pal inert ree
HO Dr. Gall Imlg
MT Dr. James Welsh
NE Or. L.E. Lucas
NV Dr. Bernard Jones
NH Or. Peter Home
NJ Dr. J.L. Gervdg
NH Dr. Robert Gllllland
NY Dr. Ludnda Noble
NC Dr. Chester Black
NO Dr. William Pletsch
NH Mr. Antonio Santos
OH Dr. Bobby Hoser
OK Dr. C.B. Browning
OR Dr. O.E. Smith
PA Dr. Lamartlne Hood
PR Or. Jorge Rodrlguez-Velez
RI . Dr. Robert Miller
SC Dr. Byron Webb
SO Or. H1lo HelUckson
Auburn, AL
Fairbanks, AK
American Samoa
Tucson, AZ
Little Rock, AR
Oakland, CA
Fort Collins. CO
Storrs, CT
Newark, DE
Washington, DC
Gainesville, FL
Athens, GA
Hangllao, Guam
Honolulu, HI
Moscow, ID
Urbana. IL
West Lafayette, IN
Ames, IA
Manhattan, KS
Lexington, KY
Baton Rouge. LA
Orono. HE
College Park, HD
Amherst, HA
East Lansing, HI
Ponape, E.C.I.
St. Paul, HN
H1ss1ss1pp1 State, HS
Columbia, HO
Bozeman, HT
Lincoln, NE
Reno, NV
Durham, NH
New Brunswick. NJ
Las Cruces. NH
Ithaca. NY
Raleigh. NC
Fargo. NO
Salpan, CN
Columbus, OH
Stlllwater. OK
CorvalUs, OR
University Park, PA
Hayaguez, PR
Kingston. RI
Clemson, SC
Brooklngs, SO
205/844-4444
907/474-7246
684/699-2605 (Fax)
602/621-7209
501/373-2575
415/987-0060
303/491-6281
203/486-2917/18
302/451-2504
202/576-6993
904/392-1971
404/542-3824
671/734-9162/2575
808/948-8234
208/885-6639
217/333-2660
317/494-8489
515/294-4576
913/532-5820
606/257-4772
504/388-6083
207/581-3186
301/454-3742
413/545-2766
517/355-2308
691/320-2727(Fax)
612/624-2703
601/325-3036
314/882-7754
406/994-3681
402/472-2966
702/784-6611
603/862-1520
201/932-9306
505/646-3015
607/255-2117
919/334-7734
701/237-7044
670/234-9022/23
614/292-4067
405/744-5398
503/737-2713
814/865-2541
809/834-4040
401/792-2474
803/534-6916
605/68B-4792
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-5-
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
VI
WA
WV
UI
WY
Dr. M.L. Downen
Dr. Zerle Carpenter
Or. Paul larsen
Dr. Donald L. McLean
Dr. James Johnson
Dr. D.S. Padda
Dr. Fred Poston, Jr.
Dr. Rachel Tompklns
Dr. Patrick Boyle
Nr. J1m DeBree
Knoxvllle, TN
College Station, TX
Logan, UT
Burlington, VT
Blacksburg. VA
St. Crolx, VI
Pullman, WA
Horgantown, WV
Madison, WI
Laramie, WY
615/974-7114
409/845-7967
801/750-2200
802/656-2980
703/231-6705
809/778-0246
509/335-2933
304/293-5691
608/262-3786
307/766-5124
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ALABAMA
JamesE. Hairston, WQC
111 Extension Hall
Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849-5633
(205) 844-4985
Peter Mount, WQC
Tuskegee University
107 Extension Bldg.
Tuskegee, AL 36083
(2D5)727-8809
ALASKA
Wayne Vandre, WQC
University of Alaska
2221 E. Northern Lights Blvd.
Suite 240
Anchorage, AK 99508-4143
(907) 474-7246
ARIZONA
Jack Watson, WQ-PC
University of Arizona
Maricopa Agricultural Center
37860 W. Smith-Enke Road
Maricopa, AZ 05239
(602)568-2273
Roger Huber, WQ-AC
Assistant Ext,, Dir., AlsfR
University of Arizona
301 Fobes Building
Tuscon, AZ 85721
(602)621-7207 '
ARKANSAS
Stanley L. Chapman, WQC
University of Arkansas
P.O. Box 391
Little Rock, AR 72203
(501) 373-2620
CALIFORNIA
Ken Tanji, WQC
Division of Agriculture
300 Lakeside Drive, 6th Floor
Oakland, CA 94612-3560
(916) 752-0683
COLORADO
Dennis Lamm, WQ-AC
Colorado State University
Room 203 Administration Bidg.
Fort Collins, CO 80523
(303)491-6309
JimC. Loftis, WQ-PC
Colorado State University
Dept. of Agr. & Chem. Engr.
Fort Collins, CO 80523
(303)491.6172
CONNECTICUT
Roy F. Jeffrey, WQC
Cooperative Extension
562 New London Turnpike
Norwich, CT 06360
{203)887-1608
DELAWARE
Tom Williams, WQC
University of Delaware
Townsend Hall
Newark, DE 19717
(302)451-2468
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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
FLORIDA
William B. Easley, WQC
University of the Dist. of Columbia
901 Newton Street, NE
Washington, DC 20017
(202)576-6951
GEORGIA
JohnM. Bentley, WQC
Fort Valley State College
P.O. Box 4061
Fort Valley, GA 31030
(912)825-6245
William I. Segars, WQC
University of Georgia
Hoke Smith Building
Athens, GA 30602
542-9072
Arthur G. Hornsby, WQ-PC
University of Florida
G-159McCartyHall
Gainesville, FL 32611
(904)392-1951
L. Carter, WQ-PC
Florida A&M University
P.O. Box 339
Gainesville, FL 32611
(904) 599-3546/3561
Roy Carriker, WQ-AC
University of Florida
Center for National Resources
Gainesville, FL 32611
(904) 392-7622
HAWAII
Roy Nishimoto, WQC
College of Trop. Agr. & Hum. Res.
3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 202
Honolulu, HI 96822
(808)948-8157
IDAHO
Robert Mahler, WQC
University of Idaho
Soil Science, College of Agr.
Moscow, ID 83843
(208^ 885-7025
ILLINOIS
Don Kuhlman, WQC
University of Illinois
1102 South Goodwin Avenue
Urbana, IL 61801
(217) 333-9649
INDIANA
Joe Yahner, WQ-PC
Purdue University
Agronomy Department
W. Lafayette, IN 47907
(317)494-1194
David Petritz, WQ-AC
Purdue University
AGAD Building
W. Lafayette, IN 47907
(317)494-8494
IOWA
Jerald DeWitt, WQ-AC
Iowa State University
108 Curtiss Hall
Ames, IA 50011
(515) 294-7801
B. Lynn Jones, WQ-PC
Iowa State University
33 Curtiss Hall
Ames, IA 50011
(515)294-1017
-2-
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KANSAS
KENTUCKY
JohnS. Hickman, WQC
Department of Agronomy
Throckmorton Hall
Manhattan, SK 66506-5501
(913) 532-5776«
Thomas W. Ilvento, WQC
University of Kentucky
S-2Q5 Ag Science Bldg. N
Lexington, KY 40546
(606)257-7583
LOUISIANA
Leodrey Williams, WQC
Southern University & A&M College
1890 Extension
Baton Rouge, LA 70813
(504)771-2242
Bill Branch, WQC
Louisiana State University
Room 187 Knapp Hall
Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1900
(504) 388-2229
MAINE
Rick Kersbergen, WQ-PC
RFO 2 Box 641
Belfast, ME 04915
(207) 342-5971
Roger Leach, WQ-AC
University of Maine
100 Wmslow Hall
Orono, ME 04469
(207)581-3188
MARYLAND
H.M. Brooks, WQC
University of Mary land-ES
Princess Anne, MD 21853
(301)651-0279
Richard Weismiller, WQ-PC
University of Maryland
Agronomy Department
H.J. Patterson Hall
College Park, MD 20742
(301)454-4787
R. Adkins, WQ-AC
Associate Director
University of Maryland
Symons Hall
College Park, MD 20742
(301) 454-4848
MICHIGAN
Christine Stephens, WQC
Michigan State University
108 Agriculture Hall
East Lansing, MI 48824-1039
(517)355-0116
MASSACHUSETTS
Robert Schrader, WQC
University of Massachusetts
Holdsworth Hall
Amherst, MA 01003
(413)545-2665
MINNESOTA
Fred Bergsrud, WQC
•University of Minnesota
1390 Eckles Avenue
Coffey Hall
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612)625-9733
-3-
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MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
Jack W. Carroll, WQC
Mississippi Energy Extension Center
P.O. Box 5446
Mississippi State, MS 39762
(601)325-3152
MONTANA
James Bauder, WQC
Montana State University
Leon Johnson Hall
Bozeman, MT 59717
(406)994-5685
Jerry Carpenter, WQ-PC
University of Missouri
205 Ag Engineering Bldg.
Columbia, MO 65211
(314)882-2731
Tom Yonke, WQ-AC
University of Missouri
271 Ag Engineering Bldg.
Columbia, MO 65211
(314)682-2376
NEBRASKA
Dale Vanderholm, WQC
University of Nebraska
207 Agricultural Hall
Lincoln, NE 68583-0704
(402)472-2966
NEVADA
Sherman Swanson, WQC
University of Nevada
College of Agriculture
Reno, NV 89557
(702)784-6611
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Frank Mitchell, WQ-PC
University of New Hampshire
111 Pettee Hall
Durham, NH 03824
(603)862-1067
Peter J. Home, WQ-AC
University of New Hampshire
Taylor Hall
Durham, NH 03824
(603)862-1029
NEW JERSEY
Theodore B. Shelton, Jr., WQC
Cook College-Rutgers University
P.O. Box 231
New Brunswick, NJ 08902
(201)932-9631
NEW MEXICO
Elston Grubaugh, WQC
New Mexico State University
Box 3-AE
Las Cruces, NM 88003
(505)646-2021
-4-
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NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
Ann T. Lemley, WQC
Cornell University
College of Human Ecol., TXA
Room 202 MVR
Ithaca, NY 14853
(607)255-1964
Robert Williamson, WQC
N.C. A&T University
P.O. Box 21928
Greensboro, NC 27420-1928
(919)379-7957
Frank Humenik, WQC
North Carolina State University
Agr. & Bio Engineering
Raleigh, NC 27695-7625
(919) 737-2675
NORTH DAKOTA
Darnell Lundstrom, WQC
North Dakota University
Box 5626 - Agricultural Engineering Bldg.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7239
OHIO
Karen Mancl, WQC
Ohio State University
510 Woody Hayes Drive
Columbus, OH 43210
(614)292-6007
OKLAHOMA
Jim Nelson, WQC
Oklahoma State University
516 Agricultural Hall
Stillwater, OK 74078
(405)744-6081
Glenda Gebharl, WQC
Langston University
Langston, OK 73050
(405)466-2231
OREGON
Jim Vomocil, WQ-PC
Oregon State University
Department of Soil Science
Corvallis, OR 97331
(503)737-2441
William Krueger, WQ-AC
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
(503)737-2441
PENNSYLVANIA
A.J. Turgeon, WQC
Pennsylvania State University
405 Agricultural Admin. Bldg.
University Park, PA 16802
(814)865-6541
PUERTO RICO
Rafael Davila-Lopez, WQC
Agr. Extension Service
P.O. Box 21120
Rio Piedras, PR 00928
(809) 765-8000
RHODE ISLAND
Earl F. Patric, WQC
University of Rhode Island
Woodward Hall
Kingston, RI 02881-0804
(401)792-2474
SOUTH CAROLINA
Mac Horton, WQC
Clemson University
114 Long Hall
Clemson. SC 29634-0357
(803)656-3113
-5-
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RHODE ISLAND (Continued)
William Wright, WQC
University of Rhode Island
Woodward Hall
Kingston, RI 02881-0804
(401)792-2495
SOUTH DAKOTA
Chuck Ullery, WQC
South Dakota State University
Brookings, SD 57007
(605)686-5141
TEXAS
B.L. Harris, WQC
Texas A&M University
348 Soil & Crop Science
College Station, TX 77843-2474
(409) 845-2425
TENNESSEE
Bill G. Hicks, WQ-AC
Agricultural Extension Service
P.O.Box 1071
Knoxville, TN 37901
(615)974-7112
Alma Hobbs, WQC
Tennessee State University
1890 Extension Programs
Nashville, TN 37203
(615)320-3650
George Smith, WQ-PC
Agric. Extension Service
P.O. Box 1071
Knoxville,TN379ai-1071
(615)974-7306
UTAH
Richard Peralta, WQC
Utah State University
Irrigation Eng. UMC 4105
Logan, UT 84322
(801)750-2786
David Rogers, WQC
Utah State University
Department of Sociology
Logan, UT 84322-0730
(801)750-1255
VIRGINIA
Waldon R. Kerns, WQC
Virginia Polytech Institute
Agricultural Economic Dept
Hutcheson Hall
Blacksburg, VA 24061
(703)231-5995
Clinton V. Turner, WQC
Virginia State University
1890 Extension Programs
Petersburg, VA 23803
(804) 524-5959
VERMONT
Don McFeeters, WQC
University of Vermont
Morrlll Hall
Burlington, VT 05405
(802) 656-2990
-6-
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VIRGIN ISLANDS
Walter I. Knausenberger, WQC
P.O. Box L. Kingshill
St. Croix, US Virgin Islands 00802
(BQ9) 778-0246
WASHINGTON
Robert McDaniel, WQC
Washington State University
Cooperative Extension
Pullman, WA 99164-6230
(509) 335-2937
WEST VIRGINIA
Charles Sperow, WQ-PC
West Virginia University
P.O. Box 6108
Morgantown, WV 26506-6108
(304)293-2219
Edmond Collins, WQ-AC
West Virginia University
2080 Ag. Sci. Building
(304)293-6131
WYOMING
Tom Wesche, WQC
University of Wyoming
P.O. Box 3354
University Station
Laramie, WY 82071
(307)766-6109
Quentin Skinner, WQC
University of Wyoming
P.O. Box 3354
University Station
Laramie, WY 82011
(307)766-4139
WISCONSIN
Gary J ackson, WQC
University of Wisconsin
Environmental Resource Center
216-C Agriculture Hall
Madison, WI 53706
(608)262-1916
-7-
-------
National Rural Water Association
-------
1st office
2nd home
NRWA BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Updated 05/14/90
[ECUTIVE BOARD
Elroy Larimore, President
Kentucky Rural Water Association
Box 103
Horse Cave, Ky 42749
502-773-2135; 502-786-2436
Ernest Faucett, Sr. Vice President
Arkansas Rural Water Association
P.O. Box 9469
Little Rock, AR 72219
501-570-2272; 501-835-1829
Fred Stottlemyer, Vice President
West Virginia Rural Water Association
751 Gordon Drive
Charleston, WV 25303
304-757-6551
DIRECTORS
John A. Garrett
Alabama Rural Water Association
4556 South Court Street
Montgomery, AL 36105
205-284-1489; 205-288-4688
C.A. (Art) Cannon
Colorado Rural Water Associatic
P.O. Box 347
Montrose, CO 81402
303-249-3369
Carl Hongell
Florida Rural Water Associatior
22102 Blue Creek Lodge Road
Astor, FL 32002
904-759-2874
Wayne Fontenot, Secretary
Louisiana Rural Water Association
P.O. Box 247
Kinder, LA 70648
118-738-5621; 318-738-2958
Ardyce Cochran, Treasurer
Northeast Rural Water Association
c/o Merchants Bank
P.O. Box 6
South Hero, VT 05486
802-658-3400; 802-372-4222
Jim Dunlap, Exec. Director
New Mexico Rural Water Users Assn
#740 NM 170
Farmington. NM 87401
505-598-5845; 505-326-3626
Clark Cronquist, Exec. Director
North Dakota Rural Water Systems
P.O. Box 133
Gilby, ND 58235
701-669-2690; 701-869-2626
Joe Palmer, Exec. Director
Georgia Rural Water Association
P.O. Box 46
Camilla, GA 31730
912-336-7301
Darryl Brown. Exec. Director
Maine Rural Water Association
Box Q
Liver-more Falls, ME 04254
207-897-6752
Robert Pafflle
Idaho Rural Water Association
East 7500 Highview Drive
Coeur 'd Alene, ID 83814
208-664-5569
David Popp
Indiana Water Association
11315 Highway 60
Sellersburg, IN 47172
812-246-2889; 812-246-4705
Gary King
Illinois Rural Water Associatic
205 Wilson Avenue
LeRoy, IL 61752
309-962-9461
Randall Van Dyke
Iowa Rural Water Association
419 East 19th Street
Spencer, IA 51301
712-262-9190
Mike Crowe
Kansas Rural Water Association
HC 65, Box 40
Coldwater, KS 67029
316-582-2679
Victor Johnson
Minnesota Rural Water Assoc.
P.O. Box 186
Lake Bronson, MN 56734
218-754-4100; 218-754-4461
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Fhad Shows
•lississippi Rural Water Assn
P.O. Box 825
:olurabia, MS 39429
501-736-6347
Dennis Flanery
Missouri Rural Water Assn
13015 15th Street
Srandview, MO 64030
816-761-5421
Daniel Keil
Montana Rural Water Systems
Box 1426
Conrad, MT 59425
406-278-3253; 406-627-2254
Kenneth Zoeller
Nebraska Rural Water Assn
Route 1, Box 111A
Falls City, NE 68355
402-245-4639
Stephen Tuomey
New York State Rural Water Assn
Box 409
Tannersville, NY 12485
518-474-5999; 518-589-6053
J.A. Younts
North Carolina Rural Water Assn
Route 10, Box 238
Winston-Salera, NC 27127
919-764-1719
Ralph Scott
Ohio Assn. of Rural Water Systems
1086 Cheshire Road
Delaware, OH 43015
614-548-6715; 614-548-7578
Phillip Klutts
Oklahoma Rural Hater Association
Route 4, Box 51-A
Okemah, OK 74859
918-623-1309
Maryanne Hill
Oregon Assn of Water utilities
P.O. Box 27
Government Camp, OR 97028
503-272-3281
Tom Stojek
Pennsylvania Rural Water Assn
702 Grant Street
Reynoldsville, PA 15851
814-765-2633; 814-653-9070
Roy .Freeman
South Carolina Rural Water Assn
P.O. Box 27
Duncan, SC 29334
803-439-2183
Dale Kennedy
South Dakota Assn of RWS
Route 3
Beresford, SD 57004
605-957-4329
Robert Hembree
Tennessee Assn of Utility Dist
P.O. Box 22580
Knoxville, TN 37922
615-966-9741; 615-646-2090
Richard Gist
Texas Rural Water Association
Route 2, Box 2ISA
Brownwood, TX 76801
915-464-9318 (home)
Neil Forster
Rural Water Asan of Utah
76 North 200 West
Delta, UT 84624
801-864-2759; 801-864-2374
Wayne Watts
Virginia Rural Water Assn
P.O. Box 30
Vansant, VA 24656
703-935-5828
Jeff Schlegel
Wisconsin Rural Water Assn
125 West Willow Street
Stevens Point, WI 54481
715-344-4545; 715-345-1893
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Rural Community Assistance Programs
-------
RCAP CONTACT LIST
yational RCAP
Rural Community Assistance Program Incorporated (RCAP)
602 5. King Street, Suite 402
Leesburg, Virginia 22075
Telephone: Metro 478-8652 or (703) 771-8636
Contact: Edwin Cobb or Kathleen Stanley
Northeastern RCAP
Rural Housing Improvement, Inc.
218 Central Street, P. 0. Box 370
Winchendon, Massachusetts 01475
Telephone: (508) 297-1376
Contact: Earnest Beresh, Carl Allen, or John McCarthy
Southeastern RCAP
Virginia Water Project, Inc.
702 Shenandoah Avenue, P. 0. Box 2868
Roanoke, Virginia 24001
Telephone: (703) 345-6781
Contact: Wilma Warren or Jackson Hall
Great Lakes RCAP
WSOS Community Action Commission, Inc.
109 S. Front Street, P. O. Box 568
Fremont, Ohio 43420
Telephone: (419) 334-8911 .
Contact: Don Stgiekei- eg Ogvilla Dureh 3&1U.
South Central RCAP
Community Resource Group, Inc.
2705 Chapman Road
Springdale, Arkansas 72764
Telephone: (501) 756-2900
Contact: John Squires or Mark Rounsavall
Midwestern RCAP
Midwest Assistance Program, Inc.
318 E. Main, P. 0. Box 81
Mew Prague, Minnesota 56071
Telephone: (612) 758-4334
Contact: Ken Bruzelius
Western RCAP
Rural Community Assistance Corporation, Inc.
2125 19th Street, Suite 203
Sacramento, California 95818
Telephone: (916) 447-2854
Contact: William French or Beth Ytell
-------
National and State School Boards
Associations
-------
Revised 1/17/90
PLEASE DISCARD ALL PREVIOUS DIRECTORIES
1680 Duke Street
Alexandria, Virginia 22314
(703) 838-NSBA
NSBA FAX I (703) 683-7590
NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
DIRECTORY OF FEDERATION MEMBER EXECUTIVE STAFF
JANUARY 1990
ALABAMA ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
Drawer 1230488 (preferred address) or 4250 Lomac Street
Montgomery, AL 36123-0488 Montgomery, AL 36016
(205) 277-9700 FAXI 205-270-0000
Dr. SANDRA SIMS-deGRAFFENRIED, Executive Director (Ryan deGraffenried)
Cynthia Coleman, Coordinator of Academy Services
Sally Brewer Howell, Director of Public Relations
Julie Burge Cumuze, Coordinator of Special Progects
ASSOCIATION OF ALASKA SCHOOL BOARDS
316 West Eleventh Street
Juneau, AK 99801-1510
(907) 586-1083/586-3394
Source IDf BDW121 FAXI 907-586-2995
CARL F.N. ROSE, Executive Director (Frances Rose)
Sharon K. Young, Associate Executive Director
T. Gregory Giles, Information Services Manager
Diana M. Miller, Administrative Secretary
ARIZONA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
3852 North 29th Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85017
(602) 257-3700 FAXI 602-230-8478
MRS. LOU ELLA KLEINZ. Executive Director (Jordan Klelnz)
Mary Jane Finley, Director of Communications
Russell Jensen, Policy Specialist
Ruth Koester, Director of Legal Services
Will Lewis, Policy Specialist
Jack Peterson, Director of Membership Services
Barbara Robey, Director of Governmental Relations
Elsie Miller, Director of Administrative Services
ARKANSAS SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
808 High Street
Little Rock, AR 72202
(501) 372-1415 FAXI 501-375-2454
J. K. WILLIAMS, Executive Director (Edna Earle Williams)
Dan Farley, Assistant Executive Director
Paulette Walker, Administrative Assistant
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Executive Staff Directory
Page .... 2
3ALIFORNIA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
3100 Beacon Boulevard, P.O. Box 1660
West Sacramento, CA 95691
(916) 371-4691 Source 0BDZ579 FAX* 916-371-3407
DAVIS U. CAMPBELL, Executive Director (Jan Campbell)
Diane Greene, Assistant to the Executive Director
Chris Bertrand, Assistant Executive Director, Board Development
Bill Blaylock, Assistant Executive Director, Communications/Marketing
Kevin Gordon, Director, Governmental Relations
Dorle Harmon, Assistant Executive Director, Business Services
Linda Leopardi, Assistant Executive Director, Policy 4 Financial Services
Richard Montgomery, Assistant Executive Director, Field Services
COLORADO ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS - address listed effective August 15
1290 Broadway, Suite 808 FAX* 303-832-1086
Denver, CO 80203
(303) 832-1000
OR. RANDY QUINN, Executive Dlr^tor (Anne Quinn)
Linda Dawson, Assistant Execu e Director, Member Services
Sarah Jane Gilliland, Director , Policy Services
Lauren B. Kingsbery, Assistant Executive Director/Legal & Policy Services
Mark Sal ley, Director of Communications
CONNECTICUT ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF EDUCATION
309 Franklin Avenue FAX* 203-296-6719
Hartford, CT 06114
(203) 296-8201
TERRY P. CASSIDY. Executive Director
Thomas Murphy, Associate Executive Director, Membership Services
Patrice McCarthy, Associate Executive Director, Government Relations and
General Counsel
Matthew McCaffrey, Senior Staff Associate, Finance and Administration
Sara Romer, Senior Staff Attorney
DELAWARE SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
Bank of Delaware Bldg, Suite 204 P.O. Box 1277
(302) 678-2265 Dover, DE 19903
ANN C. CASE. Executive Director
Joyce E. Thomas, Executive Secretary
BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
415 Twelfth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20004
(202) 724-4289 Source ITI8339
MARION D. WILLIAMS, Acting Executive Secretary
-------
203 South Monroe Street
Tallahassee, FL 32301
(904) 224-1374 Source #117407 FAXI 904-224-2152
DR. WAYNE BLANTON, Executive Director (Beverley Blanton)
Jan Norn's, Executive Administrative Assistant to Executive Director
Steve Swartzel, Associate Director
Karen Beach, Director of Policy Services
Stephen Poland, Director Risk Management
Beth Langford, Director of Communications
Dr. Pamela Lott, Director of Board Member Development
Joe Shields, General Counsel
GEORGIA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
1240 Atkinson Road FAXI 404-962-5392
Lawrenceville, GA 30243
(404) 962-2985
GARY ASHLEY, Executive Vice President (Sue Ashley)
Jeanette Shelnutt, Executive Secretary to Executive Vice President
Bonnie Harris, Director of Information Services
Freeman Leverett, General Counsel
James Luce, Director of Policy Services and School Board Development
Skip Yow, Executive Assistant to Executive Vice President
HAWAII STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
P.O. Box Z360
Honolulu, HI 96804
(808) 546-6405
CHARLES TOGUCHI, Superintendent
IDAHO SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION FAXI 208-345-4212
P.O. Box 2577 2815 Madison Street
(208) 342-6441 Boise, ID 83702
ALAN SMITH. Executive Director (Ada K. Smith)
Mary H. McCutcheon, Executive Assistant
Vicki L. Weber, Communications Director
ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
1209 South Fifth Street
Springfield, IL 62703
(217) 528-9688 Source IBDV157 FAXI 217-528-2831
WAYNE L. SAMPSON, Executive Director (Jan Sampson)
Patricia M. Culler, Assistant to the Executive Director
Gary Adkins, Associate Director Editorial Services
Jessica Billings, Director, Editorial Services
Douglas P. Blair, Senior Director, Field Services
Diane Cape, Associate Director, Communications Services
Donald Harvick, Director, Field Services
Gerald R. Glaub, Assistant Executive Director/Communications
Suzanne W. Humphrey, Associate Director, Policy Services/Field Services
Robert Pyle, Assistant Executive Director/Business Affairs
Richard D. Wisner, Director, Field Services
-------
ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS Continued... Executive Staff Directory
Page .... 4
200 W. Twenty-second Street, Suite 249
Lombard, IL 60148
(312) 629-3776
Joan Isenberg, Assistant Executive Di/rector/Field Services
Marvin Garlich, Director, Field Services
Georgians Luecker, Director, Field Services
Kenneth Twadell, Director, Field Services
INDIANA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
Suite 1215 - Floor 12
One North Capitol Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46204
(317) 639-0330
DR. FRANK A. BUSH, Executive Director (Laraine Bush)
Dennis Costerison, Assistant Executive Director
Mary Chapman, Supervisor of Auxiliary Services
David Emmert, Director of Legal Services
Dr. Charles Pratt, Director of Labor Relations
Melinda Selbee, Assistant Director of Legal Services
IOWA ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
Insurance Exchange Building, 1927
505 Fifth Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50309-2316
(515) 288-1991
T.E. DAVIDSON, Executive Director (Ann Davidson)
Saphina K. Smith, Administration Director
Wayne R. Beal, Associate Executive Director, Government Relations/Information
Elizabeth T. Cooper, Policy Development Director
David G. Harris, Personnel Services Director
Jay B. Horstman, Government Relations Director
E. Anne Larson, Communications Director
Wayne J. Lueders, Associate Executive Director, Management Services
Kay Strain, Administrative Assistant/Office Manager
Edward C. Velie, Research Director
Fred Wessendorf, Field Services Director
KANSAS ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
5401 Southwest Seventh Avenue
Topeka, KS 6660C
(913) 273-3600 Source IRR0108 FAX* 913-273-7580
JOHN W. KOEPKE, Executive Director (Sharon Koepke)
Grace Lopez, Executive Secretary
Janelle Albertson, Coordinator of Member Services
Patricia Baker, Associate Executive Director/General Counsel
Bill Curtis, Assistant Executive Director
Paul Getto, Assistant Director of Education Services
Mary Goodman, Director of Insurance Services
Jim Hays, Director of Research
Cynthia Lutz Kelly, Deputy General Counsel
Neely Murphy, Coordinator of Computer Services
Norman Reynolds, Director of Eduation Services
Katharine Weickert, Director of Communications
-------
260 Democrat Drive
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
(502) 695-4630 FAX* 502-695-5451
DR. DAVID L. KELLER, Executive Director
Jan Frazee, Executive Assistant/Conference Manager
Dr. L. Kendrick Scott, Associate Executive Director
Ann C. Brandt, Director of Communications
J. Stephen Kirby, Staff Attorney
Dr. Larry D. Powers, Director of Board Member Development
Jam's Scott, Director of Insurance Programs
Lawrence Stamper, Director of Procedures Services
Dr. John Thompson, Director of Policy Services
LOUISIANA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION FAX* 504-769-6108
P.O. Drawer 80459 8018 One Calais Avenue
(504) 769-3191 Baton Rouge, LA 70898
VICTOR S. HOD6KINS. Executive Director (Billie Hodgkins)
Lily M. Capdevielle, Administrative Assistant/Office Manager
Arthur L. Greene, Associate Executive Director
Robert L. Hammonds, Legal Counsel
A. Ponder Jones, Finance Consultant
James D. Prescott, Jr., Administrator for Louisiana School Boards
Insurance Trust
Winfred Sibille, Legislative Consultant
HAINE SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
108 Sewall Street
Augusta, ME 04330
(207) 622-3473
PAUL E. BRUNELLE. Executive Director
Diane Richardson, Administrative Secretary
Daniel A. Calderwood, Associate Executive Director
Paul S. Hurlburt, Assistant Executive Director, Labor Relations/Insurance
Patrick R. Phillips, Coordinator of Special Projects
MARYLAND ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF EDUCATION
133 Defense Highway. Suite 204
Annapolis, MD 21401
(301) 841-5414 FAX* 301-841-6580
SUSAN R. BUSUELL, Executive Director
Judith H. Ricker, Deputy Executive Director
Margaret-Ann F. Howie, Director of Legal/Legislative Relations
Deborah A. Lomax, Fiscal Officer
Nancy Nfchols, Administrative Assistant
Elaine H. Sims, Administrative Assistant
-------
Executive Staff Directory
Page .... 6
MASSACHUSETTS ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. INC.
179 South Street - 2nd Floor
Boston, MA 02111
(617) 542-3225
PAUL H. GORDEN, Executive Director (Nonna Gorden)
Margaret Jacques, Assistant Executive Director
Jenifer P. Handy, Publications Director
MICHIGAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
421 West Kalamazoo
Lansing, MI 48933-2088
(517) 371-5700 FAX! 517-371-9093
JUSTIN P. KING, Executive Director (Gina King)
Sam M. Sniderman, Deputy Executive Direct r
Bruce R. Bigham, Director, Personnel Labor Relations
Carl Brautigam, Director, Superintendent Search
Gail Braver-man, Director, Public Relations and Communications
Linda Bruin, Legal Counsel
Richard S. Funk, Director, Policy Services
Earl Gabriel, Director, Administrative Services/Conference Planning
Thomas E. White, Director, State and Federal Relations
Janet Wood, Director, Fiscal Operations & Data Processing
MINNESOTA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
116 South 3rd Street
P.O. Box 119
St. Peter, MN 56082
(507) 931-2450 Source 0BBM304 FAXI 507-931-1515
K,;HARD J. ANDERSON, Executive Director (Mary Anderson)
Pam Harpestad, Administrative Assistant
Michael Torkelson, Associate Executive Director
Joanne Fisher, Chief Financial Offlcer/ControT'ar
Carl Johnson, Director of Legislative Service,
Kelly Martell, Director of Technology/Informa on/Employee Development
Robert Meeks, Associate Director of Legislative Services
Janice Rhode, Directo- of Sch Bd Training/Human Resource Development
Carol J. Ries, Assistant Director of Mangement Services
John Sylvester, Director of Management Services
MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
489 A Sprlngridge Road
P.O. Box 203
Clinton, MS 39060-0203
(601) 924-2001
JOHN L. HARTMAN. Executive Director (Vicki Hartman)
Barbara J. Hare, Associate Director
EUse J. Ballard, Executive Secretary
-------
2100 1-70 Drive, S.W.
Columbia, MO 65203
(314) 445-9920 Source #AAJ624 FAX! 314-445-9981
DR. CARTER WARD, Executive Director (Sandy Ward)
Evelyn Hampton, Administrative'Assistant
Dr. Jacque Cowherd, Assistant'Executive Director, School Information Service:
Dr. Howard Jones, Assistant Executive Director, Education Satellite Network
Camille Marshall, Assistant Executive Director, Education/Policy Services
Hal Gardner, Director, Education Satellite Network
Brent Ghan, Director of Communications
Noah Gray, Director of Superintendent Search Services
Rodney Gray, Legislative Counsel
Dr. Howard Heidbrink, Program Administrator, Alternative Financing
R1ck Mihalevich, Director of Technology Services
Steve Wright, Esq., General Counsel
HOKTANA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
1 South Montana Avenue
Helena, MT 59601 FAX! 406-441-2291
(406) 442-2180 c/o U.S. West Office
ROBERT L. ANDERSON, Executive Director (Bonnie Anderson)
Julie Wood, Office Manager
Howard Bailey, Director of Insurance Services
Rick D'Hooge, Director of Labor Relations
Janice Doggett, Legal Assistance Fund Attorney
Duane Johnson, Labor Relations Specialist
Ralph Kroon, Director of Policy Services
Bruce Moerer, Staff Attorney
NEBRASKA ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
140 South Sixteenth Street
Lincoln, NE 68508
(402) 475-4951
DALE E. SIEFKES. Executive Director (Vi Siefkes)
Janice Harper, Administrative Secretary
Robert Bligh, Legal Counsel
Linda Maslowski. Director of Board Development
Bob Peterson, Director of Member Services
Hobbin Wolfe, Director of Public Relations
NEVADA ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
1100 Kietzke Lane, Room 212
Reno, NV 89502
(702) 323-4828
HENRY ETCHEHENDY, Executive Director (Peggy Etchemendy)
Peggy Hardy, Secretary to the Executive Director
-------
Executive Staff Directory
Page .... 8
(EM HAMPSHIRE SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
University of New Hampshire FAX* 603-862-1084
Horn'11 Hall
Durham, NH 03824
(603) 862-1384 Source #BDP406
DR. RICHARD GOODMAN, Executive Director (Arlene Goodman)
Joanne Drouin, Secretary to Director
Elinor Fox, Editorial Associate
Betty Pallas, Office Manager/Bookkeeper
New Hampshire School Boards Association Branch Office
14 Fayette Street
Concord, New Hampshire 03301 FAX* 603-228-2351
(603) 228-2061
Dr. Paul Krohne, Associate Executive Director
Ted Comstock, Director of Labor Relations
Dr. Hugh Watson, Labor Relations & Special Services
Lynda Blanchette, Administrative Assistant
NEW JERSEY SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
413 West State Street
P.O. Box 909
Trenton, NJ 08605
(609) 695-7600 Source #BDN918 FAX* 609-695-0413
;, Executive Director
loan H. rtancia, Administrative Assistant to the Executive Director
)em'se F. Henderson,. Executive Secretary
Pr. Robert E. Boose^ Dcputj Cuccutioe .Dirartor
Francis J. Campbell, General Counsel/Assistant Executive Director
Thomas E. Bishop, Assistant Executive Director for Administration
Sampson Brown, Director of Field Services
Donald Calderon, Director of Policy & Information Services
Joseph Flannery, Director of Communications
Philip Kirschner, Director of Governmental Relations
Toby Simon, Director of Inservice Education
Curt Wary, Director of Labor Relations
THE NEW MEXICO SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
444 Gallsteo Street, Suite D
Santa Fe, NM 87501
(505) 983-5041 FAX* 505-983-2450
MESLEY H. LANE, Executive Director (Wilma Lane)
Beatrice Romero, Administrative Assistant
-------
NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
119 Washington Avenue
Albany, NY 12210
(518) 465-3474 Source #BDV155 FAX* 518-465-3481
LOUIS GRUMET, Executive Director (Barbara Grumet)
James V. Vetro, Deputy Executive Director
Jeffrey M. Bowen, Administrator of Research and Development
Norman H. Gross, Counsel
Gary L. Jones, Administrator of Management Services
Robert J. Rader, Director of Policy Services/Risk Management Services
Joseph Reeves, Director of Board Development Services
Henry F. Sobota, Deputy Counsel/Director of Employee Relations Services
Rita C. Stevens, Director of Publications Services
Judy Warde, Director of Legislative Services
Jay Horona, Deputy Counsel/Director of Litigation Services
NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
311 East Edenton Street
P.O. Box 27963
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 832-7024 FAX* 919-829-5810
GENE CAUSBY, Executive Director (Mary Ellen Causby)
Linda Cook, Administrative Assistant/Conference Coordinator
Dr. Ed Dunlap, Associate Executive Director
Jan Holem Crotts, Legislative Liaison/Director, Publications
Juanita Hanford, Office Manager/Finance Officer
Thomasine Hardy, Director, Research/Policy Studies
NORTH DAKOTA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
110 North Third Street
P.O. Box 2276
Bismarck, ND 58502
(701) 255-4127
DR. RICHARD D. OTT, Executive Director (Trlsha Ott)
Linnae Brew, Administrative Assistant
Barbara Norby, Assistant Executive Director
Gary R. Thune, Legal Counsel
OHIO SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
700 Brooksedge Boulevard FAX* 614-891-2834
P.O. Box 6100
Uesterville, OH 43081-6100
(614) 891-6466 Source IRD0134
CRAIG GIFFORD, Executive Vice President (Marty Gifford)
John M. Brandt, Deputy Executive Vice President
Richard J. Dickinson, Director/Legislative Services
Tom Dickson, Director/Educational Services
-------
Executive Staff Directory
Page .... 10
OHIO SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION Continued...
Timothy 6. Kremer, Director/Special Services
Ann F. Landis, Administrative Assistant
Chauncey Mason, Director/Management 'Services
OKLAHOMA STATE SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
2801 North Lincoln Boulevard
Oklahoma City, OK 73105
(405) 528-3571
DR. BOB MOONEYHAM. Executive Director (Norma Jean Mooneyham)
Dr. Jo Pettigrew, Assistant Executive Director
Kenneth Payne, Director of Policy Services
Joyce Smith, Director of Information Services
Mike Webb, Director of Finance & Insurance
Larry Lewis, Staff Attorney
OREGON SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
1201 Court Street, N.E.
P.O. Box 1068
Salem, OR 97308
(503) 588-2800 Source #BBQ792
CHRISTOPHER DUDLEY, Executive Director (Sandy Dudley)
Carole McCann, Executive Assistant
Pat Fitzwater, Director of Board Development
Jack Liles, Assistant Director of Field Services
Jeanne R. Magmer, Director of Public Information
John C. Marshall, Director of Legislative Services
Gail Perkins, Assistant Director of Policy Services
Ed Ruttledge, Assistant Director of Labor Relations
Alan Tresidder, Senior Legislative Consultant
David Turner, Research Attorney
William Worrell, Director of School District Services
PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
774 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
(717) 774-2331 Source JBDN916 FAX* 717-774-0718
JOSEPH V. ORAVITZ. Executive Director (Bobbi Oravltz)
Jane K. Hurley, Administrative Manager
Nicholas L. Goble, Assistant Executive Director
Carl P. Beard, Esq., Legal Counsel, Management Services
Dorsey E. Enck, Director, Management Services
Michael Levin, Esq.. PSBA General Counsel
Thomas J. Gentzel, Director, Government Relations
Sheldon «l. Grasley, Director, Insurance Services
BilUe k. Kraus, Network Operations Director/Governmental Relations
Lynn H. Mannion, Publications Services Director
Donald B. Owen, Esq., Director, Inservice Education
J. Curtis Rose, Assistant Director, Management Services
Stephen S. Russell, Esq., Chief Staff Counsel
-------
RHODE ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES
177 Airport Road
Warwick, RI 02889
{401)
, Executive Diifirctor
Gail M. Scares, Association Secretary
SOUTH CAROLINA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
1027 Barnwell Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 799-6607 FAX* 803-779-0445
JOHN CONE, Executive Director (Margie Cone)
Evelyn Blackwelder, Deputy Executive Director
Nancy C. Ulmer, Administrative Assistant
Cathy Eargle, Director of Claims Administration
Ellen H. Henderson, Director of Public Relations
Jeannie M. (Sissy) Henry, Director of Board Development
Elizabeth Warren, Director of Legal Services
ASSOCIATED SCHOOL BOARDS OF SOUTH DAKOTA
P.O. Box 1211
306 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501 FAX* 605-224-6294
(605) 224-6293
SAM TIDBALL, Executive Director (Helen Tidball)
Katie Mitchell-Boe, Administrative Assistant
Jay Ruckdaschel, Assistant Executive Director
TENNESSEE SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
500 13th Avenue, North
Nashville, TN 37203
(615) 251-1518 FAX* 615-741-2824
DR. DANIEL J. TOLLETT, Executive Director (Paula Tollett)
Tammy Johnson, Administrative Assistant
Dr. Levonn Hubbard, Associate Executive Director,
Educational Services/Risk Management
Don McAlister, Associate Executive Director,
Policy/Legislative/Legal Services
Holly Hewitt, Communications Specialist
Cathy Hirt, Director of Legal Services and Board Development
Palace Reid, Director, Fiscal Affairs
-------
Executive Staff Directory
Page .... 12
TEXAS ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
7703 N. Lamar
P.O. Box 400
Austin, TX 78767-0400
(512) 467-0222 Source #BBR197 FAX* 512-467-3554
ORBRY D. HOLDEN, Executive Director (Jean Hoi den)
Brenda McClish, Executive Assistant to Executive Director
Mary Ann Briley, Associate Executive Director
Jerald Edwards, Chief Operating Officer
Ray Morrison, General Counsel
UTAH SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
199 East 7200 South
Midvale, UT 84047
(801) 566-1207 FAX* 801-561-4579
WINSTON GLEAYE, Executive Director (Karen Gleave)
Julie Llewelyn, Administrative Assistant
Richard Stowell, Associate Executive Director
Dr. Don K. Richards, Associate Executive Director
VERMONT SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
100 State Street FAX* 802-229-1446
P.O. Box 339
Montpelier, VT 05601
(802) 223-3580
DONALD JAMIESON, Executive Director (Elinor Jamieson)
John A. Nelson, Associate Executive Director
Zada Townsend, Administrative Assistant
Veraont School Boards Insurance Trust, Inc.
P.O. Box 399
Montpelier, VT 05601
(802) 223-5040
David Gibson, Jr., Administrator
Diane Cleary, Secretary
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VIRGIN ISLANDS BOARD OF EDUCATION
P.O. Box 11900 FAX* 809-774-3384
No. 1 Storre Gronne Gade
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas. VI 00801
(809) 774-4546
EDITH M. LEERDAM, Executive Director (Alvln Leerdam)
VIRGINIA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
2250 Old Ivy Road, Suite 1 FAX* 804-295-8785
Char!ottesvilie, VA 22901
(804) 295-VSBA
DR. FRANK E. BARHAM. Executive Director (Mary Barham)
Hazel Norris, Secretary to the Executive Director
Dr. Vicki Crews Behr, Assistant Executive Director
Dr. Faye Giglio, Director of Member Services
Bradford A. King, Governmental Relations Officer
George Leventis, Director of Legal and Policy Services
Thomas McLernon, Director of Insurance Services
WASHINGTON STATE SCHOOL DIRECTORS ASSOCIATION
200 Union Avenue S.E. FAX* 206-586-6515
Olympia. UA 98501
(206) 753-3305 Source ICUG002
DR. LARRY SWIFT, Executive Director (Earlyse Swift)
Dwayne Slate, Assistant Executive Director
Don Bennett, Director of Legal and Policy Services
Lucinda Lonborg, Program Coordinator
Nancy Lundsgaard, Director of Board Development
Judy Kay McDaniel, Communications Director
Chuck Namlt, Director, Strategic Planning & Development
Dottee Rambo, Program Coordinator
Karen Russell, Director of Conferences, Special Projects/Treasurer
Ivan Settles, Director of Superintendent Screening Service
WEST VIRGINIA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
P.O. Box 1008
Charleston, WV 25324
(304) 346-0571
HOWARD M. O'CULL, Executive Director (Janie O'Cull)
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Execuctive Staff Directory
Page .... 14
WISCONSIN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL BOARDS
Madison. Wisconsin Office FAX* 608-257-8386
122 West Washington Avenue, Suite 500
Madison, WI 53703
(608) 257-2622
KEN COLE. Executive Director-Treasurer
Christine Doll, Administrative Assistant to Executive Director
Senn Brown, Director of Legislative Services
Steve Hintzman, Director of Legal Services and Policy Services
Kathie Rozovics, Director of Communication Services
yinneconne Wisconsin Office FAX* 414-582-9951
132 W. Main Street, P.O. Box 160
Winneconne, WI 54986
(414) 582-4443
William Bracken, Director of Employee Relations Services
Eau Claire, Wisconsin Office FAX! 715-834-4338
1812 Brackett Avenue - Suite 3
Eau Claire, WI 54701
(715) 839-4781
Steve Holzhausen, Membership Consultant
Tomahawk. Wisconsin Office
328 North Fourth Street
Tomahawk, WI 54487
(715) 453-5770
Jef Wickland, Membership Consultant
WYOMING SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION
2020 Grand Avenue - Suite 430
Laramie, Wyoming 82070
(307) 742-7915
OR. JAMES D. ANDERSEN. Executive Director (Robin Andersen)
Judy Walker, Secretary to the Executive Director
Edward W. Hunter, Assistant Executive Director
-------
National Association of Towns and
Townships
-------
N.CTaT-Uashington, DC TEL No .202-289-7996
Jul 3,90 15:35 No.006 P.02
HATIOHAL ASSOCIATION OF TOWNS AMD TOWNSHIPS
Board of Directors
CONNECTICUT
John Blaschik, jr.
First selectman
Town of Cast Haddam
P.O. Box K
East Haddam, CT 06423
HIHHBJOtA
Lothnr wol -er , Jr .
Presilent
Minnesota association
of vownst ips
, 1325 County Road
Norwoo.1, MN 55366
612/467-1834 (H)
33
ILLINOIS
Dennis Wiggins
Supervisor
Aurora Township
80 N. Broadway
Aurora, IL 60504
312/897-8777 (0)
NEW YORK
G. Jeffrey liaber
Executive Secretary
Association ?f Towns oE
the State if New York
146 State Sti ««l
Albany, NY 12207
518/465-7933 (0)
INDIANA
Marcel Coulomb
Executive Director
Indiana Township Association
8^5 Circle Tower Building
Indianapolis, IN 46204
4u2d (U)
HORTH DAKOTA
Chester Larson
North Dakota Township
Officers Asaocvatin,
RR 1, Box 67
Enderlin, NO 5802.1
Inc
KANSAS
Kansas Association of
Townships
15429 Ov«rbrook Lane
Stanley, KS 66224
913/897-3UJ6 (OJ
KICHICAM
John Lahoe«
Executive Director
Michigan Townships
Association
312.1 H. Saginaw Street
Lansing, MI 48917
517/321-6467 (O)
OHIO
Michael cochran
Executive Director
Ohio Township Association
5969 E. Livingston Avenue
Suite 200
Columbus, OH 43232
614/863-0055 (0)
PBMMSYLVAMIA
D. Kenneth Greider
Executive Director
Pennsylvania State Association
of Township supervisors
3001 Gettysburg Road
Camp 1111, PA 17011
717/71.^-0930 (0)
-------
TaT-Uashington , DC TEL No .202-289-7^-96
Jul 3,90 15:35 No.006 P.03
SOUTH DAKOTA
Marvin Schwanke
South Dakota Association
of Towns and Townships
RR J, BOX 163
Watertown, ND 57201
WISCONSIN
Richard Stadelman
Executive Director
Wisconsin Towns Association
Route 4, Box 319
Shawano, Wl 54166
715/S26-3157 (0)
May IS, 1989
-------
National Environmental Health
Association—State Affiliates
-------
LISTING Of NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION AFFILIATE
PRESIDENTS
Alabama
Ron Stutts
P.O. Box 1059
Public Health Division
Pelham, AL 36124
Alaska
Kit Ballantine
Alaska Dept. of Environmental
Conservation
Div. of Environmental Health
P.O. Box 0
Juneau, AK 99881
Arizona
Marsha Robbins
1245 W. R'jth
Phoenix, AZ 85021-4446
Arkansas
Bob Taylor, R.S.
Rt. 5, Box 211
Scearcy, AR 72143
California
Steven L. Samaniego
3636 University Avenue
Riverside, CA 92501
Colorado
Jim Dingman
Tri-County Health Dept.
4301 E. 72nd Avenue
Commerce City, CO 80022
Connecticut
Joseph Hock
Quinnipiac Valley Health Dist,
1141 Dixvell Avenue
Hamden, CT 06514
Florida
Kevin Sherman, Ph.D., H.P.H.
1647 Alshire Court North
Tallahassee, FL 32311
Georgia
Darrell Crosby
505 Rosedale Street
Brunswick, GA 31520
Idaho
Shireene Sementi
Panhandle Health Dist.
2195 Ironvood Court
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814
Illinois
David F. Ludwig, R.S., M.P.H.
909 Webster
Wheaton, IL 60187
Indiana
David M. Bokodi
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 W. Michigan Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Industry Affiliate
Tom Chestnut, Director
Quality Assurance
General Mills Restaurants, Inc.
6880 Lake Ellenor Drive
Orlando, FL 32809
Iowa
Judy Harrison, President
Iowa Environmental Health Assoc.
P.O. Box 528
Fort Madison, IA 52627
Kansas
Nancy Short
1814 Lakin
Great Bend, KS 67530
Kentucky
David Klee, President
KAMFES
P.O. Box 1464
Frankfort, KY 40602
-------
Louisiana
National Capital Area
Janes H. Brent Ph.D.
Louisiana Environmental Health
Assoc.
P.O. Box 2661
Baton Rouge, LA 70S21
Maryland
Barbara Hesse Beadling
10037 Culverene Court
Ellicott City, MD 21043
Massachusetts
George W. Young, Jr.
Board of Health
40 South Street
Foxborough, MA 02035
Michigan
Dave Gregg, R.S.
P.O. Box 277
DeWitt, MI 48820
Minnesota
Carol J. Landmark
Saint Louis Co. Health Dept.
1001 East First Street
Duluth, MN 55805
Missouri
Bruce Myers, Supervisor
Processing & Technical Services
Mid-America Dairymen, Inc.
800 W. Tampa
Springfield, MO 65802
Montana
Melissa L. Tuemmler
2308 3rd Avenue South
Great Falls, MT 59405
National Assoc. of Noise Control
Officials'
Ron Buege
West Allis Health Dept.
7120 W. National Avenue
West Allis, HI 53214
Sharon Mercer
8105 Blake Court
Bowie, MD 20720
Nat^l Conference of Local
Envir. Health Administrators
Frances M. Veverka, M.P.H.
Health Commissioner
Delaware City/County Health Dept.
115 North Sandusky Street
Delaware, OH 43015-1788
Nebraska
Doug Clark
State Dept. of Health
301 Centennial Mall
Lincoln, NE 68509-5007
Nevada
Cliff Judkins
1862 N. Gateway Road
Las Vegas, NV 89115
New Hampshire/Vermont
Tony Fitzpatrick
Manchester Health Dept.
795 Elm Street
Manchester, NH 03101
New Jersey
Gail Cheety
Westfield Health Dept.
425 Broad Street
Westfield, NJ 07090
New Mexico
Darrel Bone
Albuquerque Envir. Health Dept.
P.O. Box 1293
Albuquerque, NM 87103
New York
Charles L. Agro, R.S.
Port Authority of NY & NJ
Envir. Management Div.
25 Journal Square
Jersey City, NJ 07306
-------
North Carolina
South Dakota
W.E. "Eddie" Pierce, Jr.
P.P.C.C. Dist. Health Dept.
P.O. Box 189
Elizabeth City, NC 27907
North Dakota
Allen R. Sayler
State Capital Bldg,
North Dakota Dept.
600 East Blvd., 64
Bismarck, ND 58505
Ohio
Joseph Weaver, R.S.
O.E.H.A.
P.O. Box 15416
Columbus, OH 43215
Oklahoma
Don F. Pendergraph
Rt. 1, Box 122A
Mt. Park, OK 73559
Oregon
Robert Wilson, R.S.
Benton Co. Health Dept.
Environmental Health Div,
530 N.W. 27th Street
Corvallis, OR 97330
Pennsylvania
John A. Messa, Jr.
Township of Lower Merion
75 E. Lancaster Avenue
Ardmore, PA 19003
Rhode Island
Alfred J. Cabral, R.S.
57 Patterson Avenue
Warren, RI 02885
South Carolina
Charles E. McManus, R.S.
Richland Co. Health Dept.
1221 Gregg Street
Columbia, SC 29201
of Agriculture
John Robertson
S.D. Dept. of Health
523 E. Capital
Pierre, SD 57501
Tennessee
Tom Petty, President
TEHA
800 Ben Allen Road
Nashville, TN 37247-4506
Texas
Ton A. Hatfield, R.S.
Director, Grand Prairie
Health Department
P.O. Box 530011
Grand Prairie, TX 75053-0011
Uniformed Services
Lt. David Fitzpatrick
USN, 24 Sovams Drive
Bristol, RI 02809
Utah
Dwight Hill
City Co. Health Dept. of
Utah Co.
589 S. State Street
Provo, UT 84601
Virginia
A. James English, Jr. R.S.
Director, Envir. Health Prog.
College of Health Sciences
Old Dominion University
Norfolk, VA 23529-0288
Washington
Richard Ellis
West 1423 Clarke Street
Spokane, WA 99201-1213
West Virginia
Mark S. Whittaker
District Sanitarian
Office of Envir. Hlth. Svcs.
209 Main Street
Phillippi, WV 26416
-------
Wisconsin
Jill Schmidt
City/County Bldg. Rm. 507
210 Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr.
Madison, WI 53 .0
Wyoming
Sandi Palmer
1710 Snyder Avenue
Cheyenne, WY 82001
-------
State Restaurant Associations
-------
STATE RESTAURANT ASSOCIATIONS
ALABAMA
ALABAMA RESTAURANT AND
FOODSERVICE ASSOCIATION
Sieoan P Mc'.juiin
E.ecun»e Oa~'t>
2100 Dan Or»e Suite 207
Birrmr(it«fn itaoama 3522-1
Pnoni
ALASKA
ALASKA CABARET. HOTEL AND
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
Chrnry Reelf
Eiccuint Oircclor
PO Bw 104839
Anchorage Alaska 99SIO
(30?) IK 8)33
/RIZONA
ARIZONA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
JW 6w- |
[•Kjl've CiieCtOr
112 NO'tn Central Suite 4
Pttoenii A'.iena 9SOCA
16021 2583156
SOUTHERN ARIZONA
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
P»nnoO« Mieaantr
Direct D'
Tucson CnamB*r ol Commerce
Building
*6i w St Miry i Raid Smie 300
Tucson An ion* 84J05
fTwnr ;6«M 7919106
ARKANSAS
ARKANSAS HOSPITALITY
ASSOCIATION
MJU'ICC (.*••>
603 Puinx. Srr«t
PO Boi 15M
IMtte Rock * 3V 1200
COLORADO-WYOMING
COLORADO-WYOMING
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
Pwut DuBoi
EiMulnrt DiMttcr
B99 LOfin &lr«ei Suite 300
DcniKf CofewadB 8020J
fhorw (3031 K07377
CONNECTICUT
CONNECTICUT RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Cirrall | Mu|h*l
liKVtnt M» frmOtnl
19 W<«in|lo>tf Rd
Owirutt Corn«cl«ul OMIO
O03I 271219)
DELAWARE
DELAWARE RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
I'tne 5 B
22 5 E Mam Sl'cel Su 921 6300
GEORGIA
GEORGIA HOSPITALITY AND
TRAVEL ASSOCIATION
800 K<"g
P'ti»ae«l
600 W»t PcacniiM SI Suite 1500
CfDr{>« 30JC3
HAWAII
HAWAII r?€5rAU8ANT
ASSOCIATION
CJ>T ~oltnmn
EfKutwe vic< Prmornt
Ilia B.inop Street Suitt 2611
Honolulu ttfiu 96813
Pnonr (SOU IJf 9103
IDAHO
IDAHO RESTAURANT AND
BEVERAGE ASSOCIATION
Marfe Ounn
EifCulM* O'Ktor
PO Bo> IM*
B«K inane &370I
Pharw /i«< J4S9KJO
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
iknO'tw Ml?
3» Weil Onltrio
Owaio Illineti 60610
fJJPJ 197*000
INDIANA
INDIANA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
f leculnt Vet Pinidtnt
2120 North Meridian Scttl
Indianapoln. Indian* 46202
(31 f I 924 SIOS
IOWA
IOWA RESTAURANT AND
BEVERAGE ASSOCIATION
I nit' Otwi
JI5 Shoos Building
Del Momes io*a W3W
fhent 1513) !V B304
KANSAS
KANSAS RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
George Puckeit
Eiecuiivt Vne Pmident
359 Sauin Hydraulic
WKhiii Kaniat 67211
f+ont 13161 26T83S3
KENTUCKY
KENTUCKY REbTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
JOan
Pnoni
LOUISIANA
LOUISIANA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Jim Funk
Eiecuuve »ce President
2300 veierans 9ivd Suite 160
mme (5Ot; at sru
MAINE
MAINE RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Carl Sanlord
Ciaculior Vice Preiulem
Fw wadr Sne«i
PO Bo. 5060
«u«uiia
MARYLAND
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
OF MARYLAND. INC.
Maicia Nairn
Eitcuint Di'Kior
Rnfaurinf *»ln of Maryland §l 298 0011
MASSACHUSETTS
MASSACHUSETTS
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
Raymond J Mu>|u>
Encunv* Vhe Nawnan
PiewMM
200 N WHlmiton Square
Swle 10
Linunt Ml 48933
Phone (Sl»40*f*44
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
AFROIO J ^»*»5
Eiecuii»e Vice P'-urtini
871 JeT1*r on A^ffuf
5l Pjui 'i'nne»oi> 15102
Pfion- -Sl!> .'.'.' /J0I
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI RESTAURANT.
ASSOCIATION
JO Ann Gilder
E»ecui»« v«-e student
PO Bo. 16395
1506 Otlice Pan 0>»e
'Khun MISIIIHODI 39206
(6011
MISSOURI
MISSOURI RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Cjrl
PO So. J"
Kanut C.r,
Pnene liloi /'3J5.V.1
MONTANA
MONTANA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Chuck Wrigg
Ciecume Director
PO Set I'°J
G>rjl fins Monr.ini
/•none I-J «l '61 63ft)
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
fficnina Lul;
El«Culne P'»lc«nl
55215 0 Sh«et
Lincoln N-O'.IIH 68SIO
Prune tJO?>i8J22
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STATE RESTAURANT ASSOCIATIONS (Confd.)
NEW MEXICO
NEW MEXICO RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Jatk Ru||t
l«eculi»e Vice Prwidem
2130 San Maleo BlMJ NE
Suite C
AiDuQuerque Nr» Menco 67110
Pnone
NEW YORK
NEW YORK STATE
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
Fiea Simptcn
Preiident
50i Eigmri Avenue 7m Floor
Ne« Tom New «o>k 10018
Pnont (212) fit 1330
OKLAHOMA
OKLAHOMA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Bob Clilt
Eiecutive Vice Preiident
3800 No'in Portland
Oklahoma Cny Oklahoma 73112
9428IS1
OREGON
OREGON RESTAURANT AND
HOSPITALITY ASSOCIATION
Betty CM de Bioetcrt
tncuiNt Vic* 9*mttn\
3724 N E Broadway
Portland Oregon 97232
Plwne 130312*90974
SOUTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Sylvia Waiteri
EieculMC Director
806 1/2 S Mam Anenue
Sioui Falls South Dakota 57101
Pnone (60S] 332 1971
TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Ron Han
Eieculne Vice Preiident
229 Coun Squaie
PO Boi 1029
Franklin Tennessee 37065
Phone 1615) 7KWOJ
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Hnoeit J Citu
[ircutive v«e PiesKltni
2101 LiOOie Avtnue
Ricnmond Virginia 23?30
Phone (804l2SSJC6i
WASHINGTON
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION OF
THE STATE Of WASHINGTON
John f Cordon
liecutwt Viet Picvdcnl
722 SecutiliM Bg'ldinj
Seattle Wathmgtcn 98101
Pnone 1206)6826174
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH CAROLINA
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
7 it"/ *iiiamj
Ci«cui«ve Vice Present
PO Boi 6528
Raltigh Morlh O'Olmi 276JB
Pnone 19191 7K SOr."1
NORTH D'AKOTA
NORTH DAKOTA
HOSPITALITY ASSOCIATION
C>KU'I»C Director
PC Bo. <28
Bismarck North 0*kQia
0l> :!3 3313
PENNSYLVANIA
PENNSYLVANIA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Micna«> I McCovrrn
501 N From Street Suile ?00
Hl.ntSurg PA I7ICI 1011
Pnone (JW232M3
RHODE ISLAND
RHODE ISLAND HOSPITALITY
ASSOCIATION
Cav.fl Bulour
tiecuii>e Vice f'matni
Bo. r<15
CurfiDoiand Rhode iliano 02B61
Pnone ItOll 33431 SO
TEXAS
TEXAS RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Ricit Virginia 25328
Pnone
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Cd Lump
tietuiive Vitt Preiident
122 We»t Woihmgioh Avenue
Mad»on V»isconiin 5i7Q3
16081 2!>1 3663
OHIO
OHIO RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Cnarnc Binter
[tecunw Oirrctor
ty. Citr Park A>enui Suile 200
Coiurnoui OHIO -3215
Pnane (6H> 213 OS.V
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
jann C Riddick
tiecume Direclor
Barnnger Building Suite 510
1338 Mam Street
Coiumoia Souin Carolina 29201
Pnone I803i 2!* 3906
VERMONT
VERMONT LODGING AND
RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION
Daniel L Pudvan
Eietutirt Vice President
P 0 Bo. 9
1090 State Street
Monipei.er Vermont 05602
flnone (80212290062
CANADA
CANADIAN RESTAURANT
AND FOOOSERVICES
ASSOCIATION
Doug Needham
80 Bioor Street Weit Suite 1201
Toronto Ontario Carve* M5S 2vi
Pnont MI6I 923 Si 16
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Association of State and Territorial
Health Officials
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(ASTKQ)
ASSOCIATION OF STATE AND TERRITORIAL HEALTH OFFICIALS
6728 Old McLean Village Drive, McLeaa Virginia 221O1
Phone (7O3) 556-9222
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACT UST
C. Earl Fox, M.D.
Public Health Department
381 State Office Building
Montgomery, AL 36130
Telephone: (206) 261-5052
FAX: (206) 240-3097
Katherine Kelley, DPH
Division of Public Health
Dept. of Health & Social Services
Pouch H-06
Juneau, AK 99811
Telephone: (907) 465-3090
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Norman J. Pelersen
Chief, Office of Risk Assess. & Investigation
Arizona Department of Health Services
3008 North 3rd St., Rm. 101
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Telephone: (602) 230-5858
FAX: (602)230-5817
Electronic Mailbox: AZ.EPI
Jerry Hill
Director, Bureau of Env. Health Services
Arkansas Dept. of Health
4815 West Markham Street
LJttle Rock, AR 7220^-3867
Telephone: (501) 661-2574
FAX: (501) 661-2468
Electronic Mailbox:
Peter A. Rogers
Chief, Office of Drinking Water
Department of Health Services
714 P Street, Rm. 692
Sacramento, CA 95814
Telephone: (916) 323-1382
FAX: (916) 327-6092
Electronic Mailbox:
Thomas Vemon, M.D.
Colorado Dept. of Health
4210 East 11th Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
Telephone: (303) 331-4600
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Peter D. Galbraith, D.M.D.
Bureau Chief, Bureau of Health Promotion
Connecticut Department of Health Services
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Telephone: (203) 566-5475
FAX (203)566-1710
Electronic Mailbox: CT.HP
Lester N. Wright. M.D.
Division of Public Health
P.O. Box 637, Federal Street
Jesse S. Cooper Building
Dover, DE 19901
Telephone: (302) 736-4700
FAX: (302) 736-3008
Electronic Mailbox: DE.SHO
Martin E. Levy, M.D., M.P.H.
Environmental Epidemiologist
DC Department of Human Services
1660 L Street, NW, 8th Floor
Washington, DC 20036
Telephone: (202) 673-6757
FAX (202) 727-3286
Electronic Mailbox: CDC.CPS.STD.
Richard G. Hunter, Ph.D.
Asst Health Officer, Enviommental Health
Dept of Health & Rehabilitative Services
1170 Capital Circle, NE
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Telephone: (904) 488-4070
FAX (904) 488-4401
Electronic Mailbox:
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James R. Drinnon
Environmental Health Specialist
•Environmental Health Section
B7B Peachtree Street Suite 1GO
Atlanta, GA 30309
Telephone: (404) 894-6644
FAX (404) 894-7799
Electronic Mailbox;
Leticia V. Espaldon, M.D.
Director
Oept. of Public Health & Social Services
P.O. Box 2816
Agana, Guam 96910
Telephone: (671) 734-2083/2945
FAX: (671) 734-5910
Electronic Mailbox:
John C. Lewin, M.D.
Department of Hearth
Kiau Hale, P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
Telephone: (808) 548-6505
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Clinton C. Mudgett
Chief, Division of Environmental Health
Illinois Department of Public Health
525 West Jefferson Street
Springfield, IL 62761
Telephone: (217) 762-5830
FAX: (217) 785-0253
Electronic Mailbox:
Jane S. Smith, RN
Chief, Bureau of Preventive M- -cine
Idaho Dept. of Health & Welfar,
450 West State Street, 4th Floor
Boise, Idaho 83720
Telephone: (208) 334-5930
FAX: (208) 334-5694
Electronic Mailbox:
Morris Green, M.D.
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 W.Michigan Street
P.O. Box 1964
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Telephone: (317) 633-8400
FAX: (317) 633-0779
Electronic Mailbox:
John R. Kelly
Director, Division of Disease Prevention
Iowa Dept. of Public Hearth
Lucas State Office Building
Des Moines, IA 50319
Telephone: (515) 281-7785
FAX: (515) 242-6284
Electronic Mailbox:
Stephen N. Paige
Director, Bureau of Environmental Health Serv
Kansas Dept of Health and Environment
109 SW 9th, Surte 604, Mills Building
Topeka, KS 66612-1274
Telephone: (913) 296-5599
FAX: (913) 296-0984
Electronic Mailbox:
Vladimir Dvorak, MD, Ph.D.
Medical Environmental Epidemiologist
Kentucky Department of Health Services
275 East Main Street
Frankfort, KY 40621
Telephone: (502) 564-3418
FAX: (502) 564-6533
Electronic Mailbox:
Joel Nitzfcin, M.D.
Louisiana Dept of Health
P.O. Box f JO
New Orlea-.,,. LA 70160
Telephone: (504) 568-5051
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Dorean Maines
Community Environmental Health Information
Department of Human Services
SHS#11,157 Capitol Street
Augusta, ME 04333
Telephone: (207) 289-5378
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
J. Mehsen Joseph, Ph.D.
Director, Surveillance & Laboratory Admin.
Maryland Department of Health & Mental
Hygiene
201 West Preston St, Lab - Lobby Level
Baltimore, MD 21201
Telephone: (301) 225-6100
FAX: (301) 333-5403
Electronic Mailbox:
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David Mulligan
Department of Public Hearth
150 Tremont Street
Boston, MA 02111
Telephone: (617) 727-0201
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Lee E. Jager, P.E.
Chief, Bureau of Env. & Occupational Health
Michigan Department of Public Health
3423 North Logan St., P.O. Box 30195
Lansing, Ml 48909
Telephone: (517)335-9218
FAX: (517)335-8298
Electronic Mailbox:
ai C. Finn
Asst. Commissioner, Health Protection Bureau
Minnesota Dept. of Health
717 SE Delaware St.. P.O. Box 9441
Minneapolis, MN 55440
Telephone: (612) 623-5037
FAX: (612)623-5043
Electronic Mailbox:
Arton B. Cobb, M.D.
State Health Department
2423 N. State Street
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39205
Telephone: (601) 960-7634
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
William R. Schmidt, MPH. PA-C
Director, Div. of Env. Health & Epidemiology
Missouri Department of Health
1730 East Elm, P.O. Box 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102 .
Telephone: (314) 751-6080
FAX: (314) 751-6010
Electronic Mailbox: MO.EE
Larry L Uoyd
Administrator, Environmental Sciences Div.
Dept. of Health & Environmental Services
Cogswell Building, A-1 07
Helena. MT 59620
Telephone: (406) 444-3948
FAX: (406) 444-2606
Electronic Mailbox:
Adi M. Pour. Ph.D.
Toxicologist, Bureau of Environmental Health
Nebraska Department of Hearth
301 Centennial Mall South, P.O. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509
Telephone: (402) 471-2541
FAX: (402) 471-0383
Electronic Mailbox:
Darrell Rasner
Supervisor, Sanitarians/Engineers
Consumer Hearth Protection
505 East King St., Rm. 103
Carson City, NV 89710
Telephone: (702) 687-4750
FAX: (702) 687-4988
Electronic Mailbox:
John R. Stanton
Asst. Dir.. Office of Env. Hlth. & Hazard
NH Dept. of Health & Human Services
Health & Welfare Bldg.. 6 Hazen Drive
Cooncord, NH 03301-6527
Telephone: (603) 272-4587
FAX: (603) 271-3745
Electronic Mailbox:
Thomas A. Burke, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Deputy Commissioner of Hearth
NJ Dept. State Dept. of Health
John Fitch Plaza, CN360
Trenton, NJ 08625
Telephone: (609) 292-7837
FAX (609) 984-5474
Electronic Mailbox:
Susan F. Martin
Planner/Director
Health and Environment Department
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM 87503
Telephone: (505) 827-2843
FAX: (505) 827-2836
Electronic Mailbox:
William N. Stasiuk, P.E, Ph.D.
Director. Center for Environmental Health
New York State Hearth Department
2 University Place. Rm. 350
Albany, NY 12203-3313
Telephone: (518) 458-6400
FAX: (518) 458-6434
Electronic Mailbox:
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Dr. Ron Lavine
State Health Director
Department of Health
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NO 27611-7687
Telephone: (919) 733-4984
FAX: (919) 733-0513
Electronic Mailbox:
Gene A. Christiansen
Chief, Environmental Health Section
ND State Dept. of Health & Cons. Labs
1200 Missouri Ave., Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
Telephone: (701) 224-2374
FAX: (701) 258-0052
Electronic Mailbox:
Deborah L Gray
Chief, Toxicology Branch
Ohio Department of Health
P.O. Box 118, 246 N. High Street
Columbus, OH 43266-0118
Telephone: (614) 644-6447
FAX: (614) 644-7740
Electronic Mailbox:
Mark Roberts, M.D.
Medical Epidemiologist
Oklahoma State Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
Dr. Roberts
Telephone: (405) 271-7363
FAX: (405) 271-7339
Electronic Mailbox:
Jim Boydston
Manager. Drinking Water Section
Oregon Health Division
1400 SW Fifth Avenue
Portland, OR 97201
Telephone: (503) 229-6302
FAX: (503) 275-2524
Electronic Mailbox:
N. Mark Richards, M.D.
Department of Health
P.O. Box 90
Room 802
Harrisburg, PA 17108
Telephone: (717) 787-6436
FAX: (717)783-3794
Electronic Mailbox:
Walters. Combs, Jr., Ph.D.
Associate Director, Environmental Health
Rhode Island Dept of Health
3 .Capitol Hill, Rm. 209
Providence, Rl 02908-5097
Telephone: (401)277-3118
FAX (401) 277-6548
Electronic Mailbox: RI.ENVHLTH
Robert Marino, M.D.
Director, Health Hazard Evaluation
SC Dept. of Health & Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Telephone: (803)737*4170
FAX (803) 737-3946
Electronic Mailbox*
Kenneth A. Senger
Director, Division of Public Health
South Dakota Health Department
523 E. Capitol
Pierre, SO 57501
Telephone: (605) 773-3364
FAX: (605) 773-4840
Electronic Mailbox:
Sarah H. Sell. M.D.
Director, Environmental Epidemiology
Tennessee Dept. of Health & Environment
Cl-130 Corded Hull Building
Nashville, TN 37247-4912
Telephone: (615)741-5683
FAX: (615) 741-2491
Electronic Mailbox:
L Don Thurman. MS, PE
Assoc. Commissioner for Environmental Health
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, TX 78756
Telephone: (512) 458-7541
FAX: (512) 458-7407
Electronic Mailbox:
Suzanne Dandoy, M.D.
Utah Department of Hearth
P.O. Box 16700
Salt Lake City. UT 84116-0700
Telephone: (801) 538-6111
FAX: (801) 538-6694
Electronic Mailbox:
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Jan Carney, MD, MPH
Stale Health Department
60 Main Street
Burlington, VT 05401
Telephone: (802) 863-7280
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Carl W. Armstrong, M.D.
Director, Division of Health Hazards Control
Virginia Department of Health
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
Telephone: (804) 786-6029
PAX: (804) 78&4910
Electronic Mailbox: VA.EPI
Carl Sagerser
Section Head, Toxic Substances Section
Dept. of Health, Environmental Programs
Mail Stop LD-11
Orympia. WA 98504
Telephone: (206)753-1146
FAX: (206) 586-5529
Electronic Mailbox:
George W. LJIley, Jr., Ed.D., Acting
Department of Health
1800 Washington Street
Charleston, WV 25305
Telephone:
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
George F. MacKenzie
Division of Health
P.O. Box 309
Madison, Wl 53701-0309
Telephone:
FAX:
Electronic Mailbox:
Howard Hatchings
Director, Environmental Health
Division of Health & Medical Services
482 Hathaway Building
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Telephone: (307) 777-6016
FAX: (307) 777-5402
Electronic Mailbox:
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STATE HEALTH OFFICIALS
LABAMA
Claude Earl Pox, MD, MPH
Public Health Department
434 Monroe Street
Montgomery. AL 36130-1701
ALASKA
Kathrine Kelley, O.P.H.
Division of Public Health
Dept. of Hlth & Soc. Serv.
Pouch H-06
Juneau.AK 99811
ARIZONA
Theodore E. Williams, J.O.
Dept. of Health Sen. ices
1740 W.Adams Street
Phoenix, AZ 85007
ARKANSAS
M. Joycelyn Elders, M.D.
Department of Health
48T5 West Markham St.
Little Rock, AR 72201
CALIFORNIA
Kenneth Kizer, M.D.
Dept. of Health Services
714 P Street, Rm. 1253
Sacramento, CA 95814
COLORADO
Thomas Vernon, M.D.
Slate Health Department
4210 East 11th Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
CONNECTICUT
Fred Adams, DDS, MPH
State Dept. of Health
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06I06
DELAWARE
Lester N. Wright, MD, MPH
Division of Public Health
P.O. Box 637, Federal SL
Jesse 84 Cooper Building
Dover, DE 19901
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Georges C. Benjamin, M.D.
Dept. of Public Hearth
1660 L St., NW, 12th Floor
Washington, DC 20036
FLORIDA
Charles Mahan, M.D.
Dept. of Hearth & Rehab Serv
1323 Winewood Blvd. Rm. 113
Tallahassee, FL 32301
GEORGIA
James W. Alley, M.D.
DHR/Public Health, Rm. 301
678 Peachtree St., NE
Atlanta, GA 30309
HAWAII
John C. Lewin, M.D.
Dept. of Health
KiauHile, P.O. Box 337S
Honolulu, HI 96801
IDAHO
Richard H. Schuttz
Dept. of Health & Welfare
450 W. State Street
Boise. ID 83720
ILLINOIS
Bernard J. Tumock. M.D.
IL Dept. of Public Health
535 W. Jefferson Street
Springfield, IL 62761
INDIANA
Morris Green, M.D.
State Board of Health
1330 W Michigan Si, Box 1964
Indianapolis, IN 46206
IOWA
Ronald D. Eckoff, MD.MPH, Act.
Iowa Dept. of Public Health
Lucas State Office Bldg.
Des Moines, IA 50319
KANSAS
Charles Konigsberg, M.D.
Department of Health
Forbes Field
Topeka.KS 66620
KENTUCKY
C. Hernandez, M.D., MPH
Cabinet for Human Resources
275 East Main Street
Frankfort, KY 40621
LOUISIANA
Joe* Nitzkin, M.D.
Louisiana Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 60630
New Orleans, LA 70160
MAINE
Lani Graham, M.D., M.P.H.
Bureau of Health
151 Capital Street
Augusta, ME 04333
MARYLAND
Adele Wilzack, RN, MS
Dept. ol Health
201 W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
MASSACHUSETTS
David Mulligan
Dept. of Public Health
150 Tremont Street
Boston, MA 02111
MICHIGAN
Raj Wiener.
Dept. of Public Health
3500 N. Logan, P.O. Box 30035
Lansing. Ml 48909
MINNESOTA
Sister Mary Madonna Ashton
Department of Health
717 Delaware Street, SE
Minneapolis, MN 55440
MISSISSIPPI
Alton B. Cobb, M.D.
State Health Department
2423 N. State Street
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39205
MISSOURI
John R. Bagby, Ph.D.
Department of Health
Broadway State Office Bldg.
Box 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102
MONTANA
Donald E. Pizzini, M.E.S,
Dept of Hearth & Environment
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59601
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NEBRASKA
Gregg F. Wright, M.D.
State Department of Health
301 Centennial Mall South
Lincoln, NE 68508
NEVADA
George Reynolds, M.D., Act.
Department of Health
Capitol Complex
505 East King Street
Carson City. NV B9710
NEW HAMPSHIRE
William T. Wallace, M.D.
Department of Health
Health & Welfare Bldg.
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
NEW JERSEY
Frances J. Dunston, MD, MPH
Department of Health
CN360
Trenton, NJ 08625
NEW MEXICO
Dennis Boyd
Health & Environment Dept.
1190 St. Francis Drive
Room N4100
Santa Fa. NM 87503
NEW YORK
Uoyd F. Novick, M.D.
NY State Health Dept.
ESP - Corning Tower
Room. 695
Albany, NY 12237
NORTH CAROUNA
Ronald H. Levine, M.D.
Division of Hearth Services
P.O. Box 2091
Raleigh, NC 27602
NORTH DAKOTA
Robert M. Wentz, M.D.
Department of Hearth
State Capitol
Bismarck, NO 58505
OHIO
Ron-'d FletcKer, M.D.
Depiitiment of Health
246 N. High St., Box 118
Columbus, OH 43216
OKLAHOMA
Joan K. Leavrtt, M.D.
Department of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73105
OREGON
Michael Skeels, Ph.D., MPH
Dept. jf Human Resources
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue
Portland, OR 97201
PENNSYLVANIA
N. Mark Richards, M.D.
Department of Health
P.O. Box 90, Rm. 802
Harrisburg, PA 17108
RHODE ISLAND
H. Denman Scon, MD, MPH
Department of Hearth
Cannon Health Boulevard
3 Capitol Hill
Providence, Rl 02908
SOUTH CAROLINA
Michael Jarrett
£ept. of Health & Environment
. 00 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
SOUTH DAKOTA
Charles A. Anderson, Ed.D.
State Dept. of Health
Joe Foss Building
Pierre. SD 57501
TENNESSEE
J.W. Luna
Dept. of Public Health
344 Cordell Hull Bldg.
Nashville. TN 37219
TEXAS
Robert Bernstein, M.D.
Texas Dept. of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, TX 78756
UTAH
Suzanne Dandoy, M.D.
Utah DepL of Health
P.O. Box 16700
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0700
VERMONT
Jan Carney, MD, MPH
State Hearth Dept.
60 Main Street
Burlington, VT 05401
VIRGINIA
C.M.G. Buttery, M.D., M.P.H.
State Health Oepartment
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
WASHINGTON
Kristine Gebbie, RN, Sec.
Department of Health
Mail Stop ET-21
Olympia, WA 98504
WEST VIRGINIA
Taunja Willis Miller, Acting
Department of Health
1800 Washington St.
Charleston, WV 25305
WISCONSIN
George F. MacKenzie
Division of Health
1 W. Wilson St.. P.O. Box 309
Madison, Wl 53701-0309
WYOMING
Larry Meuli, M.D.
Dept. of Health & Soc. Serv.
117 Hathaway Building
Cheyenne, WY 82002-0710
ASTHO HEADQUARTERS
George Degnon, Exec. Director
6728 Old McLean village Drive
McLean, VA 22101
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-3-
^HtTORIES
AMERICAN SAMOA
Charles R. McCuddin, MPH
Department of Health
LJBJ Tropical Medical Center
Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA
Eiliuel K. Pretrick, M.P.H.
Govt of the Federated States of Micronesia
Department of Human Resources
P.O. Box PS 70, Palikir Station
Pohnpei, FM 96941
GUAM
Leticia V. Espaldon, M.D.
Department of Public Health
P.O. Box 2816
Agana, Guam 96901
PUERTO RICO
Dr. Jose' E. Soler-Zapata
Department of Health
Building A, Call Box 70184
San Juan, PR 00936
1VRIANA ISLANDS
-»r. Jose T. Villagomez
Department of Public Health
P.O. Box 409 CK
Saipan, CM 96950
VIRGIN ISLANDS
Alfred 0. Heath, M.D.
Department of Health
P.O. Box 7309, Charlotte Amalie
SI. Thomas, VI 00801
•<>*••*****•••**•»•*••***••*••*»*•***•
PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION
Jim Dimas
Public Hearth Foundation
1220 L Street, NW, Suite 350
Washington, DC 20005
•******«**••**•*•***•***••**••***•**•
A8THO HEADQUARTERS
George K. Degnon, Executive Director
Valerie Morelli, Associate Director
Joy Silver, Associate Director
6728 Old McLean Village Drive
McLean, VA 22101
5/90
-------
State Leagues of Women Voters
-------
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF THE UNITED STATES
1730 M STREET NW, WASHINGTON DC 20036
DIRECTORY OF
STATE LEAGUE
(AS OF
PRESIDENTS
1990)
AND ADDRESSES
ALASKA
AX 000
LWV OF ALASKA
ALAIAMA
ALOOO
ARKANSAS
AROOO
ARIZONA
AZOOO
CALIFORNIA
CAOOO
COLORADO
COOOO
peg 3*7(>
OFFICE PHONE: ( )
VESTA G HUTCHINS
LWV OF ALABAMA
47 LAXEVIEW ESTATES
NORTHPORT AL 35476
OFFICE PHONE: (205)339-5215
BOBBIE HILL
LWV OF ARKANSAS
2020 W THIRD ST, RM 501
LITTLE ROCK AR 72205-4466
OFFICE PHONE: (501)376-7760
JUDY KIDD
LWV OF ARIZONA
S201 N 16TH ST tl*
PHOENIX AZ 85016
OFFICE PHONE: f402)234-0580
CAROLE WAGNER VALLZANOS
LWV OF CALIFORNIA
926 J STREET SUITE 1000
SACRAMENTO CA 95814
OFFICE PHONE* (916)442-7215
PATRICIA JOHNSON
LWV OF COLORADO
1600 RACE STREET
DENVER CO 80206
OFFICE PHONEi CSOS)320-B49S
-------
CONNECTICUT
CTOOO KAY MAXWELL
LWV OF CONNECTICUT
1890 DIXWELL AVE
HAMDEN CT 06514
OFFICE PHONE: (205)288-7996
DISTRICT OF COLUHB
DC100 SHEILA S KEENY
LWV OF DC
918 F ST, N.W., STE.
WASHINGTON DC 20004
OFFICE PHONE: (202)347-3403
DELAWARE
DEOOO
JOANN HASSE
LWV OF DELAWARE
1800 N BROOK ST , RH 201
WILMINGTON DE 19802-3809
OFFICE PHONE: (302)571-8948
FLORIDA
FLOOD
LWV OF FLORIDA
540 BEVERLY CT
TALLAHASSEE FL 32301
OF CE PHONE: (904)224-2545
GEORGIA
BAOOO
HAWAII
HIOOO
ELAINE C LALONDE
LWV OF GEORGIA
100 EDGEWOOD AVE HE, STE 1010
ATLANTA GA 30303
OFFICE PHONE: (404)522-8683
SANDRA DUCKWORTH
LWV OF HAWAII
49 SOUTH HOTEL ST t314
HONOLULU HI 96813
OFFICE PHONE: (808)531-7448
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10U A
IAOOO
IDAHO
IDODO
ILLINOIS
ILDOO
INDIANA
INOOO
KANSAS
KSOOO
KENTUCKY
KYOOO
JOAN HARTSUCK
LW OF IOWA
4817 UNIVERSITY AVE STE B
DES NOINES IA 50311
OFFICE PHONE: (515)277-0814
ELINOR CHEHEY
LW OF IDAHO
PO BOX 2158
BOISE ID 83701
OFFICE PHONE: ( )
ELEANOR REVELLE
LWV OF ILLINOIS
332 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVE
CHICAGO IL 60604-4305
OFFICE PHONE: (312)939-5935
PATRICIA CAREY
LWV OF INDIANA
47 S PENNSYLVANIA ST STE 306
INDIANAPOLIS IN 46204-3622
OFFICE PHONE: (317)634-3588
BEVERLY KOMAREK
LWV OF KANSAS
919 1/2 S KANSAS AVE
TOPEKA KS 66612
OFFICE PHONE: (913)234-5152
NARY T VAKEFIELD
LWV OF KENTUCKY
404 BOLDEN BATE CT
LOUISVILLE KY 40243
OFFICE PHONE: (502)244-0886
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LOUISIANA
LAOOO ROBIN ROTHROCK
LWV OF LOUISIANA
650 NORTH 5TH ST APT 103
BATON ROUGE LA 70802
OFFICE PHONE: (504)344-3326
MASSACHUSETTS
HAOOO
MARYLAND
MDOOO
MAINE
MEOOO
MICHIGAN
MIOOO
MINNESOTA
MNOOfi
RISA NYMAN
LWV OF MASSACHUSETTS
133 PORTLAND ST
IOSTON MA 02114
OFFICE PHONE: (617)523-2999
PRISCILLA HART
LWV OF MARYLAND
200 DUKE OF GLOUCESTER ST
ANNAPOLIS MD
OFFICE PHONE: (301)261-2413
JANE SAXL
LWV OF MAINE
37 POND ST
1ANGOR ME
OFFICE PHONE: ( )
FRANCES B PARKER
LWV OF MICHIGAN
200 MUSEUM DRIVE, SUITE 202
LANSING MX 48933-1997
OFFICE PHONE: (517)464-5363
BEVERLY MCXINNELL
LWV OF MINNESOTA
550 RICE ST SUITE 201
ST PAUL 55103
OFFICE PHONE: (612)224-5445
-------
MISSOURI
MOO 00 ELAINE BLODC.ETT
LWV OF MISSOURI
4665 DELHAR, RM 304
ST LOUIS MO 63130
OFFICE PHONE: (314)727-8674
MISSISSIPPI
MSOOO
IWV OF MISSISSIPPI
PO BOX 55505
JACKSON MS 39296-5505
OFFICE PHONE: (601)352-4616
MONTANA
MTOOO JOY BRUCX
LWV OF MONTANA
1601 ILLINOIS AVE
HELENA MT 59601
OFFICE PHONE: ( )
NORTH CAROLINA
NCOOO CLAUDIA B KADIS
LWV OF NORTH CAROLINA
PO BOX 28766
RALEIGH NC 27611-8766
OFFICE PHONE: (919)839-5532
NORTH DAKOTA
MDOOO MM
LWV OF NORTH DAKOTA
15 BROADWAY, 8602
FARGO ND 58102-4923
OFFICE PHONE: (701)232-6696
NEBRASKA
NEOOO KARREN KERR
LWV OF NEBRASKA
808 P STREET SUITE 207
LINCOLN HE 68506
OFFICE PHONE: (402)475-1411
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MEW HAMPSHIRE
NHOOO
NEW JERSEY
NJOOO
NEW MEXICO
NHOOO
NEVADA
NVOOO
NEW YORK
NYOOO
OHIO
OHOOO
SUSAN PARKER
LWV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
3 PLEASANT STREET, RM S
CONCORD NH 03501
OFFICE PHONE: (603)225-5344
ANN AUERBACH
LWV OF NEW JERSEY
204 W STATE STREET
TRENTON NJ 08608
OFFICE PHONE: (609)394-3303
PAULA A DUVALL
LWV OF NEW MEXICO
440 CERRULOS ROAD, SUITE G
SANTA FE NM 87501
OFFICE PHONE: (505)982-9766
NORMA COX
LWV OF NEVADA
3096 E SHADOWRID6E
LAS VEGAS NV B9120
OFFICE PHONE: ( )
SUSAN SCHWARDT
LWV OF NEW YORK
35 MAIDEN LA
ALBANY NY 12207-2712
OFFICE PHONE, (518)465-4162
DIANA UINTERHALTER
LWV OF OHIO
65 SOUTH FOURTH ST
COLUMBUS OH 43215
OFFICE PHONE: (614)469-1505
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OKLAHOMA
'000
OREGON
QROOO
JEAN MCLAUGHLIN
LWV OF OKLAHOMA
525 NW 1STH STREET
OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73103
OFFICE PHONE: (405)236-5358
COLLEEN IENNETT
LWV OF OREGON
2659 COMMERCIAL ST SE t220
SALEM OR 97302
OFFICE PHONE: (503)561-5722
PENNSYLVANIA
f'AOOO MARILYN BRILL
LWV OF PENNSYLVANIA
mme HUB CLBJ
HE* BLBC
Bfll AMP HftlUET 3TREEM
PR 17/02-$22,
OFFICE PHONE:
PUERTO RICO
•RID}
LWV OF PUERTO RICO
GPO BOX 3724
SAN JUAN PR 00936-3724
OFFICE PHONE: (809)723-2312
RHODE ISLAND
RIOOO JOANNE KING
LWV OF RHODE ISLAND
100 LAFAYETTE STREET
PAWTUCKET RI 02660
OFFICE PHONE: (401)723-1530
SOUTH CAROLINA
SCOOO MARGE WEST
LWV OF SOUTH CAROLINA
2636 DEVZNE STREET
COLUMBIA SC 29205
OFFICE PHONE: (803)771-0063
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SOUTH DAKOTA
SDOOO
TENNESSEE
TNOOO
TEXAS
TXOOO
UTAH
UTOOO
VIRGINIA
VAOOO
LUCY BREEN
LWV OF SOUTH DAKOTA
601 S LINCOLN
SIOUX FALLS
OFFICE PHONE: ( )
SD 57104
NANCY STEWART
LWV OF TENNESSEE
1701 21ST AVE., SOUTH, 1425
NASHVILLE TN S7212
OFFICE PHONE: (615)297-7134
DIANE SHERIDAN
LWV OF TEXAS
1212 6UADALUPE, 1107
AUSTIN TX 78701-1801
OFFICE PHONE: (512X72-1100
PATRICIA BRAUN
LWV OF UTAH
3804 HIGHLAND DR, SUITE 9
SALT LAKE CITY UT 64106-0032
OFFICE PHONE: (801)272-6683
VIRGINIA GWATKHEY YOUNG
LWV OF VIRGINIA
4810 1EAUREGARD ST 6306
ALEXANDRIA VA 22312-1709
OFFICE PHONE: (703)256-9596
VIRGIN ISLANDS
VI200 MARILYN NACXAY
LWV OF VIRGIN ISLANDS
PO BOX 638
ST THOMAS VI 00801
OFFICE PHONE: (809)774-0620
-------
VERMONT
VTOOO
WASHINGTON
WADOO
WISCONSIN
WIOOO
CLAIRE L ANDERSON
LWV OF VERMONT
LINCOLN HALL
PO IOX 5039
ESSEX JUNCTION VT 05452-5039
OFFICE PHONE: (602)679-4314
WANDA HAAS
LWV OF WASHINGTON
VANCE BLDG
1402 3RD AVE 1810
SEATTLE WA 98101-2118
OFFICE PHONE: (206)622-8961
HONA STEELE
LWV OF WISCONSIN
122 STATE STREET
MADISON WI 53703- 2500
OFFICE PHONE: (608)256-0827
WEST VIRGINIA
WVOOO
WYOMING
WOOD
NANCY NOVAK
LWV OF WEST VIRGINIA
23 VALLEY VIEW CIRCLE
VIENNA WV 26105
OFFICE PHONE: ( >
JOSEPH S 60LDEN
LWV OF WYOMING
PO IOX 2862
CHEYENNE WY 82003
OFFICE PHONE: < )
-------
State Manufactured Housing Industry
Association
-------
MANUFACTURED HOUSING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS
AHA
Alabama Manufactured Housing Inst., Inc.
Allen Moore, Executive Director
400 South Union Street, Suite 485
Montgomery, AL 36104
(205) 264-8755
(205) 834-6398 FAX
ARIZONA*
Manufactured Housing Industry of Arizona
Gub Mix, Executive Director
1801 Jen Tilly Lane, 18-10
Tanpe. AZ 85281
(602) 966-9221
ARKANSAS*
Arkansas Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Katherine 0'Bryan, Executive Director
2500 McCain Place, Suite 203
N. Little Rock, AR 72116
'CH1) 771-0444
1) 771-0445 FAX
CALIFORNIA*
California Manufactured Housing Inst.
Jess Maxcy, President
10390 Comnerce Center Dr., Suite 130
Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730
(714) 987-2599
(714) 989-0434 FAX
Vestern Mobilehome Association
Mike McGuIre, Executive Director
1760 Creekside Oaks Drive, Suite 200
Sacramento, CA 95833
(916) 641-7002
(916) 641-7006 FAX
COLORADO*
Colorado Manufactured Housing Association
LeMoyne C. Brown, Executive Vice President
2074 South Utica
Denver, CO 80219
'303) 935-8943
CONNECTICUT*
(See New England Manufactured Housing Assoc
DELAWARE*
Delaware Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Marcene A. Gory, Executive Director
Treadway Towers, Suite 309
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 678-2588
(302) 678-4767 FAX
FLORIDA*
Florida Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Frank Williams, Executive Director
115 North Calhoun, Suite 5
Tallahassee, FL 32301
(904) 222-4011
(904) 222-7957 FAX
GEORGIA*
Georgia Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Charlotte Gattis, Executive Director
1000 Circle 75 Parkway
Suite 060
Atlanta, GA 30339
(404) 955-4522
(404) 955-5575 FAX
HAWAII
Manufactured Housing Association of Hawaii
Ray Sherwood, Executive Director
P.O. Box 88211
Honolulu, HI 96B30-8211
(808) 943-1511
IDAHO*
Idaho Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Gale "Cub" Mix, President
P.O. Box 8605
Boise. ID 83707
(208) 343-1722
(208) 345-4347 FAX
-------
ILLINOIS*
MAINE'
Illinois Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Nancy Latshaw, Executive Director
3888 Peorla Road
Springfield, IL 62702
(217) 528-3423
INDIANA*
Indiana Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Ron Breymler. Executive Vice President
3210 Rand Road
Indianapolis. IN 46241
(317) 247-6258
(317) 243-9174 FAX
IOWA*
Manufactured Housing Assoc. of Iowa
Joe Kelly, Executive Vice President
1400 Dean Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50316
(515) 265-1497
(515) 265-6480 FAX
KANSAS*
Kansas Manufactured Housing Institute
Terry Humphrey, Executive Director
112 SU 6th Street, Suite 204
Topeka. KS 66603
(913) 357-5256
(913) 357-5257 FAX
KENTUCKY*
Kentucky Manufactured Housing Institute
Bill Young, Executive Director
Route 8. Box 011-1
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 223-0490
(502) 223-7305 FAX
LOUISIANA*
Louisiana Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Steve Duke, Executive Director
4847 Revere Avenue
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
(504) 925-9041
(504) 926-0119 FAX
Manufactured Housing Assoc. of Maine
Robert Howe, Executive Director
Two Central Plaza
Augusta, ME 04330
(207) 622-4406
(207) 622-4437 FAX
MARYLAND*
Maryland Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Leonard S. Homa, Executive Director
P.O. Box 2185
Annapolis, MD 21404
(301) 956-2663
MASSACHUSETTS*
(See New England Manufactured Housing Assoc,
MICHIGAN*
Michigan Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Tim DeWitt, Executive Director
2123 University Park Drive
Suite 110
Okemos, MI 48864
(517) 349-3300
(517) 349-3543 FAX
MINNESOTA*
Minnesota Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Mark Brunner, Executive Vice President
555 Park Street, Suite 400
Saint Paul, MN 55103
(612) 222-6769
(612) 222-6913 FAX
MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi Manufactured Housing Assoc.
John C. Sullivan, Jr., General Counsel
P.O. Box 528
Jackson, MS 39205
(601) 355-1879
-------
NEW MEXICO'
Missouri Manufactured Housing Institute
Joyce Baker, Executive Director
502 Mulberry
Box 1365
erson City, MO 65101
(314) 636-8660
(314) 636-4912 FAX
MONTANA*
Montana Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Bonnie Tippy, Executive Director
P.O. Box 4396
Helena, Montana 59604
(406) 442-2164
NEBRASKA*
Nebraska Manufactured Housing Inst., Inc.
Alan Wood, Executive Director
211 North 12th Street, Suite 400
Lincoln. NE 68508
(402) 475-3675
NEVADA*
Nevada Manufactured Housing Assoc.
" •*] Mix, Executive Director
0-1 E. Desert Inn Road
,-ite 165
Las Vegas, NV 89121
(702) 737-7778
(702) 737-0299 FAX
NEW HAMPSHIRE*
(See New England Manufactured Housing Assoc.)
NEW JERSEY*
New Jersey Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Judith A. Thornton, Executive Director
2382 Whitehorse-Mercerville Rd.
Trenton, NJ 08619
(609) 588-9040
Manufactured Housing Foundation of
New Mexico
Bill Branscum, Executive Director
P.O. Box 11607
Albuquerque, NM 87192-0607
(505) 299-4070
(505) 296-5193 FAX
NEW YORK*
New York Manufactured Housing Assoc., Inc
Barbara Faraone, Executive Director
4205 Long Branch Road
Liverpool, New York 13088
(315) 451-2540
(315) 451-9918 FAX
NORTH CAROLINA*
North Carolina Manufactured Housing Inst.
Patsy Morton, Executive Director
P.O. Box 95132
Raleigh, NC 27625
(919) 872-2740
(919) 872-4826 FAX
NORTH DAKOTA*
North Dakota Manufactured Housing Assoc.
John Dwyer, Executive Vice President
P.O. Box 2681
Bismarck, ND 58502
(701) 224-1266
OHIO*
Ohio Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Bob Whittier, Executive Vice President
906 East Broad Street
Columbus. OH 43205
(614) 258-6642
(614) 258-7488 FAX
OKLAHOMA*
Manufactured Housing Assoc. of Oklahoma
Jim Shaver, Executive Director
P.O. Box 32309
Oklahoma City. OK 73123
(405) 521-8470
-------
OREGON*
TEXAS*
Oregon Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Don Miner, Executive Director
2255 State Street
Salem, OR 97301
(503) 364-2470
(503) 371-7374 FAX
PENNSYLVANIA*
Pennsylvania Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Jim Moore, Executive Vice President
P.O. Box 248
New Cumberland, PA 17070
(717) 774-3440
(717) 774-5596 FAX
RHODE ISLAND*
(See New England Manufactured Housing
Association)
SOUTH CAROLINA*
Manufactured Housing Institute of
South Carolina
Steve Rogers, Executive Director
P.O. Box 5885
West Columbia. SC 29171-5885
(803) 794-5570
(603) 794-4247 FAX
SOUTH DAKOTA*
South Dakota Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Dean E. Wieczorek
P.O. Box 756
Mitchell, South Dakota 57301
(605) 996-3038
TENNESSEE*
Tennessee Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Bonita Harm, Executive Director
240 Great Circle Road. Suite 332
Nashville, TN 37228
(615) 256-4733 or '741
(615) 255-8869 FA,
Texas Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Will Ehrle, President & General Council
2215 E. Anderson Lane
P.O. Box 1442B
Austin, TX -761
(512} 459- 2
(512) 459-1511 FAX
UTAH*
Utah Manufactured Housing Association
Gub Mix, Executive Director
3180-1 E. Desert Inn Road
Suite 165
Las Vegas, NV 89121
(702) 737-7778
(702) 737-0299 FAX
VERMONT*
(See New England Manufactured Housing
Association)
VIRGINIA*
Virginia Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Ron Dunlap, Executive Director
4435 Waterfront Drive, 1103
Glen Allen. VA 23060
(804) 747-0810
(804) 270-2049 FAX
WASHIN6T =*
Washington Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Joan Brown, Executive Director
P.O. Box 621
Qlympia. WA 98507
(206) 357-5650
(206) 357-5651 FAX
WEST VIRGINIA*
West Virginia Manufactured Housing Assoc.
•>ff Moore, Executive Director
First Avenue
,. -o, WV 25143
3,i) 727-7431 - Office and FAX
-------
WISCONSIN*
Wisconsin Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Ross Kinzler, Executive Director
217 South Hamilton St., Suite 301
Madison, UI 63703
(608} 255-3131
(608} 255-5595 FAX
WYOMING*
Wyoming Manufactured Housing Assoc.
Leonard E. Sullivan, Executive Director
P.O. Box 1896
Cheyenne, WY 82003
(307) 635-3440
REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
New England Manufactured
Housing Assoc., Inc.*
James Ayotte, Executive Director
15 Midstate Drive, Suite 212
Auburn, MA 01501
(508) 832-0642
(508) 832-0643 FAX
Serving: Connecticut, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island and & Vermont
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
National Manufactured Housing Federation
Daniel F. Gilligan, President
1701 K Street, N.U.
Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 822-6470
(703) 207-9541 FAX
Manufactured Housing Institute
Jerry Connors, President
1745 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Suite 511
Arlington, VA 22202
(703) 979-6620
(703) 486-0938 FAX
Association for Regulatory Reform
Danny Ghorbani, President
1331 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Suite 508
Washington, D.C. 20004
(202) 763-4087
(202) 783-4075 FAX
-------
Farmers Home Administration-
State Offices
-------
FmHA State Offices
Alabama
State Director. FmHA
Room 717, Aronov Building
474 South Court Street
Montgomery AL 36104
Alaska
State Director. FmHA
634 South Bailey
Suite 102
Palmer. AK 99645
Arizona
State Director, FmHA
201 E. Indianota
Suite 275
Phoenix. AZ 85012
Arkansas
Slate Director. FmHA
Room 5529. Federal Building
700 W. Capitol. P.O Box 2778
Little Rock. AR 72203
California-Nevada
Slate Director. FmHA
194 West Mam Street
Suite F
Woodland. CA 95695
Colorado
State Director. FmHA
Room E 100
655 Parfet Street
Lakewood. CO 80215
Delaware-Maryland
State Director. FmHA
2319. South Dupont Highway
Dover. DE 19901
Florida
State Director. FmHA
401 S.E. 1st Avenue
Room 214. Federal Building
P.O. Box 1088
Gainesville. FL 32601
'Georgia
State Director. FmHA
Stephens Federal Building
355 E. Hancock Avenue
Athens. GA 30610
Hawaii
State Director. FmHA
Room 311, Federal Building
154 Waianuenue Avenue
Hilo, HI 96720
Idaho
State Director, FmHA
3232 Elder Street
Boise. ID 83705
Illinois
Slate Director. FmHA
Illmi Plaza-Suite 103
1817 S. Neil Street
Champaign, IL 61820
Indiana
State Director, FmHA
5975 Lakeside Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46278
Iowa
State Director. FmHA
Room 873. Federal Building
210 Walnut Street
Des Moines. 1A 50309
Kansas
State Director. FmHA
Room 176. 444 S.E. Quincy Street
Topeka, KS 66683
Kentucky
Stale Director. FmHA
333 Waller Avenue
Lexington. KY 40504
Louisiana
State Director, FmHA
3727 Government Street
Alexandria. LA 71302
Maine
State Director, FmHA
USDA Office Building
Orono. ME 04473
Mass.-Rhode Island-Conn.
State Director. FmHA
451 West Street
Amherst, MA 01002
Michigan
State Director. FmHA
Room 209. 1405 South Harmon Road
East Lansing, Ml 48823
Minnesota
State Director. FmHA
252 Federal Building
316 N. Robert Street
St. Paul. MN 55101
Mississippi
State Director. FmHA
Suite 831. Federal Building
100 W. Capitol Street
Jackson. MS 39269
Missouri
State Director. FmHA
555 Vandiver Drive
Columbia. MO 65202
Montana
State Director. FmHA
Room 210, Federal Building
10 East Babcock Street
P.O Box 850
Bozeman, MT 59771
Nebraska
State Director, FmHA
Room 308. Federal Building
100 Centennial Mall N
Lincoln, NE 68508
New Jersey
State Director, FmHA
Suite 100.100 High Street
Mt. Holly. NJ 08060
New Mexico
State Director. FmHA
Room 3414. Federal Building
517 Cold Avenue. SW
Albuquerque. NM 87102
New York
State Director, FmHA
Room 871, James Hanley Federal Building
100 South Clinton Street
Syracuse. NY 13260
10
-------
North Carolina
State Director. FmHA
44 Bland Road-Suite 252
Ra-cigh. NC 27609
North Dakota
State Director. FmHA
Room 208. Federal Building
Third and Rosier
P.O. Box 1737
Bi>marck. ND 5S502
Ohio
State Director. FmHA
200 North High Street
Columbus. OH 43215
Oklahoma
State Director. FmHA
ISDA Agricultural Center Building
Stillwater. OK 74074
Oregon
Slate- Director. FmHA
Room 1590. Federal Building
122USAV. 3rd Avenue
Portland. OR 97204
Pennsylvania
State Director. FmHA
Room 730. Federal building
P.O. Uox 905
Hamshurg. PA 17108
Puerto Rico
State Director. FmHA
New San Juan Center Building
5lh Floor
13M Carlos Chardon Street
Halo Rev. PK0091K
South Carolina
State Director. FmHA
Ruiim HN>7. Strom Thurmond
Federal Building
Ifvir) Assembly Street
Columbia. SC 292" 1
South Dakota
State Director. FmHA
Room :iu«. Huron Federal liuilding
2nn4th Street. S\V
Huron. SD 57350
Tennessee
State Director. FmHA
538 Federal Building
801 Broadway
Nashville. TN 37203
Texas
State Director. FmHA
Suite 102. Federal B;. .ding
KU South Mam
Temple. TX 76501
Utah
State Director. FmHA
Room 5438. Federal Building
125 South State Street
Salt Lake City. IT 84138
Vermont-New Hampshire
State Director. FmHA
141 Main Street
P.O. Box 588
Montr ier. VT 05G02
Virginia
Stale Director. FmHA
Room 821.1. Federal Building
4(HI North Eighth Street
P.O. Box lOlmi
Richmond. VA 23240
Washington
Stale Director. FmHA
Room 319. Federal Building
P.O. Box 2427
\\enatchee. U A 98807
Wisconsin
State Director. FmHA
12?" Main Street
Stevens Point. Wl 54481
West Virginia
Sla; iruotijr. FmHA
75 r i Street
P.O. liox (i78
Morcantown. \\\ 2(>5n5
\\\ ing
Slau Director. Km HA
Room 1005. Federal Building
100 East B
P.O. Box 820
Casper. \\T 82602
-------
National Education Association-
State Affiliates
-------
Other Organizations
World Confederation of
Organizations of the
Teaching Profession
(WCOTP/CMOPE)
JOSEPH ITOTOH. president
ROBERT T. HARRIS, secretary, general
MARY HATWOOD FUTRELL.
president
LARS ERIK KLASON. nee-president
WCOTP Addicss: ) avenue du Moulin. 1110
Moigcs. Switzerland
Die Confederation aims at gathering into
one powerful organiiation teachers and other
educational employees from all stages of
education, with a view to enabling than 10
exert an influence corresponding to the im-
portance of (heir social function. It proposes.
in cooperation with the constituent interna-
tional federations, (a) to foster a conception
of education directed toward the promotion
of international understanding and good
will, with a view to safeguarding peace and
freedom and respect for human dignity; (b)
to improve leaching methods, educational
organization, and the academic and profes-
sional training of teachers so as to equip
them better to serve the interests of youth;
(c) to defend the rights and the material and
moral interests of the education profession;
and (d) to promote closer relationships
among teachers and other educational em-
ployees in the different countries.
To further these aims, the Confederation.
working with constituent federations, has
established relations with official organiza-
tions working for international cooperation
and understanding, including the United
Nations and its specialized agencies, as well
as with other international nongovernmental
organizations.
60
WCOTP presently affiliates more than 173
national organizations of educators from 110
nations, with a combined membership of
more than II million
NEA Members Insurance
Plan and Trust
The NEA Members Insurance Plan pro-
vides, on a voluntary basis, a variety of
insurance programs for eligible members
The Plan, administered by ihc NEA Mem-
bers Insurance Trust, currently offers to qual-
ifying members life, accidental death and
dismemberment, and long-term disability in-
surance programs
Through the Members Insurance Trust.
DUES-TAB, a no-cost insurance program, is
also available to eligible NEA members
The insurance programs are filed under
the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act of 1974 (ER1SA).
Trustees
ELOISE L. ANDERSON. 1721 Doral Glen.
Escondido, Calif. 92026 (1988-91).
chairperson
ROXANNE E. BRADSHAW. NEA secretary-
treasurer. NEA Headquarters (1989-92).
secretary
UNDA LEE AIKENS. 1869 Farmer Rd.
N.W.. Conyers. Ga. 30207 (1989-92)
ROBERT H. CHANIN. NEA general counsel
(1987-90)
JAMES E. ESQUIBEL. 914 E 10th Ave .
Denver. Colo. 80218 (1989-92)
Plan Administrator
ARLEIGH GREENBLAT. NEA Special Ser-
vices. NEA Headquarters (202-822-77)0)
State Affiliates
Statew.de professional asMxuttons m every state, commonwealth, the District of Columb.a
and the Ovctseas Educatton Assoc.at.on are dedicated to advanang the cause of education and
*o imp ovmg the status of the.t members Affiliation w.th the NEA permits them ,c.send deh
ega.es to the NEA Rep.esenutivc Assembly and to cooperate closely ,n auvancmg the goals of
all public school employees rurthcr information on state affiliates is contained in Bylaw 8.
Te memberslnp U mJ.atcd for each si.te represents the NEA members m tha,tstat.£
the followmg membctship ilasscs. Active (includes educational support personnel). Ufe. Re-
tired. S,udcn,. Reserve. Staff. Substitute, and Associate F.gu.es tepresent enrollments as of
August 18. 1989
ALABAMA
Alabama Education Association
422 Daxtor Ava.. Bo* 4177.
Montgomery 36195
(205-834-9790) (FAX: 205-262-8377)
8:15 A.M.-4:4S P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with D.S.T.
No o/Memben. 61.284 (all categories)
Annual Meeting March 13-14. Montgomery
Annual Duet. 1137 )0 (active). |7) 00(edu-
cational support personnel organization)
(includes |12 00 state PAC)
Prei. MRS FRANKYE UNDERWOOD.
PO Box 2144. Jasper 3)501
VicePrei andPrei Elect ANITA RABY.
30) Sufficld Si . Athens 3)611
Exec Seey PAULR HUBBERT
Aisoc Exec Sec, JOE L. REED
Ant Exec Sec, —Field Services MILDRED
WORTHY
Field Services MARY JANE AKEL. SANDRA
HARRIS. STEPHEN MARTIN.JOE
WARD
Buiiaeti ALAN BURNS
Public Relation MIKE MARTIN
Government Relation* JOE COTTLE
Specif Service! ROBERT FLOYD
Research ROBERT HICKMAN
Divisions/Departments GLENN PARKER
Instruction and Profesnonal Development:
TYNA DAVIS
Leadership Training MARY COLLEEN
TAYLOR
Official Publication- Alabama School Journal
Student Pret.: THERESA PATTERSON. 36JI
Ccdarbiook Dr . Birmingham 3)216; or
Umv of Alabama in Birmingham. Univ.
Station. Birmingham 3)294
SAE/fTPPres : TONY WATTS
NEA-PACRep : MRS FRANKYE UNDER-
WOOD, prcs . AEA
NEA Dm BARBARA BIGSBY BOYD. 2222
McDantel Ave , Anniston 36201: REBEC-
CA A LEE. Rte ll.Bo« 126. Jasper 3)501.
THOMAS G MCDONALD. Rie. 4. BO*
177. Florence 3)630
61
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State Affiliates
ALASKA
NEA-ALASKA
105 Municipal Way, Suit* 302, Junaau
09601 (907-56B-30M»
(FAX: 907-566-2744)
8:00 A.M. -5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
A.S.T.wtthD.S.T.
No of Members:
Annual Meeting: Jan.
Annual Dues. \\\l
Prtt.: DON OBERG, classroom teacher (lend
mail to NEA-Alaska. Juneau)
Vice Prtt.: MARY LOU BRENT. Boi 80074.
Fairbanks 99708
Juneau Headquarter! Office
&« Secy.: BOB MANNERS
fuUStaff: JIM ALTER. BOB COOKSEY
Fairbanks Regional Office
21 It Cushman St., Fairbanks 99701
(907-4)6-443))
field Staff: FRANK BELTS. MARY ANN
EININGER. GAYLE PIERCE
Anchorage Regional Office
1411 W. JJtd, Anchorage 99)0)
(907-274-0)36) (FAX: 907-274-0))!)
held Staff: WILLIE ANDERSON. JEFF
CLOUTIER. BETSY O'LEARY. VINCE
SPERANZA
Official Publuation: NEA AKihiM
(Anchorage)
NEA-PAC Rep.; DON OBERG. pres.. NEA-
ALASKA (Juneau)
NEA Dir.: JUDY SALO. 4)lOKcruiueCt..
Kcnai 99611
ARIZONA
Arizona Education Aaaodatlon
2102 W. Indian School Rd.. Phoenix
65015(602-264-1774)
7:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M. Monday-Wadneaday
7:30 A.M.-5.00 P.M. Thuraday-Friday
M.S.T. only
No. oJMemben: 26.742
Annual Meeting: May 4-)
Annual Duet. $188
fret.: DARRELL GUY. classroom teacher,
2)49 E.Emose. Mesa 8)203
Vut-Pres.:Z KAY LYBECK. clissioom
teacher. 4))0 Pasro Bocoancos. Tucson
8)11)
Treat.: GREG MATCHETT. ctassioam inch-
er. 2800 W Maximilian PI . Tucson 8)741
Exec Dir.. BOBBY JOHNSON
Buuneit Operations: MICHAEL A AICONE
Field Operation CHUCK CORELLA.
CATHY STOKES-REYNOLDS
Program Operation: CHERYL ANDERSON.
PATRICK MORAHAN
Communications: DAPHNE ATKESON
Employee Rights an J Benefits. TOM
SHAFFER
Governmental Relations: MARY KAY
HAVILAND
Membership an J Accounting SHARON
BENAVIDES
Membership and Bargaining RICH NELSON
Professional Development: DONNA
CAMPBELL
PuUu Affam: DOUG K1LGORE
Public Relations: LEE WHITEHEAD
Official Publication: AEA Advocate
NEA-PAC Rep.: DARRELL GUY. prcs . AEA
NEA Dm.: ROBERT I. FEDEROFF. )) 19 W.
BelmoniRd., Tucson 8)743. ARTHUR
KINDLER. 4771 W Feiret Dr.. Tucson
8)741
ARKANSAS
Ariuuiaaa Education Aaaoclatlon
AEA BWfl.. 1500 W. 4lh St., Uttla Rock
72201-1064 (501-375-4611)
6:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with O.S.T.
No. of Members: D.848
Annual Meetings: Oct. and April
Annual Duet: $163
Pres.: SID JOHNSON, classroom teacher
(send mail to AEA)
Vut fret: CAROLYN JONES, classroom
teacher, IDE Center. El Dorado 71730
Secy -Treat.: VACANCY
Exec Ctr./CORAMcHENKY
Assoc. Exit Dtr . VERNON MARSHALL
Asst Exec. Dir —LegalServicesiTeacber
Rights: RICHARD NAGEL
Aisl. Exec. Dtr.—UHiSert/Membership:
VACANCY
Editor. DON MURPHY
Official Publication: Arkansas Educator
Student Prei.: BONNIE DcBOSER, P.O. Box
3)84. North Little Rock 72117
FTA: Oil Trough FTA. Oil Trough HS, Oil
Trough 72)64
NEA-PAC Rep.. SID JOHNSON, pro.. AEA
NEA Dir. DORIS 'VTSON. 3311
Tanglewood Dr.. Tcxaikana. Texas 7))01
State Affiliates
CALIFORNIA
Calllomla Teachara Aaaoclatlon
1705 Murchlaon Dr., Burilngama 04010
(P.O. Box 021, Burtlngama 04O11)
(415-697-1400) (FAX: 41S-4B7-O766)
0:00 A.M.-5:OO P.M. Monday-Friday
P.S.T. with O.S.T.
No. of Members. 196.71)
Annual Meetings: State Council of Education.
Oct. 28-29; Jan. 20-21. Match 24-2); June
16-17
Annual Duet: $27)
Prtt.: ED FOGL1A. classroom teacher (middle
school) (send mail to CTA)
Vice-Pres.. D. A. (DEL) WEBER, classroom
teacher (sec.) and instructor (comra. coll.)
(send mail to CTA)
Secy.-Treat : RON McPECK. classroom teach-
er (sec.) (send mail to CTA)
Exec. Dtr.: RALPHJ. FLYNN
Assoc. Exec. Dtr.: WALTER D. COOMBS.
)7)7 W. Century Blvd., Los Angeles 9004)
Dir.—Information and Development: NED
HOPKINS
Dir. —GovernmentalRelations: ALICE A.
HUFFMAN, 1118 10th St.. Sacramento
9)814
Controller. G. C. KADOTANI
Chief Counsel: BEVERLY TUCKER
Region I Manager: CHARLEY HINTON
Rtgion 2 Manager: GARY HARRISON. )9)9
Greenback Ln., Citrus Heights 9)621
Region 3 Manager: LARRY HARLAN
Region 4 Manager: JOHN LEPP, 281 N. Ram-
pan Si.. Orange 92668
Accounting: LORETTA DOON. DAVID
TORkE
Communications: NED HOPKINS. BILL
HAYWARD
Data Processing: RICHARD BERTAPELLE
Educational Support Personnel: ED HOGEN-
SON (Orange)
62
63
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State Affiliates
Governmental Relations I Political Action:
ALICE A. HUFFMAN. ROCKY BARILLA
(Sacramento)
Gorenuiut: ELEANOR STEPHENS
Higher Education: G1LBERTO ACOSTA
Human togtot DOLORES HE1SINGER
Human Resound Management. ROBERT L.
STENHOUSE
Initruction and Profenioaai Development:
DEBORAH EDGINTON
Special Pro,ecls. TOSH A1BOSHI (Los
Angeles)
Training and Bargaining. DICK ODGERS
Official Publication: CTA Action. Comntu-
tuf v College Adrocaie
Student Pret.. TAMARA CONNORS. 1941-B
Jolvn Way. Chieo 95926
NEA PACfief..EDFOGUA. prn , CTA
NEA Dm: RAMONJ OESAGUN. 8)41
Rannock Di . Stockton 95210; ROY
JOHNSON. 6)66 Breeze War. Andenon
96007; DAVID LEBOW. 15415 E Grove-
hill Ln.. La Muada 90618. SUSAN R.
MARTIN. 34) Keller St.. Peialuma 94952;
NANCY M. NUESSELER. 22825-B Nidine
Cii.. Tornncc 90505; ARLENE L PAVEY.
2504 N. Tustin Ave.. Suite C. Sania Ana
9270); DEMISE R. ROCKWELL. 544 Rial-
to. Venice 90291; JAMES THRASHER.
P.O Box 2421. Modesto95351; WILMAE.
WITTMAN. DUE Madison Ave . Or-
ange 92667; KATHY YEN. J240 Dublin
Dr.. S. San Francisco 94080
COLORADO
Colorado Education Association
3131 S. Vaughn Way, No. 500. Aurora
80014 (303-695-4300)
8:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
M.S.T.wtlhO.S.T.
No of Members. 29.487
Annual Meeting April 21-23
Annual Duet. }I8I
Pres.: DAN R MORRIS (send mail 10 CEA)
VKt-Pttt.: BOB BARZDUKAS. 18 Scou PI .
Lamar 81052
Secj -Treat : MARGE BOZARTH. am W
Virginia Ave . Lafcewood B0226
Extt. Da.. TONYJ ROLLINS
Ant. Eat. Dir —field SUiLANNE ZIMMER
Ant Exec. Da,—ItfflliGenerjl Counsel
MARTHA R. HOUSER
Ant Exec. Da.—Organizational Relations
WILLIAM J COMER
Am Exec. DIT.—Support Services RONALD
E CARLSON
Later Couniel GREGORY J LAWLER
labor Counsel: BILL MA1KOV1CH
Political Organising BECKY A BROOKS
Public Affair* DEBORAH A FALUN
Communications!Membership-}Tc.htWl L
BEYER
Bargaining: MELV1N L MICKELSEN
Organizing. JOAN M. HOLDEN. JAMES V
LANG
Research PAULR. AAKER
Professional Development: FRANK E
JOHNSON
Higher Emulation Organizing JOHN S
OUTCELT
Rigttt.HAROLD H HAGAN
Educational Support Penonnet Organizing
PEGGY J PARTLOW
Official Publication Colorado School journal
fJEAPACKef : DAN R MORRIS, prc» .
CEA
64
State Affiliates
NEA Dm . DAVIDJ DtCOCCO. 4740
Whimsical Dr . Colorado Springs 8O917;
DANR MORRIS (send mail to CEA)
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut Education Association
31 School St.. East Hartford 06108
(203-525-5641) (FAX: 203-289-6768)
8:30 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wlthO.S.T.
No ofHemben 10.766
AnnuM Meeting May 11-12
Annual Duet *20tt
Pm MARK WAXENBURG. classroom
teacher (send maiJ loCHA)
V*e-P,ei .JUDITH BOOS, (send mail 10
CEA)
Treat . LORRAINE LUDWIG. 25 Herlumei
Si . Bridgeport 06604
Secy. • DARIA M PLUMMER. 2J5 Orchard
Hill Di.. South Windsor 06074-3024
Extc Drr.: THOMAS P. MONDANI
Bustnett Manager. BILL E THOMPSON
Pm/etuonal Development. JOHN C. BOARD
Communications CHARLES KELLY
Staff Attorney i. RONALD CORD1UCO.
WILLIAM DOLAN
Affiliate Services CLIFFORD B SILVERS
Membership/Special Services. PHILIP
DiGlOVANNl
LegislativetRetirement MICHAEL I.
COOPER
Official Publication- CEA Advisor
Student Pret : BRIDGET BRODY
NEA-PACRep.: MARK WAXENBERG.
pies.. CEA
NEA Din.: WILLIAM J. BRINDAMOUR. 64
Falknor Dr . Manchester 06040. FRANK J.
JACARUSO. JR . 192 Wtghtman Ave..
Norwich 06)60
DELAWARE
Dalawara Stale Education Association
fit 1 S. Ou Pont Hwy.. Dovar 19901
(302-734-5834)
8:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wlthD.S.T.
No ofMemben 8.062
Annual Meetings. Nov.. April. Dover
Annual Dues $206
Pres : MARY ANNE GALLOWAY, classroom
teacher (send mail to DSEA)
Vue-Pres EARLENE GILLAM-SMITH. cliii-
toom teachet. JOB Tamara Cir., Newark
19711
Treat : MARGIE BICKJNG. classroom teach-
er. 2407 Hammond PI . Wilmington 19808
Exec Dir :; RONALD PIERCE
Office Manager: THOMAS STEELE
Public RelationslCommunicationi: PAMELA
T NICHOLS
Government Relotionr DENNIS CROWLEY
Membership Services. LYDIA TUCKER
Adm Auti . JACQUELINE BARBER-BUR-
ROWS. DIANNEL KONON
Official Publication Action
NEA-PACRep.: MARY ANNE GALLO-
WAY, ptes . DSEA
NEA Dir: SUSAN C. ROUSHEY. IB Ri
vanna Rd , New Caitle 19720
65
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ata Affiliates
LORIDA
irtdi Teaching Profetalon-NEA
} S. Adame St., TaUahaaaee 33301
14-222-4702)
10A.IL-9:MP.U. Monday-Friday
S.T.wNhD.S.T.
St
Hiliates
muaJ Metttag: April J-7
«. : KATHY BELL, classroom teacher (send
mail to FTP- NBA)
ite-Pm : JEFF WRIGHT, classioom teacher
<«. a JOHN RVOR
t: LEROY WILSON
V« ; JOANN WALLER
: RON BOETH
-.wematnt Relatiom: CATHY KELLY
mammiattoni: VACANCY
tomeu Sernctt: MICHAEL GILLIAAD
\Jm. Aul.:KITWATKINS
-iffuutPuUwttoa: Advocate. ELLEN
WELLS, eduor
tEA-PACKep.: KATHY BELL. pies..
FTP-NEA
VEA On.: DORETHA FEDRICK. P.O. Bra
)). EARL ARRLJOA, pra..
HSTA
NE/»Dir.:CYNTHIAS L CHEE. classroom
teacher. 9l-)B)Akua Si . t»« Beach96706
IDAHO
Idaho Education Asaoclatlon
020 N. 6th St., Bo* 2638. BolM B3701
(200-344-1341)
8:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
June 1 lo SaptamtMr 1:
OX» A.U.-4:00 P.M.
M.S.T. with D.S.T.
No ofMemben 9.189
A*HuM Meeting April
Annual Duet state and national, $303: state
only. $1%
Pni.. RICHARD CHILCOTE. classroom
teacher (*cc ) (on leave)(send mail rolEA)
Vttt-Piet . DAN SAKOTA. clasiioom teacher
(.sec)
Exec £V. CHARLES N LENTZ
Aisoc. Exec D,r . JIM 5HACKELFORD
Communicationi GAYLE MOORE
OfftctjJ Puifficjtton IEA Reporter
NBA PACRep . RICHARD CHILCOTE.
PICS.. IEA
NEA Dif . MONICA E BEAUDO1N. 601
Laieview Blvd , Sindpoint 83864
67
-------
ate Affiliates
LINOIS
note Education AM
clation-MEA
0 E. Edwards SI.. Springfield 62704
17-544-0706) (FAX: 217-544-0706)
30 A.U.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
S.T.wtthD.S.T.
attua/ Meeting: Match 8-10. Chicago
nnuolDuet; |200. (PACE. $10
ti : LEE N. BETTERMAN. classroom leach-
er, (send mail 10 IEA)
tce-Prei.: RAY PRICE, classroom icachei.
386 Ycrkiown Rd., Chicago Heights 6M 1 1
-•tj. -Treat.: TED GROAT, classroom leath-
er. 4813 Valritr Dr.. Crystal Laic 60014
ret. Dir.: ROBERT DANIELS
\embenlnp Semen: CLAY MARQUARDT
rea Coordinator,. )O ANDERSON. MIKE
EMBREE. ALICE VANDERSTEEN
'ublic A/fun: KENNETH BRUCE
{tmbenaip Communtcationi: CAROL
BLAND
•rogram Deteloprnent: LARRY LAWLYES
inanctel Services TERRY THOMAS
egalSemeet: MITCH ROTH. BETTY
THIELEMANN
Tiffital Publication: The Advocate, GOR-
DON JACKSON, editot
VEA-PACRep.: LEE N. BETTERMAN,
pie*.. IEA
V£A Dm.: RAYJ. ALTHOFF. 1011 Main
St.. Alton 61001; SYBIL CONN ALLY,
8646 Springfield Ave.. Skokie 60076; ROB-
ERT H.JOHAN. 7201 Hawihomr Ave..
Woodridge 60JI7JEAN C. TELLO. 2i33
Clayton Blvd.. Champaign 6182 1
INDIANA
Indiana State Teacher* Aaaoclatlon
150 W. Market St., Indlanapolla 46204
(317-434-1515)
0:30 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.only
No. of Member,: 4J.672
Annual Meetmgi: Oci 2 land April 28
Annual Dues; .90 percent ofiveiage at live
classroom teachei salary of previous year
rounded to neaiesi dollai
/VM..-GARRETTL HARBRON.cUisiaom
teacher (on leave) (send mail to ISTA)
Viet Prei : J. DAVID YOUNG, classroom
teacher. 700 Kno«bury Ln , Shcirrvillc
4637)
Tnat.: E. ANNE MOUDY, classioom leather
(counselor), 2009 Spencer Ave . Manon
46932
Extt. Dir.: WARREN L. WILLIAMS
Pro/eniono/Program,rJIM CLAXTON. STE-
PHEN CONFER. BARBARA STAIN-
BROOK. LILLIAN STONER. THERESA
TURNER
Legislative Relationi: DAN CLARK. NORMA
KACEN. ROBERT MARGRAF. NANCY
PAPAS
Labor Relationi and Administration: ROB-
ERT G. BARCUS
Bmriiiest Management LARRY DAVIS
Student Program* BARBARA
STAINBROOK
Human Relation: THERESA TURNER
la Service Corf.: STEPHEN CONFER
CommunicationilPutlicatioiii: VACANCY
Reiesnt: DONALD HOGAN
CoUefti* Bargaining DALLAS ROPER
Organizing: SHARON CASEY
Sctool Support Personnel M1CHAELJESTER
Official Publication. ISTA Advocate
SluJentPrti.: SHERR1 UHRICK. Manchester
Coll.. Box 422. N. Manchester 46962
68
NEA-PACRefi GARRET! L HARBRON.
pres . ISTA
NtA Dtrs LINDA L HOGAN, 7824 N.
Whiiuei PI , Indianapolis 462)0. J.
DAVID YOUNG. 700 Knoibury La . No
2. Scheiervillc 46)7). interim. MICHAEL
2ULJCII, 1206Campbell. Valpaiaiso
46383
IOWA
Iowa Stale Educition Association
4025 Tonawanda Or.. Oes Uolnea 50312
(515-379-0711)
Labor Day to Memorial Day:
8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
Memorial Day to Labor Day:
7:30 A.M.-4:45 P.M. Monday-Thursday
7:30 A.M.-12:00 Noon Friday
C.S.T.only
No of Member} 36,678
Annual Meeting Apnl )-6
Annual Duet. 1188
Prei . KEN T1LP. classroom teacher (send
mail to ISEA)
Vice-Piet . STEVE KING classroom teacher.
103 W Oveimeyer Dt . Algona )0>ll
Ixtt Da . FRED R COMER
Aiiof. Exec Dir —AJminiilration: C. WIL-
LIAM PRITCHARD
Aiioe Exee. Dtr.—fteUServuei JOHN
VINT
Development of the Pro/euton GEORGE
BROWN. LOWELL DAUENBAUGH.
RONALD UVERMORE. LANAOPPEN-
HEIM. JAN RElNtCKE. WILLIAM SHER-
MAN. JAMES SUTTON
Support o/Members and Affiliates BETTY
FULLER. DAVID GROSLAND, GERALD
OTT. ROY SHAW. RON AID THOMP-
SON, WILLIAM UNGER. CLEWIS
WALDEN
Official Publication: ISEA Communique
Slate Affiliates
StuJenlPrei DAN COX. Box 136. Wesi-
gaie 30681
NEA-PAC Rep KEN TUP, pres . ISEA
NBA Din WAYNE BAUMAN. 4122 Ley-
den Ave . DCS Moires iOi 17. PATRICIA
K SHIPLEY. Box 37. Nodaway 10837
KANSAS
Kanaaa-NEA
T15W. 10thSt..Topeka 66612
(913-232-8271) (FAX: 913-232-6012)
8:30 A.M.-S.OOP.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with D.S.T.
No ofMemben. 24.947
Annual Meeting. April 20-21. Topeka
Annual Duet: S207 plus 17 K-PAC dues
Prei.. CHUCK TILMAN. (send mail toK-
NEA)
Vice-Prei . VACANCY
Secj.-Treat BARBARA R COLE, 130)
Nonhglcn. McPherson 67460
Exet. Dir.. BRUCET. GOEDEN
Anoc Exec. Dir.; RODNEY VanZANDT
LfgtiUttonlPoltttcat Action: CRAIG GRANT
Initnicnonal Advocacy. PEG DUNLAP
Negotiations/Retearck BRUCE COOPER
Special StrvicetfMembertbip. MARY LOU
MARITT
Genera/Counted DAVID SCHAUNER
Staff Attorney ydUf. ROTH
Commtinicotiom KAY COLES
InternalAffamfReading Circle: MARY
WASSON
Finance I Accounting RICHARD LUDOLPH
Official Publication Kansas- NEA Issues
Student Prei.: KIRK SCHULER
NEA-PAC Rep . CHUCK TILMAN. pjes..
K-NEA
NEA Din . ROYGUNTER, 13011 W. 66ih
St . Shawnee 66216. CAROLYN
SCHMITT, 2709 S 46th Ten . Kansas City
66106
69
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late Affiliates
.ENTUCKY
entucky Education AM
01 Capitol Ave., Frankfort 40601
Affiliates
allon
.00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
.S.T.wtthD.S.T.
la. o/Mtmben: 34.947
\nnual Meeting: Apul 4-6
••«.; DAVID ALLEN (tend mail 10 ICE A)
'ite-Pret. : MARNEL MOORMAN, (tend
mail to KEA)
jcee. Dir.: VACANCY
luoc. tout. Off.: CHARLES S. VICE
IniSerw. BETTYE N.JACKSON
Jucuunul Support Penonnel. RODERICK
BROWN
Jegotutunu/leguJatiBe: JAMES BYRUM
leneralCoumiel rJOHNJ SLATTERYJR.
•inance: RAYMOND C. TACKETT
"wjnwii. SHARON T . Y COMER
Government Relattoa: - KY ALLEYNE
Human tmJCmlRigoU. KENEE D.
ANITON
R«««. UNWILKERSON
Instruction and ProfeiHonal Development:
GARNET FRANKLIN
Communication: MARY ANN
BLANKENSH1P
Mm. Asa.: MARTHA DELL SANDERS
Official PuUuation: KEA Newt
Student Fret.: LORI CORDON. Western
Kentucky Univ.. Bowling Green 42101
NEAPACRcp.: DAVID ALLEN, pres.. KEA
NEA On.: JANET GRAY CARRICO. 147
Venetian Way. Baidstown 40004; BREN-
DA H. McGOWN. 1012 Dickens. Bowling
Green 42 101
LOUISIANA
Louisiana AMOdatlon of Educator*
P.O. Box 47B. Baton Rouga 70821
(504-343-9243, 9244.9245)
0:30 A.M.-4-.30 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T.wllhD.S.T.
No. of Mem ten: l\,161
Annual Meeting Mm (Thanksgiving week)
Annual Duet: |90plus local duci
An.. SHIRLEY H WILLIAMS, clusioom
teacher. 1416 S. Mike Dr.. BJIOO Rouge
7081)
Kcc-Arr.:JOELHILBUN. Lafiycuc
Interim Exec. Da.: LEON HELIX
Auot. Extf. Du MICHAELR DESHOTELS
Ltgtl Center: THOMAS TA1E
CotenmenlKelatuun, Legal Center LAW-
RENCE NARCISSE III
VniScrr: MICHAEL DESHOTELS. MAKY
WARDSWORTH
Trtai. lAJm. Atit.: HELEN GAINES
Communieanont; JEFF SIMON
OffieulPtiUieanon. LAE News
NEA-PACKep: SHIRLEY H WILLIAMS.
pres.. LAE
NEA Dm .- RAYMOND E GREEN. 1306
Kennedy Di . Slutvcpon 71109. SHERRIE
H. SCOTT. 209 Giafion Dr . Slidcll 704)8
MAINE
Maine Toachcn Aaaoclatlon
35 Community Dr., Augusta 04330
(207-«22-586£) (FAX: 207-422-5883)
8:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-FrMay
E.S.T. with D.S.T.
No.ofMtmttn 22.J70
Annual Meeting. June
AnniutDuet: \\*l
P«i.. THOMAS M VASSALLO. clauroorn
leachei (send mail to MTA)
Viu-Prei.. ANN ANCT1L, clusioom teacher.
Box 396. Lisbon 042)0
Treat . TIM HUMPHREY, clusroom teacher.
PO Boi 408. Washbuin O4786
Exec Dir DAVID L REINKE
Dtp Etec.Dtr MILTON R WRIGHT
BvunenanJhnante.y M.CORMACK
GERAWAY
Chief Accountant IAN D DEMING
General Counul SHAWN KEEN AN
Communication! KEITH HAH VIE
DJU anJInformation Services. PAMELA
TAYLOR
Government ReUrtont. STEVEN E. CROUSE
Inttmtnon anJProfen tonjl Development:
JEAN (NINl) McMANAMY
Official Publication. The Maine Teacher
NEA-PAC Kef . THOMAS M VASSALLO.
prcs . MTA
NEA Dir.: ROGER L. SHERMAN. Box 682.
Houlion 04730
MARYLAND
Maryland Stata Taaehora Aaaoelatlon
344 N. Chartaa St.. Baltimore 21201
(301-727-7878) (FAX: 301-783-0585)
8:45 A.H.-4:45 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with O.S.T.
Annual Meeting: Nov. i-4
Annual Duet. $154 90
frei. : JANE R . STERN (send mail to MSTA)
Vue-Prti : KARL KJRBY PENCE (send mail
to MSTA)
Trtu.: CARL LANCASTER. 403 Cweybroolc
Ln .Oxon Hill 2074)
Exec. Dir : MICHAEL A BUTERA
AJICX. Exec Dir.: BETSY MOYER
Communication: KATHLEEN LYONS
Affiliate Servieei: ROBERT L HAUGEN
Field Service Organizing DALE E.
TEMPLETON
Rettanb and Development- JAMES W.
SPENCER
Government Relation!. V. THOMAS GRAY
Legal Counul: WALTER S. U.VIN
Official Publication MSTA Action Line
NEA-PAC Rep.: JANE R. STERN, pres..
MSTA
NEADin.:P.\~.~ ~'A A. FOERSTER. 4J Ce-
dar Knoll Rd . ^.vkeysville 21030: SUSIE
C. JABUNSKE. 109 Maple Ln.. Annapolis
21403; KARL K1RBY PENCE (send mail to
MSTA)
70
71
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State Affiliates
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts Teachers Association
20 Ashburton PI.. Boston 02108
(617-742-7950)
9:00 A.tl.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with D.S.T.
Wo of Member,. 70.2)2
Annual Meeting- May 11-12
Annual Duet. $20)
Pres.: ROSANNE K. BACON, classioom
teacher, (send mail to MTA)
Vice-Pm : ROBERTJ MURPHY. 21 Firm
Ave , Peabody 01960
Exec. Da andTreat.: EDWARD P.
SULLIVAN
finance and/Mounting: 1RMA SIMPSON
General Countel/Legal Servues: ANN
CLARKE
Governance: MARY ANN ALFOND
Organizing tMcmbenbtp: ROBERT A.
BONAZZ1
Communication!: STEPHEN K. WOLLMER
Data Proeeiung: ED GILES
Governmental Services: ARUNE ISAACSON
Higher Education: ANTHONY E. ROSS
Personnel. DONNA HOFFMAN
Pro/csstonal Development: FREDERICK
ANDELMAN
Reteanb: FEUX }. ZOLLO. JR.
Educators Service! Corporation: EDWARD F.
DOWNEY. JR.. pen.
Official Publication: MTA Today. ANDY
UNEBAUGH. managing editor
NEA-PACSep.: ROSANNE K. BACON.
pret, MTA
NBA Dm.: EDITH H. CANNON. 38 Sunset
Dr.. Randolph 02)68. BARBARA F CUR-
RIE. 269 Lowell Si . Reading 01867:
ELAINE S GORDON. 11 Hazel Ave . Scii-
uaie 02066; JOSEPH J. MATULAITIS, 1
Wallingfoid Rd , Wormier 01607
MICHIGAN
Michigan Education Association
12t« Kendaleaivd.. Bo* 2573,
East Lansing 48826-2573
(517-332-6551HFAX: 517-337-5596)
8:00 A.M.-S:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wlthO.S.T.
Wo. ofMemberi. 123.809
Annual Meeting April 26-28
Annual Duet: $30) 10
Pret.. LARRYCHUNOVICH. cliuroom
teacher (sec.). l429Sommenci Cloie. East
Lansing 48826-2)7)
Vice-fret.: MARY LEITA CHRIS11 AN. class-
room leachcr, 702 Maxine. Flint 48)0)
to;.-imu..JULIUS MADDOX. claswoom
teacher. 16104 Trinity. Detroit 48219
Exec. Dir.: BEVERLY WOLKOW
Administration: HERB SURTMAN
Program Senutt: JaMILLE WEBSTER
VniSen. ROBERT K. MARSHALL
Corporate Affam: PAUL GONZALEZ
Labor Relations: WARREN CULVER
Croup Insurance: B FRANK WEBSTER
Government Affam: AL SHORT
Communication,: COLLEEN HUDGENS
Great Citiei Protect. ELIZABETH BAK£R
Official Putluat,on Voice
NEA-PACRep.: LARRY CHUNOVICH.
pies.. MEA
NEA Din.: LARRY CHUNOVICH. 1429
Sommcnci Close. East Lansing 48826-
2)7). interim, STEVE B. COOK. 848
Beech. Lake Odessa 48849. JEAN G ECK-
LOFF. 1087 Laicshorc Dr.. Ontonagon
4991). SHIRLEY T KNAACK. IllCitilc
Dr . Marshall 49068. BARBARA J
SCHRAM. 71)) Medallion Di . Lansing
48917: EDDIE L. TURNER. 4)2 Bay Si .
Poniiac 480)7
72
MINNESOTA
Minnesota Education Association
41 Sherburne Ave.. St. Paul 55103
(612-227-9541) (FAX: 612-227-9788)
September to June:
8.00 A.M. -4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
June to August:
8.00 A M.-4:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. wilhD.S.T.
No of Member! 4).852
Annual Meeting Maich 16-17
Annul/Duel $2)0
Pret ROBERT E ASTRUP. ilauroom teach-
er. 17)) Innsbruck Pkwy .Columbia
Heights ))421
Vue-Pret. WALTH MUNSTERMANN.
clautoom teacher. Rte 2. Zimmerman
TVMj.JUDYL SCHAUBACH, classroom
tcichcr. 20)4 Gcineti Ln . Red Wing
))OG6
Exec. Dir . LARRY E WICKS
Asst Exec Dir —Program Semcel -GREG-
ORY L MrNEILLY
Ant Exec Dir — Support Services: HERB
BRUNELL
ASH Exec Dir— Field Operation, WAYNE
HYLAND
Mgr Field Operation, MARYRAE
SUNDERLAND
Mgr Communications DEBORAH ELY
Lobbyist GENEMAMMENGA
Arbitration Services. DAVID MORACCO
Communications STEPHANIE WOLKIN.
JUDY BERGLUND
Instruction and Professional Development
ROBERT BLACK
Legal ROGER BARRETT. HARLEY OGATA
Negotiation/ Reseanb CHUCK KEHR-
BERG. HENRY STANKIEWICZ
Special Services ALVEJEMTRUD
Student Program, K£NN PRATT
State Affiliates
Official Publication: MEA Advocate
NEA -PAC Rep.: ROBERT E ASTRUP. pres..
MEA
NEA Dir, . CAROL ACKERSON. BOO Center
Si . New Ulm 56073. STEPHEN C. LAR-
SON. 1212 Oakwood dr.. Anoka 55303.
DON SCHULTENOVER. 11)1 Cimarron
Trail. Grand Rapids 15744
MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi Association of Educators
775 N. Slate St., Jackson 39202-3086
(601 -354-4463) (FAX: 601-352-7054)
8:30 A.M.-S:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with D.S.T.
No. of Members: 10.42)
AnnualMeelingi- Oct. and March
Annual Duet $11)
Pret PEGGY PETERSON, (send mail to
MAE)
VicePret -JOYCE ARCENEAUX. 92) N.
Union Si . Natchez )9120
Secy • Treat GLORIA McQUAGGE. 217 S.
Victoria. Cleveland 387)2
Past Pret ALICE HARDEN. 3247 Copper-
field Dr . Jarkson 39209
Exec. Dir . BILL HOWELL
Atsoc Exec Dir .; VACANCY
Program,. JERRY CARUTHERS
Government Relations/Instruction anal Pro-
fessional Development MISSY
HANCOCK
Communication, THELMA H1CKMAN
Official Publication Mississippi Educator
Student Pret VACANCY
NEA PAC Rep . PEGGY PETERSON, pres..
MAE
NEA Da RENA BUTLER. )04 Washington
Ave ,Claiksdale)86l4
73
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State Affiliates
MISSOURI
MiuourtNEA
1810 E. Elm St. (del. Mrv.)
P.O. BOM 104208 (rag. mail)
Jaftenon City 65110-4208
(314-634-3202)
8:00 A.M.-5.-OO P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T.wlthD.S.T,
No. ofMimben: 20.481
Annual Meetmgi: Nov. M. St. Louis; April
28-29. Lake of the Ozaib
Annual Duel. $162
PHI.; MARTHA KARLOVETZ. classroom
teacher (send mail to Missouri NEA)
Vue-Pm : DONNA COLLINS
Exec. Da.: PHILLIP A MOECKLI
AM Exec. D,r : PEG COCHRAN
Profetnonal Development: CAROL
SCHMOOCK
Communicattont: \Urff FERYN
Government RtlatiantlReiearch. E. C.
WALKER
Central Coumel. CHARLES WERNER
Mm. Asa.: ANN HOLOHAN
Official Publuatton: Something Belief
NEA-PACKef.: MARTHA KARLOVETZ.
pres.. Missouri NEA
NEA Dtr.:GREG A.JUNG. I2H7-C West-
crn Caf< Dr.. St. Louis 6) 146
MONTANA
Montana Education Aaaoclatlon
1232 E. 6th Ava.. Halena 58601
(406-442-4250)
September through May:
8:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
JIIIM through Augual:
8:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
M.S.T.wrihD.S.T.
No. ofMemben 8,891
Annual Meeting. Match JO-il, Missoula
Annual Duet: $220 ($16) for persons earning
less than $16.414)
Prn.: ERICFEAVER. classroom icachcr (tend
mail to MEA)
Vue-Prei.: MARCO VOERMANS. 417)
Snowihoc Ln . Pauee Canyon. Mistoula
)980J
Exec. Stej: DAVID D. HARTMAN
BunnenSenicei: MARY STERHAN
Government Relations Heather Rights PHIL-
IP CAMPBELL
Negotialtoni/RetearcAf Inunction and Pro-
ftuioaal Development TOM BILODEAU
Communication!: VACANCY
Official Publication. MEA Today
Student Prei.. VACANCY
NEA-PAC Rep.: ERIC FEAVER. pics . MFA
NEADir PATTY H MYERS. 569 Caiul
Dr.. Great Falls J940J
NEBRASKA
Nebraska State Education Aaaoclatlon
605 S. 14th. Lincoln 68508
(402-475-7611)
8:30 A.M. -5.00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T.wlthO.S.T
No ofMtmben. 22.49J
Annual Meeting Delegate Assembly, March
JO-J I. Omaha
Annual Duet 1 141
Prei JAMES M REA. classroom teacher
(srndmailioNSEA)
VuePres THOMAS F BLACK, classroom
teacher. 610 W Paik. West Point 68788
Exec Oir.JUDYBEHNICf:
Auoc. Extc Da. JAMtS R GRIESS
Communication BARC BAYLEY
Teacher Righli PAT SI I A KIR
Nff.jtutioni /Teacher Welfare- JERRY
'
Government Relations HERBERT SCHIMEK
Inunction anJ Profeitional Development:
SUE BADDELEY
Editor CONRAD GOOD
Official fubliuiton NSEA Voice
Student Prei. SARA FLEETHAM. Creighton
Univ . Omaha (send mail to NSEA)
NEAPACRrf JAMES M REA. pres .
NSEA
NEA Dtr . JOHN JENSEN. }06 S i2nd St..
Omaha 68 1 32
State Affiliates
NEVADA
Nevada Stata Education Aaaoclatlon
151 E. Park St.. Carton City 89706
(702-882-5574)
(Caraon City FAX: 702-622-6845)
(Laa Vacjaa FAX: 702-733-0240)
8:00 A.U.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
P.S.T. with O.S.T.
No ofMemben: 10.J2J
Annual Meeting. Apul
Annual Duet $176
Prei. CHRIS GIUNCHIGLJANI. classroom
teacher (send mail to NSEA)
Vice Prei . BARBARA BELAK. classroom
teacher
Exec Dir .JOHN CUMM1NGS
Anot Exec Da DICK WILSON
A,tt. Exet Dir -UniServ JOE LAMARCA
Buiinett KAREN WILSON
Organizational Development. AL BELLJSTER
Government Relations DEBBIE ALVIAR
Public Relation!- UNDSEYJYDSTRUP
Higher Education Organizing- LESLIE FRITZ
Official Publication NSEA Advocate
NEA-PAC Rep : CHRIS GIUNCHIGLJANI,
pres. NSEA
NEA Dir . ELAINE LANCASTER. >70
Greenstone Dr . Reno 89) 12
74
75
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Stale Affiliates
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEA-New Hampshire
103 N. Slate St.. Concord 03301
(603-224-7751)
8:00 A.M.-5:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wlthD.S.T.
No of Menken: 10.241
Annual Meeting: April 6
Annual Duet: f 200
Prei.: MARILYN MONAHAN. classroom
teacher (on leave), (send mail to NEA-NH)
Vice-frti. • FRED PLACE, clustoom leather.
R F. D. 11. Sanborn Rd.. Concord 03 301
Exec. D^.-MELMYLER
DIT. Public Affam: DENNIS MURPHY
D,r. Office Adm.i BARBARA BREED
DaulAffiliate Services: PERKY KACIK
Staff Attorney: )\M ALLMENDINGER
Official Publication: New Hampshire
Educator
NEA-PACRef.: MARILYN MONAHAN.
pres.. NEA-NH
NEA Dir.: CHARLES E MITCHELL. R.F.D.
2. Box $10. Calcf Hill Rd.. Tikon 03276
NEW JERSEY
New Jersey Education AMoclatlon
P.O.Box 1211,160 W. Stale St.,
Tranlon 08607 (609-599-4561)
(FAX: 609-392-6321)
Labor Day to June 30:
9:00 A.M.-5:00 P.U. Monday-Friday
July 1 to Friday before Labor Day:
9:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wllhD.S.T.
No. of Memben: 1^.106
Annual Meeting Nov. 9-11
Annual Duet: $252 active professional. $12)
active supportive
Prei.: BETTY KRAEMER. classroom teacher
(send mill to NJEA)
Vue-Pres : DENNIS TESTA, classroom teach-
er. 82) Lee Cl . Rivet Vale 0767)
Secy -Trtat.: MICHAEL JOHNSON, class-
room teacher, 123 Linden Ave . Haddon-
iield 08033
Exec. Dir.. JAMES P. CONNERTON
field Sennet: J ACK BERTOUNO
Instruction. )OHN PIETROW1CZ
Communications: ED GALLAGHER
Government Relations: DOLORES T.
CORONA
Reieant: JAMES REILLY
Business: CARY PITTMAN 111
NEA. Issues: ARTHUR J LEHRHAUPT
Official Publication- NJEA Review
Student Pres.: VACANCY
NEA-PACRep.: BETTY KRAEMER. pres .
NJEA
NEA Din.: ANGEL M. BERTOUNO. )19
Roosevelt Ave.. Glendora08029. KATH-
LEEN DIEHL-SPELKOMAN. 32 Hillside
Ave.. Caldwell 07006. EDITHE A FUL-
TON. 537 River Terr . Toms River 08755:
HERBERT L LEVITT. 7)4 Grove Ave . Ed-
ison 08820. L. ALICE PETERS. 101 Bel-
mom St.. Englewood 07631. DOROTHY
M. PROUTY. 107 Benjamin Cc . Dayton
Center. Dayton 08810
NEW MEXICO
NEA-New Maiico
130 S. Capitol. Santa Fe 87504
(505-982-1916)
8:00 A.M.-5 00 P.M. Monday-Friday
M.S.T. with O.S.T.
No of Members 7.308
Annual Meeting Oci 21
Annual Duet $176
Prti IMA LEE WELLS (send mail to NEA-
New Memo)
Vae-Prei . CHARLES BOWYER. 499 Gerald
Chavct Ln . Los Lunas 87031
Exec. Dir WAL1ER W ROGOWSKI
Def> Exec Dir /Political Ai lion JAY
MILLER
Am. Exec Dir . ROGER D
MONTGOMERY
Office Manner BEVERLY MORRISROE
Communications STEVE LtMKEN
Official Publication NEA NM Advocate's
Voice
NEA-PACRep IMA LEE WELLS, pres .
NEA-New Mexico
NEA Dir. EDUARDO HOLGU1N. 171) Se-
quoia. Las Cmces 88005
State Affiliates
NEW YORK
NEA-New York
217 Lark St.. Albany 12210
(518-462-6451)
8:30 A.M.-5.00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with O.S.T.
No. of Members 33.661
Annual Meeting May
Annual Dues $19) )0
Pret . CONSTANCE ENO. classroom teacher
(send mail to NEA-NY)
Vite-Pres GREG NASH, classroom teacher
(send mail to NEA-NY)
Secy -Treas . BINNIET1SCHLER. classroom
teachei. R.D 5. Box 73. Valatic 12184
Affiliate Services LENNY LAVALETTE
Legal Services Coordinator/CeneraJ
CounteltCbte]of Staff ROBERT
CLEARFIELD
AdminnlrationfFinance. DAVID
ANTOLOWITZ
UniServ Coordinator! RONALD CRAW-
FORD. THOMAS SMITH
Official Publication NEA-NY Advocate
NEA-PAC Reft. CONSTANCE ENO. pres..
NEA-NY
NEA Dm . MICHAEL HALPIN. 80 Dim
Si . Oneonta 13820. PHIUP RUMORE.
Buffalo Teachers Federation. 271 Porter
Ave . Buffalo 14201
76
77
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State Affiliates
NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina Association of
Educator*
700 S. Salisbury St., P.O. Boi 27347,
Raleigh 27611 (919-832-3000)
(FAX: 919-828-1626)
8:30 A.M.-S:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wlttiD.S.T.
No ofMembcn: J2.094
Annual Meeting: March 22-24
Annual Duet: 192
PHI.: JULIA KRON. classroom leather (send
mail 10 NCAE)
/V«.-Efert: JULIA KRON. classroom teacher
(send mail 10 NCAE)
Exec. Dir.: THOMAS A HUSTED
Anoe but. Dtr.: FRANCES M. CUMMINGS
Buuneu Ajfliwi-JUANITAT. HEISER
Communication!.: JACKIE VAUGHN
KeUSeniftt: DONALD H. MORROW
Government Relation; MARIAN L.
STALUNGS
Governance IAJminiitrotne Stmcei:
CHARLES W STOUT
Inunction out Profeutcmal Development:
MARIAN L STALUNGS
Research: MARGE FOREMAN
Official PuUuotumt: Nonh Carolina Educa-
tion. NCAE News Bulletin
Student PHI.: DAWN BAREFOOT. Fayecte-
ville Scaie Univ.; Home: P O. Boi 98.
Wade 2839>
NC/FTA Pra.: ANGELA HAYWOOD. East
Montgomery HS; Home: P.O. Box 508.
Bucoe 27209
NEAPACRep.)VUA KRON. pres.. NCAE
NEA Dm.: CECIL 5 BANKS. 11 32 Summer
PI.. Greensboro 27410; EDNA E. CUM-
MINGS. J498 Richwood Ct.. Fayeiicville
28)04. EDDIE DAVIS III. PO Boi 741.
Durham 27702
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota Education Association
410 E. Thayar A vs.. Box 5005,
Bismarck 58502 (701-223-0450)
8:30 A.M.-S:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with O.S.T.
No,ofMeml*n:iM<)
Annul Heeling. O« 18-20, Grand Foib
Annual Duet: 1\">1
frei.: WALT HATLESTAD. classroom leach-
er (send mail 10 NDEA)
Vut-Prei.: BOB STEFONOWICZ. classroom
teacher. 1676 I lih Si. W . Dickinson
)8601
Exec. Dtr..- BRUCE S POST
Da. Pnfeutonal Development HELEN
BUSCHE
Da. Cmiimuntcattoni/PuUu Relationi
RICHARDJ PALMER
Ne&iuimulKueank. JOSEPH A WESTBY
But. Mrg /Special Services GARY D RATH
Official fubtuauomt Nonh Dakota Journal of
Educatioo. Nonh Dakota Education Ncwi
NEA-PACRep.i WALT HATLESTAD. pres .
NDEA
NEA Da.: WILLIAM V. UPP. 3024 N 10th
St.. No. 19. Fargo 18102
OHIO
Ohio Education Association
225 E. Broad St.. BOB 2550, Columbus
43218 (814-228-4526)
8:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
Summer:
8:15 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wrth O.S.T.
No o/M«m^n:97.iai
Annual Meetings Dec. 2 and May 4-)
Annual Duet:
Pnt.. MARILYN CROSS, clauroom teacher
(on (rave) (tend mail 10 OEA)
Vut-Prti . MIKE BILURAKIS. classroom
tearhei (on leave) (send nuil to OEA)
Secj -Treji . ROD HINEMAN. classroom
teachci (on leave) (send mail 10 OEA)
Exec Dir WILLIAM P SUNDERMEYER
Controller MARIANNE GLHRING
Exec Am CONNIE DOYU-
Gener^ Coumef JON A XltGLER
GovenuHce Relations JACKIE HAWLEY
BjrgMningtKettMcb CONNIE HALL
Comiaunifjiioni iProfemonjI Development;
MARCO FKASHR
Government^Scrvicei CECILEGILL
Hunua Reiounei/LitorRetjiioni RICH-
ARD BOURGAULT
Lfgj/Semcei- PAM MARGULIES
Mtmbtrtbip/Orgjniung DAVID KESSLER
UniSen Region 1 Dir . CHRIS THOMPSON
UmtSen Region I Da . JfcRRY RAMPELT
UniServ Region ) Dir : 5TU MILLER
UmSerr Region 4 Dir.. CHKIS TURNER
Official PitUtutian OhioSchoob
Student Pres.. JENNIFER BEYER. Kent Stale
Univ . 317 E College Si.. Kent 44240
NEAPACRep . MARILYN CROSS, pres..
OEA
NM Dm . CAROL A DOLGOSH. P.O Box
30)90, Cleveland 44130. ELAINE E. MOL-
LENCOPF. 109 Dodge Si . Swamon 4}»8;
DIANNE M NOICE. 5060 Cold brook Di .
Mancua442)). EUGENE NORJtIS. 381 S
Chase. Apt. B. Columbus A32O4. MARGA-
RET W. VanGUNDY. 1176 Lagonda Ave .
Springfield 4)503
State Affiliates
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma Education Association
323 E. Madison. P.O. Box 18485.
Oklahoma City 73154 (405-528-7785)
8:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with D.S.T.
No ofMcmben: )3.92)
Annual Meeting: Apnl 20-21. Oklahoma
City
Annual Duet: \\21
fret.. KYLE DAHLEM. classroom teacher
(send mail 10 OEA)
Vve-Prei: NANCY L JEWELL, classroom
teacher (send mail 10 OEA)
Extf.Dir.: VACANCY
Aitoc. Exec Dir.—Program Development:
KARLA FEELEY
Attoe Exee.Dir.—Fielt/Servtcei:lELA
ODOM
Atn. Manager—FielJServices VIRGINIA
DORAN
Aitoe. Exec. Dtr,—ProfessionalaaJOrganiza-
tional Development CHARLES
McCAULEY
Anoe. Exec. Dir.—GovernmentRflattoat:
BRUCE HUNT
Comptroller. DIANNE HUFF
General Countel: DAVID MORRIS
Commumcationt. JOHN LEACH
Editor JEANN1E OLIVER
Bargaining!Retcanb. DAVID DuVALL
Instruction and Professional Development:
FLOYD COX
Pm/ettional Development: TERRI HANSON
Organizational Dem/opmcrtt. DICK
FLEMING
Government Relation!. DAVID KUETER.
PAT SMITH
Legal aaj Corporate Services RICHARD
WILKINSON
Official Publication. OEA Focus
Student Prei . DENNIS WILHITE. 409 Wai-
' nut, No 3. Durani 74701
78
79
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tata Affiliates
.: KYLE DAHLEM. fits .
OEA
EA Din.: STAN BRYANT, 7009 N.W.
)9th Si.. Bethany 73008; BARBARA S.
SMITH. 20 Si., S W.. Miami 743)4
IREGON
regon Education Association
Plan Southwest. 6900 S.W. Halnes
d., Tlgard 97223 (503-684-3300)
00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
.S.T. with D.S.T.
lo.o/Menten. 31.344
Annual Meeting. April 20-21. Ponlami
\nnnalDuei: $27) (not including NEA dun)
>«.: KAREN FAMOUS, classroom teacher
(send mail to OEA)
'i«-ftw.. fejiM /.-JEANNE MACK1E.
classroom teacher. 3218 S.E. Dcswcll, Mil-
waukie 97222
/Ke-Prn.. RegionII: SUSAN WILCOXEN.
classroom teacher. Elsie Rte.. Box 112).
Seaside 97138
Vue-Pm.. Region III: STEVE HILUS. class-
room teacher. 37) N.E. Chestnut. Madras
97741
Exec. Da.. ROBERTO. CRUMPTON
Legal: LYNN SIEGEL. General Counsel
Ant. Exet. Dtr.-faunce: LITO HERNANZ
Administrate Service,: ROENA PARKER
State Agenciei/lnstmclton. DON SHORE
Government Rebnont: JOHN D.
DANIELSON
Communication,: JAN HAMUN. SHARJ
THOMAS
Political Education: DONALD SATCHELL
Affiliate Service!. VINCENT (PAT)
WOHLERS, ROGER GRAY
Keieant: TONY CONKLJN
Higher Education: BOB DAHLMAN
Reitarch/Organmng. PAUL NELSON
Official Publication: Oregon Education
NEA-PACRep.. KAREN FAMOUS, pro .
OEA
NEA Dm.: C. LEONARD ANDERSON.
))9) S.W. Chestnut Ave . Bcavcrion
9700); BARBARA L GORNICK. 2)1) 1st
St.. Biker 97814
OVERSEAS
Overseas Education Aasoclitlon
1201 Sixteenth St., N.W. Washington.
O.C. 20036 (202-622-7650)
9:00 A.M.-5-.00 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with D.S.T.
of iha umuiion m pmnuilr Amcmn
mchm IB lite Oitnm Dependent! Stluali upcimd bf the
US Department «l Defriur IB the Wlowinj ucu Ani.ju,.
BdHin. Br||Him. Beimudi Ciiuili Oeic Cob. b>(1>nl
h Sirwin. Cl ISmian VI) Gcmunr Cre«n lUlmi
kcbnd. half. J>pu. Karci Nomi Okuu.i (J*P">> !>. Ftulippoc llbndi. fenutil |Aioin) r\«ito »«o (Snina
Vl|. Soxlud. Spun. Tuifcri. tnl Wen ton. N Y I&CUKM
VI)
Alb. of Member,: 6.638
Annual Duet: 1 percent of base ulary step
one of pay schedule
fni.: JACKIE D. ROLLINS, classroom teach-
er (sec. ). (send mail to OEA)
»fe»-Arf.:JAN MOHR. classroom readier
(media specialist). Bob Hope Primary
School, APO San Francisco 96230
Seej.-Treos.: SHERRILL JORDAN, classroom
teacher (sec.). Schwemfurt American Jr
HS. APO New York 09033
Exec. Dii. /General Counttl. RONALD
AUSTIN
Mtmbenbif: JOANNE EIDE
Communication! I Organizing. SANDRA
VICKSTROM
NEA Dir: CAROL A HERN. Mannheim HS.
APO New York 09086
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Slat* Education
Association
400 N. 3rd St.. P.O. BOM 1724.
Hanisburg 17105 (717-255-7000)
(FAX: 717-236-1624)
8:30 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with D.S.T.
No 0/Memben 113.48}
AnnualMeeltngi House of Delegates Dec.
8-9. Philadelphia. May IH-1'J. Pittsburgh
Annual Duel 70 of I percent of average in-
structional salary ($220 in 198'>-90)
Prn JOIINM YARNOVIC, iliwioom
teacher (send mail to PSEA)
VuePrei . ANNETTE PALUT1S. classroom
irachet (send mail to PSCA)
Treat JUDI1VI A PIPEK, clautoom teacher,
117 E Applcgate Ave . Penn Argyl 18072
Exet. Dtr . TONY NEWMAN
Buuneti anJFinance: RICHARD S. SIMP-
SON II
Communieaiiom. BONNIE SQUIRES
fte/JOperationsiUmServ. CARMENJ.
MATING
GeneralCouniei MARK P WIDOFF
Health and Welfare JOHNF SPRINGER
Penonnel JAMES A LESH
Philadelphia Project VACANCY
Punburgb Project ROBERT C BALDIS
Government anJAgencfKelanoni. DON
MORABITO
Local Allocution Sennet CHARLES A
ENOUGH
School Support Penonnel DONALD P
PERONI
Technical Support iRcicercb. WILLIAM F.
HUGHES.JR
Offuiat Publication The Voice for Education
Student Pret. TODDCIAN. Pennsylvania
State Umv . Du Bois 1)801
State Affiliates
NEA-PACRep.. JOHN M. YARNOVIC.
pro . PSEA
NEA Din E SCOTT BROWN. 2177 Rebec-
ca Dr . Hatficld 19440. MARGARET M.
D'ERAMO. 60) Golf Course Rd . Aliquip-
pa 1)001. GARY S FEDORCHA.70N
Gate Dt . Slanngion 18080. THOMAS P.
HASSALL. 107 Shangn La Dr , MonroeviJIe
1)146. EVA E PATRICK. 2630 Gateway
Dr.. Harniburg 17110. JOHN M YARNO-
VIC (interim, send mail 10 PSEA)
PUERTO RICO
Asociaclon da Maestro* d* Puerto Rico
Box 1086. Hato Ray 00919
(809-767-2020)
8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.
No. ofMemben 19.716
Annual Meeting Dec.
Annual Duet 1432
Pret.:JOSE EUGIO VELEZ. Boi 1088. Hato
Rey009l9
VicePnt.: EUGENIC DEL VALLE, Box
1088. HatoRey009l9
Exec. Dir : NANCY BOSCH
Dep.Exec Dir.: CLEMENTELLOVET
Public Relation WANDA GARCIA
FteM Servicef/UmSerr. ANGEL L.
GUADALUPE
Official Publication!. El Sol. Asoma. Ahora
NEA Dtr : IVETTE CORTES. Cond. Los Ro-
bles. Apt 308-A Villa Nevarcx, Rio Piedras
00927
80
81
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Slate Affiliate
RHODE IS.. J
National Education Association
Rhode Island
99 Bald Hill Rd.. Cranston 02920
(401-463-9630) (FAX: 1-401-463-5337)
8:30 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T.wllhO.S.T.
Wo o/Memben.l.m
Annual Meeting: May
AnnuolDuti $200. $1)0. $100
P,et HARVEY B PRESS. 11A Shadow
Brook In.. Smuhficld 02917
Pint Vice-fret. LAWRENCE PURTILL. Pier
Village 210. 20 Narragansctt Ave.. Naira-
ganseti02>:'C1
Treat.. WILLIAM F MURPHY. JR.. 4 Coggc-
shall Cit.. Middlctown 02840
Secy.: TIA SCIGUUNSKY. J68 Sea Meadm
DJ mouth 02871
Exec I DONALD HILL
Buimeu Manager WALTER YOUNG
Am Exec D/r.—/"**/« Re/a/iewj: KAREN
i :iSKEYjr.NK!NS
UaiServ Coordinator VINCENT P.
SANTANIELLO
Official Publication NEAR! Newsline
NEA-PACRep U.4''" v B. PRESS, pies..
NEA Rhode ! ..
NEA Da.: THC: jtETON. 14 Doro-
thy Ave.. Portsmouth 02871
SOUTH CAROLINA
The South Carolina Education Association
421 Zlmalcrast Dr., Columbia 29210
(803-772-6553)
8:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
June-July:
8:30 A.M.-4:00 P.M.
E.S.T. with O.S.T.
ofMemben. 17.122
Annual Meeting. Match B
Annual Duet $115
fret.: SHEILA C. GALLAGHER, classroom
teacher, (send mail 10 SCEA)
Vtce-Pret.. ELIZABETH WILCOX. classioom
teacher. 417 Clarendon PI . Rock Hill
29730
Exec. Dir.: JOSEPH M GRANT
Acting Ata. Exec Dir CHARLES MAUZY
Affiliate Semcet: KAREN MADDUX
Bumtu Serncei. CHARLIE A LEE
Communication SANDOR (MIKE) KETZ1S
Government ijfain MARY M GREENh
Instruction anJ Profeiaonol Development
FRAN ABEE
Exec. Ant. —Administration JUDY
DERRICK
Exec. Alii.-Governance. RUTHA K
JOHNSON
Official Publication- Emphasis
SCtSEA Prei.: SUSAN MAKVIN. 106 Recrea-
tion Dr . Aiken 29801
SAE/FTPPrei: CHERYL FRIDAY ]" ft St
Louis Ave.. Columbia 29204
NEA-PAC Hep.: SHEILA C GALLAGHER.
pics.. SCEA
NEA Dir.: BETTY J. CUNNINGHAM. 5420
Colonial Dr.. Columbia 29203
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota Education Association
411 E. Capitol Ave., Pl«rre 57501
(605-224-9263)
8:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. withD.S.T.
M> of Members 7.520
Annual Meeting April 6-7
Annual Duel $178
fret CLYDE CLAUSON. classroom teacher
(on Irave) (send mail tubDhA)
Vice-Prei MARILYN JOHNSON. 506 Bu-
low. Vermillion i706'>
Treat DONNA BLOTE. 1178 Lookout Ln..
Rapid City 57702
Exec Dir . LONA LEWIS
Butineti EILEEN EWING
Communicationi CYNTHIA MENZEL
Higher EJucationtUniSen RONALD
AVERY(605-J59-J236)
LegalRigbti WALLYNORUM
Lobbying LONA LEWIS
SpeculSeniceitRecorJi KAY MAGDANZ
Reuarcb CHARLAINEGATJE
Official Publication Educators' Advocate
NEA-PACRep. CLYDE CLAUSON. pici..
SDEA
NEA Dir : DAVID A DANGEL. 2901 S.
Glendale Ave . Sioux Falls 5710}
ate Affiliates
TENNESSEE
Tennessee Education Association
598 James Robertson Pkwy..
Nashville 37219 (fit 5-242-8392)
8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with D.S.T.
No ofMemben. 45.788
Annual Meeting Representative Assembly.
April 28-29
Annual Duet $140 50
Prn ANN ROUEKTSON. classroom teacher.
62 Peachtice. Nashville 37210
Vice fret RELZ1E PAYTON. administrator.
2466 Burns Ave.. Memphis 38114
fait Pret DEANNA GILBERT, classroom
teacher. Rte. 2. Box 207. Pmey Flats 37686
Exec Secy : CAVITC. CHESHIER
Atioc Exet Secy FREDJ CROSSl. i
Ant. Exec. Secy : AL MANCE
AMU. Exec. Secy.. WANDA COPLEY
Am. Exec. J«>..JACKSMALLWOOD
Attt. Exec. Secy.—Bunneu HUGH TILLER
Communication!- KEITH ERICSON
Legal Services: AUBREY WITHERINGTON
Affiliate anm1 Membenbtp Relations. SAMMY
GRISSOM
VniSen MITCHELL JOHNSON
Official Publication!. Tennessee Tcadtct.
TEA News
Student fret.: ABEJEFFERS. Univ. of Ten-
nessee. Knoxville 37916
NEA-PAC Rep.. ANN ROBERTSON, j..
TEA
NEA Dm . PATRICIA BLEAZEY. Rte. 1.
Bo« 24. Maryville 37801. RUTH H. CAGE.
4732 DiAci Branch Rd . Nashville 37218;
PEGGY K. SMITH. Ric. I. Box 262-AB.
Lexington 383)1
82
83
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State Affiliates
TEXAS
Texas SUM Taacnara Aaaoclatton
316 W. 12th St.. Austin 78701
(512-476-5355) (FAX: 512-469-4766)
6:15 A.M.-4:45 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T.wlthf).S.T.
No. ofMemben: 67.4)0
Annual Meeting: Apiil 26-28. Fort Worth
Annual Duet. HH
Prei.: OLIVIA BESTEIRO. classroom teacher
(send mail to TSTA)
Vtce-Pret.: RICHARD KOURI. classroom
leachei (send mail to TSTA)
Exec. Dir. DAVID A. BONGIOLATTI
Dtr -Programt. ERMALEE BOICE
Dtr -Field Services WARD SYMONS
Dir. —Burnett and Adminu trot ion: JOHN
WALTER
Dir.—Communieationi: BRAD RITTER
Dir.—Governmental Relation! iReieartb:
JAY LEVIN
Dir.-LegafSerrtcei: KAREN L.JOHNSON
Dtr.—Teacher Servicei Corf oration: BRUCE
P. KUEMMEL
Exec.Dir.—Texas Faculty Allocution:
CHARLES ZUCKER
Official Publication: TSTA Advocate
Student Prei.: SHERI HAYES. Texas A&l
Univ., 119 N. 3rd St.. Kingsville 7836)
NEA-PACRep.: OLIVIA BESTEIRO. pro..
TSTA
NBA Din.:CHARLENE W. BICE. 6100
Springleaf Cir.. Fon Wonh 76D): BOB-
BIE D. DUNCAN. 1601 Wedgewood.
Odessa 79761; SARA D FLORES. 504 Lee.
Killcen 76)41; JOYCE HUGHES. >l) Picr-
moniDi.. Atlanu 75551
UTAH
Utah Education Aaaoclatlon
675 E. 5180 S., Murray 64107-6399
(601-266-4461)
8:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
M.S.T.wltnD.S.T.
No. of Member,: 16.510
Annual Meeting: On 12-1)
Annual Duet: \\ll
Prei.:JAMES M. CAMPBELL, classroom
teacher (send mail loUEA)
Vice-Pret.: BETH BECK, clauroom teacher.
701 E. 200N., Bountiful 84010
Exec. Dir.: H LOWELL BAUM
Aisoc. Exee. Dir.—Political Action and Gov
enmentat Relations DEE BURNINGHAM
AJIOC. Exec Dir.—Profettional Develop
ment. Membtnhip. andUniServ BETTY
R. CONDIE
Teacher Righlt and General Counsel MI-
CHAEL T McCOY
Bargaining and Legislative- JAMES B
ELDREDGE
Communuonont: STEPHEN P HALE
Program Development. DAVID KADLECK
Official Publication. UEA Action
NEA-PACRep.: JAMES M CAMPBELL.
pro.. UEA
Afc/lDir.-UJCILLEG. TAYLOR. 160 S 100
E.. Spanish Foik 84660
84
State Affiliates
VERMONT
Varmonl-NEA
lOWheelockSt..
P.O. Boi 567. Montpeller
05601(802-223-6375)
8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with D.S.T.
No ofMemben 7.610
Annual Meeting Apiil 6-7
Annual Duet 1190
Prei . MARLENE R BURKE, (send mail to
Veimoni-NEA)
Vice Prei CHARLES DUZINSKI. 7) Claik
Ave .Branlcboio 0)301
Exec Dir RICHARD D LANG
Generj/Counitt JAMES S SUSKIN
Communicjlioni. LAURIb U HUSE
Official Publiuiion Vermont - N EA TODAY
NEA-PACRep MARLfcNl. K UUKKE.
pies . Vefinoni-NEA
NEADir JANE M JENSEN, 26 Washington
Si . Apt E. Rutland 05701
VIRGINIA
Virginia Education Aaaoclatlon
Gamble's Hill. 116 S. 3rd St.. Richmond
23219(804-646-5801)
8:15 A.M.-4-.30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with O.S.T.
No of Memben: 49.552
Annual Meeting March 29-31. Roanoke
Annual Duel $140
Prei . MADELINE WADE, classroom teacher
(send mail to VEA)
Vice-Prei ANN DUNCAN. 60S 3rd St..
Api A-10. Bedford 24523
Exec Dir. DAVID L JOHNSON
Bunnett/Governance JOSEPH B. DENT. JR.
Communicaiioni JOSEPH W. BLAND. JR '
Finance / Research/Retirement/Special Ser-
vicet RALPHJ SHOTWELL
Government Relations RICHARD D
PULLEY
Instruction HELEN ROLFE
Negotiations/Organizing SUZANNE D.
KELLY
Leadership Development I Human Relation!:
BEBLON PARKS
Legal Servtcet EUGENE A TRUITT
Membenhip Development GEORGE V.
HUDG1NSJR
UniServ F. EDWARD BOGGS
Official Publications: Virginia Journal of Edu-
cation. VEA News
Student Prei: LaMARJt BROUGHTON. Old
Dominion Univ.; Home 296 Boumcr Ci..
Virginia Beach 2)462
NEA-PACRep.. MADELINE WADE. pres..
VEA
NEA Dm . BARBARA J COLEMAN.6247
Narraganseite Dr . Lynchburg 24502; ROB-
LEY S JONES, 4904 Preakness Way. Vir-
ginia Beach 23464. LINDA WYATT. 2543
Roundtop Rd.. N.W.. Roanoke 24012
85
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State Affiliate
WASHINGTON
Washington Education AatodaUon
33434 8th A«. S.. Federal Way
98003(206-941-6700)
(FAX: 206-WS-4735)
Winter.
8:00 A.M.-4-.30 P.M. Monday-Friday
Summer:
6:00 A.M.-4.-00 P.M. Monday-Friday
P.S.T. with D.S.T.
No ofMtmten: 53.766
Annual Meeting. March 29-Jl. Spokane
Annual Duet. |204 plus $ 12 special
assessment
Pm.:CARLA NUXOLL. W. 2914 Weile.
Spokane 99208
Vtte-Prti.: C. T. PURDOM (»end mail ut
WEA)
Exec. Dir.. JAMES S. SEIBERT
Dtp Exee. Dir.—Program COOTJtnaiou umJ
HeUSeniea: STEVE KINK
Mgr. UniSemnJLeadentip/SuffDerelop-
aunt: MARLINE RENNELS
Mgr PmoMmelfProperty. KR1STI
BRUHAHN
Tna./ControUer: DON MAEKAWA
Aut. Exee. Dtr.-GoverwmenU/Rebtwii:
ROBERT FISHER (interim)
Aut. Exet. Dir.—CommuMcanont: TERESA
MOORE
Mgr. feiM/t* W7co6»a&w. JIM WHITE
GeneralCornel: KATHY O'TOOLE
Aut. Exec. Dir.—httnitlioiuMJProfeuioM/
Development!Human Rtlattont: DONNA
DUNNING
member Benefiti: ALLEN JOHNSON
Higher Edwin*: STEVE PULKKINEN
Organizing: JIM RAINES
Bargaining. DOC DENGENIS
Ciauified Public Employee Organizing:
WARREN HENDERSON
Official Publtvlton WEA Action
HigherEducation Pw . JOHN W MAGNU-
SON, Spokane Community Coll
ClattifitJftnonnelPret . SANDY AUSINK,
Yakima Paiapios
StuttentPrtt.. SHANNON DUNNAM.
Western Washington Umv . Home 100*
Old Samnuih Rd . Bellmgham 98226
NEA-PACRep.: CARLA NUXOU. pies .
WEA
NEA Dm.: W1LUAMJOSEF MILLER. 1444
W Lake Sammamish Pkwy . N E . Belle-
vue 98008. LEE ANN PRIEUPP. 29322 6ih
Ave.. S.W . Federal Way 9802J. SHIRLEY
J. WALTHALL. 2929 90ih Si . S E . Evcr-
cii 98208
WEST VIRGINIA
Weal Virginia Education Association
ISSSQuarrler St., Chartsalon 25311
(304-346-5315)
8.00 A M.-5:00 P.M ^:onday-Friday
E.S.T.wlthO.S.T.
No of Menken 16.621
AnnujiMeeting Delegate Assembly. May
17-19. Hunnngion
Annual Duet $1)1
Prei • KAYETTA MEADOWS, classroom
leachet (send mail to WVFA)
Vue-Prti JENNIE SIIAITER, classroom
icirhcr. lili Cornell Si . Keyser 26726
Tress THOMAS LANGL. Dux T-200.
Chailrs Town 2^414
Exec Dir DENNIS N GIORDANO
Anl Exee Dir jnJDir , Buimen Afftin
DAVID A HANEY
FielJSenuei STEPHEN T BENSON
Communiutioni JACKIE GOODWIN
Aftoun/iag FERN MARTIN
Membenbip JUDY BAILEY
Higher EJucjuon JOE BADGLEY. 10J-C
Lakcvicw Estates. Paikersburg 26101
EduutionjJ Support Penonnel DELMO
ROSS. i99 Wilson Si . Barboursville 2U04
Offutil Publication West Virginia School
Journal
StuJent Prei USA BORING. -460 Forest
Ave . Apt B. Morganiown 26)0)
SAEfFTA Prti ITtACY WOU-ORD. Rte. 1.
Box I3VE. Ravenswood 26164
MEA-PACRep KAYETTA MEADOWS.
prcs . WVEA
NEA Dir BARBARA K WHITE. Fairfield
Manor No. }i, Morganiown 26)0)
j Affiliates
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin Education Acaoclatlon
Council
101 W. Bellllne Hwy., P.O. Bo* 8003,
Madison 53708 (608-255-2971)
(FAX: 608-276-8203)
7:45 A.M.-4:15 P.M. Monday-Friday
C.S.T. with D.S.T.
No. ofMemben:)l,W
Annujf Meeting! Convention. Oct. 26-27;
Representative Assembly, April 27-28
Annual Duet, f 167
Prei . RICHARD COLLINS (send mail to
WEAC)
Vue-Prei. WILLIAM ROBERTS, 41 > S. Nee-
nah Si . Sturgeon Bay )42))
Secy . Treat STEVE SI DIE. 4112 County Line
Rd .Racine)3403
Exec Secy . MORRIS D. ANDREWS
Legislative R MICHAEL BRENNAN
Legal DONALD KRAHN
Academic Staff Organizing- RICHARD
TERRY
AdminittrattontUntServ ANITA HERRERA
Buiinen ServicettNevitandVitwtlPnnltaop:
ROBERT MOELLER
Collective Bargaining/ReteanA. ROBERT <
WEST
CoorJ.nator CHARLES GARNIER. Necnah
VTAE. LEIGH BARKER. Madison
Inunction and Profcistonat Development:
KEN KICKBUSCH
Programming!Anolytu MARGARET
HELMING
Editor BILL HURLEY
Official Publication. News and Views
Student Fret. • DAWN D'ACQUISTO
NEA-PAC Rep. • RICHARD COLLINS, pres..
WEAC
NEA Dirt.: TERRANCE L. CRANEY. P O.
Box 13214. Green Bay )4307-3214 STAN-
FORD R JOHNSON. )762 Mcadowood
Dr . Madison )3711. MARGEG. ROSEN-
THAL. 6302 Mineral Point Rd.. No. 107.
Madison )370)
66
87
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State Ah j
WYOMING
Wyoming Education Association
115 E. 22nd St., Cheyenne 82001
(307-634-7991)
8:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M. Monday-Friday
M.S.T. With D.S.T
No. 0/Memken: 6,W
AnnuaJ Meeting: Delegate Assembly. Apiil
6-8
Annual Duet: \m
Pm.. JULIE SCHWINDT. classroom teacher
(send mail 10 WEA)
Vue-Prei.: JIM POTTER, classroom teachet.
2316 Victor Rd.. Rock Springs 82901
Treat: HAROLD BOVEE. classroom teacher.
342 W. 2)ihTorrington 82240
Say.: MARY LOU DERBY, librarian. P.O.
Box 107. Lander 82520
Exec. D,r.. ROBERT LEINIUS
AJm. Aia.: KATHY VAN DELL
Coamunuanoiu: WANDA BOWMAN
Official Publication. WEA News
NEA-PACRep.: JULIE SCHWINDT. pres..
WEA
NEA Dir.: JENNIE BONHAM. 419 Soubby.
Rock Springs 82901
DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
NEA Office ol
District of Columbia Affairs
Rm. 408,1201 Sixteenth St., N.W.,
Waahlnnton 20036 (202-822-7820)
8:15 A.M.-4:30 P.M. Monday-Friday
E.S.T. with D.S.T.
Th Offkt of D C AHiut u not • line ifTihuc In million
a (i) 10 nublnh Klin working icluiomhipi *nh ii«qa
kadcn. and ciiura ol chr DIHIKI of Columbu «h» uppun
cffoiu n unfMm cduniun ind rduciiionil opponuaii) (ot
D C diiUnn. tai (b) lo tomtibuic the uippon ind rnouccn
of iht gflicc 10 ihoK cfiocn
A/o of Member* 1.10)
Dir.. DALE A ROBINSON
Auoc. Dtr.. PATRICE R GANCIE
NEA Dtr.: SAMUEL F CARCIONE, 3017
Clinton Si . N.E . Washington 20018
UniServ and Urban Directory
The following listings rcpicsent all the information received when the NEA Handbook went
to press
Alabama
State Coordinator MILDRED WORTHY.
Alabama Education Association. 422 Dexter
Ave . Box 4177. Montgomery 3619) (20V
8)4-9790)
FieU Servue Dirt. MARY JANE AKEL,
Alabama Education Association. 422 Dexter
Ave. PO Bo« 4177. Montgomery 3619)
(205-834-9790). SANDRA HARJUS. 2626
I2ih Ave . N . Birmingham 3)234 (20)-323-
12)7). STEPHEN MARTIN. P O. Box 6)69.
Mobile 36660-0)69 (20i--l7B-9818), JOSEPH
WARD. 11028 Jean Rd . South Huntsville
3)801 (205-881-617J)
UniServ District I. PO Boi 4)6, Leighton
3)646 (205-446-8117), EM MITT E JIM-
MAR. UniServ dr
UniServ District 2. Huntivitlc Education As-
sociation, 709 Arcadia Cir . N W.. Hunts-
ville 3)801 (205 )3)-7)70). REX
CHEATHAM. UniStr, dr
UniServ District 3. VACANCY. UniSen d,r.
UniServ District 4. PO Box 1444, Florence
3)631 (20-764-7967). SHIRLEY DENNIS.
UniServ Jir
UniServ District ). 3708 B Chula Vista Dr..
SW. Decatur 3)603 (205-3)1-8111).
MARY LOU BOYLE. UntScrv t/,r
UniServ District 6. 408 3rd Si N E.. Arab
3)016 (20)-)86-7402). THERESA HENRY.
UniServ JIT
UniServ District 7, Rte 8. Box )81. Russell-
ville 3)6)3 (20)-3)2-3)97). YVONNE FOS-
TER. UniServ dtr.
UniServ District 8. Rte ). Box 16). Vme-
mont 3)179 (205-739-4906). DONALD
COSPER. UniServ dtr.
UniServ District 9. 1147 Walnut St.. Gads-
den 3)901 (205-547-0852). SARA I.
QUINN. UniServ dtr
UniServ District 10. 1212 Cynthia Cir.. Roa-
noke 36274 (205-863-6606). WILLARD
MOORE. UniServ dtr.
UniServ District 11, Rte 2. Box 335-A.
Parrish 3))80 (205-686-5904). BETTY
RAINER. UmServ dtr
UniServ District 12-A. Birmingham Educa-
tion Association. 2626 12th Ave.. N.. Bir-
mingham 3)234 (20V323-1237). JANET
DAVIS. SARAH SUMMERVILLE. UniServ
din.
UniServ District 12-B, Jefferson County Edu-
cation Association. 2626 12th Ave . N .
Birmingham 35234 (205323-1237). STE-
PHEN BURNS. REBECCA NEIRA. UniServ
An
88
89
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Grocery Manufacturers of America--
Environmental Task Force
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5nv
Mr. Warren M. Schwecke
P. 0. Box 1113
Minneapolis, MN 55440_
Mr. Lane Paulocci
Grand Metropolitan
Pillsbury Technology Center
311 Second Street, S.E.
Minneapolis, MN 55414_
612/330-4950
fax: 61 2/330-871 6 or 5200
Mr. Fred Hegel e
Director, Q/S & Reg. Affairs
General Mills. Inc.
9200 Hayzata Blvd.
P.O. Box 1113
Minneapolis. MN 55440_
612/540-2053 or 3476
Dr. Rafeal Pedraja
Director of Quality
and Regulatory Affairs
Kitchens of Sara Lee
500 Waukegan Road
Deerfleld. IL 60015_
312 945 6365
Mr. Peter Roncettl
CPC International , Inc.
International Plaza
Englewood Cliffs. NJ 07632_
Mr. Richard Jarman
Director of Environmental Sciences
Gerber Products Company
445 State Street
Fremont, Michigan 4941 2_
(616) 928-2791
Mr. John S. Elliott, Jr.
General Mgr. -Compliance Audits
Heinz U.S.A.
1062 Progress Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15212.
412-237-5862
Nil 11 am J. Cook, Ph.D.
D1r., Corp. Quality Assurance
1025 Reese Avenue
P. 0. Box 805
Hershey Foods Corporation
Hershey, PA 17033-0805_
Paul Bruns, Ph.D.
Dir./Nutr. & Tech. Reg. Affairs
Nabisco Brands, Inc.
Technology Center
DeForest Ave.
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Dr. Victor Fulgonl, III
Director of Nutrition
Kellogg Company
235 Porter Street
Battle Creek. Michigan 49016_
Mr. Roger L. Owens
Associate Director of Research
American Maize Products Company
Corn Processing Division
1100 Indianapolis Blvd.
Hammond, IN 46326_
312/374-1400
Mr. Philip A. Guarlno
Principal Scientist, Quality Assurance
McCormlck & Company
11350 McCormlck Road
Hunt Valley, MD 21031_
301/771-7809
Mr. Perry Fisher
Director
Corporate Quality Assurance
Campball Taggart, Inc.
F. 0. Box 660217
Dallas, TX 75266-0217_
214/358-9404
fax 214-358-9233
Mr. Charles L. Klrchner
Associate Director of Regulatory
a-d Scientific Affairs
Borcen. Inc.
960 Kingsmill Parkway
Columbus, OH 43229-1142.
614-431-6686
fax 614-431-6611
Mr. Ralph Mai lory
Director
Environmental Affairs
Sara Lee Corporation
Thr First National Plaza
Chicago, IL 60602-42.312-558-8560
Paul H. Hess, Ph.D.
Director, Environmental Affairs
Technical Center
Hershey Foods
PO Box 805
Hershey, PA 170:^-0805
717/534-5061
fax 5078
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Mr. Lewis M. Gedansky
Operating director ofTechnoogy
The Scott Paper Company
Scott Plaza 3
Philadelphia. PA 19113_
Osman M. Aly, Ph.D.
Manager, Environmental Quality
Campbell Soup Company
Campbell Place
Camden, NJ 08101_
609-342-8531
R. M. Hoi comb
Manager of Chemical Control
and Industrial Hygiene
Scott Paper Company
Scott Plaza,
Philadelphia, PA 19113
215 552 5628
Mr. John A. Green
Manager-Quality Assurance
Amstar Sugar Corporation
1251 Avenue of Americas
New York, NY 10020_ 212 489 9000
Ms. Sheila Sackman
Environmental Systems Technologist
Continental Baking Co
Checkerboard Square - 2CR
St. Louis, MO 63164_
314 982 4896
Mr. Harold I. Goldsmith
Environmental Operations Manager
Kraft. Inc.
5401 Old Orchard Plaza
SkoMe. IL 60077.
Mr. Derrick Boom
Regulatory Engineer
Durkee-French Foods
P.O. Box 942
Wayne, NJ 07470-0942.
Richard Hagen, Ph.D.
Manager
Environmental Affairs
Bristol-Myers USPNG
3404 Pennsylvania Avenue
Evansvllle, IN 47721-0001.
812-429-8597
Mr. W. P. Mahoney
Manager, Product Affairs
Ball Corporation
P. 0. Box 5000
Munde. IN 47302.
317/747-6571
Mr. Stanley J. Iwanlckl
m __«..!.**.. ^ «* ••> nM**tii*^A^«* ^*Mw** 1 4 9«*»o
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Curtice Burns Foods
90 UndenPlace
P.O. Box 681
Rochester,- NY 14603-0681_
716-383-1850
Tom Trautman. Ph.D.
Director, Toxicology &
Scientific Affairs,
Quality Control
General Mills. Inc.
9200 Wayzata Blvd.
P.O. Box 1113
Minneapolis, MN 55440_
612/540-7584
Dr. Vilma Gaines
Bristol Meyers/Squibb Co., Y-6
2404 Pennsylvania Avenue
Evansvllle, IN 47721_
812/429-7847
Fax 812/429-7492
Mr. J.C. Weber
Manager, Regulatory Affairs
Monsanto Company
Nutrition Chemicals Div.
800 N. Llndberg
St. Louis, MO 63157.
314/594-2027
Ted Dornselfer, Ph.D.
Fr1to-Lay Research Inc.
900 North Loop 12
Irving, TX 75061_
214/579-2404
Mr. James F. Judd
Energy/Environmental Affairs Mgr.
Sara Lee Corp.
Three First National Plaza
Chicago, II 60602_
312/558-8560
Mr. Marvin Kragt
Manager, Product Control
J.M. Smucker Company
Strawberry Lane
Orrvllle, OH 44667_
216/682-0015
Dr. Paul Halberstadt
KGF
250 North Street
White Plains, NY 10625.
Fax: 914/335-3880
Dr. James Beatty
Procter and Gamble
Winton Hill Technology Center
6110 Center Hill Road
Cincinnati, OH 45224.
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Mr. John Jones
Regulatory Affairs
Heublein, Inc.
430 New Park Ave.
P.O. Box 778
Hartford. CT 06142-0778
203/240-5672
Dr. Gary 01 instead
0/S & Reg. Affairs
General Hills. Inc.
9200 Wayzata Blvd.
P.O. Box 1113
Minneapolis. MN 55440.
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Appendix E
Implementation Progress Report
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Appendix F
Mobilization Calendar
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