<,n,iRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
EPA-33C/3-77-001
Remote Sensing Investigation
South Carolina, Georgia and Florida
August 23, 1976 to January 11, 1977)
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
DENVER, COLORADO
JULY 1977
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Enforcement
EPA-330/3-77-001
REMOTE SENSING INVESTIGATION
SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA AND FLORIDA
August 23, 1976 to January 11, 1977
July 1977
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Denver, Colorado
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CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
II SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3
GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA A) .... 3
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA B) . . . . 4
ST. MARYS, GEORGIA (AREA C, WEST) 4
FERNANDINA BEACH, FLORDIA (AREA C, EAST). . 5
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA (AREA D) 5
PALATKA, FLORIDA (AREA E) 6
III RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF THE REMOTE
SENSING DATA ANALYSIS 7
GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA A) 7
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA B) . . . . 20
ST. MARYS, GEORGIA AND FERNANDINA BEACH,
FLORIDA (AREA C) . 47
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA (AREA D) 70
PALATKA, FLORIDA (AREA E) 102
APPENDIX A
Aircraft and Sensor Data
Data Interpretation and Analysis
Error Analysis
Film Spectral Sensitivity Data
Optical Filter Transmlttance Data
Development Process for Reconnaissance Films
Focal Length, Angle of View
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FIGURES
III-l Location Map - South Carolina 8
III-2 Lower Sampit River - Georgetown, S.C. - Nov. 22, 1976 9
III-3 Area A - Georgetown, S.C. - Location of Specific Observations 11
III-4 Georgetown Steel Company - Georgetown Ferriduction Company Facility
Nov. 22, 1976 ' 12
III-5 Georgetown. S.C. - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. n. 1976 13
III-6 Functional Sketch - Georgetown Steel Co. - Georgetown Ferriduction Co.
Georgetown, S.C 14
III-7 Georgetown Steel Company - Nov. 22, 1976 15
III-8 Georgetown, S. C. - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 17
III-9 Functional Sketch - International Paper Co. - Georgetown, S.C 18
111-10 International Paper Company - Nov. 22, 1976 19
III-ll Georgetown Wastewater Treatment Plant - Nov. 22, 1976 21
111-12 Power Generating Station Cooling Pond - Georgetown, S.C. - Thermal
Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 22
111-13 Area B - North Charleston, S.C. - Location of Specific Observations 24
111-14 Area B - Charleston, S.C. - Location of Specific Observations 25
111-15 Williams Power Generating Station, Upper Cooper River
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 26
111-16 Williams Power Generating Station - Thermal Map (Night)
Sept. 17, 1976 27
111-17 Verona Corporation Chemical Plant -
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 28
111-18 Westvaco Kraft Mill - Sept. 16, 1976 ' 30
111-19 Westvaco Kraft Mill - Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 31
111-20 Westvaco Kraft Mill "- Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 32
111-21 Thermal Discharge from U.S. Naval Reservation
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 34
II1-22 Shipyard Creek Channel to Myers Bend and Town Creek
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 35
111-23 Functional Sketch, Myers Bend Area - Charleston, S.C 37
111-24 Functional Sketch Town Creek Area - Charleston, S.C 38
111-25 East Charleston, Charleston Harbor
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 39
II1-26 Functional Sketch - South Charleston, West Side of Charleston Harbor
Charleston, S.C 41
111-27 Lower Ashley River, Charleston, S.C.
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 42
II1-28 Lower Ashley River - Charleston, S.C.
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 . , 44
111-29 Functional Sketch - Ashley River - Charleston, S.C 45
111-30 Upper Ashley River - Charleston, S.C.
Thermal Map (Night) - Sept. 17, 1976 46
111-31 Location Map - Florida 48
111-32 Area C - St. Marys, Georgia - Location of Specific Observations 49
111-33 Functional Sketch - St. Marys Gil man Paper Co. - St. Marys, Georgia 50
111-34 St. Marys Oilman Paper Company Ponds - Sept. 16, 1976 51
111-35 St. Marys Gilman Paper Company Ponds - Sept. 16, 1976 52
II1-36 Functional Sketch - St. Marys Gilman Paper Co. - St. Marys, Georgia 54
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FIGURES (Continued)
111-37 St. Marys Gilman Paper Company - Sept. 16, 1976 55
111-38 Area C - Fernandina Beach, Fla. - Location of Specific Observations 56
111-39 Possible Outfall, Lower Amelia River - Fernandina Beach, Fla.
Sept. 17, 1976 57
111-40 Functional Sketch - Container Corporation/Amelia River Area
Fernandina Beach, Fla j*
111-41 Possible Non-Point Source - Sept. 16, 1976 £,
111-42 Fernandina Beach, Fla. - Thermal Map (Day) - Sept. 13, 1976 bi
111-43 Functional Sketch - ITT Rayonier, Inc. - Fernandina Beach, Fla oZ
111-44 ITT Rayonier, Inc., Northern Area - Sept. 17, 1976 63
111-45 Functional Sketch - ITT Rayonier Inc. Ocean Outfall »4
111-46 Functional Sketch, ITT Rayonier Inc. Outfall 002 Plume 65
111-47 ITT Rayonier, Inc., Facility - Sept. 16, 1976 66
111-48 Functional Sketch - ITT Rayonier, Inc. Facility - Fernandina Beach, Fla 67
111-49 ITT Rayonier, Inc., Facility - Sept. 16, 1976 69
111-50 Area D - Eastport, Fla. - Location of Specific Observations » . 71
111-51 Jacksonville Electric Authority - Northside Generation Station
Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 72
111-52 Blount Island - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 73
111-53 Drummond Point Area - Nov. 24, 1976 75
111-54 Broward River/St. Johns River Area - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 76
111-55 St. Johns River Drummond Point Area - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 77
111-56 Drummond Creek Area - Sept. 16, 1976 78
111-57 Drummond Point Area - Sept. 16, 1976 79
111-58 Functional Sketch - Bulk Terminal, Drummond Point
(Amoco, Union, Gulf Oil Companies) 80
II1-59 Functional Sketch - Drummond Point Area 81
II1-60 Drummond Point Submerged Discharge - Nov. 24, 1976 83
111-61 Area D - Trout River, Fla. - Location of Specific Observations 84
111-62 SCM Corporation Facility - Sept. 16, 1976 85
111-63 Functional Sketch, SCM Corporation - Jacksonville, Fla 86
111-64 SCM Corporation Facility - Sept. 16, 1976 87
II1-65 Area D - Jacksonville, Fla. - Location of Specific Observations 89
II1-66 Area D - Arlington, Fla. - Location of Specific Observations 95
111-67 Alton Box Board Company - Aug. 24, 1976 90
II1-68 Functional Sketch - Alton Box Board Co. - Jacksonville, Fla 91
111-69 Alton Box Board Company - Nov. 24, 1976 92
111-70 Functional Sketch - Alton Box Board Co. - JEA Kennedy Station 93
111-71 Jacksonville, Fla. - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 96
111-72 Functional Sketch - West Bank - St. Johns River - Jacksonville, Fla 97
111-73 Functional Sketch - St. Johns River - Jacksonville, Fla 98
111-74 Jacksonville, Fla. - Thermal Map (Night) - Aug. 23, 1976 100
111-75 Functional Sketch - Indication D-24 - Jacksonville, Fla 101
II1-76 Area E - Palatka, Fla. - Location of Specific Observations 103
111-77 Hudson Pulp and Paper Company, Palatka, Fla.
Thermal Map (Day) - Jan. 11, 1977 105
111-78 Functional Sketch - Hudson Pulp and Paper Co. - Palatka, Fla 106
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I. INTRODUCTION
An aerial remote sensing study of numerous areas In South Carolina,
Georgia and Florida was conducted during the time period from August 23,
1976 through January 11, 1977. This Investigation was undertaken at the
request of Region IV of the Environmental Protection Agency.
The study encompassed the following area's:
A. Georgetown, South Carolina. Three industrial facilities lo-
cated on the north bank of the Sampit River (U.S.G.S. map
NI 17-9, Scale 1:250,000).
B. Charleston, South Carolina. Municipal, industrial and non-point
sources of pollution tributary to the Cooper and Ashley Rivers
and Charleston Harbor (U.S.G.S. maps NI 17-9, NI 17-12, NI 17-11;
Scale 1:250,000).
C. St. Marys, Georgia and Fernandina Beach, Florida. Industrial
discharges to the North River, the Amelia River and the Atlantic
Ocean. (U.S.G.S. Map NH 17-5; Scale 1:250,000).
D. Jacksonville, Florida Municipal, industrial and non-point sources
of pollution tributary to the St. Johns River and several
tributaries (U.S.G.S. Map NH 17-5; Scale 1:250,0000).
E. Palatka. Florida. Industrial discharges to Rice Creek which
empties into the St. Johns River (U.S.G.S. Map NH 17-8, Scale
1:250,000).
The purpose of this three-state investigation was to document the
presence of wastewater discharges to the respective receiving waterways
from municipal and industrial sources in addition to other unidentified
point and non-point sources of pollution. Aerial photographic and thermal
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infrared data were recorded during the day and thermal infrared data
were recorded at night using sensors mounted in high-performance re-
connaissance aircraft. No ground truth was collected. All observed
discharges were compared to known municipal and industrial wastewater
discharges in order to identify locations of potential sources that have
not filed for waste discharge permits. Reproductions of the original
aerial photographs and the thermal infrared imagery are provided in this
report along with interpretive sketches depicting pertinent findings.
The remote sensing techniques employed in this investigation are
given in Appendix A.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
All of the known major municipal and industrial point sources of
wastewater discharges within the five study areas were observed and
aerial imagery recorded. Numerous minor sources of pollution were also
observed. Most of the known major wastewater discharges were actually
detected and characteristics evaluated.
A few possible minor discharges not included in NPDES permits
were detected at major industrial facilities. Various non-point sources
of pollution, possible leaks in wastewater treatment systems and oil
slicks were detected at several major industrial sites.
Several probable wastewater discharges not identifiable with major
industrial plants were detected. Some of these could have been storm
drains or could have been covered by minor NPDES permits. A detailed
review of minor NPDES permit files and a ground verification would be
necessary to positively identify the sources of these discharges and
determine if any are non-filers for NPDES permits.
Specific observations of interest are summarized by study area
below.
GEORGETOWN. SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA A)
Wastewater discharges from the Georgetown Steel Company, Georgetown
Ferriduction Company, International Paper Company and the municipal
wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) were observed. At Georgetown
Steel Company, wastewater discharges produced small visible and thermal
plumes. A large amount of light yellow dust blanketed an adjacent facility.
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At international Paper Company, some small non-point sources of
pollution were observed. Also, several storage tanks were observed to
be in poor aesthetic condition with liquid contained inside the spill
prevention barriers.
CHARLESTON. SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA B)
This study area covered essentially all major sources of water
pollution in the Charleston metropolitan area. Specific major municipal
and industrial facilities observed included the North Charleston and
Plum Island wastewater treatment plants, the U.S. Naval Yard, the
Williams and Hagood power plants, and the W.R. Grace, Mobil Chemical,
Verona Corp. and Westvaco industrial plants.
A sizeable thermal plume more than 1 km long was present in the
Cooper River as the result of wastewater discharges from the Westvaco
Kraft Mill. Several oily discharges were detected at the U.S. Naval
Yard. These resulted in numberous small oil slicks.
There were 14 apparent or actual small discharges of wastewater
or storm runoff observed along the east and west waterfronts of lower
Charleston. The sources could not be detected but some may have been
storm drains.
ST. MARYS, GEORGIA (AREA C, WEST)
The St. Marys Oilman Paper Company's pulp and paper mill and
associated wastewater treatment and disposal system were observed in
this study area.
Stressed foliage adjacent to the large aerated lagoons and peripheral
ditches containing water identical in color to the lagoon contents
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suggested the possibility of leaks or seepage from the lagoon system.
Non-point sources of pollution including solid waste dumps were observed.
Oil was present in the North River adjacent to the mill.
FERNANDINA BEACH, FLORIDA (AREA C, EAST)
The Amelia River waterfront in Fernandina Beach and a submerged
outfall in the Atlantic Ocean were observed at this location. Major
sources of pollution included the ITT Rayonier and Container Corporation
pulp and paper mills and the municipal wastewater treatment plant.
At Container Corporation, primary clarifier effluent was being
discharged directly; the secondary treatment system had not been placed
in operation. Non-point source pollution was occurring from refuse
piles. Some surface oil seeps were also observed.
The ITT Rayonier mill was also discharging primary effluent. The
lagoon system was not in operation but contained some water. Possible
seepage areas were noted around the lagoons. Non-point sources (wood
piles and refuse dumps) were also observed.
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA (AREA D)
This major study area encompassed all of the Jacksonville
metropolitan area including Jacksonville Beach. All major municipal
wastewater treatment facilities were observed. NO unusual receiving
water characteristics or plant operations were detected. Numerous
major and minor industrial facilities were also observed.
Three electric power plants operated by the Jacksonville Electric
Authority (Northside, Kennedy, and Southside) were observed. The
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surface thermal plume produced by the Northside Generating Station
filled the north channel of the St. Johns River from the station
southward to and extending into the main St. Johns River shipping channel.
Much smaller thermal plumes were present at the other power plants.
A highly-turbid submerged discharge was detected in the St. Johns
River near Drummond Point. The source appeared to be a wastewater
treatment plant serving the old Imeson Airport area, a developing
commercial and industrial park.
At SCM Corporation on Moncrief Creek, an oily discharge and small
oil slicks were detected. Probable seepage from a barrel storage area
was also detected.
The Alton Box Board Company facility on the St. Johns River had
several non-point sources of pollution in additon to major wastewater
discharges. A spill containment dike was breached allowing a liquid
to flow from a tank area toward the river.
Five unknown discharges were detected along the St. Johns River
waterfront. These appeared to be small with limited visible pollution
hazards.
PALATKA, FLORIDA (AREA E)
Hastewater treatment and disposal facilities and general plant site
conditions were observed at the Hudson Pulp and and Paper Company mill
on Rice Creek near Palatka. Possible leaks in several wastewater treat-
ment ponds and a major pipeline were observed. Part of the influent to
the main secondary lagoon system was bypassing half of the lagoon
system. Several non-point sources of pollution also were detected.
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III. RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF THE REMOTE SENSING DATA ANALYSIS
This section presents the results of the laboratory analysis of the
photographic and thermal infrared data obtained by day and night aerial
reconnaissance from August 23, 1976 to January 11, 1977. All observed
wastewater discharges and thermal plumes are reported herein and those
covered with a NPDES permit are labeled with the appropriate outfall
designation if available.
Each significant observation of a known wastewater discharge, unknown
wastewater discharge, potential discharge, non-point source or indication
of water quality degradation is assigned an identifying number. These
numbers are overprinted in red on segments ofU.S.G.S. 7.5 minute maps in
order to facilitate location on the ground. Where necessary to show small
details, sketch maps prepared by tracing the applicable aerial photographs
are presented. The lack of ground truth precluded any quantitative defi-
nition of pollutant or discharge constituency and actual thermal plume
surface temperatures. The identifying numbers (in red) are also used to
key detailed discussions in the text to the indicated map locations.
Data recorded during day and night flights are appropriately identified.
GEORGETOWN. SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA A)
Georgetown is located near the Atlantic coast of South Carolina as
shown in the location map [Figure III-l]. Three industrial facilities and
a municipal wastewater treatment facility at Georgetown were observed.
These discharge wastewater into the Sampit River, which in turn flows
into Winyah Bay.
The water in the main stream of the Sampit River was quite turbid
[Figure III-2]. The mean tidal range of the confluence of the Sampit and
the Pee Dee Rivers is 1 m (3.3 ft) and the mean tide level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft)
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V
V
Figure (((-I. Location Map - South Carolina
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V
V
Figure ///-2.
Lower Samp if River
Georgetown, South Carolina
November 22, 1976
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10
Specific Observations
Identifying numbers for specific observations are overprinted in
red on Figure III-3, a section of the U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute map, George-
town, South Carolina (original scale 1:24,000).
A-l (Day) - A red-brown moderate-si zed surface discharge was
recorded at this shore position within the Georgetown Steel Company/
Georgetown Ferriduction Company facility. The resultant plume is shown
in Figure II1-4.
A-2 (Night) - A thermal discharge detected during the night flight
[Figure III-5], was not visible in the day imagery. The temperature of
the wastewater discharge was significantly warmer than the ambient
receiving surface waters of the Sampit River. This discharge was within
the Georgetown Steel Company/Georgetown Ferriduction Company facility.
A-3 (Night) - A thermal discharge was recorded at this location
[Figure III-5] within the Georgetown Steel Company/Georgetown Ferri-
duction Company facility. This discharge was not visible during the day
flight. The temperature of the wastewater from this discharge was
somewhat warmer than the ambient receiving surface water.
A-4 (Day) - A possible discharge was recorded at this shore position
[Figure III-6] which is an indention containing water. There was sus-
pended materials in the receiving water as indicated in Figure III-7.
A-5 (Day) - At this shore position, there was a possible discharge
from the pond into the Sampit River [Figure III-6]. The pond contained
wastewater and a mound of a light yellow-colored substance nearly identical
in color to the excessive fugitive dust covering the immediate area
[Figure 111-6]. Any flow of water from the pond to the receiving water
was not definitely ascertained.
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Figure 111-3. Ar«o A-G»org»town, South Carolina,
Location of Sptcfffc Obitrvof/oni
11
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Figure 111-4.
Georgetown Steel Company
Georgetown Ferriducf/on Company Facility
November 22, 1976
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Figure 111-5.
Georgetown, South Carolina
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
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A-1
Ponds
Possible Discharg
Area covered with light
colored (yellow) fugitive dust
Poss Ible
D is ch arge
SAMPIT RIVER
V
V
NOVEMBER 22, 1976 (day)
Figure 111-6. Functional, Sketch Georgetown Steel Co.,Georgetown Ferreduetion Co.
Georgetown, South Carolina
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V
\
Figure 111-7.
Georgetown Steel Company
November 22, 1976
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16
A-6 (Night) - The thermal maps [Figures III-5 and III-8], clearly
depict the presence of a thermal discharge (characteristics of the
wastewater unknown), leading from the International Paper Company
industrial facility through a pond and finally into the Sampit River.
The warm-water path is shown by the white lines leading from a point
near the large clarifier to the pond [Figure III-8]. This thermal map
also depicts a warm-water line leading from a point adjacent to the
clarifier to the large rectangular aeration pond. The functional sketch
[Figure III-9] clearly labels these indications.
A-7 (Day) - The wastewater discharge from the International Paper
Company's large rectangular aeration pond into the Sampit River is shown
in the functional sketch [Figure III-9] and in the aerial photograph
[Figure 111-10]. The effluent flowed in the discharge canal [Figure
III-9] through a foam stop and subsequently into the Sampit River remain-
ing along its northern bank until dispersing. The surface temperature
of the effluent was nearly identical to that of the receiving water.
Other pertinent indications of interest near this canal are annotated in
the functional sketch [Figure III-9].
A-7 (Night) - The wastewater in the discharge canal from the rec-
tangular aeration pond into the Sampit,River was clearly visible in the
night thermal map due to its elevated temperature [Figure 111-8]. The
intensity of the thermal image decreased as the wastewater reached the
foam stop, possibly due to cooling or the presence of surface foam
[Figure III-9].
A-8 (Day) - A small amount of water different in color from the
Sampit River water was flowing into the river at this location adjacent
to the large pond as shown in Figures III-9 and 111-10. This water was
nearly identical to that of A-7. There were no noticeable surface water
temperature differences between this indication and the receiving waters.
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• •' =
Figure fff-S.
Georgetown, South Carolina
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
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CHLORINATOR
Outfall Nol Visible
In Aerial Imagery
MUNICIPAL WWTP PONDS
00
AUGUST 23, I976|nile]
NOVEMBER 22,1976(day)
WATER TREATMENT PIANT
Tanks in Poor Aesthetic Condition
with Liquid in the Confines of the
Spill Prevention Barriers
Pond Discharge'
(Warm Plume)
.Figure ttl-9 Functional Sketch, International Poper Company, Georgetown, South Carolina
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V
\
Figure 111-10.
International Paper Company
November 22, 1976
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20
A-9 (Day) - The Georgetown municipal wastewater treatment ponds are
located adjacent to the International Paper Company's large aeration
pond along the east side of White Creek [Figures III-9 and III-ll]. The
outfall was not visible in the aerial photographic imagery [Figure
III-ll]. The lower area of White Creek is shown in Figure III-10.
A-10 (Night) - Figure 111-12 is a thermal map, recorded during the
night mission of August 23, 1976, of the cooling pond at a power genera-
ting station located west of Maryville Heights and southwest of the
International Paper Company facility [Figure 111-3]. The map clearly
shows the hot water discharge entering the pond and the station's cool-
ing water intake canal from the pond.
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA (AREA B)
This portion of the study covers the Charleston, South Carolina,
metropolitan area including segments of the Cooper and the Ashley Rivers
and Charleston Harbor [Figure III-l],
The main sources of fresh water into Charleston Harbor are the
Ashley, Cooper and Wando Rivers. The mean tidal range is 1.6 m (5.3 ft)
at the Custom House wharf while the mean tide level is 0.8 m (2.6 ft).
These values are reasonably consistent throughout the Harbor area and in
the lower reaches of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers.
The general water color in the lower Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and
Charleston Harbor was yellow brown, indicative of a significant amount
of suspended sediment. It was noticed that the ship/boat wakes contained
an excessive amount of foam in these waters.
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Figure III-U.
Georgetown Wastewater Treatment Plant
November 22, 1976
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Figure 111-12.
Power Generating Station Cooling Pond
Georgetown , South Carolina Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
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23
Specific Observations
Identifying numbers for specific observations in Area 3 are over-
printed in red on Figures 111-13 and 111-14, reduced copies of the
National Ocean Survey maps 11527 and 11524, respectively.
B-1 (Night) - A thermal discharge was recorded at this position on
the west bank of the Cooper River [Figure 111-15]. This discharge
originated at the Williams Power Generating Station proceeding through a
rather large canal into the Cooper River where the resultant thermal
plume is clearly visible in the thermal map.
B-2 (Night) - A moderate-sized holding pond complex was located
north of the Williams Power Generating Station [Figure III-15]. The
contents of the ponds were probably ash and/or water treatment sludges.
A direct discharge from the ponds to either the Cooper River or the Back
River was not evident in the thermal maps [Figures 11-15 and II1-16].
However, an indication of the presence of water along the north edge of
the pond complex was recorded as pointed out in Figures II1-15 and III-
16. Also, there was a direct natural waterway or small creek leading
from several points adjacent to the pond complex through a marsh into
the Cooper River as shown in Figure 111-15. There was water present in
both the ponds and this creek, but no direct evidence of any interconnecting
flow.
B-3 (Day) - This location is the main discharge of the Verona
Corporation chemical plant on the Cooper River. There was no discolora-
tion in the receiving waier associated with this discharge. Surface
foam in the aeration ponds was magenta in color. There were no surface
temperature differences between the discharge and the receiving waters.
B-3 (Night) - There was no evidence of a thermal plume associated
with the Verona Corporation chemical plant's main discharge into the
Cooper River [Figure 111-17].
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\
ERMAL
SCHARGE
B-l
GENERATlNSvSTA
^-
Figure 111-13. Area B-North Charleston, South Carolina,
Location of Specific Observations
24
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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ro
PRESENCE OF WATER
ADJACENT TO THE PONDS
SOURCE OF
THERMAL DISCHARGE
Figure ///-I5.
Williams Power Generating Station, Upper Cooper River
Thermo/ Map (Night) September 17, 1976
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PRESENCE OF WATER
ADJACENT TO THE PONDS
Figure 111-16.
Williams Power Generating Station
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 7976
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.
Figure 111-17.
Verona Corporation Chemical Plant
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 1976
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29
B-4 (Night) - Water was present along the southern edge of the
pentagonal-shaped pond within the Verona Corporation chemical plant
facility [Figure 111-17]. This water moved through a small creek through
a marsh into the Cooper River.
B-5 (Day) - This indication located about 400 m (1,300 ft) from the
west bank of the Cooper River is a discharge from the Westvaco Kraft
Mill [Figures III-14 and 111-18]. This discharge produced no significant
discoloration in the receiving water.
B-5 (Night) - This discharge produced a thermal plume in the Cooper
River receiving waters as indicated in Figures 111-19 and 111-20. The
thermal plume was observed moving downstream and combined with the
thermal plume discussed next in B-6.
B-6 (Day) - The main Westvaco mill discharge was visible adjacent
to the pair of final clarifiers [Figure 111-18]. The dark brown effluent
produced no significant discoloration in the predominantly dark brown
receiving waters. The three clarifiers in this immediate vicinity
[Figure 111-18] contained a wastewater identical in color to the effluent.
B-6 (Night) - This Westvaco Kraft Mill discharge produced a moder-
ate-sized thermal plume in the Cooper River [Figure 111-19 and III-
20]. The plume in combination with that of B-5 moved downstream 1.1 km
(0.7 mi) before beginning to disperse significantly [Figure 111-20],
B-7 (Day) - There was a rather large amount of light gray (off-
white) foam at these two shore positions [Figure 111-14]. The source
could not readily be determined. The Raybestos Manhattan facility is
located in this area.
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~/v
I
Figure 111-18.
Westvaco Kraft Mill
September 16, 1976
30
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m
Figure 111-19.
Wesfvaco Kraft Mill
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 1976
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FILBIN CREEK
OJ
rsj
COOPER RIVER
Figure 111-20.
Westvaco Kraft Mill
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 7976
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33
B-8 (Day) - Three discharges located in close proximity to each
other within the U.S. Naval Yard, contained oil and a yellow-brown
wastewater [Figure 111-14].
B-9 (Day) - This ditch network contained a dark-brown liquid being
discharged into the Cooper River.
B-10 (Day) - A yellow-brown wastewater was being discharged at the
shore end of this dock within the Naval Yard.
B-ll (Day) - Oil combined with a yellow-gray substance was being
discharged from this shore position within the Naval Yard.
B-12 (Day) - Three water discharges at this shore position were re-
corded. The water flowing from these three shore indentations was gray-
brown in color. They came from under an access road in an area contain-
ing a large building within the U.S. Naval facility.
B-12 (Night) - The three waste discharges of B-12 (Day) were clearly
visible in the night mission's thermal infrared imagery as depicted in
Figure 111-21. The thermal plume extended south and along the western
bank of the Cooper River.
B-13 (Night) - Figure 111-22 is a night-time thermal map of the
Shipyard Creek channel which was not imaged during the day mission.
There were no visible surface plumes detected. The North Charleston
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has a submerged discharge in the
Cooper River. There wer«_ no surface thermal traces of the plume in
Figure 111-22. The W. R. Grace acid plant is also depicted in this
thermal map with no detected discharge in the imagery.
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o
-
Figure 111-21.
Thermal Discharge From U.S. Naval Reservation
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 1976
-------
ID
n
F igure 111-22.
Shipyard Creek Channel To Myers Bend And Town Creek
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 1976
-------
36
B-14 (Day) - A probable non-point source of pollution, an area of
junked cars, was detected with seepage leading into a ditch tributary to
Shipyard Creek [Figure 111-14].
B-15 (Day) - There was a surface level outfall structure [Figure
111-23], detected that was discharging a small volume of dark-brown
water into the natural waterway leading to the Myers Bend area of the
Cooper River. The source could not readily be determined from the
aerial imagery but possibly may be a storm drain.
B-16 (Day) - A surface-level outfall structure was located at this
position shown in Figure 111-24. The source could not readily be deter-
mined but possibly may be a storm drain.
B-17 (Day) - This indication represents two small ditches that were
discharging into the larger channel from the area possibly within and
adjacent to the industrial facility located on the south side of the
Grace Memorial Bridge [Figure 111-24].
B-18 (Night) - A thermal discharge was recorded at this small
indentation in the shoreline of the Cooper River [Figures 111-14 and
111-25]. The source of the thermal discharge could not readily be
determined. Although this plume was present at night, there was no
trace of it in the daytime aerial imagery.
B-19 (Day) - The water in this shore indentation [Figure 111-14]
was discolored with a gray-brown substance that also contained oil.
This discolored water was observed dispersing out into the lower reach
of Town Creek. The fact that this was indeed a discharge could not be
readily determined nor could its source.
B-20 (Day) - There was a gray-brown water either entrapped or
discharged between two buildings on the dock [Figure II1-14]. The
source could not be determined.
-------
-N-
4*0
B.I
COOPER RIVER
MYERS BEND
SEPTEMBER 13,1976
Figure 111-23. Functional Sketch, Myers Bend Area,
Charleston, South Carolina
37
-------
V
NEW MARKET CREEK
Water IB Qray
n Color
(INDUSTRIAL FACILITY)
SEPTEMBER 13,1976
Figure 111-24. Functional Sketch, Town Creek Area, Charleston, South Carolina
38
-------
Figure 111-25.
East Charleston, Charleston Harbor
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 1976
-------
40
B-21 (Day) - There was a rather small apparent water discharge at this
position at the southern end of this dock complex [Figure 111-14]. The
water was gray in color originating from under a building adjacent to shore.
B-22 (Day) - An active outfall was recorded at this shore position
discharging a gray colored water [Figure 111-26]. This outfall may
possibly be a storm drain coming to the surface from under a roadway.
B-23 (Day) - This location may be an active wastewater discharge
[Figure 111-26]. There was a significant amount of concentrated foam at
this position.
B-24 (Day) - A small wastewater discharge was detected at this lo-
cation adjacent to a shoreline parking lot/driveway [Figure 111-26]. It
was discharging a gray colored water into the Charleston Harbor.
B-25 (Day) - There was an active discharge near the end of the main
section of this dock producing a significant amount of foam [Figure 111-26].
B-26 (Day) - A water surface-level outfall was discharging a gray-
brown wastewater which was also giving rise to a moderate amount of
surface foam [Figure 111-26]. The resultant discoloration in the
receiving waters as shown in Figure Hl-26, originated mainly from the
combination of plumes labeled B-25 and B-26.
B-27 (Night) - A thermal plume was recorded alongshore in this area
as shown in Figure II1-27. The source could not readily be determined
from the night infrared imagery.
B-28 (Day) - A small dark plume was recorded in the area of the
small triangular-shaped pond; the source was unknown [Figure 111-14]. As
seen in Figure 111-27 (Night), the surface waters in the pond were
somewhat warmer than those of the adjacent reaches of the Ashley River
possibly only due to solar heating.
-------
-N-
W astewater
sources unknown
B-23 Possible Outfall
(foi
B-26
WHITE POINT
B-24
Small water
d ischarge
B-25 Outfall producing foam
Outfall producing
Gray Brown Plume
Gray Brown
P lume
CHARLESTON HARBOR
SEPTEMBER 13, 1976
Figure 111-26. Functional Sketch South Charleston,West Side of Charleston Harbor
Charleston, South Carolina
41
-------
-Pa
no
Figure 111-27.
Lower Ashley River, Charleston, South Carolina
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 7976
-------
43
B-29 (Day) - A small submerged discharge was recorded here, pro-
ducing a reddish-brown plume [Figure 111-14].
B-30 (Night) - The small waterway [Figure II1-27] was creating a
small thermal plume in the Ashley River. The waterway is traceable
inland for a short distance; however, the source of the warm water could
not readily be determined.
B-31 (Night) - There were several small waterways carrying warm
water recorded in Figure 111-28. They were producing a multitude of
small thermal plumes depicted in the thermal map. The waterways could
be traced for a distance inland from the east shore of the Ashley River
to the respective points where they go underground or are no longer
detectable.
B-32 (Day) - The Hagood Power Plant is located at this shore posi-
tion along the Ashley River. There was a small water discharge as shown
in Figure 111-29. The power plant was not in operation at the time the
mission was flown, in that there were no thermal plumes in the river and
the stack was cold.
B-32 (Night) - The night thermal map [Figure 111-30] shows no
indication of power generation activity within the Hagood Power Plant.
There was no thermal plume in the Ashley River. An example of a thermal
plume is given in Figure 111-15. If the plant were in operation there
would be a white spot at that location and Figure 111-30 indicates that
there was none.
B-33 (Day) - The Mobil Chemical facility [Figure 111-29] has a
rectangular pond containing a yellow-green wastewater and a circular
tank with a dark-brown substance. Two locations as indexed along the
Ashley River shown in Figure 111-29, are classified as possible discharge
locations. This classification was made only on the basis of physical
shore characteristics and not on the basis of significant discoloration
or thermal plumes in the Ashley River. No thermal plume was detected in
the night imagery [Figure II1-30].
-------
Figure H/-28.
Lower Ashley River, Charleston, South Carolina
Thermal Map (Night ) September 17, 1976
-------
in
Dredging
HAGOOD
POWER PLANT
Possible Discharg;
Tank with Dark Brown Substance
Mobil Che m ica I
Industrial Facility
SEPTEMBER 13, 1976
Figure 111-29. Functional Sketch, Ashley River, Charleston, South Carolina
-------
-ps
01
Figure 111-30.
Upper Ashley River, Charleston, South Carolina
Thermal Map (Night) September 17, 1976
-------
47
B-34 (Day) - The aerial imagery of the area around Plum Island
containing the Plum Island Wastewater Treatment Plant revealed the
presence of no discharges. This facility purportedly has a submerged
discharge in the Ashley River as shown in the location map (rectangular
symbol) [Figure 111-14]. None of the aerial imagery showed any signs
of the discharge at this location.
ST. MARYS. GEORGIA AND FERNANDINA BEACH. FLORIDA (AREA C)
This section of the study covers a segment of the North River at
St. Marys, Georgia, the lower Amelia River at Fernandina Beach, Florida,
and an ocean outfall east of Fernandina Beach [Figure II1-31],
Specific Observations
Identifying numbers for specific observations in Area C are over-
printed in red on Figures 111-32 and 111-38, reductions of U.S.R.S. 7.5
minute maps, St. Marys, Georgia and Fernandina Beach, Florida, res-
pectively (original scale 1:24,000).
C-l (Day) - The St. Marys Gilman Paper Company's main discharge was
active at this location on the North River [Figure 111-33]. There was
no visible plume or discoloration in the receiving waters.
C-2 (Day) - The wastewater treatment pond complex within the St.
Marys Gilman Paper Company facility is shown in two aerial photographs
[Figures 111-34 and 111-35]. The characteristic color of the wastewater
in these was a dark gray-brown. As depicted in the Functional Sketch
[Figure II1-33], there was a ditch around the western perimeter of the
pond complex containing gray-brown water. As also shown, there
-------
aycrosa To Pearson ^.
N -C
i^aff^sn^
Beach
Neptune Beach
.Jacksonville Beach
Porte Vedra Beach
^fe^SJL W&U&LM
g-J&nTraj&M'
^rata^s
a-v-H-jK1 v-aalusiaE5
!i^?Mai9Er.A.!
, /. ..../ss>«aau_^;
APPROX SCALE IN MILES
Figure /I/-3J. Locaf/on Map — Florida
48
-------
Kiv-J^j
• - :" - ~ V --"
^-'- A- \ \- -
>S^r/: • -V ;\ • ^:
' -i%! *^~\ \S3\ "| vc "-"-.-" -.%'c**-*
-.- .
'-V- - < -^^^^X^w^VSi^SlS '
. :c'^m'-^^-/'^:^^:i^^fi i
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
F/gur* f/f-32. Area C - Sf Marys, Georgia
location of Specific Observations
49
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
t*
V
Figu re 111-34.
St. Marys Oilman Paper Company Ponds
September 16, 1976
51
-------
\
\
Figure /M-35.
St. Marys Oilman Paper Company Ponds
September J6, 1976
52
-------
53
were several areas of stressed or dead foliage In the immediate area of
this ditch suggesting wastewater seeps or leaks.
C-3 (Day) - Non-point sources were recorded in this area of the St.
Marys Gilman Paper Company facility [Figure 111-33]. Physical char-
acteristics indicative of dump site leaching into the North River are
depicted in the Functional Sketch.
C-4 (Day) - This indication as shown in the Functional Sketch
[Figure II1-33], appeared to be an outfall which was not active at the
time the mission was flown. It was traced directly to the North River.
C-5 (Day) - Oil in the North River was recorded at this shore
position within the St. Marys Gilman Paper Company's facility [Figure
111-36]. The source(s) of the oil could be possibly the two locations
shown in the Functional Sketch. The source(s) could not be readily
isolated because of the smoke stack visible emissions prevalent through-
out this area [Figure 111-37].
C-6 (Day) - A possible outfall was detected at this shore position
on the lower Amelia River as shown in Figures 111-38, 39 and 40. There
was no discoloration in the Amelia River in the immediate area of this
indication.
C-7 (Day) - As shown in Figure 111-40, there was an area adjacent
to Container Corporation's clarifier which was leaching to the small
creek from several locations. The aerial photograph of this area is
Figure 111-41.
C-8 (Day) - The discharge appeared to be direct from the primary
clarifier. The secondary treatment system was not in operation. This
was the main discharge from the wastewater treatment facility of the
Container Corporation [Figures 111-40 and 111-41]. The wastewater
-------
en
-£>
SEPTEMBER 17, 1976
\
CONTAINING OIL
Figure 111-36. Functional Sketch, St Marys Oilman Paper Co., Sf Marys,Georgia
-------
\
Figure 111-37.
St. Marys Oilman Paper Company
September 16, 1976
55
-------
Figurt 111-38. Ar«o C - Ftrnondina Beach, Florida,
Location of Specific Obiorvafioni
56
-------
j»
\
Figure 111-39.
Possible Outfall, Lower Amelia River
Fernandina Beach, Florida
September 17, 1976
57
-------
OLD FERNANDINA
FERNANDINA BEACH
SEPTEMBER 16,1976
Figure 111-40. Functional Sketch, Container Corporation/Amelia River Area, Fernondina Beach, Florida.
58
-------
\
\
Figure 111-41.
Possible Non-Point Source
September 16 , 1976
59
-------
60
caused discoloration in the receiving waters of the Amelia River. The
resultant plume was warmer than the temperature of the surface waters of
the Amelia River as shown in the thermal map [Figure 111-42], by at
least 2°C (4°F)
C-9 (Day) Surface level oil seeps were recorded at these locations
as depicted in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-40]. The seeps did not
appear to reach the Amelia River.
C-10 (Day) A large area within the ITT Rayonier, Inc., facility
containing large wood chip piles is shown in the Functional Sketch
[Figure 111-43]. There was a ditch containing water coming from the
circular pile (upper right of sketch) heading toward the Amelia River.
Another small (non-point source) discharge was recorded from a wood pile
adjacent to the Amelia River leaching into this river [Figures 111-43
and II1-44].
C-ll (Day) - ITT Rayonier's Outfall 002 proceeds eastward from the
plant site, as shown in Figure 111-43, to its disposal point in the
Atlantic ocean. The submerged discharge produces a dark-colored plume
[Figure 111-45]. At the time the mission was flown the plume proceeded
in a northerly direction for a moderate distance and then turned eastward
out to sea [Figure 111-46].
C-12 (Day) - The large lagoon located at the western edge of the
ITT Rayonier facility had an outfall as shown in the Functional Sketch
[Figure 111-43]. There was no noticeable discoloration in the receiving
waters of the Amelia River around the outfall location. There were
possible areas of seepage around the perimeter of the lagoon as depicted
in the Functional Sketch. Also, there was a possible leach area along
the north eastern boundary of this lagoon [Figure 111-43].
C-13 (Day) - ITT Rayonier's Outfall 001 was discharging into a
basin as shown in the aerial photograph [Figure II1-47] and the Func-
tional Sketch [Figure 111-48], This discharge gave rise to a white foam
-------
\
?
\
Figure 111-42.
Fernand/na Beach, Florida
Thermal Map (Day) September 13, 1976
-------
,1th I,on, Und.r Chip P.I.
SEPTEMIER 17.1976
Figure IH-43 funtlional Skmlch, I 1 7 Royonicr, fnc .Farnondino fitoch, Florida
62
-------
\
J*
\
Figure 111-44.
Rayonier, Inc., Northern Area
September 17, 1976
63
-------
#105.
I
-N-
Dork.Colored
Surface Plume
SEPTEMBER 17,1976
Outfall 002
Figure 111-45. Functional Sketch,! T T ffayonier, Inc., Ocean Outfall
-------
Dark Colored Plume
(at the Surface)
SEPTEMBER 17, 1976
Outfall 002
Figure 111-46 Functional Sketch, I T T ftayonier, fnc.,O uffaff 002 Plume
65
-------
\
jk
\
Figure 111-47.
ITJ Rayonier, Inc., Facility
September 16, 1976
66
-------
CTI
-vl
Outfall 003
SEPTEMBER 16,1976
Dark Gray Brown Plume(Warm)
Red Brown Plume
Non Po.nf Source D,.charge
INDICATION KEY
Outfalls 001 -C-13
002(Ocean Outfollj -C-ll
003-C-14
004-C-15
005-C-16
006-C-17
007-C-18
Figure 111-48. Functional Sketch, I 7 T Rayonier Inc., Facility Fernandino Beach, Florida
-------
68
along shore [Figure 111-47]. There was a dark gray-brown plume adjacent
to the basin [Figure 111-48]. This discharge was also a source of warm
water going into the Amelia River as indicated in the thermal map
[Figure 111-42].
C-14 (Day) - ITT Rayonier's Outfall 003 was the collection of dis-
charges from four sources of wastewater into one discharge which went
into Jackson Creek [Figure 111-49] as depicted in the Functional Sketch
[Figure 111-48].
C-15 (Day) - Outfall 004 was located beneath a dock/building com-
plex [Figures 111-48 and 111-49]. Although the actual discharge was
not visible from the reconnaissance aircraft, there was a red-brown
plume emerging from under the south side of the dock and a gray-brown
plume from under the north side which are, one or both, attributed to
this discharge. As is clearly depicted in the thermal map [Figure III-
42] a thermal plume extended out into the Amelia River on all three
sides of the dock. This outfall may have contributed to this plume.
C-16 (Day) - This indication was ITT Rayonier's Outfall 005. It
was a surface discharge [Figures 111-47 and 111-48], resulting in a red-
brown plume along shore in the Amelia River.
C-17 (Day) - Outfall 006 contributed a rather small volume surface
discharge leading to the Amelia River from the ITT Rayonier Inc. facility
[Figure 111-48]. It contributed no noticeable or significant discoloration
to the Amelia River.
C-18 (Day) - The presence of ITT Rayonier's Outfall 007 was recorded
at this location. It produced no noticeable discoloration in the re-
ceiving waters of the Amelia River [Figures 111-47 and 111-48].
C-19 (Day) - This indication is a.possible non-point source of dis-
charge leading from a mi 11-waste area within the ITT Rayonier facility
to the Amelia River [Figure 111-48].
-------
\
Figure 111-49.
/TT Rayonier, Inc., Facility
September 16, 1976
69
-------
70
C-20 (Day) - The Fernandina Beach sewage treatment plant was re-
corded at this location. The outfall location could not be determined
from the aerial data. Also, adjacent to the STP was a refuse dump that
was a possible source of leachate to Jackson Creek [Figure 111-43].
JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA (AREA D)
This section of the remote sensing mission covers segments of the
Trout, Broward and the St. Johns Rivers in the greater Jacksonville,
Florida area. The geographic location of this study area is shown in
the location map [Figure 111-31].
The general water color in the lower Trout, Broward and St. Johns
Rivers was yellow-brown which would indicate a significant amount of
suspended sediment.
Specific Observations
Identifying numbers for specific observations in Area D are over-
printed in red on Figures 111-50, 111-61, III-65 and III-66, reductions
of U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute maps, Eastport, Trout River, Jacksonville and
Arlington, respectively (original scale 1:24,000).
D-l (Night) - A large thermal plume or field resulting from the
cooling water discharge of the Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA)
Northside Generating Station, was recorded in San Carlos Creek and in
the north channel of the St. Johns River. The thermal plume is shown in
the thermal infrared map [Figure 111-51] extending southward into the
main channel of the St. Johns River.
D-2 (Night) - The Kaiser Gypsum facility showed no signs of any
active surface discharges at the time the mission was flown [Figures
111-51 and 111-52].
-------
N
DIGITALLY
-------
ro
Figure ///-5I.
Jacksonville Electric Authority
Northside Generating Station
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
-------
Figure 111-52.
Bfounf Island
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
73
-------
74
D-3 (Night) - As shown in Figures 111-51, and 111-52, a substantial
portion of the Back River channel on Blount Island has been filled.
Construction of port and industrial facilities was well underway.
D-4 (Day) - This aerial photograph [Figure 111-53] shows the main
facility of the St. Regis Paper Company and its small pond complex on
the east bank of the Broward River. There was no noticeable discharge
into the Broward River from these ponds.
D-4 (Night) - The thermal infrared map [Figure 111-54] shows no
sign of a surface discharge from this pond complex within the St. Regis
Paper Company.
D-5 (Night) - The large St. Regis Paper Company lagoon was quite
warm as shown in the thermal maps [Figures 111-54 arid 111-55]. As indi-
cated in these maps there was a warm elongation extending from the
lagoon through the dike to the marsh area on the south side. However,
there was no noticeable indication of a discharge to Dunn Creek unless
it were on the east side and adjacent to Broward point.
D-6 (Day) - A submerged discharge was recorded at this position in
the St. Johns River near Drummond Point [Figure II1-50]. The plume
extended eastward to the dock on Drummond Point as shown in the aerial
photographs [Figures 111-56 and III-57J recorded on 16 September 1976
and in the functional sketch [Figure 111-58] which is a sketched composite
of these two photographs. In attempting to locate the source of the
discharge, a wastewater treatment plant was observed adjacent to the
Broward River on the west bank north of the railroad bridge. The color
of the highly turbid wastewater in the plant's primary clarifier was
nearly identical to that of the submerged discharge plume [Figure III-
59]. No direct physical connection was visible in the reconnaissance
imagery between the treatment plant and the submerged discharge.
-------
N-
I
Figure M/-53.
Drummond Point Area
November 24 , 1976
75
-------
en
Figure 111-54.
Broward River / St. Johns River Area
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
-------
Figure 111-55.
St. Johns River Drummond Point Area
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
-------
\
\
DRUMMOND
Figure ///-56.
Drummond Creek Area
September 16, 1976
78
-------
\
\
Figure 111-57.
Drummond Point Area
Sepfember 16 , 1976
79
-------
Small Gap Between Two Flight Lines,
Appeared in the Film
SEPTEMBER 16.1976
Submerged Discharge (Warm
Figure 111-58. Functional Sketch, Bulk Terminal, Drummond Poinf
(Amoco, Union, Guff Oil Companies)
-------
REGIS PAPER
COMPANY
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
n d ary
P rim ary
41 The Color of the Highly Turbid Waste Water
in this Primary Clarifier is Nearly Identical
to that of the Submerged Discharge Plume
No Direct Connection was Visible Between
the Treatment Plant and the Submerged Discharge
+ Warm Plume at Nile 8-23-1976 Source Possibly
' Located Adjacent to the West End of the Hy 1O5
Bridge over the 6 row a r d River
DRUMMOND CREEK
Jot
SUBMERGED
DISCHARGE
arm a« Nite 23 A
ug 1976)
NOVEMBER 24,1976
Figure 111-59. Functional Sketch, Drummond Point Area
-------
82
The treatment plant is adjacent to and appears to serve the Imeson
Airport area. The airport is closed and is being developed as a commercial
and industrial area.
As shown in the functional sketch ([Figure II1-59] made from aerial
photographs [Figure 111-60] recorded on 24 November 1976, the highly
turbid plume was also present on this date extending westward during a
flood tide condition.
D-6 (Night) - The thermal maps [Figures 111-54 and 111-55] show the
submerged discharge plume as being somewhat warmer than the surface water
temperature of the St. Johns River. The plume was extending westward
during a flood-tide condition.
D-7 (Day) - The SCM Corporation Outfall 002 [Figures 111-61 and 62]
was recorded at this location discharging to Moncrief Creek. It had a
small thermal (warm) plume as shown in the Functional Sketch [Figure II1-63],
There were also numerous small oil' slicks in this area of the creek.
D-8 (Day) - There was an active oil discharge at this location within
the SCM Corporation facility. There were numerous small oil slicks in
this area of the creek.
D-9 (Day) - A probable leachate discharge (non-point source) and
associated black plumes were located at this shore position on Moncrief
Creek [Figure 111-62]. The source appeared to be a junk dump containing
old barrels as depicted in the Functional Sketch [Figure I11-63]. There
was also an area of stressed foliage as shown.
D-10 (Day) - SCM Corporation Outfall 003 was discharging to a
small ditch leading to Moncrief Creek [Figure 111-64]. The position
of the outfall is also shown in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-63].
There was an area of stressed foliage, adjacent to Outfall 003 as shown
in the sketch.
-------
I
l>
Figure 111-60.
Drummond Point Submerged Discharge
November 24 , J976
83
-------
N
ITALLY
-------
X
Figure 111-62.
SCM Corpora/ion Facility
September 16, 1976
85
-------
Stressed Foliage
Warm Plume
SCHARGE
Oil She
B lack Plumes
Probable Leachate
Discharge
unk Dump of Old Barrels
Non-Point Source
Stressed Foliage
SEPTEMBER 16,1976
Figure 111-63 Functional Sketch, 5 C M Corporation, Jacksonville, Florida.
86
-------
\:
\
Figure 111-64.
SCM Corporation Facility
September 16, 7976
87
-------
D-11 (Day) - An active surface (probable non-point source) discharge
was detected leading into the St. Johns River from a refuse dump area at
the Alton Box Board Company [Figures 111-65 and 111-67] as depicted in
the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-68]. The discharge produced a dark-
brown plume in the receiving water.
D-12 (Day) - A light gray-brown plume [Figure II1-67] was recorded
at this location at the Alton Box Board Company facility along with a
moderate amount of foam as depicted in the Functional Sketch [Figure
111-68], The possible location of the source of the foam and plume is
indicated in this sketch.
D-13 (Day) - A probable discharge was observed at this location
within the Alton Box Board Company facility, that produced a light gray-
brown plume [Figure 111-67 and 111-68]. An aeration tank with a light
gray-brown wastewater nearly identical to the color of the observed
plume [Figure 111-68] was present in this area.
D-14 (Day) - This indication [Figure 111-69] was Alton Box Board
Company's (main) submerged discharge. The resultant plume was dis-
persing along shore of the St. Johns River in a southerly direction
[Figure 111-70].
D-15 (Day) - There was an open tank containing a gray-brown substance
at this location [Figures 111-67 and 111-68]. The spill containment
dike surrounding the tank was breached on the south side and a liquid
was flowing through this breach into the eastern part of the plant site.
D-16 (Day) - There were two indications of discharges of the
Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA) Kennedy Station as depicted in the
Functional Sketch [Figure 111-70]. There was no sign of any discolora-
tion induced by these in the receiving waters of the St. Johns River.
The main discharge was Outfall 001.
-------
N
LABL
DIGITALLY
-------
H~
\
Figure 111-67.
Alton Box Board Company
August 24, 1976
90
-------
\.
\
Light Gray-Brown Plume
• Tank Aerator with Light Gray-Brown Water
Submerged
.charge
Dark Brown Plum
Probable Non-Pom
Sou rce
AUGUST 24, 1976
(Resultant Plume)
0-13
Possible Source of Foam
and Plume Probable Discharg
REFUSE DUMP AREA
D-14
Pond with Brown
Waste Water
•Light Gray-Brown Plume
and Tank Waste Water were
Nearly Identical in Color
Open Tank with D-15
Gray-Brown Substance
Spill Prevention Area
with a Discharge
Figure 111-68 Functional Sketch,Alton Box Board Company, Jacksonville, Florida
-------
r*-i I t ~*wl'*r i**L
^•^^^^m
WttZ'^r.--*-^}*
> ,- ^-» ,, 7^
*%*
'•~*t, •'•' &*
. •• J -.-//-i.r f.: .•:
^ '*f/**i /* J^
F;gure ///-69.
A/fon Box Board Company
November 24 , 1976
92
-------
-N-
\
SHELL OIL CO.
SUBMERGED
DISCHARGE
ALTON BOX BOARD CO.
JACKSONVILLE
NOVEMBER 24, 1976
Figure 111-70 Functional Sketch,Alton Box Board Co.,JCA Kennedy Station
-------
94
D-16 (Night) - The JEA Kennedy Station's cooling water discharge
(Outfall 001) produced a moderately sized thermal plume in the St. Johns
River waters [Figure 111-71].
D-17 (Day) - South of the JEA Kennedy Station facility at the end
of the loading dock near the Texaco and Sunoco facilities, the aerial
imagery revealed an indication of a probable discharge [Figure 111-66].
This indication is labeled with a question mark in the Functional Sketches
[Figures 111-70 and 111-72]. There was no noticeable discoloration in
the ambient or receiving waters of the immediate area.
D-17 (Night) - The thermal map [Figure II1-71] shows the presence
of a plume slightly cooler than the surface temperature of the ambient
water at this location at the end of the dock.
D-18 (Day) - As shown in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-72],
there were numerous oil slicks in this immediate area along shore.
D-19 (Day) - The Jacksonville Buckman municipal wastewater treat-
ment plant is near the west bank of the St. Johns River [Figure 111-73].
This plant has a submerged discharge in the St. Johns River. At the
time of flight there was no visible or thermal discharge. As depicted
in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-73], there was a small open ditch
containing water passing through the plant site that goes underground as
indicated.
D-20 (Day) - Kerr McGee's Outfalls 001 and 002 were active along
the west bank of the St. Johns River as indicated in the Functional
Sketch [Figure 111-73]. These discharges produced no significant dis-
coloration in the receiving waters.
D-21 (Day) - Adjacent to Kerr McGee's Outfall 002, there was an
intermittent discharge that entered the receiving waters. The discharge
was present on November 24, 1976 but not on August 24, 1976 [Figure 111-73],
-------
DIGITALLY
-------
Figure 111-71.
Jacksonville, Florida
Thermal Map (Night) A ugust 23' 7976
-------
Jp-
-N-
AUGUST 24. 1976
OIL SLICK
D-17
OIL SLICK
>
oc
Z
X
O
Figure 111-77. Functional Sketch,West Bonk 5f Johns River Jacksonville, Florida
97
-------
-N-
SUNOCO CHEMICAL, TEXACO
Discharge into St Johns
River is not Visible
BUCKMAN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
Open Water Ditch
Q l~~l * HI I goes Underground
n OoL-1 L re
Probable (interm ittent) Discharge Present
11-24-76 but not on 8-24-76
z
x
o
OUTFALL 002
OUTFALL 001
No Indications of Discharges. Visible
on Thermal to near Commodore Pt
NOVEMBER 24, 1976
Figure 111-73. Functional Sketch, St Johns River, Jacksonville, Florida
98
-------
99
D-22 (Night) - The Jacksonville Electric Authority Southside
Generating Station's (main) cooling water discharge was producing a
thermal plume in the St. Johns River as shown in the thermal maps
[Figures 111-71 and 111-74].
D-23 (Night) - The thermal map [Figure 111-74] clearly shows a warm
plume in this rectangular slip with the warmest area being at its apex.
There was a moderate-sized rectangular building adjacent to the slip.
D-24 (Day) - A small ditch carrying a dark-brown liquid was located
immediately adjacent to a moderate-sized pond complex containing a white
substance as depicted in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-75]. One
section of the pond complex contained a light blue wastewater. Due to
the heavy canopy of trees in the area, a ditch heading south from the
pond complex could be traced directly for only a short distance. Based
upon foliage type/color the path of the ditch was projected to the ditch
containing the dark-brown water. This latter ditch leads directly to
the McCoy Creek which in turn flows into the St. Johns River as shown
[Figure 111-65]. The water in McCoy Creek was also very dark brown
containing large patches of aquatic plant growth.
D-25 (Day) - A white plume was recorded at this location on the
bank of the St. Johns River [Figure 111-65]. It was adjacent to a barge
tie-up facility. The source of this plume was not detected.
D-26 (Night) - A thermal plume was recorded at this location on the
east bank of the St. Johns River as indicated in the thermal map [Figure
111-74]. The source of the warm water could not be determined.
-------
o
o
**%&x+^sm-
^&$£*
^\_ ^&SfJ^ *, . tL^&. ^fc
Figure 111-74.
Jacksonville, Florida
Thermal Map (Night) August 23, 1976
-------
-N-
Light Blue Waste Water
Pond Complex is Completely White
Ditch Containing Dark
Brown Water
Projection of Ditch Referenced
to Foliage Type/Color
To McCoy Creek
Figure (((-75. Functional Sketch, Indication D - 24 Jacksonville, Florida
101
-------
102
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities
In addition to the specific observations discussed above, the
imagery of the Jacksonville and Jacksonville Beach areas was reviewed
to determine the location and characteristics of municipal wastewater
treatment facilities (WWTF). Imagery was obtained of the locations of
all WWTF's designated as "majors" by the NPDES permit program. This
imagery included most of the populated areas covered by the following
U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographical maps:
a. Arlington
b. Jacksonville
c. Jacksonville Beach
d. Marietta
e. Trout River
All of the WWTF's observed were annotated "sewage disposal" on the
topographical maps. No new facilities not on the maps were observed.
No unusual water quality conditions in the receiving waters were observed,
High background color in the water and masking of small waterways by
the tree canopy precluded evaluation of some receiving waters. No
unusual conditions were observed at the treatment facilities.
PALATKA. FLORIDA (AREA E)
Palatka is located in northern Florida on the St. James River
approximately 45 miles south of Jacksonville as shown in the Location
Map [Figure 111-31]. There is one major company at Palatka which dis-
charges into Rice Creek, a tributary to the St. Johns River.
Specific Observations^
Identifying numbers for specific observations are overprinted in red
on Figure 111-76, a section of the U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute map, Palatka,
Florida (original scale 1:24,000).
-------
N
DIGITALLY
-------
104
E-1 (Day) - The main process wastewater stream from the Hudson
Pulp and Paper Company is treated in a large lagoon system west of
the mill. The thermal map [Figure 111-77] indicated that the warm
wastewater entered the lagoon system through a small square cell at
the middle of the east edge. Thermal gradients in the north half of
the lagoon system showed that the majority of the flow followed the
path indicated around the training dikes. The south half of the system
consists of three separate cells. Flow from the north half apparently
enters the largest cell at the west end. Interconnection to the middle
cell occurs at the east end. The middle cell connects to the smaller
south cell at the west end. Final effluent leaves the system at the
southeast corner. It would appear that most of the wastewater is
treated in series in all cells. However, the thermal map showed that
some flow is released directly from the influent cell to the adjacent
cell on the south bypassing the north half of the lagoon system. The
impact of this flow pattern on treatment efficiency is unknown.
E-2 (Day) - This is the main outfall from the lagoon system to
Rice Creek.
E-3 (Day) - A ditch at this location was conveying a discharge
from the vicinity of the water treatment plant and a refuse area (non-
point source) into Rice Creek [Figures'111-77 and 111-78].
E-4 (Day) - In the thermal map, a warm spot indicated the probable
presence of a leak in the pipeline conveying primary clarifier effluent
to the lagoon system. The leak was just west of the pipe crossing over
Rice Creek [Figure 111-77]. The immediate area was denuded of any
vegetation.
E-5 (Day) - The thermal map provides an indication of a possible
discharge to Etonia Creek [Figure 111-77]. The source could be dispersed
seepage from the lagoon as indicated by the fan-shaped feature in the
thermal map.
-------
Figure 111-77.
Hudson Pulp And Paper Company, PafafJra, Florida
Thermal Map (Day) January 11, 1977
105
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
107
E-6 (Day) - As depicted in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-78]
and the thermal map [Figure II1-77], this pond complex was seeping
wastewater (possibly an actual dispersed discharge) to Rice Creek. The
more clearly defined paths of water leading into Rice Creek are shown in
these figures.
E-7 (Day) - A small amount of foamy wastewater was recorded in a
ditch that extended northward from the primary clarifier [Figures III-
77, and 111-78] into a denuded area which in turn lead into a refuse
area.
E-8 (Day) - These other ponds located to the east of the Hudson
Pulp and Paper Company facility [Figure 111-77] contained some water.
E-9 (Day) - As indicated in the Functional Sketch [Figure 111-78],
there was a refuse area on the east bank of Rice Creek that, based upon
the photographic data and the thermal map [Figure II1-77, has been
classified as a probable non-point source discharge to Rice Creek.
-------
APPENDIX A
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Aircraft and Sensor Data
Data Interpretation and Analysis
Error Analysis
Film Spectral Sensitivity Data
Optical Filter Transmittance Data
Development Process for Reconnaissance Films
Focal Length, Angle of View
-------
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES*
AIRCRAFT AND SENSOR DATA
Aircraft and Flight Data
A high-performance aircraft, specifically designed and equipped for
aerial reconnaissance work, was used for the remote sensing flights.
The aircraft was used for day and night flights over Port Angeles Harbor.
The flight parameter data that specify the values of the aerial
reconnaissance variables are summarized in Table A-l. These variables
are important at the time the mission is flown and during the analysis
of the airborne data. With rare exception, the airspeed variations are
automatically processed in the aircraft computer system and, combined
with aircraft altitude, are used to calculate the amount of photographic
stero overlap.
Cameras
Three cameras and an infrared line scariner (IRLS) were the sensors
on board the aircraft. The cameras were KS-87B aerial framing cameras
equipped with 152 mm (6 in.) focal length lens assemblies. They were
mounted in the aircraft in their respective vertical positions as shown
in Figure A-l.
The viewing angle of the KS-87B framing cameras was 41° centered
about the aircraft's nadir as shown in Figure A-2. A diagram of a
typical framing camera is shown in Figure A-3.
*Mention of equipment and/or brand names in this report does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation by the Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
Films and Filters
The cameras were loaded with the following film and optical filter
combinations:
Camera Station 1 — Kodak S0-597 Aerographic Ektachrome Film (127
mm; 5 in.) with a Wratten HF-3/HF-5 gelatin optical filter combination.
The film provides a true color transparency 114 mm sq (4.5 in. sq). The
filter combination prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the film and
eliminates the effects of atmospheric haze.
Camera Station 2 — Backup sensor for Camera Staton 1.
Camera Station 3 — Kodak 2443 Aerochrome Infrared Film (127 mm)
with a Wratten 16 gelatin optical filter. The film provides color
transparencies 114 mm sq.
The Wratten 16 filter (deep orange in color) transmits a portion of
the visible optical spectrum (i.e., deep green, yellow, orange, and red)
as well as the near-infrared energy from 7.0 to 1.0 ym. The film pre-
sents a modified-color or false-color rendition in the processed trans-
parency unlike the more familiar true-color films. It has an emulsion
layer that is sensitive to the near-infrared in addition to the red and
green layers, whereas the true-color ektachrome films have red, green,
and blue sensitive layers. (Every color film has various combinations
of red, green, and blue dyes similar to the red, green and blue dots on
the front of a color te^vision picture tube.) The modified or false-
color rendition comes into play when the exposed image on the infrared
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Table A-l
Flight Parameter Data
Port Angeles Harbor
Parameter
Date
25 April 1973
25 July 1973
Time of Flight
Air Speed
Altitude Above
Ground Level
Sensors
Day) 1120 to 1250 PST
Night) 2012 to 2128 PST
(Night) 2337 to 2451 PST
325 kn
(Day) 457 m (1,500 ft)
(Night) 305 m (1,000 ft)
(Day) All
(Night) IRLS
(Day) 1200 to 1330 PDT
(Day) 1520 to 1637 PDT
(Day) 1640 to 1730 PDT
325 kn
457 m (1,500 ft)
(Day) All
LEGEND
1 IS-IT MIMING CAMERAS
I INFRARED LIN; SCANNER
Figure A-l. Aircraft Sensor Locations
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AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
GROUND LEVEL
Figure A-2. Viewing Angle of Framing Camera
Focal Plane
Shutter
Lens
Film Advances Frame by Frame.
Figure A-3. Framing Camera
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film 1s processed. In the finished transparency, the scene objects
(trees, plants, algae) producing infrared exposure appear red, while red
and green objects produce green and blue images, respectively. Most
Important, this film records the presence of various levels of chloro-
phyll in terrestrial and aquatic plant growth. The leaves on a healthy
tree will record bright red rather than the usual green; unhealthy
foliage will appear brownish-red. The orange filter keeps all blue
light from reaching the film to prevent unbalance in red, green, and
blue.
Infrared Line Scanner
The aircraft was equipped with an AN/AAS-18 Infrared Line Scanner
(1RLS) which images an area along the flight path of the aircraft. The
width of the image area depends upon aircraft altitude; the area is
encompassed by a 120° field-of-view in crosstrack, or perpendicular to
the flight path [Fig. A-4].
i • •
i
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
I
GROUND LEVEL
Figure A-4. Field of View of IRLS
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An IRLS converts variations in infrared energy emissions from
objects of different temperatures into a thermal map. The three basic
parts of an IRLS are the scanner optics, a detector array, and a record-
Ing unit. The scanner optics collect the infrared emissions from ground
and water areas and focus them on the detectors [Fig. A-5].
D etector
Fo Id ing Mirror
Fold ing Mirror
Folding Mirror
Rotating
Scan
M irror
Folding Mirror
Figure A-5. IRLS Optical Collection System
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The detectors, cyrogenically cooled to 26° K, convert the infrared
energy collected by the scanner optics into an electronic signal. This
signal is processed electronically and subsequently transformed into
visible light through a cathode ray tube. This light is recorded on
ordinary 126 mm (5 in.) RAR black-and-white film. The recorded thermal
map is 100 mm (4 in.) wide and its length depends upon the length of a
particular line of flight being imaged.
The IRLS has a sensitivity bandwidth from 8 to 14 urn, the so-called
thermal band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Applying Wien's Displacement
Law, this represents a temperature band from -66° to 89° C. The system
has an instantaneous field-of-view of 1 mrad sq. The total field-of-
view is achieved by the rotating mirror in the optical collection system,
which is 120° x 1 mrad. The measured noise equivalent temperature
(N.E.T.) of the IRLS is 0.32° C with 100 percent probability of target
detection. This represents an effective measurement of the temperature
resolution of the system.
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Data is interpreted and analyzed on the original photographic and
Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS) films; prints of duplicated transparencies
degrade the image in scale and color balance. The original films are:
true color transparencies, false color infrared transparencies, black-
and-white ultraviolet negatives and the IRLS thermal image black-and-
white negatives.
-------
Standard image analysis techniques were employed in the reduction
of distances/areas and stereoscopic analysis of areas displaying topo-
graphic gradients on land and in the water. The reduced data were
subsequently plotted on U. S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic
maps (scale 1:24,000) and U. S. Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey Nautical
Charts (scale 1:10,000). To evaluate scale consistency, the map scales
were compared to the imagery empirical scales derived from the optical
focal length of each sensor and the altitude of the aircraft above water
level.
Temperature levels are represented on black-and-white IRLS film by
various shades of gray in the negative. Areas of low density (clear
film) represent cooler temperatures, and as the temperature of a particu-
lar target becomes warmer the density of gray in the film also increases.
Positive prints presented in this report refleqt the reverse of the
negative film. Cool areas are dark while the warm areas are light gray.
It is important to note that the IRLS will only record water'sur-
face temperatures since water is opaque in this region of the infrared
spectrum. The maximum depth penetratfon in either fresh or salt water
is 0.01 cm. Therefore, a submerged thermal discharge can be detected
from an aircraft with an IRLS only if the warm wastewater reaches the
surface of the receiving waters.
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FILM SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA
OPTICAL FILTER TRANSMITTANCE DATA
The spectral curves for each film and optical filter used during
this reconnaissance program are provided on the following pages:
SO-397 with HF3/HF5 filter combination
2443 with 16.
To obtain the optical band width B (x) of each film-filter com-
bination let F(x) be the transmittance function of the respective filter
and S(x) be the spectral sensitivity function for the particular film.
Then: X9
B(X) = f S(x) F(X) dx.
xl
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DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES FOR BLACK-WHITE
AND COLOR RECONNAISSANCE FILMS
The film was processed in Eastman Kodak Company processors. The
infrared and true-color Ektachrome films were processed in the Ekta-
chrome RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M, Federal Stock Number 6740-109-
2987PK, Part Number 460250. This machine uses Kodak EA-5 chemicals.
The temperature of the respective chemicals in the processor and the
film process rate, in ft/min, are the important parameters. Their
values were specified as follows:
Prehardener 115°F
Neutralizer 115°F
First Developer 115°F
First Stop Bath 115°F
Color Developer 120°F
Second Stop Bath 120°F
Bleach 125°F
Fixer 120°F
Stabilizer 120°F
The film process rate was 9 ft/min. The nine chemical baths,
mentioned above, comprise the EA-5 process used for the color films. The
temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied to the processor
was 120°F and 45 psi minimum, respectively. The fresh water is used to
wash the film immediately before entering the dryers.
-------
INFRARED-SENSITIVE FILMS
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 2443
(ESTAR Base)
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 3443
(ESTAR Thin Base)
Critical users of these two films should determine the actual sensitometric characteristics
of their particular batch of film by using their own specialized techniques. The keeping
conditions for these films have an effect on their sensitometric response.
Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
«00 •» TOO
WAVUINGIM (••!
Sensitivity = Reciprocal of the exposure (ergs/cm1) required to produce a density of 1.0 above 0 min.
Measurements were confined to the 400 to 900 nanometer region.
Spectral Dye Density Curves:
16
.11 3
B 11 £2
ae «/>
in
I I" * 5
200 300
400 500 600 700 800 900
AAB 100 x o
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
WAVELENGTH (Nmnwtrs)
Orange. Permits greater overcorrection of sky than No. 15. Absorbs
small amount of green.
-------
Kodak Ektachrome EF Aerographic Film
SO-397 Development Process EA-5
Cyan forming
layer
Yellow forming
layer
Magenta forming
layer
Normal Exposure, I
above minimum dens
Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
(ergs/cnr) required to produce specified";
density above density of base plus fog
Wavelength in Nanometers
200 300 400 900
IOOX 0
200 300
400 500 600
VMKUMTH (fcmwtm)
AAB*
-------
FOCAL LENGTH, ANGLE OF VIEW
AND THE EFFECTS OF FOCAL LENGTH AND ALTITUDE
The focal length of the aerial sensors affects the size (or scale)
of the resulting imagery. At any given altitude, the image size changes
in direct proportion to changes in focal length. Also, for a given
focal length the image size is inversely proportional to the altitude.
The angle of view of a sensor is a function of the focal length and
the image format size. The importance of the angle of view is its
relationship to the amount of target area recorded in the imagery.
Refer to the following diagrams: A. Focal length of a simple lens.
B. Effect of focal length on scale and ground coverage. C. Effect of
altitude on scale and ground coverage.
Reproduction of
point at mfmity-
[— Focal Length —
Point at
-•
Lens Axis
Infinity
V
I
Focal
Plane
Parallel light rays from infinite
distance and a single point source.
Digram A. Focal Length of a Simple Lens
Focal length is the distance from the lens (A) to the film (B),
-------
ERROR ANALYSIS
Limitations can be placed on the accuracy or uncertainty of the
film analysis measurements carried out on the photographic and thermal
data. Measurements for linear distance and surface area were made with
scaling instruments and light table microscopes.
The uncertainty for linear distance (ALD) is:
ALD = +_ 2 x 10 x photographic scale (meters) (1)
The photographic scale for this study was 1:3,000. The value for
ALD = (± 2 x 10 X 3,000) m = + 0.6 m. A distance X, measured on the
original photographic film, is accurate to within + 0.6 m.
The uncertainty for the surface area (ASA) is (rectangular):
ASA = + ALD (± X + Y) (2)
For this study ASA = + 0.6 (± X + Y) m2, (ALD = + 0.6 m).
For example, a rectangular area with dimensions of X + 0.6 m and
Y +_ 0.6 m, would have the value [XY + 0.6(+ X +_ Y) +_ 0.36] m2.
The uncertainty in the IRLS is the measured system noise equivalent
temperature which is +_ 0.32°C.
No atmospheric corrections were applied to the reconnaissance data
under the assumption that the atmostpheric effect was constant through
the air column between the aircraft and the water during the short
duration of each phase of the mission.
-------
3-Inch Focol Length /
6-tach Focal Length
3G.OOO Ft
12-Inch Focal Length
500 Ft
7,500 Ft
/— 5.0GO Ft
5,000 Ft
18-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM B Effect of Focal Length on Scale and Ground Coverage
5.000 Ft
7.500 Ft
—/ /— 7.500 Ft
3-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM C Effect of Altitude on Scale and Ground Coverage
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