WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES 16110 FRU 12/71-2
The River Basin Model:
DIRECTOR'S GUIDE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch
(Water), Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington', D. C. 20460
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The RIVER BASIN MODEL:
Director's Guide
by
Envirometries, Inc.
1100 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
Project #l6llOFRU
Contract #14-12-959
December, 1971
For sale bsr the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. B.C. 20402 - Price $1.75
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not sig-
nify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. DIRECTOR'S FUNCTION 2
2.1 Pre Game 2
2.2 Starting Configurations 9
2.3 Formation of Teams 12
2.4 Controlling Output 13
2.5 Optional Formats 14
3. RELATIONSHIPS 20
4. DIRECTOR AND THE COMPUTER 22
4.1 The Round 22
4.2 Sequence of Computer Output 23
5. OPERATING THE MODEL 41
5.1 Running the Round 41
5.2 Options and Strategies 42
5.3 Director Inputs 45
5.4 General Note on Inputs 55
5.5 Coding and Punching Decisions 56
5.6 Summary of Player and Director Decisions 65
5.7 Samples of Director Inputs 68
5.8 General Input Information 76
APPENDIXES
I. The Outside System 77
11. Explanation of the Water Component 88
III. Major Computer Programs 106
IV. The Employment Process Ill
V. The Migration Process 115
VI. The Commercial Allocation Process 121
VII. The School Allocation Process 127
VIII. Edit Error Messages 129
IX. Formats for Loading a Data Base 176
X. Notes on the Load Program 195
XI. Examples of Load Decks: RAYWID and WCITY 206
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Director is the person responsible for the opera-
tion of the model in a gaining mode. He could be regarded
as the "controller" of the game or as the "coordinator", in
the sense of being a communication link among all partici-
pants and frequently between participants (players) and the
computer. The Director can influence the play throughout
its duration by making inputs, acting as the Outside System,
and distributing the computer output in various ways. The
Director can also affect the play by how he forms teams and
by the responsibilities he assigns to groups of players or
to individuals.
The Director may be as active or passive as he desires.
Operating the model does not require the Director to influ-
ence the play or make inputs, but the model does allow him
to control play if he wishes to.
This manual (guide) describes what the Director needs
to know in order to operate the model, influence play,
answer questions and use the model to meet established
objectives. This guide assumes the the Director is thoroughly
familiar with the complete Player's manual.
This guide focuses on three major areas:
Pregame; Responsibilities of the Director before the
start of a program including the choice of structure and
objectives, selecting starting configuration, formation of
teams, pregame instruction and motivation.
Optional Formats; Description of enrichment activities
including complementary materials and exercises such as town
meetings, public hearings,' mass media, legal system, special
projects and readings.
Operating the Model; Explanation of Director's role in
running the rounds, using the output, making and inputting
decisions.
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2. DIRECTOR FUNCTIONS
There is, during the operation of the model, a contin-
uous relationship between the Director, the computer and
the participants. These relationships will be described
in various ways in the next 3 chapters. The emphasis in
this chapter is on some of the administrative options and
requirements related to creating the framework for the model
operation.
2.1 Pregame
As the Director, or teacher, gains experience he
will employ his own techniques in conducting varied programs
with the model. The elements identified below are intended
as guides for consideration:
2.1.1 Facility: The ideal situation is a gaming
laboratory designed specifically for the display and commu-
nication of information and the interaction of people with
each other, available information and the computer. What-
ever situation prevails, the Director should try for a faci-
lity which accommodates the display of general output, maps
and charts; provides for the access of participants to each
other and on occasion for assembly as a total group; and
provides for desk or table working space for using computer
output. A facility with controlled access to video or closed
current TV, and/or microphones and/or reproduction capabil-
ities has the elements for an effective mass media activity.
Considerable momentum usually develops in the gaming of the
model. Depending on the Director's objectives, he can
create and cultivate momentum by assembling all activities
in one room or modify intensity of interaction through the
use of separate strategy (or functional) rooms in which
activities can operate separately from each other.
2.1.2 Computer Access: Ideally, the computer (or
input devices) will be close to, or part of, the gaming
activity and will be an available hands on tool. Most
directors, however, will probably have to establish a working
relationship with a computer center or data processing acti-
vity. This should be done with care sufficiently far in
advance to insure precision in scheduling, input and delivery
of each round of output.
2.1.3 Program Structure; The model is flexible
as are the Director'soptional uses of it. In many cases,
however, the program participants may be relatively inex-
perienced in the use of operational simulations or may be
interested in general program guidelines. It is possible
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to structure the use of the model to serve as a short orien-
tation of 2 or 3 rounds; to provide 5 or 6 rounds (years) of
decision or policy testing or to run-for extended instructional
periods such as a semester or a budget cycle. (In this res-
pect, the model can be said to have an infinite scenario.)
For illustration only, a 5 day, 5 round, 15 hour program
with a critique is portrayed in figure 1.
2.1.4 General Administration; The administration
of a game should be conducted as unobtrusively as possible
in contributing to the care of operation, and the interaction
among participants.
Among many administrative devices several are of
particular value.
(a) Rosters of participants; As a means of fos-
tering communication,these should include the name and role,
or position, of each participant and be available to all
participants.
(b) Role tags; In the early rounds individual
role tags, like name plates, assist in the interaction pro-
cess. In a situation in which time is a critical element,
it is useful to make quick and easy contact with members of
the various sectors.
(c) Coloring devices; One of the most effective
ways for participants to understand their geographic, econo-
mic and social relationships in the model is to distinctively
identify their own sectors or locations and their relation-
ships with other activities. Coloring the economic status
map in rounds 1 and 2 accomplishes this very quickly. In
addition all the activities of the Government Sector can be
portrayed distinctively for planning purposes, developments
and public presentations. Colored pencils, tape, magic
marker and transparent overlays are all useful devices.
2.1.5 Distribution of Material; There is a con-
siderable amount of written material and information for each
model participant. It is useful, in some circumstances, to
make this material available to participants prior to the
beginning of the model program.
The distribution of material should be accompanied
by some explanation and discussion of the information and
its uses.
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No. of Participants
Dates
Figure 1
SCHEDULE
RIVER BASIN MODEL WORKSHOP OF
Day 1
STAFF:
TIME
EVENTS
NOTES
9:00 Arrival of Participants at workshop
9:15 A. Orientation
1. Brief introduction to gaming/simulation
2. Participants familiarization with gaming laboratory
3. Slide presentation - elements of the model
4. Selection of economic, social and governmental roles
5. Distribution of Round 1 Output
6. Individualized instruction; review of computer output,
concepts, terms, numerical perimeters in each sector,
etc.
*»
Brief analysis of the scenario. General guidance in
the use of the manual and gaining access to informa-
tion available in the whole model.
10:30 B. Play of the Model
1. Participants begin Round 1
12:00 2. Round 1 decisions submitted to computer
12:15 Adjourn Session
PM . Afternoon or evening discussions among participants and with
the staff are optional.
. Before the second day, individual participants should become
familiar with the model and generally acquainted with the
activities of the various sectors.
. All participants, particularly those interested in political
office or political action, should "prepare" for the events
of Day 2.
Location to be specified.
Registration
A3 This presentation includes an
overall view of the components
of the model, as well as an
introduction to the role of
the computer and the technical
aspects of formats, inputs,
outputs, etc.
A6 Individual instruction will
provide the depth and detail
in those areas introduced in
A3.
B2 Round 1 will be an instructive
round in which participants
will choose decisions from a
variety of options available
to them. The selection of
these options by the partici-
pants will begin the actual
process of decision-making,
under pressures of time and
information constraints,
which will exist during the
workshop.
A,B Questions are encouraged and
solicited.
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WORKSHOP OF
Page 2
Figure 1 (Cont.)
DAY 2
TIME
EVENTS
NOTES
9:00 Arrival of Participants at workshop
9:45
12:00
12:15
PM
3. Distribution and review of Round 2 output
4. Town Meeting
a. Review of status, decision-maker presentations
b. Presentations by candidates for Chairman
c. Submission of referendum votes and petitions
d. Social sector caucuses; development of support
for candidates and policies
e. Election and referendum voting
f. Development of goals and objectives
5. Round 2 decisions submitted to computer
Adjourn Session
The development of goals and objectives, and the subse-
quent "negotiation" of these among citizens, community
and government, is a vital part of the workshop. This
can be the creation and testing of a sense of community
with the distinctive characteristics desired by the
participants.
The Director may introduce specific problems or plans
or arrange for additional roles or activities associa-
ted with environmental issues or controls.
B3 This output will reflect all
decisions made in Round 1.
B4 This provides a forum for
developing community interests
and alternative strategies for
running the city. A "Master
Plan" proposal could be
considered at this time, for
instance. This first "public
forum" is designed to acquaint
all participants with the
information in the whole model
and the patterns, directions
and special interests which
are developing.
Decision-makers should attempt
to identify and isolate
problem areas which they
would like to have resolved.
B4 d. The social sector should
take advantage of their
position through direct,
closed session questioning
of individual candidates.
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WORKSHOP OF
Page 3
Figure 1 (Cont.)
DAY 3
TIME
EVENTS
NOTES
9:00 Arrival of Participants at workshop
9.15 7. Distribution and review of Round 3 output
8. Participants begin Round 3
12:00 9. Round 3 decisions submitted to computer
12:15 Adjourn Session
PM it is desirable that the maximum amount of interaction among
decision-makers occur during the workshop. This can take
place through the initiating of participants in searching
out information; performing their own critical analyses;
critically examing policies, plans and programs; questioning
public officials; forming citizens groups and making use of
mass media potential.
Strategies are needed for next rounds.
B7-9 Special attention should be
paid during this round
and succeeding ones
towards the implementation
of goals and objectives
previously developed and the
introduction of "real"
problems into the workshop.
. In this round participants
will be more fully aware of
the variety of individual
interests at work in the
model, and can usually
increase their interactions
and their combined efforts.
. Some exchange of'roles is
possible at this time
depending on participant
interests.
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WORKSHOP OF
Page 4
Figure 1 ( Cont.)
DAY 4
TIME
EVENTS
NOTES
9:00 Arrival of Participants at workshop
10. Distribution of Round 4 output and Master Plan
Elements.
11. Participants begin Round 4
12. Round 4 decisions submitted to computer
13. Public Hearing
a. Evaluation of attempts to implement goals and
objectives
b. Development of alternative strategies, programs,
and policies
12:15 Adjourn Session
PM OPTIONAL . Discussion with staff or Director concerning
changed roles or other aspects of the model.
1 Visit to community or municipal function or
neighborhood or school activity for observa-
tion or discussion related to workshop acti-
vity.
B 13 This public hearing will be
primarily a government staff
presentation indicating plans
policies, problems and
prospects. Public discussion
inquiry and dialogue are
expected.
At this time, participants
may switch roles and/or
combine "teams" for the
final round.
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WORKSHOP OF
Page 5
Figure 1 (Cont.)
DAY 5
TIME
EVENTS
NOTES
9:00 Arrival of Participants at Workshop
9:15 14. Distribution of Round 5 output
15. Participants begin Round 5
10:45 16. Round 5 decisions submitted to computer
11:00 C. Debriefing and Critique
1. Comparative analysis of play
2. Summary of actions, programs, results
3. Discussion of practical applications of the model
in municipal or educational activities
12:00 D. Awarding of Workshop Certificates
Summary of objectives
PM Distribution of Round 6 output
Cl-3 The critique is an integral
and valuable part of the
gaming/simulation process.
Comments are solicited from
all participants. Discus-
sion is open. Dialogue can
relate to experiences or to
the nature and uses of
gaming/simulation. Particula:
interest should relate to the
problems of region complexity.
Participants can explain
their objectives and
achievements.
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2.2 Starting Configurations
The Director has the option of using one of two
basic starting configurations that have already been loaded
and are ready for use. Of course, the Director could develop
completely different starting configurations of his own, or
he could make changes in the two "canned" starting configu-
rations by making inputs to the round 0 data base.
Figure 2 shows a few statistics for the local
systems of the two basic starting configurations: TWO CITY
and RAYWID CITY. The starting configuration called TWO CITY
is a completely hypothetical regional area, while RAYWID
CITY is fashioned after the actual Cleveland-Akron regional
area (which contains the Cuyahoga River Basin).
Note that the population sizes are quite different
with RAYWID having about nine times the number of people.
RAYWID CITY also has a higher concentration of low income
residents, a worse quality of life index, a lower average
education level, a higher unemployment rate, and more over-
crowded housing. In RAYWID CITY a larger percentage of the
school population is enrolled in public schools and the
student teacher ratio is slightly better than that for TWO
CITY. The river system is more extensive in RAYWID and
there are many more polluters in each of the categories of
polluters.
Another set of considerations from the director's
point-of-view when selecting which starting configuration
to use, are the operational differences among different
starting configurations, i.e. the number of teams and the
running time on the computer. Figure 3 shows some oper-
ational characteristics for TWO CITY and RAYWID CITY.
Note that there is provision for many more teams
in RAYWID CITY. Of course, the Director may give the control
of the assets of several teams to a single individual or
group of individuals, and there is no requirement that the
number of players be as large as the number of starting
configuration teams.
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Figure 2
LOCAL SYSTEM COMPARISONS OF TWO
Land Area (square miles)
Parcels
Number of Political Jurisdictions
Total Population
Percent Distribution by Class
HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
Percent of Workers Earning Under $5000
Total Assessed Value (millions)
Average Quality of Life Index
Average Education Level
Unemployment Rate
Workers Receiving Unemployment
Student-Teacher Ratio
Percent of Students Enrolled in Private
Housing Vacancy Rate
Features of the Water Component
Miles of River
Number of Rivers
Types of Polluters
Surface Water Industries
Municipal Outflow Points
Farms Contributing to Runoff
Total Population (thousands)
CITY AND RAYWID CITY
TWO CITY RAYWID CITY
3906
625
2
2519
403
3
275,500 2,508,000
37
36
27
33
$12,733
69
31
34
35
36
$26,296
117
59
7.5%
12,800
7
School 30
4
49
13.7%
127,240
6
13
-1
87.5
3
4
2
3
276
130
7
14
11
8
2,508
10
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Figure 3
OPERATIONAL COMPARISONS OF TWO CITY AND RAYWID CITY
TWO CITY RAYWID CITY
Number of Economic Teams 7 23
Basic Industry Only Teams 2 4
Commercial Only Teams 0 3
Residences Only Teams 2 5
Mixed Teams 3 0
Miscellaneous Teams 0 12
Number of Social Teams 7 9
High Income Only Teams 2 3
Middle Income Only Teams 2 3
Low Income Only Teams 1 3
Mixed Teams 2 0
Number of Separate Government Jurisdictions ' 2 3
Number of Government Teams 14 21
Chairman 2 3
Assessment 2 3
Utility Department (Water Office) 2 3
Municipal Services , 2 3
Planning and Zoning 2 3
Schools 2 3
Highways 2 3
Bus 0 0
Rapid Rail 0 0
Approximate Number of Pages of Computer 290 350
Printout
CPU Running Time
360/40 60 200
370/165 5 10
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2.3 Formation of Teams
A list of economic, social and government teams
and their major characteristics is given as part of the des-
cription of each starting configuration. (See 2.2) The
Director may desire to modify the number of teams, have a
group of participants play more than one team simultaneously,
or change the composition of a team.
2.3.1 Altering the Number of Teams;
(a) Economic Sector: For example, let us assume
that there are seven economic teams, but that the Director
wants only four. The reduction in the number of teams may
be accomplished by either allocating the seven economic sets
of output among four groups of players (this is the least
complicated method because no input need be made to the
computer) or by dividing the assets of the last three teams
among the other four teams (this requires a set of input
cards that indicate the purchase at zero price of the latter
three teams' assets by the former four teams).
Another example, let us assume that there are
seven economic teams and the Director wants ten. This can
only be accomplished if the starting configuration permits
additional economic teams, each of which has no assets or
liabilities. Through inputs on the Round 0 base the zero
balance teams may be given only cash, or they may be given
land and developments from each of the four original teams.
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(b) Social Sector: An increase or decrease in
the number of social teams can be accomplished simply by
combining or separating the output that presently is avail-
able as in the first example of economic teams. Since social
teams do not have any output that is comparable to the cost
statement and land summary statement in the economic sector,
social output can be combined or separated with greater free-
dom. The social output is already separated by class and
jurisdiction, thereby providing a straightforward basis for
further division among participants.
2.3.2. Making Teams Operate Across Sectors; The
Director may also wish to have a group of participants play
several sector roles at the same time. For example, he
might give a three-person decision group the economic output
for Team A, the social output for Team AA, and the govern-
ment output for the School Department and ask the group to
play all three sectors simultaneously.
An alternative would be to have decision groups
act as both economic and social teams, with individuals
elected and appointed to the government teams. This would
not only give every player an identification with an econo-
mic base and social interest group, but also allow him to
perform as an individual in the Government Sector.
2.3.3 Changing the Resources of a Team; The
Director may wish to alter the resources of an economic or
government team. The extent to which the Director may do
this might be as little as changing the cash holdings or
adding debts, or as extensive as changing all the economic
holdings so that each economic team has only one type of
development. In this latter change, one team could control
all the heavy industry; another team all of the Business
Goods (BG) and Business Services (BS); and another team all
of the single family (RA) housing of a certain quality index
or in a certain area of the city. Conversely, the Director
could change all of the economic holdings to represent geo-
graphical interests rather than functional specialization.
2.4 Distributing General Output
The Director can be selective in how he distributes
the general computer output. In order to introduce the par-
ticipants gradually to the complexity of play, the Director
might choose not to explain and post all of the general out-
put. Such information as the employment detail and the
commercial detail might be withheld until the players request
such information or until such time as the Director feels
that this output should be introduced.
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Moreover, the Director may choose to permanently with-
hold some of the output and simply "sell" information from
the output to players who pay the price designated by the
Director. This payment can be deducted from the team by
inputting a cash transfer to the outside. He could do this
because the information provided by some of the general
output is much more than is typically available in the real
world. Thus, the team payments for information could repre-
sent special surveys and research studies.
In the exercise of these options, tne Director
may also introduce additional roles or functions such as
the mass media, which could include private or public
television; consultants; and offices of information.
2.5 Optional Game Formats and Suggestions
There are a number of areas for variability in the
game format of the model. This section will serve as a
further explanation of those formats. These role descrip-
tions are guidelines intended as a framework within which
the Director can focus specific issues and applications
which may be relevant to a particular group or a particular
use of the model.
2.5.1 Mass Media; This role performs a communica-
tion function presently absent in the formal structure of
the model. In a game-room context the Mass Media would
control and use blackboards, a closed current TV or, a public
address system or podium or copying machines for leaflets.
Responsibility for this role is analogous to that of a news-
paper, radio station, or television station in the community.
Depending on the size of the group playing, and the facility,
it may be desirable to have competing newspapers and tele-
vision stations that vie for credibility and support from
the participants, while exerting influence through advertising,
public notices, announcements, editorials and campaign speeches,
The Mass Media may be established in one of several
ways. An open auction or closed bid, conducted by the Direc-
tor, could award the Mass Media to the highest bidder. In
this case, a bidder must have available cash to pay the
auction bid price. Payment for the Mass Media would be
accomplished by a cash transfer of funds from the successful
bidder's account to the Outside System. Since social deci-
sion-makers may not individually have sufficient funds, they
would have to propose imaginative arrangements to bring
about a consortium of roles to manage the Mass Media. Another
way to establish the Mass Media would be simply through
designation by the game director. The Mass Media sets its
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on data. These charges would be accomplished by cash trans-
fer decisions, except in the Social Sector where information
might also be made available free or for a non-cash charge
such as traded votes or community support.
2.5,4 A1tern at i ye Forms of Gove rnment; There are
numerous vari ations on a chle f executive/elected" council
that are available as a governmental form. The structure of
the model easily accommodates an elected mayor with no
council, an elected mayor with council, an apppinted city
manager with or without council, or finally a council alone.
Obviously, group executive decision-making has its drawbacks,
but the council option may provide useful lessons. When
configuration of more than one jurisdiction is used, executive
decision-making may be combined and coordinated, but depart-
mental decisions remain bounded by jurisdictional lines.
This does not preclude an executive body similar
to a Metropolitan Council of Governments with advisory and
policy-making powers that affect member jurisdictions.
The chief executive (Chairman) can be elected for
a term of variable length, while the terms of councilmen
may either coincide or overlap. Overlapping terms insure
some continuity in the executive process. This is useful
in a gaming situation where players are initially unfamiliar
with many roles.
Since the chief executive is elected by the popu-
lation, he must run on a platform that appeals to a majority
of voters. This platform can represent a wide spectrum of
idealogy.
2.5.5 Legal System The model format can
operate without a lega1 sys tern, and does so on a default
basis with the game director providing regulations as needed.
However, over a number of rounds of play, it may be desirable
to establish a formal set of regulation and laws (rules) by
which the game players carry out their activities. Such a
set of regulations may be termed the "Legal System". The
legal system acts as the vehicle to enforce laws and regu-
lations established by the council, and/or chairman through
a judiciary and penal code.
A judge (or judges) may be either elected at large
from the group of participants, or be appointed by the chair-
man or game director for a specified term (minimum of 3 rounds
is suggested). A penal code can be drawn up during the
first round (or pre-determined and ratified by the popula-
tion units as a referendum). Thereafter, amendments may
be drawn up and approved by the council and/or chairman.
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own charges for "air time" and "newspaper space". These
charges to users would be accomplished by cash transfer
decisions.
2.5.2 Federal-State Aid Controller This
role performs a channeling and dispensing function for finan-
cial aid, presently handled in a probabilistic manner in the
model. Responsibility in this role is analogous to that of
a Federal or State Agency lending funds and granting assis-
tance to municipalities on a shared or matched basis. Since
most funding for the municipal departments is accomplished
through the computer, this role could function as a "pork
barrel" of federal funds to be distributed at the discre-
tion of the F-S controller. These funds could be in addi-
tion to those requested via computer decisions. One basis
upon which the departments would be eligible for funds
could be through an application proposal to the F-S control-
ler. Such applications, stating the need, objectives, and
intended use of requested funds, could be reviewed by the
F-S controller and funds could be allocated in accordance
with a pre-determined goal or priority, or at the direction
of the controller. This particular process may be of con-
siderable training value for groups which are interested in
real life applications for federal-state aid.
The F-S controller may be selected by the game
director, elected by the social sector, or hired from a
series of applicants by the municipalities. Funds are made
available for this role via cash transfers from the Outside
System. Annual funds should reflect the status of the
National Business Cycle, (i.e., upswing or downswing); or
the Director may replicate congressional appropriations with
funding cut-offs in certain areas, (i.e., no money for
education, only for crime prevention through MS department).
The Director should specify an upper limit for the F-S
controller each round.
2.5.3 Data and Information Consultant This
role allows advice and information retrieval to be profit-
able for an economic decision-maker or government department
who chooses to accept the responsibility. With control of
the employment and shopping diagnostics, along with land
values, and summary data, this role can acquire participants.
Thus, this role is analogous to an economic or social survey
consultant offering analytical information (at a price) to
government and business interests.
The Data and Information Consultant may be esta-
blished through a bid or auction procedure similar to that
described for the Mass Media. Once designated, the D & I
Consultant is able to charge his own rates for consultation
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2.5.6 Insurgency; This activity, at the discre-
tion of the Director, could be performed by any participant
willing to accept the potential consequences of punishment
via the penal code. For instance, a player may decide to
"blow-up" an industry which he and others are striking against
for higher wages. The effects of this action will ')e borne
out in future rounds for everyone to observe: loss of poten-
tial jobs, reduction of tax base, loss of investment, surplus
of labor, lowered wages elsewhere, additional welfare and
reconstruction costs. "Blowing up" a development can be
accomplished by submitting a demolish decision. The player(s)
responsible for this decision must identify themselves to
the judiciary and their subsequent escape or arrest could
be determined on a random basis proportional to typical
crime statistics. (i.e., rolling dice four times to obtain
four 6's might mean escape, while failure to do so would
subject the player(s) to the penal code.
The penal code might call for player "imprisonment"
for 3 rounds with loss of 1/2 of his assets and all decision-
making power. In the case of Social Sector players, there
might be loss of voting rights, loss of jobs, and loss of
decision-making ability. (Loss of jobs could be accomplished
by submitting boycott decisions against primary employers in
the system.)
2.5.7 Holding Corporations; This technique is
fairly common in the business world,and allows several
economic decision-makers to divide or combine assets for
specific purposes. For instance, one economic decision-maker
may "buy out" another and use the "bought" role as a finance
company for making loans to other players; or perhaps all
highrise housing may be combined, operated, and maintained
under one "umbrella" corporation. Such a technique could
demonstrate the effectiveness of "single purpose" corpora-
tions to the game players. Holding corporations can be
set up by simply transferring assets and holdings to a
vacant decision-making role.
2.5.8 Building Inspector or Housing Coordin-
ator This role allows for a checking and inspection
process of all developed facilities, especially dwelling
units. Likewise all new construction might be reviewed and
approved through the Building Inspector to insure that
proposed projects meet minimum standards as expressed in
value ratio, maintenance levels, conformance to master plan,
and the meeting of established municipal policies, such as
distribution of low income, low cost housing.
The Building Inspector could be appointed by the
Director or Chairman, or a member of the Planning and
17
-------
Zoning Department could serve as Building Inspector in an
ex-officio capacity.
2.5.9 Citizen Commissions : There are several
bodies of representative citizens that may be implemented
to focus on specific functions.
(a) A Planning Commission, composed of citizen
representatives elected from (pre-defined) wards, would serve
a deliberative appeal and approval function, while the Plan-
ning and Zoning Department would serve as a staff function.
Issues and policies would be directed from the Commission
to be articulated in plan terms by the Department staff. The
commission would -be directly responsible to the population,
while the department would be responsible to the commission,
and to the Chairman. Ex-officio members could then be added
at the discretion of the game director.
(b) A School Board, composed of citizen represen-
tatives elected from each of the School Districts, whose
functions would be analogous to those of the Planning Commis-
sion, but focused on. matters of educational policy.
t
(c) An Environmental Quality Control Commission
can be established as an advisory or regulatory body with a
variety of powers or influences related to the control and
development of activities which influence the Environmental
conditions. - . "- .
. -.-...-- j '- , -
(d) A Commission, composed of citizen represen-
tatives elected from a designated neighborhood area would
be a deliberative and action group responsible for attaining
and implementing special funds made available for their
"Model Cities Neighborhood". These funds would be in addi-
tion to the normal municipal funding via government depart-
ments, and could be available from the Federal-State Aid
Controller.
2.5.10 Citizen Interest Groups : Informally,
participants may choose to organize the population units
they represent in a number of ways to make their voices heard
more effectively.
(a) Ad Hoc Committees to focus on specific issues
such as school quality, overpricing, housing quality, or zoning
practices could be made up of those decision-makers concerned
enough about an issue to mobilize and act as a coalition.
(b) Pressure groups might consist of decision-
makers or population units with common goals and interests
such as land-owners, people on welfare, or purchasers of
18
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Business Services. Such groups could develop a residual
attitude and policy which would represent an identifiable
force in the political process.
(c) Unions might consist of low and middle income
population units working at a specific location, or perhaps
a white collar union of high income workers at a.National
Services (NS) establishment. These organizations could arti-
culate the goals and desires of their constituency and be
composed of a representative hierarchy.
(d) Political parties could be formed by social
decision-makers who would register their population units
at the beginning of play based on a given philosophy for
each party. Such a structure might encourage patronage in
the Government departments along party lines and party
idealogy.
2.5.11 Long Range Advance Planning It is
frequently desirable to have a long range planning activity
at work concurrently with the year to year actions of Planning
and Zoning. This function can develop 10, 20 or 30 year
projections for public review and possible acceptance. In
some cases it may be desirable to establish an advisory group
similar to a regional or metropolitan council of governments
to develop the planning projections and explain their impli- ,
cations.
19
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3. RELATIONSHIPS
As previously indicated the Director can have a
focal role in the operation of the model.
The Director may select the starting configurption used
by the participants, change a number of conditions before
the start of play, and have a continual effect on the opera-
tion of the model through the use of the many director options,
Figure 4 portrays the Director's position in relation
to the computer operations, the simulated area, and the par-
ticipants. After having determined the overall objectives
of using the model and assembling a group of participants,
the Director selects one of the initial starting positions.
Each of the starting positions has resources distributed
among the sector teams and specified cash balances in the
accounts of the economic and government teams. The Director
may alter initial starting characteristics by making inputs
to the computer before the participants begin play.
Referring again to Figure 4t the Director should check
his use of the following five types of options:
1. Choice of starting configuration. Presently he may
choose TWO CITY or RAYWID CITY without having to deal with
loading a new configuration.
2. Making round 0 decisions to alter the basic starting
configuration selected. This might be done to change team
assets,create local system problems, or reduce the number of
teams.
3. Adjust parameters for the outside system. Specify
the number of in-migrants or allow local construction indus-
tries.
4. Control the way information (computer output) is
distributed among the players. A Director might want to keep
some of izhe detailed information to himself and sell it to
players who are able to pay the research fees established
by the Director.
5. Control .the way players are assigned to teams. Indi-
vidual players might be assigned as members of several teams
(in two or more sectors) or they might be assigned to only
one team.
20
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Figure 4
DIRECTOR OPTIONS
COMPUTER OPERATIONS
BOOKKEEPING;
Correlates status of
simulated city
PARTICIPANT SECTORS
OPTION TO CONTROL TEAM
ORGANIZATION OR FORMA-
TION
DECISION PROCESSES:
a
q
i
ssigns people to jobs,
schools, housing, and
shopping.
) OUTS IDE SYSTEM
Option to adjust
parameters for
MIGRATION
CONSTRUCTION
pUTPUT f
4} OPTION TO V
ECONOMIC:
land developers, business
men, manufacturers, land-
lords, speculators,
bankers
GOVERNMENT:
budget -makers, suppliers
of public goods and ser-
vices.
SOCIAL:
representatives of high,
middle, and low-income
groups .
r SIMULATED AREA
D OPT ION TO CHOOSE FROM J
TWO SCENARIOS (
.DECISION INPUTS
2 } OPTION TO
CONTROL
DISTRIBUTION
OF OUTPUT TO
PARTICIPANTS
TWOCITY
RAYWID
INPUT ROUND 0
OR ROUND 1
DECISIONS TO
CREATE SPECI-
FIC CONDITIONS
21
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4. THE DIRECTOR AND THE COMPUTER
It is important for the Director to distinguish between
the "technical round" and the "game room round" This sec-
tion contains information about rounds and the sequence of
computer operations.
4.1 The Round
The director/operator must deal with two rounds:
the player's output is known as a "round", and the data base
stored in either a tape file, or as it remains in the com-
puter system, is a "round" of data. Players make decisions
from a data base numbered the same as the round of output
with which they are playing.
Thus, care should be taken in discussing "rounds"
with the players, computer installation staff, or the opera-
tor to avoid misunderstandings.
The technical round involves computer proces-
sing of the players' decisions and the subsequent simulation
which traces a year's activity, while the players or the
game-room round entails the players interacting in making
decisions.
A Round 0 data base is only produced by the execu-
tion of the LOAD program. LOAD produces no round of output.
Consequently, once LOAD has generated an initial data base,
a subsequent round of output along with a subsequent round's
data base (both of which have the same round number) can
only be produced through the execution of the simulation on
the previous round's data base (perhaps altered by EDIT).
Thus, only execution produces a new round of output and a new
round's data base, both numbered the same. An altered round
is the data base generated by the execution of the EDIT
(input processing) program to the players' round decisions.
That data base retains its round number; e.g., EDIT executed
on the Round 1 data base generates an altered Round 1 data
base.
In a typical play of the model the computer round begins
with the EDIT program processing player inputs. This program
rejects any improper or invalid decisions and records the
changes specified by the correct decisions.
22
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4.2 Sequence of Computer Print-Out
Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar. The overall order of output is:
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4., Commercial Allocation
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
7. Social and Economic Su.rniuari es
8. Government Detail
9. Summary Statistics
10. Maps
Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections. An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and 'lists player and director decisions. The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above. These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
.status in response to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.
Each subsection of output has its own title, but on-
every subsection the heading for the data base and .the round
number
-------
Figure 5
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1.2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 Migration Detail
1.5 Migration Statistics
1.6 Migration Summary
2.1 Water User Effluent Content
2.2 River Quality During Surface Hater Process
2.3 Water User Costs and Consumption .
2.4 Colifonn and Pollution Index Values >
.1 Employment Selection Information for Fit Class
.2 Employment Selection Information for PM Class
.3 Employment Selection Information for PH class
.4 Part-Time Work Allocation for PH Class
.5 Part-Time Work Allocation for PM Class
.6 Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
.7 Employment Sunnary
S. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
4. Corctorclal Allocatl n
.1 Personal Goods Allocation Summary
.2 Personal Services Allocation Summary
.3 Business Goods Allocation Summary
.4 Business Services Allocation Summary
.5 Government Contracts
.6 Terminal Demand and Supply Table
.7 Terminal Allocation Map
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Boycotts
6.1 Farm Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 Coir.r.'.ercial Output
6.5 Economic Boycott Status
6.6 New Construction Table
6.7 Land Summary
6.8 Loan Statement
6.9 Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Sconomio Activity Con-
trolled by Teams
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Summary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Sunimary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
8. Covernnent Petal! 8.1 Assessment Report
8.2 Water Department Reports
8.3 Sailing Station Report: Point Source Quality
8.4 Scrupling Station Reports Ambient Quality
8.5 Utility Department Report
8.6 Utility Department Finances
8.7 Municipal Services Department Report
8.8 Municipal Services Department Finances
8.9 Municipal Service's Department Construction Table
.8.10 Planning ana Zoning Department Report
8,11 School Department Report
8.12 School Department Finances
8.13 School Department Construction Table
8.14 Highway Department Finances
8.15 Highway Department Construction Tablo
8.16 Rail CorpanyReport
8.17 Bus Co.r.pany Report
8.18 Chairman Department Finances
8.19 Tax Sur.-sary
8.20 Financial Sustnary
9, Summary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
10. Maps
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
Personal Goods Allocation Map
Personal Services Allocation Kap
Business Commercial Allocation Map
Municipal Service Map
School Map
Utility Kap
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Runoff Map
River Bnsin Flood Plain Map
Farm .Mop
Farm Assessed and Market Value Kap
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning Map
Parkland Usage Map
Socio-Economic Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Social Decision-Maker Kap
Topographical Restriction Map
Government Status Map
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Indexes
Migration Detail
Migration
Statistics
Migration Summary
Description
For each class living on each
residence parcel, this shows the
value of each component of the
personal index based on last
round's time allocation, resi-
dential crowding, MS use index,
and coliform bacteria index.
For each residence parcel and for
each class which lived on the
parcel immediately before or
after the migration program ran,
this shows the number of Pi's
in the class now residing on the
parcel and of those who moved,
why they moved and where they
came from and went to.
Number of in-migrants, out-
migrants, internal migrants,
and natural population growth
by jurisdiction and class.
The number of Pi's who moved
between or within jurisdictions
by class, by jurisdiction and by
reason for moving.
2. Water System
Water User
Effluent Content
For each economic activity and
municipal water system, the
volume of effluent dumped into
the surface water and the amount
of each pollutant in the effluent
after the effluent has received
any treatment.
River Quality During For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
for the surface water on each
parcel through which a river
flows, this shows the water
quality rating, the volume of
water, and the amount of each
pollutant present.
25
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water User Costs
Consumption
and
Coliform and
Pollution Index
Values
3. Employment
Employment Selection
Information for Low-
Income Class
Employment Selection
Information for
Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.
Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating. The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit,
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, tha time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
26
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Print-Out Section
Description
Employment Selection
Information For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for
Middle Income Class
P.art-Time Work
Allocation for Low
Income Class
Employment Summary
4. Commercial Allocation
Personal Goods
Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
27
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Services
Allocation Summary
Business Goods
Allocation Summary
Business Services
Allocation Summary
Terminal Allo-
cation Summary
Description
location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, -actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales. For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer 's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.
This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.
For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment.
This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.
Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user. Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
28
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Print-Out Section
Terminal Allocation
Map
Social Sector*
Dollar Value of Time
Social Decision-
Maker Output
Social Boycotts
Economic Sector**
Farm Output
Description
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.
By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column. The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.
Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
*The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class-without regard to jurisdiction. The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last). Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not printed. Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.
**The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before the next team's
output begins. A team for which a section of output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of output. For example,
a team with no residences receives no residence output. Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary. All active
teams receive financial summaries.
29
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Print-Out Section
Residence Output
Business Output
Construction
Industry Output
Construction
Industries' Contract
Table
Economic Boycott
Status
New Construction
Table
Land Summary
Description
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls. All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.
Tabular list of descriptive
financial information about e
construction industry which t
decision-maker controls.
h
Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decision- L
maker.
Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted. '
Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is the
contractee.
Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
-------
Print-Out Section
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic
Summaries
Number of Levels of
Economic Activity
Controlled by Teams
Employment Centers
Economic Control
Summary*
Description
Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment.
A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borroxv.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.
Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.
For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
*This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
31
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Print-Out Section
Description
Social Control
Summary*
Social Control
Summary
Economic Control
Summary
Social Control
Summary
For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfaction
(quality of life index).
By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.
This prints two graphs for eaph
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first /is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the tearq's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income. The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.
This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
*This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
32
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Print-Out Section
8. Government Detail*
Assessment Report
Water Department
Reports
Sampling Station
Report: Point
Source Quality
Sampling Station
Report: Ambient
Duality
Utility Department
Report
Description
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.
List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations, prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).
For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.
For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.
Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges. Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
*A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
33
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Print-Out Section
Description
Utility Department
Finances
Municipal Services
Department Report
Municipal Services
Department Finances
Municipal Services
Department Con-
struction Table
Planning and Zoning
Department Report
School Department
Report
School Department
Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, "expenditures,
and new balances.
Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working, and the
MS use indexes. Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.
Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.
For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.
Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.
Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
34
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Print-Out Section
Description
School Department
Construction Table
Highway Department
Report
Highway Department
Construction Table
Rail Company
Report
For each school construction or
demolition, this sjiows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM's
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.
A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues , outstanding bonds ,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report 'on available fed-
eral-state aid.
For .each, road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, this
shows the construction firm,
the location of the road or ter-
minal , the status , the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs , the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
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Print-Out Section
Bus Company
Report
Chairman Department
Finances
Tax Summary
Financial Summary
9. Summary Statistics
Demographic and
Economic Statistics
Description
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.
Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.
Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations, federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
36
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Print-Out Section
Description
10. Maps
Personal Goods
Allocation Map
Personal Services
Allocation Map
Business Commercial
Allocation Map
Municipal Service
Map
School Map
Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS user
is assigned.
Map showing the locations of
MS's and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.
Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.
Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each parcel.
37
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Plant Map
Municipal Intake
and Outflow Point
Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Funoff Map
River Basin Flood
Plain Map
Farm Map
Map shov;ing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.
Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.
Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.
Map showing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.
Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.
Map showing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in the river basin.
Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
38
-------
Print-Out Section
Farm Assessed and
Market Value Map
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
Description
Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.
Map showing, the economic sector
owner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every par-
cel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.
Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.
Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public institutional
land.
39
-------
Print-Out Section
Parkland Usage Map
Socio-Economic
Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Description
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.
Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel, the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,
Map showing the population (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
Social Decision-
Maker Map
Topographical
Restriction Map
Government Status
Map
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).
Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
40
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5. OPERATING THE MODEL
This section contains supplementary information for the
Director which is related to the guidance of a play and of
players.
5.1 Running the Round
In a round of play participants analyze their
output, maintain game-room communications, develop short and
long term objectives, and submit their formal decisions.
While the Players' Manual supplies the information and basic
mechanics that the players require to complete the first
task, the Director commands a large amount of influence
over the other three phases of the decision-making process.
There is little danger of rigidity in starting a
play within a certain framework. The model is flexible
enough to accommodate any degree of restructuring from one
round to the next. On the other hand, a laissez-faire
approach to directing the play may be appropriate and
clearly possible. Discretion should be exercised, however,
in allowing first-time players to begin in this fashion
as the absence of all framework could lead to lack of under-
standing and confidence.
Since any game objective implies a certain team
formation, communications network, and strategy formula-
tion, the Director should devote some time to organizing
these areas. The communications network has its foundation
in the logistics of the play (where the teams are located
and their proximity to other sectors, etc.) and in how the
output is distributed. Additional means of cc-mmunication
include those provided by a mass media, governmental regu-
latory agencies, and ad hoc "citizens" committees.
41
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5.2 Options and Strategies
Strategy formulation, which encompasses the total
environment of the decision-making process, is an area in
which the Director can best instruct and "guide" the parti-
cipants. The Director can exhibit as much creativity and
imagination in terms of game motivation as possible.
This section provides suggestions to assist the Director
in enriching the program in ways which will respond to
and cultivate participants "real world" interests.
The Director can expect to be called on for dis-
cussion of strategies as an integral part of the decision-
maker's approach to his actions.
Given any game format, a limited subset of stra-
tegy formulations is established. Therefore, selection of
a game format implies player assignment to roles which have
recognizable objectives. Thus, the Director should be wary
of restrictions to flexibility which a particular format
prescribes. On the other hand, the specification of a
format may enable the participants to involve themselves in
the game, a situation which may not have obtained without **
early direction. Moreover, once involvement occurs new
formats and strategies will undoubtedly evolve.
Seven format suggestions are listed below. None
are developed fully here and there are no detailed examples
of the manner in which they would be implemented. Never-
theless, the brief descriptions should enable the Director
to conceptualize the structures implied in the formats.
Unquestionably, this area will become much more comprehen-
sible to the Director when he acquires a working knowledge
of the model and its processes.
One. Develop an analogy between the dynamics of
the game and real world problems of decision-making.
Once the participants comprehend the functions
of the decision-making teams, an effort should be made to
interpret their output in terms of real-life situations.
Utility units become kilowatt-hours; adult education becomes
vocational training, on-the-job training, and the pursuit
of college degrees.
The players should consider their very localized
interests and competitive relationships. Finally, each
problem can be identified as though it were a real world
phenomenon which can only be acted upon through real world
means. For example, poor police service results in more.
crime. What solutions are available: hire more police,
provide more facilities, etc.?
-------
Two. Deal with real world issues as though
unrestricted by the components of the game.(The converse
of One.)
Insure that the players have little or no prior
knowledge of the game. Let them formulate the issues and
problems of urban systems, particularly as they relate to
the individual participant: should public schools be elimin-
ated: should neighborhoods have autonomy over school boards;
what good is a metropolitan government; are corporations
economically feasible?
Isolate each issue and illustrate through a
segmented play of the game how such a program or situation
could be implemented; identify the impediments to imple-
mentation, and the simulated consequences of the action.
For example, it is posited that a natural (or
man-made) disaster of catastrophic proportions would com-
pletely disable a city, precluding any reconstruction or
even survival. The Director could put in numerous demoli-
tions and decreases in levels of hiring capacities for
departments and then run several "years" of simulation.
The game's activity following such an event would present
a basis for provocative debate around such questions as
"what would have happened if ....?" This debate in turn,
would generate more demonstrations and more real world
involvement.
Three. Operate all functions to achieve goals
called for in a Master Plan.
Communities often develop Master Plans to guide
future growth. While the players would be required to
participate completely in the decision-making if this format
is used, they will soon become aware of how inflexible
and limited their options.are. Each potential decision
from all sectors would be subjected to careful scrutiny
to insure that nothing would cause deviation from the path
intended to lead to a common objective.
Analysis of the decisions, the development of
the plans, and evaluation of the psychological effect of
narrowing player motivations are three fertile areas for
growth of ideas and interpretations.
Four. Restrict the evaluation techniques of each
decision-maker to those of cost-benefit analysis.
For some decision-makers, this specification .
requires that they translate intangibles into dollars-and-
cents terms. The assumptions and philosophies they use
in making this first step of the total analysis merit
43
-------
classroom investigation. Note that applying time-dollar-
value decisions to the social sector is a microcosm of
this approach.
Under this format the participants must thoroughly
understand their roles and the game components whic'i affect
their activities, population units, and the like. Subse-
quently, each alternative decision can be processed in a
fixed pattern: any possible move is sorted into a cell
with all other actions having related effects; the combined
costs (such as those from increased prices of personal
goods if a shopping boycott is begun, or decreased current
expenditures from not improving the municipal services
use index) must be compared to both projected immediate
benefits such as loss of revenue in economic sector due
to lower maintenance expenditures caused in part from the
second action stated above, and long-term effects (again
for the second case, outmigration of population units).
The manner in which this format is described
implies that most decision-making is done by making a cost-
benefit analysis. This is not necessarily the lesson or
intention of this format, as strict adherence to this
approach removes intuitive responses and probably encourages
a strictly ordered play. Obviously, there are drawbacks as
well as benefits to this format if such a result is obtained.
The following two examples suggest game formats
which are actually sub-formats of a play. Thus, either
one could be incorporated while a larger theory is applied
to the whole play.
Five. Operate the government departments autono-
mous ly.
Remove the larger bureaucratic structure of the
government by making each department responsible only to
itself. The departmental decision-makers could be either
appointed by the game director or elected individually by
the social sector and/or the economic sector. In either
circumstance, intense self-interests and competitive instincts
could develop for each department and even for each juris-
diction. The Director should control all departmental
financing.
Some of the consequences of this format include
the alliances between a social or an economic team and a
particular department.
44
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Six. Organize the economic teams so that they act
as a single unit.
In effect, the economic sector becomes one team.
This format, where the economic sector is an oligopoly,
could easily evolve to many illustrations of other nations'
political and economic structures. Regardless of whether
or not lessons on political economy are important to the
Director, perpetual confrontation between sectors is obviated.
The consequences of these confrontations should provide
several experiences in the machinations of power.
A variation of this economic format is the collu-
sion of social teams into a strong civic organization and/or
political power base. Both sectors would then be vying
for control of the government sector which holds monetary
and other rewards for the controller.
Seven. Encourage a zero population growth policy.
By exercising the inmigration option, the Director
can effectively stabilize the population. This would
allow the players to adopt a zero population growth policy
and attempt to carry it out. The players might be convinced
that the best policy they can undertake as a group is to
increase the satisfaction of the people living in the local
system. Thus all attention could be placed on the quality
of decisions given an overall population level.
To carry out such a policy, the economic incentives
required, the population regulations needed, the economic
growth (quantity) foregone, and the public services levels
required would be illustrated. In an environment with a
stable population, the transportation decisions and land
use decisions would be linked together to provide a played-
determined optimal locational pattern within the constraints
provided by the initial starting conditions and the available
capital.
The players would be made aware of the difficul-
ties involved in maintaining a standard of-living in a
stagnant economy. The outside system would take on a differ-
ent meaning since most of the players' investments would have
to be made in conservative and speculative outside invest-
ments. The development of a favorable balance of trade
between the local and outside system would become crucial.
Outmigration would have to be guarded against.
In summary, the players would be faced with a _
unique public and private policy challenge that has not been
afforded to many real life decision-makers on a voluntary
basis.
45
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Even after a format is fitted to a play and the
players are cognizant of the objectives of the game, some
may still encounter difficulty in organizing their indivi-
dual actions. While the circumstances of player failure
to operate in a decision-making context is unlikely, a
particular strategy formulation technique is included to
aid the Director if such a barrier is encountered.
The strategy is simply a sequence of actions to be
taken by an individual player: identify a problem; probe
it with questions; search the output for answers; develop
alternative decisions; implement some of them; and reana-
lyze the problem on the basis of those decisions. The
particular context from which the following examples are
drawn is a format equivalent to the first one above and to
the standard formation of teams into separate sectors, with
separate control and responsibilities within each sector.
Players should;be able to identify dozens of
problem areas which could be analyzed in a similar fashion.
Consequently, the Director may wish to sketch a master form
from which the players could proceed to develop decisions
as a learning exercise.
46
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5.3 Director Inputs
The Director has the option to take an active or passive
part in the operation of the model. .Since the Director may
act for the outside system and exert some of its influences
on the local system, the Director may demolish buildings
(representing natural disasters or riots requested by tue
social sector) by using the same input format described for
the players. The Director is free to make any decision that
any of the players may make. For example, he might want
to transfer money from a private team's account to the account
of the Chairman or the outside system to represent a fine
or a major theft.
In addition to the power of making any player-type decision,
the Director also has the opportunity to make a number of
decisions not available to the players. These director-specific
decisions are in one of two broad categories: Outside the system
changes and inside the local system changes.
Figure 6 shows the types of decisions that may be made
under these two broad categories.
1. Specify In-Migrants - Acting as the Outside System,
the Director may affect the local system in a general way by
specifying the number of in-migrating Pi's by class that will
attempt to move into the local system. If this input is used,
it overrides the number of Pi's that would normally be attracted
to the local system as a function of the local dynamics (jobs
available and population size).
2. Cash Transfer - The Director may transfer cash to
or from any local system account (economic team, social class
on a parcel, or government department). This can be used to
simulate new federal grants, state fines, etc.
3. Float Bonds - the Director will usually float a
capital bond after the referenda to do so has achieved the
needed social sector support.
4. Assure Land Purchase - the Director can exercise
complete control over the unowned land market through his
option to accept or reject land bids. Thus the Director
can use a number of mechanisms for having the players acquire
land that is initially in the hands of owners outside the
local system. Competitive open bids, sealed bids, or unso-
licited bids might be employed for various land parcels and
at various times during the play.
47
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Figure 6
DIRECTOR-SPECIFIC DECISIONS IN THE RIVER BASIN MODEL
Outside the Local System Changes
General
1. Specify Number of In-Migrants (by income class)
Specific to Team
2. Cash Transfer (any amount to any economic team, PI class
on a parcel, or government account)
3. Float Bonds (for any legitimate government account)
4. Assure Land Purchase (by any economic or legitimate
government department)
Inside the Local System
General
5. Allow or Forbid Local Construction Industries
6. Set Dam Priority (by River Basin)
7. Set Flood Severity (by River Basin)
Parcel Specific
8. Create or Remove Pre-empt Land (undevelopable land)
9. Set Water Quality for a Lake (an index value of from 1 to 9)
10. Set Miscellaneous Pollution to Be Dumped on a Parcel (by
the seven pollutant types)
11. Set the heading which prints on the output
48
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5. Local Construction Industries - The Director has the
option to allow a new type of private economic activity (local
construction industry firms) in the local system. This is
usually not recommended unless the play will go beyond five
rounds, because there is a year time lag for all construction
projects if the local construction industry option is employed.
The major advantage of allowing local construction industries
is to keep some of the construction expenditures within the
local system in the form of purchases of labor and goods
and services.
6. Dam Priorities - The Director may set a dam priority
for all the dams within a River Basin area. Of the three
dam priority options, one favors recreation at the expense
of flood control with water quality effects remaining neutral,
one has a positive effect on water quality control and is
neutral to recreation and flood damage effects, and the third
is very favorable to water quality and slightly favorable
to flood control at the expense of recreation.
7. Flood Severity - The Director may set a flood damage
level for a river basin. The damage done to particular developments
within the basin area is a function of their type, their
location in the flood plain, and the dam priority (also set
by the Director).
8. Undevelopable Land - Pre-empt or undevelopable land
may be loaded as part of the local system or input by the
Director. It may represent federal land, institutional land,
or land that is unusable because of topographical restrictions.
The Director may convert pre-empt land to a usable classification
if he wishes. This might represent large expenditures to fill
in a bay or purchases from the federal government of a former
military base.
9. Quality of Water in a Lake - The Director may specify
the water quality rating for any lake parcel. This will impact
on the major recreation areas in the nearby vicinity.
10. Miscellaneous Pollution Dumped on a Parcel - The Director
may wish to represent the exact amount of pollution generated by
a major polluter in the local system. He may do this by specifying
the amount of each of the seven pollutant types plus the volume
of water that is dumped into the water system at a particular parcel
location.
49
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11. Set the Heading - The Director may wish to uniquely
identify a round of output or a data base by giving its output
a special heading. For example, two- different groups may be
using the model separately but with the same initial d?ta
base. The director might lable one group's data base,
"TWO CITYGROUP A" and the other group's "TWO CITYGROUP B."
50
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DIRECTOR'S INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision
Outside System
Code
Decision
Maker
Specify
Number of
In-Migrants
$OTHER
OU
INLO,
INMID,
INHI
number of
Pi's to
in-migrate
Set the
Output
Heading
$HDNG
The $lff)NG card should be followed by a card on which the desired heading is punched.
The program accepts as the heading whatever is on the first card following the
SHDNG card.
-------
DIRECTOR'S SUMMARY INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of Decision
Decision Code Maker
Transfer $CASH OU or
Cash economic
or social
decision-
maker or
department
and juris-
diction
NOTE: IF SOCIAL IS GIVER,
LOCATION in column "f",
IF SOCIAL IS RECEIVER,
LOCATION in column "g",
receiver
(economic
or social
decision-
maker or
OU or de-
partment
and juris-
diction)
amount in giver's
dollars account
(PVT if
economic;
class if
social
(H,M,or L)
if depart-
ment CAP
or CUR)
receiver1 s
account
(PVT if
economic;
class if
social
; (H,M,or L)
if depart-
ment, CAP
or CUR)
Ul
Float
Capital
Bonds
Assure
Land
Purchase
$OTHER depart-
ment re-
ceiving
$PU Decision-
maker
bidding
BO amount in 25
$10,000's
location price in OU
$1000's
percent
of par-
cel (0
if all)
1 to in-
sure bid
success
-------
Type of
Decision
Local
Construction
Industry
Set River
Basin Dam
Priority
Specify Flood
Severity for a
River Basin
Code
$OTHER
$ODDS
$ODDS
Decision
Maker
OU
OU
OU
a
NOCI
or
YESCI
Dam pri-
ority A,
B, or C
R
b c d
River basin
code number
River basin Flood level
code number (1-100)
-------
Type of
Decision
Change Pre-
empt Land
Set Water
Quality of
Lake Parcel
Set Miscella-
neous Pollution
To Be Dumped
on a Parcel
$ENDS
$ENDS
Decision
Maker
OU
OU
OU
PLND (create)
or
RPLND (remove)
W
location
location of
lake parcel
location
An example of the miscellaneous pollution input is:
$ENDS/=OU/P, 7832, (50, 55, 40, 60, 12, 0, 1, 25)
percent of parcel
affected
water quality
rating (1-9)
A list enclosed
in parentheses and
separated by commas,
of BOD (LB/MG),
Chlorides (LB/MG),
Nutrients (LB/iMG) ,
Coliform (parts),
Temperature Devia-
tion (Degrees),
Oil & Floating
Solids (0 if none,
1 if present) ,
High Level Pastes
(0 if none, 1 if
present), Volume of
water dumped (MGD)
-------
5.4 General Note on Inputs
The Director should emphasize the need for players to
carefully follow the steps required for a valid input.
Two types of errors are most common. The first involves
coding errors, such as the improper scaling of numbers.
Players should be reminded to double-check their coding
forms before submitting them for the EDIT program. The
second type usually results from players not making sure
that the requirements necessary for the effecting certain
types of decisions do in fact prevail. Each participant
is provided with a detailed explanation of the input pro-
cedure.
Besides preparing his own inputs, the Director should
oversee the players' input procedure in order to limit
the number of mistakes they make.
The coding of decisions for input to the computer
should be conducted with precision. Failure to correctly
code or punch decision information will result in failed
action and considerable disappointment and frustration.
55
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5*5 Coding and Punching Decisions
In order to input a decision, a player or the director
must keypunch an input card with a "decision message in the
following form:
$CODE/=DM/a,b,c,d,
1. The first item of information in the line ($CODE)
is the one of 20 general decision codes. This code tells
the general type of decision being made. A dollar sign ($)
is the first symbol in all general decision codes. The
general decision codes are:
Govt. Soc. Econ. Dir.
1. $PU x xx
2. $CVPT X xx
3. $OTHER X xx
4. $OUBLD x xx
5. $BUILD X xx
6. $CASH x x X x
7. $TIME X X
8. $BYCT XXX
9. $VALUE X X
10. $TAXES X x
11. $ASMNT x x
12. $REDIST x x
13. $FSA x x
14. $ROOT . x X
15. $RAIL X x
16. $WRBLD X xx
17. $WRPRC x x
18. $ODDS x xx
19. $ENDS X xx
20. $HDNG x
2. A slash sigh (/) always follows the decision code.
3. The second item of information for a decision is
the identification of the decision-maker. An equal sign (=)
is used to preface the decision-maker identification code.
The decision-maker codes are:
A ... Economic number of teams
AA . . Social number of teams
CHI . . Chairman number of jurisdictions
AS1 . . Assessment number of jurisdictions
SCI . . School number of jurisdictions
MSI . . Municipal Services number of jurisdictions
PZ1 . . Planning and Zoning number of jurisdictions
UTl . . Utility number of jurisdictions
HY1 . . Highway number of jurisdictions
BUS . . Bus Company
RAIL . Rapid Rail Company
56
-------
OU . . Outside Used by the game director
4. The decision-maker code is followed by a slash mark
(/)
5. The remaining information concerning the decision
is printed after the second slash and is separated by
commas. The blank spaces are ignored in the decision-
information. For example, the following information is
identical to the computer:
$CVPT/=A / S, 72 40 , 26 , 51 , 102
$CVPT=A/S,72 40,26,51,10 2
The information following the second slash varies by
the type of decision. For the following explanations
assume the format:
s
$CODE/=DM/a,b,c,d, etc.
here "a" is the first item of information after the
second slash, "b" is the second item of information, etc.
6. If an asterisk is typed on an input card, all of
the punched columns to the right of the asterisk are ignored
by the input program. This option is useful when the
director wishes to describe a decision, such as during
a demonstration of the model. For example, the director
might type:
$CVPT/=A/S,7240,26,51,102 * TEAM A CHANGES SALARIES AT 7240
7. The general decision codes that can be used to make
more than one type of specific decision require that a
specific decision code by placed in the "a" space. The
general and specific codes are summarized below:
General Code Specific Code
and Meaning and Meaning
1. $PU
purchase land/and/
or developments None
2. $CVPT R - change rents
change existing P - change prices
conditions on S - change business salaries
location-specific M - change maintenance level
items of public and private
developments
E - change employment at a
school or municipal
service location
57
-------
General Code
and Meaning
3. $OTHER
change conditions
for non-location-
specific items
Specific Code
and Meaning
C - award contracts to BG and
BS by school or municipal
service department.
US - change or add utility
service to a parcel of land
Z - change zoning on a parcel
PLND - add preempt land
RPLND - replace preempt land
LO - grant a loan to another
team
BO - take a loan from the out-
side by a private team or
a government department
SP - invest in speculative
stocks
SELLSP - sell speculative stocks
CN - invest in conservative
stocks
SELLCN - sell conservative stocks
W - set the welfare payment
per unemployed worker
S - change salaries for SC, MS,
BUS or RAIL department
jurisdiction-wide
M - change maintenance level
of a highway type for an
entire jurisdiction or of
bus or rail equipment.
P - change the price of utility
service for a jurisdiction
or fare for bus or rail
PS - purchase bus or rail rol-
ling stock
SS - sell bus or rail rolling
stock
NOCI - play without a local CI
YESCI - play with local CI
INLO - move in a specified number
of PL's via the migration
INMID -
INHI -
routine
move in
of PM's
routine,
move in
of PH's
routine
a specified number
via the migration
a specified number
via the migration
58
-------
4.
8.
9.
10.
General Code
and Meaning
$OUBLD
have an outside
construction firm
build a private
or public devel-
opment
$BUILD
have a local con-
struction firm
build a private
or public develop-
ment
$CASH
transfer cash from
one account to
another
Specific Code
and Meaning
None
None
$TIME H
allocate the leisure M
time for population L
units
C - transfer of cash from other
than the chairman's account
CP - appropriate capital funds
CR - appropriate current funds
CURS - grant a current subsidy
CAPS - grant a capital subsidy
SB - grant a subsidy to an
economic team
for high income class
for middle income class
for low income class
$BYCT
boycott working,
shopping, or using
public transit
$VALUE
change the dollar
value of time for
population units
$TAXES
change tax rates
for various bases
S - social boycott (by popula-
tion units)
E - economic boycott (by
businesses)
H - for high income class
M - for middle income class
L - for low income class
L - assessed value of land
D - assessed value of devel-
opments
RI - income earned by residents
of the jurisdiction
El - income earned by those
employed within the juris-
diction
59
-------
General Code
and Meaning
Specific Code
and Meaning
11.
$ASMNT
make changes by
the assessment
department
12,
13.
$REDIST
change district
boundaries for
SC or MS
$FSA
request federal-
state aid by
department
RA -
EA -
G -
S -
UL -
DL -
FR -
AD -
AL -
AF -
SD -
SL -
SF -
None
auto expenses of residents
of the jurisdiction
auto expenses of those
employed within the juris-
diction
total value of PG sold by
stores in that jurisdic-
tion
total value of PS sold by
stores in that jurisdic-
tion
jurisdiction-wide assess-
ment ratio for all unde-
veloped, non-farm land
jurisdiction-wide assess-
ment ratio for land on
all developed parcels
jurisdiction-wide assess-
ment ratio for all farm-
land
development assessment
ratio for a specific
parcel
land assessment ratio
for a specific parcel
assessment ratio for a
specific farm parcel
assessed dollar value of
development on a specific
parcel
assessed dollar value of
land on a specific parcel
assessed dollar value of
land on a specific farm
parcel
Hone
60
-------
14.
15.
16,
17.
18,
19
General Code
and Meaning
$ROUT
change levels of
service and routes
for bus and rail
operation
$RAIL
build rail lines
and rail stations
$WRBLD
construction of
water-related items
Specific Code
and Meaning
None
$WRPRC
change water
prices
None
T - build water and sewage
treatment plants
S - locate water sampling
stations
P - locate municipal inflow
and outflow points
None
$ODDS A,B,or C
change existing F
conditions of R
non location-
specific items
$ENDS
change existing
conditions of
location-specific
items
L
R
W
P
dam priority
set farm fertilizer level
set degree of flooding in
a river basin
set the operating level of
a business
set the percent recycling
at a business
set the water quality of
a lake parcel
set the miscellaneous pollu-
tion dumped on a parcel
20. $HDNG
Set the heading
printed on output
None
61
-------
8. Once the director and players have coded their
decisions on the input forms, the decisions must be key-
punched onto cards, one decision per card. The director
should be aware of several mechanical procedures and card-
punching shortcuts.
When decisions are processed by the computer pro-
gram, the input card is printed and followed by messages
regarding any errors in either the coding or the decision.
The lack of any error message after a decision always means
that.the decision has been accepted. The fact that an
error message prints after a decision usually means that
the decision has been totally rejected and the error mes-
sage prints the reason for rejection. In some cases an
error message prints but the decision is accepted. Such
is the case when there is an attempt to raise a residence's
maintenance level more than 20 points above the lowest value
which its quality index ever reached. The message indicates
that the maintenance level input is too high and that the
program has set the maintenance level at that residence to
the highest allowed value.
The two most crucial items of information necessary
for each decision are the dollar sign code, (for example,
$CASH, $CVPT) which determines the type of decision, and
the decision-maker (a government, economic or social sec-
tor team or the director). Note that each of these items
is preceded by a special character ("$" or "=") and is
followed by a slash ("/") The information before a slash
need be repeated only when it changes; i.e., when the deci-
sion type ($ code) and/or decision-maker are different
from the last accepted code and/or team. A valid $code
followed by a slash always replaces the previous $code;
a valid "= decision-maker" followed by a slash always
replaces the previous decision-maker. Thus, once an input
decision has been accepted by the EDIT program, the sub-
sequent inputs may require none of the primary information
or only one of the two items.
For example, if economic decision-maker A were pur-
chasing parcel 9418 for $120,000 from economic decision-
maker C and parcel 9812 for $150,000 from economic decision-
maker D, the inputs could be keypunched on the cards as
follows:
Card 1: $PU/-A/9418,120,C
Card 2: 9812,150,D
62
-------
The next example illustrates inputting several
economic decisions. B is changing a maintenance level,
C is changing a rent, A is changing maintenance levels
and a rent and purchasing two parcels as described above:
Card 1: $CVPT/=B/M,10428,95
Card 2: =C/R,8222,145
Card 3: =A/M,10832,97
Card 4: M,9634,92
Card 5: R,7632,160
Card 6: $PU/9418,120,C
Card 7: 9812, 150,D
Each decision should be entered on a separate card
to simply present the decisions as well as determine to
which error statements the EDIT program refers. Of course,
each distinct decision with its complete code may be put
on a separate card.
As is noted in the Players' Manual, there are some
shortcuts especially applicable to zoning and district
boundary changes, where the listing of parcels is valid.
- Any information within parentheses is treated in
the same way; e.g., if a player is changing the
maintenance level of several developments to 90,
he could type (9228, 9830, 7212, 8814) where
location is requested. This saves typing an
entirely separate input for each location.
- If all of the parcels in a rectangular area are
to be treated the same way, the parcels at oppo-
site corners of the rectangle can be designated
with a "^" between them where location is reques
ted. For example, the School Department may want
to make the outlined area in the figure on the
following page a school district for the school
at 9030. The location could be specified as
(8422^-9230) .
If the line of parcels from 9422 through 9428
were also to be part of the district, the entire
input would be:
$REDIST/=SC1/9030, (8422^ 9230 , 9422 > 9428)
63
-------
*
70
72 7*
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
..--"-»-«
I
t
1
I
I
I
76
78
»
80
--
82
1
1
..
--^
l""
I
1
I
I
I
81
I
t
I
5
^-«»
i
86
mm
H
10
M^Bitl
88
6
«-
8
1 HO
I
I
mm*m^m
90
6
3
86
Sl»
MHJHJ
»2
w
t 1
1
1
1
1
el
1
"""
MBJI
9H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I-,?.*.**
Imm
:,-,,,.-,,
|::::::::W:*
ivk't**:'* >
H
ife;:;:^
«-:«'?:*
;;*
|«;^
S"^s*s*§
ll|
*::::::£
Sssw*
3'**»*1l
i
12
20
22
26
28
30
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxl
64
-------
In summary, when all information in a decision is to
be identical for more than one parcel, the locations of the
parcels can be "listed" in the coded decision. A list is
enclosed in parentheses and parcel locations in the list are
separated by commas. A list can contain a "block". A block
represents a rectangular grouping of parcels on the board and
is coded as the location of the upper left parcel and the
location of the lower right parcel, separated by a greater
than (>) sign. A list can contain up to 65 parcel locations,
whether parcels are listed separately or in a block.
Parcel lists are allowed by the following input codes:
$PU
$BUILD - $OUBID (construction site)
$CVPT
I;TIME
liRAIL
$ASMNT
FSA
SREDIST
i >
65
-------
5. 6 Summary of Player & Director Decisions
1, Economic Decision-Makers
- buy and sell land
- set rents
- set prices
- set salaries
- set maintenance levels
- lend money
- borrow money
- buy and sell conservative stocks
- buy and sell speculative stocks
- build and demolish three types of residences,
twelve types of basic.industries, and four types
of commercial establishments
- contract with construction industries
- transfer money to other economic and social and
government decision-makers
- boycott commercial establishments
- construct chlorination, primary, secondary and
tertiary effluent treatment facilities at basic
industries
- change the operating level of a business (without
demolishing the building)
- set the amount of water which is recycled at
basic industries
- construct residences which,use ground water
- operate farms -^ :,
2. Social Decision-Makers
- allocate time to extra work, education, politics
and recreation
- boycott work locations, commercial establishments,
and modes of travel
- vote for e.lected officials
- set the dollar value of time travelling to work
- transfer money to other social, economic and
government decision-makers
3. Government Decision-Makers
- grant appropriations
- grant subsidies
- transfer money to other government and social
and economic decision-makers
- set welfare payments
- set tax rates
- float bonds
66
-------
- assess land and buildings
- buy and sell land
- set the number of job openings in government
- set the maintenance level of government facilities
- set government service districts
- request Federal-State aid
- set the salaries offered government workers
- build and demolish schools
- build and demolish municipal service plants
- contract with construction industries
- grant contracts with local goods and services
establishments for government purchases
- set the amount of public adult education offered
by the government
- construct and demolish roads
- construct and demolish terminals
- zone land
- build and demolish public institutional land uses
- provide parkland
- install utility.service
- set prices for utility service
- construct and demolish utility plants
- locate bus routes
- buy and sell buses
- set bus and rail fares
- build rail lines
- build rail stations
- buy and sell rail rolling stock
- locate rapid rail routes
- set the amount of service on bus and rail routes
- set prices for private use of publicly-provided
water
- construct and demolish primary, secondary, and
tertiary sewage treatment plants
- construct and demolish water intake treatment
plants
- locate municipal water intake points
- locate municipal sewage outflow points
- locate water sampling stations
- set dam priorities
- change a business's operating level (without
demolishing the building)
- construct and demolish bridges across rivers
4. Model Director Options
- make any decisions allowed to players
- specify the number of in-migrants for any social
class
67
-------
- specify whether local construction industries will be
represented in the model
- select the data base which will be used in a run of
the model
- set the water quality of lake parcels
- set the amount of miscellaneous pollution dumped on
a parcel
- set the flood severity in a river basin
5.7 Samples of Director Inputs
The director has several decision options available.
The purpose of the options is to provide the operator with
as much flexibility as possible in the game situation.
Those options are described below with examples and sum-
marized at the end of this section. The instructor may
employ any combination of options.
One. Transfer of Cash To and From the Outside System
In order to correct financial imbalance or to
simulate federal grants, etc., the director can transfer
cash to or from an economic or social decision-maker or
the capital or current account of the Chairman or a depart-
ment. He uses the regular $CASH routine but his decision-
maker identification is 0U (for Outside System)if he is
the giver. If the Outside is the receiver, the decision-
maker is the team from which money is being taken.
The following is the correct format:
$CASH/= dm/C, a, b, c, d, e, f
where dm is the giver (0U or decision-maker)
a is the receiver (0U or decision-maker)
b is the number of dollars (with no. commas
or dollar signs)
68
-------
c refers to the-account from which the money
is being transferred {PVT for Outside or economic decision-
maker; H, M, or L to designate a class if a social team;
CUR, a department's current account; CAP, a department's
capital account)
d refers to the account into which the money
is being transferred (PVT for Outside or economic decision-
maker; H, M, or L to designate a class if a social team;
CUR, a department's current account; CAP, a department's
capital account)
e is the residence location if the transfer
is from a social team, and zero if the transfer is not from
a social team
f is the residence location if the transfer
is to a social team, and zero if the transfer is not to
a social team
For example, if the director wants to transfer
one million dollars to the Jurisdiction 1 School Depart-
ment's capital account, he would type:
$CASH/=OU/C,SCI,1000000,PVT,CAP
The director can also use a similar format when
transferring money from a decision-maker's account to the
outside system:
$CASH/=SC1/C,OU,1000000,CAP,PVT
Such action may be taken to induce serious gov-
ernmental debts or an economic recession for example.
Two. Float Capital Bonds
Since capital bonds are subject to referenda,
they should be floated by the director upon approval by
the social sector. The input format for capital bonds is:
$OTHER/=department and jurisdiction receiving/BO, amount
(in $10,000's),25. For example, if a capital bond of 25
million dollars is approved for the Jurisdiction 2 Municipal
Services Department, the format would be:
' $OTHER/=MS2/BO,2500,25
All capital bonds have a term of 25 years and the
interest rate is determined by the computer.
69
-------
Three. Land Bids
If the director wishes, he can control the bids
on all parcels of land owned by the computer. He can deter-
mine which parcels of land are up for auction and which
bidder will get each parcel of land through game adminis-
tration. In order to guarantee that a player receives a
parcel of land, the director uses the following input
format:
$PU/=team bidding/location,price (in $1000's)
70
-------
OU,percent of parcel (0, if all),l
For example, if economic decision-maker B has
bid $150,000 on parcel 7224 and the director wants to
guarantee that B receives it, he would type:
$PU/=B/7224,150,OU,0,1
The "1" in column "e" tells the computer not
to handle the bid in the ordinary manner (as explained in
the Players' Manual) but to guarantee it to the decision-
maker who is initiating the bid and has input valid data
in the first three or four columns.
Four. Create or Remove Public Land (Preempt Land Use).
The director may use the Preempt category to
represent any type or mixture of non-usable land that he
wants. For example, he can suggest that preempt land
represents institutional land holdings (such as federal
land, military bases, large land easements, cemeteries,
golf courses, country clubs, and non-usable public land)
or land that is not usable because of topographical con-
straints (water bodies, excessive slopes, swamp or marsh-
land, or rock outcroppings). The director can add an
amount of preempted land to the local government (repre-
senting perhaps a federal land grant) or to the economic
sector at a price (representing perhaps the cost of an
expensive land fill operation on a piece of swamp property
to make it usable for development)..
Since the Preempt Land Map will not distinguish
the type of preempt category for any particular parcel,
it is the responsibility of the game director to record
which land is in the various types of uses (i.e., water,
airport, federal reservation, etc.). The game operator's
ability to start play with any amount of preempt land
allows him great influence in the play of the model if he
wants to exercise it.
The input format is:
$CVPT/=0U/PLND,location,percent of parcel to be
added to undevelopable.
$CVPT/=0U/RPLND,location,percent of parcel to be
taken out of undevelopable.
For example, the director may decide that he will
represent the land taken away from potential local development
71
-------
by creating an airport near the edge of the city, at 8230.
He will put 60% of the parcel into preempt use and give
the owner, B, $1.5 million for the land.
$CVPT/=0U/PLND,8230,60
$CASH/=0U/C,B,150000 0,PVT,PVT
If, on the other hand, the director desires to
make some preempt land available for purchase and/or
development he may make a RPLND (remove preempt land) deci-
sion. In this case, the land goes into the holdings of
whichever private land owner (an economic team or the out-
side system) possesses other privately-owned land on that
particular parcel. If all land on the parcel was previously
preempt and publicly owned or just preempt, the outside
system would become the new owner. The following three
cases will illustrate the usage of RPLND.
Case One. Parcel 10020 was a military reservation,
entirely in the preempt category. The input:
$CVPT/=0U/RPLND,10220,40
makes forty; percent of the parcel available for purchase
by any government or economic decision-maker by means of
a land bid to the outside system.
Case Two. Forty percent of the same parcel is to be
bought outright by economic decision-maker B and twenty
percent by UT2. Assume that the director has placed the
cost at $1,000,000 for 100 percent of the parcel (although
not all will be available). The transactions would be
completed via the following inputs (there are alternative
methods which would also work):
$CVPT/=0U/RPLND,10020,60
$PU/=B/10020,600,0U,0,1
$PU/=UT2/10020,200,B,20
Case Three. Economic team C owns twenty percent of
parcel 7630. The remainder (eighty percent) has been pre-
empt but the director decides to allow team C to purchase
the remainder for $650,000. The required inputs:
$CVPT/=0U/RPLND,76 3 0,80
$CASH/=C/C,650000,0U,PVT,PVT
72
-------
Five. Decide to Use a Construction Industry.
If the director decides to incorporate a Con-
struction Industry in the game, players may contract for
construction with a local CI, or have an outside firm
perform the work at 130% of the typical cost.* If local
CI's are allowed in the game, a new development begins
operation in the round after the decision to build is
accepted by the computer. The director may want to simplify
construction procedures by having, all construction performed
by outside firms at 100% of typical cost. In this case,
as there are no player-operated CI's on the board, a new
development begins operation immediately after the construc-
tion decision is submitted and accepted by the computer.
By operating local construction industries the
system retains much more revenue in terms of CI income and
its subsequent distribution to profits, salaries, goods and
services establishments, and taxes, and moreover, boosts
employment. On the other hand, players may desire to avoid
contending with the relative complexity of this particular
economic activity. Furthermore, ,the local CI situation
(YESCI)requires that construction projects take one more
round to complete than the NOCI situation, in which com-
pleted projects appear the round immediately following the
contract input.
The director may want to begin the game without
a CI and allow it to be used after the players acquire some
familiarity with the model. Or, if the game is to be run
with a group for only a few rounds, the director may want
to enable players to see the results of their construction
decisions sooner than they would if CI were used. In this "
case, players should use the $OUBLD input for all construc-
tion and demolition.
The computer programs operate as though CI's are
being used unless the director specifies otherwise. Either
decision, -once made, is in effect until the director changes
it. y
The input code to prohibit CI is:
$OTHER/=0U/N0CI
*The actual percent of typical cost charged for construction
by an outside firm is a loaded value and is not necessarily
130%.
73
-------
This decision will not take effect if there is a
CI on the board. The director must demolish all CI's with
the regular demolition input format, and then input the
decision to prohibit CI.
If the director wishes to use a data base which
already has CI's and/or has not been specified N0CI, he
perform the necessary demolitions and/or N0CI specifications
before running Round 1 output.
After N0CI has been accepted by the computer, the
computer will accept no attempts to build CI's. All con-
struction costs will be equal to the typical costs. New
development will begin operation in the same round that
the construction decision is input.
The input to allow local construction industries
is:
$OTHER/=OU/YESCI
For example, the director may choose to show hew-
a natural disaster affects the city. Subsequently, he announces
through the media, the destruction caused by the disaster
and puts in the actual demolition decisions as though he were
the owner of the developments and/or transportation links.
Suppose the disaster demolished a section of highway and a
level one Business Goods bordering the highway. Assume
that the Business Goods owned by economic decision-maker B,
is located at 9840, and the highway is an HY2 at 9839 and
is in jurisdiction one. Then the required input decisions
are:
$OUBLD/=B/9840,BG,1,0
$OUBLD/=HYl/9 8 39,HY,2,0
To compensate for the expenditures incurred by
these demolitions the director can transfer cash into team
B's and the Highway Department's account.
To emphasize the director may in fact make any
player decision, but he should use caution in exercising
this option. If the reasons behind his decisions seem unclear
and/or illegitimate to the players, they may revolt and
institute illegitimate decisions of their own. In order
to prevent such player reactions, the director may have
to set up a "judiciary" which reviews all decisions to.
assure that the legal teams made them. Of course, the
director could assume responsibility for the review.
74
-------
Six. Vary the Number of In-Migrants
The director may specify the number of in-migrants,
including those due to natural population growth. This
decision applies for one round only. For any population
class where the director has not specified the number of
in-migrants, the program will use the in-migration portion
to determine the number of in-migrants.
The input format is:
$OTHER/=0U/class (INHI,INMID, or INLO), number
of Pi's to be in-migrants.
For example, during the fourth round the director
wishes to force a severe low-income unemployment problem
and a shortage of high-income workers. He decides that he
will move in 60 PL's and no PH's. He submits the following
cards.
$OTHER/=0U/INLO, 60
$OTHER/=OU/INHI,0
The migration routine determines the in-migration
for all classes not specified (in this case, middle). The
next round, the director does not wish to set the number of
in-migrants for any class in any jurisdiction, so he submits
no-in-migration inputs.
75
-------
5.8 General Input Information
Common Procedural Errors (inputs that do not conform to the
required input format)
1. Mispunch of the Input Code:
2,
3,
4.
5,
6,
7,
Correct
$PU
$CVPT
HI (PH in
Ml (PM is
LI (PL in
HI (heavy
LI (light
jurisdiction
jurisdiction
jurisdiction
industry)
industry)
1)
1)
1)
Mispunched
$PV
$CUPT
HI
MI
LI
HI
LI
Omission of "=" before decision-maker.
Omission of slashes (/) or commas (,).
Placement of information in the wrong columns.
Omission of jurisdiction number for departments and
social classes.
Incorrect scaling of numbers.
Use of dollar signs ($) and commas (,) on dollar
amounts and large numbers.
Common Substantive Errors (inputs that do not conform to
the data base)
1. Developments specified at incorrect "old level".
2. Incorrect parcel location
3. Inadequate cash
4. Inadequate capacity of utility service
5. Conflicts with zoning
6. Incorrect owner is identified
7. Inadequate land available for construction
76
-------
Appendix I. THE OUTSIDE SYSTEM
The Outside System represents all exogenous influences
on the local system. It is the source of all money and
people which enter the local system and is the destination
of all money and people which leave the local system.
Together, the game director and the computer represent
the Outside System. The major components of the Outside
System are:
A. Business Cycle affects prices paid for basic
industry output, the return on investments in stocks, and
the interest rate on loans and bonds involving the Outside
System.
B. Federal-State Aid affects the amount and type
of aid that local government departments may receive.
C. Federal-State Taxes affects the taxes that
leave the local system.
D. Migration affects the movement of people (Pi's)
into and from the local system.
E. Auction and Bids affects the chances of teams
or departments acquiring land that is presently owned by
Outside interests.
F. Suppliers of Goods and Services affects the
price at which all goods and services may be purchased
from the Outside.
The different components of the Outside System are
described in the order listed above.
A. Business Cycle
Basic Industry Prices
The business cycle follows the pattern shown in
Figure 1-1.. Note that the variation in HI average prices
is greater than that for LI which is, in turn, higher than
that for NS. To calculate the price received per unit of
output for any basic industry in the local system, multiply
the normal price per unit for that type of basic industry
times the business cycle index for that basic industry.
For example, if a TA had a normal price per unit of output
of $100,000, then its price in round 3 would be 1.04 X
$100,000, or $104,000.
77
-------
FIGURE 1-1
BUSINESS CYCLE
lits
;fore
)und:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Output
For
Round :
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Outside
Loan Mean
Interest
Rate (%)*
5.1
5.2
5.7
5.3
5.1
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.5
5.9
6.2
6.1
5.4
5.0
4.7
5.1
5.4
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.3
4.7
4.3
5.1
Basic Industry
Ratio of Price
Per Unit Output
To Normal Price
HI
1.05
1.08
1.07
1.03
.99
.93
.95
1.00
1.02
1.06
1.07
1.02
.98
.94
.90
.97
1.01
1.07
1.12
1.10
1.02
.97
.95
1.00
LI
1.04
1.07
1.07
1.04
1.00
.97
.98
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.04
1.01
.99
.96
.93
.98
1.02
1.07
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.00
.97
.99
NS
1.03
1.05
1.06
1.03
1.01
.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.05
1.04
1.02
.99
.97
.95
.99
1.01
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.01
1.02
.99
1.01
Percent Return on
Investments (Mean)
Conservative Speculative
6.1
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.4
6.0
6.1
6.3
6.7
6.5
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.1
6.0
6.3
6.7
6.4
6.5
7.0
6.5
5.4
6.0
8.9
9.2
4.7
8.7
4.0
-1.5
6.3
8.5
7.0
1.0
8.5
3.9
-1.0
5.9
7.0
9.3
6.5
2.1
4.9
8.3
7.5
9.5
7.3
6.4
*The mean interest rate on government bonds
mean outside loan rate in a given round.
is 2 percent below the
78
-------
Return on Conservative and Speculative Investments
The average return on conservative and speculative
investments is the same for each team in a given round, but
a standard value is applied to that average for each team.
The standard value applied is derived from a table similar
to, but with wider diversity than, the table shown above.
For example, in Round 2 one owner of conservative stocks may
have the value of his investments increased by 6.3 percent
(the average) but another owner may have his increased by
8.0 percent.
B. Federal State Aid
Two government departments (SC and MS) receive
federal-state aid automatically for certain current programs.
The School Department receives $225 per student enrolled in
public schools and the MS Department receives two federal-
state aid dollars for every local dollar spent on welfare,
up to the limit that federal-state aid may not exceed $35
times the local jurisdiction population. These departments
need not apply for this aid, as they receive it automatically,
Two government departments (SC and HY) may request
and receive federal-state aid for capital projects. These
departments must match the federal-state aid received with
specified amounts of their own funds. Each aid request for
a capital project has a specified probability of being
funded in a given round. These conditions are summarized
below:
HY
Project
Build or
Upgrade
Schools
Build HY1
Build HY2
Build HY3
Maximum
Number
of
Requests
per Juris-
diction
Matching
Ratio (F-S
to Local)
1:1
5 road 1:9
segments 1:1
2:1
Probability
.60 for first
request
.40 for second
request
.30 for third
request?/
.80
.50
.30
79
-------
The probability increases as the jurisdiction
public school enrollment averages more than 18,000 per
school/ and decreases as the average enrollment is less
than 18,000.
.40T
-.25
B
A = change in probability
B = average number of students (in thousands)
served per level of school in the jurisdiction.
Each segment in a road is judged separately when
Federal-State aid is requested.
A department that receives federal-state aid may
spend that aid in the following round or any round there-
after. In other words, the aid is granted and the depart-
ment can spend the aid whenever it pleases. The aid must he
spent on the specific construction project for which it
was requested. For example, if a proposed SCI at 10842
received the federal-state aid, the aid could only be used
for that specific proposed school.
The game director may at his own initiative or in
response to player requests, develop any new federal-state
aid program by using his $CASH prerogatives, i.e., he can
input cash to any economic or government account. This
option has been used on many occasions to simulate such
federal programs as Model Cities, Urban Renewal, Low Cost
Housing Support, Mass Transit Demonstration Grants, Small
Business Administration, Labor Department Training Grants,
etc.
C. Federal-State Taxes
Federal
Federal personal and business income taxes are .
paid by local system population units and businesses.
The federal income tax rates are:
80
-------
Loan and Bond Interest Rates
The basic outside loan rate is also realted to
the national business cycle. The interest rate shown in
Figure OS-1 is used as an average when the actual interest
rate on each loan is calculated.
In order to determine the interest rate on a
specific loan from the Outside, the computer generates a
random number between 1 and 1024. Depending on what the
random number is, a percent is added to or subtracted from
the average interest rate for the round.
Random Number Value to be Added to Mean
1 - .5
2-11 - .4
12-56 - .3
57 - 176 - .2
177 - 386 - .1
387 - 638 0
639 - 848 + .1
849 - 968 + .2
969 - 1013 + .3
1014 - 1023 + .4
1024 + .5
The interest rate on government bonds is deter-
mined in the same fashion, except that the average is 2%
less than the average outside loan interest rate and the
values associated with the random numbers are half of the
loan values.
Because the round number is incremented during
output, all interest rates calculated during the EDIT
phase use a different average from those calculated during
output. This difference is apparent only for the interest
rates on government bonds. For example, capital bonds
which are floated as inputs to round 3 have an average
interest rate of 3.7%. A current bond floated during the
simulation executed to produce Round 3 to cover a depart-
ment deficit would have an average interest rate of 3.3%.
81
-------
Taxpayer Rate
PH 8% of total full-time and part-time
employment income
PM 4% of total full-time and part-time
employment income
PL 1% of total full-time and part-time
employment income
Businesses
Of first $25,000 net income 22%
Of remainder of net income
over $25,000 48%
These federal tax .rates do not change during
the play.
State
State sales taxes are paid by all private pur-
chasers of goods and services whether the selling
establishment is in the local or Outside System. The
state sales tax is fixed at 3% of total expenditures for
goods and services.
D. Migration
The game director has the option of directly
affecting migration results by specifying the number of
in-migrants by class. With respect to the Outside System,
however, it is important to recognize that the people
moving in and out of the local system also operate within
a larger national system. That is, to the extent that
the local system attracts net migrants from the
Outside it will grow at a faster rate than natural popula-
tion growth alone would allow. Conversely, if local
conditions are such that there is a net out-migration from
the local system to the Outside System, then the local
population will stabilize or decrease depending upon the
extent of the out-migration.
f-. Auction and Bids
Local system decision-makers are dealing with the
Outside System any time they make a bid to purchase a piece
of land that is not owned by someone in the local system.
The value of the land owned by the Outside System is cal-
culated by using a formula that takes into account the
location of the land with respect to terminals, residences,
82
-------
employment and road access. The formula also takes into
account the zoning of the parcel and whether or not it
has utility services. More specifically, the value of
a computer-owned parcel is calculated so that:
Each round, six outside-owned parcels are selected
randomly to be auctioned to the highest bidder. The value
of outside-owned land is determined each round from:
PRICE = the full market value of an outside-owned
parcel.
VALUE = the average value for 100% of privately
owned and undeveloped parcels (a minimum
of $64,000)
POINTS= the sum of the parcel's points as
described below
PRICE = VALUE X POINTS .+ VALUE
50 15
For each parcel, points are calculated on the
following scale:
Distance to nearest terminal (miles);
Distance 0123456+
Points 45 40 35 30 25 20 5
Distance to nearest residence (miles);
Distance 0123456+
Points 18 15 12 9 6 3 0
Distance to nearest employment (miles):
Distance 0 1 2 34 5+
Points 25 20 15 10 5 0
Utilities; 20 points if 'present; 0 if not
Zoning Classificationj
Zoning Code 00 IP's 20's 30's 40 41 42 43 50
35 25 20 20 15 3 .6 12 0
83
-------
Road Access;
For each road which enters an intersection at a
corner of the parcel but does not border the parcel (a
maximum of 8 roads).
Road Level 123
Points 123
The probability of a bid being accepted depends
upon the amount of the bid in relation to the value of the
land as calculated by the land value formula, competing bids
and the type of bid (an auctioned parcel or an unsolicited
bid) .
F. Suppliers of Goods and Services
Some goods and services are purchased only from
the outside:
a. BS and BS requirements (regular plus
maintenance)
b. Bus and rail rolling stock (purchase and
maintenance)
c. Highway maintenance
d. Utility installation on parcels (and operating
costs)
e. All transportation and construction expenses
The purchase of other goods and services are made
either from local firms or from the outside depending upon
the capacity, prices and location of local establishments;
boycotts on the part of the consumers; transportation access]
and contractual shopping agreements.
Since Outside System prices are fixed (higher than
typical inside prices), the Outside firms set an effective
upper limit on the price that can be charged by local
monopoly or colluding firms. Whereas all local firms have
finite capacities to sell goods and services, the Outside
System has an infinite capacity in so far as the demands of
the local system are concerned.
84
-------
Outside System Master Table
Business Cycle Factors
Rate of Return on Stocks
Speculative
Conservative
Price Relatives for
Heavy Industries
Light Industries
National Services
National Interest Rates
National Bond Rates
Interest on Savings
Prices
Normal
6.4
6.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
5.1
3.1
2.5
Price of:
Water (Per MG) When quality level 9
For residences with
private utilities
Septic Tanks (per RAl)
At Construction
Range
-1 to 10%
5 to 7%
.90 to 1.12
.93 to 1.10
.95 to 1.06
4.3% to 6.2%
2.3% to 4.2%
None
$700
$500
$75,000
Annual Operation
(local jurisdiction prices)
Raywid City
$150.000
15,000
Two City
$130,000
13,000
BG and BS
PG and PS
Federal-State Relationships
Federal-State Taxes
Business and Personal Income
State - 5% of net income.
Federal - 22% of first $25,000 of net income before
taxes and of 48% on the rest of net
income and after State income taxes.
Sales Tax (State) - 3% of the total purchases of goods
and services.
85
-------
OPERATION OF FEDERAL-STATE AID
oo
CTi
Department
School
Current Aid
Capital Aid
Highways
Capital Aid
Municipal Services
Current Aid
Basis
$225/student
Match dollar for dollar
Matching
Type of Road Federal Local
I
.II
III
$1
$1
$2
$9
$1
$1
Two Federal-State dollars
for each local dollar up
to maximum total paid of
$35 per resident of the
jurisdiction
Limit on Number
of Requests per
Jurisdiction
N.A.
3
5
road
segments
N.A.
Probability
of Receipt
Automatic (no request
needed)
60% (1st request)
40% (2nd request)
30% (3rd request)
80%
50%
30%
Automatic
-------
Major Outside System Interactions
with the Local System
OUTSIDE SYSTEM
Federal and State Government
Taxes (income and sales)
Aid (capital projects and
current programs)
Cash Transfers
Regulations
LOCAL SYSTEM
National Economic Market
Prices Paid (for basic
industry output)
Prices Charged (for pur-
chases by local system)
Interest Rates
Bond Rates
Stock Market Returns
Construction
Land Purchases
Water Related Actions
Major Recreation Con-
sumption
Water Prices
Floods
Demographic
In - Migrants
Out - Migrants
87
-------
II. EXPLANATION OF THE WATER COMPONENT
The water component can be looked at as a module that
is plugged into the other major modules of the regional
model, This module could be changed without changing other
parts of the model (and vice versa) as long as the links
among the modules were modified accordingly.
A. Water Quality Ratings
In order to summarize and simplify the concept of
"water quality" in the model, an index of water quality has
been created. The value of this water quality index at any
location in the system is determined by the concentrations of
the seven pollutant categories. Figurell '-1 lists the nine
water quality ratings and the seven types of pollutants dealt
with by the model. Note that the higher the quality rating,
the lower the quality of the water.
The average quality rating of water on a parcel is cal-
culated each round by taking the highest index caused by
any of the-pollutants. Figure "II-2 shows the water quality
level generated by concentrations of each of the pollutants.
An explanation of the table is also included in the figure.
Each parcel of land that contains surface water (lakes
or rivers) has a water quality index calculated for it.
The water quality rating for a parcel affects the treatment
cost paid by users of that water. The quality rating also
affects the pollution index, the rate of depreciation for
some developments, the usability of the water (level 9
water is not usable), and maior recreation activity. The
Water Quality Map (Figure II-3) shows the water quality rating
for each parcel of land that has surface water, the direc-
tion of flow of rivers, the location of economic activities
(including farms), and the individual pollutant responsible
for the water quality rating.
B. Water Use and Sources of Water
All private economic activities require water as part
of their normal operation. Figure II-4 shows the consumption
of water in millions of gallons per day (MGD) for each of
these activities. Some of the manufacturing activities are
surface water users, and they must intake water from the
parcels on which they are located. All of the other activi-
ties use municipally supplied water (except those few resi-
dences which have private water supplies).
88
-------
Figure ii-l
Water
Quality
'Rating
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Pollutants
BOD
Chlorides
Nutrients
Coliform
Bacteria
Temperature
Oil and
Floating
Solids
High-Level
Wastes
Description
Drinkable - best quality water
Drinkable - with minor treatment
Swimming - direct body contact possible
Boating and Fishing - indirect body contact possible
Fair esthetic value
Poor esthetic value - treatable at moderate cost
No esthetic value - treatable at high cost
Negative esthetic value - treatable at very high cost
Unusable water
Description
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chlorides are employed as. an indicator of
persistent pollutants.
Phosphate, nitrite, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
Indication of the potential health hazard of
a given body of water.
The temperature deviation from the normal
temperature of the surface water.
Any oil and all floating solids such as refuse,
garbage, cans, boards, and tires.
Highly toxic, non-degradable substances.
89
-------
Figure II-2
Definition of the Nine Comprehensive Water Quality Levels
Water Quality Levels
345 6
Pollutant Types
BOD (LBS/MG)
Chlorides (LBS/MG)
g Nutrients (LBS/MG)
Co li form
Bacteria (parts per MG)
Temperature
Oil & Floating Solids
High Level Wastes
Explanation of the Table
10
5
25
2
0
0
0
20
10
50
6
0
0
0
30
15
100
12
1
0
0
40
'20
200
20
2
0
0
60
30
400
40
4
0
0
100
40
800
70
7
> 0
0
150
60
1600
120
3-0
> 0
0
300
80
3200
160
14
> 0
> 0
> 300
> 80
> 3200
> 160
> 14
> 0
y o
In order to determine the water quality level or index of given amounts of water, take the
concentrations of each of the seven pollutant categories and calculate the water quality level
based upon each pollutant separately. For example, a BOD concentration of 25 LBS/MG would yi'eld
an index of 3, coliform bacteria of 169 parts per MG would yield an index of 9, and the presence
of oil and floating solids would allow the water quality to be no better than 6. The worst
(highest) water quality index that was calculated using the pollutant types separately, is
assigned to the given amount of water. If the water on parcel x had the three pollutants
described above, it v/ould be assigned water quality index of 3.
Looked at another way, water quality level 4 is attained when a body of water has concentra-
tions of BOD that exceed 30 but fall below 41, coliform bacteria concentrations abovo 12 but
below 21, etc.
-------
Figure n-3
12
14
-
14
11
70
71
74
M
il
J4
14
40
4?
44
44
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'. 'IS ." 151 112 1-1
HBC.fl tn'E1
>«V< OIRFCTION 0* flOW
NO W\!F« Hnvl'ir.
tin it; I! *
-------
Figure II-4
Water Requirements For
Private Economic Activities
(S=Surface Water User)
Manufacturing MGD
FL - Furniture and Lumber (S) 61
SB - Stone, Clay, and Glass 10
MP - Primary Metals (S) 225
MF - Fabricated Metals 9
NL - Nonelectrical Machinery -12
EL - Electrical Machinery 5
TE - Transportation Equipment . --8
FO - Food (S) ~ 49
TA - Textiles and Apparel (S) 17
PA - Paper (S) 333
CR - Chemical and Rubber (S) 31
Commercial
NS - National Services .18
BG - Business Goods .13
BS - Business Services .17
PG - Personal Goods .23
PS - Personal Services r .18
Residential
HA - High Income and Single Family .08
HB - Garden Apartments (PH) .07
HC - Highrise Apartments (PM) .06
MA - Single Family (PM) .07
MB - Garden Apartments (PM) .05
MC - Highrise Apartments (PM) .03
LA - Single Family (PL) -.03
LB - Garden Apartments (PL) .03
LC - Highrise Apartments (PL) .02
92
-------
Surface water users pay for the cost of treating the
water they take from the local water system. Municipal
water users pay the price charged by the Utility Department.
The Utility Department constructs intake facitities
and treats the water if necessary to supply the water needs
of each utility district.
There are four possible sources of water, although no
single type of user has an option to use all of these.
Water Users
Commercial -
Activities &
Industries Industries
Using Sur- Water Using Muni-
Sources face Water Department Residences cipal Water
Surface Water x x
Municipal Water x x
Outside Water x x x x
Ground Water x
Residents use ground water if private utilities are
installed. Residences are the only activities that may
satisfy their water needs through the use of wells.
Surface Water Industries and the Water Department use
water from the outside system if there is an inadequate
amount of water on the parcel from which they withdraw or
if the water quality level is 9. Both residences and busi-
nesses using municipal water will use outside water if the
water department serving them has inadequate supply.
Three types of surface water are represented in the
model: rivers (flowing bodies of water), small lakes and
large lakes. Large lakes are full parcels or combinations
of full parcels of water. Large lakes have an unlimited
volume of water and a loaded water quality level that does
not change during the course of a run of the model.
Small lakes are fractions of a parcel of land. .They
are defined as having a specified water volume and percent of
parcel consumed. Their water quality level is calculated
in the same manner as for rivers.
Rivers are loaded as being on particular parcels, having
specific volumes, flowing at specific rates, and emptying
into designated adjacent parcels. Rivers may or may not
consume a significant (one percent or more) portion of land
or parcel. In other words, the land area consumed by a river
may not be large enough to take into account.
93
-------
All volumes are expressed in millions of gallons per
day (MGD), and rates of flow are expressed in parcels of
land traversed in a day by a particle of water in the river.
The following table summarizes the types of water and
their characteristics:
Water
Quality
Types of Surface Water Volume Level Rate pjE Flow
Rivers Specified Calculated Specified
Small Lakes Specified Calculated Not Applicable
Large Lakes Unlimited Specified Not Applicable
C. Pollutants Generated
All economic activities return their used water to the
local water system. Surface water users may opt to treat
all or! part of the water they return to the system with one
of four types of treatment. The other economic activities
return their water to the water system via the outflow
point of the utility district in which they reside.
The specific amounts of pollution generated per level
one activity and per million gallons of water for each of
the types of economic activities is shown in Figure II -5
Note that the pollution generated by residences is a func-
tion of both the type of housing and the income class living
there.
D. Pollution Monitoring
The Water Office of the Utility Department may find
out the detailed components of the water quality rating for
any water parcel (the ambient water quality) or for any
point source of water outflow (from surface water industries
or from the municipal outflow point). Figure ll"-6 shows
examples of the ambient and point source sampling station
reports. Note that the point source information includes
the economic owner of the economic activity, the type of
economic activity, and the type and level of treatment
facilities, if any.
E. - Pollution Treatment
Surface water using industries and the municipal water
offices may treat their water outflow to reduce its concen-
trations of pollutants. Figure n-7 shows the effectiveness
of the four types of treatment in removing the seven types of
pollutants. For example, chlorination is effective against
only coliform while tertiary treatment is effective against
all of the pollutants.
94
-------
Figure II-5
POLLUTION GENERATED BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Manufacturing
FL
SB
MP
MF
NL
EL
TE
FO
TA
PA
CR
Commercial
NS
BG
BS
PG
PS
Residential
HA
HB
HC
MA
MB
MC
LA
LB
LC
r*
g BOD
o (LBS/MG)
500
1000
500
400
800
500
6000
6000
3000
2000
100
200
150
250
100
1250
1250
1250
1100
1100
1100
1000
1000
1000
M
o Chlorides
° (LBS/MG)
100
170
150
150
200
180
400
130
380
600
0
0
0
0
0
50
50
50
40
40
40
30
30
30
M
o
o Nutrients
0 (LBS/MG)
1000
500
700
100
200
100
10000
4000
3000
800
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
80
80
80
70
70
70
20
10
20
30
20
20
30
300
20
150
50
20
10
15
20
15
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
9
0
6
0
0
0
0
9
18
16
4
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95
-------
Figure 11-6
SAMPLING STATION RFPORTl AMBIENT OUAIUY
JURISDICTION 2
vo
LOCATION
9670
"fr?4
167 '
<»M2
OM 4
9 f . ', 6
0^70
OftlT
0617
9412
BOO
(LBS/MG)
0.0
0.0
0.0
106.90
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
111.41
424.74
401.00
967.50
CHLORIDES
ILBS/MC)
0.0
0.0
0.0
53.45
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
50.02
H**. 7?
127.26
NUTRIENTS
10.
7'.
R61.
0.
6.
9.
11.
790.
11 *iO.
1125.
20
22
fit
54
0
f.7
70
29
11
1 1
40
20
BACTFRIALS TEMPERATURE
(PARTS DEVIATION
PFR KG) tflFr.PEES)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
29
.0
.0
.0
.OS
.0
.0
.0
.0
.OB
.53
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.43
0.0
o.o
0.0
o.o
0.0
1 O. MS
7.45
5.15
OIL ANO
FLOATI\'5
SOLIDS
NO
NO
NO
NO
NT
NO
NO
Nr>
YES
YFS
YES
YES
HTf.H
LEVFL
WASTES
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
' NO
YFS
YES
YES
YES
AMCUNT OF WATER
WATER QUALITY
(MGD) RATING
260.00 1
254.00 I
230.00
290.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
100.00 ' 8
500.00 e
510.00 9
570.00 <
TWOCITY
SAMPLING STATION REPORTS POINT SOURCE 0'J«.1TY
JURISDICTION 1
LOCATION
9422
9'. 24
fil'6
90?f>
q->,->J, I
9', ?A
8'.?1
t"?'
o ~! ^ a
9 '. ? a
BUSINESS TREATMENT
TYPE AND TYPE AND VOLUME
OWNER LEVEL LEVCL I MOO)
a
c
B
F
E
E
C
B
B
A
RA
" RA
RA
RA
R A
RA
RA
RA
PS
MF
I
I ' "'
3
3
3
2
3
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 ......
0
0
' 0
0
0
0.10 .
0.10
0.35
0.35
0.1S
0.21 .
0.24
0.40
O.IH
0.0
BOO
(LHS/MG1
1070.00 .
1070.00
1100.00
1100.00
" 1100.00 ' '
1100.00
12 '.0.00 '
1 im.oo
tno.oo
o.o
CHLORIDES
37.00
.37.00
40 . 00
40. 00
' . 40.00
40. 00
50. 00
' 40.00 "
0.0
0.0
BACTERIALS TEMPERATURE
NUTRIENTS (PARTS DEVIATION
-------
Pollutant
Figure I1-7
EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT TYPES:
PERCENT OF POLLUTANT REMOVED
Chlorination Primary Secondary
(CL) (PT) (ST)
BOD
Chlorides
Nutrients
Coliform
Temperature
Oil and Solids
High Level Wastes
99
50
99
100
80
50
20
99
100
Tertiary
(TT)
99
90
99
100
100
100
100
97
-------
P. Effects of the Water Quality Index
The Water Quality Index on a parcel of land has direct
effects on the following factors:
1. Treatment costs of water withdrawn from that par-
cel by the Water Department.
2. Treatment cost of water withdrawn by an industrial
surface water user on that parcel.
3. The amount of personal consumption eminating from
Major Recreation Areas located on or near that
parcel.
4. The pollution index for that parcel.
The Pollution Index is a part of the Environmental Index
which is used as a basis for determining the attractiveness
of a residential parcel of land for potential in-migrants.
A high Pollution Index also affects the probability of
population units moving away from a residential parcel.
The Health Index for a parcel of land influences the
amount of money spent by population units for health services
and the amount of time lost from leisure activities. It
also affects the Personal Index, which in turn influences
the amount of dissatisfaction experienced by population
units on a parcel. The Health Index for a parcel of land
is based upon the concentration of coliform bacteria in the
water. This is the only case in which a single component
of the water quality index is handled separately.
All of the dissatisfaction indexes and quality of life
indexes are calculated in such a way that a high value in-
dicates high dissatisfaction or low quality of life. In
Figure II-8 the components of the Quality of Life Index are
illustrated. For each of the indexes, the corresponding
dissatisfaction term is provided in parentheses.
Note that both of the components of the Environmental
Index are indexes which are based entirely upon locational
quality factors outside the direct control of the social
decision-makers. For example, social teams can only in-
directly affect water quality, school quality and local tax
rates.
The Personal Index, on the other hand, is comprised of
two indices, one of which is based on locational quality.fac-
tors while the other is based upon time allocation decisions
that are largely within the control of the social decision-
maker.
98
-------
Figure II-8
COMPONENTS OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
Pollution Index
(Pollution Dissatisfaction)
Dependent upon
. Water Quality Rating
\?
Neighborhood Index
(Neighborhood Dissatisfaction)
Dependent Upon
. Housing Quality
. Rent Charged
. School Quality
. MS Quality
. Tax Rates or Welfare Paynenti
Environmental Index
(Environmental
Dissatisfaction)
Health Index
(Health Dissatisfaction)
Dependent Upon
. Coliform Count
. Residential Crowding
. MS Quality
Quality of Life
Index (Total
Dissatisfaction)
Time Index
(Dissatisfaction with
Time Allocation)
Dependent Upon
. Involuntary Time
. Transportation Time
. Recreation Time
1
Personal Index
(Personal
Dissatisfaction)
99
-------
G. The Water and Sewer Office
The Water and Sewer Office is contained within the
Utility Department, and it is charged with the responsibility
of supplying the municipal water requirements within each
of the utility districts. The water and sewer districts
are identical to the utility districts.
The water office supplies water'for a district by
building a certain level of intake treatment plant on a
parcel located within the same jurisdiction. The intake
point does not need to be on the same parcel as the intake
treatment plant. In fact, the intake point may be outside
the utility district or even outside the jurisdiction. It
must, however, be on a surface water parcel.
It is assumed that the cost of treating a unit of
water (an MGD) is directly related to the quality level of
the water. That is, it costs more to treat a unit of 8
quality water than a unit of 3 quality water.
If the total demand for municipal water within a
utility district is larger than the amount that can be
supplied by the intake plant, the municipal water users are
obliged to purchase the needed ampunti^pf water from the/
outside system.
The total amount of municipally supplied water must
also be returned to the local water system. It is up to
each utility district to determine the amount of its water
effluent that will be treated and the type of treatment.
The four types of outflow treatment and the percent of
each pollutant that is removed appeared earlier in Figure II~
100
-------
H. The Interaction of the Water System with the Rest of the
Model
The following description illustrates some of the
features of the water component and the interaction between
it and the rest of the model.
Figure I1-9 shows the relationships between the water com-
ponent and the three sectors of the model. In the economic
sector, the quantity and quality of water in the local system
affects some industrial users, land values (indirectly through
the neighborhood index), major recreation facilities (and the
consumption they generate).
The Social Sector is affected by the water quality and
quantity through the health of the local population and the
environmental index (whcih influences the outcome of migra-
tion) . Government operation interacts with the water com-
ponent through the fire protection process (which is de-
pendent upon adequate water supply), the water quality agency
(the local public body concerned with water quality), and
the municipal water department which in turn supplies busi-
nesses and residences.
Actually, there may not be a Water Quality Agency in
the local system, or there may be several that exist for
different political ,jurisdictions. The garne part of the
Water Model allows much flexibility in the way this particular
function is handled. Figure tr-lb shows some of the inter-
actions of the Water Quality Agency with the local system,
once such an agency is in existence. The agency has legal
options as well as the promotion of water treatment options
by the public water and sewer authority at its disposal.
The agency may also use its persuasive powers to line up
support for its actions. The mix of policy that the agency
undertakes will have effects on businesses and their treat-
ment of or payment for effluent. The agency's policies will
ultimately affect the people of the community and their
standard of life in the local system. The Water Quality
Agency will most likely be prompted to action through the
complaints brought about by the population sector of the
local community who find that sickness, lack of recreation,
and other adverse effects result from water pollution. Com-
plaints about poor water quality are also likely to arise
from major water users who find their own inflow treatment
costs to be increasing because of the deteriorating water
quality.
The supply of municipal water in the local system is
handled by a Water and Sewer Office. This department is
concerned with the hydrological features of the local
101
-------
Figure n-9
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE WATER COMPONENT AND THE
THREE SECTORS OF THE MODEL
User
ECONOMIC SECTOR
Potential Polluter
Quality Affects ^
Residential
Attractiveness
Quantity & Qua1i
Affects Income
Earned
Potential Polluter
BUSINESS
LAND VALUES
RECREATION FACILITIES
AGRICULTURE
SOCIAL SECTOR
Pollution Causes,
Dollar & Time Cost
User
Potential Polluter
Pollution Causes *Jndex
To Get Worse'
HEALTH
PEOPLE
ENVIRONMENTAL INDEX
GOVERNMENT SECTOR
Quantity AffectSi
Protection Level4
Pollution Causes,
Concern
FIRE PROTECTION
WATER QUALITY AGENCY
cnooses Policy Mix to
Improve Water Quality
Cost or Bridges find
Tunnels
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
102
-------
Figure 11-10
INTERACTIONS OF THE WATER QUALITY AGENCY WITH PARTS
OF THE LOCAL SYSTEM
WATER
.QUALITY-
AGENCY
LEGAL SYSTEM
LAWS
ENFORCEMENT
COURTS
PUBLIC TREATMENT
INTAKE
OUTFLOW
-PUBLIC RELATIONS
BUSINESSES
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
HIGH INFLOW TREATMENT COSTS OR
PURCHASE OF OUTSIDE WATER
COMPLAINTS FROM PEOPLE
SICKNESS (Time Lost and Health Costs)
LACK OF RECREATION
ENVIRONMENTAL INDEX
103
-------
environment. As shown in Figure n-11 the location of water,
its amount, rate of flowr and quality is of concern to the
department which has the responsibility to supply water to
local demanders. To supply water, the department builds
and operates intake treatment plants (at specific locations
and of designated capacities) and specifies the water in-
take point associated with each plant. As part of the
sewer responsibilities of the Water and Sewer Office, it
also builds and operates water sewage outflow treatment
plants (once again giving the location, treatment level,
and capacity) and specifies an outflow point at which the
water flows back into the local water system. The water
supply authority sets a price on water for the various local
demanders of water manufacturers, commercial activities,
and residences.
104
-------
Figure 11-11
CONCERNS OF THE WATER AND SEWER OFFICE
WATER
AND
SEWER
OFFICE
PHYSICAL FEATURES
WATER LOCATION
QUANTITY
RATE OF FLOW
QUALITY
SUPPLY FACILITIES
INTAKE TREATMENT PLANT
(Location & Size)
INTAKE POINT
OUTFLOW TREATMENT PLANT
(Location & Size)
OUTFLOW POINT
DEMANDERS
MANUFACTURERS
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENCES - PEOPLE
TESTING STATIONS
POINT SOURCE QUALITY
AMBIENT QUALITY
105
-------
III. MAJOR COMPUTER PROCESSES
Regardless of what format is used to generate the decision
inputs, the model executes the same major operating programs:
1. Migration-Housing
2. Water Quality Calculations and Effects
3. Depreciation
4. Employment
5. Transportation
6. School Allocation
7. Time Allocation
8. Commercial
9. Bookkeeping
1. Migration-Housing
The basic population grouping in the model is the popu-
lation unit (PI). A PI is designated as being a member of
a socio-economic class. The one thing the three classes
have in common is that 500 people comprise a PI. Pi's
move into, within, and out of the local system in response
to available employment opportunities, housing quantity and
quality, and a number of other factors.
This computer routine calculates dissatisfaction
(environmental and personal); develops a pool of movers
comprised of the population displaced by housing demolition,
a percent of the most dissatisfied, a percent of the total
population (random movers), natural population growth, and
the in-migrants; and moves the members of this pood into
housing that has adequate capacity and quality. A certain
percentage of each income class that are either unemployed
or underemployed outmigrate from the local system. Other
movers who cannot find adequate local housing also become
outmigrants.
Water quality affects migration through the environ-
mental dissatisfaction (housing near polluted water becomes
less attractive) and through the personal dissatisfaction
(bad health resulting from nearby polluted water increases
the probability of moving).
2. Water Quality Calculation and Effects
The water quality on each parcel of land that contains
water is calculated by combining the pollution flowing into
the parcel from up to three upstream sources (water from
adjacent parcels) with the quantity of water on the parcel.
This mixing process generates a water quality index for
106
-------
water on that parcel for all users on that parcel (industries,
municipal water systems, and major recreation areas).
That portion of the water which is not withdrawn has a
certain amount of pollution disappear based upon the rate of
flow of the water. All water returned to the water system
on that parcel (industrial waste, municipal outflow, and
farm run-off) is combined with the water not withdrawn,
and a calculation of the total amount of pollution sent to
the next parcel downstream.
This process is performed for each parcel of land that
contains a moving body of water. The operation of industries,
municipal water systems, farms, and dams affect the water
quality along different stretches of a river. The water
quality then affects next year's migration and this year's
depreciation and commercial activity (via major recreation
areas) as indicated in the following sections.
3. Depreciation
Buildings and roads depreciate in value and utility
each year as a function of the passage of time (obsolescence),
the amount of use they receive (wear and tear), and the qual-
ity of local municipal services (especially police and fire
protection). Local decision makers may .choose to maintain a
constant value for their developments by expending the required
amounts of money for maintenance. This routine depreciates
all developments and calculates maintenance expenditures.
Three additional water-related factors can also contri-
bute to the rate of annual depreciation of developments. First
industries that draw water directly from nearby water supplies
have an additional depreciation that is in proportion to the
water quality rating of the water they use. Second, for
utility districts that have insufficient supplies of water,
there is an additional depreciation that reflects above
average fire damage duetto inadequate water for fire fighting
purposes. Third, developments may experience increased
depreciation as a result of flood damage. This damage is
related to the severity of the flood (input by the director),
the type of building, its location in the flood plain, and
the flood control priority of dams for the river basin (if
there are any).
4. Employment
All Pi's in the local system compete with one another
for jobs in the local labor market. Likewise, all employers
compete to hire workers with the highest education levels.
There are two typos of employment - full-time and part-time.
107
-------
The full-time employment routin'e assigns population
units (high income first and best educated first) to full
time jobs based on the assumption that workers will attempt
to maximize their net salary (salary received minus trans-
portation costs using last year's transportation cost figures)
Pi's will take jobs in the next lower class if none are
available in their class. The part-time employment routine
assigns part-time workers (80 time units in part-time work
equals one full-time job) to part-time jobs on the basis of
best education first. The number of time units allocated
to part-time jobs is set for each group of Pi's on a parcel
by the'social decision-makers. If time is allocated for
part-time work, but not enough part-time jobs exist, the
dissatisfaction of the Pi's is increased.
If plants that are causing water pollution are shut down
or forced to curtail output, then the reduction in the re-
quired labor force will have its repercussions throughout
the system. The employment routine treats the former em-
ployees of the shut down plant as unemployed at the start
of the routine and assigns them to other jobs if extra jobs
are available in the local system.
5. Transportation
Pi's that are employed are assigned to a mode of travel
and to a specific route by this computer routine. Taking
the origins (homes as determined in migration) and the des-
tinations (jobs as determined in employment) this allocator
assigns workers to transportation mode and routes in an ef-
fort to minimize total transportation costs (dollar costs
plus the dollar value of time spent) subject to the con-
straints imposed by public transit capacity, road congestion,
and transportation boycotts.
Each employer may offer a unique salary; Pi's from a
single parcel may be employed at several different locations,
and three transportation modes (auto, bus, and rapid rail)
may be considered. Government decision-makers may affect
the transportation access (and thereby indirectly affect
employment choices) by choosing where to build roads of
different capacities, where to run bus lines, what fare to
charge, and where to build and operate rapid rail service.
108
-------
6. School Allocation
Each PI contains a number of school age children who
attend public schools, if the public schools are available
and meet quality criteria that differ by income class.
This routine assigns students by class (low class first)
to public schools or private schools based upon school
quality criteria (quality of plant and equipment, quality of
teachers, and the student-teacher ratio) and capacity of the
school serving their district. Population units who send
their children to private schools as a result of local
public school deficiencies must bear the cost of such private
education.
Another school allocation routine assigns adults from
Pi's to public adult education programs in proportion to the
amount of leisure time allocated by Pi's to such programs.
The local education authority provides public adult education
programs by hiring teachers and using existing educational
facilities. If Pi's are not able to spend as much in adult
public education programs as they wanted, then their personal
dissatisfaction increases.
7. Time Allocation
For each PI grouping, time spent in transportation is
deducted from a total of 100 units; then time spent in part-
time employment is deducted; public adult education time is
deducted; private adult education costs are determined and
the time is deducted; voter registration is changed as a
result of the time spent in politics and the time is deducted;
and time is deducted for time spent in recreation, and consump-
tion of PG and PS is increased above the normal amount.
The remaining time is labeled "involuntary" time, which con-
tributes to the level of dissatisfaction calculated for the
following year.
8. Commercial
Each PI grouping must purchase units of personal goods
and units of personal services each year. Establishments
that sell personal goods and personal services must sell
exclusively to local system demanders. These establishments
compete with one another through locational advantages and
by prices for a unit of goods or services sold. In the
commercial routine, the purchases (normal and recreation-
related) of the population groups on a parcel and residential
maintenance expenditures are allocated to personal goods and
personal services establishments using the criteria that
^establishments have a limited capacity and that shoppers
109
-------
attempt to minimize total costs (sale price plus transportation
charges).
In a similar fashion, purchasers of business goods and
business services must buy annually from BG and BS esta-
blishments. These establishments compete with one another to
supply the local demand. In the commercial routine, the
purchasesof businesses (including personal goods and personal
services establishments) for normal operation and for main-
tenance are allocated to business goods and business services
establishments based upon the same criteria as above (an
infinite-capacity outside supplier sells goods and services
at prices in excess of normal local prices).
The amount of purchases from local personal goods and ser-
vices establishments is affected by the normal amount of bus-
iness generated by Major Recreation Areas and the present
quality rating of the water bodies serving those recreation
areas. Thus, consumption at local stores will rise some-
what with good water quality and fall with poor water quality.
This consumption is assumed to be made by tourists from
outside the local system.
9. Bookkeeping
This routine makes all the final calculations of incomes
and expenditures and of indicators for use in the detailed
computer output to the economic activities and teams, the
social decision-makers, the government departments, and the
summary statistics.
110
-------
THE FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT PROCESS
This explanation is intended to supplement the description of the
employment process given in the CITY4 Player's Manual.
Sequence of Operations
The employment process can be viewed as a series of steps:
Steps 1-7 are executed for high-income first and low-income
last.
1. Calculate the least transportation cost from each parcel where
the class lives to each employment location which hires Pi's of that class.
Least transportation cost is calculated using last round's route and modal
usstge, this round's transportation system, and this round's dollar value
of time set by the social decision-maker controlling the class on the
parcel. Any destinations (employment locations) which cost more to
travel to than a fixed percentage of the salary offered there are not con-
sidered to be possible destinations for a Pi. The percentage is applied
to the actual travel cost; the shadow time cost is not considered. That
percentage is set by the model director and varies by class. The trans-
portation parameters used are those associated with the Pi's class, not
the class of job being sought.
Note: The cheapest route is the same f6r all workers of a
class on a parcel.
2. Create a list of all Pi's. Each entry in the list is an "employ-
ment group", a group of Pi's living on the same parcel who worked for
the same employer in the previous round. The list is ordered by educa-
tional level, highest first, with all Pi's living on the same parcel grouped
together. If Pi's living on two or more parcels have the same educational
levels, the order of those parcels in the list is randomly selected. Within
a parcel's group, the order is by last year's net income (salary minus
transportation cost), lowest first,
3. For each employment group, increase the net income which
could be earned this year at last year's employment location by 10 per-
cent.
4. For each employer, create three lists: 1) number oi job
openings; 2) number of jobs which have been taken by Pi's who worked
there last round; and 3) number of jobs which have been taken by Pi's
who did not work there last round. Initially the second and third lists
are zero.
5. Take the first employment group in the list and compare the
weighted net income at last year's employment location with the highest
net income which could be earned at another employment location. If
the weighted net income at the previous job is higher, subtract the second
list at Uuit employment location i'rom the first list. The result is the
m
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number of jobs which the employment group can take at that location.
Assign as many Pi's in the employment group as there are job open-
ings to that employment location and enter that number in the second
list for the employment locatidh.
If the weighted net income at the previous job location is lower
than the net income which could be earned at another job, subtract the
sum of the second and third lists at the latter from the first list there.
The result is the number of jobs which the' employment group can take
at that location. Assign as many Pi's in the employment group as there
are job openings to that employment location and enter that number in
the/third list for the employment location.
Repeat this step for those Pi's in the employment group who
wer 3 not assigned, and for all other employment groups.
6. List all Pi's who did not take their 9ld jobs (those in employers'
third lists, those who did not find jobs in step 5, those who were unem-
ployed last round, and those who are new in-migrants) in order of
educational level, as in step 2.
7. Take the first employment group in the list. Assign as mcmy
Pi's from it to its best (highest net income, with the previous job's
income still weighted) employment location as there are jobs there.
Any Pi's from the group for whom there are no jobs there take jobs
at the second best location, and so on. Repeat this step for each group
in the list until either all groups have been processed or all jobs have
been filled.
. 8. Repeat steps 1-7 for the next lower income class and those
Pi's of this class who did not get jobs.
9. After all three classes have been processed, repeat step 1
for all three classes, using as destinations the employment locations
selected in steps 5 and 7.
10. Calculate the congestion generated by step 9 for each road,
bus, and rail segment. A bus or rail segment is an interval between
two successive stops.
11. If the congestion created by step 9 exceeds last round's final
congestion on any segment by more than 10 percent plus the percent
increase in population between the two rounds, repeat step 9 but use
the route and mode congestion calculated in step 10. Congestion is
overusage; as long as a segment is uncongested, its usage does not
affect the determination of whether to repeat the transportation assign-
ment process.
12. Repeat step 11 using criteria generated by the most recent
two transportation iterations,
112
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13. Register the final actual transportation costs paid by each PI
(not including the shadow cost due to time), register the time spent
travelling, compute final road, bus and rail usage, register the actual_
salary earned by each PI (aot including the shadow salary used when a
PI decides whether to work at its previous job location).
Discussion
There are situations in which some workers may be unemployed
while there are job openings in their class. Such would occur when the
workers cannot get jobs within their maximum transportation range,
either because there are no jobs within that range or because all job
openings within that range have been taken by previous employees or
by workers having higher educational levels.*
It is also quite possible that workers in one class will be unem-
ployed while there are job openings in the next lower class, even though
the workers in the higher class are first to be processed for the lower
class jobs. The main reason for such a situation is that the maximum
transportation range (maximum percent of salary offered at an employ-
ment location which a worker will pay in order to get there) and trans-
portation cost (by auto) parameters vary by class,** The higher the
class, the higher its transportation cost but the lower its maximum
transportation range as a percent of salary offered. The salary offered
to a class is usually about half the salary offered to the next higher
class, but the maximum transportation range and auto costs used are
for the class seeking employment.
For example, suppose that an employer offers $5,000 to PM and
$10, 000 to PH. PM and PH are living on the same parcel, and it would
cost PM $520 to get to the employment location and PH $620 to get there.
Suppose further that a PM will pay up to 15 percent of the salary offered
to get to a job and PH will pay up to 10 percent (these are the actual
design parameters unless the director changes them in the loaded data
base). Then the PM could pay up to $750 (. 15 x $5, 000) to get to the
job, but PH could pay only $500 (. 10 x $5, 000) to get there. The PH
could not even consider taking a job at that location, but the PM could.
The reason for the two phases of job assignments (steps 5 and
7) is that without the first-phase bias for an employee to keep his old
job, there is much more job switching in the model than occurs in
reality. In counteracting massive job changes, the bias dampens the
assumption built into much of the model that people have perfect infor-
mation about local conditions and that they make selections only for the
reasons represented in the model. In the migration process these
design problems are handled by having some movers selected randomly
.* Of course, any jobs within the transportation range but which are
being boycotted by the Pi's are not even considered as possible em-
ployment locations,,
** Dollar value of lime, which varies by class a ad. is usually higher for
PH than for PM, is not a factor in determination of maximum transpor-
tation range.
113
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and by ordering the list of Pi's seeking housing randomly. Although
housing quality is ordered from best to worst, there is no bias toward a
particular Pi's taking that housing except its placement in the PI list.
The weight of 10 percent of the salary offered at the previous job
location is somewhat arbitrary.
The employment process is designed to further limit the number
of Pi's changing jobs in that a PI for whom there exists a job with a
greater net income than the weighted net income at his old job does not
automatically give up his option on his old job regardless of whether
the new job is open (i.e., not already filled by a former employee) or
whether anyone with a higher educational level \vould also be seeking
that job. API first checks to see whether he has a chance of getting
a preferred new job before, giving up his old job0 Since the list of job
applicants is ordered by educational level, those Pi's entered in an
employer's second list (those who have decided to work for the employer
again) are hired before a Pi who worked there last round but who has a
lower educational level, but the Pi with the lower educational level is
hired before any Pi's who did not work there la'st round (those who are
in the employer's third list). If the PI finds that a job other than its
old one has the highest net income, it first considers whether the number
of former employees already hired there plus the number of Pi's having
higher educational levels (i.e., Pi's processed before it and therefore
already on the employer's third list) who prefer that job exceed the number
of job openings there. Thus, the PI does not give up its option on its
old job only to lose the new job during the second phase to a PI who has
a higher educational level. In fact, a PI with a higher educational level
may not get its preferred job (if it is in an employer's third list) during
the second phase because a former employee with a lower educational
level exercised its job option.
The whole point of the. first phase is to determine which Pi's are
exercising the option to stay where they are, thus avoiding the second
phase's competition of educational levels In the first phase, only those
Pi's taking their previous jobs are actually assigned to jobs. An alter-
native method of assigning workers to jobs while cutting down on the
number of workers switching jobs -would be to have only a portion of
the Pi's consider assignment to new jobs. Such a process gets very
complicated (more than the present method) and results in much greater
distortion than the present method.
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V. THE MIGRATION PROCESS
1. Summary
Unlike the employment process, the migration process
operates on all three classes at once. First, a percentage
of the unemployed and underemployed Pi's are moved out of
the local system, thus vacating their local housing. Then,
for any hous.ing which remains over 120% occupied (such would
be the case if a fully occupied r-esidence unit were partially
or totally demolished), enough Pi's are removed to reduce the
occupancy to 120%. A percentage of the total population,
selected randomly from each class, also vacates its housing.
Another 10% of the local population is selected to vacate its
housing due to dissatisfaction.
After a] 1 of the local movers have been selected and have
vacated their housing, they, together with inmigrants and
natural population growth, seek housing in the local system.
Those who do not find housing leave the local system.
2 . Index Calculations
The diagram on the next page shows the components of each
index which contributes to the Quality of Life Index.
The Environmental Index is a characteristic of a parcel;
the Personal Index is a characteristic of people.
a . Environmental Index
(1) Pollution Index
If a parcel has surface water, the pollution
index is:
(W-3.5)3
where W is the surface water quality rating this year.
If a parcel does not have surface water but does
border (on at least one full side), a parcel which has surface
water, its pollution index is half of the average pollution
indexes of those parcels which it borders and which have, sur-
face. water .
(2) Neighborhood Index (No components of the
Npiahborhood Index' can be negative)
C-Q
115
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COMPONENTS OF THE QUALITY OP LIFE INDEX
Pollution Index
(Pollution Dissatisfaction)
Dependent upon
. Water Quality Rating
Neighborhood Index
(Neighborhood Dissatisfaction)
Dependent Upon
, Housing Quality
. Rent Charged
. School Quality
. MS Quality
. Tax Rates or Welfare Payment!
Health Index
(Health Dissatisfaction)
Dependent Upon
. Colifonn Count
. Residential Crowding
. MS Quality
Time Index
(Dissatisfaction with
Time Allocation)
Dependent Upon
. Involuntary Time
'"' . Transportation Time
. Recreation Time
Environmental Index
(Environmental
Dissatisfaction)
I 1
Quality of Life
Index (Total
Dissatisfaction)
Personal Index
(Personal
Dissatisfaction)
116
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where Q is the residence quality index this year and C is
a constant which varies by class (for low, O70; for middle,
C=90; for high, C=100)
(b) Residence Rent;
(R-T) * D
where R is the rent charged per space unit at the residence
this year
and T is the typical rent charged to the class (a loaded data
base parameter)
and D is a constant which varies by class (for low, D=3; for
middle, D=2; for high, D=l)
(c) MS Use Index;
MS-100
where MS is last year's use index of the MS now serving the
parcel.
(d) School Use Index;
SC-100
where SC is last year's use index of the school now serving
the parcel.
(e) Tax Rates (for PM and PH only) :
1/4 point for each mil resident income,
services, and goods tax rate and 1/8 point for each mil land
and developments tax rate in the jurisdiction this year.
(f ) Welfare Rates (for PL only) :
(2000-W)/25
where W is the welfare payment per unemployed worker in the
jurisdiction this year.
(3) Pex-sonal Index
Hejalth Index (No components of the Health
Index can be negative)
MS; (MS-100) /4
where MS is last year's use index of the MS unit now serving
the parcel.
117
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Residential Crowding;
(P-100)/.8
where P is the percent occupancy of the residence last year.
Coliform:
If the parcel has surface water, the
coliform component of its Health Index is:
C/4
where C is the coliform parts/MG in the surface water at
the time that the surface water is assigned its quality
rating this year.
If a parcel does not have surface water bur adjoins (touches
at/least a corner) a surface water parcel, its coliform com-
ponent is that of the adjoining parcel having the highest
coliform component.
This component has a maximum value of 50.
(b) Time Index;
Involuntary Time:
1 .point for each time unit in involuntary
activity last year.
Transportation Time;
5 points for each average time spent in
transportation last year.
Recreation Time;
Subtract 1 point for each time unit spent
in recreation last year. For each point over 100 of last
year's use index of the park with the highest use index
within a 3-parcel radius of the parcel, the time subtracted
here is decreased by 1 percent.
3. Outmigration due to unemployment and underemployment
Of those Pi's who are unemployed or underemployed, 33%
of PH, 25% of PM, and 15% of PL automatically out-migrate
and vacate their housing.
4. Selection of those seeking housing
a. Displaced due to overcrowding
After the outjuxqiv? Ling PI1 s described in 3 above ;>.::e
removed from their housing, percent occupancy is recalculated.
Pi's are then selected to move out of overcrowded housing
118
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(housing over 120% occupied). Usually, overcrowded conditions
exist only when residences have been demolished. However, the
director may have loaded a city with cases of over 120%
occupancy. When more than one class lives on an overcrowded
parcel, the displaced Pi's are removed in proportion, to the
number living there in each class.
b. Most Dissatisfied in the System
A randomly selected half of the 20% of each class's
(Pi's with the highest Quality of Life Indexes) move out of
their housing. The total number of Pi's used here includes
those unemployed and underemployed who automatically outmigrate.
c. Randomly Chosen in the System
Of the other 80%, a random 1% of Pi's, 5% of PM's and
7% of PH's vacate their current housing.
d. In-Migrants*
The number of in-migrants from the Outside System in
any class is 1% of the number in the class in the local system
plus one PI for each job which is vacant at the beginning of
this round (in HI, LI, NS, BG, BS, PG, PS, CI, Bus, Rail, SC,
and MS). The number of jobs previously filled but which have
been eliminated due to demolition or cutbacks are subtracted
from the vacancies counted.
e. Natural Population Growth*
1-1/2% of the total population of each class is added
to the number of in-migrants in order to represent the natural
population growth.
5. Housing Placement
The list of Pi's looking for housing is randomly ordered.
Each PI takes the best (lowest Environmental Index) acceptable**
available housing. If the best housing would be over 120%
crowded if the PI were to move in, the PI looks at the second
best acceptable housing. (A residence's Environmental Index
is raised 1 point for every 1% over 100% occupancy.)
*Note: The director may use his control over the absolute
number of in-migrating population units by class to override
the calculations of number of in-migrants and natural popula-
tion growth.
** Acceptable housing is housing with a QI ranging from 20 to
70 for low, 40 to 100 for middle, and 71 to 100 for high.
119
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Those who vacated their housing for reasons of dissatis-
faction or random selection who cannot find acceptable local
system housing with an Environmental Index below their previous
Environmental Index will out-migrate. The other types of housing
seekers outmigrate only if they cannot find acceptable housing.
Within a single migration cycle, a PI which vacates its
housing for any reason cannot move back into that housing.
When a PI moves into a residence, its education level and
voter registration are averaged with those of the inhabitants
in its class and it takes the same preferred time allocation
as the previous residents. If a PI moves into a residence
which was previously unoccupied by its class, its character-
istics and preferred time allocation are the same as they were
at its previous residence location, or, in the case of new in-
migrants, the characteristics and preferred time allocations
shown in the table below.
Class
Time Allocation Units PL PM PH
Extra job 40 30 20
Free Education 20 30 0
Pay Education 0 5 20
Politics 10 20 40
Recreation 20 10 10
Characteris tics
Education Level 15 55 85
Voter Registration 100 40 200
Previous Savings 000
If more than one PI moves into- a housing unit previously
unoccupied by that class and the Pi's have different charac-
teristics (time allocation, education level, voter registration,
and previous savings), the characteristics of the first PI group
to choose the housing are assumed for all the Pi's.
A PI which moves from one place in the local system to an-
other keeps its previous job location. Although its previous
job may not turn out to be its best job after the move, there
is still the bias toward retaining'the previous job.
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VT THE COMMERCIAL ALLOCATION PROCESS
OVERVIEW
Each round the commercial allocation process assigns
buyers to sellers, each buyer being assigned to shop at
the commercial establishment at which the buyer can obtain
his required goods or services most cheaply. The cost which
a buyer perceives at each of his options for a shopping
location is a function of the transportation cost to get
to the location, the crowding at that location, the seller's
price, and the buyer's preference for shopping at the esta-
blishment where he shopped the previous round. Every buyer
evaluates all possible shopping locations each round.
The allocation process is iterative. Each buyer selects
the shopping location which is cheapest for him, and after
all buyers have selected shopping locations, all reevaluate
their selections in light of the crowding created by the
previous selection process. The entire selection process
is repeated until between two successive evaluations no
buyers decide to change their selections from the previous
iteration. Every buyer evaluates all possible shopping
locations each iteration.
There are several reasons for the iterative procedure.
No business has an infinite capacity in terms of the number
of customers whom it can serve or the number of goods or
services which it can provide. Thus, the usage of an esta-
blishment by other shoppers is a factor in a buyer's deci-
sion as to whether to shop there. Crowding, or overusage,
at a commercial establishment can be viewed as a cost to
the buyer in terms of annoyanceA poor or inadequate service,
or length of time waiting for an appointment.
The allocation process could assign buyers to sellers
one at a time, each buyer considering the usage created by
all buyers processed before him. However, those buyers
selected for assignment first would have the advantage
of seeing unused sellers, and since crowding is only one
factor in the determination of "cheapest", those buyers
would tend to purchase goods and services at the least
dollar cost to them. Buyers selected later for processing
would tend to find the cheapest sellers in dollar cost too
crowded and therefore too expensive. Such a procedure of
assignment introduces non-systemic biases in the selections
of shopping locations. The bias would be a result of the
order in which buyers are selected for assignment^ and not
a result of local system conditions.
121
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The actual allocation process employed by the model
assigns all buyers to sellers simultaneously. Each commer-
cial establishment's usage as seen by a prospective cus-
tomer is affected by the establishment's usage after the
previous iteration, or in the case of the first iteration
in a round, affected by the establishment's usage after
the final iteration in the previous round. The perceived
usage is only affected by the previous usage. If the
previous usage were always the perceived usage, the selec-
tions of shopping locations would tend to flip-flop from
one iteration to the next. Since prices at commercial
establishments and cheapest transportation costs from buyers
to sellers do not change between iterations, only usage
would cause a location to appear more desirable in one
iteration than in another iteration. Buyers would tend to
flock to one location on one iteration and, in the next
iteration, see that location as overcrowded and all flock
to another location. On the following iteration the first
establishment would appear underused and the buyers would
all return. So, the actual usage of a commercial esta-
blishment is adjusted in the allocation process to a "base
perceived" usage. With each iteration of commercial allo-
cation in a round, the effect of the actual usage of a
commercial establishment tends to decrease relative to the
base perceived usage of that establishment.
The shadow cost for a buyer to shop at a commercial
establishment is a function of: 1) its base perceived
usage; 2) the added usage which would result if the buyer
were to shop there but did not shop there on the previous
iteration; 3) the establishment's effective capacity;
4) its price; 5) the buyer's least transportation cost to
travel to the location; and 6) the buyer's bias toward
shopping where he shopped last round. The result of this
function is the shadow cost to a buyer to shop at each
commercial establishment. Each buyer selects the commer-
cial establishment with the least shadow cost to him. If
the least shadow cost is the Outside System, the buyer does
not use a local establishment.*
A buyer's actual expenditure is the real transportation
cost and actual price charged at the commercial establish-
ment which he selects on the final iteration.
*Note:The Outside System as a seller of goods and services
has only a price. It has no perceived usage, an infinite
capacity, and no transportation cost. A buyer who shops
Outside does not have a bias toward shopping there in the
following round.
122
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The commercial allocation process can be viewed as
a series of steps:
1. Calculate the effective capacity of each commercial
establishment.
2. Calculate the least transportation cost from each
buyer to each seller.
3. Calculate the base perceived usage of each commer-
cial establishment. (This is the only reiterative step
for the sellers. The remaining calculations are performed
for each buyer as he considers each seller.)
4. From each buyer's point-of-view, adjust the base
perceived usage of the commercial establishment to reflect
its usage if he were to shop there but did not shop there
on the previous iteration.
5. Use the result of step 4 as the numerator in a
fraction for which the result of step 1 is the denominator.
This is the shadow ratio of perceived usage to capacity.
6. Apply the shadow ratio to the function shown on the
.graph in Figure 1. Determine the y - co o r din a te_ which corres-
ponds to the appropriate ratio.
7. Sum the price per unit charged at the commercial
establishment and the least cost per unit purchased for
the buyer to travel to the commercial establishment.
8. Multiply the result of step 6 by the result of
step 7.
9. If the buyer shopped at the commercial establish-
ment last round, multiply the result of step 8 by .9.
10. The result of steps 8 and 9 is the shadow cost for
the buyer to shop at the commercial establishment. (Repeat
steps 4-10 for each seller which the buyer can consider.)
11. Assign the buyer to the commercial establishment
which has the least shadow cost for him. (Repeat steps
4-11 for each buyer.)
12. Determine whether another iteration is necessary.
If so, repeat steps 3-11. If not, all assignments are
final for the round.
123
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150
SHADOW COST AS A
FUNCTION OF CAPACITY
SERVED
140
8
110
100
6
CO M
o*
130 S »
120
50 75 100
PERCENT OF CAPACITY
125
150
175
124
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DETAIL ON PARTS OF THE ALLOCATION PROCESS
The commercial process is run first for buyers of PG
and PS. PG and PS establishments are buyers of BG and BS,
and their purchases are a function of their sales. Thus,
customers are allocated to PG and PS before any customers
are allocated to BG and BS. The two allocation processes
are identical except for the consideration in the BG-BS
allocation of usage by government departments which have
contracts consuming capacity at some.commercial establish-,
meats.
Step 1. Calculate the effective capacity of each
commercial establishment.
A business's effective capacity is a function of
its level, its type of business, its value ratio, and the
number of employees which it received through the employ-
ment process in relation to the number of employees which
it requires in order to operate at its level. The Outside
System, one seller of goods and services, has an infinite
capacity.
E = Effective capacity of a commercial establishment
PR = Total number of Pi's required by the establish-
ment
PH = Total number of Pi's hired by the establishment
in the employment process
VR = The establishment's value ratio
«
C = Design capacity of the establishment (the capa-
city of a level one of the business type times
the establishment's level)
E = PH/PR X VR/100 X C
Step 2. Calculate the least transportation cost from
each buyer to each seller.
The transportation network used for commercial
travel includes the roads only. Bus and rail are not
modal options. The roads are viewed as unused by all
travellers; road congestion is not a factor in the selection
of least transportation cost. The selection process itself
uses the Moore algorithm to calculate least transportation
cost from each buyer to each seller.
125
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Step 3. Calculate the base perceived usage of each
commercial establishment.
vi+l = Tlie k&se perceived usage or a commercial
establishment to be used in iteration i+1
S^ = The actual usage of the commercial esta-
blishment in iteration i
K = A constant 20/21
N = The number of previous iterations in the
round in which either:
1) the number of buyers who changed their
shopping locations was greater than or
equal to the number who changed shopping
locations on the previous iteration, or
2) no buyers changed shopping locations but
the difference between the actual usage
(S) at a commercial establishment and the
base perceived usage (V) was greater than
20 capacity units.
N is incremented if either of the two
conditions 'listed above obtains within
an iteration, and the new value of N is
used in calculating the next iteration ' s
V.
Vi+1 = Si+1 * K
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VII. THE SCHOOL ALLOCATION PROCESS
1. For each school, calculate its value ratio after
depreciation and after maintenance.
2. For each school, calculate the total number of stu-
dents in each class living in the school's district.
3. Multiply the number of PH Pi's requested by the
school times 120 and multiply the result by the number of
PH teachers hired by the school's jurisdiction divided by
the number of PH teachers requested by the school's juris-
diction. The result is the number of high-income teachers
working at the school.
4. Multiply the number of PM Pi's requested by the
school times 160 and multiply the result by the number of PM
teachers hired by the school's jurisdiction divided by the
number of PM teachers requested by the jurisdiction. The
result is the number of middle-income.teachers working at
the school.
5. Divide the result of step 3 by the result of step
4. This is the ratio of PH to PM teachers at the school.
6. Sum the result of step 3 and the result of step 4.
This is the total number of teachers working at the school.
7. Assign all of the low-income students in the school's
district to the school.
8. If the school's value ratio is less than 60 or if
the ratio of PH to PM teachers (step 5) is less than .75, no
middle income students are assigned to the school. If the
value ratio is 60 or greater and the ratio of PH to PM
teachers is .75 or greater, then the number of middle-income
students assigned to the school is the lesser of the number
of middle-income students living in the school's district or
the total number of teachers working at the school (step 6)
times 22 less the number of low-income students assigned to
the school. In effect, as many middle-income students are
assigned to the school as there are room for without causing
a student-teacher ratio greater than 22/1.
9. The procedure for determining the number of high-
income students assigned to arschool is the same as for
middle-income, except that the minimum value ratio is 80,
the ratio of PH to PM must be greater than 1, the maximum
student-teacher ratio is 18/1 and the number of middle-
127
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income students already assigned is considered in addition
to the number of low-income students already assigned.
10. The number of PM students assigned to the school is
divided by the number of PM students in the school's district,
The same is done for PH.
11. For each class living on each residence parcel in
the school's district, thfe number of students is multiplied
by the result of step 10 appropriate for the class. The
result is the number of students in the class on the parcel
attending the public school serving the district in which the
parcel is located. The remaining students attend private
school.
This allocation procedure causes all of a class in
a district to be affected by school quality equally in pro-
portion to the number of students living on each parcel in
the district.
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VIII. EDIT ERROR MESSAGES
The EDIT program processes decisions one at a time in the
order in which they are submitted to it by the director. The
program checks the data submitted to it for two kinds of
errors: coding (incorrect format for a decision or keypunch
errors) and legality (violation of a rule of the model, such
as /construction without utilities or sale of land belonging to
another decision-maker). When an error, message is printed,
the decision to which it applies has been rejected, with a
few exceptions which are noted in the explanation of the error
messages. In all cases, if a decision does not receive an
error message/ the program has accepted and processed the
decision.
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GENERAL ERROR MESSAGES
For all general errors, an indicator (A) points to the
approximate location of the error.
1. INVALID $ ENTRY
Incorrect general decision code. All subsequent
decisions using this $ entry will be invalidated.
2. INVALID TEAM ENTRY,
There is a mistake in the team identification in the
decision-maker location of the input card. Might be caused by-
omitting second slash or mispunching "=".
3. NO CURRENT VALID $ ENTRY
No valid general decision code has been entered or
the last one entered is in error. This usually occurs after
a #1 error.
4. NO CURRENT VALID TEAM ENTRY
No valid team identification has been entered in the
decision-maker location of the input card or the last one
entered is in error.
5. NO RIGHT PARENTHESIS
The right hand parenthesis for an input requiring one
has been omitted. All lists, and only lists, must be enclosed
in parentheses.
6. NO LEFT PARENTHESIS
The left hand parenthesis for an input requiring one
has been omitted.
7. INVALID LOCATIONS LIST
A list containted a mixture of parcel (even-even) ,
intersection (odd-odd) and road locations (even-odd or odd-
even) .
130
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8. INCORRECT PUNCTUATION
The indicator points to the incorrect punctuation.
Examples: comma (,), slash (/), etc.
9. INVALID LAND USE
A wrong two-letter abbreviation for a land use was
used.
10. INVALID TEAM
A team identification (in a position other than where
decision-maker is specified) is not a valid team name.
11. MORE THAN 15 CHARACTERS
More than 15 digits fall between two successive commas,
This might result if commas were omitted from the input card.
12. NUMBER TOO HIGH
Too large of a number has been input. Check the in-
put explanation form to see if scaling has been observed.
13. NUMBER TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW
The entered number is not within the prescribed limits
of this particular entry.
14. INVALID CHARACTER IN NUMBER
An extraneous character has been added to a number.
This could be a dollar sign for a land bid or price. Note
that all figures are coded without commas.
15. LIST NOT PERMITTED
Parentheses have been used to include several entries
where only one entry is allowed.
131
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16. INCORRECT LOCATION ENTRY
The decision contains something other than a loca-
tion on the board in a position which should contain a loca-
tion .
17. BLOCK ENTRY NOT PERMITTED
Opposite corners have been used to specify a zone
when a zone is not permitted. Another way to put it is that
in this list the character ">" is invalid.
18. INVALID ROAD COORDINATES
The program accepts only even-odd or odd-even com-
binations that are on the board.
19. MORE THAN 65 LOCATIONS IN LIST
When block input is used, .a:maximum of 65 parcels
can be specified between the parentheses.,
132
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$ASMNT
1. SOMEONE ON TEAM (team name) IS TRYING TO ENTER ASSESS-
MENT INPUT
A decision-maker other than AS has input a decision
using this code.
2. LOCATION ERROR
A road or intersection was specified. Assessment
locations must be parcels.
3. NO PARCEL LIST FOR ASSESSMENT
A location has not been specified in column "C" for
a type of assessment decision which requires a location (AD,
AL, SL, SD).
4. (location) IS IN (jurisdiction)
The decision-maker has attempted to assess a parcel
which is in another jurisdiction.
5. UNNECESSARY PARCEL LIST FOR ASSESSMENT
A location has been specified in column "C" for a
jurisdiction-wide decision setting-the assessment ratio of a
land use.
6. (code) IS NOT A RECOGNIZABLE CONTROL WORD
An incorrect letter code has been used.
7. IS NOT A FARM PARCEL
A farm assessment has been input for a parcel which
is not a farm.
133
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$BUILD - $OUBLD
1. (team) CAN'T BUILD (land use)
A decision-maker has attempted to build a type of
land use not allowed him.
2. OU PRICE NON-NEGOTIABLE
A price has been entered in a $OUBLD input.
3. IS NOT A JURISDICTION
The jurisdiction number input by a government depart-
ment is not valid.
4. (location) UNASSIGNED
The indicated parcel is not assigned to a utility
district. This message prints if there is a construction on
a parcel which was loaded with utilities but not assigned to
a utility district.
5. (team) OWNS (location)
The decision-maker specified on the decision input
as owning a location does not actually own that parcel.
6. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED
A non-zero old level has been input for a parcel which
is undeveloped.
7. (location) IS A FARM OWNED BY (team)
The input specified a construction on a farm parcel.
8. (location) IS NOT A (land use), IT IS A (land use)
A land use has been input with a previous level, but
the parcel is not developed in that land use.
134
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9. THERE'S NO (land use) AT (location)
The. input specifies an. existing land use on a parcel.
but the parcel does not contain that land use.
10. (land use) AT (location) IS LEVEL
The old level of development input does not equal
land vise's actual level.
11. % IS REQUIRED ON (local:ion) - ONLY % IS
AVAILABLE
The team does not own sufficient land on the parcel
for the intended construction.
12. JURISDICTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR (location)
A road or terminal construction decision has been
input by a jurisdiction which does not control that location.
13. (.location) IS IN (jurisdiction Dumber)
The parcel in not in the jurisdiction of the decision-
maker .
14. LEVEL ERROR
Old and new levels are identical.
15. QI ERROR
The quality index inpxit is less than 40 or greater
than 100.
16. ONLY RA'S CAN HAVE PRIVATE UTILITIES
A land use other than RA has attempted to be construct-
ed using privcite utilities.
17. LOCATION ERROR
The IcUiG use specified cannot be at the designated
135
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location. Such would be the case if a road were specified for
a parcel or if an economic activity were specified on a road
or intersection.
18. COST TO (team) FOR BUILD ON (location) IS $ (price)
ONLY HAS $(capital balance)
The team, constructing does not have enough money to
pay for the attempted construction.
19. REQUIRES LEVEL inumber)_ UTILITY SERVICE - ONLY HAS
LEVEL (number)
The level of utility service installed on the parcel
does not provide as many utility units as are required by the
new level of development.
20. EXCEEDS UTILITY PLANT CAP7iCITY
The numbe.r of utility units which the proposed con-
struction requires plus the number of utility units already
served by the utility plant which serves the parcel on which
the construction is located exceeds the plant's capacity (2400
times the plant's level).
21. REALLOCATION OF SERVICE MUST PRECEDE DEMOLITION
There has been an attempt to demolish a utility plant
without first assigning eill of the parcels served by that plant
to another utility plant.
22. UNITS CONSUMED MUST BE DECREASED TO (number) BEFORE
DEMOLITION
There has been an attempt to decrease the level of
a utility plant when the plant already serves more than 2400
times its new level.
23. (UT or CI) CAN ONLY BUILD OUTSIDE
There has been an attempt to build a utility plant or
a construction industry with the $BUILD input code.
136
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24. JOB EXCJ'ir.DS (CI_ locatji on) ' S CAPACITY" _( number of__equlp~
ffiCint_uni !-$;_ ^'M1!^'^ f°^ 1 lio _cpnstjn.ict.i,_ojt}_ / (r.vnnL)t2:_o:r
nt uriii^.s ro.!,;,:;. in ;i.no In ^' ^' '" c:iT)c:' ty)
'Die Cl does not have enonrjh rcraaining capacity to per-
form the construction.
25. (t-^J:}) H?iS AN OUTSTANDING CONTKACT TO BUILD A _Uand
usc_)_ AT _n_c:jcat_ion_)
A team (con.tract.ee) has input a construction contract
for a land use and location for which it already has K contract.
2G. (l^aticm)- IS ZONED J£oniiiy_ _cod_a)_ V71I1CII PROHIBITS
'('land ^t'}_
The attempted construction violates zoning.
137
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SBYCT
i. E OR s
A letter other than E or S was in column "a".
2. -partmei DOES NOT BOYCOTT
A government department appears as the decision-in
Departments 'do not boycott.
3. U S OR W
A letter other than U, S, or W appeared in colvuim
"c".
4. WORK BOYCOTTS ARE SOCIAL BOYCOTTS
An economic decision-maker tried to input a decision
to boycott vrork. Economic decision-makers can only input
shopping boycotts.
5- (location) IS NOT A (LNDTJSE or CLASS)
A social boycott has been input with a letter in
column "b" v.'hich is not a class or a land use in column "d"
which is not an acceptable land use code.
6. U IS FOR SYSTEM-WIDE BOYCOTT OF BUS OR RAIL BY SOCIAL
CLASS
A location has been input for a use boycott.
7. ENTER S OR B FOR STOP OR BEGIN
A letter other than S or B was used in. column "e".
8. (team) CANNOT BOYCOTT (department)
A shopp.i ng boycott has been input against a depa.rtrK'
138
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9. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED
The location, boycotted (column "d") is undeveloped.
10 (location) IS A RESIDENCE
The location boycotted (column "d") is a residence.
H* J.l££^-iPJ}L l"s ft (land 'use)
A shopping boycott has been input at a. location which
is not commercially developed.
12. (team)'S (£lass_o_ir_ land_ xise^'S ARE NOT BOYCOTTING
Tsi IOP 7 WORK , or USE ) - (To cat ion o r _ d e p a r tree n t )
An S in colxrrrm "e" has indicated that an existing
boycott is to be stopped, but the boycott does not exist.
13 _(teJHL) 'S !ci££L*L°?: isJ^_llse:IIS ARE ALREADY BOYCOTTING
(SHOP,' WORK, or USE) ~
An. attempt was raade to begin a boycott which alrecidy
exists.
14. (department) DOES NOT HIRE
An attempt v/as raade to boycott work at a department
that does not hire population units.
139
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code.
$CASH
1- (code input) IS NOT A VALID CODE
The letter code in column "a" is not a valid letter
2. AS HAS NO CASH
The Assessment Department has been designated as a
giver or receiver of cash. AS does riot have an account.
3- (FOURTH or FIFTH) ENTRY MUST BE CAP OR CUR
A cash transfer involving a government department
must specify the department's capital or current account. If
CAP or CUR is used to designate an economic team's account,
the designation is ignored and is assumed by the program to
be PVT.
4. (team; PZ or CH). HAS ONLY A (GAPITAL..pr CURRENT)
ACCOUNT
Either Chairman or Planning and Zoning has been.
designated as having an account which it does not in fact have,
5. ONLY CHAIR MAY USE (code input) -
A team other than the Chairman has used a code other
than C in column "a".
6. (team) DOES NOT RECEIVE APPROPRIATIONS
Chairman has attempted to grant an appropriation using
CP or CR to an economic team, UT, RAIL,, or CH.
7. NOT AN APPROPRIATION - DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS
Chairman has attempted to grant an appropriation using
CP or CR to a department in another jurisdiction, or BUS or
RAIL.
140
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8. WRONG SUBSIDY
The Chairman has either used SB in column "a" to
subsize UT, BUS, or RAIL or used CUES or CAPS in column "a"
to subside an economic team. CURS and CAPS are used for de-
partments; SB is used for economic teams.
9* (team) DOES NOT RECEIVE SUBSIDIES
Only UT, BUS, and RAIL can receive subsidies throuah
CURS or CAPS.
10. LOCATION ENTRY REQUIRED FOR (social team)'S (class)
A cash transfer involving a social decision-maker has
omitted the residence location of the Pi's.
11. THERE ARE NO (class) PI'S ON (location)
A cash transfer involving a social decision-maker has
specified a parcel on which no Pi's of the designated class
live.
12« (soc ial dec is ion-maker) DOES NOT CONTROL (class) ON
(location)
The social decision-maker designated as controlling
a class on a parcel does not in fact control those Pi's.
13 (social team)'S class ON (location) ONLY HAVE
$ (iavings)
The social decision-maker attempted to transfer an
amount greater than the number of Pi's times the sum of the
savings per PI and the miscellaneous income per PI. Note that
miscellaneous income is negative if the class has transferred
more money than it has received.
14. THERE IS NO (department and jurisdiction)
The jurisdiction number input for a department exceeds
the number of jurisdictions being used in the model.
141
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15. NULL TRANSACTION
A decision-maker has attempted to transfer money from
an account to the same account. For economic, the giver and
receiver would be identical; for government, the giver and
receiver would match and both accounts would be capital or
current; for social, the g5.ver and receiver would match, the
class giving and receiving would match, and the locations
would match.
16. (team) ONLY HAS $(amount)
A team has less money in its capital account (total
capital revenue less capital expenditures), than it is attempt-
ing to transfer. Note that there is no check on a transfer
from a current account.
142
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$CVPT
-. IS NOT A VALJ.D CODE
A code other than one allowed by $CVPT or $OTHER has
been input in column "a".
2. THERE IS NO UTILITY PLANT ON Jlpc_at.ionJ
The utility plant, location specified in column "c"
does not contain a utility plant on a decision to change
utility service.
3. THE PLANT AT (location) IS UNDEVELOPED
The Utility Department has only undeveloped land at
the location specified in column "c" on a decision to change
utility service.
4- (location) IS IN JURISDICTION ^jomber^
The location designated in column "c" is in a different
jurisdiction from the one of the Utility Department which input
a decision to change utility service.
5. (number) IS NOT A VALID UTILITY LEVEL
The new level of service specified on a decision to
change utility service is not a number between 0 and 9.
6. LOCATION ERROR
A location other than a parcel has been specified in
column "b". The location should be a parcel.
7. (UTILITY or INTAKE or OUTFLOW) PLANT AT (location)
CAN'T CHANGE
An attempt has been made to change the utility district
in which a parcel containing a utility, inflow, or outflow plant
is located. The utility diytrdct to .-;'"! ich such a par col is
assignee! cannot be changed until the appropriate plant (s) has
been demolished.
143
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(location) USES MORE THAN (number)
The private development on the parcel for which there
was an attempt to change the level of utility service, requires
more utilities than the new level of service would provide.
9. INSTALLATION AT (location) COSTS $ (amount) (dcpart-
ment) ONLY HAS $""( amount)
The Utility Department has .insufficient fxinds in its
capital balance to perform the installation of utility services.
10. HON-CONNECTABLE - (location) (location) etc.
Each listed parcel is not contiguous to a parcel
having utilities and served by the designated utility plant.
Contiguous parcels are the eight parcels surrounding a parcel.
11. TEAM (team name) DOES NOT (input code)
A decision-maker has input a decision type in colvunn
"a" which he is not allowed to make.
12'' (zoning code input) IS NOT A VA&ID JSQNINq CORE
The two-digit zoning cade input in qnlum^x "c" on a
decision to change ssoiu.ng is not ones Qf th^? fSQ^Ing codes allowed
in the model. ,
13. . (input: code) IS TOO (HIGH or LOW) .
The value given to a rent (R) , salary (S) , maintenance
level (M), price (P), number of employees (E), public institu-
tional land (PI or RPI), BG-BS contract percent of purchases (C) ,
or preempted land (PLND or RPLND) exceeds the maximum or mini-
mum amount allowed that value.
Function Input Minimum Input Maximum
Rent (R) 0 250
Salary (S) PL 12 50
PM 25 100
........ PH 50 200
Maintenance Level (M) 0 100
Price (Utility) 0 1600
Price (BG--BS) ^00 1500
144
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Price (PG-PS) 50 150
Employees (E) 0 6
All others 0 100
Note: all of these limits are overridden if there is a "1"
in column "£".
14 (rj£-J*?L> J!l'Ny_.9rJ^LN) REQUIRES SPECIFICATION OF
PERCENT OF PARCif£
Column "c" did not contain a specification of what
percent of the parcel was to be changed.
15. PJI_or_RPjn_ COSTS $( amount) - 'PZ ( jurisdiction) ONLY
~" J-N OAKlTA '" ..... ....... ~
The Planning and Zoning Department does not have
sufficient funds to carry out the transaction involving public
institutional land.
16 J_l9-£a.ti.9.:lL MAINTENANCE SET TO MAXIMUM Jmaintpnance
.
There was an attempt to increase the maintenance level
of a residence to more than 20 points above the lowest quality
index which the residence ever reached. The program changes
tho desired maintenance level to the maximum allowed and then
accepts the decision. This is one of the few error messages
that do not indicate total rejection of a decision.
17. ONLY (number )% OF l^cation)_ IS (PI or PLND)
There was an attempt to take more land out of public
institutional or preempt use than was actxially in that use.
18 (team) 'S (BG or BS) AT (location) HAS NO CONTRACT WITH
J d ep ar tinen t )
There v/as an attempt to cancel a BG or BS contract,
but the contract did not exist.
145
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19. USE $OTHER FOR (inpxit code)
The $CVPT code was used when $OT11EK should have been
used.
20 (team) OWNS {location)
The economic decision-maker specified on the decision
input as owning a location does not actually own that location.
21. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED
An economic decision-maker hay attempted to change
something on a parcel which is undeveloped.
22 tlocation^ IS A Jland uc;o|_ AND DOES NOT J[SETJPRICES>,
EMPLOY/"SET RENTS"," or"CONTRACT) "" " "
An economic decision-maker has attempted to make a
decision which is not allowed for the economic activity type
located on that parcel.
23. THERE'S NO (MS, SC or PI) AT (location)
A MS or SC department tried to change a maintenance
level or employee request at a parcel on which the department
has no constructed facility, or PZ tried to remove public insti-
tutional use of parkland from a parcel on which none exists,
24 l?l*lr*lL? 1S REQUIRED ON (location) - ONLY % IS
AVAILABLE
PZ does not have enough parkland at the location to
develop or remove the amount of public institutional land (PI
or RPI), or there Js not enough private ly-ov/ned and undeveloped
land on the parcel for the director to create or remove pre-
empted land (PLND or RPLND).
25. (location) IS IN (jurisdiction)
The parcel is not in the jurisdiction of the decision-
maker .
146
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26. I_l0(p.tion_) JS A FARM OWNED BY _(teaivO_
An economic dec isIon-maker specified not a business
or residence parcel but a pai-cel which, in part of a farm.
Decisions regarding farias use $ODDS or $PU.
147
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$ENDS
1. (code input) IS INVALID CODE
A code other than L, R, W, or P has been input in
column "a".
2- (land use) AT (location) DOES NOT RECYCLE
The land use at that location is not a basic industry,
so it cannot recycle water*
3. OPERATING LEVEL (number) AT (location) IS TOO HIGH
An economic decisionmaker has attempted to raise the
operating level at a business above its constructed level.
The operating level cannot be above the constructed level.
4. (location) IS NOT A LAKE PARCEL
The director attempted to specify water quality on a
parcel which does not contain a lake^
5. (number) IS INVALID WATER QUALITY
The specified water quality is not an integer between
1 and 9.
6. NO WATER ON (location)
The director attempted to specify a miscellaneous
pollution input on a parcel which has no water.
7. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED
There was an attempt to set an operating level at a
parcel which is undeveloped.
8. (location) IS RESIDENTIAL
There was an attempt to set an operating level at a
parcel which is developed residentially.
148
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9. NO VOLUME OF POLLUTION INPUT FOR (location)
The director specified miscellaneous pollutants to be
dumped on a parcel but did not specify a volume of effluent.
10. (location) IS A FARM OWNED BY (team)
The location is not a business which can recycle or
set an operating level; it is a farm.
li' Jj^JZL OWNS (location)
The economic decision-maker specified on the input as
owning a location does not actually own that parcel,.
12. TOO MANY POLLUTANTS ENTERED FOR (location)
The director specified miscellaneous pollutants to be
dumped on a parcel but listed more than seven pollutant types
and one water volume.
149
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$FSA
1. (team) CANNG'j1 REQUEST FEDERAL-STATE AID
The decision-maker is a department other than SC or
HY, which are the only departments which can request Federal--
State aid.
2. SC MUST INPUT PARCEL COORDINATES TO PSA
A School Department did not specify the parcel loca-
tion for which aid was requested.
3. HY MUST INPUT ROAD COORDINATES TO FSA
A Highway Department did not specify the road loca-
tion for which aid was requested.
4. PARCEL AT (location) IS NOT IN JURISDICTION OF (de-
partment)
A School Department has requested aid to build on a
parcel which is not in its jurisdiction.
5. ROAD AT (location) NOT IN JURISDICTION OF (department)
A Highway Department has requested aid to build at a
location which is not in its jurisdiction.
6- (HY or SC) AT (location) IS LEVEL (number)
Aid has been requested for a level of construction
that is less than or equal to the existing level of development
at the location.
7. LEVEL (number) AID IS AVAILABLE FOR (HY or SC) AT
(location)
Aid has already been granted for a development at the
location for a level greater than or equal to the requested
level.
150
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8« (department) HAS ENTERED jnrniiber)_ REQUESTS
The School or Highway Department has; already made the
maximum number of FSA requests allowed it in a round. Schools
can make 3 requests; Highways can make 5 requests.
.
9 . AID REQUEST OF (department) FOR _(lpcotion.)_ ^(GRANTED
This message states whether or not the department's
aid request was granted.
151
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SODDfa
1. (number) IS INVALID RIVER BASIN
The code number of the river basin input on a decision
to set dam priorities does not match the code number of any
river basin on the board.
2. INVALID FLOOD LEVEL IN RIVER BASIN (number)
The director has input a flood level which does not
fall between 1 and 100.
3. INVALID FARM CODE NUMBER, (farm cede, input)
r __ _, _ ,^
A decision to set a fertilizer level specified a farm
code nuruber that does not match that of any farm on the board.
4. INVALID FERTILIZER FACTOR,
The fertilizer level specified is not between 0 and 3.
5- (team) OWNS FARM (number)
The decision-maker does not own the farm having the
code number which he specified.
6- (code input) IS INVALID CODE
A letter code other than A, B, C, F, or R appeared in
column "a".
152
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?OTHER
10 ^9£^5_J:.r>P.VJjtL IS NOT A VALID CODE
A code other than one allowed by $OTHER or $CVPT has
been input in column "a".
2. TEAM i.tea}^_no_vrte) DOES NOT iij;
-------
(PZ or CH) CANNOT FLOAT (2 or 25) YEAR BONDS
Planning and Zoning has attempted to float a 2-year
(current) bond or Chairman has attempted to float a 25-year
(capital) bond. PZ has only a capital account; Chairman has
only a current account.
10. INTEREST RATE IS (number)%
This message merely shows the interest rate set for a
bond or loan from the Outside. The transaction is complete;
this is not an error message.
11. SCALE BOND IN 10,000'S
If a bond for $900 million or more is inputr the pro-
gram assumes that the dollar amount was incorrectly scaled.
The decision is rejected.
12. ONLY 2 OR 25 FOR TERM
A bond or loan was input with a term other than 2 or
25;
13. ILLEGAL DEPARTMENT
A department has attempted to make a decision which
is not allowed it.
14. ILLEGAL ROAD TYPi,
The road type specified is not 1, 2, or 3.
15. (team) ONLY HAS (amount)
A team has attempted to lend more money than it has
available.
16. USE BONDING ROUTINE
Either a department used "LO" in column "a" or an
economic team used LO but did not specify a borrower or an
interest rate. Bonds and loans from the Outsi.de use "BO" in
column "a".
154
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17. SCALE LOAN IN 10,0GO'S
If a loan for $900 million or more is input, the
program assumes that the dollar amount was incorrectly scaled.
The decision is rejected.
18. INVEST COSTS $_(amcmnt) - (team) ONLY HAS $ (amount) IN
C7UPITAL FUNDS
An economic team has attempted to invest more money
in stocks than it has in available cash.
19. (team) ONLY HAS $lft)noiint^ IN ^SPECULATIVE or CONSERVA-
TIVE)' "INVESTMENTS " ' """
An economic team has attempted to sell more investments
than it has.
20. THERE IS A CI AT J[loccttiqn)_
The director has attempted to specify NOGI, but there
is still at least one CI on the board. All CI's must be demolish-
ed before NOC1 is accepted by the program.
21. (amount) LOAN EXCEEDS LIMIT OF (f.rnojmt Jthat. _can_still_ -
be Jbo rrowed) " * - - - -
TOTAL DEBT" LIMIT IS (amount) PRESENT DEBT IS (amount)
The economic team has attempted to borrow more money
from the Outside than its debt limit allows. There is no limit
on the amount which a team can borrow from another team.
155
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$PU
I. OUTSIDE DOES NOT BUY LAND
"OU" was input on the decision-maker purchasing a
parcel of land. The Outside cannot purchase land.
2. (department) CAN'T OWN LAND
CH, AS, or BUS was input as the decision-maker pur-
chasing a parcel of land. Those departments cannot own land,
t
3. DIFFERENT AREAS
Departments in different jurisdictions attempted to
transfer land.
4. ONLY DEBT'S SELL PART TO PVT
A private team attempted to purchase part of a parcel
from a private team by specifying a number other than "O" in
column "d"-
5. (location) COSTS $(amount) - (team) ONLY HAS $(amount)
The buyer does not have enough funds to make the land
purchase.
6. (team) OWNS (location)
The private owner of a parcel specified in column "c"
is not the parcel's actual private owner.
7. (location) IS IN (j ur isd ic t ion)
The parcel is not in the jurisdiction specified on
the input.
8. (team) CAN ONLY SELL (amount) ON (location)
A team has attempted to sell more land on a parcel
than it has undeveloped there.
156
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9- !l£???! l°J19iyiy_ BID ON J^SL^ion}^ (ACCEPTED or RE-
JF.C"lrED)""('prob_abil_i_ty_)_ / jrandom tvumbcr)'
If the probability is less than the random number,
the bid has been accepted. This is not an error message; it
reports the outcome of an unsolicited bid on Outside-owned
land.
157
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$RAIL
1. TEAM (team name) CANNOT ENTER RAIL INPUT
A team other than RAIL has used the $RAIL code.
2. LIST MUST BE OF PARCELS
The list of parcels over which the track being con-
structed is on the surface contains a location which is not a
parcel.
3. SAME INTERSECTION PAIR TO BUILD RR (location)
On a decision to build a track segment the same inter-
section was given for the beginning and end points. If a sta-
tion is to be constructed, only one intersection is specified.
If a track is to be constructed, two different intersections
are specified.
4. RAIL SEGMENT FROM (intersection location) TO (inter-
section location) NOT BUILT
There is already a track between the designated inter-
sections, so a new one was not put there by the program. There
can be only one track directly between two intersections.
5. *** NO RAILROAD LAND ON PARCEL (location)
The Rail Company does not own any land on a parcel
where it has specified that track will be on the surface.
6. *** PARCEL (location) WAS NOT SPECIFIED
A parcel on which a surface track segment must be lo-
cated in order to connect the designated intersections was not
specified on the input as being a parcel over which a surface
track would go. A track segment directly connecting two sta-
tions must be either entirely on the surface or entirely under-
ground .
7. NOT A VALID INTERSECTION OR INTERSECTIONS ARE EQUAL
(location) (location)
158
-------
At least one. of the locations is not an intersection
location or the intersections are identical.
8. RAIL ONLY HAS $ (capital balance) - NO STATION BUILT
AT (1 ocat. ion)
The Rail Company does not have sufficient funds to
construct the designated station.
9. STATION ALREADY EXISTS AT _Uocati<3Ji)_
There is already a rail station at. the location where
a station v;as to be constructed by the decision input.
159
-------
$REDIST
1. LOCATION ERROR
A road or intersection was specified in column "b"
where a list of parcels should appear.
2. NO PARCEL LIST INCLUDED FOR REDISTRICTING
Column "b" war, blank. A list of parcels to be added
to the district should appear there.
3. TEAM (name) CANNOT REDISTRICT
A team other than MS or SC tried to use the $REDIST
input code.
4. (location) HAS NO (MS or SC)
The location specified in column "a" does not have a
school or MS on it.
5. (location) IS IN JURISDICTION (number)
A school or MS location which is not in the jurisdic-
tion of the decision-maker has been specified in column "a".
6. PARCEL AT (location) IS NOT IN JURISDICTION OF TEAM
(name)
A parcel which is not in the jurisdiction of the
decision-maker has been specified in column "b".
After all decisions have been processed, the program checks that.
districts consist of contiguous parcels. One of two error
messages indicates that redistricting has failed:
1. PROPOSED REDISTRICTING RESULTS IN DISTRICT FOR (SC DI-
MS) AT (location) BEING DISCONTINUOUS
The district which was to have been served by the
160
-------
school, or MS does not consist of contiguous parcels.
2. THERE IS NO LONGER A _(_SC_or__MS)_ AT (location)
A redistrictlng decision would have added parcels to
a district in which the school or MS "ras demolished.
In'either case, the error message-; is followed by:
_(SC_or_MS) REDISTRICTING FOR JURISDICTION (number)
REJECTED"""
161
-------
$ROUT
1. *** BUS OR RAIL NOT SPECIFIED
A decision-maker other than BUS or RAIL used the $ROUT
input code.
2. *** ROUTE NOT FOUND
There was an attempt to eliminate a route by specify-
ing a new level of 0 in colxvniri "c", but there is no route with
the code number specified in column "a".
3. *** NO INTERSECTIONS SPECIFIED
A list of intersections where a route is to go (column
"d") included either one or no intersections.
4. *** BUS ROUTES MUST FOLLOW ROADS
Two successive intersections do not lie along the
same row or the same column, i.e., the pexrt of the bus route
specified attempts to cross parcels diagonally. 33us routes
must follow roads, i.e., the segments must be horizontal or
vertical.
5. NO ROAD (FAST, WEST, NORTH, or SOUTH) FROM (intersec
tion) ~
A bus route has been specified as travelling along a
roadbed. Bus routes must be along roads.
6. *** NO TRACK FROM (intersection) TO (in torsec t ion)
A rail route has been specified between two intersec-
tions which are not directly connected by a track segment.
7. *** NO STATION ON (intersection)
There is no station at a 3.oca tion which has been
designated as a rr
-------
$TAXES
1. (number^ EXCEEDS TAX MAXIMUM OF 99
The maximum tax rate of 9.91 has been exceecleo by the
decision. The maximum .limitation is v?oivcd if. there is .-> "1"
in column "c" .
2. ONLY CHI, CH2, or CH.3 CAN ENTER TAXES
A decision-maker other than a Chairman has used the
$TAXES code.
3. L, D, Rl, El, RA, EA, G, or S
A code other than one listed above v/as xised in column
II _. II
cl .
153
-------
$TIME
1. ONLY PVT ALLOCATES
Only a social decision-maker can input a time alloca-
tion decision.
2. ONLY LI, L2, L3, Ml, M2, M3, HI, H2, OR H3
These population unit codes by jurisdiction are the
only ones allowed (column "a").
3. HIGH CAN'T ALLOCATE FREE SCHOOL
Time for PH has been allocated to free education
(column "b").
4. TIME ADDS TO (total of units if over 100)
An allocation of more than' 100 time units was attempted,
5. LOCATION ERROR
If intersection or road segment is input as a location
for Pi's.
6. (team) DOES NOT CONTROL (H, M, or L) ON (location)
A team has attempted to make time allocation decisions
for a class on a parcel over which it does not have control.
7. THERE ARE NO (H, M, L)'S ON (location)
Time has been allocated for a class of Pi's on a par-
cel where no members of that class reside.
8. (location) IS IN (jurisdiction number)
If the specified location is not in the jurisdiction
indicated by the number after H, M, or L (column "a").
164
-------
9. LOW CAN'T ALLOCATE PAY SCKOOL
Time for PL has been allocated to pay education.
10. (team) DOES NOT CONTROL POPULATION
The social decision-maker input on the decision is
not a valid social decision-maker as specified when the origi-
nal data base was loaded.
165
-------
$VALUE
1. (team) DOES NOT SET TIME VALUE
A team other than a social decision-maker has attempt-
ed to use the $VALUE code.
2. L, M, or H
Column "a" contains a character other than L, M, or H.
166
-------
$WRBLD
1. tioniri}ivt) IS NOT LEGIT LOCATION
The location input in column "b" is not a parcel j.o-
cation on the board.
2' (code input) IS INVALID CODE
The program did not recognize the letter code input
in column "a" .
3- (location) IS INVALID DISTRICT PLANT LOCATION
The parcel specified as having a utility plant does
not in fact have a utiliby plant, on it.
4- oJ IS INVALID TREATMENT TYPK
The type of effluent treatment plant input is not CL,
PT, ST, or TT.
5- (code input) IS INVALID I-O CODE
The code input is not "IN" or "OUT".
6- (location) HAS NO TREATMENT PLANT
A Utility Department tried to build a treatment plant
in a district which already has a treatment plant of that type
(type being intake or outflow) . The other treatment plant
must be demolished before a plant at a different location in the
same utility department can be constructed.
7 . NOT ENOUGH LAND AT (location)
The Utility Department does not have enough land for
the desired treatment plant construction.
167
-------
b* (location) IS INVALID (A/ P, or M) SAMPLING STATION
LOCATION
The type of sampling station input cannot function at
the location input. For A, the location must have .surface
water; for P, the location must have an economic activity; for
M, the location must have a municipal outflow point.
9. (team) OWNS (location)
The economic decision-maker input as owning a parcel
does not actually own that parcel.
10. BT. TREATS OUTFLOW ONLY
There was a decision to build an intake treatment
plant at a business. A basic industry can build an outflow
plant only.
11 (land use) DOESN'T TREAT EFFLUENT
The economic activity on the parcel is not a basic
industry, so it cannot treat its effluent.
12. OLD LEVEL IS NOT (level input)
The old level of treatment plant specified on the
decision input does not match the plant's actual level.
13. COST TO (team) FOR WRBLD ON (location) IS $(amount),
HAS ONLY $(amount)
The team does not have enough money to perform the.
construction.
14. TEAM MUST BE UTILITY
A team other than the Utility Department input a de-
cision to locate an intake point, an outflow point, or a samp-
ling station.
168
-------
15. NO V7ATKR ON (locntior.)
There. was an attempt to locate an ir.-.take or outflow
point °n a parcel which is not a lake or does not contain sur-
face water.
169
-------
$WRPRC
1. TEAM MUST BE UTILITY
A team other than a Utility Department used the
$WRPRC code.
2- (land use) DOES NOT USE MUNICIPAL WATER
The land use for which the department attempted to
set a price is a surface water user, a government department,
or nothing. Prices can be set only for municipal water users
170
-------
TY MODEL: 3GO VERSION
1. MTGRAT - main migration driver.
/A5.X ~ calculate and stores dissatisf action indices for all-
Pi's on board. .
GETCUT - determines what personal dissatisfaction constitutes
a 20% cutoff point for each class.
MOOUT - determines how many Pi's of; each class on each resi-
dence working at each employment location will move
out for reasons of 1) unemployment, 2) underemploy-
ment, 3) mobility, or 4) dissatisfaction.
UNCRWD calculates percent occupancy of each residence and
determines how many Pi's of: each class on each resi-
dence must move out as a result of overcrowding.
DISPLC - determines how 3nany Pi's of each class on each resi-
dence working at each employment location will move
out .in order to move out enough to satisfy UNCRWD's
requi rements.
INMIG - determines how many immigrants will move in and how
much population growth there will be.
SETUP - determines where Pi's will move into, using
PICKRS - finds best available acceptable housing.
MOIN - does actual moving in of Pi's as determined by SETUP,
JANQUT - prints migration detail.
MI.GSUM - prints migration summary.
171
-------
KLEAR - ticlies up after demolitions.
2. GAILMN - calculates water usage, pollution, water quality.
3* EDQRD ~ orders Pi's of each class according to education level.
4- DEPREC - depreciates private developments, retaining what VR
was after de.precieition, then set VR to maintenance
level if higher than VR.
5- ASVSET - determines assessed values of private properties
depending on assessment input and land and building
market value.
6. EMP - employment optimizer - determines full time employment
locations for all Pi's - uses transportation.
7. TRTRC - full time employment transportation route trace - uses
transportation to determine and print out employment
transportation routes and costs.
TRTRC reiterates using
CONGES - determines road and rapid transit congestion
after each iteration of TRTRC
8. EMPRT - part-time employment opt.imizer - uses transportation -
prints part-time work allocation.
9. SETCAP - determines capacity of businesses based on employment
and value ratio.
10. BMPSUM - prints out employment summary.
11. LOADMS - determines load on MS's - depreciates and renovates
MS' s.
172
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12 MSQUAL ~ stores vise index of MS serving each residence and
business.
13. LOADSC - determines which Pi's will go to school outside sys-
tem - determines load on schools - depreciates and
renovates schools.
14" NSPACK - determines available and requested adult education -
allocates time for adult education.
15. TMMiC - determines allocation of time ~ how much time goes in-
to involuntary - modifies voter registration in accor-
dance with, politics time and education level in accor-
dance with adult education time - allocates Pi's to
parks and determines park vise indices.
16. ONAC - does construction contracts accounting - alters status
of contracts based on Cl capacities and transfers funds
for contracts.
17. PRCSET - determines prices industries will get. for output -
determines maintenance costs for BG and BS - deter-
mines property taxes for businesses arid residences.
18.. SETCOM - determines commercial requirements for Pi's, busi-
nesses, and residences.
19. OPCM - commercial optimizer - uses transportation.
20. COMDIG - prints commercial diagnostics.
21. TERMS - terminal optimizer.
173
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OUTPUT SECTIONS
22. FRYMAN - private output driver.
23. WRYOU - social output.
2;4. WRRES - residential.
25. WBUSS - business.
/
26. ECBOY - economic boycott.
27. LANDO - land summary.
23. CONIN - CI contracts.
29. FLSTA - financial statement.
30. LOSTA - loan statement.
31. UTS - utility.
32. PWS - municipal services.
33. PZ - planning and zoning.
34. SCHOUT - school.
35. HYWAY - highway
36. BSRROT - bus and rail.
37. CH..IO - chairman.
174
-------
38. GOVMNT - government summary-,
39. IDEMEC ~ summary statistics
175
-------
IX. FORMATS FOR LOADING A DATA BASE
The load program sets up the initial data base for the model's
data files. Various city configurations can be created with the initial
data set-up. Specifying all the information required for a city descrip-
tion can be lengthy and involved. Particular attention should be paid to
the order of the cards and the card field descriptions. The following
points should, be noted:
1. All data is right justified within a field. Data fills the ex-
treme right hand column of a field and all necessary columns to the
left. /Any blank columns in a field will be to the left of the data.
Example:
Cols Description
1-5 'I1 if outflow point
Card ___
, _
1234567
2. Card groups are numbered in the order they loaded. That
order is the same as the order in which they are processed.
3. Where a card group is of variable length, a blank card ends
the group.
4. When there is no information to enter for a card category,
insert a blank card.
5. If no number or character is punched, the program will
read that column as 10' (zero).
6. If there are no instructions for a column or columns, leave
them blank.
7. When information in the load format description appears
between apostrophes in a description, punch that specific information
on the card.
Example:
Cols Description
1-2 'UT1
Card -'Q ' "T
1 23
176
-------
8. If a column number is followed by an asterisk {--:) in the following
format description, then the information, in those columns for that. Card
Group cannot be changed after a data base has been loaded.
Card__Grou_p_
1 District Cards
9-10
11-18
Descrintionj3_
Code for function being districted
1 -jurisdiction* 4 -utility
Z- school 5 -ward*
3 -municipal service 6-river basin*
7 -flood susceptibility
District number for associated parcels
Up to 7 pair?.; of diagonally opposite
parcel locations which define a rectangle
to be assigned that district number.
Either pair of corners in any order may
be given. If only one location is given,
that parcel is assigned the district number.
2 Number of Social
Dec is ion - Maker s
1- 2* Number of social decision-maker teams
3a Option Cards
(See "notes on the Load Program.)
3b Round Number
Headings
1- 5* Round number (should start at 0)
6-77 Game heading for print-out (any alpha-
numeric characters)
4 Active. Jurisdictions
1* Put a 1 if jurisdiction 1 is in existence
2* Put a 1 if jurisdiction 2 is in existence
3* Put. a 1 if jurisdiction 3 is in existence
5 Social Decision -
Makers
1- 5"; Pair of diagonally opposite parcel, locations
6-1 0 defining a rectangular area of control;
Cole. 1-5 contain the upper left hand corner
Coin. (V K5 co
177
-------
Card Group Cols Descriptions
5 Social Decision- 11-12 Team letter of social team controlling
Makers high income,residents on the parcels
13-14 Team letter of controlling team for
middle income
15,-16 Team letter of controlling team for low
income
**********Blank Card**********
6 Land Parcel Cards 1-5 Parcel coordinate location
7- 8 Team letter of owner
10-11 Two-letter economic activity code
(0=undeveloped)
12-14 Constructed level of economic activity
15-17 Zoning
18-21 Value ratio or quality index
22-25 Maintenance level
30-33 Number of PH's residing on parcel
34-36 Number of PM's residing on parcel
37-39 Number of PL's residing on parcel
There can be at most two income classes
on a parcel. PH's and PL's may not be
on the same parcel.
40-43 Salary offered PH's/SlOO if non-residential
or rent per space unit if residential
44-46 Salary offered PM's/$100 if non-residential
or rent per space unit if residential
47-49 Salary offered PL's/$100 if non-residential
54-56 Level of utilities installed
60-67 Price/CU in $100 if commercial establishment
68-75 Assessed Value of land/$100, 000 for 100
percent of parcel
178
-------
Card CVrgujj
6 Land Parcel. Cards 77-78
80
Descriptions^
If basic industry on parcel, two-letter
code for effluent treatment type
Treatment plant level
7 Time Allocations
1- 2
4
6
9-U
12-14
15-17
18-20
Team letter of social decision-maker
Social clasp (l-lo\v; 2-middl.e; 3 -high)
Time allocation per cents for:
Part-time work
Public education
Politics
Recreation
Pa y E d u c M 1. i. on
******** #*Blank Card**********
8 Utility Cards
1- 2
3
11-15
16-17
18-20
'U'f '
Jurisdiction number
Parcel location of plant (0 if no plant,
only undeveloped land)
Level of plant (0 if no plant, only
dcvelopen laud)
Percent of parcel (developed plus
undeveloped) owned by the Utility
Department
un-
Repeat format as in (11-20) for up to 6 more plants in cols. (21-30),
(31-10), (41-50), (51-60), (61-70), (71-80). Use aa many cards as
required to designate all plants in all jurisdictions. NOTE: Utility
land for only one jurisdiction can appear on a single card.
179
-------
Card Group Cols. Description
9 School Cards 1-2 'SC1
3 Jurisdiction number
11-15 Parcel location of Scriiool
16-17 Level of school (0 if no school, only
undeveloped land)
18-20 Percent owned by department (developed
plus undeveloped)
21-23 Value ratio
24-26 Maintenance level
27-29 Number of PM teachers requested (in Pi's)
30-32 Number of PH teachers requested (in Pi's)
Repeat format as in (11-32) for up to 2 more schools in Cols. (33-54)
and (55-76). NOTE: School land for only one jurisdiction can appear
on a single card.
*******#»#Blank Card**********
10 Terminal Cards 1- 2 'TM'
3 jurisdiction
11-15 intersection coordinate
16-17 level of terminal
18-20 Percent of land used by terminal on
each of the four parcels surrounding
the intersection
Repeat format as in (11-20) for up to 6 more terminals in Cols. (21-30),
(31-40) (71-80).
#*********Blank Card**********
11 Park and Public 1- 2 'PZ' or -'PI'
Institutional Land 3 jurisdiction
11-15 parcel containing parkland
16-20 Percent of land in park or public
institutional use.
Repeal format as in (11-20) for up to 6 more pai-cels in Cols. (21-30). ,
(71-80). Land for park use and land lor public'institutional use cannot
be included on the same card. Park or PI land for only one jurisdiction
can appear on a single card.
180
-------
Card Group Cols. Descriptions
12 Municipal Services 1-2 'MS'
3 jurisdiction
11-15 parcel location of plgnt
16-17 level of plant (0 if no MS, only undeveloped
land)
18-20 Percent of land owned by department
(developed plus undeveloped)
21-23 value ratio
24-26 maintenance level .
27-29 number of PL, workers requested (in Pi's)
30-32 number of PM workers requested (in Pi's)
Repeat format as in (11-32) for up to 2 more plants in cols. (33-54) and
(55-76). NOTE: MS land for only one jurisdiction can appear on a
single card.
Only one of the two following road card formats may be used in a
single load deck. Which of the two is to be used is determined by
the Option Card (Card Group 3a) for road formats. The first format
allows road value ratios to be different for individual road segments.
The second does not have this provision for differentiation but simplifies
the coding and punching required for loading roads.
13a Road Cards 1- 2 'RD1
3 jurisdiction
11-15 intersection where road segment begins
16 direction of road segment (E for east or
S for south)
19 road type
23-25 value ratio of road segment
Repeat format as in (11-25) for up to 3 more road segments in cols.
(26-40), (41-55), and (56-70). NOTE: Roads in only one jurisdiction
can appear on a single card.
13b Road Cards 1-2 two-digit row number of intersection
3 blank
4 for intersection of column 69 with row,
road type going south
181
-------
Card Group Cols. Description
13b Road Cards 5 For same intersection, road type going
east
Repeat as in cols. (3-5) for each intersection in the row in order of left
to right across the board.
For each intersection in row, whether or .not roads emanate from the
intersection, use three digits; first digit blank, second with road type
going south, third with road type going east. For example, intersection
of column 71 with a row has column 6 blank and road types in 7 and 8.
Intersection with 73 uses colu)rms 9~H. Inter section with 75 uses columns
12-14. There are 25 columns of intersections, or 75 card columns re-
quired (col. 3 to col. 77).
A road on a jurisdiction boundary is assigned to the lower-number
jurisdiction. The road value ratios are set to the maintenance levels
specified in Card Group 32.
##3 lank
14 Undeveloped Highway 1-2 «HYl
Land 3 jurisdiction
11-15 parcel location
16-20 Percent of land owned tut undeveloped
Repeat format as in (11-20) for up to 6 more parcels in cols. (21-30),
(31-40) ---- (71-80). NOTE: Undeveloped Highway land for only one
jurisdiction can appear on a single card.
Car d**'5*c^s*ir*^''*
15 Team Cash (one 1-2* team letter
U-20 previous cash balance/$1000
21-30 number of loans for which this team
is the borrower
31-40 dollar value of time for PH
41-50 dollar value of time for PM
51-60 dollar value of time for PL, (,~.
61-70 cash balance
(A team's loan cards foilov/ each team cash card if there are any loans
outstanding. One loan per card. )
182
-------
Card Group Cols. Description
Loans 1-3* team letter of team lending (OU for outside)
4-6* remaining term
7-9* interest rate in mils (. 1 percent)
10* '0' if loan was originally short term
(2 rounds) or '!' if the loan was originally
long term (25 rounds)
11-20* amount of loan/$10, 000
* ** ** ***** Blank Card* ** *** ** **
16 Municipal 1-5 salary offered a low-income worker
Services (in $100's) in jurisdiction 1
6-10 salary offered a middle-income worker
(in $100's) in jurisdiction 1
Repeat as in (1-10) for jurisdictions 2 and 3 in cols. (11-20) and (21-30)
respectively.
17 School 1-5 salary offered a middle-income worker
Salaries (in $100*s) in jurisdiction 1
6-10 salary offered a high-income worker
(in $100's) in jurisdiction 1
11-15 middle-class part-time units requested
in jurisdiction 1 for adult education
employment
16-20 high-class part-time units requested in ,
jurisdiction 1 for adult education
employment
Repeat as in (1-20) for jurisdiction 2 and 3 in cols. (21-40) and (41-60)
respectively.
18 Bus Salaries 1-5 salary offered by bus company/$100
6-1 salary offered by rail company/$ 100
19 Bonds 1-2* department name (HY, UT, MS, SC,
PZ, BU, RR)
3* jurisdiction (1, 2 or 3) - blank if BU or RR
4-5 * interest rate in 1/10 percent
6-7* iv:rm:iniiu-' term
8* "0" if current bond (originally 2 year term)
"1" if capital bond (originally 25 year term)
9-14* amount of bond/$10, 600
183
-------
Card Qruup Cols. Description
Repeat as in cols. (1-15) for up to 5 bonds in cols. (16-30), (31-45),
(45-60), (61-75). Use as many cards as necessary.
Blank Card **********
20 Taxes, Land 1 jurisdiction
Bid and Out- ., / , , .
., -, 2-6 land tax rate
side Con-
struction 7-11 building tax rate
Charges 12-16 resident income tax
17-21 employee income tax
22-26 resident auto tax
27-31 employee auto tax
32-36 personal goods tax
37-41 personal services tax
42-46* percent of bid price charged for land bid
47-51* percent above value for outside construc-
tion if local CI is being used (See Option
Cards, Card Group 3a)
Note: All rates are in .1 percent's
Note: The last two items on this card should appear on one card only,
since those parameters do not vary by jurisdiction.
********** Blank Card **********
1 Assessment blank
Ratio
2 Appropriations
Must be in the order of HY, UT, MS, SC, and PZ, BU, and RR. 1 card
per department type. Although UT, BU, and RR cannot receive appro-
priations, their cards must be included, e.g., UT followed by 78 blanks
1-2 department (HY, UT, MS, SC, PZ,
BU, RR)
3-12 current appropriation-Jurisdiction 1
13-22 capital appropriation-Jurisdiction 1
Reneat in {23-42}, (-43-62:) as in (3-?.2) for Jurisdictions ?- ?-"'l 3.
184
-------
Card Group Cols. Description
23 Rents (8 1-5 location
residences ., . _.
per card) 6"10 rent per space unit
Repeat in (11-20), (21-30), (31-40), (4J-50), (51-60),. (61-70), (71-80),
as in (1-10) for up to 7 more parcels per card.
24 Bus Routes (one card for each route's general information and after it,
one or more cards for detailed stop and turn information for that route)
1-3 level of service
5 "1" for Bus
6-10 r cute nu.nb e r
11-15 number of turns (exclusive of start and
end points of route)
(detailed route information)
1-5 starting point of route
6-10 location of turn or end point
Repeat in (11-15), (36-20), (21-25) .... (76-80) as in (6-10) until
end of route.
*******-.-.<* Blank Card **********
25 Rail. Stations 1-5 'RLSTA1
6-10 number of stations on the board
11-15* intersection where rail station is located
Repeat in cols. (16-20), (21-25) . . . (76-80) arid also on additional-
cards from (11-15) if needed for all the stations.
********** Blank Card **********
26 Unused Rail Land 1-5 'RLLND1
6-10 twice the number of parcels on this card
11-15 parcel location
16-20 percent of land owned by RR department
but unused
Repeat in. (21-30), (31-40) . . . (71-80) and on additional cards from
(11-20) for rx:;. n;r>ny p river If .Tis nor f? :v.s.
********** .Blank Card **********
185
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Card Groups Cols. Descriptions
27 Track Segments 1-5 'RLTRK'
6-10* intersection pair which defines track
11-15* segment
16-20 location of parcel over which any part of
track segment is above ground
Repeat as in (16-20) in (21-25) up to (71-75) for up to 11 more parcels.
Use as many cards as is necessary to indicate all track segments. Use
one card per track segment.
*****![;**** Blank Card **********
28 Rail Routes (one card for each route's general information plus one or
more cards for detailed stop and turn information for that
route)
1-3 level of service
5 '0' for rail
6-10 route number
11-15 number of turns and/or stops including
start and end points
(additional cards for each route)
1-5 intersection of stop and/or turn
10 0 - if stop or stop and turn
1 - if turn only
Repeat in (11-20), (21-30) . . . (71-80) until last stop.
********** Blank Card **********
29 BG/BS Contracts -- (2-7 cards per department)
Card 1 1-2 department ('MS1 or «SC')
3 jurisdiction of department
4-8 number of contracts (up to 6)
Card 2-7 (up to 6 contracts, a maximum of 3 for BG and 3 for BS per
department)
1-2 "BG" for BG contracts
6-7 "BS" for BS contracts
12 team owning BG or BS
13-17 . location of BG or BS facility
18-20 percent-of total business to be given to
this establishment
Blank Card **********
186
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Card Group
c*
30 Boycotts (economic or social)
1-2 team'boycotting
3
4
5
6-10 location boycotted
Either class or land use should be given; not both.
land use; boycotting
class boycotting (l-lo\v, 2-rniddle, 3-high)
function boycotted (0- shopping, 1 -employment)
# £#*?:::;: ##:;:# Blank Card #
31 Bus /Kail Fares
5 1 -for rail; 2 -for bus base fare
6-10 base fare in cents
16-20 fare increment per mile
21 -25 value ratio of equipment
26-30 maintenance level of equipment
:;::;:;;:#:;; Blank Card' *###*#*#*#
32 Highway
Maintenance
1-5 maintenance level road type 1 Juris
diction 1
6-10 maintenance level road type 2 Jurisdiction 1
11-15 T naintenance level road type 3 Jurisdiction 1
Repeat in cols. (16-30) and (31-45) for jurisdictions 2 and 3 respectively.
33 Education Level (1 card per residence)
1-5 parcel location
6-8 education level - high class on parcel
9~11 education level - middle class on. parcel
12-14 education level - low clans on parcel
Blank Card
187
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Card Groups
34 Welfare Payment
Cols. Descriptions
1 jurisdiction (1, 2, or 3) ,
2-6 welfare payment per unemployed worker
(in $100's)
********** Blank Card ********** .
35 Prices for
Outside
Purchases
1-10* price per CU for Outside PG or PS
(inlOO's)
11-20-:= price per CU for Outside BG or BS
(in lOO'a)
21-30 * price per MG for Outside water (in. 100's)
31-40* price per MG. for Outside water for
residences with private utilities
36 Topographical
Res trie lion-; and
Preempt Land
(input by rows)
1 -2 row number (12-60}
(6-8) 3 columns per board square for given row
up to (coordinate numbers: 70-118) containing
(78-00) percent of square which is undevelopable.
********** Blank Card
37 Government
E mp 1 oy m e n t
Locations
1-10
Rail employment location
Repeat format a-3 in (1-10) in cols. (11-80) in order of BUS, MSI, SCI,
MS2, SC2, MS3, SC3.
38 Federal-State
Employers
1 care! pen- locf.it.iort
1-5 location
6-10 number of low-income PI job openings
11-15 number of middle-income PI job openings
16-20 number of high-income PI job openings
21-25 salary offered low-income worker /100
26-30 salary offered middle-income worker/100
31-35 salary offered high-income worker/100
********** Blank Card **********
188
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C ?l2Ld_Gr_°uj5 C3ol.H. D c s c_ri gU
39 Surface Water 1-5* location
Parcel Cards , , n-., , . n,.-
6-10v volume in MGD
11-13* pci-cent of land area consumed.
14-15* rate, of flow in parcels per day
16-20* location that water flows into (next parcel)
Repeat format as in columns 1-20 for up to three more parcels.
*#*>;;**#*#* Blank Card *#*#*#*##*
40 Lake Parcels 1-5* location
6-10 water quality rating
Repeat format as in cols. 1-10 for up to 7 more parcels.
*!jss!c****s!t«s^ Blank Card ***#**#;;-**
41 Individual 1--2* code number of farm
Farms .,, , , t . . , ,
4* owner (alphabetir. code)
5-6* farm type (1-11)
8 fertilizer factor (0-3)
10-14* normal (when fertilizer factor is 0) net
income before taxes per 1 percent in
farm (in $100's)
Repeat as in columns 1-15 for up to 4.more farms.
»', **,J. .*. O..J. ^'.. .' *t.-..'- Tjlrt*-*!.-
'i-'^-i*'ffi-"*-v"i*^i- jjj.anic
42 Individual Farm 1-2* code number of farm
Parcels 4_g.. parcel location
13-18 assessed value of farmland on parcel
(in $lOO,000'c)
20-24* parcel on which farm parcel dumps
26-29* volume of water (in MGD) dumped by farm-
land 011 parcel
Repeat as in columns 1-40 for one more farm parcel in columns 41-80.
189
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Card Group
43 Farm Types --
Normal Income
Cols. Description
1-2* code number of farm type (1-11)
3-5* multiplier on normal income per percent
in farm for fertilizer factor 1 (in percents)
6-10* same for fertiliser factor 2
11-15* same for fertilizer factor 3
16-20* parts per million nutrients dumped at
fertilizer factor 0
21-25* same for fertilizer factor 1
26-30* same for fertilizer factor 2
30-35* same for fertilizer factor 3
1 card per farm type
.'- «.'.- *JL> *.'- »'
44 Municipal Treat- 1-5 location
ment Plants 0 '4. i *. 1 f t , 4 j //
7-8 two-letter code for treatment code (for
outflow only)
9 level of treatment plant
10 0 if intake treatment, 1 if outflow treatment
Repeat format as in cols., 1-10 for up to 7 more treatment plants.
^ Oard
45 Intake and 1-5 point location
Outflow Points , . .
6-10 ,; location of Ul plant serving district
15 0 if intake, 1 if outflow
Repeat format as in columns 1-20 for up to 3 more points
*##**##### Blank Card **********
46 Sampling Stations
1--5 location (if M, location of UT district
which uses dumping point
190
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Card Group Cols. Description
P = business point source
A = ambient
M ~ municipal point source
E = all three kinds everywhere on the
board (no location is given in cols. 1-5
in this case)
Repeat format as in columns 1-6 for up to 12 more stations
Note: For a municipal point source sampling station the location given
. .should be that of the parcel on which its outflow point is located.
********** Blank Card **********
47 Water Prices 1-2 jurisdiction
4-5 two-letter code for activity type (AL
for all and it supercedes any prices
in the jurisdiction input before it but
does not apply to any following). Prices
can vary by class by residence type.
The first letter is the class (H, M, or
L) and the second letter is the residence
type (A, B, or C).
6 blank
7-10 price per MG
Repeat format as in cols. 4-10 for up to 10 more activities in the
jurisdiction
********** Blank Card **********
48 Typical Rents 1-5* typical rent per space unit for low-
and Salaries income PI (in $],000's)
6-10* same fo'r middle-income PI
11-15* same for high-income PI
16-20* typical salary per low-income worker
(in 100's)
21-25* same for middle-income worker
26-30* same for high-income worker
49 Dam Priority 1-2* code number of river basin
Effects , - . ,» ^,
3 priority (A, B, or C)
4-5* Major Recreation multiplier on con-
sumption for dam Priority A (in tenths)
7-8* same for dam priority B
10-li:>" same for dam priority C
13-14* flood severity multiplier for dam
priority A (in tenths)
16-17* same for dam priority B
191
-------
Card Group _£?j2i£.e
19-20* same for dam priority C
22* number of water quality levels to be
subtracted, from surface water quality
rating for dam priority A
24* same for dam priority B
26* same for dam priority C
31-35* location of dam in river basin
Repeat as in columns 31-35 in cols. 36-40, 41-45, etc., for location of
each dam in river basin
1 card per river basin
###******* Blank Card **********
50 Major Recreation 1-5* parcel location
Areas _* , .- ,,
7*1" 1, if the major recreation area JS
affected by clam priorities in its; river
basin
6-10* percent of parcel in major recreation
11-J5* PG units consumed at water quality 1-3
16-20* PS units consumed at water quality 1-3
21-25* PG units consumed at water quality 4
26-30* PS units consumed at water quality 4
31-35* PG units consumed at water quality 5
36-40* PS units consumed at water quality 5
41-45* PG units consumed at water quality 6-9
46-50* PS units consumed at water quality 6-9
1 card per major recreation area
********** Blank Card **********
51 Economic and
Social Histories
This Card Group consists of two sections, each of which has a single
card identifying the section, followed by cards containing information
regarding previous years.
192
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Card Group Cols. ^'rlT'lH^llSl1
Card one: 1~4 'HIST'
5-80 blank
Followed by:
1 card per economic team, in alphabetical order by team.
1-4 average rate of return on developments
for year t-4 (in tenths of pel-cents)
5-8 same for t-3
9-12 same for t-2
13-16 s ame for t- 1
20-23 net worth (in millions of dollars) in
year 1-4
24-27 same for t-3
28-31 same for t.~2
32-35 same,, for t-1
Card one:
1-6 'SOCiAJ.,'
Followed by:
One pair of cards per social team, in Alphabetical order by team.
first card in pair:
1-3 average quality of life index for low-
income class in year t-4
4-6 same for t-3
7*9 same for t-2
1.0-12 same for t-1
13-15 average quality of life index for
middle-income class in year t-4
16-18 same for t-3
19~21 same for t-2
22-24 same for t-1
25-27 average quality of life index for high-
income class in year t-4
28-30 same for year t-3
31-33 same for year t-2
34-36 same for year t-1
193
-------
Card Group Cols.
second card in pair:
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
51-55
56-60
Description.
average salary earned by low-income
workers in year t-4
same for 1-3
same for t-2
same for t- 1
average salary earned by middle-
income workers in. year t-4
same for t-3
same for 1-2
same for t- 1
average salary earned by high-income
workers in year t-4
same for t-3
same for t-2
same for t-1
194
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X. Notes on the Load Program
The City IV load program will load data bases configured for the
following models:
City II (1108 Version)
City III (1108 Version)
City III (360 Version)
City IV (360 version without water system)
City IV (360 version with water system)
The flexibility of the load program allows the user to load previously
developed data bases into the same operating model for which new data
bases may be configured.
The model user should be extremely careful when loading a new data base
into the model. Whereas the edit program which handles player inputs
has many checks against errors, both coding and substantive/ the load
program makes very few checks on the data submitted to it; it merely
allocates the data to the appropriate files for storage according to
the card columns and groups in which the data appear. The coding, card
punching, design processes and design intentions should be rechecked
several times before a data base is loaded. Failure to do so almost
always results in many wasted man-hours and much wasted expensive com-
puter time. Even when a data base is completely accepted by the LOAD
program, many errors may appear in the first round of output as a result
of loaded data errors.
If the load program blows off the system, there is an error in
the data cards. All cards should be rechecked. .
Whenever the load pr^gr^am indicates a data error (which it is
programmed to detect for very few data items), the data card
should be fixed before the load program is executed again.
If an error appears in Round 1 output, the loaded data should
be checked for errors and omissions.
There are only two types of data errors which do not have significant
effects on the rest of the model, and the load program does note when
these occur. The first occurs when an economic activity is loaded on
a parcel which has less utility service installed than the activity
requires in order to operate. If the error is not corrected, the
activity will still pay for the full amount of utility service which
it requires, and the Utility Department will receive the full revenue.
However, the level of utility service on the parcel remains at its
loaded value until changed by a Utility Department input.
The second type of data error occurs when the various land uses on a
parcel consume more than 100% of the land on the parcel. Before any
land uses are processed by the load program (i.e., before Card Group
6 is processed), the amount of land on each parcel is set to 100%.
As each type of land consurier is processed, the appropriate amount-.
195
-------
of land is subtracted from the running total of the parcel's remaining
land. If, when the program attempts to decrement that running total,
a parcel would have less than zero remaining land, the program prints
a message to that effect^ and does not decrement the running total,
but does register the land use as existing on the parcel. The land
use is handled as usual, except that it does not decrease the remain-
ing land on the parcel. In effect, a parcel can be more than 100%
used. If a card from card groups 8, 9, or 12, indicates a land
requirement greater than the reuutining land.on a parcel, any undeveloped
land appearing on the card is not registered. On.ly actual land uses
can cause a parcel to be more than 100% used. When the program encounters
a land errpr, it prints:
NEGATIVE LAND ATTEMPT AT LOCATION - AMpUNT_Jfl3EDED - AMOUNT AVAILABLE
As data is'fed to the load program and processed, the program prints
output indicating 'what errors it does detect and/ in mosb cases, prints
the information which was on the data card. In" the following notes
concerning the load program, the program checks on the data are noted
as well as the form of the printed output which the program produces
for each Card Group. Ramifications of some data errors are traced.
The listing', which follows these notes are the data loaded for RAYWID,
a large three-jurisdiction data base of 2,500,000 population, and
TWOCITY, a two-jurisdiction data base of 300/000 population. RAYWID
was developed new for the water model; TWOCITY is a modification of a
data base originally developed for the 1108 version. ;
In order for the listing to fit on standard-size paper, card columns
73-76 have been deleted, leaving columns 1-72 and 77-80. The listing
is intended to be used as an 'example of a complete load deck, and the
missing coluians are not essential to the example.
Superimposed on the listing is notation which groups cards belonging
to the same Card Group. The Card Group number is also noted.
196
-------
Card Group Notes
1 JLI a number greater than 7 appears in column 1, the program
prints: INVALID DISTRICT TYPE NUMBER. The RAYWID-example
contains considerably more pairs of coordinates than are
actually required for the definition of the various districts.
Note that when one card does not have enough room for complete
specification of a district, more cards may be used.
3a This section of the load deck allows the director to specify
how data is being loaded and to determine what model will be
run on the data base. These are the Option Cards. It is
not a required Card Group, so no blank card is necessary if
no director option cards are loaded.
Use one card per option. They may be loaded in any order.
The option code words should begin in column 6, and the remaincle:
of the card to the right of the option code word should be blanh
Some option cards contain information to the left of column 6.
1. WATER
This code indicates that the water-related data, card
groups 39-50 are being loaded. If this card is not used, the
load program assumes that water is not being included in the
model, and the water phase of the model does not run. The water-
related maps do not print and Migration, has a different output
format from the example shown in: the Player's Manual.
2. NOCI :;.-', ; - -
This specifies rthat the NOCI option is in effect.
There must be no CI' s loaded. All-construction is done by the
Outside with no round lag. If this card is not used, con- -
struction has a 1-year lag and CI's may be built or loaded.
3. RDLENG
Columns 1-5 should contain, right justified, the length
of the side of a parcel in lOOths of a mile. If the number
there is greater than 200, the rest of the progrcims use the
water model land requirements. If the length is less than 200,
the industries use the HI and LI land requirements and all
. land uses have City 3 land requirements.
4. NEWFMT
This indicates that land is specified in 1% units.
If NEWFMT is not given, land is assumed to be- in 4% units.
This is significant for Card Groups 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14
197
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Card Group Notes
and 26, where land amounts are coded in 25ths of parcels
in the 1108 version. NEWFMT also indicates that Card
Group 35, Outside Prices, has the format shown for it in
"Formats for Loading a Data Base". If NEWFMT is not given,
the .format shown in the "Notes On the Load Program" for Card
Group 35 must be used.
5. NEWROAD
This indicates that the road format in Card Group
13b.is being'Used to load roads. If NEWROAD is not used,
13a is assumed to be the road format.
6. LOTRV
Columns-1-5,should contain, right justified, the
maximum percent of ^the salary offered at a job location
which a low-income worker will pay in order to get to the
job. This percentage is used when a list of potential
employment locations is created for a worker. If LOTRV is
not vised, the percentage is assumed to be 25.
7; MIDDTRV
This is the same as LOTRV except that it applies
to middle-income workers. If MIDDTRV is not used, the
percentage is assumed to, be; 20,.
8. HIGHTRV
This is the same as LOTRV except that it applies
to high-income.,workers. If HIGHTRV is not used, the per-
centage is assumed to be 15.
The standard option cards used in City IV with water are:
bbbbbWATER
bbbbbNOCI
bb250RDLENG
bbbbbNEWFMT
bbbbbNEWROAD
In the RAYWID example, NOCI does not appear as a loaded
option card. .It must be input- to the Round 0 or Round 1
data base. In TWOCITY, the land is input in 4% units,
since TWOCITY was originally developed for the 1108 version.
Roads are in card group 13a format.
3b There are two reasons that the round number should start
at zero. The round number is updated in CITY4. Before
that point, two programs check the rcxind numbc-r ar; a baB:-..i5
198
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Card Group Notes
for deciding whether to execute. One, migration, does not
run if the round number is zero. Round 1 output thus has
the same population as is loaded into the data base.
The other program runs only if the round number is zero.
It sets the utility price per unit to $10,000 in each
jurisdiction. Note that utility prices are not loaded.
Neither can they be input to the Round 0 data base, since
when CITV4 is executed to produce Round 1 output, all
utility prices are set to $10,000.
A new jurisdiction cannot be created after the load program
has been executed. This card group indicates to the print
programs how many iurisdictions to print output for.
Team number (1=A, 2=B, etc.) is used instead of team letter in
data bases originally developed far use in the City II and City
III 1108 versions. Either team letter or team number may be use
here.
Note that in TWOCITY, the last three cards in this Card
Group repeat parcel locations for which social control
has already been allocated on previous cards. Control was
reallocated after the data base was first loaded, and rather
than change several cards, the new data was loaded over the
old. The last card entered for a parcel is the one that
counts.
Data bases developed for the 1108 version: team number is
in columns 7-8; column 10 is a one-digit land-use code (0=
undeveloped, ."[^residence, 2=LI, 3=HI, 4=NS, 5=CI, 6=BG, 7=
BS, 8=PG, 9=PS); column 11 is residence type (A, B or C).
Team number is used for all team designations in the data
bases originally developed for the 1108 version. The
TWOCITY example contains both 1108 and 360 formats for this
Card Group.
Land parcel cards need be loaded only for parcels which
have local system economic owners. Parcels which do not
have local owners are automatically assigned to the Outside
as owner.
The only check on this card group is for valid parcel
coordinates. A card having invalid coordinates is entirely
rejected.
The level of economic activity given in columns 12-14
assumed to be its constructed level. If the director
wishes to start an activity with a lower operating level,
he should make that input to the Round 0 data base created
after the load program is executed.
199
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Card Group
Notes
8, 9, 10,11
12, 13a,
14
8, 9, 10,
12, 13
Columns 40-43 (rent per space, unit if non-residential) do not
require rents. Rents can be loaded in Card Group 23. Any
rents appearing in that card group override rents appearing
in Card Group 6. If all rents are in Card Group 6, Card Group
23 should contain only a blank card.
The data bases originally developed for 1108 versions of the
model have all rents in Card Group 23.
For any parcel which is loaded as having no economic team
owning it (including OU as an economic team) i.e., all land
is either undevelopable or owned by the government, an assessed
value should be given to it in the card group, even though the
parcel card will show no economic owner.
If columns 9-11 are non-zero for PH, the program sets them to
zero but does not print a message to that effect. High-income
cannot allocate time to free education. There is no check
that low-income does not allocate time to pay education.
There is no way to separate the time allocations of people
controlled by the same team and of the same class but living
in different jurisdictions. To make such a distinction before
the beginning of a game, the director should input new time
allocations to the Round 0 data base.
If time allocations are not loaded for a class on a parcel,
those PL's take the time allocations of inmigrants of their
class. The time allocations of inmigrants are:
Extra Job
Free education
Pay education
Politics
Recreation
PL.
40
20
0
10
20
PM
30
30
5
20
10
PH
20
0
20
40
10
Special care should be taken to make sure that the parcels
designated as being owned by these departments are in fact
located within the jurisdictions to which they are assigned
by these cards. An error here can lead to many other types
of problems and contradictions when the model is run.
After the utility cards (Card Group 8) have been processed,
the program prints a table showing some information about
what was on the cards. The table has the following
headings: LOG (location of parcel), LVL (level of develop-
ment of the utility, plant there), LND (total amount of land
owned by the Utility Department there in 1% units), SQ (the
interncil pi'ograr,: coordxvial.es; of the parcel) , LDN/UT (am.ount
:of land on the parcel which is developed in utility plants)
200
-------
Card Group Notes
TTL CTV (a column which is always blank). The same format
is used for Card Groups 9 and 12. For Card Group 10
(terminals), there is one row for each parcel from which
a terminal takes land. For Card Group 12 (roads), DIR
(direction, E for east or S for south) is given instead of
LVL. There is one row for both parcels 'from which a road
segment consumes land.
The program also prints the number of cards submitted in
each of these Card Groups.
10 If columns 18-20 do not contain the correct amount of land
for the type of terminal being loaded, the terminal is
rejected.
13 It is generally wise not to load roads all over the board
or even on half of the roadbeds, since the transportation
programs consider all possible routes between parcels and
will run for extreme lengths of time if presented with a
myriad of alternatives. -
15 The program makes no checks on and prints no error messages
for this Card Group. It merely prints the cards as they
are processed. The cards must be in alphabetical order by
team.
The only economic teams ever recognized by the program for a
game using a particular data base are those initially desig-
nated as in existence by Card Group 15 during LOAD. If the
director wishes to allow for the creation of new economic
sector teams during a game, those teams must be included in
this card group. For example, the director might want to
allow for the social sector's development of their own
housing complexes, industries., or investment in Outside
businesses (stocks). Such social action would have to be
done through an economic team. The director could, by
designating a few extra economic teams in this card group,
give the social sector those extra economic decision-maker
codes. Cash balances need not be loaded; a team letter is
sufficient here to create an economic team.
The social sector's initial dollar value of time is also
loaded in this card group, although there may be more or
fewer social than economic teams. The social teams allowed
are designated in Card Group 2 and Card Group 5. Card group
2 gives the number of social teams, but Card Group 5 allocates
geographic control to those teams. If seven social teams
are specified in Card Group 2 but only six are given control
in Card Group 5, then only six social teams can ever control
Pi's. If th-sro r'.re to be more socirl tlisn economic teams,
201
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Card Group Notes
then Card Group 15 should contain at least as many team
cards as there are social teams, or else those social
teams which are not included here have a dollar value of
time of zero. Of course, the director can input dollar
values to the Round 0 data base.
18 If water is being used in the model, no card should be
included for Card Group 18. No blank card should be used
either. If the director wishes to include Bus or Rail in
the water model, he must input their salary offers to the
Round 0 data base.
19 The only check on this Card Group is on whether there is
an invalid department name given on the data card. The
program prints the following message if there is an invalid
name: ILLEGAL DEPARTMENT
21 At one time during the model's development, assessment ratios
were loaded, but now they are set by the LOAD program. The
blank card is necessary here, however. The director can
change the initial assessment ratios for the game by an
input to the Round 0 data base.
22 There is no program check that the departments which can
receive appropriations are the only ones given appropriations.
If Utilities, Bus, or Rail are given appropriations during
LOAD, they will continue to receive appropriations throughout
the game, although the appropriations will never appear
itemized as such on those departments' output. There is
no way to cancel a Utility, Bus, or Rail appropriation
through EDIT.
If Planning and Zoning receives a current appropriation in
the load phase, it will never be able to spend that money,
since the input (edit) program does not acknowledge a current
account for Planning and Zoning. However, the Chairman will
spend the amount of the appropriation every round.
23 See note for Card Group 6, columns 40-43. If Card Group
23 has some rents, and if there are more than one juris-
diction (as indicated by Card Group 4), then the rents in
Card Group 23 are set to 92% of the value punched on the
data card. When a two-jurisdiction data base was first
loaded into the model, all of the rents were too high.
Rather than change all of the rent cards, we changed the
program to lower the rents loaded. Card Group 6 is never
affected by the number of jurisdictions.
If a rent is specified here for a parcel which does not
cor.tain ft residence, there is no error message but the
rent is ignored by the program.
RAYWID has all rents in Card Group 6; TWOCITY has all rents
in Card Group 23.
202
-------
Card Group Notes
24 The program makes two checks:' 1) that the coordinates
specified are in fact valid intersection coordinates, and
2) that all portions of a route travel along roads.
25, 27 The only program check here is that the intersection
coordinates are valid.
28 This Card Group should be coded very carefully because the
program does not check that there are stations or track
segments where routes are specified.
29 The program makes three types of checks on the data: 1)
that the department having the contract is SC or MS; 2)
that no more than three BG or three BS contracts are granted
to a single department; 3) that the type of contract
specified is with BG (cols. 1-2) or BS (cols. 3-7).
/*
30 If on the same boycott card both a land use (col. 3) and a
class (col. 4) are specified as boycotting, the program
rejects the boycott and prints: INCONSISTENT BOYCOTT
Note that a use (of bus or rail) boycott cannot be loaded.
If the director wishes to start the game with a use boycott
in effect, he must input the boycott to the Round 0 data
base.
32 If the road format of Card Group 13b is used, then the road
value ratios are set to the maintenance levels specified
here. If no maintenance level is specified here, the value
ratios are set to 100, but the maintenance levels are 0.
If the road format of Card Group 13a is used, then the value
ratio of any road for which a value ratio is not specified
in that Card Group is set to the maintenance level specified
here. If no maintenance level is specified here, the value
ratio of such a road is set to 100.
33- If the coordinates of the parcel are invalid or if the
designated parcel does not contain a residence, the program
rejects the data card and prints: ILLEGAL LOCATION
If educational levels are not loaded for a class on a
parcel, those Pi's have the educational levels of inmigrants
of their class (PL-15; PM-55; PH-85).
35 If the NEWFMT option is not used (see notes on Card Group
3a), then columns 1-4 should contain 'P/CU' and all other
information on the card should be shifted four columns to
tho right.
203
-------
Card Group Notes
After this Card Group is processed, the program checks that
all economic activities have sufficient utility service and
that all parcels having utility service are in utility districts
Any discrepancies are noted by printed messages, although the
program does not reject or. modify discrepancies.
36 Lake parcels should be included as parcels entirely topo-
graphically restricted, since there is no check in S BUILD to
prevent construction on a lake parcel.
37, 31 The only checks are that the coordinates are valid. If a
surface water parcel dumps on a parcel that does not have
surface water, the program prints: PARCEL DUMPS ON NON-
RIVER PARCEL.
40 The program checks that the parcel coordinates are valid and
that the water quality is valid (1-9). A parcel which is a
lake parcel cannot have any land use on it.
42 The program checks that the farm parcel's code number matches
a farm code number loaded in Card Group 41.
44 The program checks that the coordinates are valid, that the
two-letter treatment type code is valid, that column 10 con-
tains only 0 or 1, and that the treatment plant is in a
utility district. If a treatment plant of the same type has
already been loaded for the utility district, (intake or out-
flow) the program takes the latest plant, erases its record of
the previously-loaded plant, and prints a message that it has
done so.
Note that in the sample data decks intake treatment plants
have two-letter type codes. Those codes are ignored by the
program in the case of intake treatment plants, which do not
have type codes.
45 The program checks that the point location has water, that
there is a utility plant at the location specified in columns
6-10, and that column 15 contains 0 or 1.
47 The program checks that the two-letter activity type code
is valid.
49 The program checks that the dam priority is only A, B, or C
and that there is surface water on each parcel designated as
having a dam. If no dam priority values are loaded for a river
basin, all of the multipliers are assumed to be 1.0 and the
water quality effect is 0, even if a dam is loaded in the river
basin.
51 Any columns to the right of those specifically designated as
data fields are ignored by the program. In the RAYWID and
TWO CITY examples, the letter of the team for which the data
applies is punched on each card.
204
-------
Card Groups Notes
If the 'HIST1 section is omitted from the load deck, the
program does not attempt to process any cards for "SOCIAL1
205
-------
XI. EXAMPLES OF LOAD DECKS: RAYWID AND TWOCITY
-------
DECEMIJER 1971
<* RAYWID **
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'rU 1971
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207
-------
CECEI-'BER 1971
** RAY'.,'10
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nL:CE:M;(-R 1971
** RAYWID ' **
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DECtr.nru 1971
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1042211830
1
9632
9434
9236
11036
llfi
60
2
1J
5
3
5
6
5
7
7
9434
9436
^
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2
3
3
I
2
3
5
5
5
1
1
1
4
7
4
6
6
6
6
fcfanfc
v
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7
3
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6 *&<"
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7
7
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9420
2622
8822
9C22
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3
1
2
3
4
2
1A
1
22 21
24 , 21
22 -&' 0? 21
22 '' . 21
22 21
40 55 5C 16 2 211
222
-------
DECLMfJER 1971
TWCCITY
9622
9822
1C022
0624
8824
902/1
9224
9424
9624
9024
1CC24
10224
8826
9C26
9226
9426
9626
9026
1C026
10226
1C826
C628
C828
9C28
9228
9420
9628
SC2B
.1C028
10228
1C42C
iC628
lor.?a
11028
62:50
(1430
8630
0«30
9C30
9230
9420
9630
9530
1CC30
1C23Q
1C430
K630
ICG 30
11.030
C232
4
7
6
5
6
7
3
6
3
3
7
2
C
5
5
1
i
7
4
4
3
2
6
2
1
1
7
5
4
2
6
7
1
6
5
5
2
4
5
7
3
4
4
3
2
5
3
2
1A
IA
1A
1A
18
IB
IE
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1 A
IA
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1.A
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IB
1A
1A
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9
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1A
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1A
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1C
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PA
6
1A
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1
2
'i
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2
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1
4
3
3
3
2
1
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
1-
4
2
6
6
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
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40
40
AC
40
40
4C
40
41
41
41
40
20
40
40
4).
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41
3C
20
20
40
40
AC
41
40
40
30
20
30
40
40
30
55
60
35
35
35
35
60
85
75
65
35
100
25
60
85
90
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100
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30
50
90
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85
90
100
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35
30
30
35
60
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20
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85
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25
45
90
90
75
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100
90
30
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17 2
17 3
11 7
24
22
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11 I
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14 32
18 10
11 7
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20
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57 ICC 50 25
11C 55 28
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9 8
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22
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l/» 100 50 25
110 55 28
1'3 ICO 50 25
13 5
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21
21
18
18
21
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
-I
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
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1
4
1
1
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1
1
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1
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1
1
1
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1
1
1
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1
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3
2
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2
1
1
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1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1PT 1
1
1
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1
2
2 100
1
1
1
i
3
3
3
2 I
2 100 1
2
1ST 1
2 1000 1
1
1
223
-------
CECENEEK 1971
** TVJUCITY **
0432
8632 .
6832
9032
9232
9432
9632
9832
10032
10232
10432
10632
10832
11032
8634
8834
9034
9234
9434
9634
9834
1C834
11034
8836
9036
9236
9436
9636
9836
9C38
9238
9436
963 G
9836
9440
964C
9614
9814
9616
9816
9618
9818
763C
783C
803C
7632
7832
8032
10234
10434
6
4
6
6
6
7
1
2
4
4
7
1
4
6
6
2
5
2
3
5
2
7
6
3
4
4
6
4
6
4
6
4
3
4
3
IA
1A
1A
IB
1C
FO
KP
7
IB
1A
1A
1A
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1C
1C
1C
1A
1A
1C
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1(3
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1A
1A
1A
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6
6
2
3
1
1
1
I
2
3
4
3
1
3
1
1
5
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
3
4
3
40
40
40
40
40
20
20
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
95
9C
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85
65
IOC
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9C
65
5C
75
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PC
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8C
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85
85
85
65
65
85
65
65
S5
85
85
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75
8C
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8C
55
45
75
8C
7C
7C
7C
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8C
8C
8C
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80
8C
8C
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80
3
0
0
8
12
14
15
12
21
21
18
18
13
0
4
10
6
16
25
25
10
13
4
1
12
17
22
7
0
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4
22
22
6
6
1
15
13
3
4
4
12
13
22
5
2
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14
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17
23
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10
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7
5
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110 55 28
110 55 28
100 50 25 .1
1
1
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2
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2
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1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
7
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
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2
2
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1
1
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2
2
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1
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3
3
3
3
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1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
tooo
224
-------
DECEMBER 1971
** TWCCITY ' **
i~r~
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 i
3 2
3 3
4 1
4 2
4 3
5 1
5 2
5 3
6 1
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6 3
7 1
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Trfr~
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"5"5 iT 1C T6" 00
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00 20 4C 10 CO
50 4C CC 05 00
40 40 05 05 CO
30 20 2C 1C CC
80 00 OC C5 00
60 15 00 10 00
40 05 25 1C CO
80 05 02 C3 CC
£-0 40 05 C5 CO
37 23 25 '10 00
60 30 OC C5 CO
30 30 15 1C CC
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55 20 1C 10 00
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42 06 4C 10 CC
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2
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1 90
1 90
3 90
3 90
3 90
2 90
1 90
2 90
2 90
2 90
2 90
225
-------
DECEf-'EER 1971
** TWOCITY . **
PD2
PI) 2
RD2
PL* 2
PC2
RD2
f'D2
I.
0 24 351 750C '*
5 9 651 1COC
4 D RSCCC
C 24 351 75CC
5 E 92COC
0 24 351 7500
1 2 660 5CC
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0 24 351 75CC
1 1 7CO 109
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___. 2_ .. C ,_,63 1 .-j---- £S 5.. _._,
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2 2 90 9551S
2 2 90 9559S
1 1. 9C .9923E
1 1 9C1C129S
1 1 90 9527E
3 3 9C 9531E
3 3 9C1C331E
3 3 9C11131E
3 3 90 9731S
^i a *"* *^
1 9022
1 9424
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1
2
2
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101
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150
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2 2 9C 9553S 2 2 90
2 2 9C 9537E I 1 90
1 1 901C123S I 1 90
1 1 901C927S 1 1 90
2 2 9C 9727E 1 1 90
3 3 9C 9731E 3 3 90
3 3 901C531E 3 3 90
3 3 9C11331E 3 3 9C
1 1 90 9733S 1 1 90
1 9422 I 8624 1
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145 9624
14510026
170 863C
145 9824
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183 8830
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145 8 15C
175 9 15C
226
-------
DECEMBER 19Y1
** TWCCITY **
1C030
1C222
9026
(F£r9"0~
9422
9622
9022
9424
9624
9624
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1C224
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149 0634 168 8(134 174 9034 150 9234 175 9434 180 9034 165 8 169
155 9236 153 9436 165 9636 146 9636 175 9038 150 9238 182 9 147
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227
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** TKOCITY **
903 92
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228
-------
OECEKHER 1971
** THCCITY
1C512C1C01C5 95
2350 2400 2'<'jQ
10512C1001C5 95
2350 2400 2450
IC512C1CCJ.05 95
2350 2400 2450
1C512C100105 95
2350 2100 2450
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2.500 5COO
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OU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I97Z 484-484/199 1-3
229
------- |