MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
IN CITIES OF 150,000 TO 500,000
IN POPULATION
MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT STAFF
OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM
OPERATIONS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
MARCH 1974
CENTER FOR MANPOWER
RESEARCH AND TRAINING
NORTH CAROLINA A&T STATE
UNIVERSITY
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
27411 GRANT AWARD NO. T-900211
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MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTEWATER
COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN CITIES
OP 150,000 TO 500,000 IN POPULATION
by
Elie Namour
Center for Manpower
Research and Training
North Carolina A & T State University
Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
for the
Manpower Development Staff
Office of Water Program Operations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Grant Award No. T-900211
March 1974
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, B.C. 20402- Price $2.18
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Acknowledgment
Preface
Chapter 1:
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Chapter 5:
Appendix 1:
Appendix 2;
Appendix 3:
Appendix 4;
Introduction
Wastewater Collection System
Storm Sewer Systems
Sanitary Sewer Systems
Sewer Appurtenances
Operation and Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Operation and Maintenance Activities
Determination of Quantitative Manpower
Requirements
Organization
Manpower Determinants
Manpower Requirements
Occupational Descriptions
Description of Tasks
Major Equipment
Definitions of Worker Traits
Glossary
Bibliography
111
iv
1
5
7
9
11
13
16
19
24
24
29
31
41
122
163
165
174
182
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Figure 7:
Figure 8:
Figure 9:
Figure 10:
Figure 11:
Sewer System
Sewer Appurtenances
Weir and Siphon
Manhole
Organizational Constraints
Organization Chart (City Pop.: 150,000)
Organization Chart (City Pop.: 200,000)
Organization Chart (City Pop.: 300,000)
Organization Chart (City Pop.: 400,000)
Organization Chart (City Pop.: 500,000)
Career Lattice
6
8
10
12
26
34
35
36
37
38
40
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Staff Complements
39
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF OCCUPATIONAL TITLES
Assistant Superintendent
Automotive Equipment Operator
Clerk Typist
Construction Equipment Operator
46
89
119
86
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF OCCUPATIONAL TITLES (Cont'd)
PAGE
Construction Inspector 110
Construction Inspector Supervisor 107
Dispatcher 113
Electrician 1°4
Equipment Supervisor 55
Foreman 64
Laborer 92
Maintenance Equipment Operator 82
Maintenance Man II 68
Maintenance Man I 72
Maintenance Mechanic II 95
Maintenance Mechanic I 98
Maintenance Mechanic Helper 101
Maintenance Supervisor II 49
Maintenance Supervisor I 52
Mason II 76
Mason I 79
Stock Clerk 116
Superintendent 43
TV Technician II 58
TV Technician I 61
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special appreciation is expressed to Robert C. Rose, Project
Director, and Roger K. Brittingham, Manpower Development Specialist,
both from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water
Program Operations, Washington, D.C.; to Arthur Gurley, Jr., Man-
power Development Specialist, E.P.A. Region IV, Atlanta, Ga.; to
Horace L. Smith, Director of the Wastewater Control Division, City
and County of Denver, Col.; and to James R. Gardner, Stan M. Rose,
and Michael Swaim, Occupational Analysts, North Carolina Occupational
Analysis Field Center, for their sustaining cooperation and assistance.
Grateful acknowledgment is extended to the municipal employees
of the following cities for their invaluable contribution in pro-
viding information for this manual: Atlanta, Ga.; Charlotte, N.C.;
Knoxville, Tenn.; Norfolk, Va.; and Richmond, Va.
Appreciation is, also, extended to wastewater control officials
of Akron, Ohio; Albuquerque, N.M.; Arlington, Va.; Birmingham, Ala.;
Austin, Tex.; Baton Rouge, La.; Buffalo, N.Y.; Cincinnati, Ohio;
Corpus Christi, Tex.; Dallas, Tex.; Dayton, Ohio; Denver, Col.;
Des Moines, Iowa; El Paso, Tex.; Flint, Mich.; Fort Lauderdale, Fla.;
Fort Worth, Tex.; Fresno, Calif.; Hartford, Conn.; Jersey City, N. J. ;
Kansas City, Kansas; Las Vegas, Nev.; Louisville, Ky.; Miami, Fla.;
Minneapolis, Minn.; Nashville, Tenn.; Omaha, Neb.; Portland, Ore.;
Providence, R.I.; Grand Rapids, Mich.; Sacramento, Calif.; St. Peters-
burg, Fla.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Jose, Calif.; Shreveport, La.;
Spokane, Wash.; Tacoma, Wash.; Tampa, Fla,; Toledo, Ohio; Tulsa, Okla.;
Tucson, Az.; Wichita, Kans.; Worcester, Ma.
111
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PREFACE
The nation's awareness of water pollution has steadily grown
particularly in recent years. We are becoming alarmed that this
environmental problem will continue to get worse unless effective
measures are promptly taken to bring pollution under control. A
number of factors have contributed to this situation, among these
are an increase in population, urbanization and industrialization
and their resultant discharge of partially treated and untreated
waste into lakes, streams, and estuaries through wastewater plants
and collection systems that are oftentimes inadequate, antiquated,
and sometimes non-existent. Substandard sewer maintenance, for
example, has resulted in undue infiltration of the collection system
and the overloading of treatment plants. Upgrading the collection
and treatment of wastewater then is crucial in the water pollution
control program. The 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (P.L. 92-500) are the latest and most visible examples
of the increased national interest in water pollution abatement
and control.
The water pollution control manpower area is expanding rapidly
attributed to higher water quality standard requirements, increased
treatment facilities construction programs, and growing technological
developments, thereby increasing the demand for skilled personnel
and expanding employment opportunities. The development of an
adequately trained manpower force will be one of our biggest chal-
lenges .
This Manual has been prepared to provide specific occupational
information relative to job duties and worker traits with important
applications both to wastewater system staffing and training. It
identifies specific manpower requirements in terms of type and num-
bers which are needed to efficiently operate and maintain wastewater
collection systems in cities from 150,000 to 500,000 in population.
This study is a sequel to the EPA Manpower Manual entitled, "Man-
power Requirements for Wastewater Collection Systems in Cities and
Towns up to 150,000 in Population", published in June 1973.
Occupational Descriptions and Staffing Guides have been developed
to assist officials in charge of manpower staffing and training.
Users should bear in mind that information contained in this manual
is of a composite nature and does not necessarily apply to specific
systems. To be of maximum utility, manpower and training estimates
based on such data should be supplemented by information on local
conditions.
This study was directed by Elie Namour of the Center for Man-
power Research and Training at North Carolina A & T State University.
The Center for Manpower Research and Training is supported by the
xv
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U.S. Department of Labor to educate students and conduct research
in the field of human resource development. Project staff consisted
of four research assistants: Charles Galbreath, Dorothy Warren,
Ronald Lovelace and Kenneth Alston. Five students assisted in
data collection during the summer of 1972 and two students in the
summer of 1973. Acting as consultants were Arthur L. White,
Engineering Technician, City of Greensboro, N.C. and Dr. John
Boulger, Industrial Psychologist, Director of Psychological Ser-
vices, Farr Associates, Greensboro, N.C.
Chapter 2 "Wastewater Collection System" was prepared with
the assistance of Dr. Charles Smallwood, Jr., Professor of Civil
Engineering at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
and Horace Smith, Director of Wastewater Control, City and County
of Denver, Colorado. Allen Roberts, Assistant Director of the
Utilities Department, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, contributed to
Chapter 3, "Determination of Quantitative Manpower Requirements."
The Department of Labor's Occupational Analysis Field Center in
Raleigh, N.C. provided advisory assistance and training for re-
search personnel of the project. The Center, also, reviewed the
Occupational Descriptions presented in this Manual.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Recent emphasis on the construction of wastewater collection
systems as well as the formulation of wastewater management methods,
was provided by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972 that made specific provisions "to eliminate the discharge
of pollutants." The amendments/ also, imposed stringent require-
ments applicable to both wastewater collection operations and
maintenance.
The provisions contained in the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972 are administered and coordinated by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which was created by Executive
Order in December 1970. Included among its responsibilities are
the establishment and enforcement of water quality standards, the
development of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System,
and issuance of grants for the construction of public wastewater
treatment plants and collection systems. Funds are, also, provided
for research and demonstration projects relating to operation and
maintenance methods and procedures/ design criteria and for the
development of new systems. Other technical and financial support
is given for assessment of manpower requirements as well as the
training of personnel in various aspects of water pollution control.
Manpower Planning will play a greater role to provide a
sufficient number of properly trained personnel to ensure the
efficient operation and maintenance of wastewater collection systems
and the fullest utilization of resources. To accomplish this, the
EPA through its Manpower Development Staff of the Office of Water
Program Operations assumes the responsibility for the development,
maintenance and dissemination of information relative to manpower
planning methods, tools and techniques such as those found in this
Manual.
PURPOSE;
This Manual contains some of the data essential in fulfilling
the need for manpower planning in the water pollution field that is
presented in a practical and easily accessible form. The specifi-
cations provided herein are based upon a thorough investigation of
the requirements for effective operation and maintenance of waste-
water collection systems in cities of 150,000 to 500,000 in popu-
lation.
Occupational Descriptions are included that itemize the main
duties, working conditions and the particular demands of the jobs
required, in terms of physical demands, and behavioral and psy-
chological traits of the personnel. These are considered essential
in the satisfactory accomplishment of the required tasks. Staffing
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Guides have been prepared that quantify manpower requirements
which specify by occupations the recommended numbers of personnel
in order to assist manpower planners, trainers, and wastewater
collection management personnel in making more effective selection
of workers and more efficient use of resources. Task Descriptions
are included that provide guidance for the development of curricula
and training programs.
SCOPE;
The accelerated growth throughout the nation in the water
pollution control field anticipates a marked increase in the numbers
of personnel required to fill increased needs as well as the oppor-
tunities provided by an increase in job diversification. During
the course of this research, the following twenty-five occupations
were identified:
Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
Maintenance Supervisor II
Maintenance Supervisor I
Equipment Supervisor
TV Technician II
TV Technician I
Foreman
Maintenance Man II
Maintenance Man I
Mason II
Mason I.
Maintenance Equipment Operator
Construction Equipment Operator
Automotive Equipment Operator
Laborer
Maintenance Mechanic II
Maintenance Mechanic I
Maintenance Mechanic Helper
Electrician
Construction Inspector Supervisor
Construction Inspector
Dispatcher
Stock Clerk
Clerk Typist
These jobs essentially include those related directly to
Repair, Cleaning, Inspection and Preventive Maintenance of storm
sewers, sanitary sewers and waste pumping stations (lift stations).
Occupations related to construction have been omitted as well as
those related to plumbing inspection, billing operations and
engineering which may be included in future research. These functions,
as well as those listed above, will be found in the U.S. Department
of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles. It was, also, observed
that most cities contract out the construction of new sanitary and
storm sewers. As a result, new sewer construction activities are
not included in this study.
The Manual consists of five chapters. Chapter I briefly describes
the interests and responsibilities of the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency and discusses the purposes, scope and methods em-
ployed during the progress of the study. Chapter 2 identifies the
different components of the wastewater collection system and de-
scribes the maintenance requirements of the system. Chapter 3
presents staffing guides for cities of different sizes. Chapter 4
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presents Occupational Descriptions for the twenty-five jobs identified
in the study. These descriptions consist of Occupational Definitions
and Qualification Profiles that describe the extent of Formal Edu-
cation, General Requirements, General Educational Development,
Specific Vocational Preparation, Aptitudes, Interests, Temperament,
Physical Demands and Working Conditions. The Occupational De-
scriptions will be submitted to the U.S. Department of Labor for
incorporation in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Chapter 5
outlines Task Descriptions for the operation of sewer inspection
and cleaning equipment and the repair and maintenance of sewers
and lift stations.
METHODOLOGY:
The following summary shows the overall pattern of procedural
organization in the design of the study. The research was based on
field observations and interviews conducted with supervisory and
technical staff. The cities studied were divided into five cate-
gories depending on the size of population. A sample of five cities
in four states was selected for intensive observation of all crews
involved in the repair, cleaning, and maintenance of storm sewers,
sanitary sewers, and wastewater lift stations. Task Descriptions
were written by trained interviewers using a prepared questionnaire.*
During this phase, most of the tasks described were observed under
a variety of environmental and operational conditions. The Task
Descriptions were then properly evaluated with extensive interviews
with workers, leadmen, foremen, maintenance supervisors, and tech-
nical consultants.
The next phase was the acquisition of sufficient and meaningful
facts on which to structure the development of Occupational Definitions
and Staffing Guides free from distortion due to local or regional
conditions. Forty-four (44) additional cities in various states
were visited to interview wastewater control administrative personnel.
Data were recorded on prepared questionnaires and available Job
Specifications were studied. The following twenty-nine (29) states
were included in the sample:
*Readers interested in becoming acquainted with data collection
instruments used in the study are referred to "Research Report:
Manpower Requirements for Waste Water Collection Systems in Cities
and Towns up to 150,000 in Population", prepared by Elie Namour
for the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.: June 1973,
Included in the Research Report are statistical data, findings,
conclusions, and recommendations relating to staffing wastewater
collection systems.
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State Number of Cities
Alabama 1
Arizona 1
California 5
Colorado 1
Connecticut 1
Florida 4
Georgia 1
Iowa 1
Kansas 2
Kentucky 1
Louisiana 2
Massachusetts 1
Michigan 2
Minnesota 1
Nebraska 1
Nevada 1
New Jersey 1
New Mexico 1
New York 1
North Carolina 1
Ohio 3
Oklahoma 1
Oregon 3
Rhode Island 1
Tennessee 1
Texas 4
Utah 1
Virginia 3
Washington 2
TOTAL 49
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2. WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
The purpose of a wastewater collection system is to accept,
at the point of origin, liquid waste and to convey it in essentially
unaltered condition to treatment points and then to carry treated
wastewater to a receiving body of water. There are three types of
sewerage systems. The storm sewer is the oldest type and has been
uncovered in the most ancient cities. It has the function of carry-
ing runoff from rainfall quickly away from streets and parking
lots so that transport is not impeded.
The combined sewer is the second type in a historical view.
Sanitary wastewater was first introduced into storm sewers in the
mid-nineteenth century and the sewers were then called Combined
Sewers. During dry weather there is always a small flow of sanitary
wastewater and during storms it is mixed with the very large volume
of storm runoff. The separate sanitary sewer was introduced about
the turn of the century so that the objectional small volume of
sanitary waste could be treated before it was discharged into harbors
alongside of the untreated storm water. The combined sewer system
is found in many of our oldest and larges cities where the cost of
converting to a separate system of storm and sanitary sewerage is
now prohibitive. Most systems are separated.
It is important to recognize that sewerage systems are gravity
flow systems and include as few pumps or other working parts as
possible. Accordingly the design is strongly influenced by the
topography of the community. The steep slopes of mountainous
terrain introduces pipe erosion problems resulting from high velocity
flow. Flat coastal systems suffer from infiltration of groundwater
and from sedimentation in the pipes resulting from low velocity flow.
The common materials of sewer systems are vitrified clay and concrete
although asbestos cement, cast-iron, galvanized steel and plastic
are, also, widely used. Figure 1 on page 6 shows the variety of
plans that may be employed.
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LATERAL
MAIN
*<*~INTERCEPTER
-CONTOUR
PUMPING
STATION
r- TREATMENT
V PLANT
(A)
RECEIVING STREAM
RECEIVING
STREAM
TREATMENT
PLANT
FIGURE I
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STORM SEWER SYSTEMS
Storm sewer lines (Figure I, page 6) are designed to carry
surface runoff as quickly as possible to natural water course.
a. CURB AND GUTTER; In most cases the curb and gutter of
the street system carry the water to a street inlet which
in turn conveys the water to the storm drain. Thus, the
street curb and gutter are essential parts of an urban
storm drain system.
b. STREET INLET; The street inlet is usually located near
intersections where it accepts water from the street
either through a grated street opening or through an
opening in the curb. A pipe from the inlet discharges
directly to the storm drain (Figure 2, page 8) .
c. CATCH BASIN; The catch basin is simply a street inlet
that has a deep trap that retains leaves, grit, and
heavy debris which otherwise would be carried into the
sewer. They are utilized wherever a large amount of
surface dirt is to be expected. Since they must be
cleaned periodically many cities do not use them. Figure 2,
page 8, illustrates the difference between the inlet
and the catch basin.
d. LATERAL LINES; Lateral lines serve short residential
streets and are commonly about 18 inches in diameter.
e. MAIN LINES; The main lines collect the drainage from
the laterals. The size is a function of the frequency
of the design storms. Downtown business districts may
be protected against a 5 or 10 year storm. Residential
neighborhoods may only be protected against a 2 or 5
year storm. Sizes, thus, may go to 72 inches in diameter.
f. INTERCEPTORS; These lines intercept flow from the mains
before it is discharged to a stream. They then guide
the flow parallel to a stream to a point where the flow
may be released without danger of eroding stream banks
or to a point of treatment.
g. OUTFALLS; Outfalls carry flow into a receiving body of
water. An interceptor may become the outfall if there is
no treatment plant as in most storm systems.
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CROSSWALK
INLET
STREET SLOPE
I
INTERSECTION
PLAN
INLET
CATCH BASIN
FIGURE 2
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COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM
The extremely wide variation of flow in a combined sewer
ranging from very small nightime sanitary waste flows to a very
large storm flows require the introduction of special bypass
devices so that large excess flows go directly to a receiving
body of water. The normal sanitary or "dry weather" flow is
diverted to the treatment plant.
a. LEAPING WEIRS; Normal sanitary wastewater drops through
a vertical pipe (see Figure 3, page 10 ). Large flows
"leap" over the opening of the vertical pipe and go to
the point of discharge.
b. DIVERTING WEIRS; Normal sanitary wastewater flow is
turned from its normal direction of flow and is "diverted"
to the treatment plant. Storm flows are very large and
pass over the weir to the discharge point.
c. SIPHON SPILLWAY; The siphon is only activated by very
large storm water flows and then diverts flow directly
to stream. Low sanitary or "dry-weather" flow goes to
a treatment point.
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
Sanitary sewer systems include laterals, the mains, the inter-
ceptors, and the outfalls similar to the storm sewer system (see
Figure 1, page 6 ) . They differ from storm drainage systems in
that they are normally smaller (laterals are 8 inches in sanitary
and perhaps 18 inches in storm systems). They are, also, commonly
much deeper in the ground than a storm drain. They must be sufficiently
deep to catch waste from household basements.
The "house connection" is either a 4-inch cast-iron pipe or
a 6-inch vitrified clay pipe that connects the house drains to the
lateral or main.
Additional maintenance to minimize infiltration and avoid
expensive waste treatment is usually required to keep lines and
manholes tight against external water.
It is, also, necessary to inspect and insure that illegal
connections are not made. Such illegal connections would include;
a. Connections to roof leaders, yard drains, etc.
b. Discharges of acid or alkali from chemical processing.
c. Drainage from gas service stations that might have oil or
gasoline in it.
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r
WEIR
OVERFLOW
OVERFLOW
DIVERTING WEIR
PLAN
LEAPING WEIR
VERTICAL SECTION
COMBINED
SEWER
(NORMAL FLOW
TO INTERCEPTER)
SIPHON SPILLWAY - VERTICAL SECTION
CLEANOUT
OBSTRUCTION
WEIR
DEPRESSED SEWER
FIGURE 3
10
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APPURTENANCES
MANHOLES;
Manholes (Figure 4, page 12 ) are ground surface openings
in a sewer and serve many purposes among which are the following:
a. Access to sewers for men and equipment. Equipment
usually dictates a bottom diameter of at least 4 feet.
b. Vents to prevent accumulation of explosive or toxic gases.
c. Vents to prevent corrosion by hydrogen sulfide.
d. Provide locations for gauging flow.
e. Allow for changes in direction of flow.
f. Allow for connections at different elevations.
g. Allow for reductions in velocity.
h. Relief valve for excessive flows especially in storm
drainage systems.
i. Allow for changes in pipe sizes.
INVERTED SIPHON;
A sewer line requiring a sudden change in grade to pass under
an obstruction and then a grade reversal to regain its original
slope. Wastewater in the depressed section of the pipe is not
always flowing and solids tend to drop out and collect in the low
points, resulting in a continuous maintenance problem.
PUMP AND LIFT STATIONS;
When wastewater cannot be carried by gravity over a ridge or
past an obstacle, it may be necessary to "pump" the sewage into
a "pressure main" that carries it to a treatment plant. In other
cases it may be sufficient to "lift" the wastewater from a low-lying
gravity sewer to another gravity sewer at a higher elevation.
Lift stations frequently use compressed air in alternating
chambers to "push" the water higher and to avoid moving parts in
contact with the flow. Pumps must have non-clog impellers so that
solids in the wastewater do not damage the pump.
11
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COVER
FRAME
MASONRY OR
CONCRETE WALL
CONCRETE
BASE
DROP MANHOLE
SECTION
FIGURE 4
12
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SYSTEM DEFICIENCIES
Irregularities, flaws, malfunctions and failures will exist
to some degree within any wastewater collection system. The
following is an inventory of the type of deficiencies: (1) Pro-
truding building sewer connections; (2) Misaligned lengths of
pipe; (3) Deviation in grade between lengths on conduit; (4) Porous
pipe; (5) Leaky joints; (6) Sludge buildup; (7) Hydrogen sulfide
generation; (8) Pipe deterioration; (9) Incrustations; (10) Root
intrusions; (11) Infiltration and exfiltration; (12) Sand and
gravel inclusion; (13) Grease and grit buildup; (14) Storm water
inflow; (15) Structural failure of pipe; (16) Hydraulic overload.
The causes of the defects of the system can be grouped into
categories of (1) Faulty design, manufacture and construction;
(2) Excessive waste discharges into the facilities; (3) Inadequate
maintenance; (4) Soil and groundwater stresses; (5) Facility
disturbance by conflicting utility construction; (6) Changes in
land and water uses, wastewater loading, and service area con-
tribution. Some of the effects of the deficient conditions are:
Odors; Street caveins; Flooded basements; Polluted water courses;
and Overloaded treatment facilities.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
STATE OF THE ART;
There has been a void in the technology relating to maintenance
of wastewater collection systems. This condition can be attributed
to the general disassociation of the engineering profession for
the function of maintenance and, in part, to the misconception t^at
the maintenance of sewers is an unsophisticated activity if not, in
fact, unnecessary except for system malfunctions or facility failures,
The public has little opportunity to define the service which it
expects from a wastewater collection system until existing service
is disrupted, at which time that definition is very explicit and
vociferous.
The requirements of the function of wastewater collection
can be summarized as a system of conduits which is hydraulically
adequate, durable, structurally sound, contains a minimum of
irregularities and flaws, is operated and maintained on a timely
and routine basis to the extent that major repair and replacement
efforts are minimal and, consequently, public convenience is
maximum with the disruption of service at a minimum. An analysis
of this summary reveals the need to plan maintenance standards
in connection with facilities development. It cannot be assumed
that maintenance will be provided to the extent necessary to sustain
the criteria of design and construction.
13
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An Ad Hoc Committee on Wastewater Collection Systems of the
Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF) in 1971-72 conducted an
inventory for the purpose of establishing an information base upon
which to assess the present "State of the Art" of the function and
activities of Wastewater Collection. This inventory was primarily
directed towards the identification of the improvement needs of,
and the deficiencies in, the activities of wastewater collection.
Some observations contained in the report of that committee relating
to operation and maintenance are:
"There are issues why sewer systems should be maintained
to any particular level or what methods, techniques, or
equipment are best. Too many answers to these questions
lack anything in the way of quantitative evaluation and
are presently, only, a matter of speculation.. .Most of
the knowledge that we have relating to operation and
maintenance requirements, results, or evaluation of the
conditions of sewers for that matter is based upon un-
controlled observations rather than real research studies
on systems...Any level of preventive maintenance using
modern methods and equipment tends to reduce emergencies
and repair and replacement, but reasonable speculation,
based upon the inventory, indicates that funding for
operation and maintenance is, generally, restrained to
the level required for emergency maintenance."
There was general agreement among those contributing to the
WPCF inventory on the "State of the Art" of Wastewater Collection
that because of the apparent lack of attention to all aspects and
activities relating to the development and operation and maintenance
of wastewater collection facilities, most systems are not function-
ing to a satisfactory level of performance. Considering the obser-
vations that preventive maintenance has not, generally, been pro-
vided on a continuing and routine basis, then it must be stated that
collection systems, as a rule, must be renovated to the extent that
preventive maintenance would then be effective in offsetting further
system deterioration.
The WPCF prepares "Manuals of Water Pollution Control Practice"
of which MOP No. 7 is entitled "Sewer Maintenance." It was prepared
in 1966, and it represented the "State of the Art" for the methods,
techniques, and equipment utilization for maintenance practices
which were current for the period. It is still the best published
information for the overall function of sewer maintenance practice.
This manual speaks to the need for preventive maintenance and dis-
cusses procedures associated with the activity; yet, as the WPCF
Ad Hoc Committee determined, preventive maintenance for sanitary
sewers, or wastewater collection facilties, is not a general practice
among municipalities having responsibility for that function and that
there is little background to guide those managers, or superintendents,
who would care to do so.
14
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CONSTRAINTS;
There are deficiencies in the activities of wastewater collection
that constrain the implementation of preventative maintenance of
which the activities of planning and management are most neglected.
The lack of standards for maintenance of collection systems is a
deficiency of planning and the failure to recognize the need for
such standards is a deficiency of management. In addition, there
is a sparsity of middle management responsible for the function of
system maintenance.
Legislative and technological advancements, related to water
pollution control, have been preoccupied with the establishment of
standards and development of processes, equipment, facilities, and
manpower for the treatment and disposal of wastewaters and, con-
sequently, the needs of the collection system have received little
attention towards improvement requirements. This, of course, is
a deficiency of planning; and there is a need to provide for a
balanced program of collection system maintenance.
MANAGEMENT;
It has been stated that management has the responsibility to
require standards of performance for systems maintenance. Unless
management responsibility is specified, there will be neither the
definition of maintenance standards nor will there be the implemen-
tation of a viable program for collection system maintenance
activities.
It is most important to differentiate between the techniques,
methods, and procedures of collection system maintenance and the
management of the activities of that function. Individual maintenance
activities will alleviate specific, or isolated problems of the
collection system. A balance, or management, of maintenance activities
will, however, minimize, if not in some cases, eliminate, problems
from occurring in the collection system. Herein lies the difference
between the application and the management of maintenance activities.
Management provides emphasis, implementation, direction, and control
through the development and coordination of a comprehensive waste-
water collection program; the identification of program requirements;
the procedures for the implementation, acceptance, and maintenance
of the program; the establishment of organizational principles and
procedures; and the surveillance, evaluation, and adjustment of the
progress of the program. Management emphasis, as it relates to
preventive maintenance for wastewater collection facilities, identifies
its importance and promotes the progress of such an activity.
The implementation of a preventive maintenance program must be
managed through the political element in order to be positioned for
public acceptance. A viable maintenance program must be provided
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direction through the establishment of goals and objectives, and,
of course, must be controlled in its progress in order to minimize
deviation from its charted direction. A program must be designed
which will accomplish the stated goals and objectives; and to this
end, individual elements, or components, of the program will be
identified according to its specific performance, or functional
classification.
Any program, and preventive maintenance for collection systems
is no exception, must be provided momentum through organization.
Organizational development, or planning, must consider the goals
and objectives, the conditions of the system, and the service or
performance requirements of wastewater collection. Management
tools must be established which will capture, record, and report
information relating to program progress and performance. Evalua-
tion and analysis of those records in comparison with stated ob-
jectives provides a basis for program adjustment or a revision of the
objectives or service requirements.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS;
There is no standard practice with respect to wastewater
collection system preventive maintenance; therefore, the approach
to such a program must be based upon certain assumptions, or
premises, as follows:
1. A clean system will not generate hydrogen sulfide
and, therefore, odors and deterioration will either
be eliminated or minimized. Additionally, the ab-
sence of debris from the system stops malfunctions
due to that source. The capacity of the system will
not be usurpted.
2. The cleaning process provides a degree of system in-
vestigation and surveillance to the extent of detecting
obstructions and, additionally, detects trends of
reaches of the system to become problem prone.
3. The analysis of the histories of malfunctions and
failures will augment and intensify the knowledge
gained in the cleaning process.
4. A sophisticated inspection and surveillance pro-
cedure is required to clearly identify and locate
aggravated system defects.
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5. The identification and analysis of the service area
and waste and wastewater contribution to problem
reaches will greatly assist in the evaluation of
the cause of system malfunctions and defects and
the alleviation thereof. Many system malfunctions
can be minimized or eliminated, by controlling the
contribution to the system.
6. Routine repair and replacement should be scheduled
in order to compensate for normal system depreciation.
7. Some problems and defects require major repair,
replacement or relief to provide the degree of
service demanded by the public.
8. Some problems and defects which can be alleviated
by operation and maintenance procedures can be
eliminated more economically through repair, re-
placement or relief to the system.
OBJECTIVES;
From the foregoing it becomes obvious that preventive maintenance
for collection systems is more conceptual than standard practice
because of the lack of definition of program level. The general
concept is to insure the integrity of the wastewater collection
system as planned, designed, and constructed and the provision of
uninterrupted service to the public by:
1. The routine cleaning and inspection of the system.
2. The scheduled maintenance of problem prone reaches of the
system.
3. The expedient resolution of emergency related problems.
4. The scheduled repair and replacement of deterioration prone
reaches of the system.
5. The scheduled relief of hydraulic over-loaded reaches of
the system.
6. The quality and quantity control of wastewater contribution
to the collection system.
The effort required to attain the goals and objectives subscribed
to above will define a comprehensive work program of wastewater
collection system operation and maintenance. Most collection systems
have depreciated from their intended performance levels due to an
accumulation, or backlog, of deficiencies and defects. The initial
effort towards the attainment of preventive maintenance must recognize
the concentrated program required to renovate the facilities to ...
their original potential for service.
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A program which is directed towards the aforementioned ob-
jectives must relate the condition of the collection system; the
system maintenance activities and organization; and the performance
and service of the facilities. An inventory of these components
is the logical first step in the development of a preventive
maintenance program.
The system condition can be described as the percentage of
capacity which is related to deficiencies and deterioration. In
order to establish an effective maintenance program and provide
efficient performance at the expected level of service, the
percentage should not be too much in excess of the normal annual
depreciation factor; if it does, then the program should be geared
to restore the system to that limit.
The inventory of the collection system organization and its
activities is indicative of the type of maintenance policy. If
the efforts of the organization are concentrated upon emergency
maintenance and unbudgeted repair and replacement activities, then
it is reasonable to assume that the system has deteriorated far
beyond the level of the annual depreciation factor.
A system which has deteriorated and which, additionally, re-
quires emergency maintenance and unscheduled repair and replacement
will generally have associated negative public and political response
due to inadequate performance.
STRATEGY:
The strategy for the development of a program of preventive
maintenance can now be outlined as follows:
1. Establish management.
2. Inventory, analyze, and evaluate the conditions of the
system, its performance and service, the historical
maintenance program, and the historical capital repair
and replacement program.
3. Compare the performance and service of the system with
expected, or anticipated, standards.
4. Relate the deficiencies of the system to its service and
performance inadequacies.
5. Apply the maintenance premises in conjunction with the
inventory in order to, at least, estimate the magnitude
of maintenance functions and activities required to
accomplish the scope of work identified in the goals and
objectives.
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WORK PROGRAM;
The resulting work program brought about by the application
of the aforementioned strategy will consist of the components of:
1. Operations - to provide routine, recurring, and
emergency cleaning, repair, and replacement.
2. Inventory - to provide continuing system investigation
and evaluation.
3. Control - to provide routine surveillance of the
contribution of wastes and wastewater to the system.
4. Planning - to develop programs for the maintenance,
renovation, improvement and expansion of the system.
5. Projects - to provide major repair, replacement,
relief and expansion of the system.
6. Customer Service - to investigate and settle public
complaints and claims regarding system failures and
malfunctions and to arrange and manage the public
demand for service.
7. Administration - to capture, record, and maintain
records and to service organizations demands and
requirements such as purchasing and payroll procedures.
8. Management - to implement, direct, evaluate, and adjust
the program.
A balanced work program should be directed towards preventive
maintenance which requires emphasis to the condition of the system.
In the development of the program that emphasis will manifest itself
in new systems to the extent that routine repair and replacement
is budgeted in the operational budget to the level of annual system
depreciation; and in deteriorated systems to the extent that capital
repair, replacement, and relief is budgeted for projects sufficient
to renovate the system to the level of annual system depreciation.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
There are generally accepted functions and activities of waste-
water collection system operation and maintenance. The functional
classifications are: (1) Cleaning; (2) Repair and replacement;
(3) Inspection and control; and (4) Relief.
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CLEANING;
The activities of cleaning can be characterized according to
the type of equipment or tool used and the purpose Of the cleaning,
as follows:
Flushing is accomplished by the discharge of water from
tank trucks, called flushers, through manholes into the
conduits of the system. The purpose of the activity is
to generate a hydraulic surge which will dislodge accumu-
lations of sludge, grit, sand and gravel, and grease.
Balling is used to generate a combined pressure and rotating
action which will scour accumulations of sludge, grit, sand
and gravel, and grease. It uses a spirally grooved ball
which is inserted into the sewer line and water is pumped
into the manhole. This water passes around the ball through
the spiral grooves that loosens dirt from the walls of the
line and drives the ball forward forcing the accumulated
debris ahead to the next manhole for removal.
Rodding is accomplished by simultaneously thrusting and
rotating a tool through the system conduits manually or
using a power rodder. The purpose of the activity is to
cut intruded roots, dislodge accumulated grease and grit,
and to remove incrustations. The power rodder can either
be truck mounted or trailer mounted. For best mobility on
typical urban streets the truck mounted power rodder is
preferred. This rodder has the equipment to unstop mains
from 8 inches in diameter to about 36 inches in diameter.
The crew should be equipped with three men to provide safe
operation and safe handling of traffic problems created by
working at manholes at street intersections. The truck
should be equipped with at least 500 feet of rods and
a complete set of tools involving all sizes of cutters.
Jetting is the feeding of a high velocity water jet through
the system conduits in order to dislodge accumulated grease
and grit, and sand and gravel. The water jet should be
truck mounted. The truck should be equipped with a minimum
of 500 feet of hose and a variety of nozzles for various
size lines and types of problems. Basically, the machine
works with pressures of approximately 1,000 PSI with a
majority of holes in the nozzles jetting to the rear, so
that the hydraulic power pulls the nozzle through the line
and flushes the solids in the line downstream. This machine
is most effective in pipe sizes of 8 inches through 15 inches
in diameter.
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Bucketing is the use of a bucket machine to remove large
quantities of silt and grit from outfall lines. The bucket
is pulled through the line between two manholes by means
of a winch with the bucket's jaws open to scoop up debris.
When full, the bucket travel is reversed with its jaws closed
and is returned to ground level at first manhole where it is
emptied.
Vacuuming is accomplished by a vacuum jet rodder which generates
a suction through a hose which discharges into a container and
the suction end is inserted into the manholes of the system.
The purpose of the activity is to remove debris which has
been dislodged from the conduits of the system by a high
velocity cleaner.
Routine cleaning is budgeted as the basic program and additional
effort is budgeted to provide emergency and recurring cleaning. Re-
curring cleaning is that effort which is applied to known problem
prone reaches of the system in order to eliminate emergencies from
recurring. Emergency cleaning, of course, is that cleaning which
is applied to remove obstructions which have caused a malfunction.
REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT;
The causes of repair and replacement are: (1) Connection
protrusions; (2) Conduit misalignment and grade deviation; (3) Leaky
joints; (4) Porous pipe; (5) Deterioration; (6) Structural failure;
(7) Aggravated cleaning requirements.
The scope of repair and replacement ranges between the effort
for the repair at a point in the system, the partial replacement
of a reach of the system, and the total replacement of a reach
(between manholes) or several reaches of the system.
The methods of repair and replacement are classified as:
1. Sealing joints through the use of internal chemical
grouting equipment.
2. Reclining of damaged old sewer line by the insertion of
a polyethelene pipe which has been joined by a heat
fusion into the existing conduits of the system.
3. "Digups", or excavations, for point system repair, partial
reach replacement, or aggravated cleaning requirements.
4. Construction of system by-passes or parallel facilities
to replace an ineffective or inoperative reach, or reaches,
of the collection system for any of the causes, or com-
bination thereof, listed above.
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The magnitude of wastewater collection facility repair and
replacement can be grouped into routine and capital efforts. Routine
repair and replacement is related to normal system depreciation
while capital repair and replacement is associated with major
system renovation.
INSPECTION AND CONTROL;
The control of collection systems is to prohibit the discharge
of harmful and detrimental wastes or excessive wastewater into the
collection system. This activity is accomplished by authority of reg-
ulations through surveillance of inspectors and sampling and measuring
crews. This control minimizes system deterioration and insures
maximum system hydraulic capacity.
The emphasis of system condition must, also, be sustained
through efforts directed towards knowledge of that condition. This
activity is accomplished by multiple means, but the most modern
and effective method is accomplished by a television surveillance
program. A closed circuit television system is utilized for remote
visual inspection of sewer lines. A TV camera is drawn through
the line and a TV monitor shows the condition of the sewer. Greater
efficiency would be accomplished if TV surveillance were used in
conjunction with a telegrout system for the internal sealing of
leaking sewer lines. The sewer sealing equipment is used with a
television camera for remote internal repair of leaking sewer lines.
The equipment is pulled through the pipe, its packer is inflated
and a chemical grout compound is pumped over the suspected leak
to seal the line.
RELIEF;
The relief of collection systems is to augment existing
hydraulically overloaded conduits with the construction of supple-
mentary facilities.
PERSONNEL;
Maintenance activities are accomplished by crews consisting of
men and equipment, the makeup of which is dependent upon the par-
ticular activity being performed. Routine cleaning can be accomplished
by either flushing, jetting, or balling the system. The number
of crews is dependent upon the magnitude of the system and the
frequency that is desired to completely clean the facilities. Most
advocates of preventive maintenance program the cleaning cycle at
annual intervals.
The cleaning process will identify system problems which require
corrective maintenance, e.g.; rodding, jetting, bucketing, sealing,
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or repair and replacement. The extent of the corrective maintenance
requirements is dependent upon the system condition and, therefore,
establishes the type and number of crews for this purpose. The
initial cleaning cycles will identify areas, or reaches, of the
system which should be scheduled for either routine or capital
repair or replacement projects. It will, additionally, identify
problem prone reaches of the system which need to be scheduled for
recurring maintenance. In addition to the indicated system main-
tenance activities, there are activities which are necessary to
keep the system current with other functions such as raising man-
holes in association with a street paving overlay program.
The supervision of the maintenance process is the key to the
success of the work program. It is most necessary and important
to develop rigid schedules and to capture and report appropriate
system performance and service information for inventory and
evaluation purposes. There, also, is the need to include basic
repair and replacement activities in a preventive maintenance
program. It has been stated previously that an effective program
will include as a matter of routine, the scheduled repair and
replacement which will maintain the level of system depreciation
to a minimum of one year.
Irrespective of organizational input with respect to the
activity of routine repair and replacement, there must be the
ability to quickly respond to emergencies requiring repair and
replacement. Where feasible, an emergency construction crew,
with appropriate excavation and supplementary equipment and tools
should be budgeted in the normal operating budget. This same crew
can be utilized for the normal repair and replacement program.
Smaller systems, for economical reasons, must rely upon contractual
services for this activity, but it should be available for immediate
response in case of emergencies.
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3. DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
ORGANIZATION;
The primary objective of this section is to familiarize the
reader with management and systems concepts required in developing
an organization. In developing any organization, manpower guidelines
must be projected since responsibilities of public utilities are
steadily increasing in complexity and status. As this trend con-
tinues more pressure is exerted both externally and internally to
provide increased and efficient service at a low unit cost while
economical conditions are steadily increasing the total cost of
operations.
This observation is typical to the majority of wastewater
collection managers and can be correlated to the organizational
requirements and management principles used to meet immediate and
future planning. An organization must be recognized as a dynamic
plan of action which must be controlled and coordinated if major
objectives are to be accomplished. Of course/ the structural
complexity must be homogeneous to allow continuity, but at the
same time providing interaction and interface with other systems.
The systems approach in management is necessary to establish
a basis for analytical determinations. A systematic analysis of
task performance must be identified in relation to functional
responsibilities. The internal relationships and external inter-
faces provide a network of complexity that must be sorted in a
logical sequence to determine proper manpower utilization through
basic systems concepts. The systems approach deals particularly
with the management principles of planning and controlling of the
activities. Hierarchy of objectives is similar to the hierarchy
of technical and administrative attributes; specific objectivity
is primary at the crew/foreman levels and becomes broader in scope
at the higher management level. Objectivity at the departmental
level must be converted to policy decisions which can be interpreted
and applied throughout all segments of the organization where applicable,
From policy evolves operating procedures which meet the objectives
of the city and requirements of the department.
While the management concepts are intended to present a frame-
work for the development of a total organization, emphasis must
be placed upon the behavioral aspects required and the development
of fundamental system approaches. The modern wastewater collection
manager must deal with environmental problems and regulations
interfaced with modern technology and specialization projected
toward an organizational mechanism capable of meeting and satisfying
objectives and constraints.
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The organizational structure is a plan of action—past,
present, future, and has a distinct identity in each phase but
is characterized by the accomplishments achieved. The degree
of achievement is based on how successfully the manager plans,
controls, coordinates and directs the responsibilities assigned.
These responsibilities are massaged and emerge as policies and
procedures with specific objectives for each of the functions
of the organization. In wastewater collection systems, the
source of responsibility is specified in ordinance, by control
authorities at state levels or by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) at the federal level. Very few organizations are
created and adopted with an adequate staff to perform all the
essential functions required mainly because of political strategies.
CONSTRAINTS;
There are certain constraints to be considered when designing
an organization to meet the total responsibilities assigned and
to delegate certain authority based on functional requirements.
Figure 5, page 26, lists some of the external and internal con-
straints to be considered when formulating a realistic and practical
organizational structure. Intuitive knowledge alone will not
perceive the solution to accomplishing assigned responsibilities.
Management knowledge and intelligence must be used to focus attention
on each constraint and to evaluate the total ramifications affecting
the organization.
FUNCTIONALLY ORGANIZED STRUCTURES;
An organization can be among the most formidably complex inter-
active systems to manage. Modern management techniques must be
exemplified in order to plan, control, organize and direct the
functions assigned. A systems approach within the framework of the
structure represents one of management's latest innovations to cope
with the external and internal pressures created by complex inter-
active social, economic, and political systems. Organizational
problems have to be analyzed and discussed from many perspectives;
the design of a functionally-organized structure with an integrated
information system represents one attempt to meet this challenge.
Although an organization is functionally designed to take
advantage of technology and specialization, it must be operationally-
oriented both vertically to establish a chain of command and assign-
ment of specific division responsibilities and horizontally for
total involvement in multiple division functions.
The organizational charts in this chapter represent organizations
designed to handle multiple functions internally with flexibility
for expansion, specialization for innovating new technology, and
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CONSTRAINTS TO BE CONSIDERED
External Constraints
Environmental Forces
Economic growth
Social change of area
Public awareness
Requirements
(Federal, State, Local)
Technological Forces
New technology
Specialization
Computer usage
Consulting Firms
Engineering services
Management services
Legal advice
Internal Constraints
Environmental Forces
Population
Terrain
Area served
System size
Organization
Centralized/Decentralized
Type of organizational structure
Communications
Information system
Span of control
Efficiency of operation
Interaction
between related divisions
Finance Dept.
Engineering Dept.
Fleet maintenance
Self-reliant vs. contractors
Personnel
" Qualifications
Training
Behavioral patterns
Complexity of paperwork
Design Objectives
Interaction
Compliance with regulatory
requirements
Other adjacent utilities
(Mutual Aid)
Other city departments
Consultants
Contractors
Personnel
Specialization/Professionalism
Qualified employees
Training & safety program
Liberal benefits
Promotional opportunity
Increased motivation
High morale
Development of technical
skills
Organization Characteristics
Flexibility
Functional control-consoli-
dation
Increase efficiency
Reduce duplication of effort
Simplicity of paperwork
Computer usage
Information system
Reliable communications system
Assignment of responsibility
& authority
Standardization
Service-oriented
Use of modern technology
Totally self-reliant
FIGURE 5
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independent operation to ensure reliability of service. External
functions are handled smoothly with the centralized administration
for better coordination and control of the total department. This
structure not only meets the immediate operational requirements of
wastewater collection systems, but can be expanded to meet future
needs at a minimum cost allowing for adequate evaluation by Activities,
Location, and Programs utilizing data processing techniques.
Primary consideration in the design of the organization structures
in this Manual is to achieve maximum efficiency through continuity
of effort by utilizing specialized technical knowledge where
applicable, twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week. This
utilization of personnel permits better usage of equipment, and
the centralization of field operations which will eliminate the
duplication of effort, reduce the overall cost of operation, and
increase the reliability and efficiency of the department.
Centralization of administrative functions allows for the
conversion of manually kept operational records to sophisticated
computerized inventory and maintenance programs. The data is pro-
vided through a simplified work order system, which produces detailed
and summary reports pertaining to labor-equipment-materials by function-
location and program. The versatility of the computer provides an
analytical method to project future requirements based on functional
responsibilities. This will allow management to plan, control,
coordinate and direct proper implementation.
It is not the intention of these organizational structures to
represent a futuristic model of operation, but rather to have a
practical approach to provide service to an exploding and concerned
population which has recognized the importance of environmental con-
trol. This demand for quantity and quality of service in the
wastewater collection field has demanded higher levels of professional
management in order to innovate and supervise programs. Many
management personnel have been forced to deal with administrative
and technical problems on a day-to-day basis, increasing the workload
and adding to the aggravation and frustration of operations. The
organizational structures emphasize executives doing executive work
leaving the routines established by management to competent super-
visors responsible for compliance and control of established standards
and policies, not only for uniformity purposes, but with the intention
of relieving management of performing routine tasks.
STANDARDIZATION;
Job specialization is a demonstrated successful fact in industrial
complexes; wastewater collection industry must change and adapt to
some of these recognized methods of operation. Complex work can be
segregated in relatively simple components, each accomplished effect-
ively by employees performing single or a similar group of functions.
More opportunity is afforded to match the desires, capacities and
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interest of personnel in the job since a greater variety of jobs
involving different duties, responsibilities, training, and back-
ground is required. This allows establishment of standard methods
for performing each task and written standard practice instructions
to be formulated so that carefully devised methods may be instituted
and controlled.
The traditional method of operating small independent isolated
sections creates unfavorable cost situations which nullify some of
the savings realized in increasing operational efficiency. In-
efficiency in performing necessary and required work without standard-
ization of work task and established criteria of performance cannot
be indiscretely accepted. Proper control by qualified supervisors
will prevent discrimination of work forces since each work group
has obligations to the total operations. Each supervisor must
justify expenditures within his own budget. Securing the greatest
results for the least expenditure of effort with the necessary feed-
back into the system can be accomplished within the functionally
designated divisions.
Adoption of plans is extremely difficult in a large organization.
Without careful planning to ensure a smooth implementation to provide
uniformity by functions, details will be neglected and objectives
will become distorted. For this reason, it is extremely important
that careful consideration be given to all phases of implementation,
starting with the delegation of duties and the realignment of functions
to allow the individual supervisor to know in what area his efforts
are to be concentrated.
The number of personnel assigned to a supervisor is determined
by:
1. The functions performed
2. Required number of personnel to a crew based on function
3. Number of crews required based on work performance
4. Backlog of work
5. Established work criteria in a predetermined time frame
This arrangement allows for a well-balanced and sufficiently large
work force to handle normal conditions. Minor peak loads within a
division can be handled without difficulty, by establishing priorities
and reassigning personnel on a temporary basis to reduce the backlog.
This, also, provides a method to cross-train personnel within a
section and/or division. Major peaks should be analyzed to determine
frequency and severity, which will indicate either the need for
additional personnel or the authorization of overtime during the
time frame established. This is essential and necessary if continuity
is to be maintained throughout the department.
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INFORMATION COLLECTION:
Information is the name of the game and essential for a
successful operation. The desire for valid information by
management is essentially unlimited. The random collection of
information available must be sorted and arranged for quick
statistical comparisons that can be used as indicators when
planning operational strategies. The contents of any reporting
system must, also, be timely for management purposes. The source
of this raw data is generated at the crew level and must be thoroughly
analyzed to determine several factors. Depending on what factors
you want to analyze, there are a number of ways to collate the facts
provided from the work order system. Several factors have to be
considered:
1. Areas of specialization
2. Functional assignment
3. Type of work performed
4. Volume of work performed
5. Crew size involved
MANPOWER DETERMINANTS;
The determination of manpower needs for wastewater collection
systems is a complex problem requiring the consideration of many
variables. Among the more important ones are:
1. The size of the system in miles of sewer lines.
2. The age of the system.
3. The standard of sewer construction.
4. Funds available in the budget.
5. The scope of the municipality's responsibility
such as the maintenance of lateral lines.
6. The extent of contractors' use.
7. The establishment of minimum maintenance capabilities.
8. The type of equipment used.
9. The accessibility of work sites to equipment.
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10. Distances work crews have to travel.
11. The topography of the area.
The translation of these multiple factors into working figures
is a difficult undertaking. Factorial characteristics are different
for each system and there is no single predominating parameter
which can be utilized as a reliable determinant of staffing needs.
CREW FUNCTIONS;
Manpower requirements are more logically evaluated in terms
of crew functions. To maintain an efficient wastewater collection
system, certain tasks must be performed. Sewer lines must be in-
spected, cleaned, opened, and repaired. Appurtenances such as man-
holes must be checked, patched, cleaned, their walls raised, and
their covers repaired. Lift stations must be inspected and their
mechanical and electrical equipment adjusted and repaired. A
recommended approach is one where scheduled routine preventive main-
tenance dominates work activities rather than a mad rush for emer-
gencies. The next step is to determine the types and sizes of
crews needed to perform the above-mentioned duties. This chapter
shows typically acceptable organization charts for the maintenance
of wastewater collection systems in cities with the following
population sizes: 150,000; 200,000; 300,000; 400,000; and 500,000.
The preparation of these charts was based on extensive field ob-
servations, numerous interviews with supervisory personnel in
different localities, and the judgment of the researcher. The
charts include functions of crews, titles of workers, and number of
personnel required. References to the description of each worker's
duties can be found in Chapter 4. It should be pointed out that
judgment must be exercised by the user since the factors which control
and modify manpower requirements are numerous and should be supple-
mented by local considerations. With the exercise of due caution,
the charts provided in this chapter should be useful in providing
preliminary approximation of requisite staffing needs. In short,
weight should be given to local conditions that may modify the
estimated values.
CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION AND LIFT STATION MAINTENANCE;
Manpower requirements for the inspection of new sewer construction
and the maintenance of lift stations are not related to size of city
population which has been selected as the predominant staffing de-
terminate. Construction inspection is chiefly determined by the
time length of construction projects. On the average, a construction
inspector spends two hours a day in the office studying blueprints
and specifications in preparation for project inspections, preparing
reports, and conferring with city engineers. He, also, spends
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three hours a day per site conducting field inspection of work in
progress. An average day schedule consists of office work and two
construction site visits. Therefore, manpower requirement is com-
puted by dividing the estimated number of daily site visits by 2.
For example, 10 work site visits per day require 5 construction
inspectors. When four or more Construction Inspectors are employed,
a Construction Inspector Supervisor would be needed to supervise,
coordinate and schedule inspection activities on a full-time basis.
The maintenance of a wastewater lift station of less than 6,000
gallons per minute requires a Maintenance Mechanic I and his Helper
approximately 30 minutes for each routine preventive maintenance
check up, excluding travel time. A crew consisting of one Main-
tenance Mechanic I and one Maintenance Mechanic Helper can perform
routine preventive maintenance and minor repairs to approximately
8 lift stations a day counting travel and standby time. Hence,
the manpower requirement for each occupation is computed by dividing
the number of lift station visits per week by 40. For example,
8 lift stations visited five times per week (total of 40 visits)
require a crew of one Maintenance Mechanic I and one Maintenance
Mechanic Helper. It was observed that the overhaul and repair of
pumps and equipment of 15-20 lift stations require the services of
a Maintenance Mechanic II on a full-time basis. Therefore, staffing
needs for this occupation is computed by dividing the number of lift
stations by 15.
Computations for manpower requirements for Construction Inspection
and Lift Station Maintenance are in Table I, page 39.
MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS;
The following organization charts and staffing guide are based
on the preventive maintenance concept outlined in Chapter 2. This
concept requires that sufficient manpower be allocated to perform
routine scheduled preventive maintenance as opposed to emphasis on
"emergency responses".It is, also,assumed that new and major
construction of storm and sanitary sewer lines are handled by outside
contractors, and that the maintenance of lateral lines is the re-
sponsibility of the private property owner. Otherwise, an emergency
crew consisting of one (1) Maintenance Man II~and one (1) Main-
tenance Man I will be needed for each 50,000 people served.
Wastewater collection systems in cities of more than 200,000
in population require division into equal districts. Cities of
200,000 and 300,000 are divided into two districts while cities of
400,000 and 500,000 are divided into three districts. Each district
has:
1. One (1) Sewer Patrol Crew: The operation of the Sewer
Patrol Crew is based on the Maintenance Control Concept
used by Navy Public Works Centers. The Patrol Crew,
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as well as the TV Inspection Crew, conducts continuous
inspection of wastewater collection facilities, submits
inspection reports describing deficiencies, causes, and
recommended corrective action, including preliminary
cost estimates of required maintenance or repair. It
prepares job orders, estimates labor hours and material
requirements, and makes preliminary decisions, in con-
currence, with MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I as to what crew
could most efficiently perform the job.
2. A number of Cleaning Crews which use such sewer cleaning
equipment as a power rodder, high velocity water jet,
vacuum jet rodder, flushing truck , bucket machine,
wayne ball machine, and eductor. Most sewer cleaning
equipment needs a crew of two (2) men except the bucket
and wayne ball machines which require a crew of three (3).
3. One (1) Major Repair Crew, one (1) Minor Repair Crew, and
one (1) Masonary Crew.
4. One (1) MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I who administers the district
under the direction of MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II.
There are certain crew functions which, because of their
supportive roles, are more efficiently performed in a centralized
manner rather than in subdivided districts. The following fall
under such a category:
1. Equipment Operators Pool: Provides heavy construction
equipment and trucks with Construction Equipment Operators
and Automotive Equipment Operators to support various crews.
2. Laborers Pool: Provides additional laborers when needed
to various crews.
3. TV/Grouting Crews: Involved in the internal inspection
and sealing of sewer lines.
4. Lift Station Maintenance Crews.
5. Construction Inspectors.
Table 1, on page 39, presents a Staffing Guide based on the
organization charts depicted on pages 34 - 38. It lists manpower
requirements per occupation for five cities of different sizes and
provides a form for preparing a staff complement. The user should
read Chapter 3 in its entirety before attempting to use Table 1.
CAREER LATTICE:
Figure 11, on page 40 , illustrates a Career Lattice for a
wastewater collection system that includes all occupations identified
32
-------
in this Manual except, such office jobs as Clerk Typist and Dispatcher.
A career lattice reflects entry, promotional and transfer opportunities
that exist for each worker. It "utilizes the interrelationships among
jobs to create promotional opportunities and facilitate mobility
of workers among jobs. A career lattice provides for mobility in
three directions: horizontal mobility to jobs at the same relative
level of complexity but in a different area of work, vertical
mobility to more complex jobs in the same area of work, and diagonal
mobility to more complex jobs in a different but related area of
work."1
"A Handbook for Job Restructuring" (Washington: U.S. Department
of Labor, Manpower Administration, 1969, page 2).
33
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
(in type and number of crews and manpower requirements per crew)
PUPERINTENDENTj
[ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT!
2 Dispatcher
1 Stock Clerk
2 Clerk Typist
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR IIJ
11 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint.
1 Maint.
Man II
Man I
6 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint.
1 Maint.
Equip . Op .
Man I
1 MAJOR
REPAIR CREW
I Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 MINOR
REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
1
MANPOWER & EQUIP. POOL
1 EQUIPMENT SUPERVISOR
EQUIP. OP. POOL
1 Auto. Equip. Op.
3 Const. Equip. Op.
LABOR POOL
3 Laborer
CONST . INSPECTION
*Const. Insp. Super.
*Const. Insp.
LIFT STATION MAINT.
*Maint. Mech. II
*Maint. Mech. I
*Maint. Mech. Help.
*Electrician
1 TV /GROUT CREW
1 TV Tech. II
1 TV Tech. I
2 Maint. Man I
* See Table I, page 39
CITY POPULATION: 150,000
Figure 6
34
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
(in type and number of crews and manpower requirements per crew)
2 Dispatcher
2 Stock Clerk
2 Clerk Typist
DISTRICT A
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
^CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Equip. Op,
1 Maint. Man I
1 MAJOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
ft*
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
I Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
]. Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
* See Table I, page 39
** Used also in District B
[SUPERINTENDENT)
[ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT)
IMAINTBNANCE SUPERVISOR ii[
DISTRICT B
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
4 CLEANING CREW
Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
CITY POPULATION: 200,000
Figure 7
35
MANPOWER & EQUIP. POOL
1 EQUIP. SUPERVISOR
EQUIP. OP. POOL
3 Auto. Equip. Op.
4 Const. Equip. Op.
LABOR POOL
4 Laborer
lONST. INSPECTION
*Const. Insp. Super.
*Const. Insp.
LIFT STATION MAIN.
*Maint. Mech. II
*Maint. Mech. I
*Maint. Mech. Helper
*Electrician
2 TV/GROUT CREW
1 TV Tech. II
1 TV Tech. I
2 Maint. Man I
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
(in type and number of crews and manpower requirements per crew)
2 Dispatcher
2 Stock Clerk
2 Clerk Typist
ISUPERINTENDENT |
(ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT |
[MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II|
DISTRICT A
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
6 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Equip. Op,
1 Maint. Man I
MAJOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
TMASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
DISTRICT B
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
6 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
MAJOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason I
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
CITY POPULATION:
Figure 8
300,000
MANPOWER & EQUIP. POOL
1 EQUIP. SUPERVISOR
EQUIP. OP. POOL
4 Auto. Equip. Op.
6 Const. Equip. Op.
LABOR POOL
6 Laborer
CONST. INSPECTION
*Const. Insp. Super.
*Const. Insp.
LIFT STATION MAINT.
*Maint. Mech. II
*Maint. Mech. I
*Maint. Mech. Help.
*Electrician
2 TV/GROUT CREW
1 TV Technician II
1 TV Technician I
2 Maint. Man I
* See Table I, page 39
36
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
(in type and number of crews and manpower requirements per crew)
{SUPERINTENDENT!
3 Dispatcher
Stock Clerk
3 Clerk Typist
DISTRICT A
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR.I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
5 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
1 MAJOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint Man I
2 Laborer
**
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
[ASSISTANT SUPERHfTENDENTI
[MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR n)
DISTRICT B
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
DISTRICT C
1 MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
5 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
1 MAJOR REPAIR CREW'-
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
5 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint.
1 Maint.
Equip.
Man I
Op.
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
* See Table I, page 39
** Used also in District C
CITY POPULATION-: 400,000
Figure 9
37
MANPOWER & EQUIP. POOL
1 EQUIP. SUPER.
EQUIP. OP. POOL
5 Auto. Equip. Op .
8 Const. Equip. Op.
LABOR POOL
8 Laborer
CONST. INSPECTION
*Const. Insp. Super.
*Const. Insp.
LIFT STATION MAINT,
*Maint. Mech. II
*Maint. Mech. I
*Maint.-Mech. Help.
* Electrician
3 TV/GROUT CREW
1 TV Tech. II
L TV Tech. I
2 Maint. Man I
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
(in type and number of crews and manpower requirements per crew)
SUPERINTENDENT]
[ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT!
3 Dispatcher
3 Stock Clerk
3 Clerk Typist
(MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR 111
DISTRICT A
1 MAINT, SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint.
1 Maint.
Man II
Man I
6 CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
1 MAJOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
DISTRICT B
I MAINT. SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint.
1 Maint.
Man II
Man I
D V^ijCi^UN J.LNV3 l^KOW
1 Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
1 MAJOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
DISTRICT C
I MAINT.
SUPERVISOR I
1 SEWER PATROL CREW
1 Maint.
1 Maint.
Man II
Man I
efT FAMTNG f REW
1 Maint. Equip. Op.
1 Maint. Man I
1 MAJOR
REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 MINOR REPAIR CREW ^
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
1 MASONARY CREW
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
MANPOWER & EQUIP. i'UUli
1 EQUIP.
SUPER.
EQUIP. OP. FOOli
b AUtO.
9 Const
Equip, up.
. Equip. Op.
LABOR POOL
10 Laborer
CONST. INSPECT J. UN
*Const.
*Const .
•insp. supei
Insp.
jjj.r j. a iftj. J.W1.X I'lrtxiAi^ .
*Maint. Mech. II
*Maint. Mech. I
*Maint. Mech. Help.
*Electrician
3 TV/GROUT CREW
1 TV Tech. II
1 TV Tech. I
2 Maint. Man I
* See Table I, page 39
CITY POPULATION: 500,000
Figure 10
38
-------
TABLE I
STAFF COMPLEMENTS FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
(Estimated Number of Personnel)
POPULATION SIZE
Dccupational Title
Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
laintenance Supervisor II
Maintenance Supervisor I
equipment Supervisor
TV Technician II
?V Technician I
Foreman
Maintenance Man II
laintenance Man I
Mason II
Mason I
Maint. Equipment Operator
:onst. Equipment Operator
Auto. Equipment Operator
Laborer
Dispatcher
Stock Clerk
:lerk Typist
Sewer Maintenance Staff
Maintenance Mechanic II (a)
Maintenance Mechanic I (b)
Maint. Mechanic Helper (b)
Electrician (c)
2onst. Inspector Super, (d)
""onstruction Inspector (e)
Total Staff
150,000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
11
1
1
6
3
2
7
2
1
2
48
200,000
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
5
17
2
2
8
4
3
10
2
2
2
70
300,000
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
4
6
22
2
2
12
6
4
14
2
2
2
88
400,000
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
5
8
29
3
3
15
8
5
18
3
3
3
lib
500_Ł_000
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
6
9
33
3
3
18
9
6
22
3
3
3
131
(a) Divide number of lift stations maintained by 15 (see page 31).
(b) Divide number of lift station visits per week by 40 (see page 31) .
(c) Divide number of lift stations maintained by 15 (see page 31).
(d) Determined by the number of Construction Inspectors employed and
developed on a judgmental basis (see page 31).
(e) Divide estimated daily construction site visits by 2 (see page 31).
Unit processes included in this Staffing Table are:
1. Maintenance of sanitary sewer main lines and appurtenances (lateral
lines are not included)
2. Maintenance of storm main lines
3. Maintenance of lift stations
4. Inspection of newly constructed main lines and appurtenances
39
-------
CAREER. LATTICE FOR A WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
SUPERINTENDENT
ASST. SUPERINTENDENT
MAINT. SUPERVISOR II
MAINT. SUPERVISOR I U-WEQUIP. SUPERVISOR
CONST. INSP. SUPERVISOR!
MAINT. MECH. II
CONST. INSPECTORg
MAINT. MECH. I
CONST. EQ. OPER.
MAINT. MAN II
MAINT.EQ.OP.
TV TECH. II
MAINT. MECH. H.
AUTO. EQ. OPER.
MAINT. MAN I
TV TECH. I
Entry Level
Entry Source:
Semi-Skilled Labor Pool
General Public
Technical Institute Graduate
Entry Source:
Unskilled Labor Pool
General Public
Figure 11
40
-------
4. OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
The objective of an Occupational Description is to portray the
responsibilities, skills and knowledge required for the successful
execution of identified tasks by the average worker. Such infor-
mation is indispensable to provide the basis for the recruitment,
selection, training, certification, placement, and promotion of
wastewater personnel. An Occupational Description presents an
actual picture of the job by showing what the worker does, how he
does it, why he does it, the skill involved, and the machine, tools,
equipment and work aids used in performing his duties. It, also,^
indicates the Qualifications Profile the employee should possess by
specifying Formal Education, General Requirements, and Worker Traits
such as General Educational Development, Specific Vocational Preparation,
Aptitudes, Interests, Temperament, Physical Demands, and Working Con-
ditions. Appendix 2 provides Worker Traits definitions prepared by
the U.S. Department of Labor to explain job analysis specifications
used in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
The twenty-five (25) Occupational Descriptions presented in this
chapter were developed on the basis of field observations and inter-
views with wastewater collection personnel in forty-nine (49) cities
in twenty-nine (29) states and formal reviews with analysts at the
Department of Labor's Occupational Analysis Center in Raleigh, N.C.
Survey instruments used are denoted in the "Research Report" sub-
mitted in conjunction with this Manpower Manual (see note on page 3) •
Detailed Occupational Descriptions for the following twenty-five
(25) types of personnel commonly employed in wastewater collection
systems are presented on pages 43 through 121.
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS PAGE
1. Superintendent 43
2. Assistant Superintendent 46
3. Maintenance Supervisor II 49
4. Maintenance Supervisor I 52
5. Equipment Supervisor 55
6. TV Technician II 58
7. TV Technician I 61
8. Foreman 64
9. Maintenance Man II 68
10. Maintenance Man I 72
41
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
11, Mason II 76
12. Mason I 79
13. Maintenance Equipment Operator 82
14. Construction Equipment Operator 86
15, Automotive Equipment Operator 89
16, Laborer 92
17. Maintenance Mechanic II 95
18. Maintenance Mechanic I 98
19. Maintenance Mechanic Helper 101
20. Electrician 104
21. Construction Inspector Supervisor 107
22. Construction Inspector 110
23. Dispatcher 113
24. Stock Clerk 116
25. Clerk Typist 119
42
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: SUPERINTENDENT, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises and coordinates, through subordinates, activities
of workers engaged in construction and maintenance of storm
and sanitary sewers and related structures. Compiles and
analyzes records on manpower, material and equipment utiliza-
tion, and initiates actions to improve work efficiency. Es-
tablishes, reviews and recommends departmental policies regarding
work methods and safety procedures. Submits recommendations
for expansion of sewerage system and acquisition of new equipment.
Periodically visits work sites to ensure that correct, efficient,
and safe work procedures are followed according to established
standards. Gives technical assistance to subordinates. Prepares
and submits budget recommendations and reports for official
records. Approves procurement of supplies and equipment. Con-
fers with municipal authorities and state government officials
to discuss adequacy of existing facilities. Cooperates with
other city departments to coordinate efforts in improving
standard of service and enforcing city plumbing codes and
sewer ordinances. Confers with city engineers and contractors
to discuss expansion of existing facilities.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school is the minimum requirement,
preferably supplemented by college level courses in
civil or sanitary engineering. A college degree is
highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles, practices and techniques
of sewer construction, repair and maintenance.
b. Knowledge of tools, equipment and materials used in
wastewater collection operations.
c. Ability to organize, coordinate and evaluate the work
of subordinates.
d. Ability to prepare written reports and budgets and
maintain work records.
43
-------
Title: SUPERINTENDENT (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of logical thinking to define
problems, collect data, establish facts, and
draw valid conclusions.
(2) Interpret an extensive variety of technical
instructions in books, manuals, and mathematical
or diagrammatic form.
(3) Deal with several abstract and concrete variables.
b. Mathematical: :
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard, practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Prepare budgets, records, and reports.
(2) Confer with subordinates, city officials, and
the general public.
(3) Evaluate engineering and technical data and
interpret specifications.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Six to eight years of progressively responsible exper-
ience in wastewater collection activities, including
at least .three years of supervisory experience.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: "
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
44
-------
Title! SUPERINTENDENT (Cont'd)
6,
f. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination:
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
Interests:
Middle third
Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
Preference for activities involving business contact
with people and activities resulting in prestige or
the esteem of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to a variety of tasks requiring frequent
change and satisfactory working relationships with
people. Must adjust to planning and controlling work
activities.
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work.
9. Working Conditions:
Inside work.
ENTRY SOURCES: Assistant Superintendent, Maintenance Superivisor II,
or Superintendent of a smaller system.
PROGRESSION TO: Director of Public Works, Water and Sewer Admini-
strator, or a smaller position in a larger or more
complex system.
45
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists SUPERINTENDENT in coordinating functions of wastewater
collection system to provide sewerage services with minimum
interruption: Compiles data, analyzes maintenance records,
and helps prepare recommendations dealing with utilization
of resources, safety and work procedures, selection of new
equipment, and expansion of existing facilities. Drives
pickup truck to visit job sites to ensure compliance with
established standards. Assists in preparing annual budgets.
Confers with contractors and equipment manufacturers to dis-
cuss bid specifications and requisitions of necessary equipment.
Maintains personnel records and recommends promotions and pay
raises. Serves as SUPERINTENDENT in his absense.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school is the minimum require-
ment, preferably supplemented by college level courses
in civil or sanitary engineering. A college degree
is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles, practices and techniques
of sewer construction, repair and maintenance.
b. Knowledge of tools, equipment, and materials used in
wastewater collection operations.
c. Knowledge of city sewer and drain system.
d. Knowledge of occupational hazards and ability to
enforce safety precautions.
e. Ability to assign and supervise work of subordinates and
to train them in proper work techniques.
f. Ability to prepare written reports and budgets and
maintain work records.
g. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with city officials, employees, con-
tractors and the general public.
46
-------
Title: ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of logical thinking to define
problems, collect data, and draw valid conclusions.
(2) Interpret an extensive variety of technical in-
structions in books, manuals, mathematical or
diagrammatic form.
(3) Deal with several abstract and concrete variables.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic and
geometric procedures in standard, practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Write and edit reports and records.
(2) Analyze and evaluate technical data.
(3) Confer with employees, city officials and the public.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four to six years of progressively responsible exper-
ience in wastewater collection work, including at
least two years of supervisory experience.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: "
e. Form Perception: Middle third
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
47
-------
Title: ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT (Cont'd)
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
6. Interests:
Interest in activities involving business contact
with people and resulting in prestige or the esteem of
others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to planning and controlling a variety
of work activities requiring frequent change. Must
have satisfactory working relationships with people.
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work involving periodic inspection of
work sites.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed both inside and outside.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Supervisor II, Maintenance Supervisor I,
or Construction Inspector Supervisor.
PROGRESSION TO: Superintendent or a similar position in a larger or
more complex system.
48
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises, coordinates and inspects through subordinates
the work of crews engaged in the maintenance and repair of
storm and sanitary sewer lines and related structures: De-
termines priority of work orders received. Plans sewer
preventive maintenance activities and schedules routine
cleaning and inspection of sewerage system with sewer clean-
ing equipment and TV inspection system. Confers with superiors
on policy and technical questions. Trains and provides tech-
nical assistance to subordinates. Inspects work in progress
and upon completion for compliance with established standards.
Reviews complaints of needed sewer repairs and inspects damaged
sewers. Estimates labor, material, and equipment needed for
planned maintenance programs and specific repairs. Keeps
cost records and prepares annual budget requests, activity
summaries and progress reports. Requisitions necessary
materials, equipment, and supplies. Reviews time and material
reports and maintains work records. Checks time slips, sick
leave and arranges vacation time. Recommends promotions and
pay raises.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement usually is high school or
vocational school graduation.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of work methods, tools, equipment, and
materials used in the construction, repair, and
maintenance of sanitary and storm sewers, and
related structures.
b. Knowledge of city sewer and drain system and city
rules, regulations and ordinances.
c. Knowledge of work hazards and ability to enforce
safety precautions.
d. Ability to plan, coordinate, supervise and evaluate
the work of employees.
49
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II (Cont'd)
e. Ability to prepare general and detailed reports.
f. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, diagrams,
and specifications.
g. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees and general public.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of wastewater collection system
to solve practical problems and deal with a
variety of concrete variables in situations
where only limited standardization exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished
in written, oral, diagrammatic or schedule form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard and practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Confer with superiors and subordinates and
interview job applicants.
(2) Interpret technical manuals, specifications,
sewer maps, and blueprints.
(3) Prepares budgets, records, and maintenance reports.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four to six years experience in sewer maintenance and
construction work including two years experience as
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I, or FOREMAN.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal: "
50
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Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II (Cont'd)
c. Numerical: Highest third excluding top 10%
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: Middle third
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: "
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with machines and
techniques, and resulting in prestige or the esteem
of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the direction,
control, and planning of a variety of activities
requiring frequent change. Must also have satisfactory
working relationships with people beyond giving and
receiving instructions.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving talking, hearing, seeing,
and occasional reaching, handling, fingering, and
feeling.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed both inside and outside and
occasionally involves noise from operation of
equipment, and contact with water.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Supervisor I, or Equipment Supervisor.
PROGRESSION TO: Assistant Superintendent, or Superintendent.
51
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Coordinates and supervises work crews engaged in repairing,
cleaning, and maintaining storm and sanitary sewer lines:
Confers with MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II to discuss job assign-
ments, schedule work and equipment for crews, and evaluate
workers. • Assigns tasks to crews/ evaluates most feasible
approaches, and ensures that needed materials and equipment
are provided. Drives truck to job sites to inspect periodically
and evaluate work in progress to assure that correct, efficient
and safe work procedures are followed according to accepted
standards. Provides technical assistance and direct super-
vision as needed for efficient operation. Directs activities
that are regarded complex enough to demand high responsibility.
Inspects and evaluates completed jobs to determine conformance
to specifications and work orders. Gives directions to and
meets with FOREMEN, MAINTENANCE MEN II, and EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
to assign work and to discuss and prescribe work methods.
Reads maps and blueprints. Checks equipment used by crews
to make sure that equipment functions properly and is adequately
maintained. Keeps records, makes reports, and recommends
improvements in work methods and standard of service. Trains
and instructs subordinates.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement usually is high school or
vocational school graduation.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of work methods, tools, equipment, and
materials used in the construction, repair, and
maintenance of sanitary and storm sewers, and
related structures.
b. Knowledge of city sewer and drain system.
c. Knowledge of work hazards and ability to enforce safety
precautions.
d. Ability to plan, supervise, and coordinate preventive
maintenance and repair activities, and evaluate their
effectiveness.
52
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Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I (Cont'd)
e. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, diagrams,
and specifications.
f. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees and general public.
3. General Educational Development:
a. (1) Apply principles of wastewater collection
system to solve practical problems and deal
with a variety of concrete variables in
situations where only limited standardization
exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished
in written, oral, diagrammatic or schedule form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard and practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Confer with superiors and subordinates and
interview job applicants.
(2) Interpret technical manuals, specifications,
sewer maps, and blueprints.
(3) Write maintenance reports.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four years experience in sewer maintenance and con-
struction work including two years experience as a
FOREMAN, MAINTENANCE MAN II, or MAINTENANCE EQUIP-
MENT OPERATOR.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial:
53
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Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I (Cont'd)
e. Form Perception: Middle third
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10«
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with machines
and techniques, and resulting in prestige or the
esteem of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the direction,
control, and planning of a variety of activities
requiring frequent change. Must also have satis-
factory working relationships with people beyond
giving and receiving instructions.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving talking, hearing, seeing,
and occasional reaching, handling, fingering, and
feeling.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed largely outside and involves noise
from operation of equipment, and occasional contact
with water. Exposed to weather and occasionally
noxious smells.
ENTRY SOURCES: Foreman, Maintenance Man II, Maintenance Equipment
Operator, Maintenance Mechanic II, or Electrician.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor II or Assistant Superintendent
54
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: EQUIPMENT SUPERVISOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assigns, supervises, and directs a pool of equipment operators
and unskilled laborers, construction and automative machinery
and equipment, engaged in the maintenance and repair of sani-
tary and storm sewer lines and related appurtenances: Directs
the distribution of personnel, machinery and equipment such
as backhoes, loaders, draglines, cranes, dump trucks, air
compressors, air blowers, pumps and power saws to field
operations. Checks worker, machinery, and equipment work
orders and maintains records of work performed by assigned
personnel and equipment. Confers with SUPERINTENDENT,
ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT, MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR II and I
to discuss work orders and assignment of personnel and equip-
ment. Supervises the maintenance, reconditioning, and repair
of machinery and equipment. Evaluates effectiveness of
equipment, estimates equipment needed for planned maintenance
and repair programs, prepares specifications, and recommends
purchases. Instructs workers on operation and preventive
maintenance procedures, and ensures that safety procedures
are followed. Keeps records and makes reports. Checks time
slips, sick leave, and arranges vacation time.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement usually is high school or
vocational school graduation.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of operation and maintenance of automotive
and construction equipment and machinery used in the
construction, repair, and maintenance of sewer lines.
b. Knowledge of sewer maintenance support operations and
operational limitations of equipment.
c. Knowledge of traffic laws, ordinances, and regulations.
d. Knowledge of work hazards and ability to enforce safety
precautions.
55
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Title: EQUIPMENT SUPERVISOR (Cont'd)
e. Ability to plan, supervise, and coordinate preventive
maintenance and repair activities and evaluate their
effectiveness.
f. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, diagrams,
and specifications.
g. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees and general public.
General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of equipment management to
solve practical problems and deal with a
variety of concrete variables in situations
where only limited standardization exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished
in written, oral, diagrammatic or schedule form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard, and practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Confer with superiors and subordinates and interview
job applicants.
(2) Interpret technical manuals, specifications, sewer
maps, and blueprints.
(3) Write maintenance reports.
Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four years experience in sewer maintenance, heavy
equipment operation and construction work including
two years experience as a FOREMAN.
56
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Title: EQUIPMENT SUPERVISOR (Cont'd)
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: "
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with machines and
techniques, and resulting in prestige or the esteem
of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to planning and controlling a variety of
work activities requiring frequent change. Must have
satisfactory working relationships with people.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work, involving climbing, balancing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling, talking, and
seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed both inside and outside, and involves
noise from operation of equipment.
ENTRY SOURCES: Foreman or Construction Equipment Operator.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor II.
57
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: TV TECHNICIAN II, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION;
Operates mobile closed circuit television and chemical sealing
units to conduct internal inspection of sewer lines and to
seal defective lines for prevention of water infiltration:
Locates line sections to be photographed, using map and
determines set-up procedures. Turns knobs to activate TV
equipment for video viewing. Adjusts TV camera and monitor
controls for optimal clarity and contrast. Locates and
identifies infiltration points and sewer defects and determines
extent of damage. Prepares description of each identified
sewer defect and records all pertinent data including exact
location of defect. Photographs screen picture of serious
or unusual irregularities, using polaroid camera. Determines
chemical composition based on type of sealing activity and
oversees the preparation of sealing compound. Manipulates
grout control knobs to inflate packer to desired pressure
and to air test infiltration point to determine volume of
needed sealing compound and to pump correct amount of sealing
chemicals. Turns air release valve to deflate packer after
allowing necessary time for sealing compound to set up. Com-
municates with workers using intercom system. Confers with
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I and II to discuss condition of sewer
lines based on TV inspection. Services, adjusts, and makes
minor repairs to equipment and attachments. Gives directions
to TV TECHNICIAN I and MAINTENANCE MAN I, instructs them in
the efficient and safe use of TV/Grout system, trains them
in work methods, and ensures that proper procedures and safety
precautions are followed. Drives TV/Grout unit truck.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or a vocational school,
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of sewer inspection, maintenance, and repair.
b. Knowledge of the operation and maintenance of a closed
circuit TV system and a chemical sealing unit.
c. Ability to perform minor repair and maintenance of
electrical and electronic systems.
d. Ability to read and interpret maps, blueprints,
schematics, and plans.
58
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Title: TV TECHNICIAN II (Cont'd)
e. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
f. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
g. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees.
h. Ability to prepare records showing conditions of
sewer lines.
i. Possession of a valid driver's license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of rational systems to solve
practical problems and deal with a variety of
concrete variables in situations where only
limited standardization exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished
in written, oral, or diagrammatic form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard, practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with workers on the intercom system.
(2) Prepare various operating reports.
(3) Read and interpret sketches, blueprints, schematics,
and diagrams.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
A minimum of four years of experience in the field of
sewer maintenance experience including one year in
an electronic related field.
59
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Title: TV TECHNICIAN II (Cont'd)
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: "
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10SJ
g. Motor Coordination: "
h. Finger Dexterity: Middle third
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest 10%
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom lOSl
6. Interests:
A preference for activities of a technical nature and
for activities concerned with machines and processes.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations requiring frequent change and
involving the direction, control, and planning of activities
requiring the evaluation of information against measurable
or verifiable criteria.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving climbing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, reaching, handling, feeling, talking, hearing,
and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves wet conditions and
exposure to weather, noxious smells, and gases.
ENTRY SOURCES: TV Technician I.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor I, or Foreman.
60
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: TV TECHNICIAN I, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists TV TECHNICIAN II in operating mobile closed circuit
television and chemical sealing units to conduct internal
inspection of sewer lines and to seal defective lines for
prevention of water infiltration: Measures and mixes basic
sealing chemicals in compound tanks. Checks set-up time of
sealing compound. Sets up audio communication system. Turns
winch handles to move camera and sealing packer through sewer
line. Climbs into manhole, disconnects videopower cables
from camera, and inserts blind plug into power cable. Assists
in servicing, adjusting and repairing equipment and attach-
ments . Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect per-
sonnel and public. May drive TV/Grout unit truck.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Usually required to have completed eighth grade.
Completion of tenth grade or graduation from high
school or vocational school is highly desirable
and is increasingly required.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the operation and maintenance of a
closed circuit TV system and a chemical sealing
unit.
b. Ability to perform minor repair and maintenance of
electrical and electronic systems.
c. Knowledge of occupational hazards and necessary
safety precautions.
d. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
e. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow
employees and the public.
f. Possession of a valid driver's license.
61
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Title: TV TECHNICIAN I (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out
detailed but uninvolved written or oral instruction.
Mathematical:
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply and
divide whole numbers.
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions
and to establish and maintain communication with
fellow employees and supervisors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
A minimum of six months of experience in the field
of sewer construction and maintenance work.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: "
62
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Title: TV TECHNICIAN I (Cont'd)
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of technical nature and for
activities concerned with machines and processes.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving doing things under
specific instructions and must have disposition to
adhere exactly to established standards and procedures.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is medium and involves climbing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching, handling,
fingering, talking, hearing, and seeing.
9 . Working Conditions:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather,
water, noise, noxious smells, gases, and the risk of
bodily injury.
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer, or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: TV Technician II.
63
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: FOREMAN, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises and coordinates activities of medium to large
size crew engaged in the repair and minor construction of
storm and sanitary sewers/ and appurtenances: Assigns
tasks to MAINTENANCE MEN, LABORERS, and AUTOMOTIVE EQUIP-
MENT OPERATORS involved in repairing and constructing
sewer lines, manholes, catch basins and drainage facilities.
Confers with MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I to receive job assign-
ments. Reads maps and interprets sketches and blueprints
to determine location of job sites, existing utilities lines,
and city right-of-way limits. Provides technical assistance
and prescribes work methods and safety procedures to workers.
Directs AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS in excavating and
backfilling trenches. Directs MAINTENANCE MEN and LABORERS
in breaking asphalt or pavement. Examines sewer lines to
determine cause of malfunction and need for repair and
decides on corrective action to take. Oversees work in
progress to assure conformance to job specifications and
enforcement of safety precautions. Supervises laying and
joining of sewer lines and ensures that joints are tight
and sealed properly before backfilling. Requisitions delivery
and oversees removal of materials such as stone, dirt, and
broken pavement. Prepares records showing actions taken,
manpower and equipment utilization, and disposition of
material. Requisitions tools and equipment. Drives pickup
truck to and from work sites. Communicates with MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR I and DISPATCHER, using radio telephone. Gives
directions to subordinates, trains them in safety procedures
and work methods, and evaluates their work.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of methods, equipment, and materials used
in sewer installation, repair and maintenance.
64
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Title: FOREMAN (Cont'd)
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and safety
precautions of work.
c. Knowledge of city streets and sewerage system.
d. Ability to supervise and coordinate the work of
subordinates and to instruct them in proper work
methods and procedures.
e. Ability to read simple diagrams, profiles, specifi-
cations, and blueprints.
f. Ability to carry out and transmit oral and written
instructions.
General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of wastewater collection
system to solve practical problems and deal
with a variety of concrete variables in
situations where only limited standardization
exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished
in written, oral, or diagrammatic form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard, practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Interview job applicants, direct, and instruct
employees.
(2) Prepare various operating reports.
(3) Read and interpret sketches, blueprints, and
diagrams.
Specific Vocational Preparation:
A minimum of four years of experience in the field of
sewer maintenance and construction work, including at
least two years experience as a leadman.
65
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Title: FOREMAN (Cont'd)
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
A preference for activities resulting in prestige or
the esteem of others and for activities concerned
with machines and processes.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to planning and controlling a variety of
tasks requiring frequent change.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work, involving climbing, balancing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling, talking, and
seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed outside. Exposed to weather, noise,
risk of bodily injury, and occasionally to dust and
noxious smells.
66
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Title: FOREMAN (Cont'd)
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man II, Mason II, TV Technician II,
Maintenance Equipment Operator, or Construction
Equipment Operator.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor If Maintenance Supervisor II,
or Construction Inspector.
67
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MAN II, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Repairs and maintains municipal storm and sanitary sewer
lines, functioning as leadman and performing any combination
of following tasks: Inspects manholes to determine location
of stoppage. Runs rods through rod guide, fits front end
of rod with auger, using wrench, and lowers guide into position.
Thrusts rods into invert and advances them until auger reaches
obstruction. Rotates rods manually with turning pin or attaches
end of rod to portable power rodder to rotate rods. Pulls
lever and depresses pedal of machine to advance cleaning tool
slowly until it encounters obstruction and to rotate cable
or rods until obstacle is broken. Retracts rods to drag out
obstructions such as roots, grease, and other deposits. Cleans
and repairs catch basins, manholes, culverts and storm drains,
using hand tools. Raises manhole walls to prescribed street
level, using masonry tools. Measures distance of excavation
site, using tape measure, and marks outline of area to be
trenched according to direction of FOREMAN. Breaks asphalt
and other pavement, using air hammer, pick, and shovel. Cuts
damaged section of pipe with cutters and removes broken section
from ditch. Replaces broken pipes and reconnects pipe sections,
using pipe sleeve. Inspects joints to ensure they are tight and
sealed properly before backfilling. Packs backfilled excavation,
using air and gasoline tamper. Taps mainline sewers to install
sewer saddles. Replaces manhole covers. Updates sewer maps
and manhole charting. Drives pickup truck to haul crew, materials
and equipment. Services, adjusts and makes minor repairs to
equipment, machines, and attachments. Communicates with DIS-
PATCHER, FOREMAN, MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR, and others, using
radio telephone. Gives directions to MAINTENANCE MEN I, and
LABORERS, instructs them in efficient and safe use of machines,
trains them in work methods, and ensures that proper procedures
and safety precautions are followed. Prepares records showing
actions taken, manpower and equipment utilization, and dis-
position of material. Requisitions tools and equipment. May
operate sewer cleaning equipment including power rodder, high
velocity water jet, sewer flusher, bucket machine, wayne ball,
and vac-all. May clean and disinfect domestic basements and
other areas flooded as a result of sewer stoppages. May act
as leadman in a large repair and construction crew under the
supervision of a FOREMAN.
68
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN II (Cont'd)
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Usually required to have completed eighth grade.
Completion of tenth grade or graduation from high
school or vocational school is highly desirable
and is increasingly required.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of methods, tools, equipment, and materials
used in sewer construction, repair, and maintenance.
b. Knowledge of lay out of city streets and locations
of sewer lines and related structures.
c. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
d. Ability to locate/ detect, and correct sewer stoppages
and leaks.
e. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
f. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees and the general public.
g. Possession of a valid driver's license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written or
diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathemati cal:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
69
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN II (Cont'd)
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with fellow employees and train
subordinates in work methods.
(2) Fill in maintenance report forms.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Three years experience in the repair and maintenance
of sewerage system is commonly required.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: Highest third excluding top 10%
e. Form Perception: Middle third
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10i
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 101
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with things, objects,
machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to a variety of tasks requiring frequent
change and adhere closely to established standards and
procedures. Must adjust to making judgmental decisions.
70
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN II (Cont'd)
8. Physical Demands:
Medium to heavy work involving lifting, climbing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching,
handling, fingering, talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves wet conditions,
noise, risk of bodily injury, and exposure to
weather, noxious smells, and gases.
ENTRY SOURCES: Mason II, Maintenance Man I, or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Foreman, Maintenance Supervisor I, or Construction
Inspector.
71
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MAN I, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists MAINTENANCE MAN II, MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR,
and TV TECHNICIAN II in the repair, construction, internal
inspection, sealing, and maintenance of storm and sanitary
sewers and related structures, performing any combination
of following tasks: Breaks asphalt and other pavement,
using air hammer, pick, and shovel. Assists in bracing
and shoring excavations, cutting, fitting, laying, joining,
and caulking sewer lines, coupling and sealing pipe joints,
and in making sewer taps. Assists in building manholes and
catch basins and in raising and lowering manhole walls. Chips
away concrete along cracks of manholes, to prepare for repairs,
using hammer and chisel. Knocks rim off manholes and breaks
top of manhole wall, using sledge hammer. Mixes cement, sand
and water, to prepare mortar, using shovel. Removes debris
such as sticks, rags, rocks, sand, grease, and other foreign
matter from bottom of manholes, using long handled shovel,
long hook, spoon, fork or rod; and raises deposits to surface
and dumps them into truck to be hauled away for disposition.
Examines condition of lines, manholes, and inverts and informs
supervisor if damage is detected. Climbs into manhole and
places mirror near invert to reflect sunlight into sewer
(from mirror held by other worker on surface) to determine
condition of sewer line. Cuts trees, branches, bushes, and
shrubs, using chainsaw and axe. Assists in unclogging storm
and sanitary sewer lines by hand or using machine-driven tool.
Attaches bit to end of cable, using wrench, and inserts cable
into line to remove stoppage. Connects fill hose of high
velocity water jet to fire hydrant and turns water on to fill
water tank of water jet to prescribed level, using hydrant
wrench. Inserts nozzle of hose down manhole through roller
guide into main line. Fastens sections of extension tubes of
vacuum jet rodder. Places sandtrap in lower manhole to catch
wayne ball and debris. Assists in setting up power winch of
bucket machine over manholes. Activates power winch and dis-
engages gear to move bucket in line. Attaches auger to end
of rod, using wrench. Lowers rod guide and pipe jack into
manhole. Sets up audio communication system. Turns winch
handles to move TV camera through sewer line. Observes and
moves cable and rope while standing in manhole to move camera
through sewer line without damage. Assists in servicing
equipment, machines, and attachments. Conveys materials and
tools about job site. Cleans work sites, removes debris, and
places tools in truck after completion of job. Erects barricades
or traffic cones to protect workmen and public. May drive
pickup truck.
72
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN I (Cont'd)
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the completion of eighth
grade. A high school or vocational school is
highly desirable. Must be able to read and write.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the uses of sewer construction and
maintenance tools and equipment.
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and necessary
safety precautions.
c. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow
employees and the public.
e. Ability to perform heavy manual labor under varying
weather conditions.
f. Possession of a valid driver's license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out
detailed but uninvolved written or oral instruction,
b. Mathematical:
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply and
divide whole numbers.
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions
and to establish and maintain communication with
fellow employees and supervisors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Approximately six months of experience as a laborer
in sewer construction and maintenance work.
73
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN I (Cont'd)
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 101
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: "
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a concrete and organized
nature dealing with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving doing things only
under specific instructions and must have disposition
to adhere exactly to established standards and procedures
8. Physical Demands:
The work is heavy to very heavy and involves lifting
heavy objects, climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching,
crawling, reaching, handling, fingering, talking,
hearing/ and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather,
water, noise, noxious smells, gases, and the risk of
bodily injury.
74
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN I (Cont'd)
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer, or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Man II, Maintenance Equipment Operator,
Construction Equipment Operator, or TV Technician I,
75
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MASON II, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Builds, repairs, and finishes sewer related structures such
as manholes, culverts, catch basins, and retaining walls,
using masonry tools, floats, trowels and screeds: Inspects
masonry appurtenances to ascertain condition of structures
and need for repairs. Raises or lowers manhole walls to
conform with grade changes. Chips away concrete along cracks
to prepare for repairs, using hammer and chisel. Knocks rim
off manholes and breaks top of manhole walls, using sledge
hammer. Replaces fallen bricks and patches cracks and eroded
inverts with fresh mortar, using trowel. Presses bricks
into cement mixture and lays them to specified levels. Smooths
and finishes surfaces of concrete walls to specified textures,
using floats. Places rim over brick and cements rim to ensure
that cover is secure in place. Installs prefabricated man-
holes. Signals to CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to align
fabricated manhole and press it into proper position. Applies
mortar mix on area between pre-cast concrete and existing
walls to secure manhole in position. Bypasses manholes to
dewater them, using pumps. Drives pickup truck to work sites
to haul workers, materials, and equipment. Gives directions
to MASON I, and LABORERS, instructs them in efficient and
safe use of machines and tools, trains them in work methods,
and ensures that proper procedures and safety precautions
are followed. Requisitions tools and materials. May act
as crew leader. May mix cement, sand, and water to prepare
mortar, using shovel.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Usually required to have completed at least the
eighth grade. Completion of the tenth grade or
graduation from high school or vocational school
is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of materials, methods, and standard practices
of the masonry trade.
76
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Title: MASON II (Cont'd)
b. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
c. Ability to use effectively masonry tools.
d. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
e. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees and the general public.
f. Possession of a valid driver's license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written or
diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with fellow employees and train
subordinates in work methods.
(2) Fill in work report forms.
4. Specific Vocational Preparations:
Two to three years experience in construction and
masonry work.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: "
77
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Title: MASON II (Cont'd)
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 1
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 1
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with things, objects,
machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive opera-
tions carried out according to set procedures and
must adhere to accepted standards.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium to heavy work involving lifting, climbing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching,
handling, fingering, talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves wet conditions,
risk of bodily injury, and exposure to weather,
noxious smells, and gases.
ENTRY SOURCES: Mason I.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Man II, Foreman, or Maintenance Supervisor
78
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MASON I, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists MASON II to build, repair, and finish manholes,
culverts, catch basins and other sewer-related appurtenances,
using masonry tools such as floats, trowels, and screeds:
Removes manhole covers, using pick. Inspects structures
and relays to MASON II condition of structures. Chips away
concrete along cracks to prepare for repairs, using hammer
and chisel. Raises loose bricks and debris from bottom
of manhole to surface and dumps them in truck, using bucket
and shovel. Mixes cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar,
using shovel. Deposits mortar on board within reach of
MASON II. Assists in preparing, smoothing, and finishing
surfaces of concrete walls to specified textures, using
float. Assists in dewatering manholes to bypass them.
Conveys and replaces tools on truck. May drive pickup
truck to haul crew, materials, equipment, and tools. Per-
forms other duties as directed by MASON II.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the completion of eighth
grade. Graduation of a high school or a vocational
school is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of tools, equipment, and materials used
in masonry work.
b. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
c. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow
employees and general public.
e. Ability to perform heavy manual labor under varying
weather conditions.
f. Possession of a valid driver's license.
79
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Title: MASON I (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out
simple 1- or 2-step instructions.
b. Mathematical:
Perform simple addition and subtraction,
reading and copying of figures, or counting
and recording.
c. Language:
Learn job duties from oral instructions or
demonstration. Request orally or in writing
work supplies and materials.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Approximately six months of experience as a laborer
in masonry work.
5. Aptitude - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: Lowest 10%
d. Spatial: Lowest third excluding bottom 10s
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10'
i. Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination .-Lowest third excluding bottom 10*
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
80
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Title: MASON I (Cont'd)
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a concrete and
organized nature dealing with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive
operations carried out according to set procedures
or sequences and involving doing things only under
specific instruction with little or no room for
independent action or judgment.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is heavy to very heavy and involves
lifting, climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching,
reaching, handling, fingering, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather,
water, noxious smells, gases, and the risk of bodily
injury.
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer and General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Mason II.
81
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Operates maintenance equipment such as vacuum jet rodder,
eductor, high velocity water jet, bucket machine, power
rodder, wayne ball machine, and sewer flusher, to clean
and unclog storm and sanitary sewer lines functioning
as leadman and performing any combination of following
tasks: Drives and positions equipment. Manipulates
control to start vacuum fan engine. Pushes buttons to
activate remote controls that lift and position flexible
suction hose. Positions drain of vacuum jet rodder over
manhole, opens liquid release valve on vacuum body, lowers
drain hose into manhole, and lets liquid drain. Inserts
nozzle of high velocity water jet hose down manhole through
roller guide into mainline. Observes water pressure and
footage gauges to ascertain length of hose in line and to
determine when obstruction is met. Moves levers to direct
movement of water jet hose in sewer line. Inserts water
agitating hose of eductor into manhole. Selects and
attaches auger of specified size to rod, using wrench.
Lowers rod guide and pipe jack into manhole, using rope
attachment. Starts machine and moves levers to advance
cleaning tool in sewer line, to regulate rate of speed of
rod, to rotate auger to bore through and loosen obstruction,
and to withdraw rod. Sets up power winches of bucket
machine over manholes. Floats rope attached to tow sack
down to adjacent manhole to thread sewer line. Attaches
cables from two power winches to bucket so bucket can move
inside sewer line in both directions. Disengages upper
winch out of gear and signals MAINTENANCE MAN I to activate
lower power winch to close and retract bucket. Pulls bucket
to surface and empties contents into truck. Places cable
through jack pulley and attaches cable to wayne ball. In-
serts wayne ball into sewer line. Directs MAINTENANCE
MEN I to connect fire hose to fire hydrant and to turn fire
hydrant on to build up water pressure in sewer line, to move
ball that removes accumulated debris downstream. Inserts
flushing truck water hose into manhole and turns water on
to wash debris in line. Services, adjusts, and makes minor
repairs to equipment and attachments. Communicates with
DISPATCHER, FOREMAN, MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I, using radio
telephone. Gives directions to MAINTENANCE MEN I, and
LABORERS, instructs them in the efficient and safe use of
tools and machines, trains them in work methods and ensures
that proper procedures and safety precautions are followed.
82
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Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont'd)
Prepares daily reports showing manpower and equipment
utilization, lines cleaned, and number of stoppages
opened. May clean and disinfect domestic basements
and other areas flooded as a result of sewer stoppages.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is usually completion of
eighth grade. Graduation from high school or
vocational school is highly desirable and is
increasingly required.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the operation, servicing, and minor
repair of a variety of sewer cleaning equipment.
b. Knowledge of methods, tools, and materials used
to clean and unclog storm and sanitary sewer lines.
c. Knowledge of lay out of city streets and locations
of sewer lines and related structures.
d. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
e. Ability to detect and perform minor repairs and
adjustment to equipment.
f. Ability to locate, detect, and correct sewer stoppages,
g. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
h. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees and the general public.
i. Possession of a valid driver's license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written or
diagrammatic form.
83
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Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont'd)
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with fellow employees, and train
subordinates in work methods.
(2) Fill in maintenance report forms.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
One to two years experience in sewer maintenance and
equipment operation is required to achieve average
performance and to lead a small crew. Length of
training depends on educational background and
mechanical attitude and is of the informal on-the-job
type.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10
i. Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10
84
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Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont'd)
6. Interests:
A preference for activities dealing with things,
objects, machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive
operations carried out according to set procedures
or sequences and must adhere to accepted standards.
Must also adjust to situations requiring the evaluation
of information against judgmental criteria.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work involving lifting, climbing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling, fingering,
talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves contact with water,
risk of bodily injury, and exposure to weather, noise
and noxious smells.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man I.
PROGRESSION TO: TV Technician II, Foreman, or Maintenance Supervisor I,
85
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Operates variety of construction and earth moving equipment
to assist in sewer repair and construction: Moves hand and
foot levers to operate such equipment as back hoe, front end
loader, dragline, bulldozer, motor grader and trenching machine
to load, unload, and haul gravel, rock, dirt, sand, equipment,
and materials; Excavate and backfill trenches; Position pre-
cast manholes, storm and sanitary pipes; Move and level ground
to desired grade. Performs related construction duties. Ob-
serves signals of another worker to facilitate positioning
and operation of equipment. Services, adjusts and makes minor
repairs to equipment. Works under the supervision of a FORE-
MAN or a crew leader. May be designated according to type of
machine operated as BACK HOE OPERATOR, DRAGLINE OPERATOR, and
BULLDOZER OPERATOR.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is usually eighth grade. Graduation
from a high school or vocational school supplemented
by completion of formal operator training is highly
desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
b. Ability to operate and maintain a variety of con-
struction and earth moving equipment.
c. Ability to detect needed mechanical work and make
necessary minor repairs and adjustments.
d. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
e. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with employees.
f. Possession of a valid operator's license.
86
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Title: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont1d)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written or
diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
c. Language:
Communicate with fellow employees during operation
of equipment.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Three to six months are required before the worker
achieves average proficiency in operating equipment.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
87
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Title: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont'd)
6. Interests:
Interest in activities of a concrete and organized
nature dealing with things, objects, machines, and
techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive
operations carried out according to set procedures
or sequences.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is light and involves reaching, handling,
fingering, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather,
noise, vibration, hazards, and dust.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man I, Automotive Equipment Operator,
or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Foreman, or Equipment Supervisor.
88
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Drives automotive equipment such as dump truck and tractor
to perform any combination of following tasks: Hauls debris,
dirt, gravel, rock, sand, and equipment. Loads and unloads
materials and equipment. Drives tractor and controls mowing
attachment to cut grass, bushes, and shrubs in maintenance
of outfall right-of-way. Cuts and trims trees and bushes,
using chainsaw, axe, and other handtools. Cleans, adjusts,
greases, oils, and performs minor repairs to automative
equipment and attachments. Locates job sites, using maps,
and records work performed. May act as a crew leader. May
give directions to MAINTENANCE MEN I and LABORERS. Performs
other manual tasks as directed.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the completion of eighth grade.
2. General Requirements:
a. Ability to recognize and report abnormal operating
functions of equipment and make necessary mechanical
adjustments.
b. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
c. Ability to perform heavy manual labor.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow
employees.
e. Possession of a valid driver's license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions,
89
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Title: AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont'd)
(2) Deal with problems involving a few concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply,
and divide whole numbers.
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions
and to establish and maintain communication
with fellow employees and supervisors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Short demonstration only.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 1(
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom l!
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding hot ton! 1
i. Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 1
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a routine, concrete, or-
ganized nature that are carried on in relation to
machines and techniques.
90
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Title: AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont'd)
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive
operations carried on according to set procedures
or sequences involving doing things only under
specific instructions.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is heavy and involves lifting, reaching,
handling, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is both inside and outside.
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Construction Equipment Operator.
91
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: LABORER, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Performs any combination of the following routine tasks
involved with construction, repair, and preventive main-
tenance of storm and sanitary sewers and related structures:
Places barricades or traffic cones around work site to pro-
tect workmen and public. Conveys materials and tools about
job site. Cleans work sites, removes debris, and places
tools in truck after completion of job. Breaks pavement
and digs ditches, using air hammer, pick, and shovel. Digs
dirt from around pipe, shovels, and rakes crushed stone or
dirt to desired grade. Backfills ditches, using shovels,
and packs dirt, using whacker and tamper. Helps to man-
euver and hold pipe sections in position for MAINTENANCE
MEN to tighten and caulk connections, using pipe puller.
Assists in unclogging storm and sanitary sewers manually
or using power operated cleaning tools. Mixes cement,
sand, and water to prepare mortar, using shovel. Cuts
trees, branches, bushes, and shrubs to clear right-of-way,
using chainsaw and axe. Cuts weeds and grass, using power-
mower. Cleans manholes, catch basins, creeks, and ditches.
Raises loose bricks and debris from bottom of manhole to
surface, and dumps them in truck, using bucket and shovel.
Loads and unloads heavy mechanical equipment, dirt, stone,
and construction materials on and from truck. Cleans tools
and equipment. May drive pickup truck.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Required to have completed the eighth grade. Must
be able to read and write.
2. General Requirements:
a. Ability to perform heavy manual labor in all kinds
of weather.
b. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
c. Ability to use hand tools and standard equipment.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow
employees and the public.
92
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Title: LABORER (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out
simple 1- or 2-step instructions.
Mathematical:
Perform simple addition and subtraction,
reading, and copying of figures, or counting
and recording.
c. Language:
Learn job duties from oral instructions or
demonstrations, and request orally, or in
writing, work supplies and materials.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
No previous experience is necessary.
5, Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
b. Verbal: "
c. Numerical: Lowest 10%
d. Spatial: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
i. Manual Dexterity; Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
93
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Title: LABORER (Cont'd)
Interests:
Interest in activities dealing with things and objects
of a routine, concrete, organized nature.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving things only
under specific instruction, allowing little or no
room for independent action or judgment in working
out job problems.
8. Physical Demands:
Heavy to very heavy work involving lifting, carrying,
climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling,
reaching, handling, fingering, talking, hearing, and
seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Outside work involving wet conditions and exposure
to weather, noise, noxious smells, gases, and risk
of bodily injury.
ENTRY SOURCES: Unskilled labor market.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Man I, TV Technician I, Automotive
Equipment Operator, Maintenance Mechanic Helper,
or Mason I.
94
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Repairs and overhauls wastewater pumping station equipment,
using hand tools: Overhauls and repairs centrifugal-type
pumps, motors, chlorinators, control valves, comminutors,
and related equipment. Lubricates and adjusts pumping
station equipment. Replaces packing and filter element,
and changes chlorine cylinder. Evaluates station logs
and makes recommendations for changes in maintenance pro-
cedures. Periodically inspects pumping stations for early
detection of malfunctions. Reads and interprets technical
manuals and blueprints to facilitate repair and maintenance
of equipment. Provides technical assistance and prescribes
work methods and safety procedures to MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I
and MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER. Drives pickup truck to
pumping stations. Requisitions tools and equipment.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school
is the minimum requirement.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles of operation and maintenance
of pumps, motors, and related electrical and mechanical
pumping station equipment.
b. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety
precautions.
c. Ability to diagnose and repair malfunctions in
equipment.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written or
diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving a few concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
95
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Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II (Cont'd)
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Read and interpret technical manuals and blueprints.
(2) Read and evaluate station operation logs.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Three years experience in the operation, maintenance,
and repair of pumps and related mechanical and electrical
equipment.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10^
c. Numerical: Middle third
d. Spatial: Highest third excluding top 10%
e. Form Perception: Middle third
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10'
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Highest third excluding top 10%
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10!
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
An interest in activities dealing with things and objects
which are carried on in relation to processes, machines,
and techniques.
96
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Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II (Cont'd)
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations requiring the making of
decisions on a judgmental basis and adhere to
precise and established standards.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work involving lifting, climbing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling, fingering,
feeling, talking, hearing and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is inside and involves contact with water,
risk of bodily injury, and exposure to noise, noxious
smells, gases, and poor ventilation.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Mechanic I.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor I.
97
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Conducts periodic inspection and performs routine preventive
maintenance and minor repairs to wastewater pumping stations
to ensure efficient operation, using hand tools: Inspects
centrifugal-type pumps, comminutors, chlorinators, float
switches, valves, fresh-air blowers, and warning alarms to
detect malfunctions. Observes and reports malfunctions to
MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II and assists in overhaul and major
repair of equipment. Lubricates pumps, motors, and drives.
Adjusts pump seal to tighten packing, using wrench. Cleans
mechanic seal or packing gland. Replaces packing and filter
element, and changes chlorine cylinder. Observes, listens
to, and feels heat of pump motor to detect unusual noise
or vibration. Inspects and cleans bar screen using rake.
Washes sides of wet well to control grease accumulation,
using water hose. Keeps records and makes routine reports.
Drives pickup truck to pumping stations. Gives directions
to MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER, instructs him in the efficient
and safe use of tools, trains him in work methods, and ensures
that proper procedures and safety precautions are followed.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school
is the minimum requirement.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of pumping station equipment.
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and necessary
safety precautions.
c. Ability to maintain pumps and related mechanical
and electrical equipment.
d. Ability to detect equipment malfunctions and perform
minor repairs.
e. Possession of a valid driver's license.
98
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Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written, or
diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Keep records and make routine reports.
(2) Give directions and instructions to helper.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
One to two years experience in varied mechanical work.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: Middle third
d. Spatial: "
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination:
99
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I (Cont'd)
6. Interests:
A preference for activities of a concrete and
organized nature dealing with things, objects,
processes, machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to working with precise and established
standards and making decisions on a judgmental basis,
8. Physical Demands:
Work is medium and it involves lifting, climbing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling,
fingering, feeling, talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Condtions:
Work is outside and involves contact with water,
risk of bodily injury, and exposure to noise,
noxious smells, and poor ventilation.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Mechanic Helper.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Mechanic II.
100
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I to inspect and maintain
wastewater pumping stations, performing any combination
of following tasks: Assists in inspecting, adjusting,
and minor repairing of pumping station equipment such as
pumps, comminutors, chlorinators, float switches, valves,
fresh-air blowers, and warning alarms. Assists in packing
and lubricating pumps. Checks and cleans bar screens,
using rake. Washes sides of wet well to control grease
accumulation, using water hose. Performs routine main-
tenance to station and grounds, including mowing grass
and cutting weeds. Cleans and conveys tools about work
site. Performs other related duties as directed by MAIN-
TENANCE MECHANIC I.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the graduation from a
high school or vocational school.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of mechanics as related to repairing and
maintaining pumps, motors, and related mechanical
and electrical equipment.
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and necessary
safety precautions.
c. Ability to understand and follow oral and written
instructions.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out
detailed but uninvolved written or oral instruction,
b. Mathematical
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply, and
divide whole numbers.
101
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER (Cont'd)
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions
and to establish and maintain communication with
fellow employees and supervisors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
No previous experience is necessary.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10?
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10'
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
Interest in activities of a routine and organized
nature dealing with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving doing things only
under specific instructions and must have disposition
to adhere exactly to established standards and pro-
cedures.
102
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER (Cont'd)
8. Physical Demands:
The work is medium and involves climbing, balancing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling,
fingering, feeling, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is inside and it involves contact with water,
risk of bodily injury, and exposure to noise, noxious
odors, gases, and poor ventilation.
ENTRY SOURCES: High School or Vocational School graduates,
General Public, and Laborer.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Mechanic I.
103
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: ELECTRICIAN, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Inspects, maintains, repairs, and installs electrical and
electronic lift station equipment, using electrical tools:
Makes regular tours inspecting electrical and electronic
equipment in lift stations to ascertain proper operation.
Locates defects in electrical systems and makes temporary
emergency and permanent repairs. Installs, maintains, and
tests electrical wiring systems, telephone circuit high water
alarm units, telemetering equipment, lights and power circuits,
pressure sensing switches, multi-circuit alternators, fixtures,
motors, generators, control panels, fuses, switches, and other
related instruments. Tests, callibrates and installs instru-
ments and related sensing devices used for controlling auto-
matic equipment. Reads and interprets sketches, wiring,
diagrams, specifications, and codes. Keeps maintenance
records. Drives pickup truck to lift stations.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a standard high school or vocational
school. Electrical and electronic courses highly
desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles, practices, materials,
and methods of the installation, repair, and main-
tenance of electrical and electronic equipment.
b. Knowledge of the occupational hazards and safety
precautions in electrical work.
c. Ability to use and care for tools of the electrical
trade.
d. Ability to work from drawings and wiring diagrams.
e. Ability to interpret and execute oral and written orders,
f. A valid motor vehicle operator's license.
104
-------
Title: Electrician (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of electrical and electronic
systems to solve practical problems and deal
with a variety of concrete variables in
situations where only limited standardization
exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished
in written, oral, or diagrammatic form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and
geometric procedures in standard, practical
applications.
c. Language:
Read and interpret manuals as well as
drawings, schematics, and specifications
such as layouts and blueprints.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Apprenticeship of 2 to 4 years of on-the-job training
and completion of courses in electric and electronic
equipment maintenance are generally accepted as the
best method of entry. Training received in vocational
or technical schools or the armed services enhances
entry and advancement prospects.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: "
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: Highest third excluding top 10%
e. Form Perception: Middle third
105
-------
Title: Electrician (Cont'd)
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with things,
objects, machines, and techniques resulting in
tangible satisfaction.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to working with precise and established
standards of accuracy in situations involving the
evaluation of information against measurable or
verifiable criteria.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work involving climbing, balancing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching, handling,
fingering, and feeling.
9, Working Conditions:
The work is both inside and outside. It involves
risk of electric shock, bodily injury, and exposure
to noise, noxious smells, gases, and poor ventilation.
ENTRY SOURCES: Trade school and electrical and/or electronic
apprentice program graduates. Qualified electricians.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor I.
106
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises, coordinates and schedules activities of CON-
STRUCTION INSPECTORS engaged in inspecting construction of
storm and sanitary sewers and related appurtenances: Assigns
construction projects to CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS. Confers
with city engineers and contractors to discuss installation
of sewers and city specifications. Studies blueprints and
specifications covering construction projects. Conducts
periodic field inspection of work in progress and final
inspection upon completion of construction project. Inspects
major construction activities regarded complex enough to
demand his personal attention. Trains and provides technical
assistance to subordinates. Examines grades, pipe foundations,
pipe jointings, pipe placement, alignment and connections;
manholes and invert installation; and backfilling operations
and tamping of dirt for compliance with plans and specifications.
Keeps records, prepares reports, and makes recommendations
concerning work methods and safety procedures.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school, supplemented by
courses in engineering, surveying and drafting.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles, practices, techniques,
equipment, and materials involved in the construction
of sanitary and storm sewer lines and related structures,
b. Ability to read and interpret blueprints and speci-
fications .
c. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with consulting engineers, contractors,
employees, and general public.
d. Ability to plan, supervise, and coordinate inspection
activities.
107
-------
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR (Cont'd)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of logical thinking to define
problems, collect data, establish facts, and
draw valid conclusions.
(2) Interpret an extensive variety of technical
instructions in books, manuals, and mathe-
matical or diagrammatic form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic and
geometric procedures in standard and practical
applications.
c. Language:
(1) Prepare records and reports.
(2) Evaluate engineering and technical data and
interpret specifications.
(3) Confer with engineers and contractors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four to five years experience in the construction
and inspection of sewers.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
108
-------
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR (Cont'd)
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a technical nature and
resulting in prestige or the esteem of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the direction,
control, and planning of activities requiring the
evaluation of information against measurable or
verifiable criteria. Must also have satisfactory
working relationships with people beyond giving
and receiving instructions.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving climbing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, crawling, reaching, handling, feeling,
talking/ hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed inside and outside and involves
exposure to noise from construction equipment.
ENTRY SOURCES: Construction Inspector.
PROGRESSION TO: Assistant Superintendent, Superintendent, or a
similar position in a larger city.
109
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Inspects all phases of construction of storm and sanitary
sewers and related structures to ensure conformity with
plans and specifications: Studies blueprints and speci-
fications, preparatory to inspection of construction project.
Inspects construction work in progress and upon its completion.
Verifies elevation and alignment to which pipe is installed,
examines pipe . foundations, jointings, placement, alignment,
and connections; manholes and invert installations; and
backfilling operations and tamping of dirt for compliance
with plans and specifications. Measures footage of pipe
installed, unit quantity of earth removed, gravel used,
and concrete poured. Inspects construction materials to
ensure specified quality. Interprets each day's work in-
cluding a descriptive record of equipment and personnel
used, a sketch of trench conditions and field location of
utilities exposed by construction .work, and a report on
field and weather conditions. Coordinates construction
work of project with the operations of gas, water, telephone,
and electric companies and other city departments. Selects
samples of materials for testing. Ascertains and promptly
refers to CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR field conditions
or problems requiring changes in the work or correction of
improper construction procedures. Observes installing con-
tractor in performance of infiltration, exfiltration, and
low pressure air tests to ensure soundness and tightness of
sewer installations. Visually inspects sewer lines to ensure
proper installation, using lamp or mirror. Recommends acceptance
or requirement of additional work upon completion of project.
Prepares progress and final reports to city for payment.
Confers with city engineer, contractors, and CONSTRUCTION
INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school
is the minimum requirement, preferably supplemented
by courses in civil engineering, drafting, and sur-
veying .
110
-------
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR (Cont'd)
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of methods, practices, equipment, and
materials used in the construction of sanitary
and storm sewer lines and related appurtenances.
b. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, plans,
and specifications.
c. Ability to establish and maintain effective working
relationships with consulting engineers and con-
tractors .
d. Ability to keep records and make reports.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply construction principles to solve practical
problems and deal with a variety of concrete
variables in situations where only limited
standardization exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instruction furnished
in written, oral, diagrammatic, or schedule
form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, geometric
procedures in standard and practical applications.
c. Language:
(1) Confer with engineers, contractors, and superiors.
(2) Interpret specifications and blueprints.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Two to three years experience in construction or survey
work. Experience as construction foreman is particularly
desirable.
Ill
-------
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR (Cont'd)
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Highest third excluding top 10%
f. Clerical Perception: Middle third
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
Interest in activities technical in nature and are
carried on in relation to processes, machines, and
techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the evaluation of
information against measurable or verifiable criteria
and must adhere to precis-e and established standards
indicated by detailed written specifications and
blueprints.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving climbing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, crawling, reaching, handling, feeling,
talking, hearing, and seeing.
ENTRY SOURCES: Construction Foreman, Maintenance Man II or Draftsman.
PROGRESSION TO: Construction Inspector Supervisor.
112
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: DISPATCHER, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Dispatches work crews to repair and unstop storm and
sanitary sewer lines according to complaints received
from public: Answers telephone to receive complaints
and requests for service from general public. Records
caller's name, address and type of complaint. Locates
site of trouble spot using map. Checks truck log to
determine location of nearest available work crew. Transmits
information and work orders to MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR or
to proper field crew, using radio telephone. Compiles, types,
logs, and files information on complaints received and com-
pleted assignments, such as manpower and equipment utili-
zation, lines cleaned and number of stoppages opened.
Maintains truck log indicating location of work crews.
Types and maintains reports on street cuts and contacts
street department for repavement. Files sewer maps by
streets showing location and measurements of storm and
sanitary sewer lines and appurtenances for future reference.
Performs related routine typing and filing duties.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
High school graduate.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the activities, methods, and operating
policies and procedures of the department.
b. Ability to speak clearly.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral or written form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
113
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Title: DISPATCHER (Cont'd)
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with employees and public.
(2) Prepare maintenance reports.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Commercial courses in high school or business school.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: "
c. Numericalt "
d. Spatial: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Middle third
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity: "
i. Manual Dexterity: "
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Lowest 10%
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
A preference for activities involving business contact
with people and the communication of ideas.
114
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Title: DISPATCHER (Cont'd)
Temperament:
Must have satisfactory working relationships with
people and must adjust to situations requiring the
making of decisions on a judgmental basis.
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work involving reaching, handling, fingering,
talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed inside.
ENTRY SOURCES: High School graduates or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Progress in grade only.
115
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: STOCK CLERK, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Requisitions, receives, examines, stores, records, and
issues supplies, equipment, tools and parts used in
municipal wastewater collection system: Fills purchase
orders for materials, using manufacturers' catalogs and
parts lists as reference. Receives, counts, and examines
incoming supplies to verify compliance with purchase re-
quests. Sorts and places items in bins. Maintains inven-
tory control system. Conducts periodic and perpetual
inventory to verify accuracy of stock control records. Posts
materials used and unit cost on inventory cards and in
proper accounts. Prepares periodic records showing
utilization of supplies. Issues supplies, tools, and
equipment to workers, and assists them in filling out
standard forms. Determines storage and identification
methods and initiates changes in operation policies and
procedures. Cleans and dusts shelves and storeroom.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
High school graduate.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of standard storeroom methods and procedures,
b. Knowledge of types of materials, supplies, tools, and
equipment stored by the department.
c. Ability to maintain perpetual inventory system and
stock records.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out
instructions furnished in oral, written, or
diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete
variables in or from standardized situations.
116
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Title: STOCK CLERK (Cont'd)
Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions,
decimals, and percentages.
c. Language:
Fill out purchase orders, post figures on
inventory cards and prepare inventory records.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Six months to one year of storekeeping experience.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: Middle third
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: "
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: "
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a routine, concrete and
organized nature dealing with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to working with precise and established
standards of accuracy in situations involving the
evaluation of information against measurable or
verifiable criteria.
117
-------
Title: STOCK CLERK (Cont'd)
8. Physical Demands:
The work is medium and involves frequent lifting,
stooping/ reaching, and handling.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed inside.
ENTRY SOURCES: Storekeepers or High School graduates.
PROGRESSION TO: Progress in grade only.
118
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION*
Title: CLERK TYPIST, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Performs any combination of following tasks and/or other
clerical duties: Operates typewriter and other standard
office machines and equipment; including adding machine,
calculator, and duplicating machine. Serves as secretary
to superintendent. Acts as receptionist. Responsible
for personal work determination in accordance with established
precedent or policy. Sets up simple office routines and
filing systems. Minor supervisory responsibilities. Com-
poses routine correspondence. Answers telephone and handles
routine inquiries from public. Typing includes tables, re-
ports, requisitions, forms, and other material from copy,
draft, or dictating machines; frequently involving judgment
regarding format or information to be included. Clerical
duties include maintaining financial records not requiring
technical bookkeeping skills. Duties ordinarily include
posting, filing, sorting, and other routine clerical
functions.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
High school graduate or equivalent, including or
supplemented by courses in typing and other commercial
subjects.
2. General Requirements:
a. Considerable knowledge of modern office methods and
procedure.
b. Knowledge of business English, spelling, and arithmetic,
c. Ability to operate standard office quipment and
type minimum of 40 words per minute.
d. Ability to maintain records and prepare reports.
* Black & Veatch, Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirements for
Conventional Wastewater Treatment Facilities, pp. 151-152.
119
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Title: CLERK TYPIST (Cont'd)
e. Ability to deal effectively with public by
telephone and in person.
f. Ability to exercise independent judgment.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry
out general instructions.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving
percentages and decimals.
c. Language:
Ability to transcribe dictation, make
appointments and handle routine correspondence.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
a. Commercial courses in high school or business school.
b. Minimum one year progressively responsible general
office experience, including typing and operation
of office equipment.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: "
c. Numerical: "
d. Spatial: "
e. Form Perception: "
f. Clerical Perception: Highest third excluding top 10%
g. Motor Coordination: "
h. Finger Dexterity: "
120
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Title: CLERK TYPIST (Cont'd)
i. Manual Dexterity: Highest third excluding top 10%
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:Middle third
k. Color Discrimination: "
6. Interests:
Prefer activities of a concrete, organized nature
involving business contact with people.
7. Temperament:
Worker must adjust to situations involving a variety
of duties characterized by frequent change.
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work.
9. Working Conditions:
Inside work.
ENTRY SOURCES: Employment Agencies or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Progress in grade only.
121
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5. DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
A training curriculum is dependent on the availability of
an accurate and adequate picture of the tasks and requirements
of the job. Task Descriptions offer information on the nature
of jobs and provide a framework for developing successful training
programs.
Task Descriptions presented in this Manpower Manual are based
on extensive field observations of maintenance crews and numerous
interviews with supervisory personnel and engineering technicians.
This chapter presents Descriptions of Tasks for three unit processes
of the wastewater collection system.
Page
I. Sanitary Sewer Maintenance
1. Operation of TV Inspection System 124
2. Operation of TV/Grouting System 127
3. Operation of Vacuum-Jet Rodder 130
4. Operation of Eductor 132
5. Operation of High Velocity Water Jet 134
6. Operation of Power Rodder 136
7. Operation of Bucket Machine 138
8. Operation of Wayne Ball Machine 140
9. Operation of 35mm Camera 142
10. Opening of Stopped Main Line 144
11. Opening of Stopped Lateral Line 145
12. Repair of Main Line 146
13. Operation of Sewer Tapping Machine 148
14. Inspection and Cleaning of Manhole 149
15. Bypassing of Manhole 150
16. Manhole Repair 151
122
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I. Sanitary Sewer Maintenance (Cont'd)
Page
17. Raising Manhole Walls 152
18. Installation of Prefabricated Manhole 154
II. Storm Sewer Maintenance
1. Operation of Vacuum-Jet Rodder 156
2. Operation of High Velocity Water Jet 156
3. Opening of Stopped Storm Line 156
4. Repair of Storm Line 156
5. Inspection and Cleaning of Manhole 156
6. Manhole Repair 156
7. Raising Manhole Walls 156
8. Installation of Prefabricated Manhole 156
9. Catch Basin Inspection and Cleaning 157
10. Catch Basin Repair 158
III. Lift Station Maintenance
1. Lift Station Inspection and Maintenance 159
123
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UNIT PROCESS I: SANITARY SEWER MAINTENANCE
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
1. OPERATION OF TV INSPECTION SYSTEM*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 TV Technician II
1 TV Technician I
1 Maintenance Man I
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
M, Man I &
TV Tech. I
M. Man I &
TV Tech. I
M. Man I &
TV Tech. I
M. Man I &
TV Tech. 1
TV Tech. II
M. Man I &
TV Tech. I
M. Man I &
TV Tech. I
TV Tech. II
: Receives work assignments for the day from
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
: Locates job site, using map.
: Drives TV truck to work site.
: Locates insertion and destination manholes.
: Place barricades or traffic cones about worksite.
: Remove tools and equipment at downstream (destination)
manhole.
TV Tech. II : Positions TV truck at upstream (insertion) manhole,
: Unload tools and equipment at upstream (insertion)
manhole.
: Remove manhole covers/ using pick.
: Observes sewer line to ensure that it was cleaned
and threaded.
i Set up winches and cable guides over manholes.
Set up audio communication system.
Positions TV TECHNICIAN I at downstream manhole and
MAINTENANCE MAN I at upstream manhole.
* After sewer line has been previously cleaned and threaded.
124
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
TV Tech. I : Attaches winch cable to rope at downstream manhole
and inserts cable guide into manhole.
M. Man I : Pulls rope upstream to thread line with winch cable
and rewinds rope onto reel.
M. Man I : Pulls out end of winch cable from manhole.
TV Tech. II : Turns switch to start generator that supplies electric
power to camera and equipment and to adjust frequency
and voltage.
TV Tech. II : Connects video-power cables to camera.
TV Tech. II : Tests TV camera and monitor.
M. Man I : Connects winch cables to camera.
TV Tech. II : Verifies that cables are securely attached to camera
and oversees the insertion of camera in sewer line.
TV Tech. II : May use gas detector to ensure safety of MAINTENANCE
MAN I prior to his descending into manhole.
TV Tech. II : May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
TV Tech. II : Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness before
entering manhole.
M. Man I : Puts on safety harness and climbs into manhole.
M. Man I : Inserts flow through control plug with high water
alarm device into incoming inverts.
TV Tech. II : Lowers camera into upstream manhole, using winch cable,
M. Man I : Inserts and positions camera into outgoing invert
of manhole.
M. Man I : Climbs out of manhole and positions cable guide
into manhole to protect video and winch cables.
TV Tech. II : Turns knobs to activate TV equipment for video viewing,
TV Tech. II : Adjusts TV camera and monitor controls for optimal
clarity and contrast.
125
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I & : Turn winch handles following signals from TV
TV Tech. I TECHNICIAN II to move camera through line.
TV Tech. II : -Observes picture of sewer line on TV monitor
noting structural imperfections, infiltration
points and service connection locations.
TV Tech. II : Records information and footage on work sheet and
map.
TV Tech. II : Signals TV TECHNICIAN I and MAINTENANCE MAN I to
stop turning winch handles when irregularities are
present in section of sewer line that is seen on
TV monitor.
TV Tech. II : Records footage and type of irregularity on work
sheet.
TV Tech. II : May photograph screen picture of irregularity, using
Polaroid camera.
TV Tech. II : Signals TV TECHNICIAN I to continue turning winch
handle until camera reaches downstream manhole.
TV Tech. II : Turns camera off when camera reaches downstream
manhole and signals TV TECHNICIAN I to retrieve
camera.
TV Tech. I : Climbs into manhole, disconnects power and winch
cables from camera, and inserts blind plug into
power cable.
TV Tech. I : Places TV camera cover over camera lens to protect
it from sunlight.
M. Man I & : Turn winch handles to pull winch cable and video-
TV Tech. I power cable upstream.
M. Man I & : Dismantle, clean, and put equipment back on truck.
TV Tech. I
TV Tech. II : May perform minor adjustments and repairs on TV camera
system.
126
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
2. OPERATION OF TV/GROUTING SYSTEM
SIZE OF CREW: 1 TV Technician II
1 TV Technician I
2 Maintenance Man I
TV Tech. II : Receives work assignments for the day from MAIN-
TENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
TV Tech. II : Oversees the loading of grouting materials on truck.
TV Tech. II : Locates job site/ using map.
TV Tech. II : Drives TV/grout truck to work site.
TV Tech. II : Locates insertion and destination manholes.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) place barricades or traffic cones about
worksite.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) remove tools and equipment at downstream
(destination) manhole.
TV Tech. II : Positions TV/grout truck at upstream manhole.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) unload tools and equipment at upstream
manhole.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) remove manhole covers, using pick.
TV Tech. II i Oversees the preparation of sealing compound by TV
TECHNICIAN I.
TV Tech. I. : Measures and mixes basic sealing chemicals in compound
tanks.
TV Tech. I : Checks set time to determine solidification time of
sealing compound.
TV Tech. II : Observes sewer line to ensure that it was cleaned and
threaded.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) set up winches and cable guides over man-
holes.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) set up audio communication system.
127
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
TV Tech. II
M. Man I
M. Man I
TV Tech. I
M. Man I
M. Man I
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
M. Man I
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
TV Tech.. II
TV Tech. II
TV Tech. II
M. Man I
Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness before
entering manhole.
(A) puts on safety harness and climbs into manhole.
(A) inserts flow through control plug with high water
alarm device into incoming inverts.
Lowers camera and packer into upstream manhole, using
winch cable.
(A) inserts and positions camera and packer into
outgoing invert of manhole.
(A) climbs out of manhole and positions cable guide
into manhole to protect video and winch, air and
grout cables.
Turns knobs to activate TV equipment for video viewing.
Adjusts TV camera and monitor controls for optimal
clarity and contrast.
(A) and (B) turn winch handles following signals from
TV TECHNICIAN II to move camera through line.
Manipulates cables to ensure free movement of cables
and to prevent their entanglement.
Observes picture of sewer line on TV monitor noting
structural imperfections, infiltration points and
service connection locations.
Records information and footage on work sheet and map.
Signals MAINTENANCE MAN I (A) and (B) to stop turning
winch handles when infiltration point is reached,
as observed on TV monitor.
Observes monitor and signals MAINTENANCE MAN I (A)
and (B) to pull cables until packer is properly
positioned over infiltration point.
Positions TV TECHNICIAN I at downstream manhole and
MAINTENANCE MAN I at upstream manhole.
(B) attaches winch cable to rope at downstream manhole
and inserts cable guide into manhole.
128
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I : (A) pulls rope upstream to thread line with winch
cable and rewinds rope onto reel.
M. Man I : (A) pulls out end of winch cable from manhole.
TV Tech. II : Turns switch to start generator that supplies electric
power to camera and equipment and to adjust fre-
quency and voltage.
TV Tech. II : Turns switch to start air compressor to supply air
to grout pump and packer.
TV Tech. II : Observes air tank pressure.
TV Tech. II : Connects video-power cables to camera.
TV Tech. II : Tests TV camera and monitor.
M. Man I : (A) connects winch cables to camera and packer.
TV Tech. I : Connects packer to grout and air hoses.
TV Tech. II : Manipulates grout control knobs to test packer and
grout pumps.
TV Tech. I : Observes packer to test it for proper functioning.
TV Tech. II : Verifies that cables are securely attached to camera
and packer and oversees the insertion of camera and
packer in sewer line.
TV Tech. II : May use gas detector to ensure safety of MAINTENANCE
MAN I prior to his descending into manhole.
TV Tech. I : May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
TV Tech. II : Manipulates grout control knobs to inflate packer to
desired pressure and to air test infiltration point
in order to determine volume of needed grout and to
pump correct amount of sealing compounds.
TV Tech. II : Turns air release valve to deflate packer after
allowing necessary time for sealing compound to set up.
TV Tech. II : Signals MAINTENANCE MAN I (A) and (B) to pull packer
upstream until sealed joint can be observed on moni-
tor to ensure success of operation.
129
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
TV Tech. II : Signals MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) to continue turning
winch handle until camera and packer reach down-
stream manhole.
TV Tech. II : Turns camera and air compressor off when camera
and packer reach downstream manhole and signals
MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) to retrieve camera and packer,
M. Man I : (B) climbs into manhole, disconnects power and
winch cables from camera and packer and inserts
blind plug into power cable.
M. Man I : (B) places TV camera cover over lens to protect it
from sunlight.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) turn winch handles to pull winch cable
and videopower cable upstream.
TV Tech. I & : Dismantle, clean, and put equipment back on truck.
M. Man I
TV Tech. II : May perform minor adjustments and repairs to TV
camera and grout system.
3. OPERATION OF VACUUM-JET RODDER*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op. : Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR I.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives vacuum-jet truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op. : Locates manholes, using map.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives vacuum-jet truck to nearest hydrant.
M. Man I : Connects sewer jet fill hose to hydrant and turns
water on to fill water tank, using hydrant wrench.
M. Eq. Op. : Observes gauge to determine when water tank is full
and signals MAINTENANCE MAN I to turn water off.
* Cleaning Crew
130
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
: Turns water off and disconnects hose, using hydrant
wrench.
: Determines position of vacuum-jet truck.
: Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workers
and divert traffic around work area.
: Moves lever to engage power takeoff.
: Sets engine control to automatic position.
: Gets out of truck.
: Lifts covers of adjacent manholes, using pick.
: Checks condition of manholes and presence of blockage,
: Removes extension tubes from truck.
: Fastens sections of extension tubes to desired depth.
: Manipulates controls to start vacuum fan engine.
: Flushes manhole to break up solids, using a high-
pressured gun.
: Inserts extension tube into manhole.
: Pushes buttons to activate remote control switch to
lift and position flexible suction hose.
: Connects extension tube to flexible suction hose,
using clipper.
: Inserts roller guide into manhole.
: Inserts nozzle of water hose down manhole through
roller guide into mainline using long handle shovel.
: Moves levers to eject water rearward from nozzle
to create a thrust that forces hose through pipe.
: Observes water pressure and foot indicator gauges
to ascertain length of hose in line and to determine
when obstruction is met.
131
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op. : Manipulates levers to direct movement of hose
which flushes pipe with pressured water and forces
debris downstream into manhole.
M. Eq. Op. : Pushes buttons of control switch to manipulate and
position vacuum tube.
M. Eq. Op. : Observes vacuum pressure gauge and moves lever to
control vacuum pressure.
M. Eq. Op. : Manipulates controls to turn vacuum fan off.
M. Eq. Op. : Moves levers to draw hose back.
M. Man I : Removes roller guide from manhole.
M. Eq. Op. : Washes down manhole, using pressure gun.
M. Man I : Disconnects extension tubes and pressure gun and
places them in truck.
M. Eq. Op. : When wastewater tank is full, positions drain hose
over manhole, opens liquid release valve, lets
wastewater drain in manhole, and finally closes
liquid release valve.
M. Eq. Op. : When wastewater tank is full with solids, drives to
nearest approved dump site, positions truck for
dumping, releases safety lock and hydraulic dual
lock, manipulates dump controls to raise and then
lower vacuum truck body hydraulically to dump debris
and cleans body using pressure gun.
**********
4. OPERATION OF EDUCTOR*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op. : Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR I.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives eductor truck to work site.
* Cleaning Crew
132
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
Locates manhole to be cleaned, using map.
Determines position of eductor truck.
Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workers
and divert traffic around work area.
Lifts manhole covers, using pick.
Inserts roller guide into manhole.
Inserts water agitating hose of eductor through
roller guide into manhole.
Pulls lever to turn on machine that turns pressured
water on in order to flush sewer line.
Lowers eductor suction tube into manhole.
Manipulates levers to control movement of water hose
and suction tube.
Turns machine off and raises water hose and suction
tube from manhole.
Lowers long handled shovel into manhole to remove
large items of debris that suction tube could not
handle.
Deposits debris on truck to be hauled away for
disposition.
Examines condition of manhole and invert, notes
location on map and fills work order for needed
repairs to be submitted to MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
May use gas detector to assure safety of MAINTENANCE
MAN I prior to his descending into manhole.
May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness before
entering manhole.
Puts on safety harness if he has to climb down into
manhole.
May descend into manhole after getting clearance
from MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR.
Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
133
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
5. OPERATION OF HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op. : Receives work assignments for the day from MAIN-
TENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives water jet truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op. : Locates manholes, using map.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives water jet truck to nearest hydrant.
M. Man I : Connects sewer jet fill hose to hydrant and turns water
on to fill water tank, using hydrant wrench.
M. Eq. Op. : Observes gauge to determine when water tank is full
and signals MAINTENANCE MAN I to turn water off.
M. Man I : Turns water off and disconnects hose, using hydrant
wrench.
M. Eq. Op. : Determines position of water jet truck.
M. Man I : Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workers
and divert traffic around work area.
M. Man I : Lifts covers of adjacent manholes, using pick.
M. Man I : Checks condition of manholes and presence of blockage.
M. Eq. Op. : Observes manholes to determine location of blockage.
M. Man I : Inserts roller guide into manhole.
M. Man I : Inserts funnel in downstream invert of manhole.
M. Eq. Op. : Inserts nozzle of hose down manhole through roller
guide into mainline.
M. Eq. Op. : Starts machine to eject water rearward from nozzle
to create a thrust that forces hose through pipe.
* Cleaning Crew
134
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
Observes water pressure and foot indicator gauges
to ascertain length of hose and to determine when
obstruction is met.
Manipulates levers to direct movement of hose which
flushes pipe with pressured water and forces debris
downstream.
Follows and observes flow of water down mainline and
signals to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR when ob-
struction is removed.
Moves levers to draw hose back.
Removes roller guide from manhole.
Washes down manhole, using pressure gun.
Removes accumulated debris and deposits them in truck,
using long handle shovel.
May use gas detector to assure safety of MAINTENANCE
MAN I prior to his descending into manhole.
May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness before
entering manhole.
Puts on safety harness if he has to climb down into
manhole.
May descend into manhole to remove debris, using
rope, bucket, and invert shovel.
Removes funnel from manhole.
May climb down into manhole and place mirror near
invert while MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR holds
other mirror on street facing sun, to cast reflected
sunlight into the sewer, to determine condition of
line.
Replaces manhole covers, using pick.
Cleans work site, removes debris and places tools
in truck after completion of operation.
135
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op. : Fills out work report showing sewer lines flushed,
M. Eq. Op. : Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes
need repair.
6. OPERATION OF POWER RODDER*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op. : Receives work assignments for the day from
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives power rodder truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op. : Locates lines to be rodded, using map.
M. Eq. Op. : Determines position of power rodder truck.
M. Man I : Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workers
and divert traffic around work area.
M. Man I : Lifts manhole covers, using pick.
M. Eq. Op* : Examines water level in manhole to determine clogging
and need for rodding line.
M. Man I : Cleans manhole and invert using long handle shovel
and fork.
M. Man I : Removes rod guide and pipe jack from side of power
rodder.
M. Eq. Op. : Starts motor and moves lever to engage power rodder
and to turn rod a foot out of rod guide.
M. Man I : Attaches 4-inch auger to rod, using wrench.
M. Man I : Lowers rod guide and pipe jack into manhole, using
rope attachment.
* Cleaning Crew
136
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq^ Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
Walks over to downstream manhole, observes invert
and signals to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR when
rod reaches that manhole.
Moves lever to advance rod in sewer line.
Observes gauges to ascertain length of rod in pipe.
Moves levers to slow down rod when obstruction is
met and to increase thrust force that rotates auger
to bore through and loosen deposits.
Pushes lever to stop drive and release rotation
power of rod when MAINTENANCE MAN I signals that
auger has reached downstream manhole.
May pull up front end of rod to surface at down-
stream manhole, using pick rod; replace auger with
a root cutter, using wrench; and lower rod back into
manhole.
Signals to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to retract
rod.
Moves lever to reverse tool rotation, to retract and
pull back rod to loosen obstruction.
May repeat process with larger size augers.
Observes flow of water in downstream manhole and signals
to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR when flow runs
freely.
Observes flow of wastewater to ensure success of
operation.
Pulls out rod guide and pipe jack from manhole,
using rod.
Removes deposits from manhole, auger, and rod and
places them in buckets on truck to be hauled away
for disposition.
Detaches auger from rod, using wrench.
Replaces manhole covers, using pick.
137
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I : Cleans work site/ removes debris and places tools
back in truck after completion of operation.
M. Eq. Op. : Completes work report showing sewer lines rodded.
M. Eq. Op. : Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes
need repair.
**********
7. OPERATION OF BUCKET MACHINE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
2 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op. : Receives work assignments for the day from MAIN-
TENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op. : Locates sewer lines to be cleaned/ using map.
M. Eq. Op. : Determines set up procedures and directs MAINTENANCE
MAN I (A) and MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) in threading
sewer line with rope and winch cable.
M. Man I : (A) removes upstream manhole cover.
M. Man I : (B) locates fire hydrant and connects fire hose/
using hydrant wrench.
M. Eq. Op. : Lays out hose to upstream manhole.
M. Man I : (A) connects control valve on end of fire hose.
M. Eq. Op. : Signals (B) to turn fire hydrant on.
M. Man I : (B) turns fire hydrant on slowly.
M. Eq. Op. : Signals (A) to close control valve when hose if filled,
M. Man I : (A) closes control valve at upstream manhole.
M. Man I : (B) walks over to downstream manhole and removes
cover, using pick.
* Cleaning Crew
138
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op. : Attaches tow sack to rope.
M. Eq. Op. : Inserts tow sack into invert to thread line.
M. Man I : (A) turns control valve so water pressure can push
tow sack with rope to downstream manhole to thread
line.
M. Man I : (B) removes tow sack, pulls out, and secures rope
at downstream manhole.
M. Man I : (A) turns control valve off and secures rope at
upstream manhole.
M. Man I : (B) turns off fire hydrant and disconnects hose.
M. Man I : (A) opens control valve to drain fire hose.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) retrieve hose and valve.
M. Eq. Op. : Ensures that sewer line is threaded properly.
M. Eq. Op. : Sets up power winches and roller guides over the two
manholes with the assistance of (A) and (B).
M. Eq. Op. : Stations (A) at upstream manhole and (B) at downstream
manhole.
M. Man I : (B) attaches winch cable to rope.
M. Man I : (A) pulls rope through sewer line to upstream manhole
to thread line with winch cable.
M. Eq. Op. : Attaches both cables to ends of bucket so bucket can
be pulled inside sewer line with winch cable.
M. Eq. Op. : Inserts bucket in sewer line and directs (A) and
(B) in operating the bucket machine.
M. Man I : (B) activates lower winch to pull bucket in line which
opens bucket jaws to scoop up debris.
M. Man I : (B) disengages lower power winch when bucket is
believed to be full.
M. Man I : (A) activates upper power winch to draw bucket back
which closes bucket jaws.
139
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
(A) pulls bucket up to surface, empties contents
in truck, and inserts bucket back in line.
(A) and (B) repeat process until line is cleaned.
(A) detaches winch cables from ends of bucket.
(B) withdraws cable downstream and rewinds cable
onto reel.
(A) and (B) clean manholes, using long handle shovel,
remove debris from work site, and dump them in truck
to be hauled away for disposition.
(A) and (B) replace manhole covers, using pick.
Observes flow of wastewater to ensure success of
operation.
Completes work report showing sewer lines rodded.
Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes
need repair.
**********
8. OPERATION OF WAYNE BALL MACHINE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
2 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
: Receives work assignments for the day from MAIN-
TENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
: Drives truck to work site.
: Locates sewer lines to be cleaned, using map.
: MAINTENANCE MAN I (A) removes upstream manhole cover,
using pick.
: Inspects sections of sewer lines to be cleaned to
determine conditions of lines and work hazards in-
volved .
* Cleaning Crew
140
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op. : Determines set up and operation procedures.
M. Man I : MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) locates fire hydrant and
connects fire hose, using hydrant wrench.
M. Man I : (A) lays out hose to upstream manhole and connects
control valve on end of fire hose.
M. Man I : (B) turns fire hydrant on slowly.
M. Man I : (A) closes control valve at upstream manhole when
hose is filled.
M. Man I : (B) walks over to downstream manhole, removes cover,
using pick, and places sand trap in manhole to
catch ball and debris.
M. Eq. Op. : Sets up hand winch over upper manhole.
M. Eq. Op. : May use power winch if line is larger than 12 inches.
M. Eq. Op. : Attaches wayne ball to end of cable.
M. Eq. Op. : Inserts ball into sewer line.
M. Man I : (A) turns control valve on and off as directed by
MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to control water
pressure in sewer line causing the ball to move
downstream and remove accumulated debris in its way.
M. Eq. Op. : Takes precautions to ensure ball does not become
loose in line or ball does not build up excessive
pressure that may cause plumbing fixture to overflow.
M. Man I : (B) detaches wayne ball from cable when ball reaches
downstream manhole.
M. Man I : (B) removes debris from manhole, using long handle
shovel.
M. Man I : (A) retracts cable, manually or using winch.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) replace manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) place tools and equipment back in truck,
remove debris from work site and dump them in truck
to be hauled away for disposition.
M. Eq. Op. : Completes work report showing sewer lines cleaned.
M. Eq. Op. : Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes need
repair.
141
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
9. OPERATION OF 35mm CAMERA
SIZE OF CREW: 1 TV Technician II
1 TV Technician I
1 Maintenance Man I
TV Tech. II : Receives work assignments for the day from
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
TV Tech. II : Drives truck to work site.
TV Tech. II : Locates sewer lines to be photographed, using map.
TV Tech. II : Determines set up procedures and directs TV
TECHNICIAN I and MAINTENANCE MAN I in threading
sewer line with rope and winch cable.
M. Man I : Removes upstream manhole cover.
TV Tech. I : Locates fire hydrant and connects fire hose, using
hydrant wrench.
TV Tech. II : Lays out hose to upstream manhole.
M. Man I : Connects control valve on end of fire hose.
TV Tech. II : Signals TV TECHNICIAN I to turn fire hydrant on.
TV Tech. I : Turns fire hydrant on slowly.
TV Tech. II : Signals MAINTENANCE MAN I to close control valve when
hose is filled.
M. Man I : Closes control valve at upstream manhole.
TV Tech. I : Walks over to downstream manhole and removes cover,
using pick.
TV Tech. II : Attaches tow sack to rope.
TV Tech. II : Inserts tow sack into invert to thread line.
M. Man I : Turns control valve so water pressure can push tow
sack with rope to downstream manhole to thread line.
TV Tech. I : Removes tow sack, pulls out, and secures rope at
downstream manhole.
142
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I : Turns control valve off and secures rope at
upstream manhole.
TV Tech. I : Turns off fire hydrant and disconnects hose.
M. Man I : Opens control valve to drain fire hose.
TV Tech. I & : Retrieve hose and valve.
M. Man I
TV Tech. II : Ensures that sewer line is threaded properly.
TV Tech. I & : Set up cable winches at both manholes.
M. Man I
TV Tech. II : Loads camera with film and inspects battery.
TV Tech. II : Attaches control cable to camera.
TV Tech. II : Depresses button on camera to photograph small
blackboard which gives location of manhole, manhole
number, date and type of weather for future reference.
M. Man I : Attaches pulling cables to camera.
M. Man I : Climbs down manhole and positions camera in invert of
sewer line.
TV Tech. I : Tightens pulling cable.
TV Tech. I & : Turn handles of cable winches manually to move camera
M. Man I inside line.
TV Tech. II : Observes footage gauge and records distances travelled
by camera on a schedule sheet.
TV Tech. I & : Stop winding cable every four feet, following
M. Man I directions from TV TECHNICIAN II to allow the taking
of pictures.
TV Tech. II : Snaps pictures at designated intervals until camera
reaches downstream manhole or until camera encounters
an obstruction and cannot pass through line.
TV Tech. I : Descends into manhole and detaches camera from
cable when camera reaches downstream manhole.
143
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man I : In case of an obstruction in line, rewinds cable
onto reel to retract camera to upstream manhole
and detaches camera.
TV Tech. II : Removes film and batteries from camera.
TV Tech. I & : Rewind cables onto reels, disassemble, clean, and
M. Man I return equipment to truck.
TV Tech. I & : Replace manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I
TV Tech. II : Fills out work report showing sewer lines photographed
**********
10. OPENING OF STOPPED MAIN LINE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
1 Maintenance Man I
M, Eq. Op. : Drives service pick up truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op. : Locates manholes, using map.
M. Man I : Removes manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I : Inspects manholes and relays condition of wastewater
flow to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR.
M. Eq. Pp. : Inspects manholes to determine location of stoppage.
M. Eq. Op. & : Run rods through rod guide, fit front end of rod
M. Man I with auger, using wrench, and lower guide into position
M. Eq. Op. & : Thrust,rods, into invert and advance them until auger
M. Man I reaches obstruction.
M. Eq. Op. & : May rotate rod manually, using turning pin.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op. : May attach end of rod to portable power rodder to
rotate rods until auger loosens and dislodges
debris inside pipe.
* Cleaning Crew
144
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION CF TASKS
M. Man I : Retracts rods and drags out obstructions such as
roots, grease, and other deposits.
M. Eq. Op. : Checks adjacent manholes for flow to ascertain
efficiency of operation.
M. Man I : Replaces manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I : Cleans work site, removes debris and places tools
in truck after completion of operation.
M. Eq. Op. : Completes work report showing sewer lines unstopped,
**********
11. OPENING OF STOPPED LATERAL LINE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Equipment Operator
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Eq. Op. : Receives assignment from DISPATCHER or MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR I.
M. Eq. Op. : Determines location from map or address.
M. Eq. Op. : Drives service pick up truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op. : Checks with house residents to discuss complaint
and confirm problem.
M. Eq. Op. : Locates cleanout visually or using dip needle or
M-Scope if cleanout is not visible.
M. Man I : Assists MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR in locating
cleanout.
M. Man I : Uncovers cleanout, if underground, by digging from
around it, using shovel.
M. Man I : May have to dig down to lateral line, using shovel,
if cleanout does not exist or cannot be located.
M. Man I : Removes cleanout plug using wrench and hammer and
lifts covers off adjacent manholes, using pick.
* Cleaning Crew (if it is the responsibility of the municipality).
145
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op. &
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op,
M. Eq. Op,
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op. &
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.
M. Eq. Op.
Observes flow of sewage in cleanout to determine
whether stoppage occurs on city or private property.
Remove portable electric cleaning machine from
truck and carry it to work site.
Attaches bit to end of cable, using wrench.
Inserts cable into line through cleanout to remove
roots and debris in line.
Connects machine to generator.
Pulls hand lever and depresses foot control of machine
to advance cleaning tool slowly until it encounters
an obstruction and to rotate cable until obstacle is
broken.
Retracts cable from line when water flows freely
showing success of operation.
May deposit dye tablets in cleanout to determine
whether water is flowing to manhole downstream.
Checks line for structural damage and reports to
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I if repairs are needed.
Cleans work site.
Disassemble machine and puts it back on truck.
Replaces manhole cover and cleanout plug, using
pick and wrench.
Calls DISPATCHER to report work done.
Fills out work order if lines need repair.
Foreman
12. REPAIR OF MAIN LINE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Foreman
1 Maintenance Man II
1 Maintenance Man I
1 Laborer
1 Construction Equipment Operator
: Receives work order from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
* Minor Repair Crew
146
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Foreman :
Foreman :
Foreman :
Foreman :
M. Man I & :
Laborer
Foreman :
M. Man II & I:
Foreman :
C. Eq. Op. :
M. Man I &
Laborer
Foreman
M. Man II :
M. Man II :
M. Man I :
Foreman :
C. Eq. Op.
M. Man II & I
M. Man I &
Laborer,
Foreman:
Locates job site, using map.
Drives pick up truck to work site.
Reads blueprints to determine location of existing
utilities lines and city right-of-way limits.
Determines work procedures and directs workers.
Remove tools and equipment from truck and erect
barricades or traffic cones to protect workers and
divert traffic around work area.
Measures distance of excavation site, using tape
measure and marks outline of area to be trenched.
Break asphalt and other pavement, using air hammer,
pick and shovel.
Directs CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR in the
digging of trench.
Moves hand and foot levers to operate back hoe to
excavate trench.
Dig dirt away from pipe, using shovel.
Examines sewer line to determine need for repair and
to decide on corrective action to take.
Cuts damaged section of pipe with cutters and removes
broken section from ditch.
Replaces broken pipes and reconnects pipe sections,
using pipe sleeve.
Assists MAINTENANCE MAN II in replacing pipe.
Inspects joints to ensure they are tight and sealed
properly before backfilling.
Operates back hoe to backfill trench.
Packs backfilled excavation, using tamper.
Clean work sites, remove debris, and place tools,
equipment, and barricades back on truck.
Fills out work report showing line repaired and man-
power, equipment, and material utilization.
147
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M, Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
13. OPERATION OF SEWER TAPPING MACHINE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Man II
1 Maintenance Man I
: Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
: Locates work site, using map.
: Drives pick up truck to work site.
: Removes tools and materials from truck.
: Lowers needed tools and material into trench.
: Climbs down into trench.
: Wraps chain around sewer mainline.
: Positions tapping machine on side of sewer mainline
: Hooks chain to tapping machine.
: Tightens chain to mainline, using wrench.
: Positions motor to tapping machine.
: Fills cooling water reservoir with water.
: Attaches water hose to reservoir.
: Positions reservoir on bank of ditch.
: Attaches other end of hose to tapping machine.
: Checks blade of tapping machine.
: Pulls crank cord to start motor on sewer tapping
machine.
: Moves valve to turn on water.
: Turns feed control knob to engage cutter with pipe
until hole is cut into sewer main.
: Moves switch to turn off machine.
* Minor Repair Crew
148
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II & I
M. Man I
Turns feed control knob to disengage cutter
from pipe.
Turns valve to cut off cooling water.
Disassembles sewer tapping machine and accessories
and removes them from trench.
Wipes and dries hole clean with rag.
Spreads epoxy adhesive compound on pipe and fitting.
Places and presses fitting into hole.
Place strap around main, hook, and tighten saddle
to pipe.
Cleans machine and accessories and returns them
to truck.
**********
14. INSPECTION AND CLEANING OF A MANHOLE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Man II
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man II
Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
Drives truck to work site.
Locates manhole, using map.
Erects traffic cones to protect workers and divert
traffic around work area.
Takes manhole cover off, using pick. May have to
use sledge hammer to loosen cover if it is stuck.
Removes debris from bottom of manhole using long
handled shovel, long hook, spoon, fork or rod,
raises them to surface and places them in bucket.
Examines condition of manhole and invert, notes
location on map and fills work order for needed
repairs to be submitted to MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I
* Sewer Patrol Crew
149
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
15.
May use gas detector to assure safety of MAINTENANCE
MAN I prior to his descending into manhole.
May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness
before entering manhole.
Puts on safety harness if he has to climb down
into manhole.
May descend into manhole after getting clearance
from MAINTENANCE MAN II, to remove debris, using
rope and invert shovel.
Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
Removes debris from work site and discharges
contents of bucket into truck to be hauled away
for disposition.
**********
BYPASSING** OF MANHOLE*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason II
Mason I
Mason I
Erect traffic cones.
Lifts manhole covers, using pick.
Determines size and capacity of pump to be used.
Remove pump and tools from truck.
Positions pump at upper manhole.
Lays discharge hose or pipe from pump to lower manhole.
Secures hose in lower manhole.
* Masonary Crew
** The "bypass" method is used to enable the worker to work in a
dry manhole without blocking the flow of wastewater.
150
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Lowers suction hose in invert of upper manhole.
Positions inflammable plug in lower invert of upper
manhole.
Inflates plug using air pump.
Starts pump so wastewater would bypass manhole.
Turns pump off, deflates plug, and dismantles
discharge and suction hose.
Place pump and attachments back in truck.
**********
16. MANHOLE REPAIR*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I
Mason II
Mason I
Mason II & I
Receives work order from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
Drives truck to work site.
Locates manhole, using map.
Remove tools and materials from truck and erect
traffic cones.
Takes manhole cover off, using pick.
Inspects manhole to ascertain condition of structure
and need for repair.
May inspect manhole and relay condition of structure
to MASON II.
Dewater manhole if necessary, using one of the
following two methods: Bypass manhole (see item 15)
or place flow-through-sewer plug with semi-rigid
hose into inlet of manhole in order to maintain a
dry work site in manhole.
* Masonary Crew
151
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason II & I :
Mason II :
Mason I :
Mason I & :
Laborer
Mason I & :
Laborer
Mason II :
Mason II :
Mason I :
Mason I :
Mason I & :
Laborer
lason II :
Climb down manhole steps.
Chips away concrete along cracks, using hammer and
chisel to prepare for repairs.
Raises loose bricks and debris from bottom of
manhole to surface and loads them in truck, using
bucket and shovel.
Mix cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar, using
shovel and wheelbarrow.
Deposit mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
Replaces fallen bricks and patches cracks and eroded
inverts with fresh mortar, using trowel.
Smooths and finishes surfaces of concrete walls to
specified textures, using float.
Removes dewatering device to start flow after cement
has dried.
Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
Clean work site, and place tools and materials back
on truck.
Fills out work report showing manhole repaired.
**********
17. RAISING MANHOLE WALLS*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I,
Drives truck to work site.
Locates manhole, using map.
* Masonary Crew
152
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I
Mason I
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason II
Remove tools and materials from truck and erect
traffic cones.
Removes manhole ring and cover, using sledge hammer
and pick.
Dewaters manhole (see item 16, pages 151 - 152).
Climbs down manhole steps.
Places protective cover over invert.
Knocks rim off manhole and breaks top of manhole walls,
using sledge hammer.
Mix cement, sand and water to prepare mortar, using
shovel and wheelbarrow.
Convey materials and tools about job site.
Deposit mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
Spreads mixed cement on existing layer of brick,
using trowel.
Presses bricks into cement mixture and lays them to
specified level.
Places rim over brick and cements rim to insure
that cover is secure in place.
Removes protective cover.
Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
Clean work site and deposit debris and tools on truck.
Completes work report identifying manhole walls raised.
153
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
18. INSTALLATION OF A PREFABRICATED MANHOLE*
SIZE OF CREW:
1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
1 Construction Equipment Operator
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason II
C. Eq. Op.
Mason II
Mason I
Mason II
Mason I
C. Eq. Op.
Mason II
Mason I
Mason II
: Receives work order from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
: Drives truck to work site.
: Locates manhole, using map.
: Remove tools and materials from truck and erect
traffic cones.
: Directs CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to excavate
around manhole.
: Moves hand and foot levers to operate back hoe
to excavate around manhole.
: Dewaters manhole (see item 16, pages 151 - 152).
: Climbs down into manhole and places protective
cover over invert.
: Directs MASON I or CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
to break walls of standing manhole.
: Breaks walls of standing manhole, using sledge hammer.
: May operate back hoe to break walls of old manhole.
: Prepares surface or pours new invert.
: Descends into manhole, removes debris and raises
them into surface using rope and bucket.
: Signals to CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to align
pre-cast manhole and to press it into proper position
* Masonary Crew
154
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
C. Eq. Op.
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I
Mason II
Mason I
Mason I
Mason I
C. Eq. Op.
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason II
Operates back hoe to align pre-cast manhole and
to press it into proper position.
Mix cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar, using
shovel and wheelbarrow.
Deposits mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
Applies mortar mix on area between pre-cast concrete
and existing walls to secure it in position.
Removes protective cover.
Replaces manhole cover and ring, using pick.
Backfills and tamps ground around manhole.
May operate back hoe to backfill and tamp ground
around manhole.
Clean work site and deposit debris and tools on truck.
Completes work report identifying newly installed
prefabricated manhole.
155
-------
UNIT PROCESS II; STORM SEWER MAINTENANCE
1. OPERATION OF VACUUM- JET RODDER.
(see page 130) .
2. OPERATION OF HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET.
(see page 134) .
**********
OPENING OF STOPPED STORM LINE.
(same as Opening of Stopped Main Line, see page 144)
**********
4. REPAIR OF STORM LINE.
(same as Repair of Main Line, see page 146)
*********
5. INSPECTION AND CLEANING OF MANHOLE.
(see page 149) .
**********
6. MANHOLE REPAIR
(see page 151) .
**********
7. RAISING MANHOLE WALLS.
(see page 152) .
**********
8. INSTALLATION OF A PREFABRICATED MANHOLE
(see page 154) .
**********
156
-------
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
9. CATCH BASIN INSPECTION AND CLEANING*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Man II
1 Maintenance Man I
M. Man II : Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
M. Man II : Drives truck to work site.
M. Man II : Locates catch basin, using map.
M, Man I : Removes tools from truck and erects traffic cones.
M. Man I : Removes catch basin cover, using pick.
M. Man I : May have to use sledge hammer to loosen cover.
M. Man II : Inspects catch basin to determine presence of debris.
M. Man I : Descends into basin to remove debris from bottom of
catch basin, using shovel, spoon, or fork, raises
deposits to surface, and places them in bucket.
M. Man II : Lowers bucket to MAINTENANCE MAN I in basin to dump
accumulated debris into bucket.
M. Man II : Flushes basin, using fire hose with creeping nozzle
attachment.
M. Man II : Examines basin to ensure removal of all debris.
M. Man I : Replaces catch basin cover, using pick.
M. Man I : Cuts grass from around catch basin, using bushax.
M. Man I : Removes debris from worksite, using shovel and discharges
contents of bucket into truck to be hauled away for
disposition.
M. Man I : Returns bushax and handtools to truck.
M. Man II : Completes work order showing catch basin cleaned
and inspected.
M. Man II : Prepares work order if catch basin needs repair.
* Sewer Patrol Crew
157
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I &
Laborer
Mason I
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I
Laborer
Mason II
10. CATCH BASIN REPAIR*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Mason II
1 Mason I
1 Laborer
: Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR I.
: Drives truck to work site.
: Locates catch basin, using map.
: Remove tools and materials from truck and erect
traffic cones.
: Connects chain to truck and catch basin cover.
: Drives truck to pull catch basin cover.
Examines catch basin to determine needed repairs.
-;: Climbs down into basin.
: Chips away concrete along cracks, using hammer and
chisel.
: Raise loose bricks and debris from bottom of manhole
to surface and load them on truck, using bucket and
shovel.
: Mix cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar using
shovel arid wheelbarrow.
: Deposits mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
: Patches cracks and broken parts of catch basin,
using mortar and trowel.
: Drives truck to pull back cover on catch basin.
: Inspects cover to ensure proper fit.
: Clean work site, and place tools and materials back
on truck.
: Fills out work report showing catch basin repaired.
* Masenary Crew
158
-------
UNIT PROCESS III: LIFT STATION MAINTENANCE
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
INSPECTION AND PERFORMANCE OF PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE ON A LIFT STATION*
SIZE OF CREW: 1 Maintenance Mechanic I
1 Maintenance Mechanic Helper
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
: Opens station gate, using key.
: Pulls open wet well hatch.
: Unlocks and pulls open door of pit.
: Observes bar screen to determine need for cleaning.
: Removes debris from screen using rake, and deposits
them in container for disposal.
: Washes down sides of wet well, using water hose.
Closes and locks door of pit.
: Turns humidifier control knob on to make necessary
adjustments.
: Inspects operation of fresh air blower.
: May oil fresh air blower motor.
: Climbs into lift station dry pump pit or chamber.
: Observes general condition of the insides of station
and makes note of needed repairs.
: Observes pump in operation to detect faulty seal.
: Feels pump motor in operation to determine relative
temperature and vibration and to detect malfunctions.
: Lifts sump pump float momentarily to check operation
of sump pump and to ensure that no obstructions
exist on suction screen or in discharge line.
* Lift Station Maintenance Crew
159
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
May wash mechanic seal filter.
Turns pump control panel switch to off position.
Turns off control valves on water seal line.
Unscrews filter ball and filter element.
Soaks filter element to clean it.
May replace filter element.
Turns pump control panel switch to on position.
Tests pumps, using manual switch setting, to ensure
they are primed and will pump flow when automatically
started.
Observes packing ring to detect water leak.
Tightens ring down, to adjust leak to optimal level,
using wrench.
May remove old packing and replace it with a new one.
Turns valve off to stop flow of sewage.
Removes packing ring clamp, using wrench.
Inspects shaft surface for excessive wear.
Cuts packing to fit around shaft, using pocket knife.
Pushes packing around shaft, using packing iron press,
Places packing ring clamp back on and tightens it
down, using wrench.
Observes position of check valve lever arm with pumps
on and off, and notes normal position of lever for
each mode.
Turns control valve on air pressure tank to bleed off
water and air, and checks air compressor's control
points.
160
-------
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
: Inspects switches to see if any are in tripped position;
if so, clears trouble, resets switch and re-energizes.
: Raises and lowers weights on float switches to make
sure they move freely and that float cables are
tracking properly.
: Observes switching electrodes in wet well to ensure
that they are free of grease and debris.
: Observes well levels at start and stop positions.
: Inspects to ensure that pressure relief valve lets
excess pressure bleed back into wet well when pressure
approaches rated force main limit.
: Reads pressure surges on pressure gauge.
: Presses test button to inspect automatic high water
warning alarms.
: May grease motor bearing, using grease gun.
: Observes operation of injector to make sure air
control valves are functioning properly.
: Slides weights by hand and wrench to adjust weight
controls.
: Bleeds down air supply and lets air compressor turn on
and off automatically to check proper operation of
compressor.
: Checks oil reservoir and may fill reservoir with proper
oil if needed.
: Inspects chlorinator.
: Ensures that chlorinator is on the correct feed grade
and verifies that it works automatically when pump
units are pumping.
: Checks chlorinator for gas leaks.
: Turns valve on tank and disconnects feed line to change
chlorine cylinders.
M. Mech. I : Turns control knob to adjust feed rate.
161
-------
OCCUPATION
M. Mech. I :
M. Mech. I :
M. Mech. I :
M. Mech. I :
M. Mech, I :
M. Mech. H. :
M. Mech. H. :
M. Mech. H. :
M. Mech. I :
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Fills out routine report form on sewer lift station
operation.
Records readings of running time meters if provided.
Inspects comminutor.
May turn switch to stop comminutor if metal objects
are noted in cutter blades.
Locks comminutor switch in off position when greasing
bearing or removing metal object.
Removes old rags/ sticks/ and rocks from inside of
pumping station.
Sweeps floor of lift station, using broom.
Cuts grass around pumping station, using power mower.
Contacts MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II when equipment needs
repair, using radio.
162
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APPENDIX I
MAJOR EQUIPMENT USED IN WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
VACUUM JET RODDER;
A machine that cleans storm and sanitary sewers by high
pressure water and vacuums up the debris as they are being back-
flushed into manhole or catch basin. It utilizes the centrifugal
fan system.
POWER RODDER;
Used to control root intrusion. The power rodder can either
be truck mounted or trailer mounted. For best mobility on typical
urban streets, the truck mounted power rodder is preferred. This
rodder has the equipment to unstop mains from 8 inches in diameter
to about 36 inches in diameter. The truck should be equipped with
at least 500 feet of rods and a complete set of tools involving
all sizes of cutters.
HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET;
The Water Jet should be truck mounted. The truck should be
equipped with a minimum of 500 feet of hose and a variety of nozzles
for various size lines and types of problems. Basically, the machine
works with pressures of approximately 1,000 PS I with a majority
of holes in the nozzles jetting to the rear, so that the hydraulic
power pulls the nozzle through the line and flushes the solids in
the line downstream. This machine is most effective in pipe sizes
of 8 inches through 15 inches in diameter.
BUCKET MACHINE;
This sewer cleaning equipment is primarily used for removal of
large quantities of silt and grit from outfall lines. The bucket
is pulled through the line between two manholes by means of a
winch with the bucket's jaws open to scoop up debris. When full,
the bucket travel is reversed with its jaws closed and is returned
to ground level at first manhole where it is emptied.
WAYNE BALL MACHINE;
It uses a spirally grooved ball which is inserted into the
sewer line and water is pumped into the manhole. This water passes
around the ball through the spiral grooves that loosens dirt from
the walls of the line and drives the ball forward forcing the
accumulated debris ahead to the next manhole for removal.
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EDUCTQR;
A sewer cleaning equipment that uses high pressure water and
a jet pump in a recirculating process to pick up solids and
withdraw wastewater through an ejector.
PHOTO-INSPECTION SYSTEM:
A camera is inserted and pulled through the sewer line to
take pictures manually or automatically at specified intervals
to determine the condition of the pipe and the need for repairs.
TELEVISION INSPECTION SYSTEM;
A closed circuit television system is utilized for remote
visual inspection of sewer lines. A TV camera is drawn through
the line and a TV monitor shows the condition of the sewer.
TELEGROUT SYSTEM;
A sewer sealing equipment is used in conjunction with a
television camera for remote internal repair of leaking sewer
lines. The equipment is pulled through the pipe/ its packer
is inflated and a chemical grout compound is pumped over the
suspected leak to seal the line.
SEWER KELINING SYSTEM:
A Polyethelene pipe that has been joined by a heat fusion
process is inserted through the old sewer line.
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APPENDIX 2
DEFINITIONS OF WORKER TRAITS*
Those abilities, personal traits, and individual characteristics
required of a worker in order to achieve average successful job
performance are referred to as worker traits. They are reflected
in the following six distinct components that provide the broadest
and yet most comprehensive framework for the effective presentation
of worker trait information: (1) The amount of general educational
development and specific vocational preparation a worker must have,
(2) the specific capacities and abilities required of him in order
to learn or perform certain tasks or duties, (3) preferences for
certain types of work activities or experiences considered necessary
for job success, (4) types of occupational situations to which an
individual must adjust, (5) physical activities required in work
situations, and (6) physical surroundings prevalent in jobs.
GENERAL EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
This embraces those aspects of education (formal and informal)
which contribute to the worker's (a) reasoning development and
ability to follow instructions, and (b) acquisition of "tool"
knowledges, such as language and mathematical skills. It is
education of a general nature which does not have a recognized,
fairly specific, occupational objective. Ordinarily such edu-
cation is obtained in elementary school, high school, or college.
It also derives from experience and individual study.
SPECIFIC VOCATIONAL PREPARATION
The amount of time required to learn the techniques, acquire
information, and develop the facility needed for average performance
in a specific job-worker situation. This training may be acquired
in a school, work, military, institutional, or avocational environment,
It does not include orientation training required of even every
fully qualified worker to become accustomed to the specific conditions
of any new job. Specific vocational training includes training
given in any of the following circumstances:
1. Vocational education (such as high school commercial or
shop training, technical school, art school, and that
part of college training which is organized around a
specific vocational objective).
2. Apprentice training (for apprenticeable jobs only).
3. In-plant training (given by an employer in the form of
organized classroom study).
* Developed by the United States Department of Labor and used as
occupational analysis specifications in the Dictionary of Occupational
Titles.
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4. On-the-job training (serving as learner or trainee on the
job under the instruction of a qualified worker).
5. Essential experience in other jobs (serving in less
responsible jobs which lead to the higher grade job or
serving in other jobs which qualify).
APTITUDES
Specific capacities or abilities required of an individual in
order to facilitate the learning of some task or job duty.
INTELLIGENCE; General learning ability. The ability to
"catch on" or understand instructions and underlying principles
Ability to reason and make judgments. Closely related to
doing well in school.
VERBAL: Ability to understand meanings of words and ideas
associated with them, and to use them effectively. To com-
prehend language, to understand relationships between words,
and to understand meanings of whole sentences and paragraphs.
To present information or ideas clearly.
NUMERICAL; Ability to perform arithmetic operations quickly
and accurately.
SPATIAL; Ability to comprehend forms in space and understand
relationships of plane and solid objects. May be used in
such tasks as blueprint reading and in solving geometry
problems. Frequently described as the ability to "visualize"
objects of two or three dimensions, or to think visually of
geometric forms.
FORM PERCEPTION; Ability to perceive pertinent detail in
objects or in pictorial or graphic material; to make visual
comparisons and discriminations and see slight differences
in shapes and shadings of figures and widths and lengths
of lines.
CLERICAL PERCEPTION; Ability to perceive pertinent detail
in verbal or tabular material; to observe differences in
copy, to proofread words and numbers, and to avoid perceptual
errors in arithmetic computation.
MOTOR COORDINATION; Ability to coordinate eyes and hands
or fingers rapidly and accurately in making precise movements
with speed. Ability to make a movement response accurately
and quickly.
FINGER DEXTERITY; Ability to move the fingers and manipulate
small objects with the fingers rapidly and accurately.
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MANUAL DEXTERITY; Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully.
To work with the hands in placing and turning motions.
EYE-HAND-FOOT COORDINATION; Ability to move the hand and foot
coordinately with each other in accordance with visual stimuli.
COLOR DISCRIMINATION; Ability to perceive or recognize
similarities or differences in colors/ or in shades or other
values of the same color; to identify a particular color, or
to recognize harmonious or contrasting color combinations,
or to match colors accurately.
INTERESTS
Preferences for certain types of work activities or experience,
with accompanying rejection of contrary types of activities or
experience. Five pairs of interest factors are provided so that
a positive preference for one factor of a pair also implies re-
jection of the other factor of that pair.
1. Situations involving a vs. 6. Situations involving a pref-
preference for activities erence for activities con-
dealing with things and cerned with people and the
objects. communication of ideas.
2. Situations involving a vs,
preference for activities
involving business con-
tact with people.
3. Situations involving a vs,
preference for activities
of a routine, concrete,
organized nature.
7. Situations involving a pref-
erence for activities of a
scientific and technical
nature.
8. Situations involving a pref-
erence for activities of an
abstract and creative nature.
4. Situations involving a vs. 9. Situations involving a pref-
preference for working
for people for their pre-
sumed good, as in the
social welfare sense, or
for dealing with people
and language in social
situations.
erence for activities that are
nonsocial in nature, and are
carried on in relation to
processes, machines, and
techniques.
5. Situations involving a vs.10. Situations involving a pref-
preference for activities erence for activities resulting
resulting in prestige or in tangible, productive satis-
the esteem of others. faction.
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TEMPERAMENTS
Different types of occupational situations to which workers
must adjust.
1. Situations involving a variety of duties often characterized
by frequent change.
2. Situations involving repetitive or short cycle operations
carried out according to set procedures or sequences.
3. Situations involving doing things only under specific
instruction allowing little or no room for independent
action or judgment in working out job problems.
4. Situations involving the direction, control, and planning
of an entire activity or the activities of others.
5. Situations involving the necessity of dealing with people
in actual job duties beyond giving and receiving instructions.
6. Situations involving working alone and apart in physical
isolation from others, although the activity may be integrated
with that of others.
7. Situations involving influencing people in their opinions,
attitudes, or judgments about ideas or things.
8. Situations involving performing adequately under stress
when confronted with the critical or unexpected or when
taking risks.
9. Situations involving the evaluation (arriving at generali-
zations, judgments, or decisions) of information against
sensory or judgmental criteria.
10. Situations involving the evaluation (arriving at generali-
zations, judgments, or decisions) of information against
measurable or verifiable criteria.
11. Situations involving the interpretation of feelings, ideas,
or facts in terms of personal viewpoint.
12. Situations involving the precise attainment of set limits,
tolerances, or standards.
PHYSICAL DEMANDS
Those physical activities required of a worker in a job. The
physical demands referred to serve as a means of expressing both
the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacities
(specific physical traits) a worker must have to meet the requirements.
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1. LIFTING, CARRYING, PUSHING, and PULLING. These are the
primary "strength" physical requirements, and, generally
• speaking, a person who engages in one of these activities
can and does engage in all. Specifically, each of these
activities can be described as:
LIFTING; Raising or lowering an object from one
level to another; includes upward pulling.
CARRYING; Transporting an object, usually holding
it in the hands or arms, or on the shoulder.
PUSHING; Exerting force upon an object so that
the object moves away from the force. This includes
slapping, striking, kicking, and treadle actions.
PULLING; Exerting force upon an object so that
the object moves toward the force; includes jerking.
The five degrees of this factor (Lifting, Carrying, Pushing, and/or
Pulling) are:
SEDENTARY WORK; Lifting 10 Ibs. maximum and occasionally
lifting and/or carrying such articles as dockets,
ledgers, and small tools. Although a sendentary
job is defined as one which involves sitting, a
certain amount of walking and standing is often
necessary in carrying out job duties. Jobs are
sedentary if walking and standing are required
only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are
met.
LIGHT WORK; Lifting 20 Ibs. maximum with frequent
lifting and/or carrying of objects weighing up to
10 Ibs. Even though the weight lifted may be only
a negligible amount, a job is in this category
when it involves sitting most of the time with a
degree of pushing and pulling of arm and/or leg
controls.
MEDIUM WORK: Lifting 50 Ibs. maximum with frequent
lifting and/or carrying of objects weighing up to
25 Ibs.
HEAVY WORK; Lifting 100 Ibs. maximum with frequent
lifting and/or carrying of objects weighing up to
50 Ibs.
VERY HEAVY WORK; Lifting objects in excess of 100 Ibs.
with frequent lifting and/or carrying of objects weighing
50 Ibs. or more.
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2. CLIMBING and/or BALANCING. These activities are defined
as follows:
CLIMBING; Ascending or descending ladders, stairs,
scaffoldings, ramps, poles, ropes, and the like,
using feet and legs and/or hands and arms.
BALANCING; Maintaining body equilibrium to prevent
falling when walking, standing, crouching, running,
on narrow, slippery, or erratically moving surfaces;
or maintaining body equilibrium when performing
gymnastic feats.
3. STOOPING, KNEELING, CROUCHING, and/or CRAWLING. These
activities are defined as:
STOOPING; Bending the body downward and forward
by bending the spine at the waist.
KNEELING; Bending the legs at the knees to come
to rest on the knee or knees.
CROUCHING; Bending the body downward and forward
by bending the legs and spine.
CRAWLING; Moving about on the hands and knees or
hands and feet. The activities in this factor involve
full use of the lower extremities as well as the back
muscles. Therefore, stooping rarely is rated when
the worker is performing this act while in a sitting
position.
4. REACHING, HANDLING, FINGERING and/or FEELING. These activities
involve the use of one or both of the upper extemities and
are defined as follows:
REACHING; Extending the hands and arms in any direction.
HANDLING; Seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or
otherwise working with the hands or hand (fingering not
involved).
FINGERING; Picking, pinching, or otherwise working
with the fingers primarily (rather than with the whole
hand or arm as in handling).
FEELING; Perceiving attributes of objects such as size,
shape, temperature, or texture by means of receptors
in the skin, particularly those of the finger tips.
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5. TALKING and/or HEARING. These activities are defined as
follows:
TALKING: Expressing or exchanging ideas by means
of spoken words.
HEARING: Perceiving the nature of sounds by the
ear.
The ability to talk is important for those job-worker
situations in which the individual must impart oral
information to clients or to the public, and in those
situations in which he must convey detailed or im-
portant spoken instructions to Other employees
accurately, loudly, or quickly. Hearing is im-
portant for those job-worker situations which re-
quire the ability to receive detailed information
through oral communication, and to make fine
discriminations in sounds, such as making fine
adjustments on running engines.
6. SEEING: Obtaining impressions through the eyes of the
shape, size, distance, motion, color, or other charac-
teristics of objects. The major visual functions are
defined as follows:
ACUITY-FAR; Sharpness of vision at a distance of
20 feet or more.
ACUITY-NEAR: Sharpness of vision at 20 inches or less.
DEPTH PERCEPTION: Three-dimensional seeing and is
an important factor in judging distances and space
relationships so as to see objects where and as they
actually are. Two-eyed vision is involved here.
FIELD OF VISION; The area that can be seen up or
down or to the right or left while the eyes are
fixed on a given point.
ACCOMODATION; The adjustment of the lens of the
eye to bring an object into sharp focus. This item
is especially important when doing near-point work
at varying distances from the eye.
COLOR VISION; The ability to identify and distinguish
colors.
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WORKING CONDITIONS
The physical surroundings of a worker in a specific job.
Also known as Environmental Conditions.
1. INSIDE, OUTSIDE, or BOTH. These conditions are defined
as follows:
INSIDE: Protection from weather conditions, but
not necessarily from temperature changes.
OUTSIDE: No effective protection from weather.
BOTH; Inside and outside.
2. EXTREME COLD PLUS TEMPERATURE CHANGES. These conditions
are defined as follows:
EXTREME COLD; Temperature sufficiently low to cause
marked bodily discomfort unless the worker is pro-
vided with exceptional protection.
TEMPERATURE CHANGES; Variations in temperature
which are sufficiently marked and abrupt to cause
noticeable bodily reactions.
3. EXTREME HEAT PLUS TEMPERATURE CHANGES. These conditions
are defined as follows:
EXTREME HEAT: Temperature sufficiently, high to cause
marked bodily discomfort unless the worker is provided
with exceptional protection.
TEMPERATURE CHANGES: Variations in temperature
sufficiently marked and abrupt to cause noticeable
bodily reactions.
4. WET and HUMID. These conditions are defined as follows:
WET: Contact with water or other liquids.
HUMID: Atmospheric condition with moisture content
sufficiently high to cause marked bodily discomfort.
5. NOISE and VIBRATION.
Sufficient noise, either constant or intermittent, to
cause marked distraction or possible injury to the
sense of hearing and/or sufficient vibration (pro-
duction of an oscillating movement or strain on the
body or its extremities from repeated motion or shock)
to cause bodily harm if endured day after day.
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6. HAZARDS.
This category includes a variety of industrial hazards,
such as proximity to moving mechanical parts, electrical
shock, working on scaffolding and high places, exposure
to burns and radiant energy, and exposure to all types
of explosives, all of which involve the risk of bodily
injury.
7. FUMES, ODORS, TOXIC CONDITIONS, DUST, and POOR VENTILATION.
These conditions are grouped because they all affect the
respiratory system of the skin and are defined as follows:
FUMES; Smoky or vaporous exhalations, usually
odorous, thrown off as the result of combustion
or chemical reaction.
ODORS; Noxious smells, either toxic or nontoxic.
TOXIC CONDITIONS; Exposure to toxic dust, fumes,
gases, vapors, mists, or liquids which cause general
or localized disabling conditions as a result of
inhalation or action on the skin.
DUST; Air filled with small particles of any kind,
such as textile, dust, flour, wood, leather, feathers,
and inorganic dust, including silica and asbestos,
which make the work place unpleasant or are the source
of occupational diseases.
POOR VENTILATION: Insufficient movement of air causing
a feeling of suffocation; or exposure to drafts.
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APPENDIX 3
GLOSSARY
Compiled from various texts, journals, technical papers and the
"Glossary-Water Control Engineering": APHA, ASCE, AWWA, WPCF, 1969.
AIR-BLOWER: A device used to ventilate manholes and lift stations.
AUGER: A sharp tool used to go through various materials that
become lodged in sewer lines. They are used for opening
sewer line stoppages.
APPURTENANCES: Machinery, appliances, or auxiliary structures
attached to a main structure to enable it to function, but
not considered an integral part of it.
BACKFILL: The operation of refilling an excavation, usually after
some structure has been placed therein.
BACKHOE: An excavating machine in which the bucket is rigidly
attached to a hinged stick on the boom and is drawn toward
the machine in operation.
BAR SCREEN: A device with uniform size openings, used to retain
or remove suspended or floating solids in flowing wastewater
and to prevent them from entering an intake or passing a given
point in a conduit.
BEDDING: The earth or other materials on which a pipe or conduit is
supported.
BIT: Cutting blade used in rodding operations.
•
BLUE-PRINT: A photographic print in white on a bright blue ground
used for copying maps, mechanical drawings, and architects' plans
BUCKET MACHINE: A sewer cleaning machine used when large amounts
of sand, gravel, and solid material are blocking the sewer lines.
Pulling the bucket back causes the jaws to close and retain the
solids that are in the bucket.
BULLDOZER: A tractor driven machine having a broad, blunt horizontal
blade for clearing land and road building.
CAREER LATTICE: A chart that identifies the possible horizontal,
vertical and diagonal mobility paths, reflecting entry, pro-
motional and transfer opportunities for a worker in the job
system involved.
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CATCH BASINS: A catch basin is a form of grit chamber intended to
retain the heavy debris in stormwater which otherwise would be
carried into the sewer.
CAULKING: The process of driving, pouring, or forcing lead, oakum,
plastic, or other material into a joint to make it leakproof.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a
rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing, and having an inlet
and a discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates
pressure in the liquid by the velocity derived from centrifugal
force.
CHECK VALVE LEVER ARM: A weighted lever on the discharge side valve
of a pump used to prevent wastewater from forced sewer mains
to pass back through pump into wet well of a lift station.
CHEMICAL SEALING: The process of internal repair of leaking
sewer lines, using a chemical compound that is pumped through
the discharge holes of a packer to seal damaged lines.
CHLORINATOR: An apparatus to regulate the flow of gas from a
cylinder into a sewer line.
CLEANOUT: A pipe that slopes to the street surface from a Y in
the sewer and makes it possible to rod the line.
COMBINED SEWER: A sewer intended to receive both wastewater and
storm or surface water.
COMMINUTORS: A machine that cuts up solids in raw sewage in
preparation for purifying treatment.
COUPLING: A threaded sleeve used to connect two pipes.
CRANE: A machine for raising, shifting, and lowering heavy weights
by means of a projecting swinging arm or with the hoisting
apparatus supported on an overhead track.
CREW: A company of men working on one job.
CULVERT: A closed conduit for the free passage of surface drainage
water under a highway, railroad, canal, or other embankment.
DEBRIS: Any material, including floating trash, suspended sediment,
or bed load, moved by a flowing stream.
DEWATER: To drain or remove water from an enclosure. A structure
may be dewatered so that it can be inspected or repaired.
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DIP-NEEDLE: A magnetic needle pivoted to rotate in the vertical
plane of the magnetic meridian with its rotation axis through
its center of gravity, so that it points in the direction of
the earth's magnetic intensity.
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER: Wastewater derived principally from dwellings,
business buildings, institutions, and the like.
DRAGLINE: An excavating machine.
DUMP TRUCK: A truck for transporting and dumping loose materials.
The body of the truck is tilted by a hydraulic cylinder.
EDUCTOR: A sewer cleaning equipment that uses high pressure water
and a jet pump in a recirculating process to pick up solids
and withdraw wastewater through an ejector.
EXFILTRATION: The leakage from sewer lines into the surrounding
ground.
FITTINGS (PIPE): Connections, appliances, and adjuncts designed to
be used in connection with pipes.
FLOAT (CONTROL) : A float installed in a tank or body of liquid to
control the pumps.
FLOW: The movement of a stream of water or other mobile substance
from place to place; a stream of water; movement of silt,
water, sand, or other material.
FLUSHING: The removing of deposits of material which have lodged
in conduits, sewers, or tanks because of inadequate velocity
of flows. Water is discharged into the conduits at such rates
that the larger flow and higher velocities are sufficient to
remove the material.
GAGE : A device for indicating the magnitude or position of an
element in specific units when such magnitude or position
undergoes change; examples of such elements are the elevation
of a water surface, the velocity of flowing water, the pressure
of water, the amount of intensity of precipitation, and the
depth of snowfall.
GAS (SEWER): Gas evolved in sewers that results from the decompo-
sition of the organic matter in the wastewater. Also, any
gas present in the wastewater system, even though it is from
such sources as gas mains, gasoline, cleaning fluid.
GRADE: The elevation of the invert of the bottom of a pipeline, canal,
culvert, sewer, or similar conduit.
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HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET: A sewer cleaning equipment with a
special high velocity hose that is fitted with a hardened
steel jet nozzle. It is used to spray-clean sewer lines.
HYDRANT; A discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water
may be drawn from the mains of waterworks.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE: A flammable, poisonous gas of disagreeable odor
found in wastewater collection systems.
INCRUSTATION: The formulation of dense solids as a crust on the
inside surface of a pipe as a result of hardness and other
characteristics of the wastewater carried.
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: Wastewater in which the liquid wastes from
industrial processes, as distinct from domestic or sanitary
wastes, predominate.
INFILTRATION: The quantity of groundwater that leaks into a pipe
through joints, porous walls, or breaks.
INLET: An opening in the street surface usually in the gutter,
designed to permit the passage of water from the street surface
into the sewer line.
INVERT: The floor, bottom, or lowest portion of the internal
cross section of a sewer.
JOINT: A connection between two lengths of pipe, made either with
or without the use of a third part.
LATERAL SEWER LINE: A sewer that discharges into a branch or other
sewer and has no other common sewer tributary to it.
LIFT STATION: A pumping station that lifts the wastewater to a
higher elevation when the continuance of the sewer at reasonable
slopes would involve excessive depths of trench, or that raises
wastewater from areas too low to drain into available sewers.
MAIN SEWER LINE: A sewer line that receives wastewater from many
tributary branches and sewer lines, serving as an outlet for a
large territory.
MANHOLE: An opening in a sewer provided for the purpose of permitting
a man to enter or leave the sewer.
M-SLOPE: An instrument for locating underground metal water pipes
by electronic detection. It is also called a pipe finder.
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION: A description of job duties, responsibilities,
and pre-requisite qualifications related to a specific occupation
title, and developed in conformance with the Dictionary of
Occupational Titles, published by the U.S. Department of Labor.
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OUTFALL SEWER LINE: A sewer that receives wastewater from a
collecting system or from a treatment plant and carries
it to a point of final discharge.
OUTLET: Downstream opening or discharge end of a pipe, culvert,
or canal.
PACKER: A device inserted in a sewer line which expands by
manipulation from the surface and releases sealing compound
to seal infiltration point.
PACKING RING: A ring made of graphite that forms a seal between
the pump shaft and its casing.
PIPE JACK: A jack used to fasten roller guides to secure an object
within a manhole.
PLUMBING FIXTURES: Receptacles that receive liquid, water, or
wastewater and discharge them into a drainage system.
POLLUTION: A condition created by the presence of harmful or
objectionable material in water.
POWER RODDER: A sewer cleaning machine fitted with auger rods,
that are inserted in a sewer line to dislodge and cut roots
and debris.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE: Planned inspection and systematic cleaning
of sewers and appurtenances.
PUMP: A mechanical device for causing flow, for raising or lifting
water or other fluid, or for applying pressure to fluids.
PUMPING STATION: A pumping station that lifts the wastewater to a
higher elevation when the continuance of the sewer at reasonable
slopes would involve excessive depths of trench, or that raises
wastewater from areas too low to drain into available sewers.
These stations may be equipped with pneumatic ejectors or
centrifugal pumps.
QUALIFICATION PROFILE: The requirements made on the worker in terms
of aptitudes, general educational development, vocational
preparation, physical demands and personal traits.
RELIEF (SEWER): A sewer intended to carry a portion of the flow
from a district in which the existing sewers are of insufficient
capacity, and, thus, prevent overtaxing the latter.
RIGHT-OF-WAY: A right of passage over another person's land.
ROD GUIDE: A bent pipe inserted in a manhole to guide rods into
sewer lines.
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ROD (SEWER): A light metal rod, three to four feet long with a
coupling at each end. Rods are joined and pushed into a sewer
to dislodge obstructions.
RODDING MACHINE: A sewer cleaning machine fitted with auger rods
that are inserted in a sewer line to dislodge and cut roots
and debris.
ROLLER GUIDE: A suspended pulley that guides a hose or a rope
around the edge of a sewer line.
RUN-OFF: The part of rainfall that enters storm sewers.
SADDLE: An assembly of circumferential metal straps on a pipe
where a connection is to be installed.
SAND TRAP: A device for separating sand from water.
SANITARY SEWER LINE: A sewer that carries liquid and water-carried
wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial
plants, and institutions, together with minor quantities
of ground, storm, and surface waters that are not admitted
intentionally.
SANITARY WASTEWATER: Wastewater discharging from the sanitary
conveniences of dwellings (including apartments,houses and
hotels), office buildings, industrial plants, or institutions.
SCREED: A .strike board usually used to level up or strike off
concrete pavement slabs or to cushion courses for block pavements,
SEAL FILTER: A filtering device used to prevent foreign matters
from entering the mechanical seal chamber.
SERVICE CONNECTION: A pipeline, with its appurtenances, that
branches off or connects a water or sewer main with premises.
SEWAGE: The spent water of a community. Term now being replaced
in technical usage by preferable term wastewater.
SEWER: A pipe or conduit that carries wastewater or drainage water.
SEWERAGE: System of piping, with appurtenances, for collecting
and conveying wastewater from source to discharge. Term de-
clining in use.
SEWER JET: A sewer cleaning equipment with a special high velocity
hose that is fitted with a hardened steel jet nozzle. It is
used to spray-clean sewer lines.
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SIPHON (INVERTED): A pipeline crossing a depression or passing under
a structure and having a reversal in grade on a portion of
the line, thus creating a V- or U-shaped section of conduit.
The line is under positive pressure from inlet to outlet and
should not be confused with a siphon. Also called depressed
sewer.
SLEEVE: A pipe fitting for uniting two pipes of the same nominal
diameter in a straight line.
SLUDGE: The accumulated solids separated from wastewater during
processing, or accumulated deposits on the bottom and edges
of wastewater collection appurtenances.
SOUNDING ROD: A T-shaped tool that is pushed into earth to locate
pipes.
STAFFING GUIDE: The on-site employees required to properly operate
and maintain a wastewater collection system.
STORM SEWER LINE: A sewer that carries storm water and surface
water, street wash and other wash waters/ or drainage, but ex-
cludes domestic wastewater and industrial wastes. Also called
storm drain.
SUMP PUMP: A small pump with its impeller submerged in the pumped
liquid.
TAMP: A tool for tamping used to drive dirt down by a succession
of light or medium blows.
TAPPING MACHINE: A machine for cutting and tapping a small hole
in a pipe, as a street main, that is either empty or carrying
pressure. Two classes of tapping machines are made, designated
as pressure-tapping and dry-tapping machines. They are
sometimes called drilling machines.
TASK DESCRIPTION: Detailed description of basic work units showing
methods, procedures, and techniques involved in carrying
out a task.
TELEGROUT-PACKING: A sewer sealing equipment that is used in
conjunction with a television camera. It is pulled through
the sewer line and at the infiltration point its packer is
inflated and a compound is pumped which seals the pipe.
TELEMETERING EQUIPMENT: An equipment that translates physical
measurements into electrical impulses that are transmitted.
TELEVISION INSPECTION: The inspection by closed circuit television
of the inside of a sewer line achieved by pulling a TV camera
through the line.
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TOW SACK: A sack made of burlap that is inserted into sewer line
and used to thread the line.
TRENCH: An excavation made for installing pipes, masonry walls,
and for other purposes. A trench is distinguished from a
ditch in that the opening is temporary and is eventually
backfilled.
TROWEL: A masonary tool consisting of a flat or less commonly curved
blade with a handle and used to apply, spread, shape, and
smooth mortar or concrete.
TURNING PIN: A tool used to insert end of rod coupling and to
rotate rod.
VAC-ALL: An equipment that removes solids from a manhole as they
are deposited by a high velocity cleaner and returns the
water to the sewer in a sanitary method.
VACUUM JET RODDER: A machine that cleans storm and sanitary sewers
by high pressure water and vacuums up the debris as they are
being back-flushed into manhole or catch basin. It utilizes
the centrifugal fan system.
VALVES: The openings through which water enters and leaves the
cylinders of a displacement pump.
WASTEWATER: The spent water of a community. From the standpoint
of source, it may be a combination of the liquid and water-
carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial
plants, and institutions, together with any groundwater, surface
water, and storm water that may be present. In recent years,
the word wastewater has taken precedence over the word sewage.
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM: The sewer lines, appurtenances, and
lift stations used in the collection and conveyance of wastewater,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT: Any process to which wastewater is subjected
in order to remove or alter its objectionable constituents and,
thus, render it less offensive or dangerous.
WATER SEAL LINE: A line that connects the mechanical seal filter
to the mechanical seal chamber.
WAYNE BALL MACHINE: A sewer cleaning equipment that utilizes a
spirally grooved ball which is pumped into the line to build
up water pressure loosening, as a result, the accumulated debris
to the next manhole for removal.
WET WELL: A compartment in which a liquid is collected, and to which
the suction pipe of a pump is connected.
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APPENDIX 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Black & Veatch. "Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirements for
Conventional Wastewater Treatment". Environmental Protection
Agency. Washington/ B.C.: 1972.
Namour, Elie. "Manpower Requirements for Wastewater Collection
Systems in Cities and Towns up to 150,000 in Population".
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.: June 1973.
Namour, Elie. "Research"Report: Manpower Requirements for Waste-
water Collection Systems in Cities and Towns up to 150,000
in Population". U.S. Environmental Protection. Washington,
D.C.: June 1973.
Olympus Research Corporation. Manpower Planning for Wastewater
Treatment Plants. Office of Water Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.: 1972.
Public Service Department. "Sewer Maintenance Manual". City of
Sioux City, Iowa: 1971.
Synetics Corporation. Manpower Factors Manual. Environmental
Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Labor. Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
Washington, D.C.: 1965.
U.S. Department of Labor. Handbook for Analyzing Jobs. Manpower
Administration. Washington, B.C.: 1972.
U.S. Department of Labor. "A Handbook for Job Restructuring".
Manpower Administration. Manpower Administration. Washington,
D.C.: 1969.
Water Pollution Control Federation. Design and Construction of
Sanitary and Storm Sewers. (MOP 9). Washington, D.C.: 1970.
Water Pollution Control Federation. Sewer Maintenance. (MOP 7).
Washington, D.C.: 1966.
Whittenburg, John A. "Pilot Study to Determine Manpower Requirements
for Conventional Sewage Treatment Plants". Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D.C.: 1970.
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