WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 15090 FOZ 10/70
Control of Spillage of
Hazardous Polluting Substances
UEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe
the results and progress in the control and abatement
of pollution in our Nation's waters. They provide a
central source of information on the research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities in the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, in the U.S. Department
of the Interior, through inhouse research and grants
and contracts with Federal, State and local agencies,
research institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Head, Project Reports
System, Planning and Resources Office, Office of Research
and Development, Department of the Interior, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Room 1108,
Washington, D.C. 20242.
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CONTROL OF SPILLAGE
OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTING SUBSTANCES
by
G. W. Dawson, A. J. Shuckrow,
and W. H. Swift
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORIES
RICHLAND, WASHINGTON 99352
for the
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Program No. 1508
Contract No. 14-12-866
November 1, 1970
Battelle is not engaged in research for advertising, sales promotion, or publicity,
and this report may not be reproduced in full or in part for such purposes.
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FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been previewed by the Federal Water Quality
Administration and approved for publication. Approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the Federal Water Quality Administration,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products con-
stitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
An evaluation of the water quality aspects germane to the
spillage of hazardous polluting substances is developed.
Emphasis is placed on definition and classification of
chemical materials; the nature of the sources of spillage
and past experience; and analysis of the relative threat to
water quality offered by such substances; a review of pres-
ently available detection, control, and removal technology;
relationship to water quality standards; and the relevant
administrative, enforcement, and cost recovery aspects.
Over 800 chemical substances were evaluated as to their
annual production and transport quantities, their critical
concentration in the aquatic environment resulting in water
quality impairment for the several beneficial water uses,
detection limits (both field and laboratory), and the con-
trol and removal methods presently available or potentially
practicable. Over 250 chemicals and compounds, generally
those in large scale production and utilization, are pri-
ority ranked in order of relative threat to water quality
in terms of annual production/sales, intrinsic hazard to
water quality, transport mode, and past statistical acci-
dent frequency.
Recommendations are presented regarding future research and
development efforts aimed at mitigating damage and a consen-
sus of informed parties is presented relating to the need
for additional legislation.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
No. 14-12-866, as amended, between the Federal Water
Quality Administration and the Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, a Division of Battelle Memorial Institute.
Key Words: Hazardous polluting substances, chemicals,
spills, enforcement, cost recovery, water
quality, detection, monitoring, counter-
measures, environmental fate, acute dis-
charges, accidents, critical concentrations.
111
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i;Li
SUMMARY xiii
RECOMMENDATIONS xv
Research and Development Requirements xv
Program Recommendations xvi
INTRODUCTION 1
Objectives and Scope of Study 1
The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 2
Nature and Definition of Problem 4
Present Status of Other Hazardous Materials
Programs 7
Program Rationale 8
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 11
Brief 11
Need for Classification Systems 12
Existing Classification Systems and Listings 12
Critique of Classification' System Requirements
Related to Water Quality 14
Recommended Water Quality Classification Systems 15
Priority Classification System 16
Water Use Classification System 19
Recommendations 20
CAUSES AND SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS 21
Brief 21
Transportation System Considerations 22
Manufacture and Use of Hazardous Materials 33
Historical Spill Experience 36
Recommendations 43
DETECTION AND MONITORING 47
Brief 47
Need for Detection Procedures 48
Existing Detection and Monitoring Procedures 48
Critique of Available Techniques 50
Recommendations 50
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITIES 53
Brief . 53
The Need to Understand Environmental Factors 54
Status of Present Knowledge 54
Critique 57
Recommendations 57
v
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Page
CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Brief
Needs and General Considerations
Present Contingency and Response Plans
Critique of Present Contingency and Response Plans
Recommended Plan
COUNTERMEASURES
Brief
Existing Countermeasures
Critique of Existing Countermeasures
Recommendations
LEGAL AND ENFORCEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Brief
Background and Critique of Legislative and
Judicial Experience
Discussion and Recommendations for Legislation
and Enforcement
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A:
APPENDIX B:
APPENDIX C:
APPENDIX D:
APPENDIX E:
APPENDIX F:
PRIORITY RANKING SYSTEM OUTPUT
Computer Printout
CRITICAL CONCENTRATION AND PHYSICAL
'DATA
WATER USE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TABLES
TRANSPORTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND
HISTORICAL DATA
Illinois and California Spills
POSSIBLE RESPONSE PROCEDURES FOR
SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
General Mode for Dispersion of
Soluble Pollutants
Biological and Chemical Behavior
of DDT
59
59
60
63
64
65
67
67
68
69
71
73
73
75
78
87
89
A-l
A-6
B-l
C-l
D-l
D-28
E-l
F-l
F-2
F-3
VI
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APPENDIX G: PRESENT RESPONSE AND CONTINGENCY PLANS
National Oil and Hazardous Materials
Contingency Plan
Regional, State and Local Contingency
Plans
ORSANCO
Industrial Response Systems
APPENDIX H: AGENCIES CONTACTED H-l
APPENDIX I: REVIEW OF EXISTING STATUTES AND
ENFORCEMENT POLICIES 1-1
Federal Law 1-2
State Law 1-10
Private Rights of Action 1-37
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FIGURES
Page
• . —
1 Program Rationale 10
2 Hazardous Materials Priority Ranking System
Flow Diagram 18
3 Total Accident Predictions 24
4 Hazardous Materials Accidents Predictions 25
5 Fish Kill Reporting Form 37
6 Processes Which Influence the Distribution
and Fate of Pollutants Entering the Aquatic
Environment 55
7 Administrative Structure and Inputs for
Typical Contingency Plan 62
A-l Key to Reading Computer Printout A-3
D-l Acrylonitrile Production Sites D-9
D-2 Ammonia Production Sites D-10
D-3 Chlorine Production Sites D-ll
D-4 Cresol Production Sites D-12
D-5 DDT Production Sites D-13
D-6 Formaldehyde Production Sites D-14
D-7 Methyl Alcohol Production Sites D-15
D-8 Nitric Acid Production Sites D-16
D-9 Phenol Production Sites D-17
D-10 Styrene Production Sites D-18
D-ll Geographical Distribution of Pesticide Caused
Fish Kills 1963-1968 D-19
D-12 Geographical Distribution of Fish Kills
Originating from Fertilizer Materials 1963-1968 D-20
D-13 Geographical Distribution of Fish Kills
Originating from Chemical Plants 1960-1968 D-21
IX
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D-14 Geographical Distribution of Fish Kills
Originating from Transportation Activities
1960-1968 D-22
D-15 Distribution of Pesticide and Pollution Caused
Fish Kills in the State of California, by County D-30
D-16 Distribution of Chemical and Petroleum Industry
Wastes, 1967 - State of California D-31
D-17 Distribution of Hazardous Chemical Spills in
Illinois and Major Transport Routes D-32
F-l Movement of a 1000 Gallon Phenol Spill -
One Knot Current F-4
F-2 Movement of a 1000 Gallon Phenol Spill -
No Current F-5
F-3 Model of DDT in the Aquatic Ecosystem F-7
G-l DuPont TERP Program G-14
G-2 Emergency Procedure for Handling Accidental
Spills of Class B Poison Pesticide Chemicals G-15
Exhibit H-l Form Letter Sent to State Agencies H-16
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TABLES
Page
1 Hazardous Materials Transported by Major Modes 23
2 Common Tank Car Classifications 30
A-l Compounds Grouped in Broad Classification
Rankings A-61
A-2 Test Codes A-65
A-3 Literature References for Detection Tests A-67
A-4 Comparison of Reported Fish Kill Incidents and
Spills with Priority Rankings of Individual
Hazardous Materials A-69
B-l Critical Concentrations and Physical Constants
of Hazardous Materials B-2
B-2 Critical Concentration Footnotes B-53
B-3 Critical Concentration References B-54
,'
C-l Possible Classification System Criteria C-2
C-2 Characteristics of Present Classification
Systems C-4
C-3 Water Use Classification System by Compound C-8
C-4 Water Use Classification System by Beneficial
Use C-27
D-l National Summary of Waterborne Hazardous
Materials Quantities - 1968 D-2
D-2 Hazardous Materials Quantities Handled in
U.S. Ports - 1968 D-3
D-3 Production Indexes D-8
D-4 Wholesale Price Indexes D-8
D-5 Fish Kills Resulting from Pesticides D-23
D-6 Fish Kills Resulting from Fertilizer Compounds D-23
D-7 Frequency Distribution of Reported Critical
Duration for Agricultural Spills D-24
XI
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Page
D-8 Average Fish Kill Reported by Transport Mode D-25
D-9 Percentage of Transportation Spill Related
Reports Classified by Severity of Damage D-25
D-10 Yearly Data on Transportation Spill Related
Fish Kills D-26
D-ll Frequency Distribution of Reported Critical
Duration for Transportation Spill Related
Fish Kills D-27
D-12 Fish Kills Resulting from Chemical Plant
Releases D-28
D-13 Number of States Reporting Fish Kills D-28
H-l Agencies and Organizations Contacted H-2
H-2 State Responses to Hazardous Material
Inquiry H-l7
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SUMMARY
Public Law 91-224, The Water Quality Improvement Act of
1970, indicates public and Congressional concern regarding
hazardous polluting substances. Further, the usage of the
latter term in the law suggests questions in the public
mind as to definition and the magnitude of hazards involved.
At present there are a multiplicity of classification sys-
tems for hazardous materials. Only one of these adresses
itself specifically to the water quality aspects of hazard-
ous materials, and none of the systems provides a mechanism
for developing an understanding of the relative threat
various materials pose to water quality. Consequently, a
priority rating system and a new classification system have
been developed. The former evaluates the lowest concentra-
tion range at which a substance impairs one of the benefi-
cial uses of water, the quantity shipped annually by each
mode of transport, and the probability of an accidental
spill to surface waters for each transport mode. The
resulting rating number can be interpreted as the volume
of water potentially threatened by a pollutant annually.
A compound's ranking is then representative of its poten-
tial threat to Water quality and, therefore, an indicator
of the priority it should receive with respect to other
substances.
To facilitate data handling, a computer program was employed
to perform the computations involved in ranking more than
250 compounds or classes of compounds for which production
figures were available. It is felt that the priority and
classification systems offered here will provide a sound
basis from which to structure the efforts which are recom-
mended for establishing a satisfactory response system.
The classification system is derived on the premise that
once a spill has occurred, detection at levels below the
toxicity threshold and the ability to neutralize the spill
to levels below toxic values are the two major concerns.
Each of four water quality parameters—human toxicity, fish
toxicity, plant toxicity, and aesthetic effects—are con-
sidered individually.
A tabulation of more than 800 materials was developed to
collect the data for the classification system. The table
details published threshold limits for the four water use
Xlll
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parameters as well as physical properties, field detection
limits, biological oxygen demand data, and availability of
control or damage mitigation techniques for each compound.
This table illustrates the numerous information gaps in
current knowledge on hazardous substances as related to
water quality.
In support of the decisions made in establishing these
systems and as a mechanism for putting them in better per-
spective, the study includes an examination of the factors
involved in the formulation of either the priority ranking
or classification systems.
Present contingency plans on the national, regional, state,
and local levels were studied and deemed inadequate for
most materials other than oil. Industrial response plans
in operation or planned were found to contain certain fea-
tures superior to the National Oil and Hazardous Materials
Contingency Plan. The former provide for more immediate
response with a higher level of technical expertise speci-
fic to the substance involved. The latter, and its regional
subplans, appear more oriented toward the management and
communications aspects. The need for a blend of both public
and private sector plans is apparent.
Existing or possible procedures for neutralization of spills
were also reviewed. In most cases these were found to be
inadequate or potentially more damaging than the original
contaminant. The 220 soluble substances ranked in the
priority system were assigned response procedures. In most
cases, the recommended action involved techniques which
have not been tried in a free water environment.
The need for legislation to impose liability for the cost
of removal is reviewed along with the appropriate measures
for enforcement and recovery of costs incurred by the
United States if removal is undertaken by the United States.
In general, the present defensive posture against environ-
mental degradation and public health damages resulting from
spills of hazardous materials has been found to be unneces-
sarily weak in light of the position that can be achieved
through properly channeled efforts. Prevention of spills
remains the first and most important line of defense. In
many instances very little can be done to control a spill
once it has occurred. This does not, however, imply that
improved understanding of spill behavior and effects and
more sophisticated contingency and response planning should
not be pursued vigorously.
xiv
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Research and Development Requirements
The detailed study of acute spills of hazardous materials
undertaken by Battelle-Northwest and outlined in the follow-
ing report points to the need for research in several areas.
While efforts must proceed in all areas, it is evident that
field detection and countermeasures must take precedence.
This would entail an initial approach to review all exist-
ing techniques and procedures, a followup investigation to
evaluate available methods that have not been tested in a
free aquatic environment, and finally, research into new
ideas that could be employed but have not been attempted
before.
Specific research and development needs in these areas
include:
• Collection of seasonal infrared background spectra for
selected river basin sites.
• Development of new and more sensitive analytical tests
for use in the field.
• Collection of available field and laboratory detection
techniques and procedures into an automated information
bank with frequent updating and output in the form of
a manual to be widely distributed to spill response
personnel.
• Examination of the effects of precipitation and neu-
tralization countermeasures on the aquatic environment.
• Investigation of new application techniques to utilize
carbon sorption processes for the removal of soluble
organics from free waters.
• Development of techniques for the removal of dense
pollutants and floes from free waters.
• Development of new techniques for the ultimate disposal
of hazardous materials spilled into the aquatic
environment.
xv
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Collection of data for and formation of an information
bank detailing the spill countermeasures presently
deemed adequate and feasible for frequent publication
in a manual to be distributed to spill response
personnel.
Review of existing dispersion predictive models and
time of travel data for field application.
Development of new dispersion predictive models and
time of travel data where information is not available.
Study of solid phase materials as repositories for
contaminating materials in the aquatic environment,
including organic sorption and ion exchange.
Investigation of parameters involved for predicting
bioconcentration of hazardous materials.
Definition of necessary factors for and development of
a comprehensive environmental fate testing program.
Development of remote instream monitoring devices for
detection of toxic materials possibly utilizing
advanced chemical sensing devices or physical-biological
monitoring of aquatic species in situ.
Mapping of high frequency spill areas, high water use
areas, and areas exposed to highly toxic materials for
purposes of siting monitoring stations.
Program Recommendations
To better fulfill the present research requirements and long
term program objectives related to the spill of hazardous
materials, the following policy and program changes are
recommended:
• The priority ranking system and the classification
scheme devised in this program should be maintained
and frequently updated to focus attention to high
priority materials and aid in regulatory decisions.
• A new reporting system should be devised to optimize
possible information flow through regional agents capa-
ble of immediate interaction with reporting personnel.
xvi
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• Results of the reporting procedure should be tran-
scribed into a form amenable to transfer into an auto-
mated retrieval system such that multipurposed probes
can be made to establish causitive trends and response
efficiencies.
• New, highly hazardous products should be subjected to
environmental fate testing and subsequent classifica-
tion prior to issuance of permits for bulk transport.
• Hazardous materials policy and research and develop-
ment responsibility should be handled by a single
government agency.
• The responsible agency should oversee development of a
hazardous materials response center with capabilities
for response to any hazardous material related inci-
dent threatening any part of the total environment as
well as for aiding management and regulatory decisions.
• The National Contingency Plan should be restructured
to provide for maximum industrial participation and a
sound funding base.
xvi i
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INTRODUCTION
Objectives and Scope of Study
This report has been prepared for the Federal Water Quality
Administration by Battelle-Northwest to provide a critical
review of available knowledge on the water pollution prob-
lems caused by spills of hazardous polluting substances, a
survey and evaluation of existing control methods, and
recommendations for a program to develop new or improved
methods for controlling spills of such materials. The study
was limited to a six-month working period and did not
include radioactive materials, oil, or chemical and biologi-
cal warfare agents.
Since this effort represents the first known attempt at sys-
tematically analyzing the full scope of problems presented
by the accidental spillage of hazardous materials in terms
of potential water quality impairment, the data base and
information sources in general were found to be inadequate,
widely scattered, and the problems poorly defined. Thus,
considerable effort was expended to establish the needed
definitions and to interpret and link together related
information within the context of the program objectives.
In the majority of instances of past spills or in contacts
with personnel expected to have relevant information, it
was clear that although concern had been expressed on the
water quality impairment aspects of spills, limited prior
consideration has been given specifically to means of con-
trol and restoration. In a number of instances relevant
data, though possibly existing, could not be retrieved due
to the short time available for this review or, in certain
cases, due to the methods of information storage. In other
instances, desired data does not exist at present.
Recognizing the state of knowledge in the control of spill-
age of hazardous polluting substances, this report provides
the following specific contributions toward solution of the
problems involved:
• All known hazardous materials classifications, listings,
and ranking systems have been combined and summarized
from the standpoint of potential for water quality
impairment.
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• Information intrinsic to more than 800 substances has
been compiled from a number of sources and summarized
in terms of factors relating to potential water qual-
ity impairment.
• A rational, and internally consistent, potential threat
evaluation and ranking system has been developed and
applied to more than 250 substances for which produc-
tion data are available. All of these are major arti-
cles of commerce.
• The nature of the sources of spills is reviewed.
• The present state-of-the-art in detection, control and
removal is reviewed for more than 250 materials.
• Examples are presented to indicate the behavior that
hazardous polluting substances might exhibit on release
along with indication of some of the more subtle and
less quantifiable factors involved.
• Contingency and response plans, both public and private,
are discussed and analyzed in search of improved
systems.
• Regulatory and enforcement aspects of the control of
spillage of hazardous polluting substances is reviewed,
with viewpoints presented from both state and federal
levels.
• Recommendations are made in all the above areas insofar
as existing information is available. Where this lat-
ter is not available, the gaps are pointed out along
with suggestions for improvement in the information
base.
The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
In view of the fact that this program was conducted in part
due to the impetus of the Water Quality Improvement Act of
1970, Public Law 91-224, signed by the President on April 3,
1970, it is appropriate to quote relevant sections:
"Sec. 12. (a) The President shall, in accordance
with subsection (b) of this section, develop/
promulgate, and revise as may be appropriate, regu-
lations (1) designating as hazardous substances,
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other than oil as defined in Section 11 of this
Act, such elements and compounds which, when
discharged in any quantity into or upon the navi-
gable waters of the United States or adjoining
shorelines or the waters of the contiguous zone,
present an imminent and substantial danger to the
public health or welfare, including, but not lim-
ited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, shorelines,
and beaches; and (2) establishing, if appropriate,
recommended methods and means for the removal of
such substances..."
The law further states that:
"(g) The President shall submit a report to the
Congress, together with his recommendations, not
later than November 1, 1970, on the need for, and
desirability of, enacting legislation to impose
liability for the cost of removal of hazardous
substances discharged from vessels and onshore
and offshore facilities subject to this section
including financial responsibility requirements.
In preparing this report, the President shall
conduct an accelerated study which shall include,
but not be limited to, the method and measures
for controlling hazardous substances to prevent
this discharge, and the most appropriate measures
for (1) enforcement (including the imposition of
civil and criminal penalties for discharges and
for failure to notify), and (2) recovery of costs
incurred by the United States if removal is under-
taken by the United States. In carrying out this
study, the President shall consult with the inter-
ested representatives of the various public and
private groups that would be affected by such
legislation as well as other interested persons..."
To meet the requirements stipulated in Public Law 91-224, a
number of general needs are readily identifiable:
• A definition and understanding of the scope of the term
"hazardous polluting substances" as it relates to water
quality;
• An understanding of the nature and magnitude of the
potential problem presented by substances so defined;
• An understanding of the present state-of-the-art in
controlling and mitigating damage, and in removing such
materials from the environment;
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• An overview of the technical and judicial aspects
relating to enforcement and cost recovery problems;
• A sense of priority-of-concern in view of the almost
unlimited scope that could be encompassed by the term
"hazardous polluting substances;"
• A knowledge of the various contingency and response
plans, both public and private, currently in effect
and the extent to which they relate to hazardous sub-
stances other than oil.
This report is aimed at fulfilling these needs.
Nature and Definition of the Problem
General Considerations
Considerable attention has recently been addressed to the
potential threat posed by hazardous materials to public
health and safety and to environmental quality. Although
by far the greatest attention in the past has been focused
on the threat to human life and property, increasing public
interest is coming to bear on the threat to environmental
quality. This latter awareness and concern is exemplified
by the public response to the closely related oil spillage
problems and goes beyond the realm of safety and economics
into that of aesthetics and the quality of life in general.
Recognizing that spillage of any material is by definition
an infrequent rather than a continuous occurrence, it is
important to place the problem of spillage of hazardous
polluting substances in its proper perspective vis-a-vis
other water pollution issues which are generally chronic in
nature. Although these latter are constantly apparent,
officials with overview responsibility for water quality
standards, and for regional enforcement and problem solving,
regard the acute spills as a major problem to which increased
attention should be given. Of the many water quality prob-
lems that exist, acute spills of hazardous substances ranks
in the top ten.
Spills of hazardous polluting substances are of special
concern because of at least three factors. Firstly, by
their very nature, spills occur unexpectedly and with an
element of surprise. Hence, the resulting action taken by
responsible officials, private and public, must often be
effectively carried out under crisis conditions. Secondly,
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advance planning, in the sense analogous to fire protection,
is difficult due to the extreme diversity of types of sub-
stances that might be spilled, the nature of resources
threatened, and the variety of control and damage mitiga-
tion measures that could possibly be envoked. The immediate
operational information needs are hence enormous. Finally,
in contrast to the more common chronic water pollution prob-
lem of continuous release of a variety of wastes, the
effects of high concentration or shock releases via the
spill mechanism are far less well understood, although much
basic data is available from prior work directed principally
at other concerns. Aquatic organisms to some degree become
adapted to continuous low levels of pollution, but can be
totally decimated by a severe, but transient, degradation of
water quality.
Technical Dimensions
Many materials "normally" considered as hazardous are signi-
ficant and beneficially important factors in modern society.
An even larger number of substances not "normally" consid-
ered as hazardous, can have highly deleterious effects if
accidentally released to receiving waters. As a result,
balanced judgment needs to be employed even in defining
"hazardous polluting substances." The fact that some risk
is inherent, and indeed, is beneficial, in all human activi-
ties must be recognized. Unfortunately, quantifications
of benefits derived from accepting a given risk are far
better understood than is the nature and extent of the risk
itself. Therefore, to reach an orderly and realistic under-
standing of the problem posed by hazardous polluting sub-
stances, and to establish a reasonable sense of priorities,
it is necessary to explore a wide variety of relevant
aspects, factors, or dimensions of the problem.
At the outset, it is vital to recognize that the term
"hazardous" has two distinct connotations. The first
relates to the intrinsic properties of the substance itself,
i.e., the amount of damage that could be rendered to a
resource, in this case, water quality by a unit quantity of
the substance. The second relates to the extrinsic factor
of degree of exposure of the resource to the hazard. This
latter aspect includes consideration of such elements as
quantity, behavior, delivery mechanism, and nature of the
resource (water body) itself.
To better quantify the overall problem, the program herein
reported has been organized along the lines of certain key
technical factors or dimensions involving the above connota-
tions. Since these factors enter into all aspects covered
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in the program, and affect the level of threat, it is
appropriate to highlight them at the outset.
Quantities of Substances Involved; Since hazard
potential is a direct function of the amount of material
present, and hence potentially spilled, consideration must
be given to gross annual production of given substances,
the quantities in the transportation system (an environ-
ment that is varied and difficult to control), and the cap-
tive in-plant consumption or conversion of a given substance.
Critical Impairment Concentration: This is both an
intrinsic property of the given material, and a property
of the water subject to quality impairment. Consideration
must be given to all the beneficial uses of water, i.e.,
domestic and industrial water supplies, aquatic life,
agricultural, recreational and aesthetic, and navigational.
Depending on the water use, the quality impairment result-
ing from a given spill can range from substantial to
inconsequential.
Mode of Transport; Since materials in the process of
being transported and the vehicles themselves are exposed
to a wide range of environments and stresses, consideration
must be given to the mode of transport as it affects the
probability and magnitude of spillage. Modes of transport
of significance in the water quality context include water-
borne, rail, motor carrier, and pipeline.
Containerization and Packaging; The quantity of sub-
stance within a given envelope obviously has bearing on the
magnitude of potential spill and hence the level of damage
possibly inflicted. Hence both the maximum uncompartmented
quantity and the inherent container integrity are significant.
Storage and Handling Practices; By no means do all
spills originate from transportation accidents. Stationary
sources such as tank farms, lagoons, storage and disposal
facilities, etc., can be major sources.
Behavior on Release; Knowledge of the physical and
chemical behavior of a hazardous polluting substance upon
release is of utmost importance. This behavior affects not
only the nature and extent of damage, but also the practi-
cability of instituting control and removal measures.
Concurrent Hazards; Many materials have substantial
associated hazards other than those relating to water qual-
ity. Knowledge of these must be complete as they may signi-
ficantly influence decisions made in the field and may
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affect the nature or determine the practicability of
response plans and systems. Such factors include fire,
explosion, exothermic or endothermic reactivity with adja-
cent cargoes or with water, and vapor irritant problems.
Persistence or Duration of Water Quality Impairment;
Depending on the nature of the receiving waters, water chem-
istry, bottom sediments and aquatic life, as well as upon
the specific physical and chemical properties of the mate-
rial in question, certain substances can be highly persis-
tent. The insecticide, DDT, is a case in point. Such
persistence suggests that removal and restoration measures
can and should be taken over an extended period of time.
Potential for Biological Modification and Concentra-
tion; Only in recent times has it become apparent that
aquatic organisms are capable of biologically modifying and
concentrating chemical materials through successive steps
in the food chain. Thus, materials in water may occur ini-
tially at subhazardous concentrations, but biological activ-
ity can lead to hazardous levels. Cases in point are
mercury, other heavy metals, and many pesticides.
Detectability; The relative hazard of an unseen or
undetected pollutant is inherently greater than that of
those readily observed. Since detection is one of the ini-
tial needs in responding to a spill, a thorough understand-
ing of the associated analytical problems is needed.
Present Status of Other Hazardous Materials Programs
Concern for hazardous materials is by no means a new issue
and various governmental and industrial organizations have
long been involved in the public safety and property protec-
tion aspects.
In the past, design, regulatory, and contingency planning
activities have, on all fronts, been largely and justly
devoted to the protection of life and property and minimal
attention has been given specifically to the water pollution
aspects of spills. The National Academy of Sciences(27) has
reviewed the hazards associated with bulk waterborne trans-
port of hazardous materials. Water pollution aspects have
been touched on in the above work, but the main thrust has
been toward other hazards and the commonalities involved
have been limited.
-------
Similarly, the Department of Agriculture regulates the
licensing and use of a wide variety of agriculture chemicals
including Class B Poisons. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
sion fulfills a similar function in connection with radio-
active materials (not considered within the scope of this
effort). The Department of Health, Education and Welfare
promulgates drinking water standards relevant to a wide
variety of potentially hazardous substances from a public
health standpoint. The Department of Defense is concerned
with control of chemical and biological warfare agents
which were excluded from consideration in this program.
In the private sector, individual companies, industrial
associations, insurance organizations, and cooperative
groups have, to various degrees, attacked the problem. In
general, however, it is fair to state that consideration of
the water pollution/quality aspects of spills is relatively
recent and has received less attention than the chronic
waste discharge problems.
With the advent of the TORREY CANYON oil pollution incident
in early 1967, the Federal Government became increasingly
concerned with the spillage not only of oil, but also of
other hazardous substances. This concern led to promulga-
tion of a National Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency
Plan in 1968, later to be revised, refined and reissued in
June 1970.(56) This plan is generally addressed to the oil
spillage problem, primarily because more technical informa-
tion is available in this field. However, the plan does
establish a management framework readily capable of accept-
ing additional technical input. One purpose of the work
reported herein is to provide some of this information base.
In the event of a spillage incident, rapid communications
are an essential to well-ordered and effective response.
To provide this communications vehicle in support of the
National Contingency Plan, the U.S. Coast Guard in coopera-
tion with the Federal Water Quality Administration, the
Office of Emergency Preparedness, the Department of Defense,
and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, has
established a National Response Center and is in the process
of developing an automated information system as a manage-
ment and technical decision making tool.
Program Rationale
The program was conducted under the rationale outlined in
Figure 1. Hazardous Materials Listings were gathered and
-------
screened to derive a definition of the term "hazardous
materials." Having considered the criteria utilized in
previous listings it was determined that any and all mate-
rials could be hazardous to the aquatic environment depend-
ing upon the concentration levels and water uses involved.
Consequently, all materials were considered as hazardous
materials. To limit the study to manageable size under
such a definition, it was deemed necessary to develop a
priority ranking formulation. Investigation of the param-
eters pertinent to such a priority ranking system revealed
that a meaningful formulation could be derived from know-
ledge of the origin of spills and environmental complexi-
ties involved in pollutant interaction with the aquatic
environment. The origin of spills as shown in Figure 1
was determined from three sources: transportation consid-
erations, historical spill data, and stationary sources.
Adequate data amenable to numerical formulation was avail-
able only from transportation considerations which were
accumulated from review of federal regulations, container
considerations, production statistics, and accident his-
tories. Development of the ranking system is considered an
important output of the program.
To complement the ranking system, a new classification sys-
tem was also derived. This system addresses itself to the
water quality considerations necessary should a response be
made to ameliorate the effects of an acute spill. Present
classification systems were reviewed, but found inadequate.
To avoid the problems encountered by the previous systems,
the new scheme was structured on a comparison of the environ-
mental complexities involved with a pollutant spilled into
the aquatic environment, the pollutants' detectability in
that environment, and the availability of countermeasures
to ameliorate subsequent damaging effects.
Judicious use of both the ranking system and the classifica-
tion scheme should greatly aid in prevention efforts aimed
at minimizing hazardous material spills. However, should a
spill occur, contingency plans are required to handle the
response mechanism. In light of this, present contingency
plans from all sectors were analyzed and a review of past
incidents was conducted to determine the deficiencies.
Present enforcement and legal policies were also studied.
Finally, after consideration of all these factors, a recom-
mended contingency plan was devised.
As illustrated in Figure 1 the outputs of the priority sys-
tem, the classification scheme, and the recommended contin-
gency plan were then screened to develop the specific
recommendations offered here by Battelle-Northwest. The
-------
actual data considered, outputs derived, and recommenda-
tions made follow in the text and appended material of
this report.
Hazardous Materials
Listings
V
Definition
of
Hazardous Materials
Federal
Regulations
I Container
1 Consideration
Production
Trends
Accident
Histories
_J . 1 I
\l/ \l/ \1/ ... 1
Transportation
Considerations
Historical Spill
Data
Origin of
Spills
A
Stationary
Sources
Priority
Ranking
A
Environmental
Complexities
Detectability
Availability of
Count ermeasures
New
Classification
System
Present Classification
Systems .
Present
Contingency
Plan
Recommended
Contingency
Plan
Review of Past Incidents
Enforcement and
Legal Policies
\ /
Recommendations
Proposed Plan
FIGURE 1. Program Rationale
10
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CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Brief
In evaluating the nature of hazardous polluting substance
spills, it is apparent that all substances are hazardous
to water quality depending upon the location, time and
concentration of the spill. Consequently, there is a need
to develop a sense of priority so that the optimum atten-
tion can be directed toward those substances which pose
the greatest threat to water quality. It is also desir-
able to establish a classification system to categorize
hazardous materials in relation to the availability of
means for coping with spills of these materials into the
aquatic environment. It was concluded that presently
available classification systems do not adequately address
themselves to the water quality aspects and consequently
.cannot fulfill the above needs.
To correct this situation, a numerical priority system has
been devised that formulates numerical rankings on the
basis of the total volume of water potentially threatened
by a substance each year. Further, a classification system
based on the inherent toxicity of a substance, the limits
at which that substance can be detected in the field, and
the availability of countermeasures for ameliorating
damaging effects has been developed.
11
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Need for Classification Systems
To establish which hazardous polluting substances deserve
the greatest attention, a priority system must be developed
to permit direct comparison of individual compounds in
terms of the potential threat posed to water quality. A
standard formulation is needed to avoid arbitrary decisions
as to which materials are most significant.
In addition to the priority system, a classification system
is needed to relate chemical properties to water quality
parameters of interest. This second system would group
chemicals having similar properties, thus permitting more
efficient interpretation and evaluation.
It is not immediately obvious why these functions cannot
be served by the presently available listings or systems.
With existing systems, there is no direct relationship
between the individual rankings for various categories and
subdivisions. Many chemicals tend to receive widely vari-
ant rankings, i.e., methanol is tolerated by fish, but
highly toxic to humans while the opposite is the case for
nickel ammonium sulfate. This indicates that widely
divergent conclusions could be drawn for the same compound
if judged for different water quality parameters. A
mechanism for combination of the parallel subsystems is
desirable; however, ultimate integration of subdivisions
requires the establishment of some method for comparing
the impairment of water quality on an equivalent basis for
each beneficial use.
Existing Classification Systems and Listings
Criteria upon which hazardous materials classification
systems are based vary widely depending upon the intended
purpose and ultimate use. Table C-l of Appendix C con-
tains a list of classification system criteria based on
systems either currently used or those likely to be
regarded as necessary to fully develop a more comprehen-
sive system to cope with water quality threats. It is
apparent that no one system presently can incorporate all
of the possible criteria. However, to assess the magnitude
of the effort required in attaining a desirable comprehen-
sive system, the following discussion shows that system
objectives and uses are critical considerations.
Presently, there are about 30 major classification systems
being utilized by public and private agencies to categor-
ize hazardous materials,(3) as listed in Table C-2 of
12
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Appendix C. Since each system was designed for a specific
purpose, they vary widely in their characteristics. An
important preliminary consideration in the use of any sys-
tem for a particular problem is identification of applica-
ble criteria and the elimination of those which are
unnecessary. When this is accomplished, an established
plan can be accepted, or a new classification scheme can
be derived. The important point is that no single system
will suit all needs. Although some systems are available
which attempt this to some degree, they are, in fact,
collections of parallel systems. Thus, a system such as
that of the National Safety Council(17) codes the severity
and type of hazard, the required precautions, first aid
procedures, flammability, flash point, toxicity, reac-
tivity, skin response, and injury potential of industrial
compounds; but each is separately coded with no subsystem
integration to establish one set of symbols or. a common
nomenclature to signify all the pertinent information.
Similarly, the National Academy of Sciences(^7) presents
a collection of grade listings for fire hazard, vapor
irritation, solid or liquid irritation, poison rating,
human toxicity, aquatic toxicity, aesthetic effect on
water, reactivity with other chemicals, reactivity with
water, and stability. The "Chemical Transportation Safety
Index"(19) utilizes this format to grade compounds for the
classification and degree of risk involved, advisable
precautions, hazard to life, first aid procedures, fire
danger and control, stability, and clean-up procedures.
Many systems for labeling chemicals in transit employ only
the first rating. A colored label is used to denote the
categories: flammable liquid, flammable compressed gas,
flammable solid, oxidizing material, corrosive liquid,
nonflammable compressed gas, Class A poison, Class B
poison, etiological agent, cryogenic liquid, radioactive
materials, explosive, or molten materials. Such a classi-
fication carries a set of precautions and emergency pro-
cedures that relate to each category. The "Hazardous
Commodity Handbook"(36) published by the National Tank
Truck Carriers, Inc. and the Manufacturing Chemists
Association's "Guide to Precautionary Labeling of Hazard-
ous Chemicals"(35) utilize this approach. The output from
these systems is often a manual similar to the MCA
"Chem-Card Manual," a transportation emergency guide.
After the hazards are defined for each material, responses
are detailed for three possible accidental situations—
spill or leak, fire, and explosion.
These examples serve to illustrate that the existence of a
large number of criteria and parameters has forced the
separate classification of materials for each criterion
13
-------
and parameter considered. Combination of classifications
can be achieved to some degree as in the NAS(27) listing
which groups the vapor, liquid, and solid irritant; and
poison rating under the larger heading of "Health." Human
and aquatic toxicity, and aesthetic effect on water are
grouped under "Water Pollution," while stability and reac-
tivity data are grouped under "Reactivity."
Critique of Classification System Requirements Related to
Water Quality
In dealing with the spill of hazardous materials into water,
classification systems must be focused on water quality
parameters. Of the systems investigated, only the NAS
tablest27' attempt this approach with the "Water Pollution"
division subdivided into "Human Toxicity," "Aquatic
Toxicity," and "Aesthetic Effects." "Human Toxicity"
figures are listed as ingestion limits.
With the above background in mind, it is essential that
any effective classification system developed should
encompass at least the following aspects regardless of
intended use:
• Classification systems should be action oriented,
i.e., be a prime determinant in regulatory,
operational, and research and development direction
activities. The priority system should form the out-
line of approach for research programs on specific
compounds, and both it and the classification system
should be employed to group compounds for administra-
tive and regulatory purposes. In some instances,
such as the determination of special handling per-
mits, the classification scheme should be integrated
into a single grading. One group may represent
chemicals which should not be shipped in bulk on
barges because of potential major impairment of
water quality while another may represent compounds
with no shipment restrictions placed on them. The
exact nature of the related regulations can be struc-
tured, modified, and restructured at the option of the
controlling agency once the category limitations have
been defined.
• Classification systems should be as quantitative as
possible and should be designed to assist day-to-day
operational and planning functions.
14
-------
• Since there are a wide variety of water uses and a
near endless number of materials that could be classi-
fied or designated as hazardous polluting substances,
it is essential that any truly useful system express
a strong sense of priority-of-concern. This expres-
sion is intrinsic to the definition itself. History
well reports that when a broad subject, such as that
discussed here is approached, little penetration
toward problem solutions is achieved unless action
is initially concentrated in areas of greatest
concern.
• As pointed out in the introduction, the term "Hazard-
ous" as applied to polluting substances, has two
distinct elements:firstly, the intrinsic nature of
a given substance itself and secondly, the frequency
and severity of exposure of waters to quality impair-
ment. No present classification system includes this
"exposure" consideration either from water quality or
from other aspects.
To circumvent the shortcomings of present systems, regard-
less of their intended application, and to extend their
consideration to water quality aspects, considerable
thought and effort has been given to the total water
quality hazard system—intrinsic and extrinsic. The ini-
tial product of this effort is presented in the following
pages.
Recommended Water Quality Classification Systems
To satisfy the functional needs for classification of
hazardous materials in the context of water quality, two
separate systems have been derived in the present study.
Each evaluates parameters unique to its proposed usage and
one parameter common to both systems. The common element
is the concept of critical concentration.
Four major water quality parameters have been defined:
human toxicity, aquatic toxicity, aesthetic effect, and
plant toxicity. A critical concentration was then defined
for each of the parameters as the minimum concentration of
a substance which would produce detrimental effects. In
the case of human toxicity, the critical concentration
value has been taken as the maximum allowable concentration
in domestic water supplies. For aquatic toxicity, depend-
ing upon the availability of data, a combination of TLm
values and threshold values for effects on fish was used in
15
-------
defining the critical concentration. Critical concentra-
tions for aesthetic effects were selected on the basis of
the threshold detection limit for normal human perception
in drinking water supplies. Finally, in the case of plant
toxicity, the critical concentration represents the maxi-
mum concentration tolerated by cultivated crops without an
appreciable loss of product yield. The data available for
such determinations appears in Appendix B.
Priority Classification System
The primary consideration in the development of this rank-
ing system was the potential threat posed to water quality
by various compounds. Consequently, a common unit repre-
senting that threat was needed so that evaluation of the
relative threat of each substance yields a comparative
basis upon which rankings can be formulated. After a
thorough review of the available data base, it was deter-
mined that the volume of water annually threatened by each
compound could be used. To determine that volume, it was
necessary to establish the quantity of each material pro-
duced and sold, the critical concentration, and the fraction
spilled into the aquatic environment.
Since the impairment of any of the four major water quality
parameters is unacceptable, all water uses were considered
to be of equal value and thus the need for weighting fac-
tors was eliminated. Thus, the critical concentration used
in the priority system for each compound was the lowest
concentration which would impair any one of the four water
quality parameters.
The development of the ranking system is based on the pre-
mise that the priority assigned to any material with regard
to water quality is dependent upon two factors: the quan-
tity available for spillage to a body of water, and the
acute hazard associated with the material.
The volume of a material spilled is defined as:
Q = QI fcwV + (pr£rar> + ]
where QI = quantity of material shipped {if shipping figures
not available, sales or production quantity used)
Q = quantity of material potentially introduced into
water
16
-------
w = water traffic
r = rail traffic
t = truck traffic
p = probability of accident
f = percent of total quantity shipped by a given
transport mode
a = adjustment factor to reflect probability of a
spill reaching a water course.
Pipeline transport presently pertains only to a small frac-
tion of hazardous materials and is therefore not included
in the present formulation. In the future, this transpor-
tation mode can readily be included in the formula therefore
pointing out the inherent flexibility of this system.
With the Q factor determined, ranking is achieved by divid-
ing Q by cc, the master critical concentration. This
quantity, Q/cc superficially represents the volume of water
potentially threatened by a compound in a year of shipments.
That is, it would require this volume of water to dilute
the annual quantity of a compound potentially spilled in
water to a concentration less than the critical concentration,
Several modifications of this system would be desirable if
the required data were available. One would weight proba-
bility factors by an additional factor denoting the relative
size of shipments of a compound carried by each of the three
transport modes. It could also be modified to reflect con-
tainer integrity under impact stresses common to accident
conditions. Unfortunately, these data are not presently
available.
It is recommended that detailed studies be initiated
to evaluate container integrity under impact and the dis-
tribution of container and shipment size for individual
substances. This will allow for a more accurate formulation
of the threats posed by materials to water quality.
In employing a technique of this sort, it is necessary to
have several decision steps to deal with water insoluble
substances. A flow diagram illustrating the steps in the
ranking system is presented in Figure 2. Two such decisions
were utilized. The first was a simple persistence judgment
which rejected all low density, low boiling (b.p. <35°C)
compounds with a solubility lower than its critical concen-
tration. These substances were assumed to persist less
17
-------
P,. =
Constituent K
= quantity of
constituent
potentially spilled
into water
persistence time of
spill (Pk 24 hr if K has
low boiling point, low
solubility and Sp G 1)
Yes
If
olubili
'Critical Con
centration
Yes
Insoluble listing
ranked by Q
List Reaction
Product
Soluble listing
ranked by Q/Criti-
cal Concentration
FIGURE 2
Hazardous Materials Priority Ranking
System Flow Diagram
18
-------
than 24 hours in the aquatic environment. Therefore, water
quality protection measures other than notification of the
proper authorities is not warranted. The second decision
step divided insoluble compounds of higher boiling points
into two categories representative of densities less than
one and greater than one. Materials in each of these cate-
gories were ranked separately on the basis of Q.
To facilitate data handling, this system was computerized.
Appendix A contains the output of the final program run.
Ranking by production figures QI and the master ranking Q/cc
are presented. The program output includes data on the
physical constants, transportation mode, critical concentra-
tion, detection methods, detection limits, literature
references, and response procedures related to each material,
The program presently contains much more information than is
utilized by this scheme.
Approximately 250 materials and groups of compounds are
ranked in the system. Lack of available production and
sales data limited the number of materials which could be
ranked. This ranking system will readily lend itself to
increasing sophistication as more and better data become
available.
Water Use Classification System
While the priority system reflects the potential frequency
and severity of spills, the emphasis of this classification
scheme is to illustrate the capability of present technology
to cope with a spill once it has occurred. The three param-
eters involved are the detectability of the contaminant, the
availability of countermeasures, and the critical concen-
tration of the material. The basic determination is whether
a material is detectable and/or can be responded to with
present technology as indicated in Appendix B, at levels
equal to or below the critical concentration. In this
particular application, no attempt has been made to inter-
relate the four water quality classifications. Conse-
quently, the output is a division of materials into the four
water quality parameter categories, each of which is sub-
divided into classes indicating whether detection and
countermeasures are available. Such a classification of
over 800 compounds is presented in Appendix C.
Ultimately, it may prove advantageous to integrate this
system and the priority system into a single comprehensive
scheme. The simplest approach would utilize the priority
19
-------
system to rank individual materials within each classifi-
cation. Modifications of this nature could easily be
worked into the present computer program, but are presently
restricted to those compounds for which production data are
available.
Recommendations
The continuous addition of materials and updating of
information utilized by both systems is recommended. The
priority system should form the outline of approach for
research programs on specific compounds, and the clasiT-
fication system should be employed to group compounds for
administrative and regulatory purposes. In __sp_me instances,
such as the determination of special permit grants, the
classification scheme should be integrated into a single
grading.
20
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CAUSES AND SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS
Brief
To fully understand the problems of acute spillage of
hazardous materials and to develop insight into prevention
and control of such spills, it is necessary to examine his-
torical spill data, and production and handling trends.
This type of information must be comprehensive if it is to
be used as a basis for extrapolation and subsequent pre-
diction of spill trends as a guide to prevention activities.
Presently there are two major sources of historical spill
data: transportation accident and handling trend data,
and yearly Federal Water Quality Administration fish kill
summaries. The transportation data is not sufficient by
itself in that spills are not solely the result of trans-
portation accidents. To modify the conclusions drawn from
accident histories, it is necessary to also consider Federal
regulations concerning transportation, container aspects of
product transport, and production trends and locations.
While these data alone are still not sufficient for accur-
ate definition of priorities in hazardous material consi-
derations, they do provide a necessary background for
identifying future trends in hazardous materials spills.
The existing fish kill reports are inadequate by themselves.
They relate only to spills resulting in fish kills and hence
do not reflect the total water quality impairment problem.
They are further limited by their reliance on state report-
ing procedures that are often less than optimum.
To rectify this situation, a reporting scheme is recommended
which concerns itself with the acute spills of all sub-
stances, their causes, and subsequent effects. A new admin-
istrative structure is recommended to expedite this reporting
and to allow for interplay between the reporting agents and
personnel responsible for water quality control.
21
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Transportation System Considerations
The most recent information available on transportation and
accident trends as related to hazardous materials has been
collected by Booz-Allen and Hamilton in their report to the
Council on Environmental Quality.(3) using direct extrapo-
lation and extrapolation modified by production/ transport,
and handling trend information, total accident and hazardous-
mate rial- related accident figures for the period 1970-1980
have been projected. Oil and petroleum products were
included as hazardous materials in this study.
Table 1 is a reproduction of Booz-Allen and Hamilton's total
shipment projections for the three modes of transport and
liquid product pipelines. Statistics denoting the per-
centage of an individual compound shipped by each mode of
transport are available in Appendix A. Appendix D contains
total tonnage figures detailing waterborne hazardous mate-
rials handled by individual ports in the United States.
After a comprehensive study of accident statistics, Booz-
Allen and Hamilton noted several general trends in acci-
dents involving hazardous materials. Accidents involving
hazardous substances are increasing in proportion to the
increase in total transportation accidents. Rail and
waterborne traffic are experiencing greater numbers of
accidents per unit traffic than in the past while motor
carriers are maintaining a fairly steady value. Hazardous-
materials-related accident frequencies have also increased
for rail and waterborne traffic, but are declining for
motor carriers. Unfortunately there are no compelling
reasons to expect these trends to change for the better
and there is good reason to believe that increased tanker
size and larger package groupings will increase the
severity of individual spills in the future.
Figures 3 and 4 show the total accident and hazardous-
materials-related accident statistics for the period
1956-1969 together with projections through the year
1980.(2^ While motor carrier statistics are expected to
remain fairly constant, rail accidents are projected to
increase at 6.8% per year and hazardous-material-related
rail accidents are expected to increase at a 5.8% annual
rate. The increases appear to be a direct result of
several factors. Average train speeds have increased
from the 1947 figure of 16 mph to 20 mph in 1968. Simul-
taneously, train sizes and loads have increased. The
average train hauled 1,768 tons of freight in 1968 while
its counterpart in 1950 was carrying 1,178 tons. During
this same period, no material improvement in railroad
22
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TABLE 1. Hazardous Materials Transported by Major Modes
(Booz-Allen and Hamilton)(3)
to
u>
Mode
Motor Carriers
Railroads
Liquid Products
Pipelines
Water Carrier
TOTAL
Estimated Total
Quantity Shipped
Projected
1967 1979-80
(In millions of tons)
512 800
149 195
709 1,290
414 470
Percent
Increase
1967/1979-80
56.3%
30.9%
81.8%
13.5%
Percent
Quantity
1967
28.7%
8.4%
39.7%
23.2%
of Total
Shipped
1979-80
29.0%
7.1%
46.8%
17.1%
1,784
2,755
54.5%
100.0%
100.0%
Sources: Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics, Oil Pipe Lines
(1967)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States
(1967)
Freight Commodity Statistics, Class I and Railroads and Class I Motor
Carriers (1966 and 1967)
American Petroleum Institute
-------
Id
>-
a;
u
CM
en
H
O
u
as
w
100,000
30,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
_ 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
MOTOR CARRIERS
RAILROADS
(STRAIGHT EXTRAPOLATION)
RAILROADS
(BEST FIT)
DOMESTIC WATER CARRIERS
i 1
i
I
1 1 1
i
i
i
i
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
AFTER BOOZ - ALLEN & HAMILTON
FIGURE 3. Total Accident Predictions
24
-------
w
« H
w <
P-, X
W
l-l
U
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
rn—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i 1.1.
MOTOR CARRIERS
/
/ _|
DOMESTIC WATER CARRIERS
RAILROADS
i i I I I 1 I I I I I
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972 1976 1980
AFTER BOOZ - ALLEN & HAMILTON
FIGURE 4. Hazardous Materials Accidents Predictions
25
-------
maintenance practices has been realized, partially because
of the deteriorating economic situation in the railroad
industry. The net effect of these three factors is expected
to be an increase in all rail accidents and consequently an
increased number of accidents in which hazardous materials
are involved.
Total accidents involving waterborne traffic are expected
to rise 4% per year through 1980 while hazardous-material-
related accidents are projected to increase at an annual
rate of 14% over the same period. The difference in these
figures reflects the estimated increased percentage of
hazardous cargo shipments expected for barge traffic in the
1970's. Meanwhile, overall growth of waterborne traffic
should be modest because of a decline in Great Lakes ship-
ping due to increased usage of pipelines. It should be
kept in mind that these figures include oil and petroleum
products as well as hazardous chemicals.
There has been some discussion as to the appropriateness
of the use of production and handling trend information for
modifying direct extrapolations of accident probabilities.
Such concern, though important, does not bear directly on
the present work. The figures used for priority ranking
were historical figures unmodified by extrapolation. The
predictions for future accidents are presented here merely
to indicate trends.
Federal Regulations^
Specifications pertaining to the regulation of transport
of hazardous substances, whether published by state agen-
cies, transportation industry associations, or others, are
largely based on the Code of Federal Regulations Title 49-
Transportation.(21) Codification of these regulations is
delegated to the Hazardous Materials Regulation Board
established by the Department of Transportation. Member-
ship consists of the Assistant Secretary for Research and
Technology-Department of Transportation, the Commandant of
the U.S. Coast Guard, the Director of the Federal Aviation
Administration, the Federal Highway Administrator, and the
Director of the Federal Railway Administration or their
designees. The Board initiates ruling action upon request
of any of its members. Recommendations and requests from
other U.S. Government agencies or private individuals and
organizations are also considered.
Changes in the regulations concerning shipping by air,
rail,highway, and water can be accomplished by the Board
utilizing the services and opinions offered by carrier and
26
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shipper associations, including the Bureau of Explosives
of the Associations of American Railroads. Specifications
for shipping containers, methods of packing for shipment,
and other regulations are considered and prescribed as
conditions appear to warrant. Approved changes require a
90-day notice unless compelling circumstances demand a
shorter waiting period. Private concerns may participate
in this formulation process by submitting written informa-
tion or views. The Board also accepts petitions to issue,
amend, or repeal a rule. Such petitions may also result
from posting of proposed changes in the Federal Register
prior to the final decision.
Regulations established by the Hazardous Materials Regula-
tion Board apply to preparation of explosives and other
dangerous commodities for transportation by common carriers
utilizing rail freight/ rail express, rail baggage, high-
way, or water; construction of containers and packaging;
weight; marking and labeling of shipments when required;
billing; certificates of compliance with regulations; and
loading, storage, billing, placarding, and movement
thereof by carriers.
The regulation section dealing with requirements for
shippers contains detailed specifications and codes for
tank car retest intervals and pressures, maintenance, and
refitting requirements. Qualifications are outlined for
the use of cylinders and their repair. A listing of
explosives and other dangerous materials is supplied and
materials are classed as poisons, flammables, corrosives
or explosives. Regulations call for placarding and
shipping labels referring to the specific class of com-
pound being shipped as a warning to handlers and as a
quick reference source in case of an accident. The list-
ing also includes packaging requirements and exemptions,
label requirements, and maximum allowable shipment
quantities.
The extremely complex nature of transporting hazardous
materials has led to the institution of a system of
special permits which waive or exempt individual situa-
tions from Parts 171-190 of Title 49, Chapter 1 or
Part 103 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Having decided that a shipment cannot be made under present
regulations, a shipper must petition the Board for a
special permit. Over 3,000 special permits are currently
outstanding. The petition itself must contain information
describing the regulation provisions involved, a justifi-
cation for the permit, detailed descriptions of the pro-
posed plans and containers, chemical background information,
27
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relevant shipping and accident experience with the proposed
container, proposed transport mode and any special trans-
portation controls required, the name of the petitioner,
and a statement or recommendation regarding any changes in
the regulations which would be desirable to eliminate the
need for similar special permits. From this information
and any additional facts that are available, the Board
rules on each petition. The special permit process and the
regulation formulation process do not specifically include
consideration of effects on water quality.
Packaging and Containerization
Changes in chemical production in recent years, advancing
technology and more diverse markets have made the selection
of the shipping mode an increasingly complex function.
Among the factors involved in determing the mode of trans-
port are safety considerations; product characteristics
and unit value; size of shipment; distance to highways,
waterways, and/or a variety of possible modes of shipment
including: small containers, bulk railroad transport,
tank truck, barge shipment, intermodal transport, and con-
tainerization. Both dedicated service and multiple product
systems are employed.
Small Containers; Liquid shipping containers range
from small glass vials to 40-foot containerized tanks. The
55-gallon steel drum, however, is the liquid-carrying work
horse of the chemical industry and its use has expanded
rapidly with the advent of corrosion resistant linings. A
variety of linings combined with different burst strengths,
thicknesses, openings, sizes and manufacturing techniques
has been responsible for the versatility and universal
acceptance of steel drums. Drums are usually filled by
gravity, by pump, or pneumatically under a variety of con-
ditions depending on product characteristics such as
volatility, flammability and reactivity.
Aside from in-transit punctures or container failure due
to corrosion, product expansion, or rough handling, the
greatest potential for spill or leakage occurs during
filling and unloading operations.
Reconditioning of drums can also present a spill hazard.
Specifications cover three drum classes: reusable, single
trip, and nonreturnable. Only drums in the first two
classes may be reconditioned. A rinse or wash is often
sufficient for reconditioning; however, use for some com-
pounds requires a more thorough cleaning and overhaul. The
reconditioning process is potentially a spill source
28
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depending on the reconditioning methods and facilities.
The ultimate disposal of drums presents a threat to the
public health and welfare because of secondary environ-
mental exposure from abandonment or typical uses such as
pesticide drums as floats for marinas.
Nonmetal containers are being increasingly utilized for
liquid shipments up to 55 gallons. These units can accom-
modate weights up to about 600 pounds and can be used to
carry a variety of materials. For example, polyethylene
and polypropylene containers can be used for acids, bases,
halides, and organics. Fiber drums and corrogated boxes
can be fitted with plastic linings to increase package
integrity under accident conditions. However, these types
of containers are more susceptible to puncture during
transport. Present trends result in an increase in com-
posite materials and new combinations of products fabri-
cated from plastic and paperboard materials. This offers
a good compromise between economics and container durability.
The majority of plastic containers are nonreturnable and
nonreusable. Therefore, due to the nature of the material,
loading and unloading operations present the major poten-
tial for spills with these containers. This type of risk
can be minimized by proper regulation and enforcement and
by adequate control facilities at the filling and use
sites.
Bulk Railroad Transport: Most chemical industry pro-
ducts must be shipped in greater volume than that which
can be carried economically in small containers. Railroad
tank cars move the largest volume of bulk liquids, and the
Department of Transportation has classified approximately
75 types of cars for carrying over 1,000 different commodi-
ties. Some common classifications are given in Table 2.
Cars are designed to cope with liquid properties such as
corrosiveness, toxicity and vapor pressure. A high-
pressure tank car is one with a safety valve setting of
75 psi or more. These are required for flammable or toxic
liquids whose vapor pressure exceeds 27 psia at 100 °F.
Cars classed as low pressure vehicles have safety valves
set at less than 75 psi. Safety vents with rupture discs
can be used in place of valves.
General service cars for low pressure and nonregulated
commodities comprise the vast majority of cars in use.
Even so, designs include multisectioned units with broad
pressure and temperature control capabilities. Loading
is normally done through the car dome, and unloading
29
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TABLE 2. Common Tank Car Classifications
(2)
Classification
AAR
ARA
OOT 103W
Nonpressure
steel
Nonpressure
steel
Nonpressure
aluminum
Type Typical Commodities
Brine, ethyl benzene,
glycols, heavy fuel oils,
liquid latex, vegetable
oils.
Brine, ethyl benzene, heavy
fuel oils, molasses,
vegetable oils.
Acetone, amines, aqua
ammonia, caustic soda solu-
tions, chlorinated solvents,
ethyl benzene, ethylene
dibromide, fats and oil,
gasoline, glycols, latexes,
liquid fertilizer, petroleum
products, phenol, ploygly-
cols, weed killers.
Acetic acid, amines, for-
maldehyde, glycerine,
glycols.
Anhydrous ammonia, anti-
knock compounds, bromine,
butane, ethylychloride,
ethylene oxide, liquid
chlorine, methyl chloride,
propane, propylene, propylene
oxide, vinyl chloride.
through a bottom outlet. For safety reasons, acid and other
material cars, like ethylene oxide, are loaded and unloaded
via the dome fittings.
Derailment presents the major potential for railroad spills.
Findings of the investigation following the Dunreith,
Indiana incident, indicate that a broken rail at a compro-
mise joint connecting two different sized rails was responsi-
ble for the derailment. Their study also indicates that
such circumstances are fairly common.(54) ^e frequency
of local inspection is such that this type of irregularity
often remains undetected. Out-of-level roadbeds can cause
problems as in the case of the Laurel, Mississippi inci-
dent, (74) where a track crossing provided the necessary
jolt to shatter a tread-worn-hollow wheel, derailing the
OOt 103A1W
OOT 111A60ALW
Nonpressure
aluminum
Pressure steel
30
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train and releasing chlorine. Conclusions drawn in the
investigations of both accidents point out the need for
better inspection of roadbeds and equipment. Such recom-
mendations have instigated moves to require increased
attention to wheel and axle testing on all rail cars.
Potential tank car leaks and spills stem not only from
derailments and vessel failures caused by unforeseen cir-
cumstances, but by leaks and spills at loading and unload-
ing terminals, and equipment and valve failures.
Bulk Tank Truck Trailers; The key role of tank truck
trailers is to provide a broad range of services and door-
to-door operation from shipper to customer. For local
deliveries, one tank can make several trips per day with
loads ranging from 2,600 to 8,500 gallons.
One of the competitive advantages of the trucking industry
is that the carrier unloads cargo as opposed to the cus-
tomer as in other transport modes. Trucks are best suited
for the medium and high value commodities usually shipped
in smaller quantities. Economic factors influencing the
use of this mode include the expense of long hauls with
deadhead return and comparatively restricted load capacity.
Truckers are currently offering more versatile trailer
service that allows them to reduce deadhead return trips.
Similar to tank cars, tank trailers offer a wide flexibility
in terms of construction materials, sizes, insulation and
auxiliary support systems. Because of their similarities
to tank cars, they possess similar spill and leak poten-
tials magnified by the fact that they operate under less
isolated conditions than railroads.
Bulk Barge Shipment: U.S. inland and coastal water-
ways offer a comparatively inexpensive shipping method.
Barges capable of holding up to 2,500 tons can be pushed
or towed in groups containing up to 40 individual units.
Anhydrous ammonia barges have capacities up to 3,000 tons.
Approximately 2,600 tank barges are currently in service
in the United States. Maximum value of waterway shipments
is obtained when the shipper has direct access to terminals
at both ends and some control over handling charges. Thus,
many producing companies have found it advantageous to
operate their own barges. About 25% of the 17,000 barges
in this country belong to private shippers.
Barges, of course, can be no wider than the locks they use.
Also, uniform dimensions are desirable for two operations.
31
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Standard barge sizes are: widths, 35 and 52.5 ft; lengths,
195 and 250 ft; and drafts, 9 to 14 ft, depending on the
waters being navigated. Rafting of barges to form
1,200-foot tows is not uncommon.
Barges are not necessarily limited to inland waterways.
Units designed for ocean travel and holding 8,000 to
20,000 tons follow routes between mainland ports and
Puerto Rico, Alaska and Hawaii.
Tank barges are of three general types:
• Single skin, where cargo is carried directly within
the outer shell of the vessel. These barges are
ordinarily used where no special precautions are
deemed necessary for the cargo.
• Double skin, where cargo is carried within an inner
shell. The additional shell prevents contamination of
the water or cargo should a leak occur and also pro-
vides a smooth tank interior for special coatings and
ease of cleaning. These barges may be compartmented.
• Independent tank, where cargoes are carried in
separate tanks mounted on saddles in the hull.
Cylindrical tanks are common where cargoe.s must be
transported under pressure and/or high or low tempera-
tures. These separate tanks are easier to insulate
heavily for shipments requiring either elevated or
depressed temperature.
More liquid products move by barge than any other type of
commodity. While petroleum products still account for the
largest share of these movements, the amounts of liquid
chemicals being transported by barge has been steadily
rising.
There has also been a trend toward larger tows. Whereas
5,000 tons was once the usual tow, there is now an increas-
ing number near the 10,000 range, and 15,000 ton tows are
not out of the ordinary.
In addition to the obvious sources of collision and sinking,
spills from barge traffic can occur from two types of
operation: loading and unloading, and bilge disposal. Non-
corrosion resistant loading and unloading equipment often
leads to product leakage into watercourses. Many terminal
facilities do not provide adequate piping for dedicated
loading and unloading of special commodities. Consequently,
products become mixed, increasing the probability of binary
reaction and possible subsequent explosion or fire.
32
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Frequently to circumvent these latter problems, lines are
drained into the watercourse or into the bilge. In either
case, the material is introduced into the water since
bilges are often pumped while underway.
All of the above factors are aggravated by the lack of
technical knowledge on the part of on-board personnel.
Most handlers and shippers have inadequate appreciation of
the properties of the products they are handling. Use of
brand name items further confuses the situation.
Another contributing factor is the lack of licensing
requirements for tugboat operators towing barges.
Manufacture and Use of Hazardous Materials
Stationary Spill Sources
In general, hazardous materials studies tend to focus on
transportation accidents as the major source of acute
spills, thus drawing attention away from spills originat-
ing from storage or production facilities. Upon examina-
tion of historical data, however, it becomes apparent that
stationary sources represent a significant portion of the
total problem. Numerous fish kills result from leaks from
storage tanks and broken lagoon dikes.
Bulk fluid storage can be achieved in three ways: atmo-
spheric pressure storage, low pressure storage, and pres-
sure storage. Atmospheric pressure storage includes use
of open reservoirs, lagoons, and any closed vessel designed
for a maximum pressure of 0.5 psig. Low pressure vessels
are closed tanks rated between 0.5 and 15 psig, while pres-
sure vessels include all tanks designed for pressures
above 15 psig.
Storage facility spill problems vary with the equipment
being used and the fluid being stored. Lagoons and reser-
voirs are normally bounded with earthen dikes or reinforced
earthen structures. They are constantly threatened by
weathering or rodent infestation which can weaken the
structure to the point of collapse. The occurrence of
percolation in waste lagoons causes a further problem.
Many times lagoons saturate the ground with toxic sub-
stances which remain long after use of the lagoon has
ceased. Strong flushing action can then drive the toxic
material out to nearby surface waters. Such a case
occurred in Meadville, Pennsylvania, when discharge of
33
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a large volume of water flushed acetic acid and diketene
wastes from an old lagoon site.(53)
Metal cylindrical tanks used as pressure vessels are sub-
ject to different types of stresses. Corrosion, lightning,
leaking gaskets, mechanical puncture, static electricity,
faulty pressure relief equipment, and inadequate insulation
can all result in failure. When outdoor tanks are employed,
they are often grouped in tank farms for economic reasons.
This multiplies the hazard in the event of fire, explosion
or natural disaster. Large storage areas of this nature
are common to production sites and transportation terminal
locations. This is especially true for areas handling large
volumes of waterborne traffic. Hence, port facilities,
crude oil depots, and refineries demand a great number of
liquid storage vessels.
Smaller storage operations are located across the entire
country. Vessels are required to store ammonia for fer-
tilizer operations, chlorine for water and wastewater dis-
infection, natural gas for fuels, acid for stripping plants,
and caustic for food blanching and pulping. These are
frequently small operations, which may or may not follow
safe handling procedures. Small private facilities such as
might be maintained by a farmer to store ammonia solutions
often do not undergo routine inspection.
Causes of spills which are common to all storage facilities
include human error, transfer equipment malfunction, and
natural disasters.
To minimize loss from stationary storage facilities, gen-
eralized safety requirements have been established. These
include the more obvious selection requirements to insure
the vessel material is compatible with the fluids to be
stored and that it can withstand expected pressures or
vacuum. Venting requirements are based on pumping rates,
ambient temperatures expected, and vapor pressures.
Fluid tanks constructed for use with flammable liquids must
be grounded and should be placed so that fire extinguishing
equipment is readily accessible. Perimeter dikes of mini-
mum sufficient capacity to contain the volume of the
enclosed tanks are often required.
In general, dry storage facilities do not pose any immediate
threats to the water environment. The relatively immobile
state of the material, the ease of recovery of spilled
material, and the tendency to individually pack smaller
size units diminish the chances of the contaminant reaching
34
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water once it has been released. Accidents result from
explosions and fires common to "high dust" operations. Spe-
cific plans to move stored hazardous, dry materials from
sites subject to flooding will generally be effective because
of the lead time normally available prior to a major flood.
Production Statistics
Recent slumps in the economy have affected production in
the chemical industry. With current indicators pointing to
a more solid economy in the future, projections are for the
earlier trends of rapid production increase to resume.
Following this air of optimism, chemical producers are
planning ambitious construction programs for the 1970's.
Tables presented in Chemical and Engineering News'^' show
the historical development of production and are given in
Appendix D.
Geographical Factors
Production quantities alone cannot be used as indicators
of quantities of materials potentially introduced into the
aquatic environment. As developed below, other factors
require consideration. These factors are not amenable to
a numerical formulation to establish which materials
deserve priority attention.
One method of approach toward presentation of geographical
factors is to map out production sites and market regions
for individual materials together with production trends,
cost trends, and use patterns. This has been done in
Figures D-l through D-10 of Appendix D for ten of the top
priority ranked materials (as developed in Appendix A of
this study).
The value of such maps can be illustrated by consideration
of phenol. Phenol was ranked first by the numerical formu-
lation and thus should pose the greatest threat to the
aquatic environment. However, Figure D-9, Appendix D indi-
cates that 50% of present phenol production is captive.
That is, 50% of manufacturing operations produce phenol for
in-plant use. The actual amount of phenol in transit is
well below the production quantity. Thus, an accidental
release of phenol will depend to a great extent upon han-
dling procedures in and around manufacturing facilities
as well as on transport.
Conversely, Figure D-3, Appendix D shows that chlorine pro-
duction is located on the West Coast and east of the
35
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Mississippi with markets nationwide. This indicates that
large quantities of chlorine will be in the transportation
system, hence transport mode accident probabilities are a
major factor in determining spill potential.
Historical Spill Experience
National Summaries
Since the present level of concern with the impact on water
quality resulting from spills of hazardous substances is
relatively recent, only a limited backlog of information
on past spill incidents exists. Historically, nationwide
data on spill incidents has been compiled principally on
the basis of fish kill observations that have been tabu-
lated annually by the Federal Water Quality Administration.
This program, initiated in 1960, dpends upon voluntary
reports submitted by individual states. The report form
presently being used is illustrated in Figure 5. This
report form requests certain data, such as the source of
the pollution incident, which are desirable but often
difficult for the volunteer to accurately determine.
As a result of the reliance on voluntary reports, yearly
data summaries often reflect the thoroughness of the
reporting procedures of the individual state, rather than
the actual geographical density of spills. Frequently,
for lack of data these reports do not contain information
as to the exact contaminant spilled, the quantity, and the
type of container involved. This makes the tasks of evalu-
ating container integrity and correlating spill severity
to spill size, almost impossible. Some individual states
have begun to collect more detailed information for their
own use. Among the concerns of states not presently report-
ing all incidents is the question of liability once the
spilled compound has been identified and its sources
revealed. Frequently, their position is that unless the
source can be positively identified, the incident should
not be reported at all. Clarification of this point could
considerably expand the available data base. The question
of liability will be discussed in the section on the legal
aspects of hazardous materials. Reports are generally
filed by fish and game officials or local wardens. In some
states this coverage may be inadequate.
Regardless of the preceding circumstances. Federal Water
Quality Administration annual fish kill summaries represent
the best available data source. The fact that in situ or
"natural" bioassay data, i.e. the fish kills, represent the
36
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20242
REPORT OF POLLUTION-CAUSED FISH KILL
Form Approved - Budget Bureau No.
(FOR FWPCA
1. LOCATION (Stream or Lake)
NEAREST TOWN STATE
USE ONLY)
42-R1526
2. DATE OF KILL
3. TYPE WAT
£H Fresh [
ER
13 Sa|t cn
Estuary
SOURCE OF POLLUTION
A. AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS
I | Poisonc (Herbicides. Pesti-
| 1 Fertilizers
1 I Manure drainage, ensilage
liquors, or feed lot operations
B. INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS
1 1 Mining
Q]
1 {Chemicals • I
1 I Food & kindred | |
products
1 1 Other
D. TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS
ORoil a Truck Of"'?"" CD P'P«lin*
Boat
E. OTHER
Metals
Petroleum
Paper & Allied
products
C. MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS
I | Sewerage System
|| Refuse Disposal
1 I Water System
I 1 Swimming Pool
1 1 Power
(Specify) F.
\ | Unknown
G. SPECIFIC AGENT OR CAUSE IF KNOWN
5. TYPE OF FISH KILLED
GAME
NON-GAME
TOTAL
COMMERCIAL
%
%
100 %
%
6. EST. NUMBER
KILLED
7. SEVERITY
( | Total [~~1 Heavy | | Moderate [~1 Light
8. EXTENT OF AREA AFFECTED
MILES OF STREAM
ACRES OF LAKE
9. DURATION OF CRITICAL EFFECT
DAYS
HOURS
10. ADDITIONAL REMARKS
REPORTING OFFICIAL
AGENCY MAILING ADDRESS
DATE OF REPORT
FWPCA-6A (Rev 9-67) INSTRUCTIONS: Fold card to show proper address end staple or tape
long edge together.
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1M7 O—280-§2I
FIGURE 5. The Form Presently Employed for Reporting
Fish Kills to the Federal Water Quality
Administration
37
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major national indicators of water quality degradation
resulting from spills is significant in that only one of
the beneficial uses of water is covered.
Geographical plots of spill incidences reported in the
annual Federal Water Quality Administration fish kill
reports from 1960 to 1968(30,60,69,76) are contained in
Figures D-ll through D-14, Appendix D. This Appendix also
includes tables summarizing fish kill information for the
same period.
Many observations can be made from comparative analyses of
this historical data; but, in most cases, the data are
representative of only a portion of the total reports since
information on the duration of spills, total fish killed,
or percentage of fish population affected are not reported.
Many reports also state that the kill was of unknown origin.
This suggests that if conclusions are to be drawn from these
tables, they should be done so carefully and with the full
knowledge of the incomplete nature of the data. Considering
all factors the statistical significance is doubtful and
meaningful trends cannot be established.
Appendix D also includes detailed analysis of spills in
California and Illinois. These help to illustrate that
spill locations may reflect transport or use patterns of
hazardous materials.
Past Major Incidents
Despite a rather extensive effort during the course of this
study, only a small amount of well-documented information
relating to water pollution aspects of past incidents was
uncovered. This appears to be due to a number of factors
including: 1) most incidents are on a small scale and the
effects are of short duration; 2) most incidents have
resulted in problems in which water quality aspects attract
less attention than fire, explosion, or air pollution
threats; 3) a routine reporting and follow-up system is not
in place particularly as regards the more technical aspects;
and 4) the agencies involved are sometimes reluctant to make
such reports generally available, although documentation of
incidents may exist.
Two recent incidents which have been well-documented and
openly reported occurred at Dunreith, Indiana and Carbo,
Virginia. These incidents are described and analyzed below.
(54)
Dunreith, Indiana:v ' At 9:30 PM on January 1, 1968,
a train wreck involving approximately 30 cars occurred at
38
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the small town of Dunreith, Indiana, which is located on
Buck Creek, a tributary of the Big Blue River. Five
20,000 gallon tank cars carried hazardous materials: two
contained acetone cyanohydrin, one vinyl chloride, another
ethylene oxide, and the last methyl methacrylate. The
Indiana State Patrol immediately contacted the State Health
Commissioner who dispatched a representative to the scene
within a few hours.
Fire, explosions, and the release of toxic gases prompted
the evacuation of the townspeople and a technical evalua-
tion of the chemicals involved. Acetone cyanohydrin is a
soluble, stable liquid that decomposes to acetone and hydro-
gen cyanide, a highly toxic chemical. Vinyl chloride is a
low boiling, slightly soluble gas that can be narcotic at
high concentrations. Ethylene oxide is an insoluble, low
boiling liquid; an irritant at low concentrations, it can
be fatal at higher concentrations. Methyl methacrylate is
a low density, slightly soluble liquid which boils at 100°C.
Because of the hazards involved with extinguishing the fire,
it was decided to let the fire burn itself out and wait
for representatives from Dow Chemical Company and Rohm and
Haas Chemical Company to reach the scene. Meanwhile, resi-
dents were not allowed to return to the town and workers
were required to wear gas masks.
The first indication of water quality damage resulting from
the spill was noted at noon the following day when motorists
sighted several dead cattle and dead fish along the banks of
Buck Creek. An ensuing investigation revealed seven dead
cattle, several dead hogs, and thousands of dead fish. The
characteristic odor of cyanide was prevalent in the stream
water. Additional personnel arrived and obtained samples
for analysis at the State Board of Health Water and Waste
Laboratory. Samples taken through the morning of January 3,
contained maximum cyanide concentrations of 405 mg/liter in
Buck Creek and 20 mg/liter in the Big Blue River.
After the fire was extinguished on the afternoon of
January 2, it was determined that the ethylene oxide had
exploded while the methyl methacrylate and vaporized vinyl
chloride burned. Only acetone cyanohydrin from one of the
cars reached the surface water. About 1,200 gallons
seeped into the roadbed and ran down a tile drain to the
creek.
State and industrial personnel supervised the decontamina-
tion of the roadbed materials. Meanwhile, owners of nearby
private wells were advised to avoid use of well water while
a sampling program was initiated.
39
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Further sampling downstream confirmed the belief that even
though dilution and decomposition were acting to lower the
effective cyanide concentration, recommended standards
would not be met before the slug reached Seymour, Indiana,
which utilized the water for its domestic supply. To avoid
shut down of Seymour's water, it was decided to convert the
cyanide to cyanate with chemical treatment. On January 5
and 6, 6,200 pounds of calcium hypochlorite were added
gradually to the stream at a cost of $3,083, which was borne
by the railroad. This hypochlorite treatment was adequate
to reduce the cyanide below the 0.20 mg/liter recommended
limit. Dead fish were noticeable in decreasing numbers
below the treatment site and may well have resulted from
the free chlorine as well as the remaining cyanide.
Monitoring was continued and boxes of live minnows were
set in the stream to detect any remaining toxicity. An
extensive program was then initiated at the railroad's
expense to test the surrounding ground water. When con-
taminated water was detected, it was pumped out, treated,
lagooned, and bled off to the receiving stream. This pro-
gram continued well into April, when snow melt leached
additional cyanide into the ground water supply.
In a summary report, Indiana State Health officials con-
cluded that hazardous chemical transport poses a growing
threat to the safety of all individuals. Moreover, they
felt that the successful treatment of the cyanide showed
the type of rewards that could be realized if a comprehen-
sive handbook for combating chemical agents was available.
It was also concluded that the response showed how per-
sonnel of different agencies could cooperate efficiently
to minimize the dangers of such a spill. All three obser-
vations, while valid, do not complete the picture. Several
lessons can be learned from the Dunreith incident.
While the response team appears to have been both efficient
and effective, valuable time was lost waiting for the flam-
mable materials to burn out and for industrial representa-
tives to arrive. The rationale behind this was to avoid
confronting some of the more dangerous hazards before
conferring with experts on the chemicals involved. The
information sought from the Dow and Rohm and Haas people
should be available to public officials in the form of a
hazards manual or information system. If such were the
case, response personnel could immediately begin counter-
measures and perhaps contain or counteract much of the
leakage of chemicals.
40
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While a primary concern must necessarily be fire/ explo-
sion, and toxic gases, it is evident that more concern
must be directed toward water quality. Although consi-
deration was given to domestic supplies both from private
wells and the Seymour water system/ this concern was late
and incomplete. The existence of nearby wells or river
intakes could have led to serious consequences for unwary
users long before the January 2 observations led to analy-
sis of the stream water. While local well owners were
warned, a complete understanding of water uses and users in
the vicinity and downstream could have been invaluable for
early warning.
In the Dunreith disaster, major concern was directed
toward personal and property safety. Meanwhile thousands
of fish and some livestock died. These losses may well
have been reduced if a water quality specialist had been
on hand. Chlorine treatment within hours of the spill
could possibly have saved thousands of fish and prompt
notification of local farmers could have prevented the
loss of livestock.
Clinch River Fish Kill; On Saturday, June 10,
1967 at 10:30 AM, a dike containing an alkaline waste
lagoon for the Appalachian Power Company steam plant at
Carbo, Virginia collapsed and released approximately
400 acre-feet of fly ash waste into the Clinch River. The
resulting contaminant slug moved at a rate of one mile per
hour for several days until it reached Norris Lake in
Tennessee; whereupon, it is estimated to have killed
216,200 fish. All food organisms in the four-mile stretch
of river immediately below Carbo were completely eliminated.
The regional Director of the Middle Atlantic Region of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration was notified
of the dike failure on Monday/ June 12. At this time,
action was taken to establish the extent and location of
the pollutant. Contact was made with the Virginia Water
Control Board and the Tennessee Stream Pollution Control
Authorities to determine the number of public water sup-
plies threatened and the availability of alternate water
sources. Only Saint Paul, Virginia directly used Clinch
River water in the potentially contaminated reach, and
it had obtained its weekend supply before the polluted
water arrived.
Officials worked with the Tennessee Valley Authority to
monitor the incident. Lines of communication and report-
ing procedures were established to keep the Regional
Director assessed of the movement of the material. Ini-
tially, observation could be made by the milk-white CaC03
41
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and Mg(OH)2 precipitates. Ultimately, pH and alkalinity
were used as the basic indicators for observing the move-
ment. On June 13, the FWPCA Regional Office supplied an
engineer to assist in the monitoring. The agencies
involved with data collection included the Middle Atlantic
Regional Office of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, the Tennessee Game and Fish Commission,
the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of
the Interior, the Virginia Water Control Board, and the
Virginia Game Commission. Results showed that the precipi-
tation of magnesium and calcium occurred for the first
35 miles, at which time the contaminated plume was 18 to
20 miles long. The high pH, low alkalinity slug then
passed on downstream until it reached Norris Lake'.
Methods for controlling the pH and thus neutralizing the
spill were considered. It was estimated that approximately
ten 50-ton tank cars of sulfuric acid would have to be
dumped within a 30-minute time period. Since such a supply
was not available and there was concern for further pre-
cipitation of alkaline salts, this course of action was
not taken.
On June 15, one of several follow-up meetings was held to
discuss the circumstances concerning the spill. The
Appalachian Power Company agreed to pay for damages.
Several possible causes of the dike failure were dis-
cussed and appropriate corrective actions outlined to
insure against a recurrence. Fly ash handling policies
in general were also reviewed.
While liability assessment and preventive developments to
reduce further occurrences were adequate, the physical
response to the Carbo spill was less than optimum. The
reporting of the incident was far too slow to meet the
dangerous situation that could have developed. If the
town of Saint Paul had been drawing water at the time the
contaminate was flowing by, serious consequences could have
resulted. The lack of early reporting and/or warning
increased the potential hazard of the situation. It was
fortunate that the intakes were shut down before the con-
taminant passed.
The second major gap in the response was the lack of any
countermeasures. Application of even inadequate quanti-
ties of acid for neutralization would have reduced damages
to some extent. Although no value was immediately placed
on the fish involved, it should not require a purely econo-
mic balance to warrant the use of countermeasures to effect
early restoration of a stream. If a water quality
42
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specialist could have been on hand to assess the needs and
order the required countermeasure (acid neutralization) on
Saturday the 10th, shortly after a release, the spill could
have been at least partially treated prior to its enlarge-
ment to 20 miles in length at Clinchport, Virginia.
Recommendations
Recommended Reporting Procedure
To resolve the problems involved with the present systems
utilized for tabulation of historical data, a new reporting
system and administrative structure is needed"Reporting
should be extended to cover water quality effects other
than fish kills.Initial reports of spills will emanate
from a variety of groups and individuals not necessarily
concerned with the water quality aspects. State patrols,
Coast Guard, and rail inspectors should report incidents
resulting from transport accidents. Local game wardens
should report unusual fish kills or wildlife deaths, while
water treatment plant operators should report unusual
changes in influent and effluent qualities including
aesthetic features. Handlers of hazardous materials should
further receive positive motivation for reporting spills.
All reports should be funneled promptly through a regional
water quality agentJThis will allow for rapid follow up
to determine all desired information. In addition to
information presently supplied, reports also should include
information on the container involved, the nature and quan-
tity of substance spilled, and response measures taken plus
their effectiveness.
The regional agent, when satisfied with the local input,
would then translate the information into a form appropri-
ate for transmittal to a historical data accumulation bank.
Periodically, the data bank could be utilized to determine
such things as container failure history and effectiveness
of countermeasures.
It is suggested that such a reporting system be implemented
and subsequently that it be extensively utilized for pro-
viding historical backup and predictive guidelines for
regulatory changes and research efforts in hazardous mate-
rials handling.
43
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Additional Recommendations
It is recommended that/ since accident frequencies
involving hazardous materials are increasing in the
rail and waterborne transportation modes, considera-
tion be given to limiting the quantity of highly
hazardous polluting substances that can be carried in
any single vessel.
It is recommended that/ since inadequate railroad
maintenance can be a strong contributor of accidents
in this mode of transport, the use of the rail trans-
port for certain materials should be regulated depend-
ing on rcaadbed condition. Such regulations might, for
example, govern speeds or maintenance standards on
tank cars carrying hazardous materials.
It is recommended that, since definitive statistics
on waterborne traffic in hazardous substances are
lacking, the annual summaries prepared by the Corps
of Engineers be amplified in detail for high concern
materials.This would provide regional groups a fir-
mer grasp on the nature of threats and aid in their
planning.
It is recommended that, since dedicated service trans-
port vessels offer a lower potential for spillage due
to the less frequent need for cleaning and the reduced
likelihood of combining antagonistic materials/ indus-
try should continue to increase the use of dedicated
service systems and consideration should be given to
requiring this use for high concern materials. This
recommendation also applies to terminal loading and
unloading facilities.
It is recommended that/ for high hazard commodities/
consideration be given to requiring double skin con-
struction for barges earring these materials.
It is recommended that/ since waterborne barge acci-
dent frequency is increasing, licensing be required
for all operators. Those involved in transport of
high hazard materials should receive special training
in the nature of materials involved.
It is recommended that/ since storage facilities,
particularly lagoon systems, can be a major source of
spillage or seepage, consideration be given to estab-
lishing design standards that must be met prior to the
use of lagoon storage.
44
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It is recommended that/ since the use of many hazardous
materials involves nontechnical personnel, the produc-
ing industry involved should provide these users with
technical advice as to equipment inspection and main-
tenance/ and provide instructions for disposal of used
containers.
It is recommended that the classification system devel-
oped in this study be considered in the regulation and
special permit issuance processes. All standing regu-
lations pertaining to individual substances should be
reviewed in light of this classification system and
altered if a substance poses a major threat to water
quality, ^t jj further suggested that all new products
be subjected ^to cTas¥iTlcation before bulk quantities"
are transported.
It is recommended that the transporter of highly
hazardous substances be ^required to carry specific aids
for detection and reduction of water quality damage.
These should include communications systems for imme-
diate reporting of any accidents and perhaps a trace-
able dye to introduce to the water course at the time
of the spill. The transport vehicle itself should also
be placarded with the specific reporting procedure
necessary in the event that the operator is incapaci-
tated. In addition, rail and truck operators carrying
high hazard materials should have equipment available
to aid in preventing spills from reaching surface
waters. This equipment may range from a hand shovel
to diking agents such as bentonite clay or foaming
agents.
It is recommended that one agency be identified as
solely responsible for water quality inspection and
disaster prevention during a spill incident. Par-
allel to safety efforts,it would warn all possible
water users of potential hazards and immediately
establish a monitoring system and provide water quality
protection knowledge to the response system. These
activities are to be accomplished in accordance with
the contingency plans as described in other sections
of this report.
It is recommended that, since fish kills represent
evidence of only one water quality parameter impair-
ment, the reporting system should be augmented to
include water quality impairments other than fish
kills. Further, it is recommended that, since
despite a diligent search of available literature,
45
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very few spill incidents have been found to be well-
documented, in major incidents follow-up reporting
be provided to evaluate the fate and effects of the
pollutant and to assess the adequacy of countermea-
sures and determine damages.
46
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DETECTION AND MONITORING
Brief
In this report "monitoring" refers to measuring the concen-
tration of a constituent or water quality characteristic
either intermittently or continuously over a period of time.
"Detection" on the other hand relates to identifying the
existence and/or measuring the concentration of a constitu-
ent or water quality characteristic at any time during a
pollution incident.
There are several distinct needs relating to detection and
monitoring of hazardous material spills. Since spills often
remain unreported, there is a need for a mechanism for
initial detection or discovery of the spill event. Follow-
ing the discovery of the spill, it is necessary to determine
the nature of the contaminant. This may require laboratory
analysis. Finally, it is necessary to monitor the spread of
the contaminant from a point or line source utilizing field
detection methods.
A review of existing continuous monitoring systems to deter-
mine hazardous materials spills and available laboratory and
field detection techniques indicates that these systems and
techniques are generally inadequate. Therefore, it will be
necessary to develop new concepts in monitoring and detec-
tion of hazardous material spills.
Monitoring facilities should be installed in areas where
(1) frequent spills have occurred; (2) a high, important
water use occurs; and (3) designated materials may be dis-
charged in excess of quantities which produce more than a
negligible risk. Development of complete monitoring facili-
ties for all waterways is deemed too costly and unnecessary
for present needs.
It was found that information concerning detection techniques
applicable to acute spillage problems and detailed instruc-
tions are nowhere combined in a single, accessible source.
The need for continual upgrading of such a work has sponsored
the recommendation of an automated data bank to store all
pertinent information.
47
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Need for Detection Procedures
In the event of spillage of hazardous polluting substances,
one of the most immediate needs will be for analytical
methods capable of qualitative detection and quantitative
determination of spilled material at threshold concentra-
tions for water quality impairment. In many instances,
human sensory perception may be adequate but for the major-
ity of materials evaluated in this review, analytical
methods will be required. The need for methods that can be
employed rapidly in the field by relatively untrained person-
nel is particularly evident.
Several levels of detection capability are required in the
event of a spill. Initially, there is a need for methods
to discover that a spill has occurred. Subsequently, if
spilled agents are not known, they must be identified
rapidly. Finally, the concentration gradients must be fol-
lowed until they are below the critical concentration. The
procedures required to achieve these ends must be available
from a single source and easily accessible.
Existing Detection and Monitoring Procedures
One of the best monitoring systems to date for the discovery
of spills is the ORSANCO Robot Monitoring System described
in Appendix F. However, this system cannot specifically
detect toxic materials and individual agents. The monitor-
ing system reflects only general parameters such as dissolved
oxygen, acidity, and conductivity.
Methods of detection of hazardous materials in water can
range from human sensory observations of odor, discolora-
tion, or slicks; to extremely complex techniques as in the
case of many highly toxic soluble organic compounds. The
diversity of the large number of hazardous materials further
complicates this situation and, in the case where the pol-
lutant is of unknown origin and nature, the problem is acute.
In many instances, the first indicator of a pollution inci-
dent will be a fish kill.
Detection must be approached on two levels. In the case of
a spill of unknown origin and nature, identification of the
substance causing water quality degradation is the necessary
initial step. For the identification of soluble organic
compounds, one of the most generally applicable and reliable
techniques involves comparison of infrared spectra to stan-
dard spectra. When several unknown components are present,
48
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gas chromatography can be employed to separate constituents
for infrared analysis. The spectra comparison process can
be automated through use of a computerized retrieval tech-
nique and can usually be accomplished within several hours.
On the second level, once the polluting substance is identi-
fied, either by reporting or other evidence, the need
exists for analytical methods for tracing the extent and
path of the pollutant and for gauging the effectiveness of
counter-measures that may be taken. Here, emphasis is placed
on rapid quantitative analytical methods that can be con-
ducted in the field.
While mine safety tests and reaction tests have been devel-
oped for compounds in the gaseous and pure state, little
work has been aimed specifically at similar identification
methods in the aquatic environment. Testing is further com-
plicated by the fact that natural waters are likely to con-
tain interferring ions and materials.
Generally, most inorganics can be detected in the field with
precipitation titration, or colorimetric tests at levels
below critical concentrations. Exceptions to this include
the highly toxic metals such as mercury, lead, nickel, and
silver. Organic compounds are more difficult to detect.
Spot tests can identify the presence of most amines,
alcohols, ketones, esters, and aldehydes below critical con-
centrations with the exception of compounds having an
extremely low critical concentration. Short chain aliphatics
can be detected by commercially available portable gas chro-
matographs and moderate success with spot tests can be
achieved with some organic acids and aromatic compounds.
Spot tests often require solvent extraction and mild heading
to determine levels below critical concentrations. It was
assumed that for low boiling compounds this could be achieved
in the field. Techniques requiring elaborate equipment,
excessive heat, or lengthy procedures were not considered as
acceptable for field use in the development of the data in
Appendix A.
Most halogenated hydrocarbons, and especially pesticides,
are not detectable in the field at critical concentrations.
The results of reviews of detection methods and associated
detection limits can be found in Appendix A, where both
field and laboratory detection limits, suggested procedures,
and the pertinent literature references are provided for the
compounds ranked in the priority system. Tables following
49
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the computer print-out define detection limits, test proce-
dures and literature reference codes. Field detection
limits for all the compounds considered in the water use
classification system are listed in Appendix C for purposes
of comparison with critical concentration values. Labora-
tory tests selected for inorganic compounds were usually
those outlined in Standard Methods^. (84) Most laboratory
tests for organic compounds consist of gas chromatograph
determinations whose detection limits for each compound were
found in recent publications.
Many organic liquids of low solubility and specific gravity
may dissipate slowly enough to allow for initial detection
on the basis of observations of a slick. However, many of
these compounds are still soluble enough to be toxic and
therefore disappearance of the slick will not indicate
resolution of the problem.
Critique of Available Techniques
Monitoring systems such as those employed by ORSANCO are
inadequate for the purpose of detection of hazardous mate-
rials spills. Toxic materials and individual agents are
not specifically detected. The monitoring system reflects
only general parameters such as DO, acidity, and conduc-
tivity. In many instances, changes in these parameters
would not be evident even though a pollution incident has
resulted in a major impairment of water quality.
While laboratory analytical techniques appear to be suffi-
cient for identification of unknown contaminants, the
equipment required is expensive and interference from consti-
tuents normally found in the receiving waters can cause
serious time delays.
In many cases, presently available field detection techniques
are too insensitive to detect contaminants at critical con-
centration levels, and they often require materials which
are not readily available. Those techniques that are ade-
quate are described in scattered sources which do not always
contain sufficient information for conducting the test on
waters of unknown composition.
Recommendations
Existing systems for continuous monitoring of water quality
parameters are complex and costly. Moreover, such systems
50
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are inadequate for the detection and measurement of acute
spills of hazardous materials. Therefore, it is recommended
that in-stream monitoring including physiological and bio-
chemical methods be developed to discover the presence of
toxic materials in the aquatic environment. Exploratory
work is being done in this field by Cairns at VPI.
Widespread deployment of continuous monitoring systems
would be a costly undertaking. Furthermore, although spills
of hazardous materials can occur anywhere, the need for com-
plete monitoring of all waterways is not evident. Factors
to be considered in determining the need for continuous
monitoring at a particular site include: the historical
frequency of spills, the nature of the materials involved
in these spill incidents, and the water uses at the site.
Therefore, it is recommended that areas with high spill
frequencies be identified as well as the materials involved
and the water uses. Monitoring stations should be estab"
lished in those areas where frequent spills impair important
water uses. These monitoring stations will act as early
warning systems when spills or accumulated residues endanger
water quality.
In order to alleviate analytical problems resulting from
naturally occurring interferring substances frequently
present in the aquatic environment, it may be advantageous
to maintain a catalogue of infrared spectra of contaminant
free waters. It is recommended that background spectra for
naturally occurring constituents be obtained on a seasonal
basis for selected waterways^Such background data can be
used to adjust spectra obtained during spill incidents.
It is also recommended that studies be initiated to devise
improved field detection techniques with high detection
sensitivity for those substances which cannot presently be
detected at critical concentration levels.
Finally, it is desirable that these detection techniques
be catalogued and referenced for ready access by personnel
involved in spill responses. It is recommended that this
be achieved through use of a continuously updated manual.
drawing on information stored in an automated data bank.
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ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITIES
Brief
Chemical and biological constituents present in the aquatic
environment complicate the problem of prediction of the fate
of hazardous materials upon release. The magnitude of the
effects that these constituents can have on spilled mate-
rials makes it mandatory that interactions in the environ-
ment be understood. While these effects cannot properly be
introduced into a numerical formulation for priority consid-
eration, they provide important background material for
decision making and should lead to a better evaluation of
the hazard associated with a given substance.
Presently, exchange, precipitation, biodegradation, and
dispersion processes in natural water systems are understood
to a degree of usefulness. However, processes of solid sorp-
tion and biological concentration are not as well understood.
Information regarding pollutant properties is at hand, but
little quantitative data are available regarding the perti-
nent aquatic environmental characteristics controlling
pollutant fate. Thus, the present information levels are
but an initial step. They are nowhere near complete enough
to establish specific data on chemical and biological effects
of hazardous materials.
Knowledge regarding the chemical phase of the aquatic envi-
ronment is more complete and at a stage of development which
is more useful than the biological phase for predictive
purposes. The state of knowledge with respect to an under-
standing of the interrelationships and interdependence
between physicochemical and biological transformations is
even less refined than that of the biological phase.
The solution to such problems is dependent upon extensive
research designed first to detail and explain important
biological and chemical phenomena, and then to utilize that
information for establishing a comprehensive environmental
fate testing program to which hazardous substances will be
subjected. This would then provide the data base for
critical concentration concepts.
53
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The Need to Understand Environmental Factors
Efforts in the field of wastewater management and pollution
control have led to the realization that the multiple chemi-
cal and biological species present in the aquatic environ-
ment interact with pollutants in complex manners.
Determination of the ultimate results of these interactions
is the only feasible way in which predictions can be made
as to the effect the pollutant will have on the aquatic
environment, and the fate of that pollutant once spilled.
When pollution incidents are the result of acute spills of
hazardous materials, information on the predicted fate and
ensuing effects must be made available in a short period of
time. Because of this time constraint and the obvious neces-
sity to understand the interaction that will take place,
there is a need for environmental testing of materials likely
to be spilled prior to such an occurrence. Said environmen-
tal testing will rely heavily on a thorough understanding
of probable physical, chemical, and biological interactions
so that the proper system parameters can be designed into
the testing program. Unfortunately, the required informa-
tion cannot readily be obtained from mathematical formula-
tions or theoretical hypotheses. Rather it must come as
the result of direct investigations into the intricate rela-
tionship between chemical and biological processes in the
aquatic environment.
Status of Present Knowledge
Processes which influence the fate of pollutants in the
aquatic environment are outlined in Figure 6. As indicated
in this figure, materials can be transported and dispersed
largely through the action of turbulent mixing processes
and currents, or they can be concentrated by biological and
physicochemical processes. The physicochemical processes
are tied to the biological processes of concentration in an
intricate web of interrelationships about which little is
known.
Dilution has classically been depended upon as the primary
mechanism for control of the hazards of pollution. Disper-
sion and dilution mechanisms are fairly well understood and
predictive models related to these phenomena have been
developed for various watercourses. More general predictive
models are available and can be applied in emergency situa-
tions where models specific to a spill area are unavailable.
An example of one such model is presented in Appendix F.
54
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I Aquatic environment!
Diluted and
dispersed by
Transported
by
Turbulent
mixing
Biological
Trans format ions
Chemical Trans-
formations
Concentrated
by
Biological
processes
Chemical and
physical processes
Uptake by
higher
aquatic plants
Adsorption | ^Precipitation]
phytoplankton
I Zooplanlcton |
Invertebrate
benthos
1 Accumulation
on the bottom
FIGURE 6.
Processes Which Influence the Distribution and
Fate of Pollutants Entering the Aquatic
Environment [Modified from Ketchum(44)]
55
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It is evident from Figure 6 that dilution is not the only
natural process which works to alter the character of a
spill. Pollutants may also be physically removed from solu-
tion and concentrated through precipitation, or sorption on
the surface of sediments or suspended matter and through
deposition as organic detritus after incorporation into
biological tissue.
The extent to which chemical precipitation occurs is largely
a function of compound solubility by solid phase properties,
solution pH, ionic strength and associated ion types. All
of these factors are well understood and in general can be
measured in any given aquatic environment at any particular
time.
The nature and extent of soluble pollutant sorption on the
solid phase depends upon physicochemical properties of the
sorbate and the solid phase, as well as solution parameters
outlined above. Solid phase interactions in the aquatic
environment have not been extensively studied and are not
well understood. Knowledge of inorganic ion exchange reac-
tions in the aquatic environment is farther advanced than
that related to sorption processes of soluble organics.
Although sediments generally exhibit an affinity for organic
and inorganic materials in solution, permanent removal from
solution by known mechanisms can never be assured in the
dynamic, natural ecosystem where changes are occurring which
influence the reversibility of sorption reactions and the
suspension of sediments.
Pollutants may be further affected in the aquatic environ-
ment as a result of chemical transformations. Transforma-
tions which alter the nature of pollutant materials can be
inorganic or biological. Significant inorganic chemical
transformations involve radionuclide decay, oxidation-
reduction or hydrolysis. If solution parameters are known,
these reactions can be predicted with reasonable certainty
in surface waters. Biological reactions are considerably
more complex.
Biological transformation may be of major importance in
decomposing materials entering surface water in quantities
nontoxic to the biota and under appropriate environmental
conditions. Most microbial transformations have at least
two common denominators, that is, the rate and extent of
the transformation will be dependent upon environmental con-
ditions and can be categorized according to direction. Bio-
chemical degradation mechanisms may include dehalogenation,
dealkylation, amide or ester hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction,
ether fission, aromatic ring hydroxylation, and ring
cleavage.
56
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The rate, extent, and direction of microbial transformations
are commonly dependent upon the predominant flora and fauna,
the type and quantity of available energy sources, avail-
ability of essential nutrients, degree of aeration, tempera-
ture, moisture, pH, light, and the presence of toxic
substances. Prediction of the fate of pollutants must there-
fore be predicted upon a knowledge of these environmental
factors.
In addition to biological transformations, aquatic organisms
may biologically concentrate materials present in the aquatic
environment. Increasingly higher levels of concentrations
are achieved as uptake proceeds through the food chain from
phytoplankton through fish and mammals. A relative paucity
of data exist in the area of biological concentration of most
pollutants.
Critique
The individual natural processes detailed in Figure 6 are
understood to varying degrees of sophistication. However,
only dilution and chemical precipitation mechanisms are
understood to the degree required. Knowledge related to
various aspects of these processes has been developed by dif-
ferent sectors of the scientific community and is frequently
not communicated between these sectors. The ability to
develop a thorough understanding of the several natural
processes will require an interdisciplinary approach.
Even if all of these individual natural processes were well
understood, the interrelationships among them are so complex
that the fate of most pollutants could not be accurately
predicted. Consequently, environmental fate determinations
must be made through experimental programs. Such an
approach has been taken with DDT in recent years as dis-
cussed in Appendix F. However, this has proved to be a
lengthy process for this single compound. Therefore, envi-
ronmental factors must be better understood so that a quick
and universally applicable environmental testing procedure
can be derived. With such a tool, prespill data can be
collected for postspill fate predictions.
Recommendations
In the light of the discussion above, a great effort is
required to move beyond the present state of affairs into a
57
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position where environmental factors can be accurately
assessed for spill situations. Because a significant portion
of chemicals entering surface waters become associated with
the suspended or sedimented particulate matter, initial
research emphasis should be given to the role of the solid
phase as repositories of noxious compounds, the fate of
which may be controlled by manipulation of the particulate
complex^_ Biological concentration should receive additional
emphasis. A continuous culture of a group of organisms such
as the blue-green algae categorized according to their poten-
tial usefulness as indicators of uptake of several chemical
classes, responsive to low chemical concentrations, and
amenable to rapid uptake measurements might be feasible for
this purpose. Successful completion of this task should
provide necessary environmental behavior information in the
near future. It is suggested that, at that, time an extensive
plan be designed for the determination of environmental fate
of materials. Such a scheme would employ various organism
and environmental conditions to determine toxicity concen-
trations and overall effects of hazardous materials. This
might be carried out at a National Test Range site. It is
further recommended that once such a test design exists,
all new products should be subjected to testing as well as
presently available commodities whose environmental behavior
is not well understood.
To achieve these ends it is recommended that efforts be made
to encourage interdisciplinary approaches and information
exchanges in the area of environmental fate of pollutants.
It is also recommended that these studies be directed first
to those materials receiving high rankings in the priority
ranking system described in Appendix A and then to the
substances of lower ranking.
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CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Brief
Present contingency plans on the national, regional, state,
and local levels were reviewed and deemed inadequate for
most materials other than oil. Industrial response plans
in operation or planned were found to contain certain fea-
tures superior to the National Oil and Hazardous Materials
Contingency Plan. The former plans provide for more imme-
diate response with a higher level of technical expertise
specific to the substance involved. The latter plan and
its regional subplans are more oriented toward the manage-
ment and communications aspects and has its greatest
strength in oil pollution control. The need for a blend
of both public contingency plans and industrial response
plans is apparent.
Ideally, a National Hazardous Materials Center under the
control of a single agency should be developed in accor-
dance with the NATIONAL PLAN to respond to all hazardous
material related spills and disasters. This center would
incorporate administrative features of the present National
Plan with expertise and manpower from private industry to
form an all encompassing contingency plan. The Center and
the plan would then form the backbone for enforcement and
regulatory activities in hazardous materials. Data devel-
oped in the course of these activities could be used to
indicate research and development needs.
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Needs and General Considerations
Emergency preparedness for disaster situations has long
been recognized as an important and necessary defensive
measure to minimize damages. Managerial and operational
frameworks have been devised to meet various emergency con-
ditions that may threaten life and property. More recently,
the aquatic environment itself has been recognized as a
resource that can be seriously damaged by accidents deriv-
ing from human activity. The TORREY CANYON incident, the
pollution incidents at Laurel, Mississippi, and Dunreith,
Indiana, and in the Santa Barbara Channel are lessons in
point. Consequently, there is a well-recognized need for
an emergency response system to enable rapid response to oil
and hazardous materials spills. The National Oil and
Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan of June
1970(56) lays the framework for such a posture.
To be effective, any contingency plan must outline all of
the important steps involved in a spill emergency response
and must also provide for the satisfactory execution of all
related tasks. Such a process begins with the detection
and reporting of the spill. Oil and other substances which
impair the aesthetic qualities of water are detected quite
readily by visual or other sensory means; soluble toxic
materials, on the other hand, can possibly defy all but the
most sophisticated analytical techniques. Unfortunately,
natural in situ bioassay, i.e., fish kills, are frequently
the first problem indicator. (Refer to Detection and Moni-
tor Chapter.)
Potentially, this problem can be alleviated in part through
conscientious reporting. If properly motivated, the person
or organization responsible for the spill would immediately
notify the proper authorities, thus eliminating the need
for the initial detection step except in the case of acci-
dental release without the spiller's knowledge.
Once an incident is reported, the approporiate response
personnel must be notified. The report requires an effec-
tive communications system to alert all levels of command
and to relay up-to-date information during the course of
the response. Such a system should also aid in the dis-
semination of information to the public.
Beyond simple awareness that a problem exists, concerned
personnel must have knowledge of proven countermeasures,
and access to equipment, materials, manpower, and advisors.
Knowledge of sources of detailed information on the exact
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nature of the threat and the resources that might be
imparied must also be available. This necessitates a well-
defined, in-place data bank and chain-of-command.
Finally, the plan must detail legal authority and financial
responsibility to ensure that action is taken to expediti-
ously combat the problem without delays caused by consid-
erations of the legal consequences which might ensue. This
is further discussed in the chapter on legal and enforce-
ment considerations.
It is apparent that any meaningful contingency plan must be
both comprehensive and flexible at all levels. As a result
of the need for detailed information concerning the spill
site and available local resources, contingency plans become
more and more effective as they detail to smaller and
smaller political or geographical regions. Conversely, it
would be both cumbersome and wasteful to duplicate the tre-
mendous volume of technical information required to minimize
the various hazards posed by the innumerable chemical sub-
stances handled and transported daily.
An overall national network detailing subdivision, responsi-
ble agencies, a national response center, communications
systems, and men and materials available to augment local
efforts is required. The national level organization would
have three further responsibilities. It would provide
leadership and coordination for all incidents crossing
political and geographic regional boundaries or surpassing
local capabilities. Secondly, it would review reports on
all local actions and compile response information for
effectiveness evaluations, policy changes, and recommenda-
tions on legislative action to reduce the frequency of
spills. Finally, it would collect and continually update
technical files on the physical properties, hazards,
responses, and historical pollution incident reports involv-
ing hazardous substances. This information would then be
available to assist local response personnel in making the
proper response to a spill by taking advantage of prior
experience in other regions.
Local levels of authority would structure the actual
response mechanism and maintain data banks relative to
their area, i.e., hazardous material production and traffic
water uses, materials and equipment available, officials to
be notified, and communication systems to be used. As the
geographical area decreases, the plan would become more
detailed, until the lowest subdivision would inventory all
pertinent information for a response in that locale.
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A typical multilevel approach is pictured in Figure 7.
Assistance
Teams
Technical
Data on
Hazardous
Materials
National Contingency Plan
Multi-Regional Authority
Policy
Decisions
Regional Contingency
Plan
Regional Chain
of Command
OSC
.Communication System
Suhrepion
Water Uses
Regional
Contingency
Plan
55 uh region
OSC = on-scene commander
Local
Personnel
Equipment
OSC
Advisor
Local
Local
FIGURE 7.
Administrative Structure and Inputs
for Typical Contingency Plan
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Present Contingency and Response Plans
Presently, there are a variety of contingency and response
plans in effect. The National Oil and Hazardous Materials
Pollution Contingency Plan is built upon a pyramidal struc-
ture drawing on regional, state/ and local plans to provide
an administrative network for response to spill situations.
Industrial complexes have devised self-help cooperative
programs such as that employed in the Kanawha Valley.(87)
Industrial organizations- such as the Manufacturing Chemists
Association and National Agricultural Chemists Association
have also designed response plans for use when hazardous
materials are spilled. There are also specialized plans
such as the Louisiana Waterworks Warning Network for dis-
semination of specific information during a period of poor
water quality. (J-OD Representative examples of such plans
are outlined in Appendix F. For a variety of reasons none
of these plans is totally adequate for response to spills
of hazardous materials.
Critique of Present Contingency and Response Plans
Although the National Contingency Plan and subsequent
regional, state, and local plans profess to be "oil and
hazardous material" programs, it is evident that the plans
are at present scoped to deal principally with oil and
petroleum spills. Equipment lists, personnel instructions,
and handling techniques are largely geared to oil spill
abatement. In addition, there are deficiencies in the
overall structure of the plans. As a result, the systems
are inadequate and ineffective in several vital areas for
most hazardous materials incidents.
Once the spill has been discovered, the present contingency
plan requires that the On-Scene Commander (OSC) determine
the severity of the spill and the course of action required.
This requires a large amount of information not always
readily available to the OSC. For example, data detailing
chemical toxicity in the aquatic environment, flammability,
and explosive nature are nowhere catalogued in a compact
form for ready reference. Even if such a compendium were
available, the OSC would still be required to correctly
identify the spilled compound and locate it in the manual.
Due to the current multiplicity of common names, brand
names, and technical names, it is quite possible that the
OSC could not rapidly and accurately identify the compound,
resulting in misunderstanding of the hazard involved and
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the countermeasure. This points to the need for a compre-
hensive information system to quickly relay pertinent infor-
mation to the OSC upon request. Incorporated with this
would be a cross-referencing system to assure identification
of the correct compound. A numerical code identification
key should be devised as suggested by the Manufacturing
Chemists Association in the ChemTREC program.
Presently, the U.S. Coast Guard is undertaking the develop-
ment of an information system of this type to aid Coast
Guard personnel assigned as OSC for hazardous material
spills. This system will serve only those areas under
Coast Guard authority and, therefore, smaller bodies of
water and nonsurface waters will not benefit. For example,
the location of a past major accident at Dunreith, Indiana,
would not be covered. This points to the need for develop-
ment of a complimentary system to cover inland regions.
Such a plan should be designed to be compatible with the
Coast Guard information system.
Present response procedures focus major concern on fire and
explosion hazards; the water quality aspects are often a
secondary consideration. If equal concern were given to
water quality aspects, steps could be taken immediately to
initiate required stream monitoring and countermeasure pro-
cedures prior to the appearance of impaired aquatic life.
Lack of an adequate funding base is presently another
deficiency of the National Plan. The assumption is made
that the costs of control and restoration will be borne by
the persons or organizations responsible for the spill.
However, signatory agencies are now absorbing the remainder
of the response costs out of existing budgets. The National
Plan therefore warns that only those actions which can be
undertaken with available funds should be initiated. This
could potentially encourage agencies to shuffle responsi-
bility in an attempt to minimize their own financial out-
lays and also suggests that inadequate responses could
result from a shortage of available funds at the time of
the spill. The existence of a revolving fund and a single
controlling agency could eliminate these problems.
Industrial response programs which utilize information and
communications systems and expert knowledge to aid on-site
work come closest to meeting adequate response requirements.
Once again, however, they frequently neglect the water
quality aspects and present a series of partial answers not
adequately bound together. The Manufacturing Chemists
Association provides response information but no direct
on-scene technical advice, while the National Agricultural
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Chemists Association plan provides a technical field
response team but does not provide immediate response
information.
Recommended Plan
A logical first step toward an improved contingency plan
would be the integration of present programs into a single
overall system patterned in technical detail after the
industrial systems backed up by the administrative and
communications structure of the National Plan. Industrial
participation in such a system is essential. The expertise
in industry specific to a given material is invaluable.
To be effective, a pyramid structure beginning with local
plans working upward to a national center similar to the
present National Plan is necessary. The system should
cover all aspects of spills with specific expertise assigned
for protection of life, property, and total environmental
quality. Experience gained in each incident should be chan-
neled back to improve preventive measures and to identify
successful measures and needed research areas.
In light of this, it is recommended that a single agency be
given policy and research and development responsibility
for hazardous-materials-related problems. This agency
should establish a national center to house the pertinent
data banks and administrative and technical personnel
required. The system should maximize industrial participa-
tion through___both_ information exchange and the designation
of industrial personnel as consultants. While special
funding will be required to maintain the center, funding
of responses in industrial spill situations should be
dependent on a reliable base.
It is recommended that all producers, handlers, and trans-
porters of hazardous materials in quantities above a mini-
mum volume be licensed with licensing partially dependent
upon proof of financial responsibility in the event of a
spill. In this regard it is suggested that the Federal
government encourage the establishment of spill insurance
policies. It is further recommended that Federal and State
governments be self-insured against spills for which no
liability can be assessed.Work should also be undertaken
to evaluate the possibility of changing insurance policies
to incorporate a no-fault structure at some time in the
future.
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It is recommended that the. National Center be automated
with provisions for quick information retrieval from govern-
mental and industrial sources. The Center should operate
so that actual spill response activities take priority with
day-to-day administrative and regulatory activities prevail-
ing in the interim.
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COUNTERMEASURES
Brief
While prevention is the first line of defense against
spills, it must be recognized that spills will occur and
consequently/ countemeasures must be available. Methods
are available as a second line of defense for removing
almost all water contaminants under controlled conditions.
However, many of these techniques are not satisfactory for
application in the aquatic environment. The answer to the
problem of positive response to a spill must come from one
of two directions: either new methods of treatment must be
developed, or new methods for controlling the aquatic envi-
ronment must be established.
fcbwever, at the present time, techniques for achieving these
purposes in the aquatic environment are inadequate or non-
existent. There is no single source of information on those
techniques which may be applicable for a given pollution
incident. There are uncertainties as to the secondary
effects of those measures considered potentially effective
(e.g., the environmental effects of sludges resulting from
countermeasures may be more harmful than the original
hazard).
To fill the gaps in the second line of defense, several steps
are necessary. Work must be initiated in the area of control
to develop new methods for containing spills before they
reach surface waters. Techniques are required to contain
contaminated waters after a spill. The ability to restore
the aquatic environment must be developed and available.
Finally, possible measures need to be catalogued and stored
for ready access.
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Existing Countermeasures
One of the least advanced of all of the technical areas
related to spills of hazardous materials is that of
physical-chemical response techniques which can be utilized
to neutralize or remove hazardous polluting substances
after they have been released to the aquatic environment.
As a result of this dearth of information, cleanup and
restoration of affected waters following a spill are in
most cases left to the slow processes of natural dilution
and biodegradation.
Eleven possible steps including defensive and offensive
measures that can be employed in responding to a spill have
been identified and are listed below.
A. Notify all water users on the receiving body of
water, especially domestic water plants. In the case
of moving streams, downstream users should be alerted
in the same sequence as the progression of the spill
from the initial site.
B. Physically remove all bags, barrels, and/or other con-
tainers that may still be leaking to the water body.
C. Add basic compounds such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium
carbonate, or calcium hydroxide to neutralize acid
conditions or suppress generation of reaction
products. ^
D. Add acidic compounds such as acetic acid to neutralize
basic solutions.^
E. Add specific complexing, chelating, or precipitating
agents for the formation of solids or compounds less
toxic than the originally spilled contaminant.
F. Utilize large scale equipment to treat contaminated
water in-place with powdered activated carbon, a
coagulant such as alum, and a polyelectrolyte so that
the resulting chemical floe precipitates the powdered
carbon. Granular activated carbon can be added to
water treatment plant filters. After the contaminant
has passed, the carbon can be treated as a solid
waste.
Other bases or acids could be employed. Those recom-
mended were judged to have the least potential for
creating detrimental side effects.
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G. Physically remove floes, solids and liquids which have
sunk to the bottom. In some cases, this could possibly
be achieved with equipment similar to swimming pool
suction cleaning systems.
H. Boom and skim light solids or liquids floating on the
surface.Oil removal equipment may be utilized.
I. Aid natural dilution to reduce concentrations to a level
below critical concentrations by methods such as flow
augmentation and mechanical mixing.
J. Contain spilled soluble materials so as to prevent
diffusion throughout the aquatic environment. Most
countermeasures are more effective with concentrated
solutions.
K. Burn off floating volatile materials where air pollution
and safety considerations permit.
Critique of Existing Countermeasures
Steps A and B are defensive measures which do not counteract
the contaminant in the environment. Steps C, D, and E are
potentially adequate actions. A danger exists in applying
these latter measures in that the resulting compounds or
precipitates may be more harmful to the aquatic environment
than the original hazard. For example, silting in fish
spawning and feeding areas, or increasing turbidities caused
by secondary generated sludge constitutes a hazard. Such
considerations must be taken into account for each individual
case by evaluating the types of precipitates that will form
and the environment which they will enter.
Step F is not completely satisfactory. While the granular
carbon method is proven, it can only be employed where some
type of treatment facility already exists and is dependent
upon a ready supply of carbon. A possible exception sug-
gests itself in the case of small streams. The Ohio River
Valley Sanitary Commission(72) suggests damming small
streams to skim off spilled oil. Water is allowed to pass
under the dam through culverts. It may be possible to attach
modular granular carbon units to these culverts to sorb
soluble organics from the stream. Such a step would require
considerable preparedness and quick action. The powdered
carbon method is speculative. Not only is there no way to
guarantee adequate contact and sorption, there is good reason
to believe that the tremendous increase in the solids load
might have effects as undesirable as those of the original
compound.
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Step G is also speculative. The swimming pool vacuum system
may be a workable concept, but there is also a good chance
that to effectively remove the contaminant, a large quantity
of benthos would also have to be removed and handled. While
heavy floes and precipitates may prove innocuous enough to
be left on the bottom, heavy liquids are a separate considera-
tion. They pose a threat to water intakes which may be
located near the bottom of a water source. In the event of
a spillage, a substance such as ethylene dichloride would
seek the bottom without dissolving.
Method H is an available technique for oil spills. It could
be applied to light insoluble materials as well as slightly
soluble organics. Rapid response aimed at booming and skim-
ming any undissolved portion of the contaminant could
greatly reduce the severity of the spill.
Method I can be applied only in certain circumstances.
Mechanical mixers such as outboard motors can be used to aug-
ment diffusion. Flow augmentation may be utilized where
stored water is available upstream. In any event, Method I
is reliant in part on good predictive models of the aquatic
environment to determine the extent of contamination and
expected duration of toxic concentrations. Models of diffu-
sion are illustrated in Appendix F. This information is
available for a number of streams, as is time-of-travel
data. Such data are not gathered in a single source nor
properly referenced to allow for quick retrieval and applica-
tion in a practical emergency.
Containment techniques (Step J) are not readily available
for soluble materials. Earth moving equipment can be
utilized to construct dams. Perhaps, formed in place, plas-
tic dams can be developed. The technique requires a rapid
response to minimize the contained volume.
Burn off techniques (Step K) are probably applicable only in
very limited cases where the material remains confined in a
small isolated area so as to minimize threats to safety and
air quality.
Many substances now transported in bulk are soluble organics
for which Methods C, D, and E are ineffectual. Some work
has been done to develop substances which will chemically
destroy toxic compounds. Lime and chlorine bleach solutions
have been used on chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly
pesticides, under "dry spill" situations. In aquatic envi-
ronments there is a good possibility that the lime and
chlorine would be required in such large amounts that they
would constitute an equal or greater threat to water quality
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than the compounds they are intended to destroy. Similarly,
other reducing and oxidizing agents are often far too harsh
to be introduced into the aquatic environment. Consequently,
most of the compounds that are likely to be spilled cannot
be counteracted effectively with state-of-the-art methods.
Even when substances do not pose a problem from a toxicity
standpoint, they can threaten water quality by reducing the
dissolved oxygen content. This can adversely affect aquatic
life.
An alternative available for substances posing this threat
is the introduction of oxygen to the water to maintain dis-
solved oxygen levels while the material is being dispersed
and degraded aerobically. There has been recent interest
in injecting air or pure oxygen into water courses to
achieve this end in areas of chronic low dissolved
oxygen.(94,102) Tne required apparatus is simple enough
that mobilization for transport to a spill site should be
possible. The problems would be those involved with supply-
ing enough gas to accomplish the task and designing equipment
that could efficiently transfer the gas into a variety of
potential stream or reservoir configurations.
The computer output in Appendix A includes an alpha-numeric
code for the Steps A through I which might be used to
respond to a spill of the given compound. Appendix E con-
tains a more detailed explanation of these steps for each of
the compounds listed as soluble in the priority ranking.
This listing also includes alternate names for the compounds
and comments on physical properties which are pertinent to
spill treatment, e.g., when a substance is slightly soluble
and lighter than water, quick action with skimmers is desir-
able. Compounds listed as rejected substances should not
require treatment unless low temperatures delay evaporation.
In this case, skimming should be employed. Treatment of the
heavy and light insolubles has been mentioned earlier.
Recommendations
It has been recognized that regardless of the adequacy of
efforts to prevent hazardous material spills some spills
will still occur. It is therefore concluded that effective
countermeasures must be made available. Countemeasures
which may satisfy the observed technique inadequacies and
the lack of methodology for certain types of hazardous pol-
luting substances are presented. These recommended counter-
measures should be implemented using general objective
guidelines such as:
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A. Easily obtainable equipment and chemicals at reasonable
costs.
B. Light in weight, easily transportable, and rapidly
applied in both congested and remote areas, and safe to
handle by untrained personnel.
C. Result in no reactivity problems causing secondary
damage to the environment.
It is recommended that a detailed study of available precipi-
tating and neutralization techniques to clearly delineate
the hazards involved with aquatic reaction products be
undertaken.
It is recommended that because there may be a great deal of
promise in activated carbon technology that a detailed pro-
gram should be instituted to conceive new application and
retrieval methods for sorption treatment of waters subjected
to pollution incidents.
*
It is recommended that techniques be developed to remove
major portions of insoluble hazardous polluting substances
and that a program be instituted to mitigate the damage to
the aquatic environment resulting from dense liquids and
floes.
It j-s^ recommended that existing technology developed from
programs such as the Advanced Waste Treatment Program of
Federal Water Quality Administration be critically evaluated
to develop any of these program elements into alternatives
which have a potential benefit as anjsfjfective countemea-
sure for spills.
It is recommended that the existing predictive models and
the time-of-travel (concentration) data be gathered and
evaluated to provide the required data base and indicate
where additional data on watercourses is required to afford
the greatest protection of the public health and welfare
during a pollution incident. These data and information-
handling techniques should be readily available for emergency
operations to quickly supply pertinent data for accurate
prediction of the fate and effects of a hazardous polluting
substance during a pollution incident.
It is recommended that detailed studies be undertaken to
assess the environmental damage potential of ultimate dis-
posal of hazardous polluting substances removed from the
aquatic environment and to develop methods of ultimate dis-
posal with minimum damage potential. Areas to be considered
could includeconversionof hazardous polluting substances to
useful products; bio-stabilization, incineration and burial.
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1. A specific prohibition against discharges of hazardous
polluting substances should be included in Federal law.
2. Regulations which define specific hazardous polluting
substances, their levels of toxicity, and the pre-
cautions which must be taken in their use in order to
prevent damage to the water environment, must be
developed, promulgated and enforced by a single agency
of the Federal Government. These regulations should
cover any aspects of use, transport, handling or
storage which present an imminent danger to the aquatic
environment.
3. Persons responsible for a hazardous polluting substance
spill should be required by law to notify the appropriate
authority immediately. Civil and/or criminal penalties
should be imposed for failure to notify.
4. Liability imposed should be a function of the severity
of the hazard involved. High-hazard materials should
carry absolute liability, and other hazardous materials
strict liability. Liability for damages, cleanup and
restoration costs should be unlimited in either case.
5. Financial responsibility should be required for the
producers, users,' handlers, transporters, and storers
of hazardous polluting substances, through insurance,
bonding or other means. Levels -of financial responsi-
bility .should be dependent on the hazard of the material
involved, and should be sufficient to cover the costs
of any potential spill situation.
6. The designated agency should have the authority to assess
civil penalties for violation of hazardous polluting sub-
stances regulations. Assessment of penalties should be
dependent on the degree of fault involved in a spill,
but a showing of intent should not be required.
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Background and Critique of Legislative and Judicial Experience
Federal Experience
Existing Federal laws which have or potentially may have an
effect upon the discharges of hazardous polluting substances
are reviewed in the section on Federal Law in Appendix I
and include:
• Federal Water Pollution.Control Act, Section 10
• River and Harbor Act of 1899 (Refuse Act)
• Various regulatory powers principally exercised by
department within the Department of Transportation
applying to the methods of transportation of hazardous
polluting substances
• Other Federal legislation such as administered by the
Department of Agriculture and Federal Food and Drug
Administration.
Since the primary focus of Federal legislation has been on
the continuous discharge of pollutants or is on safety
aspects, existing Federal legislation is rather poorly
equipped to deal effectively with spills of hazardous pol-
luting substances. Critical comments on some of the above
laws are as follows.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act enforcement pro-
visions have obviously been designed to effect the abate-
ment of continuous, chronic discharges. Cleanup and
restoration liability is questionable under the Act. More-
over, no authority is available to administer preventive
measures on hazardous polluting substance producers, car-
riers, storers, or users.
The River and Harbor Act of 1899 (Refuse Act) is a criminal
statute, under which, immediate civil injunctive relief is
available; moreover, the statute has been interpreted by
the courts to prohibit the discharge of any foreign or
polluting matter into the navigable waters of the United
States without a permit from the Corps of Engineers. How-
ever, litigation is presently required to effectuate its
mandate, and minimal preventive regulatory powers may be
exercized under its authority.
The effectiveness of regulatory authority administered by
Department of Transportation and other departments over
transport and handling of hazardous polluting substances
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has been principally concerned with public safety; environ-
mental effects have been ignored or given only cursory con-
sideration. The regulatory powers are also divided among
many agencies, and enforcement has been irregular.
State and Other Laws
States have enacted various types of legislative programs
desgined to deal with water pollution control and water
quality (State Law Section, Appendix I) . As with Federal
programs, the topic of hazardous polluting substance spills
has not, with few exceptions, been given specific and/or
separate treatment. In general, States have three separate
categories of statutory regulation which may be applicable
to this area.
State water pollution control laws, centering around water
qualtiy standards, a discharge permit system and/or health
and welfare regulations, have been formulated and applied
principally to continuous discharge situations, with few
applications to the spill of hazardous polluting substances,
Fish and game laws exist which impose penalties and/or
require compensation when fish or animals are killed by
water pollution. In this area, some penalties and damages,
principally fish restoration costs, have been assessed and
recovered when spills of hazardous polluting substances
have occurred. However, the laws in this area are directed
toward a very specific area and can be applied only when
fish or other animals are killed.
In addition, some State regulation of transportation and
storage of hazardous polluting substances exist. Again,
like the Federal regulation in this area, enforcement
authority is divided among several agencies and directed
almost entirely toward maintaining public safety; environ-
mental effects are inadequately considered. In the area
of transportation, States often adopt Federal regulations
by reference.
Jurisdictional Experience
Federal Versus State Jurisdiction. In pollution con-
trol under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Federal
authority extends over coastal, interstate, and navigable
waters, with the provision that interstate effects of pol-
lution must be shown. The Refuse Act also gives the Federal
Government authority to enforce its provisions over all
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navigable waters. Navigable waters have been defined very
broadly to include those streams or rivers which, either in
their natural or improved condition, will float a light boat
or log, and includes the tributaries of such waters. Most
waterways in the United States are therefore subject to
Federal action under the Refuse Act and the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, although subject to State constraints
in the latter statute. Many State officials have felt that,
even though legislation may give the Federal Government
authority to act in cases involving intrastate waters, such
action should be deferred to .the States—except in instances
where inactivity by the State has resulted in a dangerous or
harmful condition. The absence of cooperation between State
and Federal pollution control authorities especially in
cases of overlapping jurisdiction, has led to conflicts and
redundancies in enforcement.
Interagency Jurisdiction. A second jurisdictional
problem arises within States, where aspects of water pollu-
tion which are regarded as involving public health and
safety and those concerned with aquatic and wildlife and
natural resources are given to separate agencies. Primary
authority is vested in one agency, generally in the Depart-
ment of Health, with the wildlife or conservation agency
responsible only where fish or wildlife are involved. This
division of authority can create problems of jurisdiction
over pollution incidents; however, in most cases excellent
cooperation between the respective agencies avoids many of
the potential problems.
An obvious answer to the question of jurisdiction within
the State is to place all authority and responsibility
within one organization with enforcement powers over all
pollution situations. The New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation has combined the enforcement
personnel from the former Department of Conservation and
from the Department of Health into a new organization with
combined authority. This reorganization is similar in
scope to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency.
Role of Legal Counsel
Although most claims are settled in pretrial negotiations,
court proceedings must sometimes be instituted to settle
damage claims. In many states, action for recovery of
damages to waters of the State may be initiated only by
the State (for example, California and Louisiana). In
instances where an assistant attorney general is assigned
the responsibility for environmental matters, such
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prosecutions may constitute a small portion of his responsi-
bilities. A more satisfactory arrangement appears to be the
full time assignment of an assistant attorney general to the
appropriate enforcement department, with the sole responsi-
bility of providing advice and prosecuting cases for the
department. In this instance the assistant attorney general
becomes familiar with the problems of enforcement, and has
a greater opportunity for assisting the enforcement officers,
who are generally technically oriented, in developing methods
of more effective investigation and prosecution.
Another alternative, which may be perhaps the most effec-
tive, is the placement of a "house counsel" within the appro-
priate enforcement department. The house counsel usually is
responsible directly to the head of the department. In this
case counsel should have authority to settle and prosecute
cases in the lower courts, either directly or through local
district attorneys. Cases in the higher courts would prob-
ably have to be tried under authority of the attorney general,
An organization with a house counsel is likely to be more
legally oriented. At the present time, most enforcement
officials are technical people with little legal training.
Increased reliance upon litigation on pollution cases would
result in more effective enforcement.
Discussion and Recommendations for Legislation and Enforcement
Federal and State Roles in Legislation and Enforcement
Federal legislation and regulations relating to water quality
impairment caused by spills of hazardous polluting substances
is desirable, for the following reasons: (1) Many spills
affect navigable and interstate waters. (2) There is a
necessity to avoid conflicting and uncoordinated regulations.
(3) There are large amounts of hazardous polluting substances
transported in interstate commerce.
Federal jurisdiction over and control of navigable and inter-
state waters of the United States is constitutionally auth-
orized, well established, and widely recognized.
Enforcement programs are not necessarily effective or inef-
fective solely because of the strength of the law. It
should be recognized that an attitude which stresses the
importance of environmental quality is also necessary to a
well-founded program. It is therefore suggested that
Federal and State water quality officials work closely
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together to develop an integrated system to include Federal
legislation, State legislation, and a complete set of uni-
fied regulatory provisions.
With the exceptions of oil, radioactive substances, and
pesticides, few state water quality officials view spills
of hazardous polluting substances as a cause for inordinate
concern (see Appendix H); nevertheless, all water quality
officials agree that specific legislative recognition of
the potential for water pollution by such spills could be
beneficial to an enforcement program.
Some states which perceive the hazardous polluting substance
spill problem to be serious are already taking major steps
to prevent incidents, as in the case of Pennsylvania. In
certain agricultural states, however, concentration on
eliminating the threat from spills of pesticides and ferti-
lizer is more important, and implementation of a program
similar to Pennsylvania's has not been considered necessary
because the spill experiences have not been similar. The
nature of the hazardous materials spill problem, there-
fore, has been considered partially area-dependent.
Most State officials indicated that they would be pleased
to receive technical information on hazardous materials from
Federal sources. Examples of such information are found
below in the section entitled "Evidentiary Problems of
Enforcement." Also favored are recommendations on how to
prevent spills and how best to react to a spill, given a
limited number of enforcement and investigative personnel.
With such information, more responsive state and local
programs can be tailored to particular conditions and
problems.
Federal experience in pollution control, for example, in
the establishment and enforcement of water quality stan-
dards, provides an indication that some states may not
take sufficient action regarding hazardous polluting sub-
stance spill prevention and control. Where the beneficial
water uses of such a state are endangered, the designated
Federal agency should have the authority to take a more
active role in the state pending development of an appro-
priate prevention program. This "management by exception"
approach would reduce the size of the Federal organization
necessary to carry out the total enforcement program which
is developed.
While seeking maximum cooperation from the various states
in the prevention of- and reaction to spills of hazardous
polluting substances, the Federal government should
develop a strong legislative program for those waters
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included in its cognizance. This program should result in
regulations which will be enforced by the Federal government
and may be adopted by the states where applicable. Further-
more, there are several program areas which, by the nature
of the problem involved, are necessarily the subject of
Federal action, at least at the outset. These areas include,
for example, the regulation of hazardous pollution of sub-
stances carried or flowing in interstate commerce, spills
involving Federal waters, development of centralized report-
ing, classification, and insurance or financial responsibil-
ity schemes. It can be recognized that, as legislative and
administrative program development at the Federal level
matures, relatively more responsibility may be transferred
to states. Some specific considerations on the nature of
desirable Federal legislation are presented in the sections
which follow.
Prevention of Incidents
The primary value of any legislation or regulation directed
at spills of hazardous polluting substances lies in the
ultimate prevention of pollution incidents. Most enforce-
ment agencies are authorized to act only after an incident
has occurred. This means of coping with the problem, while
direct, is alway's time-consuming and invariably results
in damage to the environment which is virtually irreparable
such as polluted water, dead fish, destruction of other
aquatic organisms, and public inconvenience.
After-the-fact investigations and prosecutions of pollu-
tion incidents, in and of themselves, do little to prevent
future accidents. There are a number of reasons which con-
tribute to ineffectiveness of af ter-the-f act enforcement,
including: (1) Notification of discharges of hazardous
polluting substances, if they are received at all, are not
usually received in a timely manner by officials who can
investigate the spill and effectively coordinate cleanup
operations. (2) There are a limited number of qualified
personnel available to conduct necessary investigations and
collect evidence required. (3) Prosecuting authorities
cannot accept every case for action, and must therefore
choose those which represent the most serious breaches of
the law; relying largely in the demonstration effect of
successful prosecutions to deter future violations. (4) In
cases involving spills of hazardous polluting substances,
the courts will continue to have latitude in determining
guilt and assessing civil or criminal penalties. (5) Con-
tinuous broad scale monitoring of water quality is not
appropriate to detect all hazardous substance spills.
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Enforcement which takes place after an incident is a rela-
tively unproductive activity in this context and should be
minimized within a comprehensive spill reduction program by
requiring effective preventive measures. An example of
such a program is Pennsylvania's Pollution Incident Preven-
tion Program (see Section on State Laws, Appendix I).
Evidentiary Problems of Enforcement
In taking cases of hazardous • substance spills before the
courts, enforcement officers must often prove that a mate-
rial spilled by a defendant is in fact hazardous to some
use of a body of water and is therefore a pollutant. If
damages occur which can be directly attributed to the
spilled material, the task of proof in civil proceedings
is relatively simple. In criminal proceedings, however,
which do not necessarily involve recovery for damages, the
enforcement agency must be able to prove that a material
is in fact harmful in the quantity involved. Based on inter-
views with enforcement officials, it is recommended that a
useful enforcement tool would be a complete evaluation of
those materials determined to be most likely to cause pollu-
tion problems, including nature of pollution problem, toxic
or harmful concentration limits, related synergistic effects,
and proper handling methods. This listing, which would
probably be the result of an extensive research effort,
could be published by the Federal Government, and thus
serve as evidence in proceedings of any State, local, or
Federal court.
Legal action for recovery of damages may require proof that
a specific pollutant caused death of a fish, bird, or other
animal. In many cases where biologists are called upon for
expert testimony, they are unable to state conclusively
that a substance found in a stream or in the tissues of an
animal was actually the cause of death. Presence of a
toxic material in an animal, unless backed up by valid
scientific evidence, amounts to no more than circumstantial
.evidence, and has little or no weight in criminal proceed-
ings. Based on interviews with enforcement officials, it
is recommended that a program^ be conducted at the Federal
level which would investigate the effects of the most likely
pollutants on those species which are commonly affected.
This program could derive lethal limits of hazardous sub-
stances on the valuable species, as well as develop diag-
nostic techniques for determining causes of death, i.e.,
presence of a given concentration of some pollutant in cer-
tain tissues or blood of an animal is positive proof that
death resulted from contact with that pollutant. As in
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the case of definitions of hazardous materials, these data,
published under authority of the Federal Government, could
serve as scientific authority to back up a case in a court
of law.
Other technical problems in enforcement which are discussed
in preceeding chapters include: inability to collect reli-
able samples of contaminant or contaminated water after a
spill; and the difficulty of tracing a pollutant to its
source, and proving in court that such determination was
valid.
SpjJLl Liability
The public should not be required to pay any of the costs
associated with damaging discharges of hazardous polluting
substances. Where it has not already been done, cognizant
water quality authorities at all levels of government should
be granted authority to recover, in civil action, all
cleanup, restoration, and investigation costs. Federal
legislation should spell out in some detail those types of
costs which are to be recoverable.
The assessment of damages resulting from, a hazardous mate-
rial spill is relatively simple when damages to property
and visible aquatic life and wildlife alone are considered.
Property is generally assessed at repair or replacement
cost, and is handled by the civil courts. Large or visible
fish and wildlife are assessed, by size and species, accord-
ing to some measure of their value. In Pennsylvania, fish
are assessed at hatchery replacement cost. In Ohio all
wildlife are assessed at the wholesale market value. Costs
of investigation and prosecution are often included in the
damage assessment.
An unsolved problem in assessing damages from a spill is
determination of the value of the aquatic biota in a stream
or river. The true loss of value from a single, catastrophic
spill, from the time of spill until restoration is complete,
is undoubtedly far greater than can be determined by body
counts of dead wildlife at the time of the spill. Loss of
much of the food chain—algae, grasses, insects, bacteria,
and other minute elements—will certainly have a long last-
ing effect on the viability of more visible and directly
valuable wildlife--game fish, shellfish, birds, and water-
feeding mammals. Enforcement officials agree that a means
for considering long-term effects caused by loss of food
chain organisms should be employed in assessing damages.
To the best knowledge of the officials contacted, however,
82
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sufficient scientific data are not available on which to
base such an assessment. It is recommended that develop-
ment of techniques for assessing this "long-term damage"
would enable enforcement officers to compute a more rea-
listic damage figure than is now possible.
Because proof of damages is so difficult and damage to
the aquatic environment is much more pervasive than can
be legally demonstrated using customary evidentiary con-
cepts, cost recovery should be liberally allowed. The
initial determination of liability and damages should be
made within an agency having expertise in the water quality
area, with appeal rights limited to ordinary civil courts.
The mere existence of damage due to a spill should be suffi-
cient to establish liability for costs, except where an
act of God, an act of war, or an act of a third party can
be proven to have caused the pollution. For a few high-
hazardous materials, to be defined by regulation, there
should be a statutory provision which establishes absolute
liability for any impairment of water quality. Materials
in this class should be defined by the agency indicated
above. In all cases of spills of hazardous polluting sub-
stances, the burden of proof should be on the party charged
with responsibility for or control of the hazardous sub-
stance. Liability in cases involving spills___of_ hazardous
polluting substances should be unlimited, i._e_. , the responsi-
ble party should be liable for all damages, cleanup costs,
restoration costs, and investigation costs. Civil penal-
ties above and beyond recovery of cleanup and restoration
costs should also be provided by^ statute, at least for cases
in which willfulness or negligence is involved. Regula-
tions developed by the cognizant agency should be used to
provide the guidelines for determination of the amount of
the fine for a particular hazardous polluting substance and
set of circumstances. The fine should be assessed by the
cognizant agency, with rights to appeal decision to the
courts in cases of arbitrary or capricious decision.
Financial Responsibility Requirement
Federal regulations should establish financial responsi-
bility requirements for manufacturers, users, handlers,
carriers, and storers of various hazardous materials. These
requirements should be developed by the water quality agency
given statutory authority to do so. The purpose of the
bonding will be to provide assurance that costs incurred by
government agencies and others in case of an accidental
spill will be repaid. The amount involved should vary for
each material, being dependent on the potential for water
83
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damage. The impossibility of monitoring everyone using or
transporting a hazardous substance is recognized; however,
spot checks might be used to enforce bonding requirements,
and criminal or civil penalties for failure to comply with
financial responsibility requirements could be employed to
ensure compliance.
As an alternative or a supplement to financial responsibil-
ity requirements, a Federally underwriten or sponsored com-
pulsory or voluntary insurance program might be employed.
Since private underwriting capacity in this high risk area
is virtually unavailable, Federal participation in some
form would be necessitated. An advantage of introducing
Federal insurance in this area would be the ability to
effect prevention standards in hazardous polluting sub-
stances industries through the rate structure. This device
would be particularly effective where the insurance was
made involuntary.
Private Actions: Private actions to recover damages
are limited to Common Law tort recoveries for direct per-
sonal or property damages or private nuisance actions; in
addition, the possibility of private citizens bringing
qui tarn actions (see Private Rights of Action Section,
Appendix I) under the Refuse Act has recently been tested
in Federal courts. No resolution of this standing issue
has yet been accomplished. Citizen suits, in individual
as well as class action form, should be specifically author-
ized in Federal and State legislation so as to generate
increased enforcement efforts.
Failure to Notify
A civil or criminal penalty should be assessed for failure
to report the spillage of a hazardous material into water.
Because hazardous materials vary greatly in inherent threat
to the environment, a single maximum penalty should be
authorized in the law, with the amount in each case having
some relationship to the magnitude and potential damage of
the spill. Repeated or intentional violators should be more
heavily penalized. Administrative provisions of this penalty
must be carefully developed, so that the fact of notifica-
tion cannot be used to avoid liability for the spill itself.
For example, where a criminal penalty is imposed for failure
to report, criminal sanctions for the spill itself could
not be employed.
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Responsible Federal Agency
It is recommended that information pertaining to the poten-
tial effects of hazardous substances on water quality be
channeled to the states through a single Federal agency
which will correctly assess environmental considerations of
spills heretofore ignored or given minimal treatment. The
designated agency should be granted statutory authority to
develop and promulgate regulations on hazardous materials—
regulations which have the specific objective of water
quality. It should set bonding requirements, publish infor-
mation on hazardous materials, assist in certain and devel-
opment of contingency plans including a central information/
notification network, and work with other Federal regulatory
agencies in coordinating and rationalizing all regulations
dealing with the transport, storage, use, or production of
hazardous polluting substances. Through the designated
agency, information could also be disseminated on such State
developments as Pennsylvania's PIP program, Louisiana's
waterworks warning network system, and new hazardous pollut-
ing substances which appear on the market, with the further
goal of developing and encouraging the adoption of uniform
State legislation in the area.
Scope of Legislation
Initial Federal legislation on hazardous materials need not
be concerned with specific substances. Any substance which
acts, upon entering or combining with water, to impair a
beneficial use of the water could be defined as a hazardous
material. For purposes of legislation, the materials may
be defined in terms of results and hazard categories may be
specified. As noted above, authority should be delegated
under the law to a single regulatory agency to set specific
standards for the various hazardous polluting substances,
stressing the environmental effects of spills into water.
If a particular substance becomes so inherently and obviously
dangerous that it represents a serious threat to water qual-
ity, special attention may be given to it in a statute. In
such a case, legislation pertaining to oil spills provides
an example.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report summarizes research conducted by Battelie-
Northwest for the Department of the Interior, Federal Water
Quality Administration, under Contract No. 14-12-866 during
the period May 12 through October 1, 1970. In addition to
the principal authors, contributions to the final report
were made by: L. L. Ames, R. E. Wildung, and A. T. Brix.
Technical contributions to the program were made by:
R. C. Arnett, D. R. Freidrichs, J. G. Adams, D. G. Daniels,
B. W. Mercer, and W. A. Haney.
Under subcontract, Enrivonmental Planning Associates,
Incorporated, provided assistance relating to the legal, law
enforcement, and cost recovery aspects of the overall
problem.
87
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APPENDIX A
PRIORITY RANKING SYSTEM OUTPUT
Appendix A is comprised of the computer printout for the
priority ranking system. The first listing is the name of
all the compounds and classes of compounds rated by the
system.
The second listing rates these compounds by QI, the quan-
tity in shipment or produced each year. This listing pro-
vides a means of comparison of hazardous materials purely
on the basis of the quantity of each being transported
annually. This alone might be valid if each transport mode
had the same probability of having an accident and the
resulting spills would be evaluated as equally severe.
Unfortunately, this simple formulation is not realistic.
To modify the quantity figures into rating numbers signifi-
cant of the threat each hazardous material poses to the
water environment/ the numerical formula presented in the
report section on classification systems was devised. The
new rating utilizes accident probability figures and thresh-
old concentrations to proportion the production quantities
into rating numbers sensitive to transport modes and the
severity of a spill should it occur. The quantity modifi-
cation is made through the use of the equation;
Q = QI[(pw • fw> + (Pr • fr • ar) + (pt - ft - at)]
where QI = the annual production quantity of the compound
p = probability of any barge shipment resulting in an
accident = 0.0028, a number derived from the
total number of hazardous materials related barge
accidents and total number of barge chemical ship-
ments in 1968.
f = percentage of the compound shipped by water
iw
p = probability of any rail shipment resulting in an
accident = 0.0011, a number derived from the
total number of hazardous materials related rail
accidents and the total number of rail chemical
shipments in 1968.
A-l
-------
f = percentage of the compound shipped by rail
a = fraction of major railways near surface
r waters = 0,3, a number derived from mapping
rail routes and waterways between major
cities in each region of the country.
p = probability of any motor truck shipment
resulting in an accident = 0.019, a number
derived from the total number of hazardous
materials related truck accidents and the
total number of truck chemical shipments
in 1968.
f = percentage of the compound shipped by motor
truck
a, = fraction of major highways near surface
waters = 0.3, a number derived from mapping
truck routes and waterways between major
cities in each region of the country.
The results of this system are in the second listing.
All compounds of low boiling point, low solubility, and
low density (SpG <1) are listed under the format "Rejected
Substances." This category includes two substances which
are reaction products of listed compounds and water: hydro-
gen sulfide, and calcium hydroxide.
The second category includes substances of low density whose
solubilities are too low to permit toxic concentrations to
be reached. The third category is comprised of similar
compounds whose densities are greater than one. These are
ranked by the adjusted quantity Q.
The final category contains the compounds that pose the
greatest threat to the environment, the soluble hazardous
chemicals. They are ranked on the basis of Q/critical
concentration.
Following the listings, the input data cards are listed in
the same order as they were ranked. The data may be read
out using the following placement scheme. The scheme is
also illustrated in Figure A-l.
A-2
-------
Fraction Shipped by
Water Rail Truck
Critical
Concentration
Specifc
Gravity
1.000000-03)
Production
Quantity
Solubility
1.700000+06) 16.700000+04
Ranking
©
Boiling Point Persistence Factor
©
Water Quality Parameter
for Listed Critical
Concentration
Response Code
Field Test
Detection Limit
Laboratory Test
Dectaction Limit
Field Test Code
Laboratory Test
Code
Field Test
Reference
Laboratory Test
Reference
3.201900+041 (3.104250+05
FIGURE A-l. Key to Reading Computer Printout
-------
Line 1
Name of Hazardous Material
Line 2
[Fraction Shipped by Water][Fraction Shipped by Rail][Frac-
tion Shipped by Truck][Critical Concentration][Specific
Gravity][Annual Production Quantity][Solubility]
Line 3
[System Ranking][Boiling Point][Persistence Factor]
Line 4
[Critical Concentration Code][Restoration Code]
Line 5
[Field Detection Limit][Lab Detection Limit][Field Test Code]
[Lab Test Code][Field Test Literature Reference][Lab Test
Literature Reference]
These are individually explained below.
Name of Hazardous Material - compound or class of compounds.
Classes of compounds are broken down into individual com-
ponents in Table A-l after the printout.
Fraction Shipped by Water - the percentage of a compound
transported by barge
Fraction Shipped by Rail - the percentage of a compound
transported by rail
Fraction Shipped by Truck - the percentage of a compound
transported by motor carrier
Critical Concentration - the lowest threshold concentration
of the four water quality parameters: human toxicity,
aquatic toxicity, plant toxicity, and aesthetic effects,
given in mg/i.
Specific Gravity - listed value.
Annual Production Quantity - the most recent figure avail-
able on the quantity of each compound shipped, sold, or
produced annually, in that order of preference.
A-4
-------
Solubility - listed solubility in water at 20°C in mg/£.
When no figure was available/ even orders of magnitude were
used e.g. 10, 100, 1000 to allow comparison with toxicity
thresholds that were known. Hence, even though the solu-
bility is not correct, it is greater than or less than the
critical concentration as it should be.
System Ranking - the rank assigned to the priority rating.
Boiling Point - the listed value with 99999 used when the
real value was not available.
Persistence Factor - an integral value used to identify
persistence.
0 - compound will probably not last 24 hours in open
environment
1 - compound or its reaction product with water will
last long enough to allow for some kind of
response action
2 - compound is reaction product with no production
quantity of its own. (Quantity figure is that of
reactant.)
Critical Concentration Code - code denoting the source or
water quality parameter involved with the critical concen-
tration used.
DOME - domestic water supply standards (usually
USPHS standards).
FISH - fish toxicity for common species or game fish.
This may be a TLm or a minimum distress con-
centration depending on the data available.
TAST - minimum taste or odor threshold.
COLO - concentration required to color water.
AQUA - TLm for aquatic life, no fish data available.
CROP - concentration in irrigation water at which
crops would decrease in quality or yield.
H2S, HBENZ, ACID etc. - reaction product when compound
comes in contact with water. Critical concen-
tration is derived from reaction product's
toxicity characteristics.
Response Code - letters refer to individual neutralization
steps that can be taken as outlined in the section on
response. A "Z" indicates response is deemed feasible and
adequate at this time to reduce contaminant below toxic
levels.
A-5
-------
Computer Printoutt
DlETHAlslOLAMlNL
ETHYLEhEDiAMINE
METHYL ETHYL KETOfiE
ACETONE
ACETALDEHYuE
ACETOxE CYANOHYDRIN
ViNYL CHLOj:ICE
"PHOPYLENE BICHLORIDE
CAUBON TETh.ACHLORIDE
ETHYL CHLOpluE
FORMIC ACiL
PKOPHIONIC ACID
FAJlY_AClUb
CALCTUiM HYl.ROXIUE R
tsitHb OF IV-ONOHYDKIC ALCOHOLS
CITRIC ACIU
SOUIUH ACL1ATE
OXALIC ACiL'
^K^C ACETATE
AMMONIUM ACETATE
UlbUTYL PHTHALATE
METHYL METHACRYLATE
ETHYL ACRYLATE
BUTYL ACKYLATt
2 LTHYLHEAYL ACKYLATL
ALCOHOi_S» MOHOHYDRIC* u^SUBSTI
METHYL ALCOHOL
UECYL ALCOHOL
HEXYL ALCOHOL
1SOOCTYL MlCOHOL
ETHYL ALCOHOL
IbOPHOPYL ALCOHOL
BUTYL ALCOHOL M AND iso
N-HROHYL ALCOHOL
PKOPYL ACETATE ISO-N
N-bUTYL ACETATE:
ETHYL ACETATt
ISOPhJHYL ACETATE
POLYHVDKIC ALCOHOLS ESTERS * t
UlEThiLCNE GLYCOL
U1PROPYLENL (iLYCOL
TKiETHYLEiC oLYCOL
SOKBlfoL
ETHYLLNE oLYCOL
PROPYuENE GLYCOL
ACETOPHENOhE
AN1LII.E
CKESOLS TOTAL
A-6
-------
..CUMENt
CYCLOHEXANC
CYCLGHEXYL ALCOHOL
CYCLOHEXANONE
DIVINYL BENZENE
ETHYL BENZENE
NITHOdtNZEhE
PHENOL
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
DODECfL BENZENE
FUKFUKAL
BtNZOYL PLhOXlDE
DYLS TOTAL
MOKPHJLlNt.
DliMlTKO ANILINE
NONYL PHENoL
PYRIUiNE
OICHLOROBtNZENE OrP.
BEfMZYu CHLORIDE
NITROUS OXIDE
MAbNEilUM CPDS
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
CALCIUM NITRATE
BtKYLLiuM DUST
AMMONIUM PLRCHLORATE
CALCiuM CAKBIOE
SOul UK MtiAL
ACLTIC ANHYDRIDE
ACLTIL ACIt)» SYN.
PHOSPHOROUS OXYCHLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS PENTASULFIDE
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID
PLKCHuORIC ACID
FLKROUS SULFATE
ANTIMONY CPD
POTASSIUM CPDS
POTASSIUM SULFATE
POTASSIUM IODIDE
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
SOuIUM CPUS
SODIUM HYUHOXIDE
SODIUM CAKbONATE
SODIUM SILICATE
SODIUM SUuFlTE
A-7
-------
SODIUM SULFIDE
SODIUM SULFATE
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
SODIUM HYDKOSULFITE
SODIUM FLUORIDE
SODIUM CHLORATE
SODIUM BOKATE
ARSENIC CPDS
COPPER SULFATE
LEAD CPDS
LEAD ArtSENATE
NICKEL CPDS
MEHCUUY CPUS
ZliMC SULFATE
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
ALUMINUM SULFATE
ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
BARIU* CARBONATE
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
MEKCUKY
NICKEL SULFATE
M1SC ACYCLIC INSECTICIDES
MLTHtL BROMIDE
DlbROMOCHi_oROPROPANE
MiSC CYCLIC INSECTICIDES
DDF
MiSC CYCLIC HERBICIDES
2^-D ACID ESTORS + SALTS
DNUP
3»^-D ACID
2»<4»b 1 ACID
2»U»b-T ACID ESrORS + S^LT^
HEKBICIDES + PLANT HORMONES At
FUUGlClDEb TOTAL CYCLIC
MISC FUNGICIDES
ME.KCUKY FUNGICIDE
2»4»b-TRICHLOKOPHENOL * SALTS
FUHGlCiDES ACYCLIC
FLRBA.-1
NAbAM
ETi-iERb TOTAL
ETHYL ETHERS ALL GRADES
ISOPROPYL LTHER
vu^fL ACE.TATE
SODIUM METhiYLATE
LAuKO/L PEhOXlDE
EThYLLNC OXIDE
CAKBOu DISULFIDE
A-8
-------
TETRAETHYL LEAD
ETHYLENE
PRUPYLENE OXJOE
PKOPYLENE
GLYCERINE SYN + NAT
BUTANL
PRuPANE
STYREUE
AMINES* TOTAL
PROPYLAMINLS
MUNOLTHANOLAMINE
HEXAMLlHYLtNEDIAMiNE
DitTHYLAMliME
HYHOCHLORITES
CHLORINE
BKOMIf4E
PHOSPHORIC ACID
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
FLUORiME HYDROFLUORIC ACID
CHROMIC ACID
BORIC ACID
SULFUR DIOXIDE
SULFUrt
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
PHOSPHORUS
HYDROGEN SuLFIDE R
SULFUUIC ACID
NITRIC ACIU
UREA
AMMONIA CPUS
AMMONIA SULFATE
AMMONiUM CHLORIDE
AhiiviON^UH NITRATE
LACTIC ACiu
BENZOiC ACID
CHLORII.ATLU ISOCYANUKATES
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
AOIPIC ACID
ACIDS ACYLHALIDES + AH
TKICHLOROETHANE
TRICHuOROrLUOROMETHANE
CHLOROFORM
CMLOROMETHA.NL
D 1 CHLOt
-------
HALOGLNATcu HYDROCARBONS
FORMALDEHYDE
ISCPROPYLACETONE
ALDAHYDES + KETONES
TRlMEfHYLAMlNE
TRIE'MANOLAMINE
BUTYLAMINES
ETHANGLAMINES
PENTANE
ISGBUTANE
BUTENES
BUTADIENE INHIBITED
HEPTANE. MIXED
PLNTAChLORoPHLNOL
PHLMYL MERCURIC ACETATE
HERBICIDES + PLANT HORMONES CY
PARATHION
METHYL PAKATHION
ALURIH-TOXAPHENE GROUP
INSECTIDES ROOENT1CIDES CYCLIC
XYLENES
METHYLAMlNtS
PESTICIDES INSECTICIDES ACYCLi
LINDAUE
ETHYL AMINES
FUMARIC ACID
ISUPRL'KE
ETHYLCNE iJlCHLORluE
EPIChuOROHYDRlN
ACtTOUITRiLE
AMYL ALCOHOL
tiUTYKiC ACID
CYCLOHLXYLAMINE
ETufL FORMATE
FuHFUKYL ALCOHOL
6LYOXAL
HEXANL
MLTHYL ACETATE
DODECrL MLhCAPTAN
NlfROPhENOL
NOUtNt
NITKOANlLlNE
TE1RAL.THYLENE GLYCOL
TLlRAi-IN
TuKPLNTINt
VINYL LTHcR
ETriYLtNlKlNE
ZINC CHLORIDE
A-10
-------
£INC CPUS
ACRYLIC ACID
LEAD
BUTYL HYDI«OPEROXIUE
CALCIUM AUSENATE
_SJLVEK NITKATt
SILVER CYANIDE
_SOL>IUN D1CHROMATE *
POTASbiUM PYROPHOSPHATE
.QIOCTYL PHTHALATES
XXXXXX
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PRIORITY HANKING SYSTEM
*****
A-ll
-------
ALL COMPOUNDS RANKED BY 01
NAME
SULFUR ic ACID
AMMONIA
OAYGE.J
AMMONIA CPyS
SODIUM HYuKOXlDE
SOUIUNi CARBONATE
NITRIC ACIU
ANuMONIuM NITRATE
PHOSK10RIC ACiD
UREA
SODIUK. CPDS
ETHYLO4E UlCHLORluE
TOLUENE
HALObuNATEb HYDROCARBONS
ACIDS ACYLhALlDES + ANHYDRIDES
AMMONIA SULFATE
STYREiME
POTASSiUM cPDb
ETHYL BENZENE
METHYL ALCOHOL
FoKMACuEHlLE
VINYL CHLO«IL>E
HYuKOCnLORlC AGIO
Gil VALUE
5.75000+07
2.68000+07
2.60000+07
2.30000+07
1.92000+07
1.
1.
33000+07
25000+07
XYLENP.&
1.12000+07
9.80000+06
S.50000+06
6.37000+06
6.00000+06
5.80000+06
5.80000+06
5.79462+06
5.20960+06
5.20000+06
4.85000+06
4.80000+06
4.80000+06
**.60000+06
4.35000+06
4.30000+06
4.06000+06
3.90375+06
3.90000+06
3.780t>l
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
A-12
-------
EIHYLc.ME OXlDt.
POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ESTERS +
ACLTIC ACiL-r SYN.
BUTADIENE INHIBITED
SODIUM SULhATE
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
SULFUR
ALUMINUM SULFATE
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
ETHYLEtNE 6LYCOL
ETHYL ALCOI.OL
CALCIJN, HYDROXIDE
CALCIUM CAi'ftJDE
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
CYCLOHEXA,>iL
CriLOkllsE
ACLflC ANHYDRIDE
PhENUi.
ACLTALDEHYL€
ACLTOHc.
3.78000-»-06
R
SODIUM SILICATE
BUFLIMLS
ACuYLOuITKlLE
PhOSPiiORUb
ESTEHS OF f.ONOHYDKlC AtCOHoLS
CAKBOh TETkACHlOHICE
PKOPYuLNE
ViNYL ACETATL
CARBOM UISULFIDE
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC
PHTHAi-IC AiiHYDRIDt
NAPTHALINL
FLUOKiHE hl'iDROFLUURlC ACIU
PLKCHLOROr_THYt.ENE
HYUROOEN iuLFIDE. R
POTASSIUM SULFATE
N-PRCPYL ALCOHOL
UODECYu BLiiZEiNiE
MAOULSiUN. SULFATE
TKlCHLt'ROUHYLENC
TtTHAfcTHYu LEAD
SOU lull SULFlTt
ETHERS TOTAL
ACLTONt C
uiM bOKATE
3.60000+06
3.20000+06
2.90000+06
2.70000+06
2.60000+06
2.40000+06
2.40000+06
2.40000+06
2.40000+06
2.40000+06
2.34200+06
2.30000+06
2.10000+06
2.00000+06
1.96000+06
1.70000+06
1.70000+06
1.70000+06
1.62000+06
1.60000+06
1.38478+06
1.30000+Ob
1.16108+06
1.15096+06
1.10000+06
9.68363+05
9.70000+05
8.75000+05
8.25000+05
*}. 20000 + 05
6.18GOO+05
7.60000+05
/. 10000+05
7.0UOOO+05
6. 78685+05
6.49786+05
6.40000+05
6.00000+05
5.82000+05
5.80000+05
5.40000+05
b. 27571+05
5.00000+05
5.00000+05
4.91835+05
4. 84928+05
4.60000+05
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
A-13
-------
MLTHYL ETHYL KETONE
D10CTYL PH1HALATES
METHYL MEIHACRYLATE
iso
IlMSECriDE:, RODEMICIDES CYCLIC
SuuIUi-i CHLORATE
PRuPYLLNE C-LYCOu
BUTYL ALCoiiOL N AND
6L1CEKINL bYN * NAT
SODIUM DlCnKOMATE + CHRCMATE
DICHLOHODIFLUOROMLTHANE
ISOBUTANE
HYUKOGfcIN CYAN ICE
POTASSIUM hYQKOXlUt
THICHLOROETHANE
ETHANOLAMIKES
ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
ETHYL CHLOklDE
HEKBICIDES + PLAN! HORMONES Cf
FATTY ACIUS
PLHCHLoRlC ACID
ChLOROSULFoNIC ACilj
FEKROUb SUuFATE
MALE 1C ANrilDRIDL
DYES TOTAL
BUKIC ACIu
MlbC CYCLIC HERBICIDES
SOUIUi'1 N'ETAL
FUKFUKAL
SULi-UK D
SoUIUi^i SULJ-IDL
ETHYLLhE
TUKPLnlINt
ISUPROPYLACETONE
TRICHLOHOF-LUOKOMEIHANL
ETHYL ACETATE
DlLTHTLENti GLYCQL
CnLORwFORi-1
CHLOKONiETMANt
MISC CYCLIC INSECTICIDES
PLSTICiDEi INSECTICIDES ACYCLi
PHObF'i-iORUS PENT ASULF IDE
CAKt-'ONATE
4.10000+05
4.04586+05
3.85000+05
3.51755+05
3.40000+05
3.33000+05
3.31248+05
3.12000+05
3.04000+05
3.02159+05
3.00206+05
3.00000+05
3.00000+05
2.88122+05
2.72000+05
2.63000+05
2.58169+05
2.48892+05
2.36026+05
2.35000+05
2.30000+05
2.30000+05
2.24000+05
2.22000+05
2.14661+05
2.14000+05
2.10000+05
2.00380+05
1.95828+05
1.90000+05
1.81000+05
1.80000+05
1.75000+05
1.68000+05
1.66852+05
1.55200+05
1.46936+05
1.43309+05
1.43200+05
1.42654+05
1.39882+05
1.39253+05
1.36755+05
1.37600+05
1.30300+05
1.28000+05
1.26000+05
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
35
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
100
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
A-14
-------
TL)RMM£_ThiL LEAD
AuuRlni-TOXMPHENE OROUP
PRuPYuENE OXIDE
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
0»P.
pIMTrtO ANILINE
CITKIC ACIL
DDT
AMMONIUM PLRCHLORATE
ZINC bULFATE
HYDROGEN PLROXIDE
POT Abb I UK- KYROPHObPHATt
COPPLK suu ATE
2»4-Q ACIu) ESTOKS. +
ETHYL LTHLriS ALL
FUUGlCIDEb TOlAL CYCLIC
ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL
HW'OC 1UCIUTES
NiCKLi- CPub
SOUIUH HYuKOSULFIfL
ACLTOUiTRit.L
CKLbO_b !\.TAl_
SORUlluL
N-hUI YL.
LTnYL ACRYLATtl
TKiLli-iYLLNL GLYCOu
OLCYL ALCOHOL.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
PHOSPHOROUS OXYCHUO
CALCIUM HYpOCHLORITE
ISOPROPYL ACtTATE
PKOPYL ACtTATb ISO-N
CHROMIC ACID
Lt.AD CPDS
FUNARIC ACID
hUCKLL SULFATu
ETHYLtNEDlAMlNE
FUNGICIDES ACYCLIU
MISC r'UNGltlDES
* PLANT HOK^ONdS AC
1.2^000+05
1.20163+05
1.20000+05
1.20000+Ob
1.19000 + 0'j
1.15407+05
1.11000+05
1.10000+05
1.03411+05
1.00000+05
9.20000 + Oq.
9.00000+04
8.60000+04
8.40340+04
8.37500+04
3.32870+04
8.08850+04
8.03R10+04
8.00000+04
8.00000+04
8.00000+04
7.71390+04
7.50240+04
7.50000+04
7.35170+04
7.13000+04
7.00000+04
b.77420+04
6.3^960+04
6.19650+04
6.00000+04
5.96000+04
5.83050+04
b.83040+04
5.76980+04
5.11530+04
4.80000+04
4.50000+04
H.30000+04
4.20380+04
4.2038C+04
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
200UO+C4
20000+04
03600+04
OUOOO+04
00000+04
95280+04
90000+04
3.86900+04
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
A-15
-------
BUTYL ACRYLATL
ZINC CPDS
Z1HC CHLORIDE
PENTACHLORoPHENOL
CYCLOriEXYLAMINE
MLTHYu PAHATHlOisI
DIPRO^YLENL GLYCOu
ANiYL ALCCHCL
PROPYLENE BICHLORIDE
AlMTIMO(\Y CPO
2»4»5-T ACID ESTOkS -f SALTS
DlbUTYL PHTHALATE
NONYL- PHENCL
CHLORIi\AT£D
F OHM 1C ACIL
OXALIC ACIu
2 EThYLHEAYL ACRYLATE
PHOPR IONIC ACID
CYCLOriEXA.vicfC
METHYL O
MOhPhOLINE
BLNZYL
ACRYLiC ACID
SyuIUM ACETATt
2f4»b-|FUChLOROPHLNOL
NlTKOUb OxiDE
SOUIUM FLUORIDE
TklMElHYLAMlNE
MCYCLJC INSECTICIDES
SALTS
PAIxAIhlON
2t^tb f ACiD
DODECYL
FURFUR YL ALCOHOL
METHYL. ACETATE
ACID
PYKIDiixE
LTHER
LiNDAfxiE
LEAU AKSF.IMATE
AKbLfUv. CPUS
LACTiv. AC it,
HLXYL ALCOHOL
3.80000+0^
3.eoooo•^o^
3.79590+04
3.60000+04
3.33U40+04
3.32490+04
3.22000+04
3.04000+04
3,00000+04
2.71890+04
2.70920+04
2.64450+04
2.60000+04
£•35830+04
2.31420+04
2.20000+04
2
2
,05000+04
,04440+04
2.03690+04
1.96650+04
1.69000+04
1.76410+04
1.65440+04
1.64690+04
1.57340+04
1.40000+04
1.40000+04
1.32000+04
1.28000+04
1.18835+04
1.15450+04
1.14500+04
1.13610+04
1.05520+04
1.02000+04
1.00000+04
a.80000+03
a.53700+03
8.53700+03
7.90000+03
7.55MJO+03
7.04500+03
6.10800+03
6.04200+03
6.00000+03
6.00000+03
5.30000+03
5.28000+03
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
132
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
A-16
-------
ALCOHOLS'
DNtiP
CYCLGHLXYL ALCOHOL
uNSUi-.STl
SlLVLK NITKATE
BUTYLAtflNtb
POTASSIUM IODIDE
01 VINYL tJdijZtNC
LAUKOYL PEROXIDE.
Tt.TRALTHYLt.NE. GLYCOL
BLKYLLIUN' L-UbT
CALCIJh ARsENATL
NAbAM
BUTYL HYDRQPERO X I[jL
" ' i"ot
MLR c UR Y FU! J
ACLTOPHENOfiL
AMMOUiUM ACLTATE
MLHCURY CPLS
GLYOXAL
ilinC ACETATE
BUTYRIC ACID
PhLN Y L p if «C UK 1 C " A"c£"f AT E
MAGNL^IU^ CPbb
ETHYL HOKMATL
CYAi-ili)L
M IU iRATE
VINYL ET
TtTHALXN
RLJL'C i c.D Su
ijAML
ViuYL CHLOi
-------
VIUYL clHfc.lv
IiNsOLUbLE <. ITn DEhSIfY LE 1
CYCLOHLXAUL
MXED
HLAMNt.
DECYL ALCOhOL
ETHYL ACRYLATc
BUIYL ACRYc-ATE
lIMbOLUbLE wITh DENSITY GT I
ETHYLUJE 01CHLORIDE
SULFUI-;
PEKCHLOROE1HYLENE
THiChLOROLTHANE
DIOCTYL FHTrlALATES
TKlCHLOROFLUOKOMETHAN'E
UllMlTKO Aril LINE
CHUURIDE
DibUTVi. PHTHALATE
METHYL
LAUHO/L PLKOXIDL
BtKYLuIuM uUST
MLKCUXY
PHLNOL
CYCLIC
ACiD
CYCLIC INSECTICIDES
ACLTOijE CYANOriYDRir,1
2.68005+01
Q VALUE
4.11436+05
NOKYL pHL
DU'i
3.06C71+04
2.78499+04
9.61263+05
6.50052+03
4.25437+03
5.63924+02
0 VALUE
1.23967+06
2.52390+05
1.45060+05
6.15B22+04
4.57123+04
3.31719+04
2.85433+04
1.60354+04
4.25424+03
3.02058+03
2.24334+03
1.59709+03
4.38160+02
1.71117+02
9.61^40+01
Q/CRIT CONC
4.37150+08
8.64428+07
4.01274+07
2.46001+07
2.41874+07
2.18575+07
1.66695+07
1.58288+07
i.34608+07
1.03662+07
1.03647+07
8.54443+Qo
6.80C26+06
5.89P44+06
5.08693+06
13
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
A-18
-------
NITROPHEUGu
ALDRIu-TOXAPHENE bROUP
"AMMONIUM Nil RATE
.ALUMINUM SULFATE
"NYfRIC" ACiir
HERBICIDES + PLANT HORMONES CY
DYES TOTAL
TETRA.THYL LEAD
FUNGICIDES TOTAL CYCLK
"SuLFUrt"lC""Ac"iD
HYDR 0 C A R Q 0 hi S
PHOSPHORUS
2r4-D ACID ESTOHS + SALTS
BLHZOiC "AC I'D
FOKMALuEHYbE
SOuIO.-i DlChROMATE + CHROMATE
PESTlCIOE'o INbECTlClOES ACYCLI
TLlRAfctTHYL. LEAD
ETtlERij TOTAL
FfcKROiJb SULFATE
SODIUM SULF IUL
HTURuCnLCixiC ACID
HYUROGEr-i CYAN IDE
BUIYL ALCOHOL N AND ISO
CHLORi!\iATEL, ISOCYANURATES
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
FATTY
NAfTHALINt
HYpCCHLORiTE
HYuKOXIDE
ACYLiiALlDES +
UOLELYL WQiCAPTAN
PHObPHORIC ACID
NlTRObLNicII-.E
MLThYL PAR A TH I ON
ALCOHOLS' ^ONOHYDKl
CHKur^iC ACID
ALLAH fuES •< KtTONtS
L.NSUf STi
5.01437+06
4.86008+06
4.57007+06
4.17982+06
3.94075+06
3.26269+06
2.63930+06
2.75997+06
2.13736+06
1.940b3+06
i. 04543+06
1.50084+06
1.15679+06
9.55401+05
9.51P.20 + 05
9.29754+05
8.799b4+05
7.95155+05
7.84A54+05
5.34341+05
5.25615+05
03393+05
70815+05
26959+05
3.59567+05
3.37034+05
3.15487+05
11239+05
89883+05
86706+05
77766+05
62010+05
1.94249+05
1.88772+05
1.82575+05
75264+05
74376+05
1.71227+05
1.2 5899+ 05
1.25551+05
1.16167+05
i. 09006+05
3
2.
2.
2
2
1
1
9.81445+04
9.50952+04
8.95623+04
d. 83364+04
6.08C54+04
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
A-19
-------
CYCLIC HERBICIDES
FLUORINE HYDROFLUORIC ACID
MISC ACYCuiC INSECTICIDES
POTASSIUM IODIDE.
SODIUM CArf
AMINES* TOTAL
ALUMINUM FLUOKIDE
AMMONIA CPUS
CAKBON TETRACi-iLORiCE
FUKFUKAL
LIlMDANE
SULFbK DIOXIDE
AfcMONIuM PERChLGRAlE
MEKCUKY CPUS
ACETON1TR1LE
TOLUE.ME
FUNGICIDE
LEAD AkSEiMATE
ETHYL uEN^cNE
PEkChLoRIC ACID
SOblUi-, hYOi-OSULFIlt"
AC tV ALDEHYDE
IUM CjiLOKIDE
AttTIC ACiL'»
CALClJh CARBIDE
bAUiUf'i CAKuOiiATE
SILVEK NlTt-.ATL
AkbEl-ic CPDS
ETnYL
CPDS
ChLOHlDr.
ETHYLui-it. UXIOE
Plt'l MALIC H.'.h
PritNYL MEnCUHIC ACETATE
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
POLYHibRlC ALCOHOLS ESTERS
^lil^C SULFMlE
MISC FUNGICIDES
PoTASbiUH CPUS
VINYL ACL i ATE
AuCUHGL
7.36137+04
6.77821+04
5.75441+04
b. 11589+04
5.04474+04
4.95008+04
4.31841+04
4.29177+04
4.14649+04
4.07150+04
3.62921+04
3.80668+04
3.73198+04
3.59567*04
3.20605+04
2.96291+04
2.73583+04
2.72874+04
2.69675+04
2.468bl+04
2.41874+04
2.22753+04
P.. 16514+04
1
1
1
1
9
V>
8
1.81676+04
1.79135+04
70989+04
6U551+04
1.52644+04
1.50521+04
4U720+OH
34f;57+04
29784+03
02012+03
65633+03
8.53971+03
8. 53971+03
a. 07924 +03
7. 84692+03
7.81728+03
7.78010+03
581b6+03
1)34/4 + 03
6.69169+03
b. 35576+03
0.27754+03
b. 67775+03
5.46645+03
7
7
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
7b
76
77
78
79
ao
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
38
89
90
91
92
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
A-20
-------
EJHYLAMNLb
FUUGICICES ACYCLIC
POTAS'jIUN. hYLJfiOXXUE
METHYL ETHYL KETGhE
NITROUS 0X1 DL
'SiLVEK CYAj.IDE
PAKATHION
'
U. 50926+05
CHLOROMEThANE
DICHLOROBtuZEiME 0»P.
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
2»4»b-T ACID ESTGRS + SALTS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ES1EKS OF MOf-jOHYDiUC ALCOHOLS
ACRYLIC ACiD
AtfclTOPhENONE
NICKEL SULFATE
SOL- i UN PHOSPHATE
METHYL. ME TtiACftYLATc
UOuECYL I2E,«4ZENE
Suuiu;-i KL.TAL
bul YL^.vif.L^
SOUIUi-
S OXYCHLORIOE".
i:»H»b T ACID
EIHANULAMil-jESi
MAL.LIC ANHYDRIDE
ITE
CYCLOHEAAUONE
HthblCIUES + PLAN I HORMONES AC
ALCOHOL
DNUP
CALCIUM "PrioSl'HATE DIBASIC
rj PLROXIUE.
3.7^331+03
3.37094+03
2.98979+03
2.97634+03
2.96766+03
2.B2390+03
2.15029+03
2.06777*03
2.05020+03
1.85732+03
1.83619+03
ACETATE
1.79783+03
1.70829+03
1.70018+03
1.70017+03
1.50362+03
1.U9145+03
1.31031+03
1.28242+03
l'.26Ui:3+03
1.150CB+03
i.04809+03
9.46462+02
8.02^98+02
7.26704+02
7. 07187+02
6.539x0+02
6.36935+02
4.76167+02
4.41367+02
4. 38478+02
4.32007+02
3.92346+02
3.10519+02
3.00799+02
2.65P15+02
2.63462+02
2.4U297+02
2.36615+02
2.22329+02
1. 89264+02
1.86424+02
1.68547+02
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
A-21
-------
MAGNESIUM SULF-A1E
1SGOC1YL rtLCOHOL
OiLTHMNOLAi-Ik'L
N-bUlYL ACr.TA.TE
POTASblUN". bULFATt
N113CANILIJ.;E
PKOPYL ACL1ATL ISO-N
SILICATE.
PKCPYLLNE L-ICHLORIDE
PKUPYLENt wLYCOL
ETHYL ChLOrflUE
BtNZOYL PuKOXlDL
E.-IHYLLNE oLYCOL
EThYi. ACE I Alt
PKOPYLLNE; OXIDE
OXALlc AC it
PhuPhiOMC ACID
AwYL
AtCOnOL
E GLYCOL
ElriYL tThcihS ALL
POTASSIUM F YKOPHOsPHATc;
CilKiC ACIb
SoKbiTOL
SouIU,.|
BOKic AC ID
CYCLOrit.XYi. ALCOHOL
HcXYL
U i
ACIu
C ACJD
BufYL HYL/KC-PEKOXIL'E
GLVCLkirjt bYi, + NAT
rLENL Gi-YCOc.
ACtTATt
TOTAL
t-tnYL
t-'PK
LTHYLHtAYL
1.61272+02
1. ^1051+02
1.24619+02
1.23379+02
1.189H5+02
6.71c80+0l
7.89975+01
7.42897+01
7.08403+01
6.49759+01
6.25771+01
5.516^4+01
2.
2
2.
2
2
2.
1
1
1
1.
1.
1
1.
1.
1.
4.51006+01
3.56227+01
76121+01
56484+01
45266+01
27937+01
23948+01
01700+01
87919+01
79537+01
76015+01
50577+01
49963+01
36270+01
33036+Oi
31116+01
25303+01
1.12524+01
1.11550+01
1.10573+01
1.06426+01
i. 06013+01
9.92213+00
9.755bH+00
c3. 99975+00
^A TL
0.971U5 + 00
6,66856+00
6. 24612+00
4.90571+00
4.53653+00
3.78094+00
3. 74616+OQ
3.57065+00
2.26562+00
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
A-22
-------
L LTHEK
LAC TIC ACiu
IbOPKOPYL ACtTATE
FOKMIC ACil-
BUTYRIC ACID
MAGNLSIUN'cPDS
TtTRAETHYLtNE GLYCOL
CMLCi'Ort NIT RATE
GLlUXAL
CUMPOONDS WHERE P EQUALS
IMAME OF COMPOUNU
CALCIUNi HYDROXIDE R_
HYDROGEN SuLFlDE R
1. 30550+00
7.69^75-01
b. ^8975-01
5.09525-01
3.58382-01
3. 19<*63-01
3. '4 64 36-02
1.22711-02
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
A-23
-------
to
RE.uE.OtO iuOSIANCLS
VlUU. CHLOhlLt.
0
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE k
7.(iOUOOO-Ul
2 994V 2
FiSH o
3 -*V 0
u
O.L-OuOOU
BUI ANi.
<*. ;faouoo*oi
«* -1 o
FISH U
PKUPAI.C.
b -
HUH
O -Itti U
O
O.OOi'OOC
i.ouuocu-oi
U.OOoOCU
o.oooouo
HVOKGtoLil !juLf IDE. H
O.OOllOUU
0.900000+01
o.ouooou
1.0.,0000+03
i;+J? 9.f)lOCOO + 0«> 0.000000 O.OOOOOO
2.2«*OOOU + ijO 2.;i<42000*0o l.BbOOOO+03
9.000000+uH 9.000GOO+01*
1 .00 JOOO+'JJ 2.00UoOO-oJ 6./t>0000+Ob 6.600000+02
9.J20000+0or>0fl>0 1.000000*02 l.OOOOOt-Oi 2.000000+07 6.000000+00
O.OOOOOU
0.000000
-------
tvj
en
1.100000 + 00 (J.57000.0 + Q1
7 -20 2
TAST o
b.000000-02 5.000000-02
DlCHCOKODlFLUOROMtTHAhE
4.7SOOOO+01 (t.OiuOOO+Ol
8 -28 0
FISH O
O.OOCOOO 0.000000
ISOUUTAUE.
4.7GOCOO+IU <».03oOOO+Ol
9 11 0
USH O
0.000000 0.000000
<*.030000+01
10 30 0
FISH o
fa.000000 0.000000
UUTAtitNE IMHIBI1ED
11 -1 0
FISH u
0.000000 o.OOOOOO
12 30 0
FISH 0
l.uiH'OCO+Oi l.CUoOUU-03
13 39 0
FISH 0
i.jOOOOO+03 l.OOoOOO+Ol
WITH DENSITY LE 1
1.29UOOO+01 5.000000-02 1.000000-02 6.400000+05 5.000000+04
1.070000+02 1.070000+02 1.004290+05 1.004290+05
1.190000+01 1.000000+02 1.400000+00 3.021590+05 1.000000-02
9.010000+02 9.010000+02 0.000000 0.000000
1.190000+01 1.000000+02 1.100000+UO 3.002660+05 1.000000-02
9.010000+02 9.010000+02 0.000000 0.000000
1.190000+01 1.000000+02 I.IOOOOO+OG 1.161079+Ob 1.000000-02
9.010000+02 9.010000+02 0.000000 0.000000
1.19QOOO+01 7.200000+01 l.OOOOOQ-03 3*200000+06 2.000000+00
9.010000+02 9.010000+02 0.000000 0.000000
i.190000+01 1.000000+02 6.000000-01 4.530000+05 1.000000+01
5.010000+02 5.000000+02 9.000QOQ+04 2.801000+03
5.600000+00 1.000000+01 7.600000-01 1.120000+02 l.OOOQOO+00
0.000000
5.000000+02 0.000000
4.101005+06
7.960000*01
1 81 1
FlbH rtt
U.OOOOt-K G.OOgOOU
CuMENt:
7.960000+01 1.460000*01
2 152 1
FISH H2
o.oooooo o.ooooou
4.780UOO+U1 4.0^0000+01
98 i
5.600000+00 1.000000+01 7.700000-01 2.000000+06 1.000000-02
9.020000+02 9.020000+02 0.000000 0.000000
5.600000+00 1.000000+02 8.600000-01 1.600000+06 1.0uOOOO-02
9.020000+02 9.020000+02 0.000000 0.000000
1.190000*01 1.000000+02 6.800000-01 1.956280+Ob b.200000+01
-------
9.««*oono*oi o.oouooo n.cooooo
FiSh
OtXYL ALCOhOL
4,.(:.OOUOU-*UO
6 £31 1
tlntL ACKYCA1E
7 9b 1
FISH AUHFG
BUTTL
u
FISH
01VINVL BcnZENC
7
9 199 1
FISH ni
'*.03t 00u+0l
1.0C';000-03
1.0uOOOO*QO
J.?
l..J0.3000Klb
tJ.200oOo-ul
l.OuOOOO-01
0«OOt'OOU
1.000000*01
* OtOOoOuU
OLtiSlTV GT l
9.020000+02 9.Q2UOno+0£ O.OOUoOo O.OOOUOO
1 «<450000*01 1.000000+Oi; 9.20000U—ui b't-if+GO + O1* 1.000000 + 02
1.230000+0.? 5.000000+02 2.107000 + OH «». I0100f>«0o
mbaOUuiOl 1.000000 + Oi A.900000-U1 3>t>lS600^U<« l.OUOOUO-01
1*230000»02 b.OOOOUO + 02 2.107oUO*-U'+ 1.iG10Ub+Oo
l.OOuOOO+01 9.300uOO-ul 2.l9iOOO+Oj 1.0uOQOO-02
0.000000 (
1 <*0 1
FibM ^
U.jOoUOO Cl.OOoOOO
SUuHUri
1.100UOO + 00 H.57.;00o*(jl
i 4f
TAiT
PLKCHUORCL'I HYLENE
l.OOOOOu+0^ 1.100uOo+(jO 5.600000+Ou 1.0UOOOO-02
3 121 1
Fiih 6
O.UOOOOd
l.'luoOOO-(ll l.f!OOuOo + UU 2.<*00000 + 0o 1.000000-03
l."5bOOOO»-02 4 .20 /lOu + U1* U.207100*OM
1.190000401 1.000000+02 1.600oOu+oO 6.786850+06 1. 000000-02
0.000000
0.000000
-------
4.7UOOOO+01
74 1
1
to
4.03000U+01
4
FISH
1.000000+01 l.OOOOOo-Ol
UiOCTYL PHTHALATES
i.gogooo-oi U.SHCOOU+OI
5 280 1
TAST G
l.bOuOOO+Ol l.OOOOUU+Ol
TKiCHLOROFuUOROMETHANE
4.700000+01 4.030000+01
6 40 1
FISH G
0.000000 O.OOCOOU
ANILINE
7.960uOO+Ol
FISH
7.000000+00 1.20000U-02
4.760000+01
8 117 1
FISH 6
CHLoRIUE
7.y60000+0l
9 179 1
FISH o
0.1)00000
DlbUTVL PHTHALATE
1.000000-Ul
10 340 1
TASr
O.OOQQOU
i.iacoou+oi
1.00000J+Ol
MtTHYL BROwlLt
7.200000 + 00 ft.070000+01
11 4 1
FISH G
O.UOOOOO O.OOCOOU
2»4»5-TIUCnLOROPHt.NOL + SALTS
7.C-OOUOO + UO «.07i,OOU+Ul
1299999 1
FISH AijFtt
l.uOOOOO-Oi l.OOGOOO-Ol
LAOKOYL PtKOXlDE
-------
NJ
00
. | U'oT
MLnCUKK
ib
1 162 1
VAST AuFt.
l.oOOOOG-03
MttHYi. ALCOHOL
6«4 1
t-Jbli
1.0GOOOC.+03
DOME
j
CHLOhubULFuNIC ACiU
b 158 1
Htb AbCU
fa 80 1
V -33 1
Ii.St-C I i
1.00.-00o-02 1 •3BOw'"'lMu2 b.UUiJOOU + Oc. *4.003t6o + ob 9.000000 + 0*4
•>.07»0(iu+ul l.lflOO'lOml l.^nOOOCi + 01 a.OOUOOu + UU l.bUOOUU+03 l.fl-.)0000-02
tt.OUfCOU
1. OOuOUy-0.il
(>.b2000u*ul
CYCLIC
b.OOfjOOo-02
l.OOi. OUU-03
'+.7^r OClO + Ol
9.000000+OI4
%«7i>or>0*0i b.000000-03 1.35<40UO«ul <* . 9.000000+04
1.29!»0"0*ol l.OOuOOO-Oj I.BOUOOO+OG 2.300000+Ob 1.000000+03
1.070000+02
l.UOH«i90+Ob
8.i>00000+0b
S.OOUOno + Oi: U.bOlJbO + ob 2.f>01000+03
3.JCHOOO-01 7.0UOGOu-u3 Jl.obOOOO+07
3.000G"G»00 i.OOoOnu+00 1.00193u+0b 1.001930+Ob
-------
7-aOOOOO+uO 6.070000+01
899999 1
ALFG
1.000000+03 1.0UuOOO-U3
HHOSHHORUi PENTASULFIDE
1.100000+00 0.57COOO+01
_9_ 511... 1
H2S AbCI
... 5tQ.OOOQQ-Q2 b.OOijOOO-02
STYHfcNt
4.78COOO+01 H.03uOGU+Ol
10 146 1
TAST _AlitlF6
1.000000+03 1.000000-03
. ACEir.QNt.CIAWOHYDRIN.
4.780000+01 4.030000+01
11 120 1
DOME AbCEKG
3.^00000-02 3.00GOOU-02
CHi-OKlNE
9.6QCGOO+OC 7.640000+01
12-35 1
FISH AbFGCl
1.000000-01 1.000000-02
1
NJ
V£>
NUHIU fMt-i
7
13 300
TASV 1
1
OUT
14 2GC
FISH i
1.
ISUHRc-NE
4<
TAbf /
1
XYuENtS
7
16 139
TAbT I
1
(iii TU^li>LjL"M(
Nil KUrriLNi
7
17 200
TAST i
1
1.48oOOO+ol
1 . ,
1,000000-0.1 l.QpCOOO-03
1
AbFG
1.JOOOOO-03 1.000000-06
4.780000+01 4.03000U+01
AbHF ~
l.OOOOOO+Ol 1.000000"03
7.^60000+01 1.400000*01
1
G
l.vOOO.OO + Ol
'L
7.S600CO+01
AaFG
1^000000-03 1.000000-03
1.180000 + 01 1.000000-03 8.000.000-01 1.387550+05 1.000000-02
0.000000 5.000000+02 0.000000 3.901023+06
1.290000+01 1.000000-03 2.020000+00 1.280000+05 2.030000+02
1.070000+02 1,070000+02 1.004290+05 1.004290+05
1.190000+01 1.000000-01 9.000000-01 4.850000+06 1.000000+03
0.000000 5.000000+02 0.000000 2.801000+03
1.190000+01 1.000000-02 9.320000-01 4.849280+05 1.000000+03
1.170000+02 1.170000+02 1.004800+04 1.004800+04
1.370000+01 3.000000-02 3.200000+00 1.960000+06 b.000000+04
1.050000+02 1.050000+02 1.003800+ob 1.003810+05
5.600000+00 1.000000-03 9.40000(j-ul 2.644500+04 i.000000+01
1.240000+02 5.000000+02 1.003030+05 3.104250+05
1.180000+01 ^ 2.QOOOOO-03 9.800QOO-U1 1.034110+Ob l.OQOOOQ-02
6.000000+02 5.000000+02 1.401200+04 1.507300+04
1.190000+01 5.000000-03 7.800000-01 1.190000+05 1.0oOOOO-02
5.010000+02 5,000000+02 9.000000+0^ 2.801000+03
5.600000+00 2,000000-01 8.600000-01 3.900000+06 l.OQOOOO+01
1.000000-03
6.000000+02 5.000000+02 4.301600+04 2.801000+03
b.60(3000+00 1,000000-03 1.400000+00 1.890000+04 1.600000+04
1.240000+02 5,000000+02 ;
-------
i<»9*999 1
ft Ml Ai:F<,
b.jOOyOU-ol 1.00tUUu-OI>
AMhOMUU KiTHATE.
<4.;:7UuOO+Oi M.79oOOo*ul
199*999 1
TAST A|,G
2.GuuuOO-ul 1.0Ui-Otlu~U2
ALUM 1 MUM aULFATt
TA«»1 At.CZ
i.OOOoOU-02
NUH1C ACii)
<:! 60 t
FISH Ai.CU
H.uOouoo-oi i.ouioau-u?
HtKBKIOES * PL AH I HORMONES CV
ti.07<)00u+ul
1.00(iUUO-0?
TAST
OtLi TOT^L
CULO Ai.KG
I.u0t
TtTKAcTHVi. LLAD
««.780u
*:<* 200 1
5.UOOUOO-02
AMMONIA 5JLFATE.
TAUT
«4. 03)000*01
!>.OOI..OOU-0?
TOTAL CYCLIC
ilt KG
.00'
.<»
l.ICoUCiOiUl 1.000000-02 9.000uUU-tl 2.«4B8920*U'j 1.000000*02
a.unouno 'J.DOUOOO+O^ u.oouooo 9.oooooo*o««
£.000000-02 1.00UOOu+tJ 2.1tfablO+Ob 5.000000*0«»
6.0UOOOO-02
S.COUOOO-02 I.o0000o»00
1.160000»0«: l.OOluJo+UU 1.001630*0^
'.'.?CUoCO«Lt'i
1.001930+u'J
9.0UbOuO-ul 6.0ttrtbOO*0<* 1.0UOOOO-02
U.OCJUOC 'j.OOUOno + ttk O.OOOuOu 9.UOOUOO*0<»
).DOiOOO+Oi 1.000000 + uO 'j./5000U*07 b.0u00no+0«4
F1J.H
-------
l.uOUOOO+00 1.000000+00
HALOOthATtb HYDrtOCARbONS
4. 700000 + 01 4.030000+01
269S999 1
1.000000-02
fc.570000+01
2.000000-Q2
LTS
6.070000+01
1.000000-02
1.1,011000+03
PHOSPHORUS
I.l0u000+00
29 i-60 1
FISH «bC2
1.000000+00
2.H-U AClLi ESTOKS +
7.^00000+00
309V999 1
TAS»T AtHFG
2.UOOOOO+00
ACID
31 249
YAST ""
l.UOOOOO+01
FOKMALUEHYUE
t.yflOOOO+01
32 -21 1
b.OOCOOO-Ol
4.030000+01
1.000000-02 i.ootoou-oi
7.^00000+00
3399999 1
TAi>l AF..FG
... ...... . ....... 2.UQOOOO+OQ 1,000.000-02
SOUIUM DICllROMATE + CHKOMATE
9.tiOOOOO+00 7.6<*0000 + 0l
3499999 j
POME AUCEGZ
3.000000-03 3.000000-03
PtbTIClDES INSECIIC.lOfcS .ACY.CL1
7.^00000+00 B. 070000+01
3b99999 1
FISH AtiFG
1«PQOOPO+03 1.00iiOOO-03
fEfRAMEfHYLTEAD"
___ ___ «f.JZS.OQOp+01
36 160 1
^.OOoOOU-o2
4.030000+01
POME
5.000000-02
ETHthS TOTAL
4.780000+01
37 40 1
3.010000+02 ^ 3.010000+02 9.000000+0** 9.000000+04
1.190000+01 l.OOUOOO+00 1.100000+00 5.794615+06 5.000000+04
0.000000 5.000000+02 0.000000 2.604760+05
1. 290000+01 1.000000-01 1.800000+gO 1.100000+06 3.000000+00
1.130000+02 1.130000+02 9.000000+04 1.002300+0&
1.180000+01 1.000000-02 9.000000-01 8.375000+04 3.500000+04
6.0QOOOO+02 5.000000+02 1.208270+05 1.308900+04
1.450000+01 1.000000-03 1.320000+00 3.537000+03 1.000000+02
>
1.250000+02 5.00POOO+02 4.201710+05 1.607970+05
1.190000+01 1.000000+00 8.150000-01 4.350000+06 5.000000+04
1.200000+02 1.200000+02 3.803440+05 1.901430+05
l.leoOOOi-01 1.000000-02 9.000000-01 7.713900+04 1. 000000+02
6.0QOOOO+02 5.000000+02 1,208270+05 1. 30^900+05
1.370000+01 5.000000-02 3.000uOo+00 3.040000+05 8.730000+05
1.060000+02 1.060000+02 1.001200+04 1.001200+04
1.1&UUOO+01 2.000000-02 e.OOOOOo-ol 1.376000+05 5.000000+04
0.000000 5.00JOOO+Ok 0.000000 9.000000+04
1.190UOO+01 5.000000-02 1.900QOO+00 1.250000+05 6.000000-02
1.080000+02 1.030000+02 1.001630+05 1.001630+05
1.190000+01 2.000000-01 9.000000-Ql 4.918350+05 5.000000+04
-------
=r
w
to
l.i,OI)UOu*UO
SULFATE
00u*0l
m SUU
7.6<+,,OOU*Ol
TAbT
HYuHOCHLOKlC ACID
AL«CI/
I.OO
NKKtL CPUS
c.uU
41 <*00 1
ALC(i^
c.bOOOOO+00
H2 17U
1.UOOOOO-U2 i.OOC.OUU + Ol
HYUKOOE.H CYANIDE;
1. 100000*00 0.5
"O 26 1
a.uouooo-o?. j.
BU'IYL AUCOhOL N AND ISO
44 10U
TAS1
b.uOUOOO*00 b.O
CHLOKlNATEO ISOCYANUHATEb
l.i.iOuuOo-01 0.5'
<*b
i.oo».,ooo-ua
CALCIUM FuoOKlDE
7.000UOO-01
5.UOPOOO-0?
YL
>*.
1.000000*03
'j.nOuOOu + Ou l.UOboOlj + u^ l.UCbbOO*0-t
I.?7i>000t01 S.COUOOO-Oii 1 .flOOuOu-* oU l.HOOOOO-»ub 1.0<*0000«U5
l.OOGOOO + Ou
.UbOOuO*Oo b.OoOOOO+OU
5.010000*02 3.010000*02 9.00UOOO + U1* 9. 000000 + 04
3.'«7uOOO»Ul 5.000000-02: 3.00000U+UU p. 000000+04 b.4.00000u-ol 3.312**tiO+'Ob 1.2bOOOO+05
l.«*bJu!JiMOl l
1 .17.JOOO+0.? b.OOUOOO+0«: 1 .
1 l.OUOOOO+Oli 3.
l.U02430+Ob
2.600000*04 l.OOUOOO + 04
9.000000 + 04
2.400l)UU + Oo 1.600000 + 01
t..oj,.0'jo*ul
l.ni,iUOO+0? l.(110000 + 0i
ol b. 000000-01 b.OOUOOu-01 6.497«6U + Ob 1.0JOOOO+03
-------
CO
co
47 196
TAST
i.UOOUOO + Ui'.
FA1TY ACUt,
l.OOUOOO-Oi
48 JOO 1
J..20000U-02
J.54000U+01
l.OOCOGU+Ol
1.40000J+01
b.OOCUOO-05
tj. 060000*01
b. 000000-02 b. 000000-02
l.OOOOOO+Ul
HtKiDiNE
7.960000+01
49 115 1
TAST AIIFG
1.000000+02
LtAD CPDS
2.000UOO+00
DOME
7.960000+01
bl 216 1
TAST ABED
CARBON OISULFIDE
4.780000+01
b2 H6 1
TAST AbF6
3.000000+00
HYPOCHLORlfES
9.600UOO+UO
FISH
CALClOfi
CLZ
COPPLK SULKATL
2.UCOUOO+OC
1.000000-03
6 1390 ' 1
TAST Ai.,tJli
ACIDS ACYLC.ALIDES +
7.6HCOOU+01
i.oooooo-oi
ANHYDHIDES
1.210000+02 1.210000+02 4.201910+Ob 2.b03830+0b
1.450000+01 1.000000-01 9.000000-01 2.35000G+Ob 1.000000+01
1.250000+02 5.000000+02 4.201710+05 1.704180+05
5.600000+00 l.OOOQOO-02 9.000000-01 7.55^000+03 5.000000+04
1.210000+02 1.210000+02 4.202950+05 2.403350+05
3.470000+01 5.000000-02 5.00000o+flO i».200000+04 5.000000+04
1.080000+02 1.030000+02 1.001630+05 1*001630+05
5.600000+00 1.000000+00 1.150UOO+OU 7.100000+05 3.000000+01
1.370000+02 5.000000+02 4.501350+05 9.000000+04
1.190000+01 1.000000+00 1.260000+UO 8*200000+05 2.200000+03
1.310000+02 5.000000+02 4.200301+06 3.506100+04
1.370000+01 6.000000-02 1.100000+00 8*000000+04 1.000000+03
1.050000+02 1.050000+02 1.003800+05 1.003810+05
1.570000+01 3.000000-02 2.000000+00 4.300000+04 X.850000+03
1.050000+02 1.050000+02 1.003800+05 1.003810+05
3.470000+01 1.500000-01 3.000000+00 8*403400+04 1.000000+03
4.0QOOOO+00 4,000000+00 1.001300+05 1.001300+05
1.370000+01 2.000000+01 2.130000+00 1.920000+07 4.200000+05
3.010000+02 1.180000+02 9.000000+Q4 1.002740+05
-------
¥
CJ
*»•
l.ubbOHb-bl
1
K1SH AMKGC2
G.dbObOu
OOUECIL Kbl.CAPTAII
<«.7tiOilOO + Ul
Ai-IIFG
i.uoouno+uc
PHOSPHORIC AGIO
1.100000+00
b9 £13 i
FISH At,C£
l.tOOOOU+OO
7.t,60000-»01
.00 210 1
TAbT AbF6
I.UOOOOO + OO
L PAHATH10N
61^9999
FISH
l.COOOOO+03
ALCOHv>LS» r.ONOHYOKKr
B.oOOOOO+00
0299999 1
DOMt AlFG
5.000000+00
CHKOMIC ACID
1.100000*00
6599999 1
UUML MtlCG/
3. 000000-03
ALUAHifuES t KtTCULS
DOME
»..&7uOOO+Gl
2. 00», 000-02
l.tfiLOOu+Ol
1.00'.IOOO-0?
«. 070000+01
1.000000-03
UNSUbSTl
1
AiiHFO
b'OOtOOO-01*
b.57(!000+0l
i. 000000-03
14.031'OOU + Ol
O.OOjOOU
CYCLIC
FISH
lC. «CIU
l.lOOOilU + 00 ii.57i, 000 + 01
19 i
l.WSubOlHOl 5.000000 + 00 1.10UbOu+bU S.«i09o04+06 b.000000+01*
9.0IIUOUO+U2 (i.04uOOO + 0OUOOU*02 «». 307600+0*4 I.o02««30+0b
1.290000*01 5.000QOU-U<: 2.700000 + 00 14.200000+0"* 1.6bOOOO+06
1.060000402 1.060000 + 02 1 .00l23u + l-b 1.001230+Ob
1.190UOU + 01 l.riOUOOU+01 9.000000-01 3.7aubO«+Ofa b.OouOOO+Oi*
'J.n'40000+Ot u.oooooo o.oooouo
3.000000-Oi 9.0bOOOO-tl 2.100000+Ob 1.000000+03
r>.oojono b.oOjOno+Oe. o.ooouoo 9.000000+04
1.29-JOO.J401 1 .liUuOOu + Ou 9.fl7uOOo-ul 7.000000 + Ob b.OuOOOO + 0"*
b.iiOOoOO-U2
J. 000"02 1.01uO('0>02
1.001<4lO+Oo
-------
CO
UT
MlbC ACYCLIC INSECTICIDES
7.^00000 + 1)0 cJ.07(,OUU + Ol
079-J999 1
FISH AtFG
i.oooooa-uj
7. 640000+01
POTASSIUM IODIDE
9.tiOOOOO+00
t>8 1330 1
TAST Atii
2.00000U-02
SOpIUM CAKbONATE
9.SOOOOO+00
b?V999_?_ 1
TAST ABOI
i.oqpooo+ui
AMINES' TOTAL
4.780000+01
7099999 1
TAST ABFGC
4.000000+02
ANILINE
7.960000+01
71 184 1
TAST AbFGC
2.000000+pO
ALUMINUM FLUOKIOE
4.660UOO+01
72 1040 1
DOMt AUEGZ
2.000000+00
AMMONIA CPUS
iJ .0000(10-02
7.6tjOUU+Ol
H.030000+01
1.200000-02
1.480000+01
1.200000-02
b-OloOQO+Ol
2.000000-02
4.790000+01
73 -30 1
FISH AHG
2.000000-01 1.000000-02
CAiiUOH TEThACHLORlOE
4.780000+01 <+«03gOOO+Ol
74 77 1
TAST AbFG
l.UOOOOO + Ol 1.00i*OUO"Ol
7.^60000+01
rt» lei i
TAST AbFG
l.OOOuOO-Oi!
l.OOOOUU+01
y.aOGuOO+00
7699999 1
FISH AbFG
1.180000+01 2.00000U-02 8.000000"0l 1.188350+04 1.000000+03
0.000000 5.000000+02 0.000000 9.000000+04
1.370000401 b.000000-03 3.130000+00 2.200000+03 1.275000+06
1.150000+02 1.150000+02 5.003700+Ut 1.001520+05
1.370000+01 3.400000+01 2.530000+00 1.330000+07 2.000000+04
2.040000+02 6.000000+00 1.007800+04 1.0024-30+05
1.19UOOO+01 1.000000+00 7.000000-01 2.360260+05 5.000000+04
1.210000+02 1.210000+02 4.*0191U+05" 2.503830+05
5.600000+00 2.000000+00 1.02?000+uO 3.850000+05 3.400000+04
1.210000+02 1.210000+02 4.?G2000+05 2.503830+05
3.300000+00 1.000000+00 3.070000+00 2.630000+05 5.000000+04
0.000000 2.000000+00 1.000000+04 2.005300+04
9.200000+00 1.000000+02 1.700QOO+00 2*300000+07 5.000000+04
3.000000+00 3.000000+00 1.001930+05 1.001930+Ob
l.l9QOp_QiQi 5,QPOQOO+OP 1.595000+00 9.700000+05 5.00000.P+.Q.2
5.010000+02 5.000000+02 9.000000+04 2.604760+05
5.600000+00 1.200000+00 1.150000+00 1.900000+0i> 8.300000+04
1.200000+02 5.000000+02 3.803440+U5 4.101005+06
l.lfiOuOO+01 1.800000-02 9.000000-Ul 6.042000+03 5.000000+04
-------
J
CO
l.uOGuno+u2
SULFUK UlOxIUt
i.ioouoo+oc
77 -10 1
HSU rtiiCI*.
;..ooooro»uo
AMMOMuM PLKCHLOPATt
»>. ^70000*01
7899999 1
TAVT Ai,G
t.oOUUOU-ul
*LKCU& lit) J
1 .00f'lj(ju~0l
.'.i>/u00u*0l
1.00|iOOU-U2
,,.06i.000+0l
t,.00(00u-0«»
t.33t:0!)U + Ol
l.OUliQOU-03
1.4B';OCU+Ol
1.000000-03
4.03*1000+01
1.2UOOOU-02:
0.07< 000+01
1.000000-u;-/
f,.0b, 000+01
b.oo.oou-o:j
l.lOUOPO+02
l.l9UOOOfOl
&.6000C0400
1.19000H+J1
l.lAuO('U»Ol
U.OOOOI'O
b.600u''0«l.O
i. 571.000 + 1)1 l.?9uOOO»Ul
2.bO'«76U+Ob
•j.OOitOOU-Ol l.'tUOcOu+OO I.bl0000*0b t). 000000+ O1*
!>.!.)UUOOu-01
l.UQOOOO+0'j
1.00l930+0b
fi.ou0000+02 1.000000-02
b. JOUOOO-01 7.800000-Ul 7.t»00000+OH S.OuOOOO + Qt
9*000000 + 04 9«OOOUOO+0<4
b.OOOOOO+01 B.600000-ul b.ttOOOOO+Oo 4.700000+02
b.unuOOO+02 *».501350+0b 2.«01000+03
1.000000-01 6.600000-ul 1.2aOOOO+04 1.000000+03
2.b03030+0t>
t'.OOUOOO-Oj 1.20oOOo+ui) 1. 196000+03 1.000000-02
^.OOoCOO+02 b.OOOOOu 9. 000000 + 04
Ij.oOOOOU-Oi! 7.30000U+00 t. 000000+03 1.000000+03
i.ooib3o+ob
6.600uOO-jl <*.BOOOOO + Oo 1.4UOOOO + 02
5.00000u+0«i *».b013So+Ub ?. 601000+03
l.OOOOOO + Oo l.SOUUOo + UU 2.300000+Ob 1.000000 + 03
-------
HCX
4.1,00000-01
OJ
4.780000+01
67 y i
TAST AbFGC
_ i. oooooo+oi
PtUTAOHLOUoPHtlNOL
7.«;00000+00
0899999 1
FISH At-FG
l.UOOOOO-01
HYjKOSULFITt:
9.6UOUOO+00
TAST AL-CIi.
2.000000+00
ACLTALi>£HY[>E
4.76UOOO+01
90 £1 1
TAbT AuFG
l.OOOUOO-02
AMMONIUM CilLORIOE
4.^70000+01
91 b30 1
FlbH AhG
2.UOOUOO-U1
t. 760030+01
92 lid 1
TAST AbF«,C
1. 000000 + 01
ACtTK AC1U» SYN.
93 118 1
FISH AbCU
1.000000+01
CALCUM CAUBIUG
7.bOOgOO-Oi
94 74<*7 1
CrtUHi. AD I
2.000uOO-Ol
CAKtO.NATE
9599999
DOME
1. 000000+01
CYCLOMEXYLAMINE
H. 030000+01
**.00,"OOU-01 3.010000+02 3.010000+Oi: 9.00UuUo+ut 9.1100000 + 04
t*.030000*01 1.190000+01 6.500000-01 6.8UUuOO-Ul ft.77«»iOO+0«* 1.000000+03
1.200000-02 1.210000 + 02 1.210000+02 "+.201910+05 2.!>03B30+Ub
8.0700QU+01 l.ltiilOOO+01 2.000000-01 9.00UOOO-01 3.795900+OU 1.0uOOOO+U2
1.0UOOOO~U3 1.240000+02 5.000000+02 1.003030+05 3.104250+Ob
7.64^000+01 1.370000+01 b.000000-01 3.00UOOO+OU 0.000000+04 2.540000+05
2.00000U+00 2.060000+02 2.060000+02 1.00^94u+o5 1.002940+05
<+.03[iOOU+Ol 1.19UOOOU1 2.000000+01 7.B3UOOU-01 1.700000+06 b.000000+04
l.OOOOUU+01 1.200000+02 5.0UOOOO+02 3.803440+U5 4.10100b+06
4.79000U+01 9.200000+00 5.000000-01 1.53000U+00 4.UOOOOO+04 3.000000+05
1.00l;000-02 3.000000+00 3.000000+00 1.001930+05 1.001930+05
<4.03oOOO+Ul 1.19uOOOf01 5.^00000-01 9.600oOO-ol 4.000000+04 5.000000+04
1.20uOOO"02 1.210000+02 1.210000+Oa 4.201910+05 2.503830+05
tj.54000U+Ol 1.450000+01 2.500000+01 1.05000o+00 3.60000U+06 5.000000+04
6.00COUO-01 1.250000+0.1 5.000000+02 4.201710+0^ 1.607970+05
J.3b(i000+0l 1.570000+01 l.aOOOOO+01 2.220000+00 2.300000+06 1.850000+03
2.00oOOU-Ol 3.01uuOO-t02 4.000000+02 9.00000U+04 9.000000+04
t*.360000 + 01 1.570UOO+01 l.OOOOOu + Ou 4.43000u + ljO 1.260000 + 05 2.0oOOOO + Ol
l.OOUOOO-Ol 2.01uOOO+02 4.000000+Oc. 4.002030+Ub 9.000000+04
4.780000+01 1.190000+01 b.001)000-01 0.10UoOO-01 3.600000+04 1.000000+03
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Ul
00
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l.uOUUOO-u2
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3.000000+uU
tllltL ALCOiiOL
t'.i,OUUOU*UO
99 78 i
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57 1
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ZINC CK)S
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10199999
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ChLOrdDE
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732 1
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b.viOOOCO-02
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11 1
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1U4 1<*00 1
Fl'jH Al»l
i.ouuooa+uu
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1.20 IOOJ-J2
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l.OOf 00^-03
l.OOuOUO-03
l.QO,iOUO + Ul
7.61I.OUU + 01
1.0UuO(iU~ul
l.jl'JOOutOt: U.tiOto'iU + ot)
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(>. 000000*03 1.000000*00
l.OObbOO+Ot
b.ooooou+oi 7.aoooou-ui 2.toouoo+06 t>.oyoooo-«-o<»
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"4.3076UU + U1*
4.000000+U1 7.92UOUO-01 l.b20000*U6 b.000000+0<*
1.390000*02 5.00uOOU+Oi: «* .b
3.<«70000fOl l.nOOOOO + Ou 2.91UOUO*UO 3.600000*0"* t.3«:UOOO*06
1.35JOOO + 02 8.000000*00 1.003ii2U+yi> 1.U0323U+03
1.00000U*Ou <:.9luoOO*uU 3.aOOOOO*OH 4.320000*06
S. 000000*00 1.00322o*ub 1
2.00000U-U3 3.760000*0b b.0l)0000*0<4
1.00i:OOU*02 1.2bud0u*0ii
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l..';7boOO« tl l.on')000»02 2.000UOo*bO 6.000000*06 5.000000*0<»
1.0027«»0*0b
7. 600000*03 1.000000*04
3.601251*06
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l.OULJOUO-03
ACi-TiC ANHYDRIDE
i.ijOoOOU-01
107 140 1
AC1U O
I.OOGUOQ+OI
POLfHfORIC ALCOHOLS
6.600uOO+00
lOb ^00 1
F ISH AfcFG
l.bOOOOO+Gl
2800+04 1.000000+02
5.000000+02 O.OOOOOU 9.000000+04
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METHYL ET.IYL
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7.64,iOOO+Ol
1.00u00o-0l
14.03UOUO+01
79 1
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110 -88 1
HNOJ Alii
4.000000-01
SILVE.K CYAixIOE
11999999
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i.uOOOOO-02
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3.230000+01
1.000000-02
H.0600CO+01
5.000000-02
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l.jOOOOO + 03 1.OOC'000"03
CHLOROFORM
4.760000+01 4.030000+01
121 61 1
FISH A0FG
1.600000+01 l.OOOOOO-Ol
CHLOKdMETi0u 1.600000+02 2.300000-01
1.170UOO + 02 1.170000+02 «4.00boOO + uH 1 .00<448U+05
l.lSOOOOfOl "4. 000000-01 9.00UOOO-U1 I.l3bl00+04 2,000000+01
O.OOuOOO 5.')00000+02 0.000000 3.901023+Ofa
1.19uOOO+Ol 1.000000+01 1.500000+00 1.39b820+OS 5.000000+03
1.1700HO + 02 !i. 000000*02 »*.202«420 + 0t> 2.b04760+0b
1.190000+01 i.oooono+oi 2.ooooOu-oJ i.jgasao+ob b. 000000+03
ii. 010000+02 5.000000+02 9.000000+Ut 2.60^760+Ob
1,000000+01 1.300000+00 1 . lb<*070+05 l.<430000+02
fi. 000000 + 02 5.000000 + 02 t.301bOO+ut 2.b0t760 + 0b
1.290oOO+01 5.000000+Ou 1.50000o+oO 1.200000+05 5.000000+01*
3.01ooOO+02 3.010000+Ot 9.000000+Ot 9.000000+04
1.S7GOOD4U1 1,500000*02 2.150000+00 2.700000+Ob 7.UOOOOO+05
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i.uouooo+ui 2.00COOU-01
2r4rb-l ACIL tSTOKS 4 SALTc
7. ,.00000+00 8.07r;00ll + 0l
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127 87 1
FIbH HI .FGC
l.uOUOQO+Ul l.OOCOOU-Cl
EblEKb OF- hOMOHYDKIC ALCOriCLS
B.fjOOOOO + 00 t>.62000U + Ol
12899999 1
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loooooo+oi i.oooooo+ni
ACKYLXC ACID
I 8. 5^0000+01
6.000000-01
l.tBOOOO+Ol
5.000000-Ot
f,.ObOOOU+Ol
2.500000+00
6t36tiOOO+Oi
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FibH AuFCi
i. 000000 + 01
ACtTOPHENO/jE
7.960000+01
141099999 1
TAST AttFG
««. 000000+01
NICKEL SULFATE
2.000000+00
13199999 1
CROP AUCOZ
2.^00000+00
CALClUfc AKSENATE
7.000000-01
13299999 1
DOME d
O.OOjOOO
ETMYtLNE
133 -103 1
Ai.FO
l.jOOOOO+Ol
PHOSPHATE
y.t;OliOOu+UO
1
1.000000+00
METHYL METHACRYLATE
i.oocooo-oi
120 1
1.000000-03
7.640000+01
2.000000-02
a. 540000+01
2.020000+02 4..000000 + 02 1.007400+04 9.0000UO+04
1.100000+01 1.500000+00 1.100000+60 2.718900+04 1.0uOOOO+03
b.000000+02 5.000000+02 1.401200+05 1.304900+Ob
1.190000+01 5,500000+01 1,400000+00 5.275710+0t> 1.000000+03
5.010000+02 b.000000+02 9.00000o+u4 2.604760+Ob
2.480000+01 1,000000+02 9.00000o-0l 9«fc83b30+0b 1.000000+04
1.230000+02 b.000000+02 2.10700o+u4 4.10100b+0b
1.450000+01 1.000000+00 1.060oOO+uO 1.646900+04 SoOoOOOO+0^
1.250000+02 5.0(10000+02 4.201710+OS 1.607970+05
b.600000 + 00 1,700000-01 1.03000o+uO l.lvlOOO+03 5o5uOOOO+03
1.260000+02 5.000000+02 4.20l60o+ob 2.403350+05
3-470000+01 5.000000+00 3.680000+uU 4.000000+04 2.930000+05
1.110000 + 02V 1,110000+02 5,00510o+uJ> 5<.005lOO+Ob
1.570000+01 1,000000-01 3.000000+00 1.430000+03 4.800000+00
9.030000+02 9,030000+02 C.OOOoOO 0.000000
1.190000+01 2.20uOOO+01 1.000000-03 1.7bOOOO+05 3.000000+02
b.0100RO+02 b.000000+02 9.000000+04 2.&01000+03
1.370000+01 2.000000+02 3.000000+00 2.600000+Ob 2.0oOOOO+04
1.130000+02 1.130000+02 9.000000+04 1.002300+Ob
1.450000+01 3.000000+01 9.800000-0l 4.04b860+0b 1.000000+03
-------
TA'ol
**
ro
1.0«KiOuO + Ol
290 1
FIbH Mt)HH6
l.uOCOOO+Ol
SOullM MtTAL
9.fiOUUOO+00
U7
NAOH
2.UOOOGU-01
UUlYLAMlNEb
1.37000U+U2
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TAST MtCZ
l.uOOuOU + Ul
SUUlU-i SULPATt
1.20i'UoU-02
U9 JLUOO 1
FISH At, I
1. COOOOO+OG
140
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I.OOCOUU-DI
7.6*40000+1)1
i<*i
7.^iuOoCO«Ol 1. 18( 000 + 01
1.00oOOU-Ol
PhOSPHOROo-j OXYCHLOKIt-t
1.100000 + 00 («.57r,CC'U + ul
14^ lOb 1
HCL AtXl
<*.000000-0l 4.00l..OJO~Ol
T AUO
\.07i;000+0l
O.UOUOCO
1.370000*01
2.107000+U4 H
i.oooono+aa 9.ooouuo-oi 5.000000+03
4.50lobU + Ub 9.000000+04
9.700000-^1
«4. 200000+05
9.00UOOO+01* 1.002740+05
1.19JOOO+01 5.000000-01 7.40000u-0l 3.000000+OJi b.OoOOOO+04
1.210000+U2 l.?10000+02 4.201910+Ob 2.503B30+05
1. ,170000+01 3.000000+02 2.600000+uO 2.900000+06 4.760000+04
3.030000+02 1. 180000+02 9.000000+U4 1.002740+Ob
1.3700(10^01 1.50UOOO+OU 2.50UUOO+UO 1.320000+04 4.220000+04
1. 010000+02 1.010000+02 1.0Ul410+ub 1.001410+05
5.600000^-00 .5. 500000+01 1.100oOO + uO 1.4iI6540+Ob 4.6BUOOO+02
b.OGOOno + 02 4.301t.OO + uH 2.b04760+05
1.290000+01 fj.JOuOnu+Ou &.OUOOOo-ol 4.500000+04 5.000000+04
3.010l>00 + 02 .',.010000 + 02 9.000000 + 04 9.000000+04
1.500000+00 1.10GOOO+uU 1.055200+04 1.0uOOOO+02
l.LOOuOO + 00
LihANOLAMIi.CS
10U 1
Flbh ALFGC
MALtlC
6-OOUOOO+02 fi.000000 + 02 I.<*0lt00+u5 1.304900 + Ob
1.19UOCD4-01 h.eOUOOu+IU O.OOOOOu-Ol 2.720000 + Ob 5.000000 + 04
1.200000-02 1.210UUO+02 1.210000+02 4.201660+05 2.503830+Ob
.5.500000+01 9.300000-01 2.220000+Ob 5.0uOOOO+04
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14b 202 1
FI'jH Mi,FG
i.»..0l)000 + ol
SOuiOAi SULUTt
lib 200
IKitrrlANOL/.MlIxE
I
AoUA
Ft.K[JA!«l
i.oooono+oa i.46uoOo+uu 5.000000+0^ 1.100000+05
?.060000402 2.060000*02 1.0029HU + 05 l.U029tO+Ob
1.19MOOO + 01 2.000000*01 7.200oOO-lll b.960000 + 04 1.500000 + 0<«
1.210000+02 1.210000+02 f.201910+05 2.503030+05
5.600000 + 00 1.100000 + 01 9.000000 + 0<4
2.'»800COtQl 9.000000+02 7.800000-ol 2.100000+Ob 5.000000+04
].339000+05 b.000000+02 4.503flbO+Ob 1.802430+Oa
h.600000*00 1.000000+02 ft.500UOo-ul l.bBOUOO+Ob l.OUOOOO+03
1.220000+02 1.220000+02 2.703300+u4 2.703300+04
1.^70000+01 2.000000+01 2.930000+00 6.000000+04 4.170000+04
1.050000-«02 1.050000+02 1.003ttOO+Ob 1.003alO+Ob
l.lBiJOOO«Ul b.nOOOOO-01 9.000000-01 1.361000+Oi 1.000000+02
o.nn(Tl)f;o 'i.oouooo+oa o.oooooo 9.000000+04
1.370000*01 2.uOOOnu+02 1.73000U+oO 4.600000+05 2.010000+04
I.UOOOOO+UO 1.000000-01 1.03UUOO+02 1.030000+02 1.00b300+04 1.006100+04
b.00i,000-04
HtKUlCIOLS + PLANT HOKMOMLS AC
7..0COQO + UC ),.07(;00l» + 0l
1
AF.FG
l.(/OUOOO + 03 1.000000-03
1SOPHOPYL ALCOHOL
fa.uOqOOO+00 (J.620000-|-0l
150 (i2 1
FibH AbFGl
150 1
FISH AbH
5.000000-03 b.000000-03
BHOMINt
59 1
FISH AfjFG
5.1)00000-02 1.00dOOO-02
NAbAM
7.i!0()000»00 ;,.07iOOO + Ol
1.000000 + 03
rA BOK«TL
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it*
•U
FiLih H,:rt>
l.dGUJCO + 1/.i l.UunOUU-0?
,, .070000+01
i.UOi Ol)u-0?
CALCIUM PhuSfnAic OUJASIC
7.oOOuOO-Ul <;.3
Ib7 it>70 1
A|.C
1.100000 + UO f;.5'/v OOU + ul
152 1
FibH
a.ooouoo-ni
CHLORATE
I.o0uu00*0l
OOKc
loU 170 1
IbH AuFGC
AMMONiUM MCETATt
l.OOUUOO-Ul
1619V999 1
TAi.T MitG
2.000000-01
ANUMONY CI'U
2.000UOO + 00
1.00rOOO~U2
AuCGZ
i.oooooo-oi
MAGNESIUM bULFATE
7.000000-01
UUME
i.oooouo-oi
U.361-OOU+01
1.00uOl)U-Ol
ALCOHOL
lb«*99999 1
FlbH AUHHG
l.lttUOOCHUl 1.00000U«Ou 9.000UOO-U1 2.J31000 + 03 1.0uOOOO*02
o.oouofm f>.ooooou*oa o.oouuou
I. lfJOOno«(jl 2.000000 + 00 9.000uOo-ol <
d.ooouon b.nooooo+02 o.ooooou 9.000000+04
1.^700004-01 4.000000+02 3.000000*00 B.l80000+0b 1 .
2.02uOOO + 02 '».000000 + 0i: 1.00740u»0<*
1.290000+01 "4.000000+01 1.46000u+iiG 9.000000+OU b.OOOOOO+Ot
2.030000+02 6.00bi»00+0b 6.006000+Ob
1.370000 + 01 ,i.i)00000+02 2.<+9000o+00 3.tOOOOO + Ob 7.900000 + 05
7.COOOOO+00 il.ObJOOO+Oii 6.0071tiO + 0!j b.U07l60+05
1.190000+Cl 7.00UOOO+01 1.0lOOOO+oO 6.l93bOO+OH 5.000000+OU
1.210000+02 1.210000+02
1.450000+Ul !).noOOOO-01 1.170000+00 fl. 450000+02 3.370000*05
3.0QOOOO+UO ).nOUOOO+00 1.001930+05 1.001930*05
4. QOOOOO+01 3.000000+uO 3.000000+0*4 1.000000+04
1. 0*40000+02 7.009600+01* 7.009bOO+0<4
1.570000+01 4.000000+0^. 2.bfaOoOO+oO 5.400000+Ob 2.6oOOOO+05
1.090000+02 1.090000+02 1.001b9u+0b 1.001b90+0b
i.oooooo+o<: 9.000000-01 8>o3aioo+o<4 1.000000+04
^.OOL.OUu-04 1.330000+02 a. OOcOOO+Oc.' 4.50172o+ob 1 .«02430+0b
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*.
U1
UlLThANOLAMlNt .
4.780000+01
165 <>&« 1
Flbri Al'.FGC
i.aooooo+oi
PKOPVcAMlNLS
4.780UOO+01
166 49 1
FISH AfcFGC
i.oooaoo+oi
N-fciUTO. ACf.TATE
167 175 I
FISH AbHFG
l.bOOOOO+Ol
POTASSIUM SULFATE
9.UOUOOO+00
16B 1690 1
FISH A|il
I.OOUUOO+OG
NIlROANltlME
7.960000+01
16V 284 1
AuUA AuHFti
7. 000000+00
PKOPtL ACtlATt ISC
6.600000+00
170 101 1
FISH AUHFQ
1.500000+01
UKEA _ _ _ _
4.270000+01
17199999 1
FISH AbFGI
l.QpOOpp+pl
SOUIUM SILICATE
-N
17299999
FISH
2.000000-02
PROPYLENE_ glCHLORIOE
4.780000+01
173 69 1
FISH ABFG
i.oooooo+oi
PKOPtLUNL CjLYCOL
fr.000000+00
174 189 1
FISH.. AtlFG
"4^79^606+01
2.000000-02
7. 640000+01
2.000000-02
4.03COCO+01
1.210UOO+02 1.210000+02 4.201660+Ub
1.19UOOQ+01 2.000000+01 7.000000-01 1.154bOO+04 5.000000+04
1.21UOOO+02 1.210000+02 4.201910+05 2>b03630+0b
2.4BOOOO+01 1.000000+02 I.IOUOOO+UU 6. 329600+04 1.000000+04
1.230000+02 5.000000+02 2.107000+U4 4.101005+06
1.370000+01 9.000000+02 2. 660000+00 6.000000+Ob 1.200000+05
3.020000+02 1.140000+02 9.000000+04 1.002390+05
S.fOOOOlHOO 2.400000+01 1.440000+00 7.900000+03 1.260000+03
1.2100004(12 1.210000+02 4.202000+05 2.503B30+05
2.480000+01 1.000000+02 8.870000-Ul 4.203600+04 1.890000+04
1.230000+02 5.000000+02 2.107000+U4 4.1ul00b+0b
9*2000004-00 1.600000 + 04 1.300uOi)+00 6.370000+Ob 7.800000+05
,.,.62000U+01
1.290000+02 5.GOOQOO+02 4.20299u>o5
1.370000+01 2.400000+04 2.00000o+00 1« 300000+06 b.OuOOOO+04
1.190000+02 1.190000+02 7. 009620+05 7.009620+05
1.19000(J«01 l.OOUOOO+02 1.14000Q+00 3*040000+04 2.870000+03
S.OluOUO+02 b.OOOOOu+02 9.00000U+04 2.604760+05
2.400000 + 01 1.000000 + Oj 1.04QOOO+00 3*330000+05 5.0UOOOO+04
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ttrtYL ChLut.IiJL
l'/t» 12
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tint Lent
6.
177 197
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1 .2.5UOOO + 02 'i.POOOOO + 02 ?.107uUj+u'+ *» .i0100ii + Uo
o.ti2i OUu + ul 2.'M)0000 + OJ o.OOUOOO + 02 6.10000u-ol 3.220000 + 01* 2.700000 + 01*
Ufa
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2.1.0UUOO+UI
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FuKFUKYL
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li.bOOOOO+OG
1U6 i»44 1
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2.UOUOOO+UO
6.62000U+01
l.OOuOOu+Ol
tj.62uOOO + Ol
2.000000-01
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4. 780000+01 I4.03000U + 01
FlbH
AbHFG
1.000000*03
4.78(1000+01
Ibfl 56 1
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f;.(;00000 + 0l
POTASSIUM fYhOPHOsP
<3.dOOOOO+00
16999999 1
FISH At»CG£
l.uQOOOO+00
CITRIC AC I LI
1.000000-01
19099999 1
...
1. 000000+01
SOKBI roL
6.600000+00
191V9999 1
FiSH Ai.FG
ACETATE
l.gOOOOO-ill
19299999 1
b.oOOoOO-02
ACtTATE
19J9J999
TAiT
1.^00000+01
BOKIC AClu
1. 100000 + 00
1.000000*01
4.030000+01
1.200000-02
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7.640000+01
1.000000-01
6.5*40000+01
6.00(jOOO~Ol
6.620000+01
2.000000-01
1.000000-03
1.00UOOU+01
b.D7()000 + Ol
1.320000 + 02 5.000000 + 02 ^.30/faOO + o1* 1 .tt02«*30+0b
2.UHOOOO+01 l.OOUOOO+02 1.120000+uO l.OOOOOO+O^ b.OOOOOO+OU
r>.01JOflO + 02 cj. 000000 + 02 9.0COOOO + UH «». 101005 + 00
2.UOOOOO+01 1.500000+03 1.130oOO+oO l.K330yO+Ob b.OuOOOO+0<4
7. 010000+02 5.000000+02 4.201320+ub 3. 403060+05
1.190000401 1. 000000+OJ fe.OOUOOO-Ul 0.32b700+0<4 5.000000+04
5.010000 + 02 5.000000 + 02 O.OOOUOu <4. 101005+06
1.190000401 1.000000+02 7.100000-ul 7.04bOOO+03 O.lbOOOO+05
1.210000+02 1.21000d+0^
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ism joo
it*
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1.000000*00
CYCLCMuXYL ALCOHOL
7.yt>C>gOO«Ul
i*b 161 1
Flbh AL,Fb
I.OCOOOO+OI
7.960000+01
i:07 1
FlbH AbH
1..00GOOO+OJ
TKltTilYLtiMt GLYCOL
e.t. ooooo+oo
197 260 1
FiSH AbFGl
2.000000+00
PtMAut
4.730000+01
ISiO 36 I
Fl'jri AbHFO
l.t'00000 + Ol
HLAYL ALCOHOL
ALHKO
b.oOuOOO+OU
AolPlC ACiL
1.000000-U1
l.OOf UOO-Ol
1.4bi,00o + (ll
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l.MI, 000 + 01
1.001 ooo-o;;
u.62oOOO+Ol
k:.oooOoo-ol
4.03()00o + 0l
1.00C)000"03
6.620000+01
1.H3UOOO+02
<-,. .00000+00
f).niC(OGO-t02
fJ.fiOiJO''0*00
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2.4flJOOO«Ol
7.010000,02
1.190000+01
b.OlOOCO+O?
2.4«UOOO«Ol
1.030000 + Oi.
1.000000*02
'j.flOOOOO + 02
J .. 00000 + 00
b.OUOOOO+0.
1.000000+03
5.000000+02
l.f)0t)000+02
5.000000+0^
1.000000+02
1.006300+04
9.400000-01
9.0000i)0 + j4
9.00000u-0l
0.000000
1.100000+uO
4.20132o+ob
6.200000-01
4.301bOo+0,
fl.lOOOOO-Ol
1.0U6100+04
4.,3«000+03
1.602430+Ob
4.000000+01
2.601000+03
5.769600+04
3.403060+Ob
4.960000+03
2.U01000+03
5.280000+03
5.67000Q+Q4
i.oooono+03
b. 000000+04
3.600000+02
5.900000+03
2.000000-01 1.32'JOOO + D?
b.COoOOO + 02 4.307bOO + ot 3.<«03^60+0b
6. 000000+02 x.iooooo+ou 7.000000+0* i.oouooo+oi
FI'jH
l.OOCUOO+Ol
FUi-iAKiC ACiD
l.uC)0000-Ul
ul
l.UOi.OCO-Ol 1.00-000-0." 1.3Bi)oni)+u2
3YT4 + NAT
1 .t>07970 + 0'j
7.500000+01 1.200000+00 S.itOOOO+03 1.000000+02
b. 000000+02 9.000000+04 2. 604760+05
it.nCOOOo+01 8.60ooOO-ul 1.305000 + 03 1.000000 + 03
9.000000 + 04
-------
I
*».
VO
<*.
290
i,.(>3r OOU + Ol i.l9uOOt)40l 1 .
1.20Ul,Ou + uu
b.OuUOOO + 04
FIbH
GLVCOL
1.0Ui,OOU~(l2
fa.62i
20b
FIbH A|,FO
2.ljOObOU+UO
METHYL ACL TAT L
1.JUOUOO-01
kUb 75 1
FIi»H AbFl»
1.500000+Ul
7.S60UOO+01
207 126 1
FISH AbhFOC
CKLSOLS TOTAL O»M»P.
20H
TAST AuFG
l.OOUOOO-01
ETHYL FORMATt
i.uOOCOU-Ul
209 5<* 1
FISH ArfHFUC
l.LiOUUOO*Ul
ISOPKOPYLACETONE
l>00000u+0l
1. 480000 + 01
1.20000U-02
l.UflfiOOO+Ol
1.000000-03
119 1
FIbH AbHFG
2.000000+02
2 LTHYLHEXYL ACKYLATfc.
I.UOCOOU-OI
211 130 1
FIbH
1. 000000+01
'r.03000U+Ol
.00(000~OH
212
HSU
LAC IK
LTHER
4.7800CU+01
08 i
AUIFO
1. 000000+01
4.03rOOU+Ol
l.OOi.OOU+01
FIbH
i.oouuou-ui
119 1
AbFGCZ
6. 000000 + 02 "...
2.£»0uii00«0t l.
'j. POUGOO + O*: ^ .2
i.«*boooo+oi 2.0011000+02 «.oooooo-ui
3.70luUu+oJ 9.000000+04
1.02UUOO+OU 3.32t900 + 0<* b.OOOOOO-«-(J«*
1.000000+03
1.230000+02 5.000000+02 2.107000+uH
b. 600000+00 1.000000 + 03 S.996UOU-01 1.7b"*lOO + OH 5.000000 + 0**
1.210000+02 1.310000+02 4.20191U+U5 2.503(530+05
5.600000 + 00 5.000000 + 03 l.OOOUOo+00 7.J51700+0«* 3.100000 + 01*
1.2<4(JOOO + 02 5.00UOOO + 02 1.003o3u+ub 3.10'»2bO + Ob
1^50000 + 01 5cOOOOOO + 00 9.200000-ul I.b60000 + 02 b.OoOOOO+0«*
1.230000+02 5.000000+02 2.107000+OH H.lOlOOb+Oo
1.190000+01 l.OOUOOO+04 8.000000-01 1.668520+05 1.900000+OU
1. 260000+02 t>. 000000 + 02 «*.201bOO+05 2.103350+05
l.«»50000 + ol 1.000000+Oj 6.900000-01 2. 050000+01* l.OOOOOO + O1*
1.230000+02 5.000000+02 2.107000+OH «».l0100b+0b
1.1
-------
(J\
o
IbOPhJPYL AChTATE.
t-, .oOuo(JO+00
000 + 0l 2.UBOOOO + C1
FibH
COMPOUNDS WHuHL t-DU
ETHYLtwEOiAMlNE
<*. 760000*01
lltt 1
TAbT AiiFOC
1.200000+02
IS GKLATLK T,|AN CC
1.190000+C1
ML.THYL ETHYL KETOHL
«* . 760000 + 01
/y i
TAbT AijFU
i.i/OouOo+ui;
't. 730000*01
1.20i,00u-02 1.210000 + U2
l.l9UOOO»Ol
4* 1.260000+02
<+. 030000 + 01 1.190000*01
1.000000*0'*
3.090000+OH
£.10700u + 0<« i*.101005+00
<».700000+03 1.220000 + 00 2*31£»200+0'» b.OoOOOO + Ct
b.OOUOOO+Oif «*.201710 + Ub l.t>0797o + 0b
1.000000+02 9.500000-01 <*.b700CO+02 b.OOOUOO+04
b."00000 + 02 **.201710+03 I.b07970+0b
l.OOOQOO+02 2.COOOOO+00 3*000000+02 1.000000+03
1.P90000 + 0.2 I.001o90 + Ob 1.001690+Ob
l.nOOOOo+03 l.OlOOOO+oO 1.700000+03 5.000000+OU
S.000000+02 <+.201320 + 03 3."*03060+0b
«*. 000000+02 2.b'0000o+utl l.lfaOOOO+02 b.OoCOOO+Ot
1.120000+Oc 1,001950+^b 1.0019bO+05
1.000000+0<* 1.140000+OU b.b30000+02 5.000000+04
5.00UOOO + 02
<*«10100b+06
b.!JOOCl10-01 9.bOOuOO-ul 4.000000+01* S-OoOOOO + Oi*
1.310000 + 0.; i*.201l;lJ + 03 ?.b03«30+0b
2.500000 + 01 8.05000o-ol f.37B'+20+Ob 3.530000+05
5.000000+02 <*.201faOO+ob 2.«*03i50+0b
4.000000+01 7.920000-01 I.b20000+06 5.000000+04
-------
1
Ul
b7 1
TAST AI,FO
4.000000+02 b«OOoOOU"04
ACLTOut CY^IJOHYURlh
4.700000+01 4.030000+01
Uoht A|,CLFG
3 ..,00000-02 3<00(jOOO-02
CAKUO., TLTiiAChLONIDb.
4./UOQOO+01 4.030000+01
77 1
TAST At>FG
i .oooyojj+oi itOOooop-Qi
FATTY AGIOS
I.OOOOOO-OI y.540000+01
1
UOr-iE ApHFG
1.000000+01 l.OOOOOU+Ol
ALC_OHOLSl_MONOHYDKlC. yNSUHSTI
8.600000+00" "6.620000 + 01
9999 1
DOME AbFG
5.000000+00 ;
METHYL ALCOHOL
8.600000+00 t
DOME AHFGI
3.500000+00 i
ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL
8.bOOOOO+00 6.62COOO+01
FISH AbHFG
l.bOOOOO+02 b.OOOOOO-Of
BUTYL ALCOHOL N AND ISO
8.^00000+00 fa.620000+01
ll>0 1
TAST
5.00UOOO+00 b.OC
7.960000+01 1.U80000+01
TAST
i.upgoQo-02 t.000000+01
ACLTOPHENONE
7.S>60000 + 01 1.4fauOOO+Ol
9999 1
TAST AuFG
4.000000+01 b.OOuOOO-04
ANILINE
1.39UOOO + 02 'i.OOuOOO + O*:
1.190UOO + 01 I.OOUOOO-O^ 9.320000-1)1 1*.tJ'*92tJO + Ot> 1.000000+03
1.170000 + 02
1.190000+01
1. 004600 + J4* 1.00"*bOO+04
1.59bOOU+uO 9.700000+Ob b.OuUOOO+02
5.010000 + 02 '>.OOJOOO»-02 9.000000 + U4 2.604760 + 05
1.450000+01 l.OOUOOO-01 9.000000-01 2.J50000+05 l.OOOOOO+Ol
1.250000+02 b.OOOOOO+Oc 4.201710+ub 1.70«»180+05
2.480000+01 1.000000-02 9.000000-Ql 4.766000+03 1.000000+02
1.320000+02 b.OOOOOu+02 4.307800 + U1* 1.602430+Ob
2.480000+01 1.000000-02 7.900000-01 4.600000+06 5.000000+04
1.320000+02 5.000000+02 4.202440+ob 1.802430+05
2.480000+01 1.000000+02 9.000000-01 H.03B100+04 1.000000+04
1.230000+02 5.000000+02 4.501720+Ob 1.802H30+05
2.480000*01 2.000000-01 8.000000-01 3.312480+05 1.250000+05
1.320000+02 b.OOUOOO+02 4.307600+01* 1.802430+05
5.600000+00 3.000000-03 1.040000+00 3.932000+03 1.000000+03
1.200000+02 b.100000+02 3.803440+ob 4.101005+06
5.60UOOO+00 l.^QUOno-Ol 1.030000+00 1.191000+03 5.500000+03
1.260000 + 02 b.riOOOOO+02 4.201oOO + ob 2.40-J350 + 05
-------
i .^buGuo+ol
104 1
TAbT AuFGC
c.OOUOOO+00
NlTKCbENZt-Mt
7.<;t>0000+0l
£10 1
TAST AI,FG
1.000000+uO
HHtNOL
7.960000+01
TASr AbFG
1. 000000-03
f)i. |M Vf> |Ut'
U^l Ifct-llt.
7.960000+01
tiO 1
TAbT AbHFb
l.uOUOOO+Ol
MONYL PHENOL
7. 960000+01
•5^0 1
TAiT AuhFO
i.ooooou-oi
PYKI01NE
7.90UOOO+01
115 1
jjsi TAST ALiFfa
j l.'jOL'000+02
10 7.960000+01
132 1
FlbH AbG
I.o0u6nu+02
DICHLOROBtilZENE Of P.
7.y60000+01
160 1
FISH AbFG
1.000000+U2
PriObHHORUb PLNTASULF
1 . lOoOOO+OO
bl<4 1
Hiib Ai.Ci
b.uOOOOO-02
CALCJJf-i HfiJOCMLORlTL
7.uOOuOO-ul
9999 1
l.COOOOO-Ol
!.<4hiiOOU + Ol '). 6000004 OH
1.2UiiOOo-02 1.210oOo-»0?.
x.<»Ui:000 + Ol S.f-OUOCO* JO
1.00l;000~02 1.2800(10 + 02
I.**8ii000+0l b.fiOOOClMOO
1.000000-03 1.2^0000+02
l.«*80000+0l b.f:00000 + 00
1.000000-03 1.3700CO+02
l.'Vtil/OOO + Ol 5.60uOOO»00
1.000000-03 1«2<»OOPO+02
i.*»at;ooo+oi s.600000-100
b.OOtiOOJ-05 1.21JOC.O + 02
l.«iai;000 + 0l b.60UOOOiOO
i.oooooo-oi 6.nooooo«j2
i.'+ayooo+oi 'j.tiOoooo+oi
1.00ijOOO-Ol ft.Of)0000 + U2
ILE
,-,.57cOOO + Ol 1.29oOOO + 01
b.COi. 000"02 1 . 07JU 00 + 02
,i.3t>!,oou+oi i »r-7our'040i
1.00i;00u-02 1.050000 + 02
e. . 'I0o00o + 00
1 ,plOOOO+Ot
:«.onoooo-02
S.OOOOOO+O^
1. 000000-0 j
S. 000000+0^
i.nncooo-oi
^3.00000u + 02
1.000000-03
?j.nOOOOO+02
i. OOOQOO-Oi;
1.2luOOO+0«j
3.^00000*01
'3.nouono+o^
1. 000000 + 01
5,000000+0«»
1.000000-03
1. "70000 + Ok:
3.100000-02
l.^boOOO + Oi:
1 .02cOUO + 00
"4.202oOO+Ob
1.190000 +00
U.501blu+Ob
1.07UuOo+00
3. 201900+04
8.790000-01
H.SOlSbO+Ub
9.40ouOo-ol
1.00303o+ob
9.000UOo-Ol
<4.2C'ay50+Ob
l.lOOuOo+ou
*4 .301000 + 04
1 .30000u+00
t.301bOo+o4
2.020000+00
1.00'+29o + 0b
2.000000+00
1.003600+ob
3. d50000+0b
2«b03830+0b
l.ltbOOO+04
9.000000+04
1.700000+Ob
3.i04250+0b
B.bOOOOO+06
2.U01000+03
2.b>«4bOO + 04
3.10tt250+0b
7.bb**000+OJ
2.H03350+05
l.«*26b«40+05
2.004760+05
1 .Ib4070+05
2.b04-700 + 0b
i.aaouoo+ob'
1 .004290 + 0'j
4.300000+04
1.003blO+Ob
3.400000+04
1 .900000+03
b. 700000+04
6.200000+02
1.000000+Cl
S.OoOOOO+04
4.800000+02
1.4bOOOO+02
2.030000+02
l.bbOOOO+03
-------
I
Ul
CJ
CnLOKObULFoMC AC 10
i.
1
HJi'j /*!,C1<:
5.000000-02
POTASSIUM 101.IOL
TAbT A^I
2.0COOOO-02
SIM IDE
9.600000*00
i
AI,CI
5-000000-02
SOU I OH HYOKOSULFITt
g.uooooo+oo
yyyy
TAST
TAST
2.000UOO+UO
AKSENIC CPUS
DOME.
3.0COUCO*CO
CPDS
D. 000000-02
LEAD AKSENATE
10UO 1
DOME
NICKEL CPtJi,
c.U
1
DOME
2.500000+00
MtKCUKt CPUS
a.uooooo+uo
yyyy i
DOi^E AUCG
t>.000000-ul
ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
',.570000+01 1.290000+01 1.00uOOO-Oi
2.300000+Ob 1.000000+03
•j.OOuOOO-02 1.07uOOO<0? 1
7.6*»*jOOO+Ol 1.370000101 S.:|00000-0i 3.1JUOOU + 00 2.liOOO + 0^ 1.002940 + 05 1.0029"*0 + 05
ti. 90(000+01 fa.rjOOUOO«00 L>.noOOOO-Oi: 5.730oOo + dO 6.000000 + Oi 1.000000 + 00
1.00'o600+oH 1.005bOO+0"4
.,.0t,( OuO + Ol .i.u7nOno« Jl b.OOuOOO-02 5.000000 + 00 4.200000+04 5.000000 + 04
i,. 00i.000-02 1.080000 + 02 1.180000 + 0630+05 4.402085+04
b.01(,'000 + 0l 3.300000*00 1.100000*00 3.07uoOO + UO 2.630000+05
DOME AbEGZ
-------
en
s. 361,000 + 01
2.jociooo+oo
BAMIJ.M CAKjOHATt
7.(jO()OOU-Ul
9999 1
OOht Auto*
l.UOOOOO+Ol 1.00i!000-0l
MibC ACYCLIC INSEC1IC1UES
7.20000C+UO t,«07uOOU+Ol
9999 i
AuFG
1. 000000*03 1. 000000-03
CYCLIC INSECTICIDES
7.«>00000 + 00 tJ.07fj(JOO + Ol
9999 i
AHFG
1.UOUUOO+03 1. 00(000-03
CYCLIC HfcRBICIOtS
7.^00000 + 00
i
FISh- AbHFG
l.uODOOO+03
2»<+-D ACIU ESTORS +
7.^00000+00
99^9 1
TAS.T
UNUH
99SJ9
FiSH
1. 000000-03
2.UOOUOO+00 1.00.;OOU-02
9V99
TAST
1.0UuOOO-02
ACIU
7.^.00000 + 00 b«°7(000+ui
1
AbFO
i.uOl)000 + 00 1.00<,00u-u.?
+ PLANT HOKWONES AC
FISH
9999
FIbH
1.00,,000-0^
TOTAL CYCLIC
7.^00000+00 t,«07i.OOU + Ol
1
ALFO
1. (100000 + 03 l.OOOOUJ-Oo
0. 0000(10
1.570000f01
1. 180000 + 01
O.OQOOC'O
1.180000+01
G.OOOOCU
1.160000+01
0.000000
I.l8u00()40l
6.000000*02
I.lfl0000»0l
O.OOOoOu
l.laOOOO+Ol
*>. 000000*02
l.lflJuPCl + Ol
l.lHJOOO+Ol
n.oooooo
l.lBOOOO+Ol
?. 000000*00 l.OOguOo+U1* 2.005300 + 01
1 . nnoOOO+00 U.U^UOOO+UO l.aoOUOO+OS 2.000000+01
9.000000+0<*
<£.OOUOOO-0<: ti.OOOOOu-Ul 1.18SJ50+04 1. 000000+03
'S.nO JQOu+Oc: O.UOOOOU 9.000UOO+OU
1.000000-03 8.000000-01 1.387b50+0b 1.000000-02
5.')UOOOO«Oc 0.000000 3. 901023+06
3.')OuOOO-01 9.000oOo-ol 2.100000+05 1.0uOOOO+03
b. 000000+02 O.OOoOOO 9. 000000+01
1.000000-02 9.000000-ul B.37SOOO+01* 3.500000 + 04
'j.OOuOOO+Oii 1.20bi7o+ub 1. 308900+01
2.onjPOu+Oo V.OOOOOO-Ol 1.bl9000+03 1.000000+02
5.000000+0^ O.OOOOOj 9.000000+0-*
l.OOuOOO-Oi: 9.00000u-ol 7.713900+01 1.0JOOOO+02
1 .20tiil70 + 0t> 1. 301900 + 05
1.000000+1)1 9.000000-L.l 3.6fa9000+OH 1.000000 + 02
S.OOOOOO+Od 0.000000 9.000000+01
5.000000-03 9.000000-ul e-Oflti^OO+UI 1.000000-02
ij.oooooo+Oi; o.ooooOu 9.000000+01
7.000000-01 9.00ouO(j-Ol 3.900000+01 1.000000+02
-------
en
F15H AijFG
i.uOouoo+03
MtKCUKt FuiiGICIUfl
7.^01,1(00 + 00
9999 1
At FG
FuilGi«.iDE'o ACYCLIC
7.j Ul'uOO + 00
9999 i
FibH AUKG
FLKttA;-!
7.tOoOOO+00
FISH AbFG
l.uOOOOO+03
NAL.AM
7.£00000+00
9999 "l
AbUA AbFG
1.000000+03
ETHEKb TOTAL
4.78UOOO+01
40 1
DOME MtiUfo
1.UOOOOO+U3
1.00i..OOU-03
b.07UOOO+Ol
l.OOi.OUU-03
i.oot,ooo-03
b.07;)000+0l
1.000000*03
d. 070000+01
l.GOOOOU~03
4. 030000+01
l.OOQQOOtOl
ETHYL ETHEHS ALL GRADES
4./aOOOO+01 4.030000+01
35 1
.FISH AJiHFG. __._. .
i.6ocooo*oi
H.030000+01
ETHYLtNE OXIDE
U. 780000+01
11 1
1.UOOOOO+02
CrtKbON OlbULFIDE
1.00oOOO+Ol
46
TAbT
3.000000+00
TtJKAtTHVL LEAD
0o-0l 2.J31000+OJ l.OuOOOO+02
0.000000 5.000000*02 O.OOOuOu 9.000000+04
1.180000+01 5.000000-01 9.GOOOOu-ul 1.361000+03 l.OuUOOO+02
0.000000 5.000000+0^ O.OOOOOO 9*000000+04
1.190000401 2.000000-01 9.00uuOO-Ol 4.918350+Ob b. 000000+04
0.000000 b. 000000+02 0.000000 4.10100b+06
1.190000401 1.000000+03 8.000000-ul 8.328700+04 &. 000000+04
5.010000+02 5.000000+02 0.000000 4.101005+06
1.190000+01 1.000000+02 2.000000-03 3.780000+Ob 5.000000+04
5.01JOOO+02 5. 900000+02 9.000000+Ub U. 101005+06
1.19000040V 1.000000+OU 1.260000+00 8.200000+05 2.2oOOOO+03
1.31.JUGO+02 5.000000+02 4 ,200301+ob 3.506100+04
1.190000+01 5.nOOOOO-02 1.60UoOO+llU 5.000000+05 6.000000-02
1.080000+02 1.080000+02 1.001630+05 1.001630+05
1.190000+01 1,000000-01 9.000000-Ul 4.a50000+0to 1. 000000 + 03
-------
01
en
1<46 1
TAbT AHMFb
l.cOUUOU+03
AMINES* TOTAL
9999
TAST
1.001,000-03
tAST
<*. 000000 + 02 1.20r,OOU-U2
;
.GiOGuu-* ul
3.000000+02 1.200000-02
<«. 780000+01
1
9.600000+uo
9999 1
Fl'JH Abl
l.llOOOOO-Ol
CHUOMINE
9.OUOOU + Ul
1. 000000-02
7.6<4 1. 000000+03
1.05UOOU + C? l.nbUOOO + 02 1.003 1.003810+Ob
1.370000+01 3.COOOOO-02 3.20uOOo*UU 1.960000+0& 5.000000*01
1.050000+02 1.050000+02 1 .003bOo+ob 1. 003810+05
1.2900P0401 5.000000-01 1.400000+00 1.810000+Ob 5.000000+01
2.0feOOOO
2. 060000+02 1 .0029*40+05 1.0029^0+05
1. 000000-01 I.BOOOOO + OO ?. i*00000 + 0o l.000000-03
1.360000 + 0* <+.207100 + u'+ «t .207100 + 01*
1. 000000-01 l.flOOoOO+00 1.100000 + 06 3.000000 + 00
1.130000 + 02
1.290000 + 01 5.000000-02 l.UOuUOu-02 ft.i*00000 + 0b t*.000000 + 0<+
l.i)70GOU«Oc. 1.00«*^9u + oa 1.00"»290 + 05
1.00oOOO-Oo 1.32ouOO+oO
-------
en
i!OU
O.F^C ooo+oi
3.COOOOO-U2 i.ooc.oou-ur
CHLOROFORM
ol 1
Fii,H AijFvi
1 .cOOoJO+Ol 1.0ui:nOu~Gl
t
«*. yf'.UUOO + Ul M.03f..OliU+Ol
i.uoooou+oi i.oo.'oou-ui
HALOGENATuu HVOKOCARtiOliS
^. 700000+01 ««.0
99^9 1
TAbT At-.HF^
l.uOdOOO+Oi 1.0
IMlMLlMYLAN.Ilit
l.UOUOOO+ol 1.20i.,000-02
90 1
FibH /
1.20(jOOO"02
<4.70UOOO+01 (4.030000+01
TAbT At.CZ
l.lOOOOO+ol 1.20(;000-02
PHLNYL. ME.KCUKIC ACETATt
7.20000U+00 8.070000+01
9999 1
DOME AtjFG
b.000000-01 l.OOuOOO-03
HL!00000+0t l.OOOOOU+OU
1.170000 + 02 5.000000+02 1.00«*bOO+Ot 9.000000+0««
1.190000+01 1.000000+01 l.bOOoOO+00 lO90320+Ob S.OoOOOO+03
1.170000 + 02 *>.pOOOOO+Ok «*.202t20+ub 2.bO"*760+Ob
1.19000C+01 1. 000000+01 2.00000U-U3 1.392b30+0b e.OoOOOO+03
b. 010000+02 b. 000000+02 9.000(iOO+Gt 2.60<«760+0b
1.190000-101 1.000000+00 I.IOOUOO+UU St79l6lt>+06 5.0jOOOO+0<*
O.OOGOOO b. 000000+0*: O.OOUuOu 2.t>0'*760+0b
1.190000+01 1.000000-01 6.600000-01 1.2UOOOO+0<« 1. 000000+03
1.210UOO+02 1.210000+02 <*.50a70o+ob 2.b03b30»0b
7.200UOO-U1 5.9bOOCO + OH
1.^10000 + 0^ 4.201910+0':> 2.b03030 + 05
].190000tul b.nOOOOO-01 7.<*0000u-0l 3.000000+03 5. 000000+04
1.21UOOO + 02 1 .210000+Ok: t.2019lO+Oi> 2.b03630+0b
i.iauuootoi -i.npoooo-Oi 9.000000-01 3.<*ioooo+o2 2.000000-02
O.OOUOOU b.nOOOCO+Oi; O.OOOOOu 9.000000+OH
l.lOOOOutUl 1.000000-02 9.00000u-0l 2.i*oa920+0b 1.000000+02
0.000000 b.OOUOOO+02 0.000000 9.000000+Ot
1.1BOOOO+01 4.000000-01 9.000000-01 1.136100+04 2.000000+01
0.000000
5.flOOOOO-»02 0.000000
3.901023+Ob
-------
Ul
00
I'AKATHION
7.«-00000+UO H.07i;OOU*Ol
9999 i
FiSH AoFG
ALbKliJ-TOK«PHENE GROUP
7.200000+00 ,
9999 i
FISH AbFG
b.lfOCoOO-Ol
IUSECUCES ROUENTICIDES CYCLIC
7.i'OOUOO+UO b.07uOOO+Ql
9999 1
FISH AijFG
XTLENtS
1J9
TAbT
l.OOtOOU-03
7.y6UOOO+Ol 1. "460000 + 01
1
l.uOOOOO+Ol 1.000000-03
7
TAST
I.w0bd00+0l 1.20(. rt. 070000+01
9999 1
FISH AttFG
1.JOOOOO+02 l.QOUOOU-Gl
tTHYLAMINtS
t. 781.000+01 <
16 1
TAST AbFGC
ISOPKE.NE
J«»
TAST AbHF
l.GO
ACtTOuITHlLE
1.200000-02
4.000000-02
5.000000+01
. '.>.oonnoo
-------
i.t'OCiooo+oi
f*v/'i f\i-ti YYl .\ M 1 i uC"
v* i ^^viTt.A ' L.^I il'*c.
1J4 1
TAbT MtiFe
j.oOOuOO*00
tTHrL FOKMATE
1.000000-01
FISH A|,HKC>C
l.bOUOOO+01
OOULCYL MtKCAHTAN
4.780000+01
9999 1
TAbT ALJHFG
l.ljOOOOO + OO
N1TKOPHENOL
7.960000+01
200 1
TAIiT AbF(i
1.000000-03
7.l
'+.030000fOl
1.00, .000-03
4 .0;JfOuO + Ol
b.OOuOOO-0?
'•>
1
1
t
1
1
1
!S
1
S
fi
S
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.000000-U3 'i.OluUOU + 02 'j.noonOU+Oi; 9.00UOOO + 01* g.OOOOOO+O'*
l 8.100uOO-Ol 3.600000 + 04 1.000000 + 03
2.b03630 + 0b
t .'»5oUO()+01 S.noOOOO+00 9. 200000-01 1.660000+02 5.000000+01*
b. 000000 + 02 2.10700o + 0<« t.lOlOOb+06
i i.iyoono»oi 2.000000-02 B.oouoou-ui 1.020000+04 i.Ouoooo+03
1.000000+00 1.27uoOC+02 b. 000000+02 t.201ol+u+Ub 9.000000+04
1.00000U-03 l.tOOUOu + UU 1.690000+04
1. 001/000-03 1.21000o + (;2 f>. 000000 + 02 J.SObttOO + U1* 3.105600+04
S.f>00000 + 00 1.000000 + 00 9.000000-01 4.JOOOOO+01 1.000000 + 03
SlLVtK
i.uouooo+uo
9999 1
O.COOCOO
0.6000PO + 00 l.OCOOOO + 01 7.80uoOO-ul 1.120000 + 02 1.000000 + 00
• b. OOC1000+02 0.000000 4.10100b+06
n.54(.00u + 0l 1.450UOO + 01 1.C100000 + 00 1.060000 + uU 1.646900 + 04 b. 000000 + 04
1.25uUOO + U2 f..nOOOOO + 02 4.201710 + 0i> I.b07970 + 0b
'+.0300UOfOl 1. 190000+01 ' l.t'00000-Oe: 8.000000~ul 1.150957+06 b. 000000 + 03
1.00, .000-03 1.250000402 'S.COOOOO + Ot 4.201710+0& 9.000000+04
1. 190000+01 -• b.OCOOOO-02 1.900000+oO 1.2bOOOO+Ob 6.000000-02
b«OOuOOO~0? l.OPOoOO+02 l.oaoono+02 1.001630+ub 1.001630+05
otOoOOOO + ol 3. 470000 + 01 1. 000000-02 3.9bOOOO + 00 1.500000+02 2i300000-01
-------
TAST
U .i.001,000-0?
7.'JfaOOOO«Ol l.<«ii'_%00u + 0l
1
I.000000+00 1.000000-03
WMLRE f EQUALS £
CALCIUM
7.000000-01 3.3t>.jOOO+Ol
FISH 0
2.000JOO-01 l«OOLOOO~Ol
I.IOOOOO + OO b.b'7i,OOU + Ul
-20 a
Q
5.000000-02 b«00(jOOO-0?
1. 170000+02 1.17JGOO + 0*:
S.6()djn04
-------
TABLE A-l. Compounds Grouped in Broad
Classification Rankings
1. Insecticides Rodenticides - Cyclic:
Bis (p-chlorophenyl) - BBB trichloroethane (DDT)
Dicetel*
Endosulfon Methoxychlor* ,.
Hexachlorocyclohexane (Benzene Hexachloride) M
0, 0 Diethyl o-p-nitrophenyl phosphoro thioate (Parathion)
0, 0 Dimethyl o-p-nitrophenyl phosphoro thioate (Methyl
Parathion)*
Aldrin*
Chlordane*
Dieldrin*
Endrin*
Heptachlor*
Terpene*
Polychlorinates*
Toxaphene#
Carbpheno Thion*
Coumaphos Diazinon*
Dioxathion Ronnel*
Chlorobenzilate*
DDD*
Carbaryl Lindane
* Listed also under Misc. Cyclic Insecticides
# Listed also individually
2. Pesticides Insecticides-Acyclic:
1, 2 Dibromo-3-chloro propane (DBCP)
Methyl Bromide (Bromoethane)*
DDVP*
Disulfon*
Ethion*
Malathion*
Naled*
Phorate*
TEPP*
Methaldehyde*
3. Herbicides and Plant Hormones-Cyclic:
#
Dinitrobutylphenol-ammonium salt (DNBP)
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, esters, salts* ,.
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, esters, salts (2,4,D)
A-61
-------
TABLE A-l. (continued)
2,4,5 Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, esters, salts (2,4,5 T)
Barban*
2-Chloro-N-isopropy 1 ace tani lide*
Dicamba*
Dimethyl urea Cpds*
Dinitrophenol Cpds*
Endothal*
Isopropyl phenylcabamates (IPC & CIPC)*
Maleic hydrazide*
Pichloram*
Propanil*
Triazines*
Trifluralin*
Uracils*
* Listed also under Misc. Cyclic Herbicides
4 Listed also individually
4. Herbicides & Plant Hormones-Acyclic:
CDAA
Dalapon
Methancarsonic Acid's Sodium Salts
Thiocarbamate
Thiolcarbamate
Organo phosphorus herbicides
Sodium TCA
5. Fungicides Total-Cyclic:
DMTT* #
Mercury Fungicides .,
Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA)
Napthenic acid, copper fait*
-jntachlorophenol (PCP)*
8-Quinolinol (*-hydroxy quinoline) copper salt*
2,4,5 Trichlorophenol, salts#
Captan*
Dinocap*
Folpet*
Glyodin*
Pentachloro nitrobenzene*
Sodium Pentachlorophenate*
* Listed also under Misc. Cyclic Fungicides
t Listed also individually
6. Fungicides-Acyclic:
i
Dimethyl dithiocarbamic acid ferric salt (Ferbam)
A-62
-------
TABLE A-l. (continued)
Ethylene bis(dithiocarbamic acid) disodium salt (Nabam)
Ethylene bis(dithiocarbamic acid) zinc salt (Zineb)
Dithiocarbamates
Dodine
Maneb
PETD
# Listed also individually
7. LEAD Compounds
Lead Nitrate
Lead Thiocyanate
Lead Acetate
Lead Chloride
Lead Sulfate
8. Alcohols:
Methyl
Ethyl
Butyl
Isopropyl
Hexyl
Isoctyl
Octyl*
Decyl
Cetyl*
Not listed individually
9. Ammonia Compounds;
Arsenate
Carbonate
Chromate
Dichromate
Ferrocyanide
Fluoride
Hydroxide
Persulfate
Picrate
Sulfide
Sulfate*
Chloride*
Nitrate*
Acetate*
Molybdate
Listed individually
A-63
-------
TABLE A-l. (continued)
10. Sodium Compounds:
Bisulfate
Bifluoride
Bromide
Cyanide
Perodide
Sequisilicate
11. Potassium Compounds;
Bromide
Chloride
Nitrate
Perchlorate
A-64
-------
TABLE A-2. Test Codes
0-no test known
2-Aluminon test for Aluminum
3-Nessler test for Ammonia
4-Cuprethol test for Copper
5-Penantholine test for Iron
6-Carbon Dioxide liberation test for Carbonate
7-Ammonium Thiocyanate test for Chlorate
8-Zincon test for Zinc
9-Quinalization test for Berylium
100-Photometric or Colorimetric test for
101-Flourine
102-Arsenic
103-Boron
104-Antimony
105-Chlorine
106-Chromium
107-Sulfide
108-Lead
109-Magnesium
110-Mercury
Ill-Nickel
112-Nitrate
113-Phosphate
114-Potassium
115-Iodine
116-Silver
117-Cyanide
118-Sodium-flame photometry
119-Silicate
120-Aldehydes
121-Ammines
122-Turpentine
123-Esters
124-Phenols
125-Carboxylic Acid Radicals
126-Ketones
12 7-Mercaptans
128-Nitrobenzene
130-Dye Visual
131-Carbon Bisulfide
132-Primary Alcohol-Aldehyde
133-Secondary Alcohol-Ketone
134-Chlorinated Pesticides
135-Zinc
A-65
-------
TABLE A-2. (continued)
136-Sulfur
137-Aromatics
138-Crganic Peroxides
139-Acetone
140-Benzoyl Peroxide
200-Titration Techniques for
201-Barium
202-Caicium
203-Peroxide
204-Alkalinity
205-Chlorate
206-Iodide
300-Specific Electrode for
301-pH
302-Potassium
303-Sodium
400-Atomic Absorption
500-Gas Chromatograph
501-Portable Gas Chromatograph (short chain hydrocarbons only)
600-Thin Layer Chromatography
700-Precipitation test for
701-Alcohol (polyhydric)
800-Reaction test listed - no detection units given
900-No need for test because
901-substance not persistent
902-substance insoluble and floats
903-substance insoluble and sinks
904-broad category classification, must look at individual
compound
A-66
-------
TABLE A-3. Literature References
for Detection Tests
10. "Standard Methods," 12th Ed. (1965), American Public Health
Association; New York, New York.
11. Pinta, M.; "Detection and Determination of Trace Elements,"
S. Monson Binding: Wiener Bindery Ltd, Jerusalem (1966).
12. Wilder, E.T.; J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 60 (1968).
13. Abbott, D.C.; Analyst 89 (1964).
14. Lamar, W.L.; U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper
1817-B, (1965).
15. Ceresia, G.; N. Y. State Dept. Health Am. Dept. (1962).
16. Larmar, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 55 (1963).
17. Baker, R.A.; J. Gas Chrom., 4 (1966).
18. J. Gas Chrom, 5 (1967).
19. Kavan, I.; Vodin Hospodarstvi, 13 (1963).
20. "Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Wastewater,"
2nd Ed. (1966) ASTM Philadelphia, Pa.
21. Brujzgalo, V.A.; Gidrokhlim Mster Skad. Dank., 41 (1966).
22. Newell, B.X.; J. Marine Research, 25 (1967).
23. Davis, A.; J. Gas Chrom., 2 (1964).
24. Mrkva, M. ; Vodni Hospodarstri, 13 (1963).
25. Demtseva, L. II; Fhur. Anal. Khim., 19 (1964).
26. Anal. Chem., 34 (1962).
27. Yu Yu Lur'e; Zavodsk, Lab., 29 (1963).
28. Buzon, J., et al.; Practical Manual of Gas Chromotography,
Flsevier Pub, Amsterdam (1969).
29. J. Gas Chrom., 5 (1967).
30. "Manual on Water," 3rd Ed., ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa. (1969).
31. Seholz, L.Z.; Anal. Chem., 202 (1964) Warsaw.
A-67
-------
TABLE A-3. (continued)
32. Malz, W.; Foederation Europoischer Gewasserschutz Inforalimsble,
11 (1964).
33. Makhriga, A.P.; Gig. Sanit., 32 (1967).
34. Davis, A.; J. Gas Chrom, 2 (1964).
35. Hall, H.L.; Anal. Chem., 34 (1962).
36. Goddu, R.F.; Anal. Chem., 27 (1955).
37. Heftmann, E.; "Chromatography," Reinhold, Ny (1967).
38. Snell-Ettu; "Encyclopedia of Industrial Chem. Analysis,"
vol 8, Interscience N. Y.,
39. Warmich, S.L.; J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 47 (1965).
40. "Feigl Spot Tests I Inorganic Applications," 4th Ed, (1954),
Elsevier Publishing Company, Houston, Texas.
41. Hoff, J.E.; Anal. Chem, 36 (1964).
42. Fiegl, Fritz; "Spot Tests," 4th Ed. Elsevier Publishing Co.,
New York (1954) .
43. West P.W.; MacDonald, A.M.G.; West, T.S.; Analytical Chemistry
(1962), Elsevier Publishing Co., New York (1963).
44. Hatch, Ott "Determination of Submicrogram Quantities of
Mercury by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry," Analytical
Chemistry, Vol 40, No. 14, December 1968.
45. Feigl, "Spot Tests in Organic Analysis," 5th Ed., Elsevier
Publishing Co., New York 1956.
50. "Colorimetric Procedures and Chemical Lists for Water and
Wastewater Analysis," Hoch Chemical Company, Ames, Iowa
(1969), 3rd edition.
60. Snell and Snell; "Colormetric Methods of Analysis," 3rd
Edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York (1949).
70. Furman, N.H. Ed; "Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis,"
6th Ed. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey,
March (1962).
80. H.L. Kchler; Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical
Ed., Vol 12 p. 266 (1940).
90. Machine Capability
A-68
-------
TABLE A-4.
Comparison of Reported Fish Kill Incidents
and Spills with Priority Rankings of Indi-
vidual Hazardous Materials
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Compound
Acids & Alkalies
Insecticides, Pesticides,
Cyclic
Chlorine
Parathion
Ammonia
Cyanide
*No. of Reported
Spills
41
38
30
21
15
10
Benzene 9
Copper in Water 9
Phenol 8
Toxaphene 8
Herbicides, Cyclic 7
Xylene 6
DDT 5
Dinitrophenol 5
Toluene 5
Ammonium Nitrate 4
Misc. Cyclic Insecticides 3
Styrene 3
Fungicides, Cyclic 3
ABS 3
2,4 D Acid 2
Acyclic Insecticides 2
Misc. Acyclic Insecticides 2
Acetone 2
Misc. Fungicides 2
Hydrogen Sulfide 2
Vinyl Chloride 2
Phosphoric Acid 1
Aniline 1
Pentachlorophenol 1
Acetic Acid 1
Phenyl Mercuric Ammonium Acetate 1
Potassium Cyanide 1
Nitrous Oxide 1
Phosphorous Trichloride 1
Ethylene 1
Ethylene Glycol 1
Lime 1
Heptane 1
Methyl Chloride 1
PhoSg ene 1
Glycidle Acrylate 1
Priority
Ranking No.
Sulfuric Acid-27
Sodium Hydrcxide-52
3
12
117
7
Acetone Cyanohydrir.-ll
Hydrogen Cyanide-42
6
CuS04-53
1
18
22
16
14
17
79
19
8
10
26
33
34
65
98
107
Reaction Product
Rejected
57
69
86
91
104
Potassium Cmpds-108
115
121
130
174
Reaction Product
Insoluble
A-69
-------
TABLE A-4. (continued)
Compound
No. of Reported
Spills
Priority
Ranking No.
1. Sulfur
2. Trichlorethylene
3. Acrylonitrile
4. Propane
5. Propylene
6. Carbon Tetrachloride
7. Vinyl Acetate
8. Butane
9. Cyclohexane
10. Glycol
11. Methylene
12. Nitro Carbonates
7
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Insoluble
124
4
Rejected
Rejected
72
109
Rejected
Insoluble
Propylene-171
Ethylene-174
* The spill data is taken from report sheets obtained from
officials in Pennsylvania, Illinois, and California; the U.S.
"Class 'B1 Poison Incidents - 1969," the U.S. report "Spills of
Materials Other Than OIL - June 1, 1967 to October 17, 1969,"
and a U.S. Coast Guard Summary of barge casualties involving
hazardous materials from 1957-1969. While these do not cover
all incidences and center mostly on fish kill-type reports, they
should be representative and comprise the best data available.
A-70
-------
APPENDIX B
CRITICAL CONCENTRATION AND PHYSICAL DATA
Appendix B contains the master critical concentration and
physical property table derived from currently available
literature. Abbreviations used include the standard solu-
bility abbreviations and the "cc" for critical concentra-
tion. Reaction products of hydrolysis or decomposition
from contact with water are not necessarily given
stoichiometrically.
The detection limit employed is a published figure for a
test amenable to field application and may include spot
tests or tests utilizing portable equipment. The avail-
ability of response techniques was based on the presence
of accepted practical measures that would reduce the con-
taminant below critical concentration levels. This includes
neutralization and precipitation.
Toxicity and BOD figures are referenced. The letter used
corresponds to the source referenced in Table B-3. If
the letter is capitalized the source gave values in addi-
tion to the one quoted; if lower case, the source gave only
the quoted value. Numbers in the footnote refer to
Table B-2 where additional sources are listed. The capital-
lower case scheme applies here also.
B-l
-------
TABLE B-l. Critical Concentrations and Physical Constants of .Hazardous Materials
Hazardous
Material
Abie tic Acid
Ace t aldehyde
Acetaldol
Ace t amide
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
• Acetic Acid
Acetone
Acetone Cyano-
hydrin
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acetyl Benzoyl
Peroxide
Acetyl Chloride
Acetyl Peroxide
Acetylene
Acetylene Dich-
lorlde
Acridlne
Acrolein
Acrylic Acid
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
20(K)
.01 (A)
.5 (A5)
Fish
Toxic Ity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
3 (a)
53 (Al>
13,000 (A3)
25 (J4>
25 (J4)
13,000 (A7)
1-100 (NAS-3)
1,000 (A 10)
40 H20z(A)
40 H202(A)
200 (A)
1.5 (All)
5 (A)
j 1 -100 (NAS-
i
i
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
24 (I 5)
40 (I 8)
.17(1 2)
1)
lant
oxicity
rltical
oncentration
OK/1)
20 (A)
Rat
oxicity
rag/Kg body wt.)
1930 (a)
30,000 (a)
3,300 (a6)
1,780 (a6)
9,750
(b)
33 (10 day.
Field
Detection
Limit
ng/D
2
.02
.01
10
10
10
200
.03CN
10
40
• 2 0~
.2
10
10
.01
10
Boiling
Point
250
21
22.1
118.1
140
56.5
120d
82
52
63
-83.6
60.1
345
52.5
141.9
peciflc
Gravity
.7834
1.13
1.0
1.049
1.087
.792
.932
.7828
1.03
1.105
Solid
1.173g/l
1.291
1.00
.841
1.062
Solubility
i
oo
«
€0
d
.
V 8
™
fl
d
sl a
1000cm3
i
a a
400,000
eo
N)
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Acrylonltrile
Adipic Acid
Adiponitrile
Alanine
Alkyl Aryl
Sulfonate
Allyl Acetate
Allyl Alcohol
Ally Anine
Allyl Bromide
Allyl Chloride
Allylchloroformat
Allyldine
Diacetate
Allyl Trich-
lorosilane
Si02 + C12 +
Aluminum Ammon-
ium Sulfate
Aluminum Chlor-
ide
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
e decompose
Si02 + Cl
X
X
Human
Toxic ity
Critical
Concentration
(og/1)
.01CN- (A5)
s to Allyl Al
•+- Propylene (
Fish
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
15 (A12)
800 (A)
800 (A13)
5 (D14)
10 (A)
1000 -lO^So15
ohol and Chlor<
r Allyl Chloric
523 (A)
•5 (A15)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(rag/1)
.01 (I)
.7 (A)
.5 (A)
4000 (I)
formic Acid
e
Plant
Toxic! ty
Critical
Concentration
(ag/D
V
25 Al (A)
&5 Al (A)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
90 (K)
130 (a)
100 (a)
Z
Theoretical
0 (b)
40 (b)
9.1 (D)
field
Detection
Limit
(Bg/D
10
10
10
10
2 SO
15
10
10
10
10
15
02 Al
02 Al
Boiling
Point
78
265
200
103
97
53
71.3
.4.6
L83
Specific
Gravity
797
1.366
.928
.855
761
1.398
.938
L.07
2.45
2.44
Solubility
(mg/1)
s
15,000
166,000
=1 s
00
»
i
i
18,000
s
!00,000
w
OJ
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Aluminum Fluo-
ride
Aluminum Nitrace
Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum Sulfate
Aluminum Tri-
ethyl
N-Aminoethyl
Ethanolamine
-4-Amino-M-Toluene
Sulfonlc Acid
Ammonia, Anhyd,
28Z Aq
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Acsenat<
Ammonium Carbon-
ate
Ammonium Chlor-
ide
Ammonium Chro-
ma te
Ammonium Dicli-
romate
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
x As
xCO-3
x Cr
x Cr
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.5 (A)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.3 (A)
235 (A15)
(NAS-1)
1000-10,000
375 (A3)
25 (A16)
238(al7)
5 (a)
5 (A18)
160 (A15)
240 (a!5)
136 (al5>
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
(dec. to Al(OH)
.5 (A)
.5 (AS)
.5 NH+ (A)
.5 NH+ (A)
•5 K (A)
.5 NHj (A)
•5 < (A)
•5 NH+ (A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
25 Al (A)
25 Al (A)
25 Al (A)
25 Al (A)
3 + C2«6>
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
t
Theoretical
BODj
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
2
02 Al
02 Al
02 Al
02 Al
10
! S03
.2
.2NH4-N
.2N, 3As
2N
2N
003Cr
003Cr
Boiling
Point
CC)
150
2980
194
-33
d
>20
Specific
Gravity
3.07
3.96
2.71
.77 g/1
1.17
2.11
L.53
L.91
1.15
Solubility
(mg/1)
s
640,000
1
310,000
exp
199.000
1.480,000
317.000
1,000.000
JO. 000
•10.000
110,000
te)
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Anoonluo Ferro-
cyanlde
Ammonium
Fluoride
Amoonlum
Hydroxide
Ammonium
Holybdate
Ammonium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Perchlorate
Anmonium Perman-
ganate
AnmonltuD Per-
•ulfate
Ammonium
Plcrate
Anmonium Sulfate
Anmonium Sulfide
Ammonium Sulfite
Ammonium Thio-
cyanate
Adequate
Response
Available
x CN
x F-
x OH
X HO
X KMnO4
x Per-
sulfate
x
Picrate
x S-
x SCN
Human
Toxic ity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.01CN (a)
Flah
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
150 (A)
200 (A)
5 (A15)
54 (A)
800 (A)
2 (A)
33KMn04 (A)
66 (A15)
100 (A18)
240 (a IS)
114 (A18)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.5 NH£(A)
.5 HH^CA)
.5 unJ(A)
.5 NH+ (A)
.5 (A)
.5 (A)
.5 (A)
.5 (A)
.5 (A)
.5 (A)
.01 (A)
.01 (A)
.01 (A)
Plant
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Rat
Toxlcity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
1
Theoretical
BOD5
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
.03 CN
.05 F-
2 N
2 N/l K3
2 N
2 N
.05 Mn
.2 N
.2 N
2 N
05 S-
2
2
Boiling
Point
CC)
123
.50
.70
Specific
Gravity
1.01
2.23
L.95
Z.20S
L.72
L.77
..41
..30
Solubility
(mg/D
8
1,000,000
8
s
107,000
79,000
V 8
L.I
71
V 8
)20,000
,280,000
w
I
ui
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Anyl Acetate
Anyl Alcohol
Anyl Anine
Anyl Bromide
Amyl Mercaptan
Amyl Nitrite
Amyl Trichloro-
sllane •* fentan
Aniline
Anlsoyl Chloride
Anthracene CC>So
Antimony Penta-
chlorlde
Antimony Penta-
fluoride
Antimony Penta-
sulfide
Antimony Potass-
ium Tartrate
Antimony Trich-
loride
Adequate
Response
Available
+ S102 -t-
> CH3OC6«,
decomposes
X
X
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concen t ra t ion
(«g/D
:i2
5 (a5)
COOH
to Antimony T
/ISO mg (A)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
65 (A19)
300 (B21)
30 (A)
100 (A2 2)
ichloride and (
12 (A)
9 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concen t rat ion
(mg/D
.08 (120)
.02 (A)
2 (18)
hlocine
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
6500 (K)
3.3 (a)
500 dogs (r)
3200 (S)
300 (N)
Z
Theoretical
38 (J)
84 (B)
49 (j)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
15
20
10
10
10
.001 NOJ
1
.5
.1
.1 Sb
.1 Sb
Boiling
Point
CO
138
104
126
117
184.4
258.8
354
140
149.5
123
Specific
Gravity
1.2
.8144
.7614
1.02
.857
1.026S
1.022
1.25
2.336
2.99
4.12
2.6
3.14
Solubility
(•g/1)
i
27,000
8
100
i
34,000
i
i
hydrolyzes
S
i
50,000
ao
CT>
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Antimony Trl-
fluorlde
Antimony Trl-
oxlde
Arsenic Com-
ounds
Barium Acetate
Barium Carbonate
Barium Chlorate
Barium Chloride
Barium Cyanide
Barium Fluoride
Barium Nitrate
Barium Per-
chlorate
Barium Permanga-
nate
Barium Peroxide
Barium Sulflde
Benzaldehyde
Benzene Sul-
fonlc Acid
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(ng/D
/70 mg (A)
.05 (A)
2 (a)
1 (a)
.01 CN (a)
Fish
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(rng/l)
200 (a)
80 (a)
1 (A)
10 (a)
10,000 (a!8)
Colloidal
50 (A15)
10,000 (a)
200 (A)
4KMn04 (A)
40H202(A)
20 (a23)
400 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concen trat ion
(mg/1)
.003 (A2)
Plant
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
Cmg/D
1 (A)
Hat
Toxlcity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
20,000 (A)
15 (A)
800 (a)
Colloidal
350 gp (a)
5,000 (r)
X
Theoretical
BOD5
50(10 dayXB)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
.1 Sb
.1 Sb
3 As
1 Ba
1 Ba
1 Ba
1 Ba
.03 CN-
.05 F-
.01 NOj
.2 C104
.2 UNO;;
!.0~
05 S-
01
I S03"
Boiling
Point
<*C)
319
1550
Dec
1560
2137
d>500
WO d
d
178
Specific
Gravity
4.38
5.2
2.47
4.43
3.18
3.9
4.9
3.24
2.74
4.96
4.25
1.04
Solubility
(mg/1)
3,850,000
V 8l 8
s or d
590,000
20
274,000
380,000
800,000
1200
82,000
s
625,000
v si a
d
a a
V 8
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Benzene
Benzine Phos-
phorus Bichlo-
ride
Benzole Acid
Benzonltrlle
Benzoyl Chloride
Benzoyl Peroxide
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzylanlne
Benzyl Bromide
Benzyl Chloride
Benzyl Chloro-
f ornate •» dec.
Beryllium Oust
Boric Acid
Boron Hydrides •»
Boron Trich- •*
lorlde
Boron Tri-
fluorlde
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
•* dec. -to 1
X
to Chloroft
X
H3B03 + H;
H3B03 + H(
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concen t rat Ion
Gag/1)
Cl + Benzole ,
nalc Acid and
1
<
Fish
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
5 (A24)
50 (A)
180 (A27)
80 (A13)
eld
40H202(A)
360 aq (A)
60 aq (A)
-1 (a)
10 (a)
Phenol
100 (A)
2000 (A15)
15,000 (a)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
.5 (J25)
.001 (A)
Plant
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
15 (a)
Rat
Toxlcity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
5600 (K26)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
1.9 (B2)
46(10day)(b2;
40 (b)
63 (J)
Field
Detection
Llalt
(»g/l)
.5
10
10
1
100
10
»
.1
L
.B
4 HC1
05 F
Boiling
Point
CO
80
249
191
197
exp.
205
185
198
179
29 70
JOO
L2.5
•101
Specific
Gravity
.879
1.32
1.01
1.2187
1.04
D.98
1.438
1.1
1.85
1.435
L.434
t.99 g/1
Solubility
(•g/1)
820
8 8
B a
d
si a
8
V
A
L
1
19,500
d
.06 cm3
CO
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Bronbenzyl
Cyanide
Bromine
Bromine Penta
Fluoride *
Bromine Tri- •»
fluoride
Brono ace tone
Bromo methane
Butadiene
(Inhibited)
Butane
Butene
Butyl Acetate
Butyl Acrylate
Butyl Alcohol
Butyl Aldehyde
Butyl Amlne
Butyl Hydro-
peroxide
Butyl Lithium +
Adequate
Response
Available
HF + HBr
UF + HBr
LiOH + Butt
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(»g/D
ne
Flah
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
20 (A)
71.5 (d)
>10,000 (NAS-0)
44 (A)
100-1000 (NAS-2]
29 (a 22)
40 (B)
40H202 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.2 (a28)
.5 (A)
Plant
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(»S/1)
Rat
Toxic! ty
(mg/Kg body wt.)
4130 (a)
2.75 (AS)
500 (r)
Z
Theoretical
BOD5
24 (D)
>6 (B29)
!7 (D)
Field
Detection
Limit
(Bg/D
.03 CN
.OS
10
10
10
LS
.5
0
1
Boiling
Point
Cc)
58.8
135
40. 5
136
356
10
.6
.5
L75
L45
LOO
15
i5
>5
Specific
Gravity
2.928
2.49
2.466
1.6
1.7
.6
.6
L.I
.89
.8
.82
.7
86
Solubility
(•g/1)
1
35.800
d
d
SI S
900
si s
B
L25.000
17,000
d
w
vo
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Butyl Mercaptan
Butyl Propionate
Butyraldehyde
Butyric Acid
Cadmium Chloride
Cadmium Nitrate
Cadmium Sulfate
Calcium •*
Calcium Arsenate
Calcium Carbide-*
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Cyanide-*
Calcium Florlde
Calcium Flou-
sllicate
Calcium Hydroxidi
Calcium Hypo-
chlorlte •»
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Sulfate
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
Calcium Hy
X
Ca(OH)2 +
X
X
Ca(OH)2 +
X
X
X
Ca(OH)2 +
X
X
X
Human
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.2/25 mg (A)
.2/25 mg (A)
.2/25 mg (A)
Iroxide + H_
.1 (a)
C2«2
400 Ca (A)
400 Ca (A)
HCN
1 F~ (A)
400 Ca (A)
C12
400 Ca (A)
400 Ca (A)
400 Ca
Fish
Toxiclty
Critical
Concen tra t Ion
(mg/1)
1-100 (NAS-3)
100 (A)
5 (A)
6 (A)
1000 (A)
2 (a)
56,000 (a!8)
500 (A18)
50 (a)
18 (A15)
3000 (A)
633 (A18)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.005 (I)
50 (A)
150 (A)
300 (A)
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
10 (a)
50 (a)
50 (->
2 (A)
3500 (A)
Rat
Toxiclty
(mg/Eg body wt.)
8790 (A)
5000 gp (a)
250 gp (a)
X
Theoretical
44 (D2)
Field
Detection
Limit
10
15
5
10
.04 Cd
.04 Cd
.04 Cd
3 As
.2
10 Ca
10
.05 F-
.05 F-
.2
.1
•4
Boiling
Point
CC)
98
145
163
960
1240
>447
>1600
7000
2500
d
Specific
Gravity
.85
.825
.95
4.04
72.0
4.7
1.55
2.22
2.93
2.15
powd
3.18
2.66
2.24
nnu»l
powd
2.5
!.%
Solubility
(mg/1)
Sl 8
56,200
1,400,000
1,090,000
760,000
d
48
d
15.3
740,000
d
16
si s
1850
)
t. 210, 000
!100
M
O
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Camphor
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetra-
chloride
Caustic Potash
(KOH)
Caustic Soda
(NaOU)
Cetyl Alcohol-
(Hexadecanol)
insol
Chenopodium Oil
Chloramine-T
Chlorine
Chlorine Trl-
fluoride •»
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chlorohydrln
Chloroisocyan-
uric Acid
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
3CL + HF
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
1 (k)
5/8 gm (K/a)
20 (K)
.01 CN (A)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
1000-l6W>
35 (A30)
.1 (All)
100-1000 (HAS- 2.;
50 (A31)
20 (A31)
10 (a)
.4 (A)
.03 (A5)
35 (H)
10 (AS)
100-1000 (NAS-2)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(nig/1)
1.9 (a)
1.0 (a)
5 (K)
17 (a)
.5 (A3)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
50 (K)
50 (A5)
100 (A5)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
2200 (r)
7500 (k)
2900 (H)
2180 (K)
theoretical
BOD5
0 (j)
1 (J)
2 (j)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
200
3
2
0
4
2
130
.8
.1
L6
.0
03 CN~
Bolling
Point
CC)
46.3
-190
76.8
132.0
1390
344
34.6
LI. 3
L32
.1
d
.91
Specific
Gravity
1.26
1.595
2.0044
2.13
81
3.2
L.77
L.I
L.5
L.3
Solubility
(»g/D
2200
28.4
800
970,000
420,000
8
8
d
i88
LO.OOO
E
V S
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Chlorome thane
Chlorophenol
Chloropropene
Chlorosulfonic
Acid +
Chromic Acid
Chromium Sulfate
Chromyl Chloride
Citric Acid
Cobalt Chloride
Cobalt Nitrate
Cobalt Sulfate
Copper Acetoar-
senite (Paris
Green)
Copper Chloride
Copper Nitrate
Copper Sulfate
Cresol
Cresotlc Acid
Crotonaldehyde
Adequate
Response
Available
H2S-(-HCL
X
X
* H2Cr04 +
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
10(K)
.05(A)
,05(A)
HCL
Don Persistan
3(A)
3(A)
Fish
Toxic ity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
8.1(632)
25(4)
1(A)
11300
1049
993
170
170
191
104
Specific
Gravity
2.3 g/1
1.3
.918
1.76
2.7
3.01
2.7
1.54
3.36
1.87
3.71
3.39
2.04
2.04
1
.85
Solubility
(mg/1)
400 cm3
27,100
v si s
d
1,660,000
123,000
v s
V 8
450,000
134
360,000
1
710,000
1,370,000
1,370,000
31,000
1400
180,000
w
I
M
ro
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Cumene
Cumlne Hyd roper-
oxide
Cuprlc Chrome
Gluconate
Cuprlc Oxide
Cyanogen Chlorld
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane Car-
boxyllc Acid
(Naphthenic Acid)
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexylaoine
Decaborane -»
Decaldehyde
Decene (n sol In
handbook)
Decyl Alcohol
Detergents
Diallyl Phchalati
Adequate
Response
Available
B2°3 + H2
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
1-100 (NAS-3)
40 H202(A)
83 (D)
>56,000(e)
(Colloidal)
1(A)
10(A35)(J)
5 (A)
1-100 (NAS-3)
1-100 (NAS-3)
>10,000(NAS-0)
5 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concen t ra t ion
(mg/1)
0.5 (A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
Rat
Toxicity
(rag/Kg body wt.)
2910 (r)
29, 800 (a)
2060 (t)
3460 (t)
X
Theoretical
BOD5
3(J)
Field
)etection
Limit
(mg/1)
.2
.02 Cu
.02 Cu
.03 CN
I
10
10
zoo
LOGO
.P04
.5
Boiling
Point
CC)
152
153
13.8
81.4
161
156
134
100
208
170
231
Specific
Gravity
.86
1.05
1.18
.77
.94
.94
.81
.78
.818
.74
.82
L.117
Solubility
(ng/1)
i
25
2500 cm3
i
8 8
56,700
24.000
si s
si s
i
1
1
s
L
w
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Diaoyl Amlne
Dlborane •»
Dibutyl Peroxide
Dlbutyl Phthalat
Dibutyl fhiourea
Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorobutane
Dlchlorodlfluo ro-
methane (non
persistant
Dichloroethylene
Dichloroethyl
Ether
DichloroisopropyJ
Ether
Dichlorophenol
2-Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene
Dlcyclopentadiene
Diethanolamlne
Die thy 1 Aluminum
Chloride •*
Adequate
Response
Available
H3B03 + H2
A1C13 +Ethl
Humatx
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(n.g/1)
.2(0)
ne
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
5(a)
40 H202(A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
LOOO-10,000 NAS-1
30(A)
5(B36)
150 (A)
100-1000 (N A S-2)
1-100 (NAS-3)
40aq (A)
1000-10, 000(NAS
100 (A3 7)
.05(1)
.21(1)
1)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
4000 (N)
2270(t)
250 (P)
1820 (s)
2
Theoretical
BODj
19(J)
90 (10 dey)
(b38)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
5
.20
15
10
10
10
10
10
to
.01
.0
.0
000
.2
Boiling
Point
CC)
2.02
-92.5
80
340
180
>100
-28
37
178
L87
110
i9
75
170
!68
Specific
Gravity
.447
.79
1.4
1.3
>1
1.4
1.2
1.22
1.71
1.5
L.14
1.2
.976
L.09
Solubility
(mg/1)
v si s
d
400
14.5
si s
1
i
10,200
1,900
si s
2870
,
d
w
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Diethyl Amine
Dlechyl Benzene
Diethyl Dichloro
silane -*
Dlethylene Glyco
Diethylene Glyco
Mono-Ether
Dlethylenetria-
mlne
Diisobutylene
Dilsobutyl Ke-
tone
Diisopropanola-
mlne
Diisopropyl Fer-
oxl Dicarbonate
Dlmethylamlne
Dimethyldioxane
Dimethyl Ether
Dimethyl Fonna-
mlde
Dlemthyl Hydra-
zine
Adequate
Response
Available
S102 +• Pro
Human
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
lane & Cl2
.2(0)
Fish
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
lOO(All)
l-100(NAS-3)
32,000(a39)
l-100(NAS-3)
100-1000 (NAS-2)
LOOO-B.OOOOIAS-1)
100-1000 (NAS-2
40 (A)
30 (All)
.005 (a)
100 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concen t ra t ion
(mg/D
.5 (A)
.42(136)
2. 5 (a)
Plant
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
25 (a)
Rat
Toxicity
(ing/Kg body wt.)
54
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Dimethyl Sulfate
Dimethyl Sulfide
Dinitro Aniline
Dlnltrobenzene
Dinitro Creaola
Dinitrophenol
Dlnltrotoluene
Dioxane
Dipentene
Diphenylaminech-
lo roars ine
Dlpropylene Gly-
col
Dlvlnyl Benzene
Dodecanol
Dodecene
Dodecyl Benzene
Dodecyl Hercap-
tan
Dyes (all)
Adequate
Response
Available
•H2S04 + CH
Sol 1
1.02
.93
.83
.75
.9
Solubility
(mg/1)
1
1
1
100
v si a
5600
Sl 8
w
i
i
.
i
i
v si s
s
w
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Epichlorohydrin
Ethanolamine
Ethers (all)
Ethoxy Triglycol
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethylamlne
Ethyl Benzene
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene
Ethylene Cyano-
hydrln (Hydro-
cry lonlt rile)
Ethylene Diamlne
EDTA
Ethylene Dichlo-
rlde
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Glycol
monoether
Adequate
Response
Available
X
Human
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.2(0)
50(K)
10(K)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
1-100 (NAS-3)
75(C)
1000-10, 000 (NA
1000 (c)
100 -1000 (NAS-2
7000 (A41)
30(A)b
50 (H)
1000 -10, 000 (NA
22 (All)
100-1000 (NAS-2
30 (A5)
167 (A)
150 (a)
>10,000(c)
100-1. 000(NAS-
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
i-1)
.0067(1)
.5 (A)
1-1)
.5 (A)
)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Rat
Toxlcity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
2140(r)
2520 (ethyl) (N)
5620 (a)
1020 (N)
7400(a5)
400 (a)
3500 (N)
1160 (a5)
770(a)
*
Theoretical
BODS
36 (D2)
44
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Ethylene Glycol
Monoethyl Ethel
Acetate
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylenlmine
Ethyl Ether
Ethyl Formate
2-Ethyl Uex-
anol-1
2-Ethylhexyl
Acrylate
Ethyl Methyl
Ketone
Ethyl Phthalate
2-Ethyl-3 Propyl
Acroleln
Fatty Acids
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Oxide
Ferric Potassium
Sulfate
Ferric Sulfate
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
Hunan
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
• 2(0)
30
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Ferrous Chloride
Ferrous Sulfate
Ferrous Oxide
Ferrous Sulfide
Ferrous Sulfite
Fluorine •*
Fluosulfunii
Acid ^
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Fumarlc Acid
Furfural
Furfuryl Alcohol
Gallic Acid
Glycerin
Glycol Diacetate
Glyoxal
Guaiacol
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
HF + 02
H2S04 + HF
X
X
X
Human.
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
/1500 mg(a)
10(K)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
15 (A)
6 (A)
10,000(al8)
(Colloidal)
10,000(al8)
(Colloidal)
350 (a!8)
25 (A43)
4700 aq(a)
500 (j)
1.2(D44)
1-100 (NAS- 3)
30 (A)
>10,000 (a5)
100-1000 (NAS-2
1000-10. ooo (NA:
70 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.2 (A)
.1(A)
1(120)
4(a5)
-1)
.002 (A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
800 (a5)
135 (N)
8000 (K)
I
Theoretical
BODj
94 (b2)
40 0
.01
>0
Boiling
Point
CO
Dec
-188
165
-21
100
290
161
171
290
186
JO. 4
205
Specific
Gravity
2.36
2.2
5.7
4.84
1.69
1.74
.815
1.22
1.635
1.15
1.12
1.69
1.2
1.12
1.14
L.13
Solubility
(mg/D
644,000
a
1
6.2
V Sl 8
d
d
s
DD
7000
83,000
v s
0.
143,000
v s
s s
td
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Hafnium (metal) 1
Heptane
sol)
Heptanol (1)
Heptene (Isomers
Hexaethyl Tet-
raphosphatc
Hexafluorophoa-
phoric Acid *
Hexa f luo ropropy-
lene
Hexamethylene
Dianlne
Hexane
1-Hexene
Hexylene Glycol
Hexyl Trichloro-
ailane •»
Hydrazine
Hexanol
Hydrochloric Aci<
Adequate
Response
Available
HP02F2 +4H1
S102 + Chl<
X
Hunan
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
rohexane & Cl;
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
lOOa
100 (A)
1000-10, 000 (NA
50 (A)
1000-10, 000(NA
100 -1000 (NAS-2
100 (A)
112 (A)
10 (A31)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
-1)
.5 (A)
-D
32K
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
Rat
Toxicity
(iig/Kg body wt.)
6. 6 (A)
SO (a)
4.1 (a)
X
Theoretical
BOD.
>7 (10 day)
Field
Detection
Llnlt
(mg/1)
50
1000
1 P0«
300
LO
LO
.00
.0
5
4
Boiling
Point
CO
<3200
98
176
95
150
>100
196
69
i3
•100
L13.5
.57
•83.7
Specific
Gravity
13.3
.68
.82
.7
1.3
1.65
.66
.67
<1
1. 01
.81
•1.63
Solubility
1
52
900
i
d
1
V 8
138
1
a
d
V 8
>900
w
N>
O
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Material
Hydrofluoric Aci
Hydrofluosilic
Acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen Chlor-
ide (Anhyd)
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydroquinone
Hydro xylamlne
Hypochlorite
Hypoiodite
lodacetic Acid
Iodine
Iodine Monochlor-
ide -"
Isobutene
Lsobutyl Acetate
Ade c|u& t e
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
110 + HOC1
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
1 F-(A5)
1 Br (A)
.01CN/50 mg(A
1M ah
f isn
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
40 (K)
10(A31)
.05iA46)
40(A)
.86 (A)
.2(A45)
150 (a)
.06 (A)
28(A)
10 (a)
28(a)
1000-10,000
(NAS-1)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/l>
32 (K)
.OOi(a)
>200(a)
.05(a)
.5 (A)
PI ant-
f J.aXlt
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
< 100 la)
BA»
Kac
Toxicity
(ing/Kg body wt.)
320(a)
y
^
Theoretical
BOD5
i3f^
TOD
T?401 J
r 1.6J.Q
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
.05 F-
.05 F-
.1
.4
,03
.2
.05
.2
.01/l.Oif
402 presen
.1
.02
.0
.02
5
H_ j | 4nt,
isoixing
Point
CC)
19.4
d
-252
126
-83.7
26
152
-61.8
285
50
>1000
>100
L84
)7
•6
.16
e_A_ j f 4 _
opecixic
Gravity
.987
1.29
.0899
1.49
>1.63
.687
1.46
1.53
1.33
9
>1
4.93
3.1
87
<»-»i ,tm 1 4 ».„
>o itiDix j. cy
(mg/D
OB
s
Si 8
CO
-••MCI
eo
w
S
s
s
V S
s
>90
d
i
i3,000
to
N)
I-1
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Isobutyraldehyde
Isodecaldehyde
Isodecanol
Isooctane
Isooctanol
Isooctene
Isooctyl Alde-
hyde
Isopentane (non
persistent)
Isophorone
Isoprene
Isopropyl
Acetate
Isopropyl
Alcohol
Isopropylamine
Isopropyl Ether
Isopropyl Forma-
te
Isopropyl
He reap tan
Adequate
Response
Available
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
5(a)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
100-1000(NAS-2i
1000-10,000
(NAS-1
1000-10,000
(NAS-i;
1-100CNAS-3)
1000-10.000
(NAS-U
l-100(NAS-3)
80(H)
1000-10,000
(NAS-1)
900(b45)
40-80 (b)
100-1000(tJAS-2)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.005(a)
• 5(A)
.OZ(A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
0
Specific
Gravity
.79
.849
.7
.879
.72
.62
.68
.877
.78
.694
7.2
.883
,8
Solubility
(*g/D
110,000
1
1
1
i
i
1
30,000
»
00
2000
21,000
si s
10
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Lactic Acid
Lactonitrlle
Lauroyl Peroxide
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenlte
Lead Chloride
Lead Cyanide
Lead Nitrate
Lead Oxide
Lead Sulfate
Lead Sulfocyan-
ate Pb(SCM)2
Lithium (metal)-*
Lithium Aluminum
Hydride •*
Lithium Amide •*
Lithium Carbonati
Lithium Chloride
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L10H + H
H2 + Al (01
NH3 + LlOH
X
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
01 CN (A)
.05 Pb(A)
.05 Pb(A)
.05 Pb(A)
.05 Pb(A)
.01CN(A)
.05 Pb(A)
.05 Pb(A)
.05 Pb(A)
.01CN(A)
.05Pb(A)
)3 + LiOH
5 Li (a)'
5 Li (a)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
654 (All)
.46(A13)
40 (A)
2.8(A)
25 (A)
•5 (A)
10 (A18)
Not toxic (a!8)
25 (A)
300 (A)
100 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
100 (A)
50 Pb(A5)
50 Pb(A5)
50 Pb(A5)
50 Pb(A5)
50 Pb(A5)
50.Pb(A5)
50 Pb(A5)
Rat
Toxicity
(rag/Kg body wt.)
1050(a)
rheoretical
BOD5
6*b)
60(b)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
10
.03CN-
10 lact.
-1
.05 Pb
.05 Pb
05 Pb
05 Fb
03 CN
.05 Pb
.05 Pb
.05 Pb
.05 Pb
.03CN
,05Pb
.2 Li
.2 Li
Boiling
Point
CO
119
>1000
>1000
950
1336
d -
l»30
1310
L325
Specific
Gravity
poud
3.25
7.30
5.85
5.85
>!
4.53
8.32
6.2
3.82
.534
1.178
2.11
1.07
Solubility
(mg/1)
3
d
i
443.000
V Sl 8
1
10,000
i - M20
s - acid
376.500
1
40
d
d
d
15,400
140.000
CO
to
U)
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Lithium Ferro
Silicon
Lithium Fluoride
Lithium Hydride*
Lithiun Hydrox-
ide
Lithium Hypo-
chlorlte
Lithium Peroxide
Lithium Silicon
Lithium Sulfate
Magnesium Meta.i-t-
Magnesium Arsen-
•te
Magnesium Chlor-
ide
Magnesium Fluor-
ide
Magnesium Nitrati
Magnesium Par-
chlorate
Magnesium Per-
oxide
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
U.OH + H2
X
X
X
X
X
Mg(OH)2 +
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(»g/l)
5 LKA)
5 LKA)
5 LKA)
5 LKA)
S LKA)
5 LKA)
5 LKA)
"2
lOOMg4* (A)
Flah
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ing/1)
20. 000 (a)
.06 (A)
40 H20z(A)
400 (A1S)
10,000 (a)
300CA)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
170 (A)
500 (A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(«g/i>
2000 (A)
Rat
Toxicity
(Bg/Kt body «.)
200 8P (a)
1000 gp (a)
Z
Theoretical
ton.
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
.2 LI
.2L/.05F-
.2Li/.20H-
.2L1/.1C1;
.2Li/.20=
.2 LI
.2 Li
.1M,++
.1 Mg
,lMg/.05F-
IMg/.Ol
N03
1 Mg
1 Mg
Boiling
Point
CC)
1676
d
>100
L107
1412
2239
d
Specific
Gravity
2.63
.82
143
2.121
1.74
2.6
2.3
2.9
!.02
!.6
Solubility
(mg/1)
2700
d
127.000
a
s
260,000
1
1
>42,000
76
8
.99.000
1
tx>
N>
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Magnesium Silico
fluoride
Magnesium Sul-
fate
Maleic Anhydride
-fr
Manganese Chlor-
ide
Manganese Nitrati
Manganese Sulfat)
Mercapcans
(dodecyl)
Mercaptoethanol
Mercuric Ammon-
ium Chloride
Mercuric Benzoati
Mercuric Bromide
Mercuric Chloridi
Mercuric Cyanide
Mercuric Iodide
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
Maleic Ac
X
X
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
.d
.005 Hg.(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005Hg
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Oleate
Mercuric Oxide
Mercuric Oxy-
cyanlde
Mercuric Potass-
ium Cyanide
Mercuric Sali-
cylate
Mercuric Sulfate
& Subsulfate-1-
Mercuric Sulfo-
cyanate
Mercurous Bromldi
Mercurous Chloro-
ide
Mercurous Cluco-
nate
Mercurous Iodide
Mercurous Nitrate
Adequate
Response
Available
HgO + H2sot
•+ H2N03 + I
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
.005 Hg(A)
go
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
.015(A>
.02(A)
.02(A)
.02(A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
Z
Theoretical
BODS
Field
Detection
Limit
(Bg/1)
.01 Hg
.01 Hg
.01 Hg
.01Hg/.03
CN
.01 Hg/
.03 CN
.01 Hg
.01 Hg
.01 Hg
.01 Hg
.01 Hg
01 Hg
01 Hg
01 Hg/
01 N03~
Boiling
Point
CC)
>100
d
d
MS
d
Specific
Gravity
4.39
11.14
4.437
powd
powd
5.47
powd
7.3
Solid
7.7
i.79
Solubility
(mg/1)
V 8
52
12,500
d
.04
V si 8
d
to
to
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Mercurous Sulfat
Mercury
Mercury Acetate
Mesltylene
Mesityl Oxide
Methane (non
persistent)
rtetiiyl Acetate
Methyl Acetylene
Methyl Acrylate
Methyl Alcohol
Methyl Amines
Methyl Amyl
Acetate
Methyl Amyl
Alcohol
Methyl Bromide
(incl. mixtures)
Methyl Butyral-
dehyde
Methyl Chloride
(inc. mixtures)
Adequate
Response
Available
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Methyl Chloro-
formate •»
Methyl flichloro-
silane -*
Methylene Chlor-
ide
Methyl Ether
2-Methyl, 5-Ethy
Pyridlne
Methyl Formal
(and Formate)
Methyl Hydrazlne
Methyl Isobutyl
Carblnol
Methyl Icobutyl
Ketone
Methyl Me reap tan
Methyl Metha-
crylate
Methylnaphtho-
qulnone
Methyl Sal icy-
late
Adequate
Response
Available
Methanol +
Si02 + Met
Hunan
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
400(M)
• 3(a)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
.05(1)
•02(A)
30
,035(a)
Plant
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Rat
Toxlcity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
4570 (N)
f
fheoretlcal
BODS
22(10 days)
(b29)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
0
0
000
0 Formal
8 Format!
10
!0
>00
.02
.5
.2
.03
Boiling
Point
CC)
71
40
-20.65
174
31
17.5
L31
L19
1.6
L20
223.3
Specific
Gravity
1.2
1.3
002
91
.98
.8
.8
.86
.98
1.537
olubllity
mg/1)
d
d
000
9,000
1
00,000
v a
18,000
19,000
8l 8
i
740
INJ
00
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Mineral Spirits
#10
Monobromotrich-
lororether
Monochloracetic
Acid
Monochloroacetoni
Monochlorodi-
fluoro Methane
(not persistent)
Monochlorofluor-
oe thane
Monoe thanolamine
Monoe thylamine
Monofluorophos-
phoric Acid
Monoisopropanol-
amine
Monomethyl Hydra-
zine
Morpholine
Motor Fuel Anti-
Knock Compound
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
Human
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.1(A)
.05 Pb(A)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
1000-10,000
(NAS-I;
40-70(C)
50 (b)
25(A)
100(A)
100-1000(NAS-2)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.5 (A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concen t rat ion
(mg/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body vt.)
1600 (S)
Z
Theoretical
BOD5
63 (10 day)
(b38)
S(D)
0.9(D2)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
1000
S
20
10
10
.05 F-
5
LO
200
.05 Pb
1
Boiling
Point
(°C)
150
104
189
119
-40.8
170
16
160
87.5
126
Specific
Gravity
.8
1.9
1.58
1.15
71
1.01
.7
1.8
.96
.9998
Solubility
(mg/1)
i
v s
B
i
i
s
o>
00
V 8
OB
sl s
ro
to
vo
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Naphthalene
Naphthalic Acid
Naphthol
Naph thoqulnone
B-Naphthylamlne
Nickel Ammonium
Sulfate
Nickel Carbonyl
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Cyanide .
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Sulfate
Nicotine Hydro-
chloride
Nicotine Sallcy-
late Tartate &
Sulfate
Nitrating Acid
ditric Acid
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Comblnatlo
X
Human
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(ag/1)
/5g lethal(K)
1(A)
KA)
KA)
KA)
of Nitric an
15 (A)
Fish
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
10 (A49)
5(A)
.2(A40)
.5(A2)
.05(A)
.05(A)
5(A)
KA)
16(A)
.3(8)
Sulfuric
KA15)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Ka)K
.5(A50)
.05 (A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.5 (A)
• 5(A)
• 5
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
.
i
.
.2
.5
2.5 Nl
2.5 Nl
2.5 Nl
2.5 Nl
.03 CM
2.5 Nl
.01 NOj-
2.5
20
20
.01 NOj-
.4 pH
Boiling
Point
CC)
217
>270
288
>100
306
43
973
136
247
86
Specific
Gravity
1.15
1.1
1.45
1.061
1.32
3.55
2.05
3.68
1.5
Solubility
30
8 8
8 S
8
i
V 8
180
642,000
1
2,385,000
293,000
8
8
.
w
u»
o
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Nitroanlline
Nitrobenzene
Nitrochloro
Benzene
Nit roe thane
Nitrogen
Nitrohydrochlor-
Ic Acid
Nitromethane
Nltrophenol
Nitropropane
Nitrosyl Chlor-
ide *
Nitrotoluene
Nitrous Oxide
(Tetraoxide) -*
Nonane
Nonene
Nonyl Alcohol
Nonyl Phenol
Adequate
Response
Available
MCi -r RNC-3
N02 + HC1
H2 N03
Human
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Fish
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
)
20 (A)
20 (lethal wh
5CA51J
1-100 (NAS-3)
14(A)
100-1000 (NAS-2
1000-10,000
(NAS-1
1-100 (NAS-3)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Octodecyl Trlch-
lorosilane •»
Octyl Alcohols
Octyl Trichloro-
sllane •»
Oil of Vitriol •»
Oleic Acid
Oleum -»
Ortho-Nltroanil-
ine
Oxalic Acid
Oxydlproploni-
trlle
Oxygen (non toxi<
Oxygen Difluoridi
Paraformaldehyde
Paraldehyde
Pentaborane *
Pentane
Peracetic Acid
Perchloric Acid
Adequate
Response
Available
C12 + Chlo
C12 •»• Chlo
H2 S04
H2 S0«
X
X
)
* BF + 02
H3B03 + H2
X
X
Hunan
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
roacetodecane
ooctane + SjO
i f "\
• 11 i
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
;i) •»- 3^2
50 (A8>
100 (A48)
4000 (Al 3)
100 (A)
5 (a)
l(a)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
.05(18)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
KA)
Rat
Toxicity
(ag/Kg body wt.)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
37(J5)
40 (b2)
0(B)
Field
Detection
Limit
(•8/1)
10
1
7
10
LO
01
J.6
.0
.1
.4
Boiling
Point
CC)
194
286
286
157
•182
•144
S4
124
65
16
105
110
Specific
Gravity
.83
.89
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.9
.99
.62
1.15
1.8
Solubility
(ng/1)
d
i
d
1
890
8
9
d
170,000
)8,800
d
160
s
v s
(0
U)
to
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Perchloroethylen
Pe rchlo ro-Me thy 1
Mercaptan
Perchloryl Fluo-
ride
Petroleum Ether
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phenylcarbylamini
Chloride
Penylethanola-
nlne
Phenyltrichloro-
silane •»
Phosphlne
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric Anhy-
dride *
Phosphorus
Phosphorus Oxy-
bronlde •*
Adequate
Response
Available
C12 + Chlo
X
H3PO^
X
HB + H3PO,
Hunan
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
1F-(A)
ophenol + S±0
.05 (a)
Fish
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
1-100 (NAS-3)
1000-10 ,000 (NA
5(B)
.KA24)
3.6(a)
1-100 (A18)
25 (e)
.l-HHAS-4)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
.02 (A)
i-1)
.OOKA34)
.5 (A)
200 (K)
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
1000 (A)
Rat
Toxiclty
(mg/Kg body wt.)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
42(10 days)
to
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Phosphorus Oxy-
chloride •»
Phosphorus Pent-
achlorlde •»
Phosphorus Pent-
asulflde •»•
Phosphorus Sea-
quisulflde
Phosphorus Tri-
bronide •»
Phosphorus Tri-
chloride •»
Phthallc Anhydri<
Picric Acid
Polybutene
Polypropylene
Glycol Methyl
Ether
Potassium (metal]
Potassium Acetate
Potasslun Arsen-
ate
Potassium Arsen-
ite
Adequate
Response
Available
U3PO(i + HC
HC1 + U3PO
H2S + H3PO
HBr + H3 F
HC1 •»• H3 P
e x
X
K.OH + H2
X
X
X
Human
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
4
4
• 2(o)
Fish
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
>56
(h)
30 (b)
2 30 (A)
2 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.5 (a)
1020 (a)
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(«g/l)
Rat
Toxiclty
(ng/Kg body wt.)
1600 (N)
i
X
Theoretical
BOD5
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
10
10
I K
LK/3AS
LK/3AS
Boiling
Point
CO
105
514
407
172
75
284
300
760
Specific
Gravity
1.6
203
2.03
2.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
.86
1.8
Solubility
(mg/D
d
d
i
d
d
V 8l B
1400
d
2,530,000
188,000
V 8
to
•u
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Potassium BI-
fluoride
Potassium Bro-
mate
Potassium Chlor-
ate
Potassium Chlor-
ide
Potassium Chro-
mate
Potassium Cupric
Cyanide
Potassium Cyanid(
Potassium Dichlo-
roisocyanurate
Potassium Dich-
romate
Potassium Ferrl-
cyanide
Potassium Ferro-
cyanide
Potassium Fluo-
ride
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.05 (A)
.01CN (A)
.01CN(A)
.01CN(A)
.01 CN(A)
.01 CN(A)
Fish
Toxic ity
Critical
Concentration
(»8/l)
100 (a)
1000 (A)
400 (A) E
75 (A15)
.4(A52)
60 (A15)
2 (A)
2 (A)
1500 (a)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
350 (A)
6 (A)
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
19 (A)
14 (A)
Rat
Toxlcity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
245 (a)
X
Theoretical
BODS
0(7 days)(b)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
1K/.05F-
IK/lflr
1K/1C1
1K/1C1
.003Cr
.03CN
.03CN
.03CN-
,003Cr
.03CN
.03CN
.05 F-
Boiling
Point
(°C)
d
d
1500
1000
500
d
d
1505
Specific
Gravity
2.37
3.27
2.32
1.98
2.7
1.52
2.69
1.85
1.85
2.48
Solubility
(mg/1)
410,000
31,000
>1000
347,000
62,900
V 8
V S
49,000
330.000
278.000
923,000
w
oo
ui
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hasardoua
Material
Potassium Hy-
droxide
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Nltrat
Fotaialun Nltriti
Potassium Per-
chlorate
Potassium Perm-
anganate
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
Potassium Peroxide x
Potassium Per-
aulfate
Potassium Phos-
phate
Potassium Sili-
cofluorlda
Potassium Sulfati
Potassium Sulfld)
Potassium, Thlo-
cyanate
Propane (non
pars latent)
Proplo lac tone
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(»8/l>
.01 CD (A)
Fish
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
50CA15)
7.5(a)
m">
.06 (a)
3(A18)
40 H202(A)
750 (a!8)
50 (a)
900 (A)
3. 5 (A)
200 (A)
100-1000 (NAS-2
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
10 100
750
1690
ISO
>500
-42
155
Specific
Gravity
2.04
3.13
2.1
1.9
2.52
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.66
2
1.89
.002
L.14
olubility
mg/1)
70,000
1,275,000
133,000
,810,000
7,500
28,300
v •
a
a s
120,000
8
1,772,000
130
CJ
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
P ropionaldehyde
Propionlc Acid
Proplonic Anhy-
dride +
n-Propyl Acetate
n-Propyl Alcohol
Propylanine
Propylene
Propylene Buty-
lene Poloer
Propylene Glycol
Propylene Imlne
Propylene Oxide
Propylene Tet-
raaer
Propyl Me reap tan
Propyl Nitrate
Propyl Trichloro-
sllane •»
Pyridal Mercuric
Acetate
Adequate
Response
Available
X
Propanol +
C12 + Chloi
Human
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
Propionlc Aci
20 (K)
opropane + S±i
.005 Ug(A)
Fish
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
100-1000(NAS-2;
100- (A)
100-1000(NAS-2;
300 (A4 3)
20(B)
1000-10,000(HA!
1000-10, 000 (HA!
1000-10, 000 (NAJ
2
10 (A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.5 (A)
-D
-1)
-D
.02 (A)
-
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
("g/D
Rat
Toxiclty
(og/Kg body wt.)
3. 300 (AS)
Z
Theoretical
BOD5
95 (b)
56 (J)
1000-10.000
94 (b2)
2.2(D)
Field
Detection
Limit
(•8/1)
10
10
15
6
10
1000
2
LOO
,02
»
.5H,
Boiling
Point
CC>
61
141
169
101
97
48.7
-47
L89
35
18
L10
Specific
Gravity
.992
1.03
.887
.8
.7
.002
1.04
.8
.83
L.05
Solubility
(Bg/1)
V 8
d
18,900
8
880
1
00
550,000
1
V «1 8
V Si 8
d
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Pyrldlne
Pyrocatechol
Pyrogallol
Pyro Sulfuryl
Chloride *
Pyroxylin
Quinoline
Quinone
Resins
Resorcinol
Salicylic Acid
Saponins
Sclenlun
(Colloidal)
Silicon Chloride
(tetra) *
Silicon Tetra-
fluorlde •••
Silver Cyanide
Silver Nitrate
Adequate
Response
Available
HC1 + S02
X
X
X
1C1 -I- S102
IV + S102
X
X
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
S03
.01 (A)
.01CN(A)
.05 Ag(A)
Fiah
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
400 (A5 3)
15(A)
20 (All)
5(A)b
5 (A)
l(a)
35 (All)
1500 (a)
5.0 (A)
2.0 (A)
.04 Ag(A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.01(121)
2.5(o)
.5(950)
30 (A)
.Ol(A)
17Ca)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
O.l(A)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
1600 (S)
3890 (a)
130(O
3
theoretical
BODj
100(3days)(b)
61 (J)
Field
Detection
Limit
(•g/1)
100
.
.
2
2
.1
.1
•10
L
8Ag
03 CN
8 Ag
.01 NO3
Boiling
Point
CO
115
240
309
237
>115
281
211
>85
57
•65
d
d
Specific
Gravity
.9
1.6
1.453
1.66
1.09
1.27
1.44
4.81
1.48
4.7
J.95
i.3
Solubility
(mg/1)
0>
451,000
*25,000
d
8
8 8
8
8
1
d
d
23
.,220,000
CO
to
CO
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Sodium (metal)-*
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Alumina te
Sodium Aluminum
Hydride -»
Sodium Amide •*
Sodium Arsenate
Sodium Arsenlte
Sodium Azlde
Sodium Bicarbo-
nate
Sodium Bifluor-
ide
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Borate
Sodium Bronate
Sodium Butyl
Hercaptlde
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chlorate
Adequate
Response
Available
NaOH + H2
X
H2 + NaOH
NH3 4- NaOH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
+• A1(OH)3
.05 As (A)
0.05 As (A)
200 (A)
200 (A)
Fish
Toxic ity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
5200(a2)
100(A15)
250 As (A)
2 As (A)
8 (A)
7500 (A.1.5)
100 (a)
145 (A)
240 (A18)
240 (A15)
-
1(D54)
70(A15)
ll.OOO(A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(rng/l)
140 (A)
1060 (a)
.02 (A)
34 (a)
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
4000 (A)
1000 (a)
Rat
Toxic! ty
(mg/Kg body wt.)
12,000(a)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
45(j)
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/D
1 Na
.02 Al
3 As
3 As
5
1 Na
10 HC03~
.05 F-
1 S04-
2 S03°
L
INa, IBr
.02
10
10
Boiling
Point
CC)
880
>300
400
d
320
d
Specific
Gravity
.97
1.53
1.7
1.87
1.85
2.159
2.08
1.73
3.3
2.53
2.49
Solubility
(mg/D
d
1,190,000
,
d
d
389,000
V 8
401. MX)
69,000
8
20,100
275,000
8
20,000
790,000
to
to
vo
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hmzardous
Material
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chlorite
Sodium Chroma te
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dlchloro-
isocyanurate
Sodiunr Dlchromat
Sodium Ferro-
cyanlde
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Formate
Sodium Hydride*
Sodium Hydro-
•ulflde
Sodium Hydro-
sulflte
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Iodide
Sodium Hethylate
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Oxlate
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
HaOU + H2
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Tojtlcity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.05(A)
.01 CN(A)
.01 CN(A)
.05(A)
.01 CN(A)
1.0 F-(A)
'
Flah
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
2,SOO(A15)
400(A15)
.05(A13)
,OS(A)
60(A15)
2 (A)
2.6(A15)
470(a9)
2{A18)
.5(A)
20(A18)
3.3(A)
4000 (A15)
7.5(A15)
1350(A55)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
550 (A)
200(a)
20 (A)
.005 (a)
450 (A)
Plant
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(-8/1)
700(A)
200 F-(A)
Rat
Toxiclty
(mg/lg body wt.)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
42 (j)
13(J)
Field
Detection
Limit
(•8/1)
INa, 1C1
INa, 1C1
.003 Cr
.03 CN
.03 CN
.003 Cr
.03 CN
.05 F-
10
.05 S-
I
.2
02
.5
01N03-
001N02~
10
Boiling
Point
CO
1413
1413
1496
d .
1695
d
7500
d
L390
d
320
Specific
Gravity
2.16
2.17
2.7
2.52
2.56
1.92
.92
2.13
2.45
2.26
2.2
2.34
Solubility
(•8/1)
357,000
357,000
87,300
s
2,380.000
42,200
440,000
d
V 8
259,000
120,000
). 180,000
730,000
720,000
37,000
I
rfk
o
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Per chlor-
ate
Sodium Permang-
anate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Phosphate
Sodium Picramate
Sodium-Potassium
Alloy
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Thiocyan-
ate
Sodium Thlosul-
fate
Sodium Trl -
phosphate
Strontium Araen-
ite
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
daOH + K.OH
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
200 (A)
f H2
.01CN(A)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
5 (A)
.5 (a)
3KMN04(A)
40 B202 (*)
720 (A18)
2400 (A15)
5000 (A15)
2(A18)
100 (A18)
24000 (A15)
150 (A15)
KA)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(ing/D
200 (A)
.5 (a)
300 (A)
.05 (A)
Plant
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
3000 (A)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/Kg body wt.)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
IB
1 Cl
.2
.2
1
10
.02
1
.05
2
-03CN
4
1
.2 Sr
3 As
Boiling
Point
(°C)
>100
d
d
d
1000
>100
>100
Specific
Gravity
>2.0
2.81
Solid
2.6
1.8
1.54
Solubility
(n.g/1)
25,000
deliq.
a
20,000
«
a
47,600
154,000
328,000
1,393,000
145.000
si s
ro
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hatardous
Material
StronCi.ua Chlor-
ate
Strontium Ni-
trate
Strontium Perox-
ide
Strychnine
Styrene (non-
omer)
Sorbitol
Succinlc Acid
Sulfolane
Sulfur (Dissolved
or Colloidal)
Sulfur Chloride
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Htxa-
fluoride
Sulfurlc Acid
Sulfur Trioxlde*
Sulfuryl Chlorid
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
X
X
UC1 +• H2SO
X
X
H2S04
*H2SO^ •«- C
Hunan
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(»g/l)
l(a)
5 (A)
i
1 F-(A)
•2
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
1100(A)
7000(A)
40 H202(A)
25 (H)
1000 (A)
1-100 (HAS- 3)
1,600(A31)
.5 (A)
10(A18)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
2 (a)
.1(1)
.1(A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(•8/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(mg/lg body wt.)
5(»
5000(P)
z
Theoretical
BODj
Field
Detection
Llnit
(Bg/D
.2 Sr
.2 Sr
.01 N03
.2 Sr
.2 0-
1
1000
2
10
1
2
.05 F
1
.1
Boiling
Point
CO
d
d
270
146
235
444
59
-10
-63.8
330
44.8
69.1
Specific
Gravity
3.2
2.9
4.56
1.35
.9
1.56
2
1.6
2.9 g/1
6.5
1.8
2.75
1.6
Solubility
(mg/1)
1,749,000
401,000
80
100
v si s
B
68.000
1
d
s
V Sl S
.
d
d
•u
ro
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Sulfuryl Fluor-
ide
Tannlc Acid
Tartarlc Acid
Tertiary Butyl
Isopropyl Ben-
zene
Tetradecanol
(Sol
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hasardous
Material
Thalllua Sulfatc
Thlonyl Chlorldi
Thlophene
Tbiophcnol
Thlophosphoryl
Chloride •»
Thorlin (s>etal)
Thoriun Nitrate
Tin Tetrachlor-
ide (stannic
chloride)
titanium Sul(«t«
Titaniun Tetra-
chlorlde
Toluene
Toluene Dllsocy-
anate
Toluldlne
Triaaylaalne
Tributylaalne
Adequate
Response
Available
X
S02 +HC1
HjPO^ + SO
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(-S/1)
.05(a)
Z+H2
50 (K)
.01 CN(A)
Fish
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(Bg/D
27(«)
18 (A)
125 (A)
S Daphina(a)
SO(AS9)
100 (A)
40 (b)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(ng/l)
.02CAS8)
2
.5 (A)
.5 (A)
Plant
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(M/D
100 (A)
10 (a)
Rat
Toxlclty
(•I/Kg body tft.)
7000 (K)
5800 (N)
f
Theoretical
BOD,
0(J)
45(J)
Field
Detection
Unit
(•8/1)
1
4
1
.5 Th
.01 N03
2 Sn
.01 Ti
.01 Ti
30
.03 CM
1
.5
.5
Boiling
Point
CO
d
78.8
84
169.5
125
>3000
d
SO
136
110
199
232
214
Specific
Gravity
6.7
1.65
1.06
1.59
1.6
11.2
2.2
1.7
.86
1
.8
.78
Solubility
(«g/D
48,700
d
1
d
1
v s
t
1
si s
470
15,000
si *
td
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Trlchlorobenzene
Trichloroe thane
Trichloroe thy-
len«
Trichlorofluoro-
•e thane
Trichlorofluoro-
•ilane *
Trichloroisocy-
anurir Acl/t
Trichlorophenol
Trlchlorosilane •
Trldecanol
Tr 1 ft ttinnol Jinftn*
Trlethylaolne
Trie thy 1 Benzene
Trlethylene Cly-
col
Triethylene T«t-
raalne
Trlgttthylaalne
Adequate
Response
Available
C124HC1 +
X
Clj+HCl +
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(•g/1)
St02
.01 CH(A)
S102
Fish
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
l-100(NAS-3)
75 (A)
55 (A)
200 (A)
20(a)
80 (All)
100-1000 (NAS-2
1000-10 ,000 (NA
250 (a)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
("g/D
.001(A)
1
i-D
.5 (A)
.1(1)
Plant
Toxlclty
Critical
Concen tratlon
(B«/l)
Rat
Toxlclty
(•g/Cg body wt.)
5200
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Trine thy Ichloro-
Bilane *
Trinitrobenzene
Trinltrobenzoic
Acid
Trir 1 troreanrc* -
nol
Tripropyleae
Turpentine
Undecanol
1-Undecene
Uranyl Nitrate
Urea (plus aalts
Unsynetrical
Dimethyl Hydra-
cine
Valeraldehyde
Vanadium Oxy-
trichloride ->
Vanadium Pent-
oxide
Vanadium Tetra-
chlorlde -+
Adequate
Response
Available
Chloromett
X
X
V205-HIC1
X
V205+HC1
Umagn
Toxiclty
Critical
Concentration
WD
one + Ethane
.5 U (A)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
+ Si02
10 (A)
10 100
63
103
126
148
Specific
Gravity
1.8
.85
.8
.77
2.8
1.3
.7
.82
1.8
1.8
Solubility
(og/1)
d
i
20,500
6,000
1
1
1,700.000
780.000
s
Sl 8
s d
s d
CO
(U
en
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
(non persistent
Vinyl Ether
Vinyl Fluoride
Vinylidene Chloi
ide
Vinyl M£th>l
Ether
Vinyl Toluene
Vinyl Trichloro-
Bllane -••
Waxes
Xylenes
Xylenols
Xylyl Bromide
Zinc Acetate
Zinc Ammonium
Nitrate
Zinc Arsenate
Zinc Araenite
Zinc Chlorate
Adequate
Response
Available
i
C12 + Vlnj
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.2(0)
1 Chloride +
Fish
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(ng/1)
25
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(rng/1)
30 (A)
)
.3(A50)
.001(A)
S Zn(A)
S Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concen tratlon
(•g/D
1000 (A)
Rat
Toxlclty
(mg/Kg body wt.)
4300 (a5)
I
Theoretical
BOD.
00)
31{J)
Field
Detection
Limit
(-B/1)
IS
1000
10
10
10
10 m
1
.05 Zn
.05 Zn
.05 Zn
.05 Zn
.05 Zn
Boiling
Point
CC)
73
-13.9
39
-51
31.6
6
170
144
211
220
>100
d
d
Specific
Gravity
.934
.9/1
.77
1.2
.75
.89
>1
.88
1.1
1.3
1.84
3.3
2.5
Solubility
(mg/D
si a
1
1
d
1
1
s
1
300,000
1
i
2.620.000
to
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Cyanide
Zinc Ethyl •*
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Oxide
Zinc Permanga-
nate
Zinc Peroxide
Zinc Sulfate
Zirconium
(metal)
Zirconium Pic-
ramate
FUNGICIDES
Captan ,
Copper Naphth-
enate
llchloronaphtho-
qulnone
Adequate
Response
Available
X
X
Ethane +
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.01 Of (A)
Zn(OH)2
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
Fish
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
.KA>
5.7(A)
2HH04(A)
40 U202(A)
3(A)
.30(A)
•07(A)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
5 Zn(A)
1(A)
Plant
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(•8/1)
10(A)
Rat
Toxic Ity
(«g/Kg body wt.)
75LDIV(r)
1000 (A)
10,000(A)
1500 (A)
z
Theoretical
BOD5
Field
Detection
Limit
(mg/1)
.05 Zn
.05 Zn/
.03 CH
.05 Zn
.05 Zn
.05 Zn
.05 _Zn/
.05 Zn
.3 Zr
.3 Zr
.3
.02 Cu
Boiling
Point
CO
732
d
d
>100
2900
Specific
Gravity
2.91
2.47
1.5
3.54
6.4
Solubility
(mg/1)
4,320,000
5
d
3,273,000
v a
22
8
1
1
8
.1
£fc
CO
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Uazatdous
Material
Ferbam
Mercury Fungi-
cides
Nabam
Pen tachlo rophen-
ol
Thiram
ZDS
HERBICIDES
Ammonium Sulta-
nate
2,4-D Acid
2,4-D, Esters,
Salt
CMU
Dalapon
Diuron
DNEF .
DNBP (ammonium
salt
Endothal
Adequate
Response
Available
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.005 Hg (A)
180 (a)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(ag/1)
1.0(A)G
.5(a61)
.2
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
IPC
MCP
Phenyl Mercuric
Acetate
Seaone
Sllvex (2,4,5-T)
TEA
TCA
2,4,5-T (Acid,
Ester*, Salta)
INSECTICIDES ,
FUMIGANTS AND
ROPEHTICIDES
Aldrin-Toxaphene
Group
Benzene Hexa-
chloride (Lind-
ane)
Chlordane
Chlorthion
Adequate
Response
Available
Hunan
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
Fish
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/D
60 (A)
1S(M26)
1.0 (A63)
150 (2,3,5)00
1500(2,3,6) <«)
1000 (A)
10(A)
.023 (£64)
.018 (A65)
.01 (A66)
.0045(A66)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
<<•*/«
.02 (a)
Plant
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(•g/1)
Rat
Toxicity
(ng/Kg body vt.)
1000 (a)
640
650 (a)
300 (A)
3, 300 (A)
300 («)
40 (A)
125 (A)
340 (A)
550 (A)
Z
Theoretical
BODj
Field
Detection
Limit
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
ODD (TDE or
Rhothane)
DDT
Diazinon
Dicapthon
Dleldrln
Dlpterex
Dibromochloro-
propane
Endrin
Guthlon
Heptachlor
Isodrin
Kelthane
Malathloa
Hetasystox*
Methoxychlor
Methyl Parathlon
Nicotine
Ovotran
Adequate
Response
Available
Human
Toxicity
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.1 /5 em(K)
150 mg(a)
>10
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
Hazardous
Material
Phoxtrlo
Pyre thrum
Retenone
Schradan
Savin
Sinazlne
Sulfoxlde
Syitox
TEPP (HETP)
Thlodan
Toxaphene
OTHERS
Fcnuron
Kuroo
Ourene
Per than*
Tedion
Vapaa
Fa rath Ion
Adequate
Response
Available
Hunan
Toxlclty
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
'50 »g(A)
/100 mg(A)
Fish
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(«g/l)
.017 (A)
2(A)
.022(A11)
120(A)
5(A73)
6.6(A>
.75(a)
3.6(A66)
l.O(ASS)
.Ol(a)
.OOS(A67)
500 (A60)
1.23 (A)
.83(A60)
.!(«)
.5 (a)
l(a)
.001(674)
Aesthetic
Critical
Concentration
(mg/1)
.018 (A)
,09l(a)
.005(a)
Plant
Toxlcity
Critical
Concentration
(«g/l>
1000 (A)
Rat
Toxlcity
(ng/Kg body wt.)
6(A)
200(A)
132(A)
9(A)
500(A)
>5000
-------
TABLE B-2. Critical Concentration Footnotes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
djK
j
bDE
ABDeK
K
k
BcDejK
JK
bj
DFK
b
cbDFK
DF
f
E
dfK
de
e
BdeK
ajK
Aj
bcjk
cj
BDEFHjK
IK
A
BcDEj
HjK
D
dEK
eK
DfH
BCDEFHjK
IjK
beHj
a
bDEF
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Dj
bcdef
B
bcK
ADC
bjk
abEFK
c
d
bcDE
bcj
BDEfK
Ij
BOD
be
BcdEfj
af
bde
DK
fk
I
bcDEfHjK
bHjK
M
bG
GM
ABM
bfM
bf
BDFGM
BfGM
bM
Af
bDFGM
fG
bGM
ABFM
B-53
-------
TABLE B-3. Critical Concentration References
aA McKee, J. E. , H. W. Wolf, "Water Quality Criteria"
2nd Ed, Resources Agency of California 1963.
bB Ryckman, D. W., et al., "Behavior of Organic Chemicals
in the Aquatic Environment," Part 1, Manufacturing
Chemists Association, Washington D.C., Summer 1966.
cC Ryckman, D. W., et al., "Behavior of Organic Chemicals
in the Aquatic Environment," Part II, Manufacturing
Chemists Association, Washington D.C., April 1968.
dD Gloyna, E. F., J. F. Malina, Jr., "Petrochemical
Wastes Effects on Water," Parts 2 and 3 Water and
Sewage Works, 110; R271, R277, October 1963.
eE Wallen, I. E. et al., "Toxicity to Gambusia Affinis
of Certain Pure Chemicals in Turbid Waters,"
Sewage and Industrial Wastes Journal, 29, 6, 695,
June 1957.
fF Malina, J. F., Jr., Toxicity of Petrochemicals in the
Aquatic Environment," Water and Sewage Works, 111,
10, 456, September 196TI
gG Lowe, J. I. "Relative Toxicity of Selected Pesticides
to Shrimp, Fish, and Oysters." Selected data presented
in Pesticide Ecology Seminar, Athens, Georgia.
February 1970.
hH Pickering, Q. H., C. Henderson, "Acute Toxicity of
Some Important Petrochemicals to Fish," Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, 38, 9, 1419~^
September 1966.
il Baker, R. A. "Threshold Odors of Organic Chemicals,"
Journal American Water Works Association, 55 (7),
913-916, 1963.
jj "Soluble Organic Chemical Wastes," Water Pollution
Abatement Manual, Manufacturing Chemists Association,
Washington, D.C., April 1966.
kK "Oil and Hazardous Materials Emergency Procedures in
the Water Environment," North Atlantic Water Quality
Management Center, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Edison, New Jersey, October 1968.
B-54
-------
mM Davis, H. C., K. Hidu, "Effects of Pesticides on
Embryonic Developement of Clams and Oysters and on
Survival and Growth of the Larvae," Bureau of
Commerical Fisheries Bulletin, 67, 2, Milford,
Connecticut, 1969.
nN "Hygienic Guide Series," American Industrial Hygiene
Association, Detroit, Michigan, October 1968.
oO Middleton, P.M., "New Chemical Contaminants Effecting
Water Quality," The Sanitarian, 24, 9, 1961.
pP Gleason, Marion N., et al. , "Clinical Toxicology of
Commerical Products-Acute Poisoning," Williams and
Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1969.
rR "The Merck Index," Merck and Company, Inc., 8th Ed.,
Rahway, New Jersey, 1968.
sS Patty, F. A., "Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,"
2nd Ed., ri, 1962.
tT "Handbook of Toxicology," JL, Acute Toxicities, 1956.
NAS- Grading from "Evaluation of the Hazard of Bulk Water
Transportation of Industrial Chemicals," National
Academy of Sciences, 3rd Ed., Washington, D.C.,
1970.
B-55
-------
APPENDIX C
WATER USE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TABLES
Table C-l outlines some of the principle criteria that can
be used to formulate a hazardous material classification
system. Table C-2 lists and characterizes 30 of the major
systems presently in use. Two possible functional outputs
of the Water Use Classification System are given in
Tables C-3 and C-4. Table C-3 is derived from the data
in Appendix B. Each compound is associated with a rating
number for each quality parameter for which a critical
concentration value was listed in Appendix B. The numbers
indicate the following:
1 - The compound is not detectable by field detection
methods at or below the critical concentration nor
are adequate response procedures available for
neutralization of the spill.
2 - The compound is not detectable by field detection
methods at or below the critical concentration but
adequate response procedures are available for
neutralization of the spill.
3 - The compound is detectable in the field at or below
the critical concentration but adequate response
procedures are not available for neutralization of
the spill.
4 - The compound is detectable in the field at or below
the critical concentration and adequate response
procedures are available for neutralization of the
spill.
Table C-4 is derived from Table C-3. It lists the compounds
categorized under each of the four numerical classifications
for each water quality parameter. Hence, Table C-3 is
listed by compound while Table C-4 is listed by water
quality parameter.
C-l
-------
TABLE C-l. Possible Classification System Criteria
1. Identification of Hazardous Material
A. Name
B. Chemical Class
C. Physical and chemical properties
D. Toxicology
2. Specification of Nature of Hazard
A. Overall effect
B. By nature of attack by hazardous material
C. By nature of possible accident
D. By chemical and physical effect
E. By hazard class
3. Specification of Degree of Hazard
4. Specification of Mode of Transport
A. Truck
B. Rail
C. Air
D. Water
E. Pipe
F. Combination of the above
5. Specification of Handling Activity Required or Expected
A. Transport
B. Store
C. Use en route
D. Combination
6. Specification of Expected Environmental Stresses
in Handling
A. Thermal
B. Mechanical shock or vibration
C. Abrasion
D. Compression
E. Impact
F. Puncture
G. Pressure
H. Moisture
I. Combination of the above
C-2
-------
TABLE C-l. (continued)
7. Specification of Corrective Actions to be Taken
in Case of Accident
8. Specification of Exemptions and Exceptions to Above
9. Compatibility with Other Substances
10. Detectability
11. Availability of Techniques for Neutralization
of a Spill
C-3
-------
TABLE C-2. Characteristics of Present Classification Systems
No.
1
2
System
Title 49
DOT
Title 46
DOT/CG
(from Booz-Allen & Hamilton) ^J
Storage &
Modal Shipping Transport Mechanism Odor/
Appli- Multiple Container Degree Corrective Quantity of Appearance
cation Hazard Orientation Specified of Hazard Action Limitation Compatibility Hazard Indicated
RR No
Truck
Air
Water No
Gov1 t. Yes
Regulations
Gov't. Yes
Regulations
No No Yes By class No No
No Limited Capacity of Limited, No Limited
outside by commodity
containers
given
3 Dockets All
HN-7, HN-8
Proposed DOT
4 AAR RR
Tariff 23 Truck
Amer.Assoc. Air
Railroads
5 AAR Water
Tariff 22
Amer.Assoc.
Railroads
6 ATA Truck
Tariff 14
American
Trucking
Assoc.
7 NFPA, Fire All
Protec.
Guide
Nat'l Fire
Prot.Assoc.
8 Penn Central RR
General
Notice 225
Only for Gov1t.
poisons Regulations
& radio-
actives
No
No
No
Yes
No
Tariff
Tariff
Tariff
Insurance
Industry
Regulations
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Limited
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Limited
No
Limited
No
(4 grades)
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
By class
By class
Limited,
by commodity
By class
No
No
NA
No
NO
No
Yes
No
No
No
Limited
No
Yes
No
-------
TABLE C-2. (continued)
Modal
Appli-
No. System cation
9 I ATA Air
Intern. Air
Transp.
Assoc.
10 Nat'l Paint, All
Varnish &
Lacquer
Assoc.
11 NAS/CG Water
Public 1465
O 12 American All
1 Insurance
U* Assoc.
13 National All
Safety
Council -
Chemical
Safety Guide
14 United All
Nations
15 CG-388 Water
Chemical
Data Guide,
Coast Guard
16 Dow Fire
& Explosion
Index (AICHE)
Storage &
Shipping Transport
Multiple Container Degree Corrective Quantity
Hazard Orientation Specified of Hazard Action Limitation
No Interna- Yes No No Yes
tional
Regulations
Yes Labeling No No Limited No
Guide
Yes Compatibility No Yes No No
quide hazard
evaluation ,
bulk water
transport
Yes Insurance Limited Yes Yes No
Limited Safety rules No Ves Yes No
for hazard
identific.
and control
Yes Intarna- Yes No No Yes
tional
Regulations
No Guide for No Yes Yes No
bulk water
shipment
Yes Industry No Yes No No
(Index Guide for (Index
value) fire & value)
Mechanism Odor/
of Appearance
Compatibility Hazard Indicated
Limited No No
No Limited No
Yes Yes No
No No Yes
Nc.- ye;; r.luii ted
Limited No No
Limited Yes Yes
Yes Yes Limited
(Index (Index
value) value)
explosion
prevention
-------
TABLE C-2, (continued)
o
I
a\
No.
System
Modal
Appli- Multiple
cation Hazard
Storage &
Shipping Transport Mechanism Odor/
Container Degree Corrective Quantity of Appearance
Orientation Specified of Hazard Action Limitation Compatibility Hazard Indicated
17 NAS/HRC All
Arlie House
Conference
18 MCA, Mfg. All
Chem.Assoc
Chem-card
system
19 MCA-Manual
L-l, Mfg.
Chem.Assoc.
Guide to
Precaut.
Label. 1969
20 NAS/CG All
Compatibil-
ity chart
21 U.S. Navy
NAVSUP
Public 4500
All
Yes
Yes
Limited
Proposed
classifica-
tion systems
No
Product No
label guide
22 NACA All
Nat'l Agric.
Chem.Assoc.
23 Amer. All
Petroleum
Institute
Bulletin 2511
24 Port of N.Y. Truck
Authority
Yes
No
No
Limited
No
Chemical
compatibil-
ity of
binary
systems
Service
guide for
supply
system
Safety
guide
Industry
Labeling
Guide
Tunnel &
Bridge
Regulations
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Labeling, Not speci- No
storage, fied by
handling commodity
& use
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Limited
No
No
No
No
No
NO
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
NO
No
-------
TABLE C-2. (continued)
Storage &
Modal Shipping
Appli- Multiple Container Degree
Transport Mechanism odor/
Corrective Quantity of Appearance
No. System cation Hazard
25 I. Sax All Limited
Dangerous
Prop, of
Indus t. Mat.
26 SOLA - Safety All Yes
of Life at
Sea, Intern.
Convention
1969
27 USA Standards All No
Institute-
Radioactive
C5 Waste
1 Categories
-J
28 IMC Code - Water Yes
Internat.
Maritime
Commission
(ZMCO)
29 ASTM/CG All Yes
American
Soc. for
Testing
Materials
30 NAS/ Water Yes
Sulfur
Study
Orientation Specified of Hazard
Reference No Yes
Manual
Interna- Yes No
tional
Regulations
Proposed No Limited
definition
of radio-
active waste
categories
Interna- Yes No
tional
Regulations
Hazard No Yes
Regulation
Hazard No Yes
Evaluation
Action Limitation— -XJbmpatibility Hazard Indicated
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No No No No Limited
No No No No No
Limited No
No
No No Yes Yes No
-------
TABLE C-3. Water Use Classification System by Compound
Hazardous Materials
Human
Toxicity
Fish
Toxicitv
Aesthetic
Plant
Toxicity
Abietic Acid
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldol
Acetamide
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone
Acetone Cyanhydrin
Acetronitrite
Ace toph eonone
Acetyl Benzoyl Peroxide
Acetyl Chloride
Acetylene
Acetylene Bichloride
Acetyl Peroxide
Acridine
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Adipic Acid
Adiponitrile
Alanin
Alkyl Aryl Sulphonate
Allyl Acetate
Allyl Alcohol
Allylamine
Allym Bromide
Allyl Chloride
Allylchloroformate -
Allyldine Diacetate
Allyl Trichlorosilane -
Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Fluoride
Aluminum Nitrate
Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum Sulfate
Aluminum Triethyl-
4
3
3 3
3
4 4
4
3 1
2 4
2 4
3
HC1 + CH3OOH
1
3
1
3
4
4
3
3
3 3
-*• Allyl Alcohol + chloroformic acid
N-Aminoethyl Ethanolamine
Ammonia, Anhyd, 28% Aq.
+ propylene or allyl chloride
4 4
4 4
4
4 4
4
4 4
-v A1(OH)3 + C2H6
3 3
C-8
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Arsenate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Chroma te
Ammonium Dichr ornate
Ammonium Ferrocyanide
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Molybdate
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Perchlorate
Ammonium Permanganate
Ammonium Persulfate
Ammonium Picrate
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfide
Ammonium Sulfite
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Alcohol
Amyl Amine
Amyl Bromide
Amyl Kercaptan
Aniline
Tt.^_>^_.l y-lt- t ~.u • _3
Ar>1-imnn\7 Penl-ar-Vil rvrirte
Human Fish Plant
Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
3
4
4
3
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
3
•' 3
3
3 3
hi (** TT Hi— TT i— n nrr
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
ft
Antimony Pentafluoride
Antimony Trichloride
Antimony Pentasulfide
Antimony Potassium Tartrate
Antimony Trichloride
Antimony Trifluoride
Antimony Trioxide
Arsenic Compounds
Barium Acetate
Barium Carbonate
Barium Ch'orate
Barium Chloride
Barium Cyanide
Barium Fluoride
Barium Nitrate
Barium Perchlorate
2
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
4
C-9
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Barium Permanganate
Barium Peroxide
Human
Toxicity
Fish
Toxicity
4
4
Plant
Aesthetic Toxicity
Barium Sulfide
Benzaldehyde 3 1
Benzanine Sulfonic Acid 4
Benzene 3 3
Benzine Phosphorus Dichloride 1
Benzoic Acid 4 2
Benzonitrile 4
Benzoyl Chloride — w HC1 + Benzoic Acid
Benzoyl Peroxide 3
Benzyl Alcohol 3
Benzylamine 3
Benzyl Bromide 1
Benzyl Chloride 1
Benzyl Chloroformate *• Chloroformic acid + Phenol
Beryllium Dust 3 3
Boric Acid 4
Boron Hydride • *• 113803 + H2
Boron Trichloride *• H3B03 + HCl
Boron Trifluoride 4
Brombenzyl Cyanide
Bromine 3
Bromine Pentafluoride *• HF + HBr
Bromine Trifluoride *- HF + HBr
Bromoacetone
Bromome thane
Butadiene (inhibited) 1
Butane 3
Butene
Butyl Acetate 3
Acrylate 3
Butyl Alcohol 3 1
Butyl Aldehyde
Butyl Amine 3 1
Butyl Hydroperoxide 3
Butyl Lithium *• LiOH + Butane
Butyl Mercaptan 1
Butyraldehyde 3
Butyric Acid 4 4
Cadmium Chloride 44 4
Cadmium Nitrate 44 4
Cadmium Sulfate 44 4
Calcium ». Ca(OH2) + H2
Calcium Arsenate 22 2
Calcium Carbide *• Ca(OH>2 + C2H2
Calcium Carbonate 44 4
010
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Calcium Chloride
. . ..
Calcium Cyanide —
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Fluosilicate
Calcium Hydroxide
.• 1 1_ 1 " 1_ A
Calcium Hypocniorice
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Sulfate
C amphor
Carbon Bisulfide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda
Cetyl Alcohol-insol
Chenopodium Oil
Chloramine-T
Chlorine
Chlorine irm-uonae ••
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chlorohydrin
Chloroisocyanuric Acid
Chloromethane
Chlorophenol
Chloroprene
_ , ,_ . m « j
Chlorosulfonic Acia
Chromic Acid
Chromium Sulfate
_ . ..
Chromyl Chloriae
Citric Acid
Cobalt Chloride
Cobalt Nitrate
Cobalt Sulfate
Copper Acetoarsenite
Copper Chloride
Copper Nitrate
Copper Sulfate
Cresol
Cresotic Acid
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cumine Hydroperoxide
Cupric Chrome Gluconate
Human Fish
Toxic itv Toxic itv
4 4
k CaC^H)" •»- "CN
4 4
4
4 4
k O T ( OW ^ T "4* ^ *^
* '2 *
4 4
4 4
4 4
3
1 3
1
1 3
4
4
3
1
1
^ H<-1 + HF
1
1 1
3
2
3
3
3
K. u — c _L TT^ 1
4 4
4 4
V H2CrOH4 > HCl
J
3
4 4
. yl
4 4
4
1
1
3
3
Plant
Aesthetic Toxicit
4 4
4
1
1
4
4
3 3
3
4
4
4
1
2
C-ll
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Human
Toxicity
Fish
Toxicity
Aesthetic
Plant
Toxicity
Cyanogen Chloride
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane Carboxylic
Acid (Naphthenic Acid)
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexylamine
Decaborane
Decaldehyde
Decene
Decyl Alcohol
Detergents
Diallyl Phthalate
Diamyl Amine
Diborane
8203 + H2
Dibutyl Peroxide
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dibutyl Thiourea
Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorobutane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichloroethylene
Dichloroethyl Ether
Dichloroisopropyl Ether
Dichlorophenol
Dichloropropane
Dicyclopentadiene
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Aluminum Chloride
Diethyl Benzene
Diethyl Dichlorosilane
Diethylene Glycol
Diethylene Glycol Monoether
Diethylenetriamine
Diisobutyl Ketone
Diisobutylene
D i i sopropanolamine
Diisopropyl Peroxdicarbonate
Dimethylamine
Dimethyldioxane
Dimethyl Ether
Dimethyl Formamide
Dimethyl Hydrazine
Dimethyl Sulfate
Dimethyl Sulfide
Dinitro Aniline
H3B03 + H2
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
•H2S04 + CH30H
1
3
C-12
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
Dinitrobenzene 3
Dinitrocresols 3
Dinitrophenol 3 1
Dinitrotoluene 1
Dioxane 1
Dipentene 1
D iphenylaminechloroars ine
Dipropylene Glycol 3
Divinyl Benzene
Dodecanol
Dodecene
Dodecyl Benzene 3
Dodecyl Mercaptan 1
Divinyl Benzene
Dyes (all) 3 3
Epichlorohydrin 1
Ethanolamine 3
Ethers (all) 1
Ethoxy Triglycol 3
Ethyl Acetate 3
Ethyl Acrylate 3
Ethyl Alcohol 3 3
Ethylamine 3 1
Ethyl Benzene 1
Ethyl Chloride 3
Ethylene 3
Ethylene Cyanohydrin 1
Ethylene Diamine 33 1
EDTA 3
Ethylene Dichloride 1
Ethylene Glycol 3
Ethylene Glycol mono-other 3
Ethylene Acetate 3
Ethylene Oxide 3
Ethyleni-mine 3
Ethyl Ether 1
Ethyl Formate
2-Ethyl Hexanol-1 1
2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate 3
Ethyl Methyl Ketone
Ethyl Phthalate 1
3-Ethyl Propyl 3
2-Ethyl Acrolein 3
Patty acids 2 2
C-13
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
Ferric Chloride 4
Ferric Oxide 4
Ferric Potassium Sulfate 4
Ferric Sulfate 4 4
Ferrous Chloride 4 4
Ferrous Sulfate 4 4
Ferrous Oxide 4
Ferrous Sulfite 4
Fluorine _ * HF + 02
Fluosulfonic Acid ,— » H2S04 + HF
Formaldehyde 3 3
Formic Acid 4
Fumaric Acid 4
Furfural 33
Furfuryl Alcohol 1
Gallic Acid 4
Glycerin 3
Glycol Diacetate 3
Glyoxal 3
Guaiacol 3 1
Hafnium (metal)
Heptane 1
Heptanol 3
Heptene (Isomers) 3
Hexaethyl Tetraphosphate
Hexafluorophosphoric acid *• HP02F2+ 4HP
Hexa f1uoropropylene
Hexamethylene Diamine 1
Hexane 3
Hexanol 3
1-Hexene
Hexylene Glycol 3
Hexyl Trichlorosilane *"si°2 + Chlorohexane
Hydrazine 3
Hydrochloric Acid 4 4
Hydrofluoric Acid 4 4
Hydrofluosilic acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bromide 4
Hydrogen Chloride 4 4
Hydrogen Cyanide 2 22
Hydrogen Peroxide 4 4
Hydrogen Sulfide 3 3
Hydroquinone 3
C-14
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Hydroxylamine
Hypochlorite
Hypoiodite
lodacetic Acid
Iodine
Isobutene
Isobutyl Acetate
I sobutyra id ehyd e
Isodecaldehyde
Isodecanol
Isooctane
Isooctanol
Isooctene
Isooctyl Aldehyde
Isopentane
Isophorone
Isoprene
Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropyl Alcohol
I s opr opy 1 ami ne
Isopropyl Ether
I sopr opy 1 Formate
Isopropyl Mercaptan
Isopropyl Percarbonate
Lactic Acid
Lactonitrile
Lauroyl Peroxide
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenite
Lead Chloride
Lead Cyanide
Lead Nitrate
Lead Oxide
Lead Sulfate
Lead Sulfocyanate
T*J-~U*i**» /«** A J- ?* 1 ^
Lithium Aluminum Hydride -
T » 4-T* * . . w 71 M* * .3 A
Lithium Carbonate
Lithium Chloride
Lithium Ferro Silicon
Lithium Fluoride
Human
Toxicity
r HIO +
1
2
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
2
v LiOH
- TT_ ,
"-2
*• LiOH
4
4
4
4
Fish
Toxicity
3
3
3
4
3
HOCl
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
+ H-,
Al(OH)3
i WIT.*
4
4
4
Plant
Aesthetic Toxicity
3
1
1
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
C-15
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Pish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
Lithium Hydride -+• LiOH + H2
Lithium Hydroxide 4
Lithium Hypochlorite Compounds 4 2
Lithium Peroxide 4 4
Lithium Silicon 4
Lithium Sulfate 4
Magnesium (metal) k- Mg (OH) 2 + 1*2
Magnesium Arsenate (i)
Magnesium Chloride 44 44
Magnesium Fluoride 4
Magnesium Nitrate 4 4
Magnesium Perchlorate
Magnesium Peroxide
Magnesium Silicofluoride 4
Magnesium Sulfate 4 4
Maleic Anhydride 4
Manganese Chloride 4
Manganese Nitrate 4
Manganese Sulfate 4 4
Mercaptans (dodecyl) 3 3
Mercaptoethanol 3
Mercuric Ammonium Chloride 1
Mercuric Benzoate 1 3
Mercuric Bromide 1
Mercuric Chloride 1 3
Mercuric Cyanide 1 3
Mercuric Iodide 1
Mercuric Nitrate 1 3
Mercuric Oleate 1 3
Mercuric Oxide 1
Mercuric Oxycyanide 1 3
Mercuric Potassium Cyanide 1
Mercuric Salicylate 1 3
Mercuric Sulfate and Subsulfate-»HgO + H2SO4
Mercuric Sulfo Cyanate 1
Mercurous Bromide 1
Mercurous Chloride 1
Mercurous Gluconate 1
Mercurous Iodide 1
Mercurous Nitrate : * H2NC-3 + HgO
Mercurous Sulfate 1
Mercury 1 1
C-16
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
Mercury Acetate 1
Mesitylene 1
Mesityl Oxide 1
Methane
Methyl Acetate
Methyl Acetylene
Methyl Acrylate 3
Methyl Alcohol 1 3
Methylamines 3 I
Methyl Arnyl Acetate 3
Methyl Amyl Alcohol 3
Methyl Bromide 3
Methyl Butyraldehyde 4
Methyl Chloride 3 3
Methyl chlorofromate *• CH^OH + Chloroformic Acid
Methyl Dichlorosilane *• S^j + CH4 + C12
Methylene Chloride 3
Methyl Ether
Methyl 5-Ethyl Pyridine 1 1
Methyl Formal 3
Methyl Hydrazine 3
Methyl isobutyl Carbinol
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 3
Methyl Mercaptan 3 3
Methyl Methacrylate 3 3
Methylnaphthoquinone 3
Methyl Salicylate 3
Mineral Spirits #10 3
Monobromotrichloromethane
Monochloracetic Acid
Monochlorodifluoromethane 3
Monochlorofluoroethane
Monoethanolamine 3
Monoethylamine 3
Monofluorophosphoric Acid 4
Monoisopropanolamine 3 1
Monomethyl Hydrazine 3
Morpholine 1
Motor Fuel Antiknock Compound 3
Naphthalic Acid 4
Naphthol 1 1
Naphthalene 3 1
Naphthoquinone 3
C-17
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
Nickel Ammonium Sulfate 22 2
Nickel Carbonyl 2 2
Nickel Chloride 24 2
Nickel Cyanide 4
Nickel Nitrate 42 2
Nickel Sulfate 24 2
Nicotine Hydrochloride
Nicotine Salicylate 1
Tartate and Sulfate
Nitrating Acid (combination of nitric and sulfuric acids)
Nitric Acid 4 4
Nitroaniline 3
Nitrobenzene 3 1
Nitrochloro Benzene
Nitroethane
Nitrohydrochloric Acid *• HCl + HNC>3
Nitromethane
Nitrophenol 3 1
Nitropropane 3
Nitrosylchloride *-NO2 + HCl
Nitrotoluene 3
Nitrous Oxide (Tetraoxide) *• H2NO3
Nonane 3
Nonene 3
Nonyl Alcohol 3
Nonyl Phenol 1
Octodecyl Trichlorosilan *• C12 + Chlorooctodecane (i) + Si02
Octyl Alcohols 3 1
Octyl Trichlorosilane *- C12 + Chlorooctane +
Oil of vitriol = H2SO4
Oleic Acid 2
Oleum = H2SO4
Ortho-Nitroaniline
Oxalic Acid 4
Oxydipropionitrile 4
Oxygen (nontoxic)
Oxygen Difluoride *• HF + 02
Paraformaldehyde
Paraldehyde
Pentaborane *- H3BO3 + H2
Pentane 3
Peracetic Acid 4
C-18
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Perchloric Acid
Perchloroethylene
Human
Toxicity
Fish
Toxic ity
4
1
Plant
Aesthetic Toxicity
HBr +
H3P04 + HCl
HCl + H3PO4
+ H3PO4
•H2S
*• HBr + H3PO4
«• HCl + H3P04
Perchloro-Methyl-Mercaptan
Perchloryl Fluoride 3
Petroleum Ether
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phenylcarbylamine Chloride
Phenylethanolamine
Phenyltrichlorosilane •—»- Cl2 +
Phosphine 1
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric Anhydride
Phosphorous
Phosphorous Oxybromide
Phosphorous Oxychloride
Phosphorous Pentachloride—
Phosphorous Pentasulfide —
Phosphorous Sesquisulfide
Phosphorous Tribromide
Phosphorous Trichloride
Phthalic Anhydride
Picric Acid
Polybutene
Polypropylene Glycol Methyl Ether 1
Potassium (metal) *• KOH + H2
Potassium Acetate
Potassium Arsenate
Potassium Arsenite
Potassium Bifluoride
Potassium Bromate
Potassium Chlorate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Chromate 4
Potassium Cupric Cyanide 2
Potassium Cyanide 2
Potassium Dichloroisodyanurate 2
Potassium D.ichromate
Potassium Ferricyanide 2
Potassium Ferrocyanide 2
Potassium Fluoride
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Iodide
3
3
3
Chlorophenol
3
4
4
3
1
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
019
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Tpxicitv Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
Potassium Nitrate 3
Potassium Nitrite 3
Potassium Perchlorate 2
Potassium Permanganate 4
Potassium Peroxide 4
Potassium Persulfate
Potassium Phosphate 4
Potassium Silicofluoride 4
Potassium Sulfate
Potassium Sulfite 4
Potassium Thiocyanate 2 4
Propane-not persistent
Propiolactone 3
Propioaldehyde 3
Propionic Acid 4
Propionic Anhydride -* Propenol + Propionic Acid
n-Propyl Acetate 1
n-Propyl Alcohol 1 3
Propylamine 3 3
Propylene 3 1
Propylene Butylene Pol»er
Propylene Glycol 3
Propylene Iraine
Propylene Oxide 3
Propylene Tetramer
Propyl Mercaptan 3
Propyl Nitrate
Propy Trichlorosilane ^cl2 + Chloropropane + Si02
Pyridal Mercuric Acetate 1 3
Pyridine 3 ^
Pyrocatechol 3 3
Pyrogallol 3
Pyro Sulfuryl Chloride »>HC1 + SO2 + SO,
Pyroxylin
Quinoline 3 ^
Quinone 3
Resins 4
Resorcinol 3 3
Salicylic Acid 4 2
Saponins 2. 3
Selenium 24 2
Silicon Chloride (tetra) +• HC1 + Si02
Silicon Tetrafluoride ^- HP + Si02
Siver Cyanide • 2
Siver Nitrate 2 i
C-20
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Aluminate
Sodium Arsenate
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium Azide
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bifluoride
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Borate
Sodium Bromate
Sodium Butyl Mercaptide
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium Chlorite
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dichloroisodyanurate
Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Formate
^ 3 ^ rr 3 „ .* J _
Sodium Hydrosulfide
Sodium Hydrosulfite
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Iodide
Sodium Methylate
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Oxalate
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Perchlorate
Sodium Permanganate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Phosphates
Sodium Picramate
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Thiocyanate
Human Fish Plant
Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
" W*"-^" • ** ^
'*r H ' F30H
>- NK- — NaOH
2
2
4
3
4
2
2
4
2
4
3
• TTTOTT 1 T'CYTT
2
3 3
4
4
2
3
444
4
3
4
4
3 3
444
3 3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4 4
4
4
2
4 4
4 2
3 3
3
4
4
1
4
4
3 3
4 2
+ H2
4
3 33
4 4
3
021
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Human
Toxicity
Fish
Toxicity
Aesthetic
Plant
Toxicity
Sodium Triphosphate
Strontium Arsenite
Strontium Chlorate
Strontium Nitrate
Strontium Peroxide
Strychnine
Styrene (monomer)
Sorbitol
Succinic Acid
Sulfolane
Sulfur
Sulfur Chloride •
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur H«xafluoride
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Trioxide i,
Sulfuryl Chloride - ... >
Sulfuryl Fluoride >
Tannic Acid
Tartaric Acid
Tertiary Butyl isopropyl Benzene
Tetradecanol (sol < cc)
1-Tetradecene
Tetraethylene Glycol
Tetraethyl Lead (and mix)
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrahydronapthalene
Tetramethyl Lead
Tetrapropylene
Thallium Sulfate
Thionyl Chloride -*•
Thiophene
Thiophenol
Thiophosphoryl Chloride
Thorium (metal)
Thorium Nitrate
Tin Tetrachloride
Titanium Sulfate
Titanium Tetrachloride
Toluene
Toluene Diisocyanate
Toluidine
Triamylamine
Tributylamine
S02 -I- HC1
H3PC-4 -f SO2
3
4
4
4
4
4
1
3
•HCL + H2S04
4
iH2SO4
•H2SO4 + Cl2
• HP + H2SO4
3
3
1
3
3
2
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
1
1 (taste)
3 (colloidal)
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
C-22
-------
TABLE c-3. (continued)
Human ?ish Plant
Hazardous Materials _ Toxicity Toxicitv _ Aesthetic Tpxicity
Trichlorobenzene 3
Trichloroe thane 3
Trichloroethylene 3
Trichlorofluoromethane 1
Trichlorofluorosilane - ^C^-
Trichloroisocyanuric Acid 2 2
Trichlorophenol 1
Trichlorosilane - >• Cl2 + HCl
Tridecanol
Triethanolamine 1
Triethylamine 3
Triethyl Benzene 3
Triethylene Glycol 3
Triethylene Tetramine 1
Trimethylamine 3 1
Trimethylchlorosilane - »» Chloromethane -f Ethane
Trinitrobenzene 2
Trinitrobenzoic Acid 4
Trinitroresorcinol
Tripropylene 3
Turpentine 3
Undecanol
1-Undecene
Uranyl Nitrate 4
Urea (plus salts) ?.
Unsymetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine 3
Valeraldehyde 3
Vanadium Oxytrichloride - *V20s + HCl 4
Vanadium Tetrachloride - *• V20s + HCl 4
Vinyl Acetate 3 3
Vinyl Chloride - nonpersistent
Vinyl Ether
Vinyl Fluoride
Vinylidene Chloride 3
Vinyl Methyl Ether 1
Vinyl Toluene 3
Vinyl Trichlorosilane - * C12 + Vinyl Chloride + Si02
Waxes
Xylenes 3 1 3
Xylenols 3 1
Xylyl Bromide
Zinc Acetate 4
Zinc Ammonium Nitrate 4
Zinc Arsenate 4
Zinc Arsenite 4
Zinc Chlorate 4
Zinc Chloride 4 4
Zinc Cyanide 2
C-23
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicitv Aesthetic Toxicity
zinc Ethyl * Ethane + Zn(OH)2
Zinc Nitrate 4 4
Zinc Oxide 4
Zinc Permanganate 44 4
Zinc Peroxide 44 4
Zinc Sulfate 444
Zirconium (metal)
Zirconium Picramate 4
Fungicides
Captan 3
Copper Naphthenate
Dichloronaphthoquinone 1
Ferbam 1
Mercury Fungicides 1
Nabam 1
Pentachlorophenol 3
Thiram 3
ZDD 1
Herbicides
Ammonium Sulfamate 3 3
2,4-D Acid 311
2,4-D, Esters, Salt E = 1 S»3 1 3
CMU 33 3
Dalapon 3 1
Diuron 1
DNBP
DNBP (ammonium salt) 3
Endothal 3 3
IPC 3
MCP 3
Phenyl Mercuric Acetate
Sesone
Silvex (2,4,5-T) 3
TBA 3
TCA 3
2,4,5-T (acid, esters, salts) 3
Insecticides. Fumiqants and Rodenticides
Aldrin-Toxaphene Group 1
024
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Hazardous Materials
Human
Toxicity
Fish
Toxicity
Aesthetic
Plant
Toxieity
Benzene Hexachloride
(Lindane)
Chlordane
Chlorthion
DDD (TDE or Rhothane)
DDT
Diazinon
Dicapthon
Dieldrin
Dipterex
Dibromochloropropane
Endrin
Guthion
Hepthachlor
Isodrin
Kelthane
Malathion
Metasystex
Methoxchlor
Methyl Parathion
Nicotine
Ovotran
Phosdrin
Pyrethrum
Retenone
Schradan
Sevin
Simazine
Sulfoxide
Systox
TEPP (HETP)
Tiodan
Toxaphene
Others
Fenuron
Kuron
Omazene
Perthane
Tedion
Vapam
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
C-25
-------
TABLE C-3. (continued)
Human Fish Plant
Hazardous Materials Toxicity Toxicity Aesthetic Toxicity
4 Amino - m-toluene -
sulfonic acid 4
Anthacene
Dichloropropene 3
Diethy1 Amine 3
Ferrous Sulfide 4
Monochloroacetone
Naphthylamine 3
Nitrogen 1
Sodium Chloride 3 33
Tetrahydrofuran
C-26
-------
TABLE C_-_4. Water Use Classification System by Beneficial Use
Human Toxicity
Mondetectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dichloroethyl Ether
Dimethyl Ether
Dioxane
Ethers
2-Ethyl Hexanol-1
Isoprene
Mercuric Ammonium
Chloride
Mercuric Benzoate
Mercuric Bromide
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Cyanide
Mercuric Iodide
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Oleate
Mercuric Oxide
Mercuric Oxycyanide
Mercuric Potassium
Cyanide
Mercuric Salicylate
Mercuric Sulfo
Cyanate
Mercurous Bromide
Mercurous Chloride
Mercurous Gluconate
Mercurous Iodide
Mercurous Nitrate
Mercurous Sulfate
Mercury
Mercury Acetate
Methyl Alcohol
Phosphine
Propylene Glycol
Methyl Ether
n-Propyl Alcohol
Pyridial Mercuric
Acetate
Vinyl Methyl Ether
Mercury Fungicides
Nicotine
Insecticides
Dieldrin
Nonde tectable
Coun termeas ure
Available
Acetone Cyanohydrin
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Ammonium Ferrocyanide
Arsenic Compounds
Barium Cyanide
Calcium Arsenate
Chloroisocyanuric Acid
Fatty Acids
Hydrogen Cyanide
Lactonitrile
Lead Cyanide
Lead Sulfocyanate
Nickel Ammonium
Sulfate
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Sulfate
Oleic Acid
Potassium Cupric
Cyanide
Potassium Cyanide
Potassium Dichloro-
isocyanunite
Potassium Ferricyanide
Potassium Ferrocyanide
Potassium Thiocyanate
Selenium
Silver Cyanide
Silver Nitrate
Sodium Aresenate
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dichloro-
isocyanuric
Sodium Ferrocyanate
Sodium Thiocyanate
Thallium Sulfate
Toluene Diisocyanate
Trichloroisocyanuric
Acid
Zinc Cyanide
Detectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Acetaldehyde
Ammonia
Aniline
Bromoacetone
Chloromethane
Copper Acetoarsenite
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethylene Diamine
Methyl Chloride
Motor Fuel Anti-knock
Compound
Perchloryl Fluoride
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium Phosphates
Strychnine
Sulfur
Toluene
CMU (Herbicide)
TEPP (Insecticide)
Potassium Nitrite
Tetrethyl Lead
Tetramethyl Lead
Detectable
Countermeasure
Available
Barium Acetate
Barium Carbonate
Cadmium Chloride
Cadmium Nitrate
Cadmium Sulfate
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Sulfate
Chromic Acid
Chromium Sulfate
Copper Chloride
Copper Nitrate
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Bromide
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenite
Lead Chloride
Lead Nitrate
Lead Sulfate
Lithium Carbonate
Lithium Chloride
Lithium Ferrosilicon
Lithium Fluoride
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium Hypochlorite
Lithium Peroxide
Lithium Silicon
Lithium Sulfate
Magnesium Chloride
Monofluorphosphoric Acid
Nickel Nitrate
Nitric Acid
Potassium Chromate
Sodium Borate
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Fluoride
Sulfur Hexa Fluoride
Uranyl Nitrate
Zinc Permanganate
Zinc Peroxide
C-27
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Fish Toxicity
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Acetylene
Acridene
Benzene Phosphorous
Dichloride
Benzyl Bromide
Benzyl Chloride
Butadiene
Carbon Monoxide
Chloramine T
Chlorine
Chloroben zene
Chloroform
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Diethylamine
Diethyl Benzene
Diisobutyl Ketone
D i i s opropylaraine
D ime thy 1 ami ne
DimethyIdioxane
Dinitrotoluene
Dipentene
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl Benzene
Ethylene Cyanohydrin
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethyl Phthalate
Furfuryl Alcohol
Heptane
Isooctanol
Isophorone
Mercury
Mesityl Oxide
2-Methyl-5 Ethyl
Pyridine
Morpholine
Naphthol
Nicotine Salicylate
Tartrate & Sulfate
Nitrogen
Perchloroethylene
Propyl Acetate
Saponins
Sodium Perchlorate
Styrene
Sulfolane
Sulfur Dioxide
Tetrahydronapthalene
Trichloro Fluoromethane
Triethanolamine
Fungicides
Dichloro Napthoquinone
Ferbam
Nab am
ZOO
Herbicides
214-D Ester
Diuran
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Available
Ammonium Ferrocyanide
Arsenic Compounds
Calcium Arsenate
Fatty Acids
Hydrogen Cyanide
Lithium Hypochlorite
Nickel Ammonium
Sulfate
Nickel Carbonyl
Nickel Nitrate
Phosphorous
Potassium Perchlorate
Silver Nitrate
Sodium Aresenite
Sodium Hydrosulfite
Detectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldol
Acetamide
Acetone
Acetyl Benzoyl
Peroxide
Acetyl Peroxide
Acrolein
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate
Allyl Alcohol
Allyl Chloride
N-Amino Ethyl
Ethanolamine
Ammonia
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfite
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Alcohol
Amyl Amine
Amyl Bromide
Aniline
Antimony Trioxide
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzoyl Peroxide
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzylamine
Berylium Dust
Bromine
Butane
Butyl Acetate
Butyl Acrylate
Butyl Amine
Butyl Alcohol
Butyl Hydroperoxide
n-Butyr aldehyde
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chenopodium Oil
Chlorohydrin
Chlorophenol
Chloroprene
Citric Acid
Cresol
Cumene Hydroperoxide
Cupric Chrome
Gluconate
Cupric Oxide
Cyanogen Chloride
Cyclohexane Carbox-
ylic Acid
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Decyl Alcohol
Detergents
Diamyl Amine
Dibutyl Peroxide
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dibutyl Thiourea
Detectable
Countermeasure
Available
Abietic Acid
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone Cyanohydrin
Acetonitrile
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Adipic Acid
Adiponitrile
Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Nitrate
Aluminum Sulfate
4-Amino-m-toluene
Sulfonic Acid
Ammonium Arsenate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chromate
Ammonium Dichromate
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Molybdate
Ammonium Permanganate
Ammonium Persulfate
Ammonium Sulfide
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Antimony Potassium
Tartrate
Antimony Trichloride
Antimony Trifluoride
Barium Acetate
Barium Carbonate
Barium Chloride
Barium Fluoride
Barium Nitrate
Barium Permanganate
Barium Peroxide
Benzanine Sulfonic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Benzonitrile
Boric Acid
Boron Trifluoride
Butyric Acid
Cadmium Chloride
Cadmium Nitrate
Cadmium Sulfate
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Fluosilicate
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Sulfate
Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda
Chromic Acid
Chromium Sulfate
Cobalt Chloride
Cobalt Nitrate
Copper Chloride
C-28
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Fish Toxicity (continued)
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Insecticides
Aldrin-toxaphene
Group
Benzene Hexachloride
Chlordane
Chlorthion
Diazinon
Dieldrin
Endrin
Guthion
Heptachlor
Isodrin
Kelthane
Malathion
Methoxychlor
Nicotine
Methyl Parathion
Phosdrin
Pyrethrum
Rotenone
Schraden
Sulfoxide
Thiodan
Toxaphene
Others
Fenuron
Kuron
Perthane
Vapam
Nondetectable
Countermeas ure
Available
Detectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Dichlorobutane
Dichloroethylene
Dichloroethyl Ether
l;2-Dichloro Propane
Dichloropropene
Dicyclopentadiene
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Amine
Diethylene Glycol
Diethylene Glycol
Mono-ether
Diethylentriamine
Diisobutylene
Dimethyl Hydrazine
Dinitorbenzene
Dinitrocresols
Dinitrophenol
Dipropylene Glycol
Dyes
Dodecyl Benzene .
Ethanolamine
Ethoxytriglycol
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethylamine
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene
Ethylenediamine
E0TA
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Glycol
Mono Ether
Ethylene Glycol Mono
Ether Acetate
Ethylene Oxide
Ethyleneimine
2-Ethyl Hexyl
Acrylate
-2-Ethyl 3-Propyl
Acrolein
Formaldehyde
Furfural
Glycerin
Glycol Diacetate
Glyoxal
Guaiacol
Heptanol
Heptene
Hexane
Hexanol
Hexylene Glycol
Hydrazine
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydroguinone
Hydroxylamlne
Hypochlorite
Hypoiodate
Iodine
Isobutyl Acetate
Isobutyraldehyde
Detectable
Counte measure
Available
Copper Nitrate
Copper Sulfate
Dichlorobenzene
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Oxide
Ferric Potassium Sulfate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Chloride
Ferrous Oxide
Ferrous Sulfide
Ferrous Sulfite
Formic Acid
Fumaric Acid
Gallic Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Chloride (Anhyd)
Hydrogen Peroxide
lodacetic Acid
Lactic Acid
Lactonitrile
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenite
Lead Chloride
Lead Nitrate
Lead Sulfate
Lithium Carbonate
Lithium Chlori.de
Lithium Fluoride
Lithium Peroxide
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Fluoride
Magnesium Nitrate
Magnesium Silicofluoride
Magnesium Sulfate
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese Chloride
Manganese Nitrate
Manganese Sulfate
Methyl Butyraldehyde
Naphthalic Acid
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid
Oxalic Acid
Oxydipropionitrile
Peracetic Acid
Perchloric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric Anhydride
Phthalic Anhydride
Picric Acid
Potassium Arsenite
Potassium Bifluoride
Potassium Cupric Cyanide
Potassium Cyanide
Potassium Oichloroiso-
cyanurate
Potassium Bichromate
Potassium Ferricyanide
C-29
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Fish Toxicity (continued)
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Nondetectable
Coun te nneas ur e
Available
Detectable
Counte jrme asur e
Unavailable
Isodecaldehyde
Isodecanol
Isooctyl Aldehyde
Isoprene
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropylamine
Isopropyl Ether
Lauroyl Peroxide
Hercaptons
Mercuric Benzoate
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Cyanide
Mercuric nitrate
Mercuric Oleate
Mercuric Oxycyanide
Mercuric Salicylate
Methyl Aerylate
Methyl Alcohol
Methyl Amines
Methyl Amyl Acetate
Methyl Amyl Alcohol
Methyl Bromide
Methyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Formal and
Formate
Methyl Hydrazine
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone
Methyl Mercapton
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl Naphtho-
quinone
Mineral Spirits 110
Monoethanol Amine
Monoethylamine
Mono Isopropanolamine
Monmethyl Hydrazine
Naphthalene
Naphthoguinone
Nitroaniline
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenol
Nitropropane
Nitrotoluene
Nonane
Nonene
Nonylphenol
Octyl Alcohols
Pentane
Petroleum Ether
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphine
Potassium Chlorate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Nitrate
P ropiolactone
Propiolaldehyde
Propyl Alcohol
Detectable
Countermeasure
Available
Potassium Ferrocyanide
Potassium Fluoride
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium Peroxide
Potassium Phosphate
Potassium Silicofluoride
Potassium Thiocyanate
Propionic Acid
Resins
Salicylic Acid
Selenium
Sodium Aluminate
Sodium Arsenate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bifluoride
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Borate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dichloroisocyan-
urate
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Formate
Sodium Hydrosulfide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Iodide
Sodium Oxalate
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Permanganate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Picramate
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Thiosulfate
Strontium Arsenite
Strontium Chlorate
Strontium Nitrate
Strontium Peroxide
Succinic Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Thorium Nitrate
Tin Tetrachloride
Titanium Tetrachloride
Trinitro Benzoic Acid
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Permanganate
Zinc Peroxide
Zinc Sulfate
Acetronitrile
C-30
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Fish Toxicity (continued)
Nondetectable
Countsrmeasure
Unavailable
Nondetectable
Countexmeasure
Available
Detectable
Cuuntermeasure
Unavailable
Propylamine
Propylene
Propylene Glycol
Propylene Oxide
Pyriilal Mercuric
Acetate
Pyridine
Pyrocatechol
Pyrogallol
Quinoline
Quinone
Resorcinol
Sodi Jin Acetate
Sodium Azide
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Butyl Mercap-
tide
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Phosphates
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Triphosphate
Sulfur
Tetraethylene Glycol
Tetraethyl Lead
Tetrapropylene
Thiophehe
Toluene
Toluidine
Tributylamine
Trichlorobenzene
Trichloreothane
Trichloroethylene
Triethylaaine
Triethyl Benzene
Triethylene Glycol
TrimethyItmine
Trinitro Benzene
Tripropylene
Turpentine
Urea
Unsyra. Dimethyl
Hydrazine
Vale:raldehyde
Vinyl Acetate
Vinylidene
Chloride
Vinyl Toluene
Xylenes
Xylenols
Fungicides
Captan
Pentachlorophenol
Thiram
Detectable
Counte rmeas ure
Available
C-31
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Fish Toxicity (continued)
Nondetectable Nondetectable Detectable Detectable
Counterraeasure Countexneasure Counter-measure Countermeasure
Unavailable Available Unavailable Available
Herbicides
Ammonium Sulfamate
2,4-D Acid
2,4-D Salt
CMU
Dalapon
Endothal
1PC
MCP
Silvex
TBA
TCA
2,4,5-T Acid, Esters,
Salts
Insecticides
ODD (TDE or Rothane)
DDT Dicapthon
Dipterex
Metasystox
Ovatron
Sevin
Simazine
Systox
TEPP (HETP)
Others
Omazene
Tedion
C-32
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Aesthetic
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Acetone
Acetophenone
Alkyl Aryl
Sulphonate
Allylamine
Ammonium Sulfide
Amyl Mercaptan
Benzaldehyde
Butyl Amine
Butyl Alcohol
Butyl Meroaptan
Camphor
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Cresol
Cyclohexylamine
Dichloroisopropyl
Ether
Diethylenetriamine
Dimethylamine
DimethyIdioxane
Dinitrobenzoyl
Dinitrophenol
Dodecyl Mercaptan
Ethylamine
Ethylenediamine
Guaiacol
Hexamethylene Diamine
Isoprene
Isopropylamine
Mesitylene
Methylamines
2-Methyl, 5-Ethyl
Pyridine
Monoisopropanolamine
Naphthol
B-Naphthylamine
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenol
Nonyl Phenol
Octyl Alcohols
Penylcarbylamine
Chloride
Propylamine
Propylene Imine
Pyridine
Quinoline
Styrene
Sulfur (taste)
Thiophenol
Trichlorophenol
Triethylene Tetramine
Trimethylamine
Xylenes
Xylenols
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Available
Acrylonitrile
Benzole Acid
Cresotic Acid
Hydrogen Cyanide
Picric Acid
Potassium Iodide
Salicylic Acid
Sodium Iodide
Sodium Picramate
Trichloroisocyanuric
Acid
Detectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Allyl Chloride
Aminoethyl Ethanol-
amine
Ammonia
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Arsenate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Chromate
Ammonium Bichromate
Ammonium Perrocyanide
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Molybdate
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Perchlorate
Ammonium Permanganate
Ammonium Persulfate
Ammonium Picrate
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfite
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Amyl Acetate
Aniline
Benzene
Chenopodium Oil
Chlorine
Chlorophenol
Dichloro Phenol
Dyes
Formaldehyde
Furfural
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydroxylamine
Isopropyl Mercaptan
Mercaptana
Mercaptoethanol
Methyl Mercaptan
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl Salicylate
Perchloro-Methyl-
Mercaptan
Phenol
Potassium Acetate
Potassium Chloride
Propylamine
Propyl Mercaptan
Pyrocatechol
Resorcinol
Saponins
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Butyl
Mercaptide
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chlorite
Detectable
Countermeasure
Available
Acetic Acid
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Sulfate
Copper Chloride
Copper Nitrate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Chloride
Ferrous Sulfate
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrogen Chloride (Anhyd.)
Hydrogen Peroxide
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Nitrate
Magnesium Sulfate
Phosphoric Acid
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfide
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Sulfide
Tannic Acid
Tartaric Acid
Zinc Acetate
Zinc Ammonium Nitrate
Zinc Arsenate
Zinc Arsenite
Zinc Chlorate
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Cyanide
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Parmanganate
Zinc Peroxide
Zinc Sulfate
Zirconium Picramate
C-33
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Aesthetic (continued)
Nondetectable Nondetectable Detectable Detectable
Countermeasure Counterroeasure Countermeasure Counter-measure
Unavailable Available Unavailable Available
Herbicides Sodium Nitrate
2,4-D Acid Sodium Phosphates
2,4-D Esters Sodium Sulfate
2,4-D Salts Strychnine
Sulfur (colloidal)
Insecticides Toluidene
Benzene Hexachloride Triamylamine
(Lindane) Tributylamine
Sulfoxide Vinyl Acetate
Toxaphene
Herbicides
DKBP (Ammonium Salt)
Insecticides
55f
034
-------
TABLE C-4. (continued)
Plant Toxicity
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Dimethylamine
Phenol
Herbicides
2,4-D Acid
Dalapon
Nondetectable
Countermeasure
Available
Aresenic Compounds
Calcium Arsenate
Nickel Ammonium Sulfaue
Nickel Carbonyl
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Nitrate
Nickle Sulfate
Selenium
Detectable
Countermeasure
Unavailable
Acrolein
Beryllium Dust
Chlorine
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Sulfate
Xylenes
Herbicides
Ammonium Sulfamate
2,4-D Esters
2,4-D Salts
CMU
Endothol
Insecticides
Schraden
Detectable
Countermeasure
Available
Aluminum Ammonium
Sulfate
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Fluoride
Aluminum Nitrate
Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum Sulfate
Butyric Acid
Cadmium Chloride
Cadmium Nitrate
Cadmium Sulfate
Calcium Chloride
Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda
Chromic Acid
Chromium Sulfate
Cobalt Chloride
Cobalt Nitrate
Cobalt Sulfate
Hydrogen Cyanide
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Arsenite
Lead Chloride
Lead Cyanide
Lead Nitrate
Lead Sulfate
Lead Sulfocyanate
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Sulfate
Nickel Cyanide
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Bichromate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Fluoride
Tannic Acid
Tetraethyl Laad
Xetramethyl Lead
Thallium Sulfate
Titanium Tetrachloride
Vanadium Oxytrichloride
Vanadium Tetrachloride
Zinc Sulfate
C-35
-------
APPENDIX D
TRANSPORTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND HISTORICAL DATA
Appendix D contains supplementary material to transporta-
tion, stationary source, and historical data considerations.
Tables D-l and D-2 list the total tonnage of individual
hazardous commodities handled in the United States in 1968.
This is followed by a listing of the individual ports and
waterways with a tonnage figure representative of all the
hazardous commodities handled in 1968 as defined in
Table D-l. It should be noted that oil and petroleum pro-
ducts were excluded. Hence, these figures do not compare
with the total waterborne tonnage figures listed by
Booz-Allen & Hamilton in Table 1.
Tables D-3 and D-4 present production and price index
trends for chemical classes.
Figures D-l through D-10 illustrate the geographical loca-
tions of production sites and market areas for selected
high priority materials. These maps should help demon-
strate those areas most likely exposed to spillage of
particular materials. Considerations such as these are
not amenable to numerical formulation.
Figures D-ll and D-12 record the locations of fish kills
caused by agricultural chemicals, namely fertilizer and
pesticides. While both maps highlight agricultural areas,
the pesticide chart indicates that pesticide usage is
indeed widespread. Chemical plant and transportation spill
sites are detailed in Figures D-13 and D-14. These for the
most part are concentrated in the industrial East, Texas,
and the Great Lakes regions. However, incident sites appear
in nearly every state and are not always centered around
large cities or production sites. The implications are
obvious. This nation's massive network of transportation
systems has brought the threat of hazardous material to all
parts of the country.
Tables D-5 through D-13 are summaries of fish kills for the
years 1960-1968. Raw data were taken from the FWQA fish
kill reports.
These tables are followed by a brief analysis of spills that
were reported for the state of California and Illinois.
D-l
-------
TABLE D-l. National Summary of Waterborne Hazardous
Materials Quantities - 1968
National Totals (tons of 2000 Ibs.)
Total imports Exports Domestic
67,973,725 5,311,291 16,921,113 45,791,321
Individual Commodities (tons of 2000 Ibs.)
Salt 3,790,882
Sulphur, dry 2,701,824
Sulphur, liquid 8,484,747
Sodium hydroxide 3,258,554
Dyes 178,234
Alcohols 2,807,540
Benzen, Toulene 3,222,661
Sulfuric Acid 3,384,272
Basic chemicals 19,471,103
Plastic materials 1,354,479
Drugs 82,257
Soap, toiletries 284,402
Paints 123,692
Gum, wood chemicals 892,261
Nitrogenous fertilizers 1,047,105
Potassic fertilizers 312,050
Superphosphate 686,633
Pesticides 269,893
Fertilizers 8,272,166
Misc. chemical products 4,056,561
Napthal solvents 3,792,409
D-2
-------
TABLE D-2.
Hazardous Materials Quantities Handled
in U.S. Ports - 1968(100>
Port
Total
Tons
Port
Total
Tons
Alabama
Mobile Harbor 360,356
Black Warrior and Tombig-
bee Rivers 654,059
Waterway connecting the
Tombigbee and Tennessee
Rivers, Ala. & Miss. 10,186
Alaska
Ketchikan Harbor 67,412
Wrangell Harbor 217
Sitka Harbor 82,330
Skagway Harbor 93
Anchorage 14,263
Cordova Harbor 47
Juneau Harbor 589
Kodiak Harbor 161
Metlakatla Harbor 15
Home Harbor 1
Petersburg Harbor 397
Seward Harbor 831
Valdez Harbor 12,806
Other Southeastern Ports (NET) 2,806
Southerly Side of Alaska
Peninsula (NET) 26,047
Whittier Harbor 6,051
Arkansas
Ouachita and Black Rivers,
Arkansas & Louisiana 187,471
California
San Diego Harbor 355,360
Long Beach Harbor 847,085
Los Angeles Harbor 1,100,409
Suisun Bay Channel 111,413
Sacramento River (including
Commerce of Sacramento
River Deepwater Ship
Channel & the Port of
Sacramento 1,965
California (cont'_d. )
San Joaquin River 109,466
San Francisco Harbor 107,598
Oakland Harbor 206,207
Richmond Harbor 653,518
San Pablo Bay & Mare
Island Strait 476,404
Carquinez Strait 472,670
Huraboldt Harbor and Bay 117,200
Nonproject-Other San Fran-
cisco Bay Area Ports 2,468
Connecticut
New London Harbor 44,044
Thames River 64,188
Conn. River below Hartford 4,841
New Haven Harbor 321,869
Housatonic River
Bridgeport Harbor 9,354
Horwalk Harbor
Stamford Harbor
Delaware
Wilmington Harbor 147,310
Inland Waterway - Delaware
River to Chesapeake 762,067
Broad Creek River 1,958
Florida
Jacksonville Harbor 495,920
St. John's River, Jackson-
ville to Lake Harvey 700
Intracoastal waterway,
Jacksonville to Miami 8,856
Palm Beach Harbor 10,686
Port Everglades Harbor 34,994
Miami Harbor 24,485
Charlotte Harbor 105,885
Tampa Harbor 4,598,688
St. Mark's River 76,553
D-3
-------
TABLE D-2. (Continued)
Port
Total
Tons
Florida (cont'd.)
Apalachicola, Chattaholchee
and Flint Rivers, Ga.
and Florida 105,327
Port Joe Harbor 17,786
Panama City Harbor 70,448
Escambia & Conecuh Rivers,
Fla. & Ala., Escambia Bay 318,768
Pensacola Harbor 116,381
Fernandina Harbor 65,800
Fort Pierce Harbor 12,599
Key West Harbor 617
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
between Apalanchee Bay,
Fla. & the Mexican Border
(Consolidated Report) 29,142
Gulf County Canal 7,732
Georgia
Savannah Harbor 515,187
Atlantic Intracoastal water-
way between Norfolk, Va.
and St. John's River, Fla.,
(Savannah District) 116,087
Savannah River below
Augusta 28,765
Brunswick Harbor 162,194
Atlantic Intracoastal
waterway between Norfolk,
Va. and St. John's River,
Florida 1,628
Hawaii
Hilo Harbor 64,725
Kahului Harbor, Maui 28,858
Honolulu Harbor, Oahu 161,859
Nawilliwili Harbor, Kauai 19,487
Kaumalapua Harbor, Lanai 2,792
Pearl Harbor, Oahu 51
Kauai 3,042
Port
Total
Tons
Illinois
Illinois River 2,741
Illinois Waterway 3,273,549
Port of Chicago 43,556
Indiana
Indiana Harbor 92,959
Louisiana
Innerharbor Navigation
Canal 57,836
Mississippi River-Gulf
. Outlet 385,251
Waterway from Empire
to Gulf of Mexico 3,125
Barataria Bay Waterway 564,150
Bayou LaFourche and
LaFourche Jump Waterway 529,292
Waterway from Intracoastal
Waterway to Bayou Dulac,
(Bayou Le Carpe and
Grand Calliou) 2,963
Atchafalaya River, Morgan
City to Gulf of Mexico 658
Calcasieu River and Pass
(Lake Charles) 1,876,942
Bayou Little Cailldu 15
Port of Baton Rouge 3,991,890
Port of New Orleans 8,497,860
Maine
Penobscot River 812
Searsport Harbor 52,913
Portland Harbor 5,383
Maryland
Baltimore Harbor and
channels 1,359,383
Choptank River 23,130
Nanticoke River, Includ-
NW Fork, Del. & Md. 3,086
D-4
-------
TABLE D-2,
(Continued)
Port
Total
Tons
Port
Maryland (cont'd.)
Wicoraico River (eastern
shore)
Pocomoke River
Harre de Grace
Potomac River below
Washington, D. C.
Massachusetts
Salem
Port of Boston
Cape Cod Canal
New Bedford & Fairhaven
Fall River Harbor
Beverly Harbor
Gloucester Harbor
Harbor of Refuge, Nantucket
Michigan
St. Mary's River
Gray's Reef Passage
Manistique Harbor
Frankfort Harbor
Leedington Harbor
Muskegon Harbor
Saginaw River
.St. Clair River
Channels in Lake St.
Detroit River
Port of Detroit
Toledo Harbor
White Lake Harbor
Clair
Minnesota
7,393
1,840
13,975
3,529
151,740
152,350
606
148,318
18,646
16
1,421
144,070
154,493
2,839
155,286
379,033
12,657
171,406
276,287
281,603
374,076
98,609
114,455
13,082
Mississippi River, Minneapolis
to Mouth of Passes
(Consolidated Report) 5,632,434
Mississippi
Mouth of Yazoo River
Yazoo River
Pascagoula Harbor
Gulfport Harbor
24,987
12,127
1,079,526
304,198
Total
Tons
Montana
Missouri River, Ft. Benton
to the mouth
(Consolidated Report) 347,250
New Hampshire
Portsmouth Harbor
New Jersey
Big Timber Creek 115,200
Muntua Creek 178,244
N.J. Intracoastal
Waterway
Delaware River, Trenton
to sea 3,081,306
Delaware River between
Trenton & Phila. 134,306
Delaware River, Phila.
to sea 3,000,004
Ne'w York
Port of New York 5,209,113
Hudson River, Deepwater
in Upper Bay to Water-
ford 342,907
Hudson River, Mouth of
Spayten Dayvic Cr. 1,218
Federal Lock, Troy 105,082
(Dome)
N.Y. State Barge Canal
System 117,154
(Dome)
Hempstead Harbor
Huntington Harbor
Fire Island, Great S. Bend
Northport Harbor 18
Port of Buffalo 55,057
Rochester Harbor 4
Oswego Harbor 62,640
Ogdensburg Harbor 904
D-5
-------
TABLE D-2. (Continued)
Port
Total
Tons
Port
Total
Tons
North Carolina
Morehead City 278,582
Port of Wilmington 398,907
Wilmington Harbor 434,176
Cape Fear River above
Wilmington 5,000
Northeast (Cape Fear)
River Waterway connecting
Pamlico Sound and Beaufort
Harbor Waterway-Norfolk,
Va. to Sounds of North
Carolina 69,000
Roanoke River 10,042
Neuse River 28,548
Pamlico & Tar Rivers 482,751
Atlantic Intracoastal Water-
way between Norfolk, Va.
and the St. John's River,
Fla. (Charleston District) 37,936
Ohio
Sandusky Harbor 48
Lorain Harbor 18,000
Cleveland Harbor 31,412
Fairport Harbor 2,561
Ashtabula Harbor 2,524
Port of Portland 380,544
Willamette River above
Portland and Yamhill
River 3,932
Coos Bay 6,762
Port of Astoria 13,437
Pennsylvania
Port of Clairton 248,636
Allegheny River, improved
portion Ohio River 8,583,205
Eric Harbor 68
Philadelphia Harbor 704,666
Puerto Rico
Guanica Harbor 165,977
Mayaguez Harbor 165,977
Ponce Harbor 23,806
San Juan Harbor 320,700
Rhode Island
Providence River and
Harbor 74,820
South Carolina
Charleston Harbor
(Including Ashley River,
Shem Creek and Shipyard
River 386,977
Port Royal Harbor 22
Tennessee
Cumberland River,Mouth
to Mile 552
(Consolidated Report) 198,087
Tennessee River, Tenn.,
Ala. and Kentucky 1,083,070
Barkley Canal, Cumberland
and Tennessee Rivers 189,744
Hiwassee River 38,647
Texas
Brazos Island Harbor
(Brownsville & Port
Isabell) 261,970
Channel of Aransas Pass 1,305
Sabine Pass Harbor (Port
of Waterway) 2,693
Sabine-Neches Waterway,
(Beaumont, Orange,
Port Arthur and Sabine
Pass Harbor 10,705,105
Houston Ship Channel 8,515,265
Texas City Channel 4,562,262
Galveston City Channel 359,728
D-6
-------
TABLE D-2. (Continued)
Port
Total
Tons
Port
Total
Tons
Texas (cont'd.)
Freeport Harbor 2,724,695
Matagorda Ship Channel 452,202
Port Aransas-Corpus
Christ! Waterway
(Corpus Christi and
Harbor Island) 2,159,491
Vermont
Narrows of Lake Champlain
Burlington Harbor
Virginia
Norfolk Harbor 1,416,815
Hampton Roads 1,557,572
Channel to Newport News 767,817
. Port of Newport News
(including Newport
News Cr.) 110,861
James River
(Consolidated Report) 502,826
Atlantic Intracoastal
waterway between Nor-
folk & St. Jo .n1 s
River, Fla. 595,448
Atlantic Intracoastal
waterway between Nor-
folk and St. John's
River, Fla. (Wilmington
District) 680,816
York River 58,539
Rappahannock River 91,648
Virgin Islands
Christiansted Harbor.,
St. Croix 2,202
St. Thomas Harbor 2,643
Washington
Columbia River, Mouth to
International Boundary
(Consolidated Report) 860,737
Washington (cont'd.)
Columbia and Lower
Willamette Rivers te-
low Vancouver, I/ash.
& Portland, Oregon 860,737
Port of Longview 97,660
Port of Kalama 41,522
Port of Vancouver 402,325
Columbia River between Van-
couver & The Dalles,Ore. 45,452
Lake River 150
Grays Harbor and Chehalis
River 523
Port Angeles Harbor 36,810
Tacoraa Harbor 639,310
Seattle Harbor 150,396
Lake Washington Ship Canal 1,030
Everett Harbor and Sno-
homish River 58,344
Anacortes Harbor 78,388
Bellingham Bay & Harbor 172,355
Nonproject - Other Puget
Sound Area Ports 295,266
West Virginia
Kanawha River 4,184,533
Little Kanawha River 145,103
Monongahela River, Pa.
& W. Va. 613,657
Big Sandy River, Tug
& Levisa Forts, Ky. &
W. Va. 97,605
Wisconsin
St. Croix River, Wis. &
Minnesota 1,000
Minnesota River 84,539
Menominee Harbor & River,
Mich. & Wis. 14,152
Green Bay 11,128
Sturgeon Bay & Lake
Michigan Canal 14,152
Kewaunee Harbor 64,783
Manitowoc Harbor 259,393
Milwaukee Harbor 315,110
Detroit Harbor 128
Kenosha Harbor 160
D-7
-------
TABLE D-3. Production Indexes
(57)
(1957-59=100)
Chemicals and Products
Industrial chemicals
Basic inorganic chemicals
Basic organic chemicals
Plastic materials
Synthetic rubber
Man-made fibers
Soap and related products
Paints
Fertilizer
a Preliminary
b C&EN estimates
1967
203.8
236.0
237.4
216.2
348.6
161.6
281.9
149.0
120.4
139.8
1968
221.7
262.0
249.5
226.8
401.5
179.5
365.4
156.7
129.2
134.1
1969a
239.0
283.0
263.0
233.9
468.1
188.2
398.9
162.0
135.9
132.1
1970b
242
285
276
228
475
190
408
163
128
135
TABLE D-4. Wholesale Price Indexes
(57)
1967
1968 1969 1970a
Chemicals and Allied Products
Industrial chemicals
Drugs and pharmaceuticals
Fats and oils, inedible
Plastic resins and materials
Agricultural chemicals and
chemical products
Prepared paint
Paint materials
Other chemicals and allied
products
a C&EN estimates
98.4
97.4
94.0
81.3
89.0
103.6
109.3
90.9
108.3
98.2
98.4
93.3
73.9
81.8
99.6
114.6
92.2
110.0
98.3
97.7
93.8
88.7
80.7
89.8
119.2
92.8
112.9
100
98
95
105
80
92
123
92
117
D-8
-------
i ;
i
ViD
Production Trend - Raising greatly
Cost Trend
Market Area
Use Pattern
Down, 1970 cost $.145/lb
Generally on East Coast
plants use product internally
many plants located on main
river arteries
One plant
2-5 plants
Acrylic fibers
ABS resins
Nitrile rubber
Miscellaneous and
export
Per Cent
52
10
8
30
100
FIGURE D-l. Acrylonitrile Production Sites
(28)
-------
a
i
Production Trend - Rising rapidly
Cost Trend - Dropping, 1970 $.05
Market Area - Agricultural regions
plants generally located
Use Pattern
near use areas
Per Cent
Fertilizer 78
Industrial and military 2_2
100
O One plant
• 2-5 plants
FIGURE D-2. Ammonia Production Sites
(28)
-------
D
I
H
Production Trend - Rapidly increasing
Cost Trend
Market Area
- Steady at $3.45/100 Ib
in 1970
- Country wide 67% captive
production
Use Pattern
Organic chemicals
Pulp and paper
Inorganic chemicals
Water and sewage
Miscellaneous
Per Cent
65
i /
"
':
•
100
One plant
2-5 plants
FIGURE D-3. Chlorine Production Sites
(28)
-------
!. 1
I J
t )
Production Trend - Steady
Cost Trend
Market Area
Use Pattern
- Steady at 1970
value of $.18/lb.
- Generally East Coast
markets plants located in
petroleum production regions
Phenolic resins
Phosphate esters
Wire enamel solvents
Ore flotation
Metal cleaning
Per Cent
50
'.'•;
7
I
'
One plant
2-5 plants
Miscellaneous and export 10
If)
100
FIGURE D-4. Cresol Production Sites
(28)
-------
•
Production Trend - Beginning to drop
Cost Trend - Cost rising, 1970 value 5.22/lb.
Market Area - Agricultural regions widespread transport
of product production economics presently
in doubt
Use Pattern
Insecticide and miticide 100%
Q.One plant
0 2-5 plants
FIGURE D-5. DDT Production Sites
(28)
-------
I '
,r.
Production Trend - Increasing rapidly
Cost Trend - Steady, 1970 value S.37/lb.
Market Area - Eastern markets
Use Pattern
Resins
Pentaerythritol
Ethylene glycol
Hexamethylenetetramine
Miscellaneous
Per Cent
60
9
L2
5
ii
100
one plant
2-5 plants
FIGURE D-6. Formaldehyde Production Sites
(28)
-------
' ;
>
• >
Production Trend - Generally up
Cost Trend
Market Trend
Use Pattern
- Steady since 1970
at $.25/gallon
- Nationwide transport often
near ammonia plants
Formaldehyde
Other chemicals
Solvent
Exports and miscellaneous
Per Cent
40
1C
LO
2_0
100
FIGURE D-7. Methyl Alcohol Production Sites
O One plant
* 2-5 plants
(28)
-------
a
Production Trend - Up sharply
Cost Trend - Steady at 1970 value of $5.40/hundred wt.
Market Area - Mostly inter-plant shuttling
0 one plant
9 2-5 plants
Use Pattern
Per Cent
Fertilizer 75
Explosives 15
Miscellaneous (chemicals, etc.) 10
100
FIGURE D-8. Nitric Acid Production Sites
(28)
-------
11
I
-1
Production Trend - Generally up
Cost Trend
Market Area
Use Pattern
- Down, 1970 cost $.
- 50% captive plants
trending towards even more
captive plants
Phenolic resins
Caprolactam
Alkylphenols
Bisphenol-A
Miscellaneous and export
Per Cent
50
,
<
7
11
100
O One plant
• 2-5 plants
FIGURE D-9. Phenol Production Sites
(28)
-------
D
i
H
oo
Production Trend - Increasing rapidly
Cost Trend
Market Area
Use Pattern
Dropping,1970 value $.08/18
South and East portions of
the country high percentage of
captive plants
Polystyrene
S-B rubber
Latexes
Polyesters
Styrene copolymers
Miscellaneous and export
Per Cent
50
25
1
i\
2
U
100
O One plant
• 2-5 plants
FIGURE D-1Q. Styrene Production Sites
(28)
-------
a
H
\o
FIGURE D-ll.
Geographical Distribution of Pesticide Caused
Fish Kills 1963 - 1968
References (30) (65-69)
-------
D
I
tsj
O
FIGURE D-12.
Geographical Distribution of Fish Kills Originating
from Fertilizer Materials 1963 - 1968
References (30) (65-69)
-------
''
I
Ni
FIGURE D-13. Geographical Distribution of Fish Kills Originating
from Chemical Plants 1960 - 1968
References (30) (63-69) (76)
-------
u
NJ
FIGURE D-14. Geographical Distribution of Fish Kills Originating
from Transportation Activities 1960 - 1968
References (30) (63-69) (76)
-------
TABLE D-5. Fish Kills Resulting from Pesticides(30)(65~69>
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Number of
Reports
60
93
74
51
43
51
TABLE D-6.
Number of
Reports
3
5
4
1
2
5
Average Kill of
Total Kill Incidents Reporting
Reported Kill Totals
401,415
191,167
770,557
217,406
329,130
325,194
Fish Kills Resulting
Compounds (30) (65-697
Total Kill
Reported ,
1,400
67,040
2,697
1,200
10,000
15,116
10,849
2,583
12,039
4,941
7,654
7,742
from Fertilizer
Average Kill of
Incidients Reporting
Kill Totals
700
16,760
674
1,200
5,000
3,023
D-23
-------
Duration
Duration
in Days 1960
<1 6
1 29
2 18
3 6
4
5 3
6
7
8
9
10 1
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
1961
—
32
7
2
1
—
1
1
—
1
1
—
—
—
1
—
--
—
—
—
—
__
for Agricultural
1962 1963
3
2 18
3 17
1 10
2 1
2
1
1
— —
— —
1
— —
1 1
— —
1
— —
— —
1
— —
— —
— —
__ — _
1964
7
45
33
14
2
4
1
2
--
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
__
Spills
1965
6
37
18
11
3
2
1
--
--
—
3
1
--
--
—
--
--
--
--
—
--
__
(.ou; vo
1966
5
19
25
8
—
1
—
2
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
--
--
—
--
—
--
__
J 0 ? 1 \
1967
5
11
17
9
4
3
—
—
1
—
—
1
1
—
—
—
--
1
--
—
—
__
/ u;
1968
4
14
12
9
4
3
—
2
--
—
1
--
1
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
__
Average
Duration
in Days 1.81 2.26 3.67 3.23 2.04 2.22 2.19 3.25 3.29
D-24
-------
TABLE D-8. Average Fish Kill Reported by Transport
Mode (3°) (65-69)
1963
1964 1965
1966
1967
Truck 11,983 1,295 8,828 5,972 3,866
Rail 5,000 1,342 700 2,132 4,317
Barge — 250 1,025 — 26,750
Pipeline 496 1,188 39,484 3,450 3,810
1968
1,201
34,242
204
48,508
TABLE D-9. Percentage of Transportation Spill Related Reports
Classified by
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
All
Reports
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
Kill
6.2
3.8
11.1
22,2
9.1
10.2
Severity
Heavy
Kill
37.5
26.9
29.7
11.1
45.4
46.2
of Damage (30) (65-69
Moderate
Kill
12.5
26.9
25.9
29.7
27.3
7.7
Light
Kill
43.8
38.6
22.2
18.5
18.2
7.7
D-25
-------
TABLE D-10. Yearly Data on Transportation Spill Related Fish Kills (30) (65~69)
Number of
Relative Rank
of
Total Reports by
D
1
NJ
CPi
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Number
of
Reports
17
26
27
27
22
39
Reports with Total
Fish Kill Fish
Totals Killed
10
18
21
24
19
33
78,388
22,211
306,810
102,631
143,123
825,365
i. — j
Average Est. Average Kill Transport Mode
Fish Fish Compared to Rail Truck Barge
Killed Killed Other Causes Pipeline
7,840
1,235
7,995
4,275
7,535
9,155
133,000
32,000
355,000
116,000
166,000
880,000
2
4
1
5
2
1
2
5
6
6
4
10
8
10
12
11
7
5
1
1
3
3
3
9
6
10
6
7
8
15
-------
TABLE D-ll. Frequency Distribution of Reported Critical
Duration for
Fish Kills (30
Duration
in Days
<1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
Average
Duration
in Days
1963
1
3
4
2
1
1
--
--
--
--
--
1
--
--
--
--
--
—
--
--
—
--
3.00
1964
3
5
8
1
1
—
—
--
--
--
1
--
--
—
--
--
--
—
—
--
--
--
2.16
Transportation
) (65-69)
1965
4
4
2
3
3
—
—
--
--
—
—
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
--
3.84
1966
7
2
4
3
1
2
1
--
—
--
1
__
—
1
—
—
--
—
—
—
—
1
5.74
Spill Related
1967 1968
2 1
5 8
4
4 2
2
1 2
2
1
— —
__ __
1
__ __
1
-- —
— —
— __
_-
— —
— —
— —
1 — — •
-- —
5.69 3.50
D-27
-------
TABLE D-12. Fish Kills Resulting from Chemical Plant
Releases(30)(65-69)
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Rele
Number of
Reports
34
26
37
36
24
39
Total Kill
Reported
224,441
525,739
218,661
708,815
43,732
731,881
Average Kill of
Incidents Reporting
Kill Totals
7,739
20,220
7,053
19,689
1,987
18,766
TABLE D-13. Number of States Reporting Fish Kills(69)
Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
States 36 45 37 38 40 44 46 40 42
ILLINOIS AND CALIFORNIA SPILLS
Hazardous chemical spills occur anywhere and everywhere
along the production-market chain. They can result from
mishandling in the production plant, improper loading
procedures, transportation leaks or accidents, storage
D-28
-------
facility failures, improper unloading procedures, careless
application, improper container disposal, or intentional
dumping. The great number of possible causes and the
probable location of spills occurring from those causes
demonstrate the fact that while any area may be subjected
to hazardous material spills, the frequency of those spills
will not necessarily be related to the density of chemical
industry plants in that area.
Figure D-15 illustrates a case where spills are occurring
at the point of application. Figure D-16 shows a rela-
tive density map of chemical production for each county
in California/^2) while Figure D-15 uses a similar shading
scheme to show the density of reported fish kills in the
same California counties from 1965 to 1969. (29) The two
maps do not appear to have a direct relationship. Perhaps
a far better correlation can be made in comparing the fish
kill incidents to areas of high agricultural use patterns.
This is borne out by the fact that most of the spilled
contaminants were reported to be pesticidal or fertilizer
compounds. In this case, the mode of application and the
frequent lack of adequate equipment causes spills at the
user end of the chain.
Conversely, fish kill reports from Illinois reflect the
susceptibility of areas along transport routes. Figure D-17
shows reported fish kill incidents in the State of Illinois
from February 1969 through May 1970. (47) It also shows
the general location of transport routes from Springfield,
Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri to Cincinnati, Ohio and
from Chicago, Illnois to Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Also included
are the two major navigable water courses, the Mississippi
and Illinois Rivers.
This map illustrates that transport routes are subject to
spills resulting from accidents as well as releases from
plants that have developed along transport routes. A survey
of the compounds identified reveals that the majority are
not agricultural chemicals as in California, but industrial
chemicals such as benzene and phenol. Neither of the two
maps includes gasoline or oil spills.
The contrasting conclusions drawn from these two examples
are in fact complementary. They illustrate that spills can
occur at the plant, along the transport route, or at the
point of use. Consequently, preventive action must focus
on the entire flow route of hazardous materials and not
merely on any one or two specific links in the chain
D-29
-------
0-1
2-10
FIGURE D-15.
Distribution of Pesticide and Pollution
Caused Fish Kills in the State of
California by County
D-30
-------
••••',
*, ».*!
Annual Tonnage Produced by County
V:::-y.V;| Greater than 150,000 tons
1000 to 15,000 tons (a)
Less than 1000 tons
(a) No county produces between
15,000 and 150,000 tons
>•.•-••'
w*.m »
••**•• *• *•
.».;'. • • ••• •"
vl__ • • • • • •
•: .•/••«• • •
. * • *• •
FIGURE D-16.
Distribution of Chemical and Petroleum
Industry Wastes, 1967 - State of California
(Taken from "Selected Problems of Hazardous
Waste Management in California.")1
D-31
-------
St. Louis
Chic
ago
FIGURE D-17.
Distribution of Hazardous Chemical Spills
in Illinois and Major Transport Routes.
D-32
-------
APPENDIX E
POSSIBLE COUNTERMEASURES FOR SOLUBLE COMPOUNTS
The section contains an alphabetical listing of all com-
pounds listed as soluble in the Priority Ranking System
and the suggested procedures for neutralizing their
damaging effects. The techniques suggested are not
necessarily technically feasible at this time, nor is
there any guarantee that they will not have effects on
the environment of equal or greater severity than the
original contaminant. The discussion of response pro-
cedures in the text applies to the following suggestions.
Similarly, the response code given in the Appendix A
printout section follows the steps outlined here. A
"z" in the response code of the computer printout signi-
fies that the countermeasure is considered adequate and
feasible at this time with the possible exception of
situations where a precipitated sludge might cause
problems.
E-l
-------
Acetaldehyde (Ethanal, acetic aldehyde, ethyladehyde)
Miscible with water - powdered carbon treatment with removal
of carbon might be attempted.
Acetic acid
Treat water with NaHC03 to reduce acidity - dilute.
Acetone (Dimethyl ketone)
Miscible with water - powdered carbon treatment and/or dilu-
tion only possibilities for water.
Acetone Cyanohydrin (a - hydroxyisobutryonitrile)
Danger from HCN gas generation - treat contaminated water
with NaHCO3 or Ca(OH)2 to maintain high pH and suppress
HCN - or precipitate CN~ with Fe+^ or chlorinate.
Styrene (Styrol, styrolene, vinyl benzene)
Only sparingly soluble in water - density - 0.90, therefore
it floats on water for most part - could probably be re-
moved with available oil spill equipment - powdered charcoal
treatment for contaminated water may be possible.
Acetonitrile (Methyl cyanide, cyanomethane)
Density - 0.77 at 30°C - miscible with water - Flash point
= 55°C - HCN generation hazard - add NaHCC>3 to contaminated
water to suppress HCN formation - treat with powdered char-
coal to remove CH3CN from water - also can precipitate
CN~ with Fe or degradation by chlorination.
Acetophenone (Hypnone, phenyl methyl ketone)
Slightly water soluble - usually liquid - mp = 20.5°C -
density = 1.033 - probably would sink to bottom - bottom
recovery required - powdered carbon treatment for water
soluble fraction if possible.
Acid, Acylhalides and anhydrides
Some are violently decomposed by contact with water - acid
and chlorine are the decomposition products - powdered car-
bon treatment of contaminated water might be attempted.
Acrylic Acid (propenoic acid, vinylformic acid)
Miscible with water - corrosive, heavy liquid - polymerizes
readily in the presence of oxygen - add NaHC03 to raise
pH - possibly adsorb on powdered carbon.
E-2
-------
Acrylonitrile (propenenitrile , vinyl cyanide, cyanoethylene)
CC>2 from air is. enough to liberate HCN gas. Treat contami-
nated water with Ca(OH)2 immediately to prevent HCN genera-
tion - or precipitate CN~ form with Fe+3 or chlorinate.
Misc. Acyclic Insecticides
Many are only slightly water soluble - float on water -
skimming may be necessary - powdered carbon treatment to
remove water soluble remainder might be attempted.
Adipic acid (Hexanedioic acid)
100 ml of saturated water contains 1.44g at pH 2.7 - Re-
cover solid from bottom-adsorb dissolved material on pow-
dered carbon and recover, if feasible - add
Aldehydes and Ketones
All aldehydes heavier than pentanal (C4HgCHO) are water in-
soluble - the ketones heavier than diethyl ketone (CH3CH2
COCH2CH3) are only sparingly water soluble - acetone is
the most water soluble - ketones light liquids - floating on
water - skimming indicated in some cases - insoluble alde-
hydes also float on water - treatment of water soluble
aldehydes is described under formaldehyde and acetaldehyde .
Aldrin - Toxaphene Group (Octalene - chlorinated camphene
group)
Ordinarily nearly water insoluble - can be formulated as oil
emulsion or wettable oil emulsion, skimming recovery equip-
ment needed - as wettable dust, desedimentation needed (poly-
electrolyte and powdered carbon + alum) . Toxaphene is a
waxy solid that dehydrochlorinates in the presence of
alkali.
Aluminum fluoride
Sparingly soluble in water - 0.6g/100 ml - treat contami-
nated water with Ca (OH) 2 to bring down CaF2 - pH of water
can then be adjusted with soda.
Aluminum sulfate
Treat contaminated water with NaHC03 to insure precipita-
tion of aluminum hydroxide.
Amines, total
Lower members of the series, to hexylamine, are very sol-
uble in water - aromatic amines discussed elsewhere (ani-
line, diphenyamine) - powdered carbon treatment of contami-
nated water might be attempted.
E-3 '
-------
Ammonia
Very soluble in water - possibly dilute acetic acid for
treatment - dilution.
Ammonium acetate
Dilution only feasible response.
Ammonium chloride
Dilution only feasible response.
Ammonia Compounds (Ammonium Compounds)
Dilution only practical treatment.
Ammonium Nitrate
1 g dissolves in 0.5 ml water at 20°C - dilution may be
only practical treatment method.
Ammonium Perchlorate
Freely soluble in water - would slowly go over to ammonium
chloride in contact with reducing materials such as organics
on stream bottom - dilution only possible treatment.
Ammonium sulfate
Add Ca(OH)2 to raise pH and remove NH3 from water and ppt
CaSO4 - dilute.
Amyl Alcohol, commercial (isoamyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol)
Slightly soluble in water - density = 0.83 - floats - Skimming
required and possibly powdered carbon treatment.
Aniline (phenylamine, aminobenzene)
1 g dissolves in 28.6 ml water - reacts with acids and alka-
lies to form water-soluble salts. Removal might be accomp-
lished by treatment of water with powdered carbon.
Antimony Compounds
Add NaHC03 or Ca(OH)2 to precipitate antimony as an insoluble
basic salt - recover precipitate.
Arsenic Compounds
Scavenge with alum floe to tie up arsenic in insoluble form -
recover floe if possible.
Barium Carbonate
Almost insoluble in water - add Na2SO4 to precipitate less
soluble BaSO4.
E-4
-------
Benzaldehyde (Benzole aldehyde)
Soluble in 350 parts of water - very soluble in oils and
gasoline - density = 1.04 - barely sinks in seawater - oxi-
dizes in air to benozic acid - oil skimming if in contact with
oil - powdered carbon treatment for water soluble fraction
might be possible.
Benzene (Benzol, cyclohexatriene)
One part soluble in 1430 parts water - Miscible in oil -
density = 0.88 - skimming necessary to remove.
Benzoic Acid (Benzenecarboxylic acid, phenylformic acid)
Solubility = 2.9 g/1 at 25°C - add NaHC03 to produce sodium
benzoate - human tolerance for this is up to 50 g/day.
Benzoyl peroxide (Lucidol)
Sparingly soluble in water - recover solid from bottom -
use powdered carbon to remove water soluble portion if
possible.
Boric Acid (113603)
pH=5.1at0.1M- precipitate less so.luble calcium borate
with addition of Ca(OH)2 - dilute - recover precipitate.
Bromine
One ml dissolves in thirty mis water - very heavy liquid -
density = 3.1 at 20°C sinks to bottom - bottom recovery
required - powdered carbon treatment for water soluble
fraction if feasible.
n-butyl acetate (Butyl ethanoate)
Soluble in 120 parts water at 25°C - density = 0.88 - much
of the spill will remain floating so skimming probably
necessary - powdered carbon removal of water soluble frac-
tion if possible.
Normal & Isobutyl Alcohol (butyl alcohol; 2-methyl-l-
propanol)
Both fairly soluble in water - powdered carbon treatment
might be attempted - also dilution.
Butyl Amines (n, sec, tert - Butylamine)
Miscible with water - ammonia odor - powdered carbon
treatment of contaminated water if feasible.
E-5
-------
Butyric acid (ethylacetic acid, butanoic acid)
Miscible with water - neutralize with Ca (OH) 2 - possibly
try adsorption of butyrate on powdered carbon - dilute.
Calcium Carbide
Evolves acetylene in water leaving Ca(OH)2 ~ treat with
if desirable to precipitate CaC03 and lower pH.
Calcium Chloride
Freely soluble in water with liberation of heat - add
to precipitate
2,4,5-T acid esters and salts (esters and salts of 2,4,5-tri-
chlorophenoxyacetic acid)
Esters nearly water insoluble - sodium salt water soluble -
powered carbon treatment may be feasible for soluble
fraction.
Calcium hypochlorite
Very water soluble - decomposes much more readily than
sodium hypochlorite - little can be done except dilution.
Calcium phosphate, Dibasic (CaHPCM)
Slightly soluble in water - Ca(OH)2 can be added to make
even less soluble by the common ion effect.
Carbon disulfide (carbon bisulfide)
Slightly water soluble - <0.005% - miscible in oils and
gasoline-oil skimming if in contact with oil - powdered car-
bon treatment of contaminated water for soluble fraction -
density = 1.25, therefore it sinks in water - use heavy
liquid recovery system.
Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane, perchloromethane)
1 ml dissolves in two liters of water - density = 1.59,
therefore most would sink to bottom of water body - bottom
recovery methods would be in order.
Chlorinated Isocyanurates
Soluble in water - add Ca (OH) 2 to suppress formation of
hypochlorous acid - Powdered carbon treatment might be
attempted.
Chlorine
0.7 wt% soluble in 20°C water (2.3 volumes of Cl2 at STP) .
Powdered carbon treatment may be worth a try but probably
E-6
-------
will not be very successful - soluble in basic solutions
but not much help to the fish - large fish kills probable.
Chloroform (Trichloromethane)
One part soluble in 200 parts water at 25°C - density =1.48
- sinks in water - insoluble fraction will have to be re-
covered from bottom - carbon treatment for soluble fraction
may be possible.
Chloromethane (methyl chloride)
Slightly soluble in water - evaporates quickly producing a
temperature of -23°C to -50°C. Powdered carbon treatment may
be in order to remove water soluble fraction - density at
24°C = 1.0.
Chlorosulfonic Acid (Sulfuric chlorohydrin)
Very corrosive - explosive decomposition - Treatment of con-
taminated water with calcium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate.
Chromic Acid (Chromium trioxide)
Neutralize with NaHC03 to produce chromic carbonate which is
practically water insoluble.
Citric acid
64 wt% citric acid solubility at 30°C - citrate solubility
can be reduced to one part in 1050 parts water by addition
of Ca(OH>2 with formation of calcium citrate.
Copper sulfate
Use potassium ferrocyanide to precipitate a reddish copper
ferrocyanide which is very insoluble - ferrocyanides are of
a very low toxicity order - they can pass through the stomach
without breakup into HCN.
Cresols (Cresylic acid, cresylol, tricresol)
Similar action to phenol - powdered activated carbon treat-
ment of contaminated water if possible.
Cyclic Herbicides, Misc.
Many are only slightly water soluble - float on water - skim-
ming may be necessary - powdered carbon treatment to remove
water soluble remainder may be attempted.
Cyclic Insecticides, Misc.
Treat contaminated water with powdered activated carbon, if
possible.
E-7
-------
Cyclic Insecticides and Rodenticides
Activated charcoal treatment if practical, of water in
spill - otherwise dilution to <20 mg/1 for strychnine,
same order of magnitude for rotenone, which also rapidly
decomposes in heat and light.
Cyclohexanol (Hexalin, hexahydrophenol)
3.6 wt% soluble in water at 20°C - heavy solid - may have
to recover solid from bottom - adsorption of contamination
on powdered carbon may be possible.
Cyclohexanone (Ketohexamethylene)
Solubility in water - 50 g/1 at 30°C - density = 0.94 at
25°C - may have to skim after spill - if feasible use powdered
carbon for removal of soluble portion.
Cyclohexylamine (Hexahydroaniline, aminocyclohexane)
Miscible with water - powdered carbon removal with pickup
of the used carbon.
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
Practically insoluble in water - if wettable, will have to
be recovered by desedimentation techniques possibly using
alum floe and a polyelectrolyte - powdered carbon could be
added, also, to insure soluble DDT uptake and removal.
1,2-Dibromo 3-chloropropane (DBCP, Fumazone, Nemagon)
Slightly soluble in water - density = 2.1 at 14°C sinks to
bottom - must be recovered from bottom - possibly powdered
carbon treatment of dissolved material.
Dibutyl phthalate (n-Butyl phthalate)
One part soluble in 2500 parts of water - density =1.05
- sinks in water - insoluble fraction recovered from
bottom - possibly carbon treatment for soluble fraction.
Dichlorobenzenes (m-, o-, and p-Dichlorobenzene)
Heavy liquids - density averages 1.3 - practically water
insoluble - sinks to bottom - bottom recovery necessary
with powdered carbon treatment of contaminated water if
feasible.
2,4-D Acid (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Hedonal)
Almost water insoluble - soluble in oil - oil skimming re-
quired if oil contacted - otherwise powdered carbon treat-
ment for water soluble fraction.
E-8
-------
2,4-D Esters and Salts (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid esters
and salts)
Salt solubility in water = 3.5% - ester is a heavy liquid
soluble in oil - oil skimming in order - possibly powdered
carbon treatment for water soluble fraction.
Diethylamine
Miscible with water - strongly alkaline light liquid - neutra-
lize with dilute acetic acid - adsorb on powdered carbon if
possible.
Diethano1amine (2,2-Iminodiethanol, diethyloamine)
Sold as a liquid - miscible with water - lower pH with dilute
acetic acid - adsorb water soluble fraction on powdered car-
bon if possible.
Diethylene glycol (2,2'-Oxydiethanol, diglycol)
Miscible with water - water-glycol mixtures sink, though -
powdered carbon treatment with collection of solid sludge.
Ethanolamine (Monoethanolamine)
Miscible with water - strongly basic - treat water with
dilute acetic acid and adsorb on powdered carbon if possible.
Ethers, total
Slightly soluble in water - very soluble in oils - oil skim-
ming called for if oil contacted. Powdered carbon treatment
may be tried for water soluble fraction.
Esters of Monohydric Alcohols
Mostly water soluble - heavy liquids - fatty acid enters
water insoluble - bottom recovery required - powdered carbon
treatment necessary for water soluble esters.
Ethanolamines (mono, di, and triethanolamines)
Miscible with water - strong base - neutralize with dilute
acetic acid - treat with powdered carbon if feasible.
Ethyl Acetate
One ml dissolves in ten ml water at 25°C - density = 0.90 -
floats slowly decomposed by water acquiring an acid reaction
rapid skimming followed by powdered carbon treatment if
possible.
E-9
-------
Ethyl Acrylate (Acrylic acid ethyl ester)
Fairly soluble in water - easily polymerizes on standing to
a non-toxic transparent substance - heat, light and peroxides
(H202> speed up polymerization - density = 0.94 - floats on
water - skimming to remove bulk - possibly powdered carbon
treatment for water soluble fraction.
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol, alcohol)
Dilution only practical treatment for contaminated water.
Ethylamine (Monoethylamine, aminoethane)
Strong alkaline reaction - miscible in water - powdered
carbon treatment may be possible - allow to remain alkaline
to avoid splitting off CN gas.
Ethylbenzene
Density = 0.87 at 25°C - practically insoluble in water -
floats on water surface - skimming, with powdered carbon
treatment for water soluble fraction might be attempted.
Ethylene (Ethene)
One volume of gas dissolves in nine vol of water at 25°C -
powdered carbon treatment of contaminated water might be
attempted - otherwise dilution.
Ethylenediamine (1,2-Diaminoethane)
Freely soluble in water - strongly alkaline in reaction -
add dilute acetic acid to form diacetate - powdered carbon
treatment for removal if feasible.
Ethylene Glycol (1,2-Ethanediol)
Miscible with water - probably even glycol - water mixtures
(density at 50/50 mixture = 1.08) are dense enough to sink
to bottom - solids removed from bottom and possibly powdered
carbon treatment.
Ethylene_Oxide (Oxirane, Anprolene)
Soluble in water - powdered carbon treatment for contami-
nated water.
Ethylenimine (Ethylene imine, Aziridine, dimethylenimine)
Miscible with water - polymerizes easily - strongly alka-
line - add dilute acetic acid to neutralize - adsorb on
powdered carbon if possible.
E-10
-------
Ethyl Ethers, all
Water contains 6 wt% ether at 25°C - most of the ether
would float, but too dangerous (fire hazard) to skim -
possibly treat with powdered carbon for soluble ether.
Ethyl Formate
One part soluble in ten parts water with gradual decomposi-
tion into formic acid and ethanol - density at 20°C =0.92
- floats - rapid skimming with powdered carbon treatment if
possible.
2-Ethylhexylacrylate (Octyl aerylate)
Liquid very slightly soluble in water - density = 0.89 at
20°C - floats - rapid skimming followed by powdered carbon
treatment if possible.
Fatty Acids (Stearic, oleic, linoleic acids)
Very slightly water soluble - most float on water - soluble
in oils and gasoline - oil skimming for removal.
Ferbam (dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, Carbamate)
Solubility in water = 120 ppm - recover solid from bottom -
use powdered carbon to remove water soluble fraction if
possible.
Ferrous sulfate
Water soluble - precipitate as a hydroxide by NaHCO3,
buffering.
Fluorine, hydrofluoric acid
Add Ca(OH)2 to contaminated water to precipitate harmless
CaF2.
Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin, Formol)
Very water soluble - ammonium acetate transforms formalde-
hyde to much less toxic methenamine - add ammonium salts
if practical - powdered carbon treatment also could be
effective.
Formic Acid
Liquid miscible with water - caustic to skin - neutralize
with Ca(OH)2 - possibly try adsorption of formate on powdered
carbon - dilute.
Fumaric acid (trans - Butenedioic acid)
0.63 g soluble in 100 ml water at 25°C - recover solid from
bottom - possibly adsorb dissolved material on powdered carbon.
E-ll
-------
Fungicides, Acyclic
Not very water soluble - powdered carbon treatment is a
possibility.
Fungicides, Misc.
Most are not very water soluble - adsorption on powdered
carbon only possibility.
Fungicides, total cyclic
Most nearly water insoluble - powdered carbon treatment only
practical removal method.
Furfural (2-Furaldehyde)
One part soluble in eleven parts water - density = 1.16 -
sinks in water - carbon treatment with recovery of carbon
for soluble fraction.
Furfuryl Alcohol (2-Furylcarbinol, 2-Furancarbinol)
Miscible with water, but unstable in water - easily resini-
fied by acids - add dilute acetic acid to speed up resinifi-
cation - powdered carbon treatment may be possible.
Glycerine, syn. & nat. (Glycerol)
Heavy liquid miscible with water - probably water and glycerol
mixtures all sink to bottom - powdered carbon treatment for
removal may be possible - dilution.
Glyoxal (Ethanedial, oxalaldehyde, biformyl)
Solid polymerizes quickly on contact with water with violent
reaction - sold as solid or as 40% aq. soln. containing polym.
inhibitors - powder carbon treatment for aqueous solution
may be possible.
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Most practically water insoluble - quite soluble in oil and
gasoline - skimming equipment use in order if oil slicks are
present - powdered carbon treatment to remove water soluble
fraction may be attempted.
Herbicides and Plant Hormones
Treatment of contaminated water with powder carbon with pre-
cipitation of sludge or filtration - acute human toxicity -
little can be done about water soluble fraction except perhaps
powdered carbon treatment.
Herbicides and Plant Hormones/ acyclic
Variable water solubilities - usually slightly soluble -
E-12
-------
there are 14 gibberellins (plant hormones) for example -
all are slightly soluble solids. Most herbicides more water
soluble - powdered carbon treatment for water soluble fraction
if feasible - recovery of solids from bottom of water body.
1,6-Hexanediamine (Hexamethylenediamine)
Freely water soluble - powdered carbon treatment of contami-
nated water might be attempted.
1-Hexanol (n-hexyl alcohol) •
Slightly soluble in water - density = 0.81 at 35°C - floats on
water - skimming probably required - adsorption on powdered
charcoal for dissolved material if possible.
Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic acid)
Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate, dilute.
Hydrocyanic Acid (Hydrogen Cyanide)
Add Ca(OH)2 to suppress formation of HCN gas or chlorinate or
attempt precipitation with Fe+3 - little else can be done
besides dilution.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Make water alkaline with NaHCO3 to speed decomposition of
peroxide - dilute.
Hypochlorites
Addition of NaHCO3 will speed C12 evolution and hypochlorite
breakdown, but fish will still suffer toxic effects.
Lactic Acid (D-lactic acid, DL-lactic acid, L-lactic acid)
Soluble in water - possibly powdered carbon treatment -
dilution.
Lead Arsenate
Use alum floe to remove arsenate by adsorption - add Ca(OH)2
to precipitate insoluble basic lead carbonate - recover pre-
cipitates.
Lead - Compounds
Very difficult to recover - perhaps dithizone or EDTA followed
by adsorption of the lead complex with powdered carbon
treatment.
Lindane (HCH; 1,2,3,4,5,6 - hexachlorocyclohexane)
Insoluble in water - white powder - has to be removed as a
E-13
-------
sediment, if suspended in water - alum and polyelectro-
lyte treatment might be attempted.
Isooctyl Alcohol (a mixture of isomeric, branched-chain
primary alcohols)
Only very slightly soluble for most part - density = 0.8 -
floats on water - skimming required for recovery - powdered
carbon treatment for water soluble fraction if possible.
Isoprene (2 - Methyl - 1,3 - butadiene)
Liquid practically insoluble in water - density = 0.68 -
floats on water - remove floating isoprene with oil spill
equipment - possibly treat contaminated water with powdered
activated carbon.
Isopropyl Acetate
One part soluble in 23 parts water at 27 °C -' liquid density =
0.87 at 20°C - floats - rapid skimming followed by powdered
carbon treatment if possible.
Isopropylacetone (Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, hexone)
Liquid moderately soluble in water (1.91 wt%) - density =
0.80 at 20°C - rapid skimming and powdered carbon treatment
if possible.
Isopropyl Alcohol (Isopropanol, 2 - propanol)
Miscible with water - can be salted out of aqueous mixtures
but too much salt is required to do this - not very feasible
powdered carbon treatment and dilution is probably only
practical treatment.
Isopropylamine (2 - aminopropane)
Miscible with water - strong base - neutralize with dilute
acetic acid - remove with powdered carbon adsorption if
possible.
Isopropyl ether (diisopropylether)
Slightly soluble in water (0.2 wt% at 20°C - density =0.73
at 20°C-floats - rapid skimming, if not too hazardous, fol-
lowed by powdered carbon treatment if possible.
Magnesium Compounds
Ppt. Mg(OH)2 with Ca(OH)2 - remove excess Ca with soda sof-
tening
E-14
-------
Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium can be precipitated as Mg(OH)2 by Ca(OH)2 - cal-
cium sulfate can be reduced by soda softening if desired.
Maleic Anhydride (cis-Butendioic anhydride, Toxilic anhy-
dride)
Solid briquettes - water soluble - possible bottom recovery
if fast enough - powdered carbon treatment for remainder
if feasible.
Methyl Acetate
Soluble in water - liquid density = 0.93 - possibly pow-
dered carbon treatment for removal - perhaps skimming of
floating material.
Methyl Alcohol (Methanol, carbinol, wood alcohol)
Ethanol inhibits the metabolic oxidation of methanol -
perhaps some ethanol and bicarbonate might be added to
methanol spill if there is immediate danger of ingestion
- otherwise dilution is the only practical means of spill
dissipation.
Methylamines
One volume of water dissolves 959 volumes of gas - a stronger
base than ammonia - perhaps powdered carbon treatment would
be effective.
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (Ethyl Methyl Ketone, 2-Butanone)
1 pt. soluble in 4 pts. water - powdered carbon treatment
for spills is a possibility.
Methyl Methacrylate (Methacrylic acid)
Very slightly soluble in water - density - 0.94 at 20'C -
Oil skimming required, powdered carbon treatment of water
soluble fraction, if possible.
Methyl parathion (0,0-Dimethyl 0-p-nitrophyl phosphorothioate)
50 ppm water solubility of crystals - density = 1.36 at
20°C sinks to bottom - bottom recovery necessary with powdered
carbon treatment for water soluble fraction if feasible.
Mercury Compounds
BAL (Dimercaprol), a water soluble mercaptan, is recommended
as a chelating agent for mercury - however, this is not of
much value if the Hg is still in solution - add Na2C03 to
bring down insoluble carbonate - recover carbonate from bottom.
E-15
-------
Mercury Fungicides
Usually metallo-organics that can be removed by powdered
carbon if such treatment is feasible.
Monohydric Alcohols, unsubstituted
Powdered carbon treatment for water soluble alcohols might
be attempted - alcohols through butanol are infinitely
soluble in water - become less soluble through nonanol -
water insoluble and solid after decanol - the infinitely
soluble alcohols can be made to separate from aqueous solu-
tion by addition of potassium carbonate - water then would
require skimming to remove alcohol and treatment of water for
contained I
Morpholine (Tetrahydro-2H-l ,4-oxayine)
Liquid miscible in water - strong, corrosive base - neutralize
with dixute acetic acid - adsorb on powdered carbon if possible,
Nabam (Dithane D-14)
Moderately soluble in water - probably must rely on powdered
carbon treatment due to relatively high solubility.
Naphthalene
Powdered carbon treatment may be possible.
Nickel Compounds
Mostly water soluble - Nickel forms a water insoluble complex
with dimethylglyoxime (pinkish red) that is used in cosmetics,
hence probably not toxic - as a stopgap, add dimethylglyoxime
dissolved in Ethanol to nickel spill - remove nickel complex
by use of alum and powdered carbon and polyelectrolyte.
Nickel Sulfate
One part soluble in 1.4 parts water - add Ca(OH)2 to form
insoluble Ni (OH) 2H2O - recover ppt. if desired.
Nitric Acid
Lower pH of contaminated water with NaHCO3 or Ca (OH) 2 -
dilute resulting nitrates.
m-Nitroaniline (m-Nitraniline)
One gram dissolves in 880 ml of water - density of solid
= 0.90 - floats on water - recovery by skimming equipment -
caustic in reaction, but since the salt is much more soluble
than the base it probably should not be neutralized - adsorb
dissolved material on powdered carbon if feasible.
E-16
-------
Nitrobenzene (Nitrobenzol)
Density = 1.21, therefore it sinks in water - one part soluble
in 500 parts water - freely soluble in oils and gasoline - oil
skimming would be in order if oils are contacted - bottom
recovery equipment needed if spilled into water body - pow-
dered carbon treatment might be attempted for soluble fraction.
Nitrophenols (o - and p - nitrophenol)
Para most toxic - moderately water soluble - adsorption on
powdered carbon is the only possibility.
Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas, dinitrogen monoxide)
At 20°C and 1 atmos., 1£ of gas dissolves in 1.5£ of water -
No HN03 formed - no treatment required.
Nonyl Phenol (Mixture of Monoakyl phenols)
Practically water insoluble - density = 0.95 - floats on
water and therefore can be removed with oil spill equipment -
contaminated water may be treated with powdered activated
carbon.
Oxalic Acid
Add Ca(OH)2 to precipitate as relatively unsoluble calcium
oxalate - recover precipitate if possible - recover solid
oxalic acid.
Parathion (Niran, DNTP, DPP, E-605, Thiophos 3422)
20 ppm soluble in water - heavy liquid - density = 1.26 at
25°C - sinks to bottom - bottom recovery necessary - powdered
carbon'treatment to remove water soluble parathion if possible.
Pentachlorophenol (Penta)
A solid - density = 1.978 - sinks in water - almost water
insoluble - bottom recovery necessary - carbon treatment for
water soluble fraction, if feasible.
Pentane (n-pentane)
360 ppm soluble in water at 16°C - density = 0.61 at 30°C -
floats on top of water - skimming required powdered carbon
adsorption for dissolved material may be possible.
Perchloric Acid
Treatment of contaminated waters by addition of lime or
NaHC03 (calcium hydroxide) - otherwise dilution.
Pesticides, Insecticides, Acyclic
Powdered carbon treatment of contaminated water for water
soluble fraction, if feasible - oil skimming if in contact
with oil.
Phenol (carbolic, phenic, phenyl hydroxide, hydroxybenzene)
Solid - Ig dissolves in 15 ml water - if spill area is
E-17
-------
reasonably small in size, and can be contained, powdered
charcoal treatment becomes possible - precipitate with a
coagulant - physical sludge removal. If spill is in a
large water volume, dilution may be the only treatment -
any amount dangerous - pH of aqueous solutions = 6, forms
water soluble salts with bases.
Phenylmercuric Acetate (Acetoxyphenylmercury, PMA)
1 part soluble in 600 parts water - solid - powdered carbon
only possible treatment.
Phosphoric Acid
Lime, Ca(OH)2/ to neutralize and precipitate calcium phosphate.
Phosphorus
Three forms; white, black and red.
White - Very insoluble in water - ignites at 30°C - cover
with water! - retrieve physically from underwater - fairly
soluble in oil and gasoline - oil skimming if in contact
with oil - other two forms are less soluble in organics and
can be physically retrieved without combustion.
Phosphorus Oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride)
Soluble in water with decomposition and heat to chlorine and
phosphoric acid - add NaHCO3 to neutralize phosphoric acid
produced.
Phosphorus Pentasulfide (phosphoric sulfide, phosphorus
persulfide)
H2S generation - suppress with addition of Ca(OH>2 or NaHCC>3
to contaminated water.
Phosphorus Trichloride
Soluble in water with liberation of much heat - heavy
(density = 1.57), clear liquid - decomposes in water to
phosphoric acid and C&2 ~ a^d Ca (OH) 2 to precipitate and
neutralize H3PO4.
Phthalic Anhydride
Solid - one part soluble in 162 parts water - density
= 1.53 - recovery from bottom required along with powdered
carbon treatment for water soluble fraction if feasible.
Polyhydric Alcohols and Esters (polyhydroxy alcohols and
esters)
Some solid - some liquids - freely soluble in water -
adsorption on powdered carbon is a possibility.
Potassium Compounds
For the hydroxide, add acetic acid to neutralize - otherwise
dilute.
E-18
-------
Potassium Hydroxide
Treatment with dilute acetic acid to lower pH - dilution of
potassium acetate.
Potassium Iodide
Solubility =1.4 g/m£ water - very slowly oxidizes to give
elemental iodine - dilution only practical treatment.
Potassium Pyrophosphate
Add Ca(OH)2 to precipitate insoluble Ca(P04)2.
Potassium Sulfate
Dilution best treatment practical for a water spill.
Propionic Acid (Methylacetic acid, propanoic acid)
Oily liquid - density = 0.98 at 30°C - barely floats -
miscible with water - can be salted out of water solutions
by CaC&2 or other salts (probably not very soluble in sea-
water) rapid skimming along with powdered carbon treatment
may be feasible.
Propyl Acetate (acetic acid n-propyl ester)
1.6 g/100 m& water, solubility at 16°C - density = 0.88 at
20°C - floats on water - skimming probably required -
possibly powdered carbon treatment for soluble fraction.
n-Propyl Alcohol (propylic alcohol, 1-propanol)
Miscible in water - Powdered carbon only possible treatment.
Propylamines
Usually miscible with water - alkaline - neutralize with
dilute acetic acid - adsorb on powdered carbon if possible.
Propylene (propene)
Gas - shipped as liquid in cylinders at 136 psi - very
slightly soluble in water - powdered carbon treatment for
removal from water may be feasible.
Propylene Dichloride (1,2 - Dichlorophophane)
Liquid slighly soluble in water - density = 1.16 - therefore
sinks in water - bottom recovery necessary along with pow-
dered carbon treatment of soluble fraction if feasible.
Propylene Glycol
Miscible with water - liquid with about same density as
seawater - possibly powdered carbon treatment for removal -
dilution.
Propylene Oxide (Propene Oxide)
One part soluble in 100 parts water - density = 0.86 -
E-19
-------
floats - skimming is in order along with powdered carbon
treatment for removal of dissolved fraction, if possible.
Pyridine
Density = 0.97, miscible in water - soluble in oil and gas -
oil skimming where there is oil contact - powdered carbon
treatment of contaminated water, if feasible.
Silver Cyanide
Insoluble in water - add NaHCC>3 to stabilize and recover
from bottom - Chlorinate.
Silver Nitrate
Add NaCl to precipitate AgCl - recover AgCl precipitate.
Sodium Acetate
Dilution only practical treatment.
Sodium Borate
Precipitate much less soluble calcium borate by addition of
Ca(OH)2 - remove precipitate from bottom.
Sodium Carbonate
Usually too high in pH to leave untreated - neutralize with
dilute acetic acid.
Sodium Chlorate
Very water soluble - neutral pH in solution - dilution is only
practical treatment.
Sodium Chromate
Add Fe+3 and NaHCOs to precipitate Ferric chromate.
Sodium Compounds
Dilution is only practical treatment for most - caustic can
be treated with dilute acetic acid.
Sodium Fluoride
Add Ca(OH)2 to precipitate insoluble CaF2.
Sodium Hydrosulfite
Very soluble in water - oxidizes to bisulfite then to
bisulfate - acidic - add NaHCC>3 to neutralize acidity -
dilute.
Sodium Hydroxide
Add dilute acetic acid to neutralize.
Sodium Metal
Strong caustic former - add dilute acetic acid to lower pH.
E-20
-------
Sodium Methylate (Sodium methoxide)
Solid Decomposes in water to NaOH and CH4 - add dilute
acetic acid to neutralize - dilute.
Sodium Phosphates {monobasic, dibasic and tribasic)
Ca(OH)2 precipitates all sodium orthophosphates - metaphos-
phates not well precipitated unless 4/1 excess lime to
phosphate weight ratio is added - precipitates quite
insoluble.
Sodium Silicate
Acidify and flocculate with dilute acetic acid.
Sodium Sulfate
Best to allow dissipation of this by dilution when spilled
in water.
Sodium Sulfide (sodium monosulfide)
Addition of NaHC03 or Ca(OH)2 to suppress formation of H2S.
Sodium Sulfite
Oxidizes in air to sulfate - dilution only practical removal
method - oxidation of large water body impractical.
Sorbitol (d-Sorbitol, Sorbol, d-Sorbite, hexahydric alcohol)
Freely soluble in water - heavy liquid - pH = 6-7 - probably
sorbitol-water mixtures sink to bottom - powdered carbon
treatment for removal may be possible.
Sulfur Dioxide
Forms sulfurous acid in water (I^SC^) - add NaHCC>3 to speed
up process of SCU emission.
Sulfuric Acid (Oil of vitriol)
Treatment of contaminated water with NaHC03 or Ca(OH)2«
Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide
Slightly soluble in water - density = 0.9 at 20°C - floats
as liquid on water - skimming necessary in case of spill -
powdered carbon treatment of dissolved fraction if possible.
Tetraethylene Glycol
Heavy liquid miscible with water - powdered carbon treatment
may be effective.
Tetraethyl Lead (Lead tetraethyl)
Acute human toxicity - nearly insoluble in water - density
= 1.65 - sinks to bottom of water - very difficult to
recover - perhaps complexing with calcium salt of EDTA and
dimercaprol (BAL) might be used as a stopgap measure.
E-21
-------
Tetralin (1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene)
Insoluble in water - density = 0.96 at 25°C - floats -
Skimming required.
Tetramethyl Lead (Lead tetramethyl)
Soluble in oil - insoluble in water - oil skimming if
contacted by gasoline or oils - possibly powdered carbon
treatment for soluble fraction - possible lead complexing
with Ca EDTA salt - density = 1.99 - sinks in water - both
recovery methods.
Toluene (Toluol, methylbenzene, phenylmethane)
Very slightly soluble in water - density = 0.87 at 20°C
floats on top - use skimming to remove - powdered carbon
could be added to remove small water soluble amount.
Trichloroethane (Vinyl Trichloride)
Heavy liquid - density = 1.46 at 20°C - practically water
insoluble - bottom recovery equipment needed in case of
spill into water body.
Trichloroethylene (Trichloroethene, ethinyl trichloride)
Heavy liquid (density - 1.46 at 20°C) - practically
insoluble in water - sinks to bottom - must be recovered
from the bottom - slowly decomposes in light to form HCl.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol + Salts (Dowicide 25, Omal)
Weakly acidic - solium salt much more water soluble than the
acid - powdered carbon treatment is the only possibility
other than dilution.
2,4,5-T Acid (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)
Acid nearly water insoluble - soluble in oils - solid has to
be recovered from the bottom - oil skimming if in contact
with oil - powdered carbon treatment for removal of water
soluble fraction, if feasible.
Triethanolamine (2,2',2"-Nitrilotriethanol)
Miscible with water - strong base - neutralize with dilute
acetic acid - remove salt on powdered carbon, if possible.
Triethylene Glycol
Miscible with water - heavy liquid - probably glycol -
water mixtures sink to bottom - powdered carbon treatment,
if possible - dilution.
Trimethylamine
Gas - soluble in water - sold as 25% H2O solution or liqui-
fied gas - sorption on powdered carbon might be attempted.
E-22
-------
Turpentine
Water insoluble - density = 0.86 - floats on water - could
be retrieved by skimming.
Urea (carbamide)
One gram dissolves in one ml water - pH of 10% water solution
= 7.2 - dilution is probably best removal method.
Vinyl Acetate
Water solubility l/g/50 ml - density = 0.93 - floats -
polymerizes in light to a solid mass - oil skimming and
powdered carbon treatment may be effective.
Xylenes (Xylols)
Nearly insoluble to insoluble in water - density = 0.85-0.9 -
floats on water - skimming called for - powdered carbon
treatment may be attempted for any water soluble fraction -
very soluble in oil and gasoline.
zinc Acetate
Add Ca(OH)2 to precipitate insoluble Zn(OH)2 - Remove
precipitate.
Zinc Chloride
Add NaHCC>3 to precipitate the insoluble basic zinc carbonate -
recover precipitate if possible.
Zinc Sulfate
Add NaHCO^ to precipitate insoluble basic zinc oxide -
Recover precipitate, if possible.
E-23
-------
APPENDIX F
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Appendix F illustrates the usage of a general dispersion
model for a soluble pollutant in two possible aquatic
environments. This is followed by a summary of present
knowledge concerning the chemical and biological interactions
affecting DDT released to the aquatic environment. These
examples should help illuminate the complexities involved
with predicting the environmental fate of hazardous mate-
rials after a spill incident.
F-l
-------
General Model for Dispersion of Soluble Pollutants
In a turbulent body of water there are two phenomena that
will significantly affect the movement of a contaminant
once it has been released: convection and eddy diffusion.
Convection is the result of current velocity patterns in
the water body, while eddy diffusion is dependent upon the
natural turbulence of the water within the current structure.
The two forces work in conjunction with convection currents
transporting the contaminant plume and eddy currents
enlarging the sphere of influence of the plume while reducing
the concentration level of the plume interior.
Although there are no absolute boundaries defining the exact
extent of the contaminant plume, individual concentration
regimes can be followed. For the sake of this example, it
is convenient to use the critical concentration of a
contaminant as defined earlier in this report as the con-
centration regime of interest. Diachishin (2) has obtained
a three dimensional solution to the classical mass conserva-
tion equation:
Tt
o Z
yielding:
v z t) = - exp -t " + i + (z-wt)
,y,z,t) exp t + —+ ——— {2)
*
where C is the concentration of pollutant,
x,y,z refer to coordinates in a three dimensional box
u,v,w are velocities in the x,y,2 directions, respectively,
Dx,Dy,Dz are diffusion coefficients,
t is time, and
K is a constant evaluated from boundary conditions.
Assuming that lateral and vertical velocities are negligible,
the equation reduces to:
O^^y>
cAW i ~<- i — T —— -r _ i r . _ .
Using a specific critical concentration enables calculation
of the boundary position at any time.
AS an example, the diffusion pattern has been calculated
for a spill of 1000 gallons of phenol at a point 300 meters
offshore in both a moving and a stationary environment. The
critical concentration level has been selected as 0.001 mg/1,
the taste threshold of phenol.
F-2
-------
Figure F-l diagrams the position and size of the phenol spill
at intervals of 6, 24 and 72 hours after the spill. A current
of one knot and high eddy diffusivities have been assumed.
Immediately after the spill the affected area begins to grow
in size. This growth continues until there is no longer
enough phenol to produce a concentration of 0.001 mg/1 or
more within the volume enclosed. At that time, the
boundaries begin to recede. Meanwhile, the center of the
spill continues to move downstream at the one knot velocity
of the convection current. When the threshold boundaries
recede to the center location, dilution is complete and the
phenol can no longer be tasted even though it is present
in minute quantities over a wide area.
Figure F-2 depicts a similar spill incident into a body of
water with no convection currents and low eddy diffusivities.
In this case, the initial point of the spill remains as the
center of the diffusing area throughout the dilution process.
Because of the lower diffusivities, the contaminated volume
is still growing after 72 hours. However, the threshold
boundary of 0.001 mg/1 will eventually reach a maximum size
and then begin to recede as in the preceding case. When
this boundary approaches the center point, dilution is
complete.
Although hypothetical, these examples serve to illustrate
the general nature of natural dilution processes and the
order of magnitude of the time frame necessary for dilution
to reduce the concentration of a pollutant to innocuous
levels.
Biological and Chemical Behavior of DDT
An example of the complicated route taken in the course
of the environmental fate of one hazardous material, DDT,
may serve to deepen appreciation of the nature of environ-
mental interaction.
The behavior of most inorganic substances in natural waters
will be ultimately dependent upon their elemental composition.
Transformations of broad groups of the elements as well as
important specific examples have been discussed. Although
the discussion of carbon is generally applicable to organic
materials entering surface waters, the important biological
implications of carbonaceous compounds warrants their
further consideration.
F-3
-------
M
g 444 96in —— *•
* — 11125m — »|
JLJJ3UU1U ; ; — w
Shore Line
/ f
300m
i.
Spill
Point
380 x 760m
6 hr.
535 x 1075m
24 hr.
420 x 850m
72 hr.
Dx =
D,, =
0.4 ra2/Sec
0.1 m2/Sec
D- = 0.005 nT/Sec
Plume Boundary = 0.001 mg/jj,
isoconcentration line
Figure F-l
Movement of a 1000 Gallon Phenol Spill - One Knot Current
FIGURE F-l. Movement of a 1000 Gallon Phenol Spill - One Knot Current
-------
Shore Line
13
I
Cn
Dx = 0.1 m2/Sec
Dy = 0.05 m2/Sec
Dz = 0.00005 m2/Sec
Spill Point 300 m from shore
135 x 555m (6 hrs)
240 x 950m (24 hrs)
355 x 1420m (72 hrs)
Plume Boundary - 0.001 mgA isoconcentration
line
FIGURE F-2. Movement of a 1000 Gallon Phenol Spill - No Current
-------
A general discussion of the fate of any compound in the
environment must be qualified. Description of the "fate"
of a given material must therefore consist of a series of
assumptions based on pollutant behavioral measurements and
quantitative data on the content of the compound in the
various ecological compartments. The primary obstacle to
efficient use of quantitative data on the extent of a given
pollutant in any ecological compartment for predictive
purposes is the lack of concomitant measurements of
compartmental mass. Thus, present information is sufficient
to establish background pollutant levels for several com-
pound types in the major ecological compartments, but is
insufficient to predict the distribution of the pollutant
as a percentage of that applied to a given system. Of the
potential environmental pollutants, DDT has been the most
studied. A relative paucity of data exists for the environ-
mental effects of other pollutants. DDT is useful for study
because it has been in widespread use longer than any
other pesticide, and it has a wide interaction with all the
potential transport pathways for man-made chemicals in the
environment. The general reactions of other organic
chemical pollutants in the aquatic environment may be
expected to be analogous to DDT. However, the degree to
which this analogy is valid can only be inferred from a
detailed knowledge of the properties of the individual
chemicals.
Delivery of DDT to the point of use presents the potential
of collisions, fires, derailments and other stresses which
may release large quantities of the material into the
environment. Approximately 80% of the DDT tonnage is carried
by trucks and motor carriers, 17% by rail and 3% by water.(6)
Furthermore, storage and actual use of the material for
agriculture, forestry and municipal purposes provide further
hazards for the entrance of excessive quantities of material
into the environment.
The potential fate of DDT entering the aquatic environment
follows that outlined in Figure 6. A model containing
more detailed information with respect to DDT concentration
mechanisms is outlined in Figure F-3. The values given
indicate ranges of magnitude of DDT concentrations reported
in environmental studies.(81) ^s much as 50% of the DDT
entering water may be codistilled in 24 hours,til) repre-
senting a significant exit route from the aquatic system
which is highly affected by relatively small changes in
temperature and DDT concentration.
The water solubility of DDT, as is the case with many of
the chlorinated hydrocarbons, is quite low, not exceeding
approximately 1 ppb. However, DDT is strongly sorbed to
F-6
-------
DDT
Bottom
sediments
x 10~3 to
1
1 x
ppm
Carnivorous
fish
Aquatic environment
Water
1 x 10~3 to
1 x 10 -pprn
Aquatic plants
Algae 1 x 10° to
1 x 10^ ppm
Vascular 1 x 10~2 to
Plants 1 x 1Q2 ppm
Invertebrates
1 x 10-1 to 1 x 101 ppm
Suspended
Solids
1 x 10-1 to
1 x 1Q1 pom
Herbivorous
fish
Fish-eating birds
1 x 102 to 1 x 103 ppm
FIGURE F-3.
Model of DDT in the Aquatic Ecosystem
(Modified from Schneider)(81)
F-7
-------
suspended particulate matter; consequently, water samples
analyzed for DDT without prior removal of suspended matter
may exceed 10 ppm. Therefore, the particulate complex is
likely the major transport vehicle for DDT in the aquatic
environment. Thus, the nature and importance of sedimented
and suspended particulate matter in governing the fate of
pollutants in water is well illustrated.
The solubility of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in
oils is extremely high with respect to their solubility in
water. In fact, DDT is 8 x 107 times more soluble in oils
than in water. The environmental consequences of this
characteristic are significant. DDT can readily pass through
the cell membrane of an organism where it will remain as
the intact molecule until decomposed after the death of the
organism or until it is consumed by another life form. Thus,
DDT is accumulated in increasing quantities in the aquatic
food chain. The model of DDT in the aquatic ecosystem is
therefore essentially a model of the food chain.
Plants and invertebrates obtain DDT directly or indirectly
from bottom sediments, suspended solids and water. Fish
consuming the contaminated lower forms concentrate the DDT
of a relatively large quantity of food organisms. Birds
consuming fish may contain DDT in quantities as high as
1 x lO^ ppm.
The affinity of DDT for hydrophobic surfaces results in its
direct uptake by many organisms including fish, and therefore
strict accumulation in the food chain represents only a
"simplified" model of potential mechanisms for entrance of
DDT into the higher chain.
F-8
-------
APPENDIX G
PRESENT RESPONSE AND CONTINGENCY PLANS
In reviewing the available contingency plans from both the
private and public sectors, plans of many different orienta-
tions and structures were received and summarized. Summaries
of representative plans appear here proceeded by a listing
of where the plans may be obtained in their entirety. The
ChemTREC program is not presently operable, but parallels
closely its predecessor, the E. I. DuPont de Nemours &
Company TERP program.
G-l
-------
The National Contingency Plan (June, 1970)
Federal Water Quality Administration
U, S. Department of Interior
Washington, D. C.
Ohio Basin Region Contingency Plan (Preliminary May, 1970)
Regional Operations Center
Room 7027, Federal Office Building
550 Main Street
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
State of Maine Contingency Plan (January, 1970)
Portland Harbor Pollution Abatement Committee
40 Commercial Street
Portland, Maine 04111
The Kanawha Valley Industrial Emergency Planning Council Plan
from a paper presented by James B. Stone at the
Compressed Gas Association Annual Meeting, Waldorf-Astoria.Hotel,
New York, New York (January 20, 1970)
James B. Stone
Union Carbide Corporation
Chemicals and Plastics
South Charleston, West Virginia
Waterwork Warning Network Plan Lower Mississippi River Engineering Division
(January 20, 1969)
Louisiana State Department of Health
325 Loyola Avenue
P. 0. Box 60630
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
Port of Los Angeles Oil Spill Contingency Plan (1970)
Lionel H. De Santy
Port Warden
Port of Los Angeles
255 W. Fifth Street
San Pedro, California
National Agricultural Chemicals Association
Pesticide Safety Team Network
1155 15th Street N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20005
TERP Program
E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company, Inc.
Traffic Department
Wilmington, Delaware 19898
ORSANCO Monitoring System
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
G-2
-------
National Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plan
Recognizing the need for a contingency plan, Congress
passed the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, calling
for the development of what is now the National Oil and
Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan. The primary
aim of this plan is to provide for coordinated and integrated
responses to pollution spills by agencies and departments of
the Federal government.
This national plan identifies two levels of authority, the
national and regional levels, leaving the task of subregional
development to regional officials and local groups. The
highest level of control rests with the National Interagency
Committee (NIC), comprised of representatives of five
agencies: the Department of the Interior, the Department of
Transportation (most notably, the U.S. Coast Guard), the
Department of Defense, the Office of Emergency Preparedness,
and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. NIC
performs several basic functions beyond the promotion of
coordinated responses of all Federal, state, and local
governments and private agencies to pollution spills. The
committee is continually involved with interpretation,
revision and application of the national plan. It reviews
and aids in the finalization of all regional plans, as well
as coordinating reports from the National and Regional
Response Centers (NRC and RRC) on handling of major incidents.
This provides for continual evaluation of response effective-
ness and provides vital data from summary reports. It is the
responsibility of the committee to make recommendations
related to training of response personnel, research, develop-
ment, test, and evaluation activities needed to support
response capabilities and equipment and materials stockpiling.
Finally, the committee must establish and maintain liaison
with the U.S. National Committee for the Prevention of
Pollution of the Seas by Oil.
The physical facility for coordination of efforts requiring
national level involvement is the National Response Center
(NRC) housed in the headquarters of the United States Coast
Guard in Washington, D.C. NRC utilizes trained personnel
from the primary agencies to maintain and operate information
storage, charting and communication facilities and to serve
in an advisory capacity for regional response activities as
well as in a directive capacity when the situation demands
it.
In the event that an incident is beyond the capabilities
of a region to respond, crosses regional boundaries, or poses
G-3
-------
a major threat to national security and/or significant
numbers of people and property, the plan provides that a
National Response Team (NRT) form the nucleus of the response
personnel, thus relieving regional officials of final
authority. Although the NRT also reviews daily reports from
regional personnel on smaller incidents, without official
activation, they can only advise and request further
information. Thus, complete authority rests with the
On-Scene Commander (OSC) in dealing with regional spills.
Analogous to the NRC and NRT are Regional Response Centers
(RRC) and Regional Response Teams (RRT). While its functions
are similar to those of its national counterpart, the RRT has
additional responsibilities in that it must first declare
that a pollution incident exists, determine the duration and
extent of the Federal response, and finally whether a shift
of on-scerie coordination from the predesignated OSC is
necessary. The regions themselves are those standard
regions developed for purposes of general Federal administra-
tion unless otherwise specified by the Departments of
Interior and Transportation.
One of the major features of regional plans will be the
predesignation of an On-Scene Commander (OSC), the single
executive responsible for determination of all pertinent
facts concerning a particular spill. It falls upon the OSC
to direct deployment of needed resources and personnel,
document activities, and interact with the RRT. The
documentation of activities will supply the basis of a
summary report to be filed by the OSC at the conclusion of
Federal activity resulting from a pollution incident. In
most cases, the OSC will be a Coast Guard officer unless the
spill occurs in an area where no Coast Guard personnel are
stationed; in which case, a Department of the Interior
official will take command. In the event of a spill at any
location, the first Federal official at the site will assume
authority until the designated OSC arrives.
The National Contingency Plan divides response action into
five relatively distinct operational phases.
Phase 1 deals with discovery and notification of a spill.
Discovery may come as the result of deliberate monitoring
procedures or may be the outcome of random observations.
While deliberate discoveries will automatically be channeled
through the RRC, it is important that regional plans provide
for the channeling of random observations to the RRC. Once
the OSC has arrived at the scene, he will evaluate the
severity of the spill and determine the reporting procedure
G-4
-------
to be followed for notification of participating Federal
agencies. The exact alerting procedures and communication
links to be employed for this notification should be
specified in the regional plans.
Phase 2 concerns the defensive actions of containment and
countermeasures designed to minimize damaging effects of
the spill. These measures would include specific action
to eliminate the source of the spill to prevent the occur-
rence of a situation hazardous to public health and to
reduce the spread of the spill. Concurrently, a program of
continual surveillance would be initiated to provide
up-to-date information on the effects of the spill.
Phase 3 is comprised of those activities dealing with cleanup
and disposal of the spilled material. As the plan is now
constituted, it specifies booming, skimming, and sorbing of
the pollutant. Such measures may be effective for oil and
some insoluble chemicals, but fall far short for the large
majority of materials which are soluble and toxic in the
aquatic environment. For these chemicals, cleanup and
disposal may well be an academic point. Regulations are given
as to use of any chemical aids, use of which is governed by
the Federal Water Quality Administration.
Phase 4 deals with the restoration of the environment to
pre-spill conditions. This may involve actions such as
replacement of contaminated beach sand.
Phase 5 encompasses the recovery of damages to Federal,
state, or local government property and enforcement under
proper authority such as the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, the 1899 Refuse Act, or state and local statutes and
ordinances which apply. This phase also calls for the
collection of scientific and technical data for the enhance-
ment of knowledge of the environment and hazardous materials
effects thereon.
The agency supplying the OSC is responsible for Phase 1,
while Phases 2-4 are the OSC's direct responsibility.
Phase 5 activities will be carried out by individual agencies
according to existing statutes. It should be noted that for
many minor incidents, it is expected that the agent responsi-
ble for the spill will take appropriate actions to clean up
the spill and restore the area to its prespill conditions.
Under such circumstances, the majority of Federal action will
consist of monitoring and reporting.
The plan calls for members of the NRT and RRT to notify
their respective counsels upon declaration of a pollution
incident. Initially, the counsel representing the agency
G-5
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responsible for selection of the OSC will coordinate all
legal efforts. Responsibility then shifts to the counsel
representing that agency with cost recovery or enforcement
authority. The OSC's parent agency is also responsible for
notification of the operator of the ship or facility at
fault. This notification will point out Federal statutes
and regulations violated, indicate responsibility for
cleanup, and direct the operator to coordinate all response
activity through the OSC. Phase 5 actions may further
include boarding of vessels or visiting facilities, question-
ing personnel involved, issuance of pertinent warnings,
acceptance of written or oral statements concerning the
incident, and collection of all evidence in cases of
unknown cause. The plan further specifies the procedure
for the collection of samples and photographs.
In addition to the aforementioned chain of command, the
National Plan calls for the deployment of a national level
strike force whose function will be that of aiding any
regional team when requested by the appropriate Coast
Guard District Commander. Functioning under the OSC, the
strike force will direct operation of any government-owned
specialized pollution cleanup equipment. Similarly,
regional plans are to designate local strike forces.
Finally, all port areas designated as major ports by the
President of the United States will establish emergency
task forces of trained personnel, adequate oil pollution
control equipment and material, and a detailed oil pollu-
tion prevention and removal plan. While designed to function
primarily in their designated port area, these task forces
should be prepared to assist in integrated efforts with
national and regional strike forces.
To accommodate the flow of information to the public, the
plan calls for the creation of a National and Regional News
Office in the event of a major spill. News will be released
through this organization structure to keep the nation current
on the events of the spill and the subsequent response.
Special arrangements are specified for keeping Senators,
Representatives, Congressional Aids, White House Representa-
tives, and other appropriate officials informed of all
developments.
Since the primary thrust of the plan is to encourage the
agent responsible for a spill to take appropriate remedial
actions, it is assumed that all related costs of Phases 2-4
will be borne by that agent. Expenditure of money by Federal
agencies will be totally reliant on the funds made available
to that agency through existing authority.
G-6
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As a result of the limited funds involved, the plan encourages
the development of state and local plans to meet any and all
minor spills. This puts the Federal response mechanism in
the position of backstop for locally based operations on
minor spills and primary defense for all major or multi-
regional spills.
Regional, State, and Local Contingency Plans
Existing regional, state, and local contingency plans vary
greatly in both rigor and scope. Some plans are firm and
readily implemented while others are still in the formative
stage. Since it would be unrealistic to describe all
existing plans, those regarded as representative have been
selected and are reviewed below.
Ohio Basin Region
The scope of the Ohio Basin Region Contingency Plan
reflects the size of the region involved. Rather than
dealing with specific details, it focuses first on a summary
of the National Plan and then on enumeration of subregional
information.
For each subregion, the plan denotes the name, address,
and telephone number of all chain and command officials,
local action groups, Federal laboratory facilities available
for sample analysis, oil retention and reclamation equipment,
Weather Bureau members, and emergency task force personnel
and equipment.
The format of the plan encourages the development of sub-
regional plans whose scope would include communication
systems, further detailed equipment and personnel resources,
and suggested preventative measures.
Maine
Due to the relatively small size involved and the existence
of but one major port, Maine's contingency plan puts into
concise and manageable form detailed information for rapid
response to spills.
The plan provides a petroleum handling schedule suggested
for acceptance by local port authorities as the guideline
regulations. Through such a preventative posture, the plan
hopes to reduce ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore, and shore-to-ship
material handling spills.
G-7
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Defensively, the plan lists suggested equipment for con-
tainment, removal, and disposal of spilled materials. The
list consists of containment devices, absorbants, collec-
tion devices, and sinking agents pertaining to treatment
of petroleum spills. The plan further suggests the establish-
ment of local manpower and communication networks. It lists
available manpower pools common to all township areas, i.e.,
police department, fire department, etc., as well as local
officials who should be notified upon detection of a spill.
While these arrangements are designed for minor spills, a
detailed list of state officials and telephone numbers is
provided for immediate notification in the event of a major
spill. This listing includes State Environmental Improve-
ment Commission officers, the Federal Water Quality
Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, State Civil Defense,
and State Police. The plan also provides for a set radio
frequency to be used by private personnel in reporting a
spill.
The remainder of the minor spill procedure description
includes an inventory of equipment available in Portland,
Maine, a summary of FWQA policy on chemical treatment of
spills, recommended methods for cleaning oil soaked birds,
and an outline of the responsibilities of the personnel and
agencies expected to participate in the spill response.
Finally, to assist in the response to major spills, the plan
lists all personnel who may need notification on the sub-
district level. This includes district wardens, pollution
abatement committees, and related industries. It enumerates
ships and facilities available, personnel links in the State
Civil Defense Communication network, Basic Emergency Opera-
tion Stations, and petroleum handling vessels and facilities
operating in and around the state.
It is evident that the plan encompasses a small enough area
that local planning can be complete and pertinent listings
can provide most of the information required to make this
response effective.
Louisiana Waterworks Warning Network Plan
A growing number of incidents of taste and odor impairment
of water quality from accidental industrial releases prompted
the Louisiana State Department of Health to devise a warning
network plan to provide domestic water supply operators
with ample time to counteract chemical contaminants or shut
down intakes before public water is adversely affected. Past
experience has shown the plan to be effective and present
G-8
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indications are that it will integrate well with Civil
Defense functions, should the need arise.
The system consists of a network of telephone communication
links. Upon discovery of water quality impairment, water
plant operators are instructed to call State Department of
Health officials. At that time, the Department of Health
assumes responsibility for notifying downstream users
beginning with the one immediately below the plant
originating the report. Concurrently, the Department of
Health is required to contact the Stream Control Commission
to aid in a coordinated investigation of the source of the
pollution. It is assumed that whenever an industry is
aware of a discharge, it will contact the Stream Control
Commission or Health Department and warn downstream users
of the impending danger.
The System maps and lists plant locations, personnel, their
respective telephone numbers, and Health Department officials
so that the network plan carries with it all pertinent
information for an early warning.
The type of localized information involved in such a system
is exactly what is required for the effective use of any
water quality contingency plan. The construction of sub-
levels such as this across the country would tie in well
with a full national plan. The national plan could deal
with inter-sectional administration and common information
banks concerning chemicals and their hazards, while the
local groups maintained the alerting network.
Port of Los Angeles
The Port of Los Angeles Oil Spill Contingency Plan was
developed to interact smoothly with the United States Coast
Guard Oil Spill Abatement Operations and the State of
California Spill Disaster Contingency Organization, when
activated. The entire operation is placed under the
direction of the port warden.
That portion of the plan dealing with prevention is
comprehensive, reflecting the workable size of the area
involved. Reliance is placed on the Los Angeles Municipal
Code and the Port of Los Angeles Tarriff No. 3 to regulate
all loading, unloading, and handling procedures as well as
equipment and accident reporting procedures.
One of the primary duties of the uniformed force under the
command of the port warden is the observation and reporting
of spills. This function is carried out in conjunction with
the Los Angeles Fire Department fire prevention inspectors„
G-9
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Actions to be taken by the Master, owner, operator or agent
of a vessel involved in an incident are outlined in the plan.
These actions relate to reporting, containment, and removal
of oil, petroleum, and petro-chemicals. Communications are
handled through the Port of Los Angeles Communications
Control Center located in San Pedro.
In the event that response to a spill is not being handled
by private agents, the port warden directs the activities
of his deputies who will function to assist fire personnel
in setting of booms and assessing the severity of the spill.
Simultaneously, steps will be taken to control nearby boat
traffic in order to avoid additional injury or damage from
explosion or fire. Deputy wardens are also assigned to
obtain samples, witness statements, and obtain information
related to the cause, source, amount, and composition of the
material spilled. These wardens are required to report
progress and maintain a working relationship with other
agencies involved in this incident.
Finally, the plan presents an inventory of equipment available
in the Port of Los Angeles to assist in oil spill abatement
and pollution control operations as well as a list of
petroleum product handling terminals and their available
equipment.
Kanawha Valley, West Virginia Industrial Cooperative
In addition to the national, regional, state, and local
contingency plans available for emergency response, there
are a great number of industrial cooperatives designed
to establish emergency procedures for the area around their
industrial complex. One such organization is the Kanawha
Valley Industrial Emergency Planning Council.
The council was originally formed to establish procedures to
eliminate traffic problems during emergency situations.
Since then, it has evolved into a working organization made
up of qualified members from any company producing hazardous
materials, utilities, or facilities employing more than
250 people.
Standing committees are appointed to probe individual
aspects of emergency procedures. The membership and By-Laws
Committee concerns itself with eligibility and recruitment
of members and non-voting associate members. The Security
and Traffic Control Committee carries out the original
duties of the council. Plans have been developed whereby
operating zones within the valley can be closed on receiving
a report of an emergency situation. Special passes are
G-10
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issued for key personnel and utilities operators. Factory
guards are provided to aid police in barricading and checking
passes.
A network of ground communications has been established to
maintain contact during emergencies. Special arrangements
have been made to provide quick hook-up service with local
radio stations to broadcast news and encourage low road and
telephone usage by unauthorized personnel. The Material
Assistance Committee functions to promote inter-company
material assistance, while the Risk Evaluation Committee is
available upon request to review and recommend handling
procedures for potential hazardous operations.
It is the function of the Public Relations Committee to
keep neighboring inhabitants aware of the program and services
provided by the council so that they can both appreciate the
precautions being taken and be knowledgeable should a
disaster occur. The Special Services Committee acts as a
liaison with outside agencies involved with emergency response
such as the Red Cross and State Civil Defense organizations.
Councils such as this are designed to cope with factory
emergencies. However, they provide an excellent administra-
tive framework and procedural plans to meet disasters of
all kinds. Organizations of this type could form a sound
foundation for the local mechanism of a national plan.
ORSANCO
An advanced monitoring system is now in use in the Ohio River
Basin under the control of the Ohio River Valley Water
Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO)(D. Manual stations and
robot monitors sample stream water to detect contamination
from unreported leaks and pipeline breaks. Detection
devices record DO, pH, Cl~ concentration, temperature,
oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, and solar
radiation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, Should
a spill be detected, activation of a communication system
then insures that downstream users are informed of the spill
and personnel are dispatched to the field to discover and
stop the source. ORSANCO has responded to phenol, aniline,
petroleum, and acid drainage spills that were not discovered
by any other mechanisms.
G-ll
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Industrial Response Systems
Industry was the first to realize the hazards of bulk
chemical handling and shipment, mainly as a result of
efforts to achieve safe operation within production
facilities. Consequently, industries have both singly and
jointly established programs to respond to accidental spills
of hazardous materials. The two most comprehensive systems
are the ChemTREC response system maintained by the Manufac-
turing Chemists Association, and the Pesticide Safety Team
established by the National Agricultural Chemists Association.
ChemTREC, which should be completely operable in 1971, is
part of a diversified effort to minimize transportation
disasters. The MCA sponsors several preventative programs
as a first line defense. Chemicals are divided into specific
hazard classes which can be denoted by colors, numbers, or
key words on vehicle placards and shipment containers.
These serve to warn handlers and the public of the type of
chemical being transported and the hazards involved. They
further serve as guides to indicate the nature of the cargo
in the event of a disaster such as a train wreck.
Once a spill has occurred, ChemTREC (Chemical Transportation
Response Emergency Center), moves into action. Initial
contact is made by calling a predetermined telephone number
which can be reached from any location in the country. The
number is printed on chemical way bills and placards as
well as on circulars given to transportation personnel.
This funnels all reports into a central phone system which
is manned 24 hours a day.
The attendant receiving the call immediately identifies the
chemicals involved, the circumstances, the environment, and
other pertinent information. He then contacts the company
whose product is involved and other associated interests.
This provides three sources of aid to combat the spill. The
center then relays emergency instructions and precautions to
personnel at the spill site. Although the center locates
regional personnel to contact spill officials, it does not
actually send people. It functions as an information and
communication hub. Depending on the severity of the spill,
officials of the responsible company and/or associated
interests may or may not go to the site to assist with cleanup
and containment operations. Following this initial response,
the center is no longer involved in direct action.
Since ChemTREC is a cooperative effort, response to
spills cuts across company lines. Any of the nine major
G-12
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companies in the MCA can be called upon to respond to a
spill, while smaller signatory companies will respond only
to spills of their own products.
Two major weaknesses of this system have been identified
to date: reliance on the telephone, and the confusion of
chemical names which often leads to inappropriate directions
from the center. It has been suggested that way bills and
placards use numbers to identify compounds in an attempt to
alleviate this second problem.
Forerunners of ChemTREC include systems devised by several
companies. These include Union Carbide's HELP program,
American Cyanide's TWERP program and DuPont's TERP system.
These systems are hot-line services that function to generate
pertinent information from production and transportation
personnel relaying it to the spill site with decontamination
crews. These programs are now being integrated into the
ChemTREC program. All of these systems are refinements of
the TERP program, illustrated in Figure G-l, which was
initiated by E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company in April 1967.
The Pesticide Safety Team (PST) functions in a similar
fashion. Preventative measures include a container inspec-
tion system, a non-technical safety manual, and a training
film for carrier and warehouse personnel. The safety network
itself notifies regional representatives when a spill is
reported. A regional agent can then give specific advice on
the pesticide spill as well as activate a safety team to
neutralize the spilled agent and dispose of the contaminated
material. The response procedure is illustrated in
Figure G-2. Due to the extremely hazardous nature of
agricultural chemicals, the PST responds to spills of all
sizes. In fact, a large number of incidents involve accidents
with containers in the 5-50 gallon capacity range.
Responding to spills in this manner can be risky from a legal
standpoint. Individual companies must be aware of the
liabilities involved. There is a danger that when the manu-
facturer of the spilled agent agrees to manage the cleanup
operation it may be construed as acceptance of liability for
the spill. This can force companies into a defensive position.
Reluctance on the part of industry to respond could cause
serious delays. This is a point that deserves further
deliberation.
G-13
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TRANSPORTATION
EMERGENCY
DU PONT
PRODUCT
INFORMATION
WILMINGTON, DEL.
TRAFFIC
DEPARTMENT
COORDINATOR
INDUSTRIAL
DEPARTMENT
COORDINATOR
CONTACT WITH
ACCIDENT SCENE
FOR ACTION
CONTACT WITH OTHER COMPANY PERSONNEL
AS REQUIRED
FIGURE G-l. DuPont TERP Program
(97)
G-.14
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r
PHONE
Cincinnati,
Ohio
il3-961-4800
MANUFACTURER
1. Gains all information possible
from A.C.
2. Advises whether he will handle.
3. Contacts caller IF decides to
resolve problem personally
I
CALLER
1. Reports incident.
CENTRAL ANSWERING SERVICE
1. Gathers information - completes form.
2. Advises caller to stand by.
3. Contacts and transmits information
to Area Coordinator.
AREA COORDINATOR
Gains all information possible from
C.A.S.
Calls manufacturer - obtains agreement
on who will handle.
Contacts public safety offical if
necessary.
Contacts caller advising corrective
action
If P.S.T. assistance required dis-
patches captain and crew.
Provides National Coordinator &
Manufacturer with report of final
disposition of incident.
PESTICIDE SAFETY TEAM CAPTAIN
1. Gains all information possible from A.C.
2. Proceeds with crew to site of incident.
3. Contacts local authority and offers
assistance.
4. Seeks all additional assistance nec-
essary.
5. Takes action necessary to bring incident
under control.
6. Provides A.C. with formal report of
P.S.T. activities
FIGURE G-2.
Emergency Procedure for Handling Accidental
Spills of Class B Poison Pesticide Chemicals
G-15
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APPENDIX H
AGENCIES CONTACTED
Table H-l lists the contacts made during the course of
this study. The individual state agencies listed were
initially contacted through the letter entitled Exhibit H-l
in this Appendix. Table H-2 is based on the responses
received as a result of this letter and subsequent phone
calls. The category entitled "Appear to have working pro-
gram" was checked when the state response indicated that
they were duly concerned with the problem of hazardous
material spills and had initiated some type of action to
provide better control and reporting. The vast majority
of states appeared to have little knowledge of what was
being transported across their borders and what could be
done to minimize environmental damage.
H-l
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TABLE H-l. Agencies and Organizations Contacted
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Executive Office of the President
Office of Emergency Preparedness
Disaster Assistance Division
Washington, D. C.
Library of Congress
Environmental Policy Division
Washington, D. C.
Department of Commerce
Office of Assistant Secretary for Science
and Technology
Washington, D. C. 20004
Maritime Administration
Ports and Systems Division
Washington, D. C.
Department of Defense
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors
New Orleans, Louisiana
Operations Division, Civil Works
Washington, D. C.
Permanent International Association of
Navigation Congresses
Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors
Washington, D. C.
Office of Civil Defense
H-2
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
U. S. Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
Washington, D. C.
Bureau of Solid Waste
Cincinnati, Ohio
Department of the Interior
Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Interior
for Water Quality and Research
Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Gulf Breeze Laboratories
Sabine Island, Florida
Biological Laboratory
St. Petersburg, Florida
Galveston Laboratory
Calveston, Texas
Biological Laboratories
Milford, Connecticut 06460
Division of Pesticide Registration
Washington, D. C.
Office of Oil and Gas
Transportation and Storage Section
Washington, D. C.
Geological Survey
Hydraulics Section
Washington, D. C.
H-3
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Federal Water Quality Administration
Division of Technical Support
Arlington, Virginia
Edison Water Quality Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Northeast Region
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Middle Atlantic Region
Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
Southeast Region
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Ohio Basin Region
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
Great Lakes Region
Chicago, Illinois 60605
Missouri Basin Region
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
International Sanitation Commission
Rochester, New York 14612
National Field Investigation Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45213
Enforcement Branch
Washington, D. C.
Office of Water Resources Research
Water Resources Scientific Information Center
Washington, D. C.
Department of State
Bureau of International Scientific and Technological Affairs
Office of Environmental Affairs
Washington, D. C. 20520
Office of Maritime Affairs
Washington, D. C. 20025
H-4
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety
Washington, D. C. 20591
Federal Railway Administration
Bureau of Railroad Safety
Washington, D. C. 20591
Office of the Secretary
Office of Pipeline Safety
Washington, D. C.
Office of Hazardous Materials
Washington, D. C.
Office of Transportation Information
and Planning
Washington, D. C.
National Highway Safety Bureau
Office of State and Community
Comprehensive Planning
Washington, D. C.
National Transportation Safety Board
Bureau of Surface Transportation Safety
Washington, D. C.
U. S. Coast Guard
Office of Merchant Marine Safety
Washington, D. C.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RELATED
Smithsonian Institute
Center for Short-lived Phenomena
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
H-5
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council
Committee on Hazardous Materials
Advisory to U. S. Coast Guard
Washington, D. C.
STATE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Alabama
Water Improvement Commission
Montgomery, Alabama 36104
Arizona
Division of Soil and Water Conservation
Phoenix, Arizona 85009
Arkansas
Pollution Control Commission
Little Rock, Arkansas 72202
California
Department of Agriculture
Sacramento, California 95814
State Water Resources Control Board
Sacramento, California 95814
Department of Fish and Game
Sacramento, California 95814
The Resources Agency
Division of Public Health
Department of Justice
Deputy Attorney General
Regional Water Quality Control Board
Los Angeles, California
State Highway Patrol
Sacramento, California
California Disaster Office
Sacramento, California
H-6
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Colorado
Water Conservation Board
Denver, Colorado 80203
Connecticut
Water Resources Commission
Hartford, Connecticut 06115
Delaware
Water and Air Resources Commission
Dover, Delaware 19901
Florida
Department of Air and Water Pollution Control
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Department of Health and Rehabilitation Service
Division of Health
Jacksonville, Florida 32201
Georgia
Water Quality Control Board
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Idaho
Department of Health
Boise, Idaho 83707
Illinois
Sanitary Water Board
Springfield, Illinois 62706
Indiana
Stream Pollution Control Board
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
Kansas
Department of Health
Topeka, Kansas 66612
H-7
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Kentucky
Water Pollution Control Commission
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
Louisiana
Office of the Attorney General
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Louisiana Public Service Commission
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Louisiana State Police Headquarters
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Louisiana State Department of Health
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
Louisiana Stream Control Commission
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Wildlife and Fisheries Commission
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Maine
Soil and Water Conservation Commission
Augusta, Maine 04330
Maryland
Department of Water Resources
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Massachusetts
Division of Water Pollution Control
Boston, Massachusetts 02202
Michigan
Water Resources Commission
Lansing, Michigan 48926
Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency -
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
H-8
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Mississippi
Air and Water Pollution Control
Jackson, Mississippi 39205
Missouri
Water Pollution Board
Jefferson City, Missouri 65101
Montana
Department of Health
Helena, Montana 59601
Nebraska
Department of Health
Lincoln, Nebraska 68509
Nevada
Bureau of Environmental Health
Carson City, Nevada 89701
New Hampshire
Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission
Concord, New Hampshire 03301
New Jersey
Department of Health
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
New Mexico
Health and Social Services Department
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
New York
Department of Environmental Conservation
Water Resources Division
Campus, Albany, New York 12226
H-9
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
North Carolina
Department of Water and Air Resources
Raleigh, North Carolina 27603
North Dakota
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
Ohio
Attorney General's Office
Department of Health
Columbus, Ohio 43216
Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43216
Division of Wildlife
Ohio Public Utilities Commission
Superintendent of Motor Transportation
Railroad Department
Oklahoma
Water Quality Control Division
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105
Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality
Portland, Oregon 97207
Pennsylvania
Office of the Attorney General
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
Sanitary Water Board
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
Fish Commission
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania .17120
Puerto Rico
Department of Health
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00908
H-10
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Rhode Island
Division of Water Pollution Control
Providence, Rhode Island 02903
South Carolina
Pollution Control Authority
Columbus, South Carolina 29201
South Dakota
Committee on Water Pollution
Pierre, South Dakota 57501
Tennessee
Stream Pollution Control Board
Nashville, Tennessee 37219
Texas
Water Quality Board
Austin, Texas 78701
Utah
Department of Natural Resources
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114
Vermont
Water Supply and Pollution Control Division
Montpelier, Vermont 05602
Virginia
State Water Control Board
Richmond, Virginia 23230
Washington
Water Pollution Control Commission
Olympia, Washington 98501
West Virginia
Department of Natural Resources
Charleston, West Virginia
Wisconsin
Bureau of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Madison, Wisconsin 53701
H-ll
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Wyoming
Department of Health and Social Services
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
Interstate Agencies and Commissions
Bi-State Development Agency
St. Louis, Missouri 63100
Delaware River Basin Commission
Trenton, New Jersey 08603
Great Lakes Commission
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
Interstate Sanitation Commission
New York, New York 10019
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin
Washington, D. C. 20005
Klamath River "Compact Commission
Sacramento, California 95814
New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission
Boston, Massachusetts
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO)
Cincinnati, Ohio 45216
Resources Advisory Board Southeast River Basin
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Tennessee River Basin Water Pollution Control Commission
Nashville, Tennessee 37219
Upper Colorado River Commission
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
Water Resources Association of The Delaware River Basin
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
H-12
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Industrial Associations and Technical Societies
American National Standards Institute
New York, New York
American Association of Port Authorities
Washington, D. C. 20005
American Chemical Society
Committee on Chemical Safety
Washington, D. C.
American Insurance Association
Engineering and Safety Department
New York, New York
American Petroleum Institute
Transportation Department
Washington, D. C.
American Trucking Associations
National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc.
Washington, D. C. 20036
American Waterways Operators Association
Washington, D. C.
Association of American Railroads
Bureau of Explosives
Edison, New Jersey
Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association
New York, New York
Chlorine Institute
New York, New York
Compressed Gas Association
New York, New York
Manufacturing Chemists Association
Safety and Fire Protection
Washington, D. C. 20009
National Agricultural Chemical Association
Washington, D. C. 20005
H-13
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Commercial Firms, Port Authorities and Others
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company
Operations Division
Wilmington, Delaware 19898
Hercules, Incorporated
Safety Department
Wilmington, Delaware 19899
Hooker Chemical
Environmental Health Department
New York, New York 10017
Port of Houston
Houston Ship Channel Cooperative
Houston, Texas 77001
Port of Los Angeles
San Pedro, California 90733
Port of New York Authority
Planning and Development Department
New York, New York 10011
Southern Railway System
Safety Planning Department
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Stauffer Chemical Corporation
Agricultural Research Center
Sunnyvale, California
Union Carbide Corporation
Technical Center
South Charleston, West Virginia 25303
American Cyanamid Company
Safety and Loss Prevention
Wayne, New Jersey
Colonial Pipe Lines
Atlanta, Georgia
H-14
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TABLE H-l. (continued)
Foreign Agencies
International Maritime Consultation Organization
Cargoes and Related Matters Section
London W. 1, England
STICHTING Concawe
The Hague, Netherlands
H-15
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EXHIBIT H-l
FORM LETTER SENT TO STATE AGENCIES
As you are perhaps aware, the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
requires a report to the Congress on the control of hazardous polluting
substances by November 1, 1970. In this connection, the Federal
Water Quality Administration, through the Division of Applied Science
and Technology, has engaged Battelle-Northwest to assemble information
and analyses pertinent to documented and potential pollution by
hazardous materials as specifically related to water quality problems.
A copy of the scope of work as specified by FWQA is attached, along
with an indication of key considerations and information needs. In
this review, we are not concerned with chronic releases of hazardous
materials and wastewaters, but rather with acute releases such as through
transportation, loading and unloading, and storage incidents and how
to control or mitigate their effects.
The subject of hazardous materials as they may affect water quality
is complex, and even the definition and identification of these
materials is difficult. Therefore, as a starting point, we are using
the list of materials prepared by the National Academy of Sciences/
National Research Council Committee on Hazardous Materials as a base
line and deleting from, or augmenting this list based on net water
quality threat and other information as may be developed in the course
of the program. For example, pesticides and other economic poisons are
not included in the NAS/NRC list but represent an already well-demonstrated
threat.
Obviously, materials which may be a potential water quality problem in
one area may not be a significant problem in another, due to variations
in material use and the nature of water bodies in the area. Therefore,
we are soliciting relevant information on a regional as well as national
basis .
Specifically, we would appreciate information on the following:
1. Identification of hazardous polluting materials in commercial
trade potentially released to water in the State of Illinois.
A priority ranking would be highly desirable.
2. Estimates of quantity of the materials identified above.
3. Nature of water bodies (river, impounded water, estuary, etc.)
potentially damaged and the nature of resources threatened.
4. Past experiences in acute pollution incidents particularly
as related to control measures and effectiveness.
5. Contingency and response plans in effect; Federal, state,
private, or local.
6. Contacts and information sources in both public and private
agencies that could provide detailed information on the
above items.
7. Personnel within your organization that should be contacted
for further discussion.
The complexity of this program is great and the time available is limited;
thus, we would appreciate any input that your organization can provide
as soon as possible. If it appears appropriate, we would be pleased
to meet with you and your staff at your offices. Should you have
any questions, please feel free to call me on (509) 946-2229. Thank you
in advance for any assistance you can provide.
H-16
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TABLE H-2. State Responses to Hazardous
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Ca
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Caroli
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Material
Letter
Sent
X
X
X
X
X
t X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
i x
X
X
X
X
ire x
X
X
X
lina x
ta x
x
x
x
ia x
nd x
lina X
ta x
x
x
x
x
x
x
nia x
x
x
Response
Received
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Appear to have
working program
Supplied list
of incidents
x
x
X
X
H-17
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APPENDIX I
REVIEW OF EXISTING STATUTES AND ENFORCEMENT POLICIES*
The following discussion of enforcement statutes is primarily
concerned with state and federal statutes which are applic-
able in cases of spills of hazardous polluting substances.
Emphasis is on laws which prohibit acts which will cause
damage to the environment and which serve to recover damages
and punish offenders. Following the discussion of Federal
and State statutes, the rights of citizens to take action
are discussed.
See footnote, section entitled "Legal and Enforcement
Considerations," p. 73.
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Federal Law
Federal Statutes
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 USC 466.
Section 10 of this Act, (as amended) sets forth the princi-
pal enforcement authority of the Federal Government in con-
trolling water pollution. This section provides for the
establishment of water quality standards by the individual
states, which must be approved by the Secretary of the
Interior.
When approved by the Secretary/ these standards become
Federal law. Violation of water quality standards is sub-
ject to abatement in Federal Court six months after the
polluter has been given notice and an opportunity to clean
up the source of the violation.
Water Quality Standards, as presently constituted, provide
for the regulation of toxic substances. All states have
been required to adopt statements as a part of general
standards applicable to all waters, which require that those
waters be free of substances attributable to discharges or
wastes which are toxic or which produce undesirable physio-
logical responses in human, fish, and other animal life
and plants. Some States have adopted specific criteria for
certain heavy metals.
Under the general standard, any substance which has been
demonstrated to be toxic to human, animal or aquatic life,
or which can be assimilated and concentrated to toxic
levels can be regulated. Within the present limits of the
FWPC Act, the prescribed regulatory procedure can be ini-
tiated against any discharger of such toxic substances.
The procedure for regulating toxic substances under general
water quality standards is fourfold:
1. Demonstrate that a substance is toxic (in any concen-
tration or within certain limits) or may be concen-
trated by life cycle or other processes to toxic
levels.
2. Show that a discharger is causing or contributing to
the presence of that toxic substance.
3. Issue 180-day notice.
4. Seek court action, if voluntary compliance is not
achieved.
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This procedure does not necessarily preclude the identifi-
cation in water quality standards of specific toxic sub-
stances or the advisability of such specific criteria.
Once a substance has been demonstrated as toxic and limita-
tions on in-stream levels have been identified, those
substances are included as a part of each State's specific
criteria. The regulatory procedure is then simplified to
three steps:
1. Show that a discharger is causing or contributing
to the presence of the toxic substance and the vio-
lation of the specific criteria.
2. Issue 180-day notice.
3. Seek court action, if voluntary compliance is not
achieved.
A second enforcement device is provided by the Act in the
enforcement conference. Here interstate pollution is
recognized in a nonadversary setting in which the partici-
pants are the States in which the pollution is occurring
and the Federal Government.
An even greater lapse of time must pass than in the case
of a water quality standards violation before the polluter
may be brought into court. Jurisdictional requirements for
Federal legal action are also stringent.
The court is authorized in Section 10 (h) as the final step
in both procedures to grant any appropriate (civil) relief
after "giving due consideration to the practicability and
to the physical and economic feasibility of securing abate-
ment of any pollution proved."
Section 10, despite the fact that some effort has been made
in the water quality standards to control the discharge
of hazardous polluting substances, was not designed spe-
cifically to deal with situations involving spills of haz-
ardous materials. Thus, actions are authorized only to
secure "abatement" of the pollution; imposition of liability
for clean-up and restoration is seemingly excluded by the
words of 10(h). Action against the polluter is deferred by
a time delay of at least six months. Federal action is
further impeded by strict Jurisdictional tests and state
priority. The provisions of Section 10, are presently of
little use in the hazardous material spill area; they func-
tion better where the pollution is chronic and of a less
toxic nature.
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River and Harbor Act of 1899 (Refuse Act): The most
effective Federal enforcement authority cases involving
spills of hazardous polluting substances exists in Sec-
tions 13 and 16 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899
(Refuse Act). The refuse act prohibits the discharge of
"any refuse matter of any kind or description," whether
from a vessel or from the land, into any interstate or
intrastate navigable water of United States or its tribu-
tary, except under a permit from the Corps of Engineers.
Navigable waters, as presently defined for the purposes of
the Act, include nearly all streams and waterways in the
United States. Refuse material under this act, although
specifically excluding municipal sewage, has been inter-
preted by the courts [U.S. v. Standard Oil Co. 384 US 244,
(1966)] to include "all foreign substances and pollutants,"
even though they may be industrial chemicals or oils of
commercial value.
Of further significance is the interpretation that dis-
charges need not be willful or negligent to constitute a
violation of the Refuse Act. Accidental and unintentional
spills have been ruled unlawful by the courts [U.S. v.
Interlake Steel Corp. 297 Fed. Supp. 912, N.D. Ill, (1969)].
On June 15, 1970, the Assistant Attorney General of the
United States, Land and Natural Resources Division, published
guidelines for application of the Refuse Act by U.S. Attor-
neys. The policy of the Department of Justice, as stated
in the guidelines, is to use the Refuse Act to supplement
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act by applying it only
to punish the occasional or recalcitrant polluter, or to
abate continuing sources of pollution which have not been
subjected to FWQA or state proceedings, or where the pollu-
ter has failed to comply with obligations under such a
procedure. The focus of the Assistant Attorney General's
instructions was to:
"... encourage United States Attorneys to use
the Refuse Act to punish or prevent significant
discharges, which are either accidental or
infrequent, but which are not of a continuing
nature resulting from the ordinary operations
of a manufacturing plant."
One objective of this narrow application of the Refuse Act
is to avoid interference in the functions of FWQA in pro-
grams dealing with continuous discharges. The application
outlined by the Assistant Attorney General, although limit-
ing enforement action under the act, clearly indicates that
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the federal government has the power to prosecute those
who cause spills of hazardous materials, accidental or
otherwise, and to act to prevent potential pollution. This
act could be a useful tool in dealing with spills of haz-
ardous polluting substances. An example of its use
occurred in the recent prosecution of eight companies
allegedly discharging mercury to navigable waters. Prose-
cution was recommended directly by the U.S. Department of
Interior to the Justice Department. Civil injunctions
against further discharge of mercury and removal of con-
taminated sediments was sought in each instance. Although
no case was resolved by the decision of a court, quick
action in abating the continuing discharge of an exceed-
ingly toxic substance was noted in all cases.
Of course, the value of an injunction in a single spill
situation is somewhat limited. Other relief, in the form
of a criminal fire or recovery of clean-up and restoration
costs, may be available in many spill situations, but
Federal authorities do not view the Refuse Act as providing
a comprehensive and adequate regulatory scheme for hazardous
polluting substances spills. This will be true even after
a new discharge permit system administered by the Corps of
Engineers becomes fully operational.
This system, like the water quality standards structure,
will be designed primarily to seek abatement of chronic or
continual discharges.
The overriding defect in the Refuse Act—as in other exist-
ing Federal and State legislation—is that there is no
provision for ensuring spill prevention. The Refuse Act
penalizes a discharger after the offending act has occurred,
but is virtually powerless to establish and enforce ade-
quate preventive measures, particularly on an industry or
nationwide basis. Moreover, the Act is administered
principally by the courts, which must assess penalties and
award damages. These tasks, as well as the establishment
of preventive standards, might better be vested in an
administrative agency.
Other Regulatory Authority
Transportation; Because a great potential for spills
lies in transportation, the regulation of the transport of
hazardous materials provides a significant and obvious area
for preventing or minimizing damage spills.
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As presently structured/ hazardous materials transportation
regulations are established and enforced on a modal basis.
Each transportation agency within the Department of Trans-
portation (Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railway
Administration, and Office of Pipeline Safety) is responsi-
ble for establishing and enforcing hazardous materials
safety regulations for carriers under their jurisdiction.
The DOT Office of Hazardous Materials serves in an advisory
capacity, but has neither regulatory authority nor enforce-
ment personnel. No central regulatory program presently
exists in DOT which has the power to coordinate regulatory
efforts in all transportation modes with the objective of
reducing incidents involving hazardous materials. Legis-
lation is now before the 91st Congress which could provide
the necessary authority.
Title II of Senate Bill 1933, which is entitled the "Haz-
ardous Materials Transportation Control Act of 1969" which
was cleared by Senate-House conferences on 12 September,
1970, requires the Secretary of Transportation to:
(1) Establish facilities and technical staff to
maintain within the Federal Government the capa-
bility to evaluate the hazards connected with and
surrounding the various hazardous materials being
shipped.
(2) Establish a central reporting system for hazard-
ous materials accidents to provide technical and
other information and advice to the law enforcement
and firefighting personnel of communities and to
carriers and shippers for meeting emergencies con-
nected with the transportation of hazardous
materials.
(3) Conduct a review of all aspects of hazardous
materials transportation to determine and recom-
mend appropriate steps which can be taken immedi-
ately to provide greater control over the safe
movement of such materials.
While this act is only an attempt to further define the
problem and provide some interim action, it demonstrates
concern and could lead to tighter controls of hazardous
material transport and better enforcement action.
Miscellaneous; Federal regulatory authority in the
area of hazardous polluting substances appears in many
other agencies and branches of the government. A partial
listing includes:
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1. 7 CFR Part 362-Regulations for the Enforcement of the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.
(Pesticides Regulation Division, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S.D.A.)
Includes provisions respecting mandatory label-
ing and registration.
2. 14 CFR Part 103--Transportation of Dangerous Articles
and Magnetized Materials. (FAA.)
Includes certification, packing and marking
and labeling requirements.
3. 19 CFR Part 12—Special Classes of Merchandise. (Bureau
of Customs, Department of the Treasury.)
Includes regulations respecting import of
Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics; Economic Poisons;
Hazardous Substances; Dangerous Caustic or Cor-
rosive Substances; Viruses, Serums, and Toxins
for treatment of domestic animals, and viruses,
serums, toxins, antitoxins, and analogous
products for the treatment of man.
4. 21 CFR Part 1—Regulations for the Enforcement of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Fair
Packaging and Labeling Act. (FDA.)
Includes labeling and guarantees, prohibited
acts and penalties.
5. 21 CFR Part 120—Tolerances and Exemptions from Toler-
ances for Pesticide Chemicals in or on Raw Agricul-
tural Commodities. (FDA.)
Includes definitions and specific tolerance
levels for various residues.
6. 21 CFR Subchapter D (Part 191)—Hazardous Substances.
(FDA.)
Includes Definitions and Interpretations; Test-
ing Procedures for Hazardous Substances,
Exemptions; Labeling requirements; Procedural
Regulations; Prohibited Acts and Penalties;
Administration; and Imports.
1-7
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7. 21 CFR Part 285—Regulations under the Federal Caustic
Poison Act. (FDA.)
Includes labeling, sampling and inspection.
8. 30 CFR, various parts—Blasting devices. (Bureau
of Mines.)
Includes Conditions under which various
types of blasting devices may be approved and
used.
9. 30 CFR Part 211—Coal-Mining Operating and Safety
Regulations. Particularly Section 211.79 et seq.—
Storage, Transportation, Distribution and Use of
Explosives. .(Bureau of Mines.)
10. 30 CFR Part 221—Oil and Gas Operating Regulations.
(Geological Survey; Department of Navy.)
Applies to deposits and lands owned or con-
trolled by the United States and under
jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior
or the Secretary of the Navy.
11. 30 CFR Part 231—Operating and Safety Regulations
Governing the Mining of Potash; Oil Shale, Sodium,
and Phosphate; Sulphur; and Gold, Silver, or Quick-
silver; and Other non-Metallic Minerals, Including
Silica Sand. (Geological Survey; Bureau of Mines.)
Applies to methods of mining on the public
domain and includes welfare and safety;
Mining methods; and Protection against mine
hazards.
12. 32 CFR Part 301—Control of Explosives and their
Ingredients in Time of War or National Emergency.
(Bureau of Mines.)
Includes transportation, storage and
handling of explosives.
13. 33 CFR Part 126—Handling of Explosives or Other
Dangerous cargoes within or contiguous to waterfront
facilities. (Commandant, District Commander or
Captain of the Port.)
Includes permit authority.
1-8
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14. 36 CFR Section 2.9—Explosives. (National Park
Service.)
Prohibits use or possession of explosives or
fireworks without permission of Superintendent.
15. 46 CFR Part 36—Elevated Temperature Cargoes
46 CFR Part 38—Liquified Flammable Gasses.
46 CFR Part 39—Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Having Lethal Characteristics (Coast Guard).
46 CFR Part 40—Special Construction, Arrangement,
and other provisions for carrying certain flammable
or combustible dangerous cargoes in bulk.
Includes design specifications and inspections.
16. 46 CFR Part 98—Special Construction, arrangement, and
provisions for certain Dangerous Cargoes in Bulk.
(Coast Guard.)
Includes provisions respecting elemental phos-
phorous, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid,
phosphoric acid, liquid chlorine and anhydrous
ammonia, as well as, provisions for Barges
carrying Dangerous Cargoes and Portable Tanks
for Combustible Liquids.
17. 46 CFR Part 146--Transportation or Storage of Explo-
sives or Other Dangerous articles or Substances, and
Combustible Liquids on Board Vessels. (Coast Guard.)
Includes extensive provisions "to promote safety
in the handling, stowage, storage and transpor-
tation of explosives or other dangerous articles
or substances, and combustible liquids, ...on
board vessels on any navigable waters within
the limits of the jurisdiction of the United
States, including its territories and posses-
sions excepting only the Panama Canal Zone
and to make more effective the provisions of the
the International Convention for the Safety
of Life at Sea, 1960, relative to the carriage
of dangerous goods." (Section 146.01-1.)
Regulations define and classify dangerous sub-
stances and set forth general and specific
requirements respecting transportation of such
substances.
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18. 46 CFR Part 147—Regulations Governing Use of Dangerous
Articles as Ships' Stores and Supplies on Board Vessels.
(Coast Guard.)
Includes certification and stowage.
19. PHS Drinking Water Standards (1962).
Include specific standards.
State Law
State of California
Department of Fish and Game: In California, the Fish
and Game Code has provided the statutory authority for
virtually every action brought for pollution of water by
spillage of a hazardous material. Section 5650 of the code
specifies the prohibition, stating:
It is unlawful to deposit in, permit to pass into,
or place where it can pass into the waters of this
state any of the following:
(a) Any petroleum, acid, coal or oil tar, lampblack,
aniline, asphalt, bitumen, or residuary product of
petroleum, or carbonaceous material or substance.
(b) Any refuse, liquid or solid, from any refinery,
gas house, tannery, distillery, chemical works,
mill or factory of any kind.
(c) Any sawdust, shavings, slabs, edgings.
(d) Any factory refuse, lime, or slag.
(e) Any cocculus indicus.
(f) Any substance or material deleterious to fish,
plant life, or bird life.
Section 12010 of the Fish and Game Code specifies that the
minimum punishment for a violation of Section 5650 is a fine
of $100 or imprisonment in the county jail for 25 days. The
maximum criminal penalty is a fine of $1,000 and/or a jail
term of one year. Section 12015 places an added requirement
on an unlawful polluter:
1-10
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In addition to any other penalty provided, anyone
convicted of unlawfully polluting, contaminating, or
obstructing waters to the detriment of fish life in
such waters, shall either be required to remove any
substance placed in the waters, which can be removed,
that caused the prohibited condition or to pay the
costs of such removal by the department.
Court tests have upheld the right of the Department of Fish
and Game to seek criminal prosecution under Section 5650.
This department feels that the present statement of the
law - Section 5650 (f) of the Fish and Game Code - provides
all the latitude needed in prosecuting for a hazardous
spill. In a significant number of cases to date, the
defendant has entered a nolo contendere or guilty plea.
The fact that fish are killed is sufficient to establish
liability. Problems arise not from sufficiency of the law,
but from inability to trace down the root cause of a pollu-
tion incident "beyond a reasonable doubt." For every case
in which positive proof of liability can be established,
there are other cases which remain unsolved.
The Department of Fish and Game also recovers clean-up and
damage costs by using the common law to take civil actions
against those responsible. Many times, the settlement will
be made out of court. Management personnel in the depart-
ment have put a price tag on dead fish in some incidents,
particularly where the fish can be replaced by a hatchery
and the exact replacement cost is known. It was agreed
that damage due to loss of a beneficial use, or due to
loss of a food chain, is more difficult to assess; how-
ever, the department is considering the use of an econo-
mist to perform such assessments.
Enforcement which relates to the Fish and Game Code is
always after the fact, since action is taken after a
result - usually dead fish - is observed. The Department
of Fish and Game nearly always has the right of action,
since, in California it has been established that the
state is presumed to be the owner of the fish. If the
water involved were to be a private pond, however, the
individual injured could seek civil action. There have
been a few California cases in which private parties have
gotten common law relief. Despite the fact that the law
allows for action only after an incident occurs, officials
in the Department of Fish and Game feel that awareness of
the potential for public action does act as a deterrent to
someone dealing with hazardous materials which have a
potential for water pollution.
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The California Water Code; For purposes of this study,
the most important part of the Water Code is the Porter-
Cologne Water Quality Control Act, which represented a major
revision of California's water quality laws. The applica-
bility of the Act to accidental spills of hazardous materials
will be discussed. Since the Porter-Cologne Act became
law only recently, in 1969, it has not yet been tested in
court action against the particular type of problem which
is being addressed here.
The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act comprises Divi-
sion 7 of the Water Code, commencing with Section 13000.
Section 13002 reads:
No provisions of this division or any ruling of the
state board (State Water Resources Control Board)
or a regional board (regional water quality control
board) is a limitation:
(a) On the power of a city or county or city and
county to adopt and enforce additional regulations,
not in conflict therewith, imposing further con-
ditions, restrictions, or limitations with respect to
the disposal of waste or any other activity which
might degrade the quality of the waters of the state.
(b) On the power of any city or county or city and
county to declare, prohibit,and abate nuisances.
(c) On the power of the Attorney General, at the
request of a regional board, or upon his own motion,
to bring an action in the name of the people of the
State of California to enjoin any pollution or
nuisance.
(d) On the power of a state agency in the enforcement
or administration of any provision of law which it
is specifically permitted or required to enforce or
administer.
(e) On the right of any person to maintain at any time
any appropriate action for neglect against any private
nuisance as defined in the Civil Code or for relief
against any contamination or pollution.
Section 13002 (e), then, preserves the right of any individual
to seek civil action if he is injured because of a spillage
of a hazardous material.
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Section 13304 states:
(a) Any person who discharges waste into the waters
of this state in violation of any waste discharge
requirement or order issued by a regional board, or
who intentionally or negligently causes or permits
any waste to be deposited where it is discharged into
the waters of the state and creates a condition of
pollution or nuisance, shall upon order of the
regional board clean up such waste or abate the
effects thereof. Upon failure of any person to com-
ply with such cleanup or abatement order, the Attorney
General, at the request of the board, shall petition
the superior court for that county for the issuance
of an injunction requiring such person to comply
therewith. In any such suits, the court shall have
jurisdiction to grant a prohibitory or mandatory
injunction, either preliminary or permanent, as the
facts may warrant.
(b) If such waste is cleaned up or the effects
thereof abated by any governmental agency after issu-
ance of a regional board cleanup or abatement order,
such person shall be liable to that governmental
agency to the extent of the reasonable costs actually
incurred in cleaning up such waste or abating the
effects thereof. The amount of such costs shall be
recoverable in a civil action by, and paid to, such
governmental agency and the state board to the extent
of the latter"s contribution to the cleanup costs from
the State Water Pollution Cleanup and Abatement Account,
It was pointed out by water quality officials that a hazard-
ous material spill could be construed as a violation of
a waste discharge requirement, and that therefore result-
ing costs incurred could be collected under Section 13304.
However, some determination would also have to be made as
to whether the material discharged is actually "waste."
This same question comes up with respect to Section 13340,
which is also interpreted by some of the state's lawyers
as a statute which can be applied to accidental incidents.
Section 13340 provides:
Whenever a regional board finds that a discharge of
waste within its region is taking place or threaten-
ing to take place which does or will cause a condition
of pollution or nuisance, constituting an emergency
requiring immediate action to protect the public
health, welfare, or safety, the Attorney General,
upon request of the board, shall petition the superior
courts to enjoin such discharge. The court shall have
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jurisdiction to grant such prohibitory or mandatory
injunctive relief as may be warranted by way of tempo-
rary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and
permanant injunction.
Section 13350, the only section of the Porter-Cologne Act
to specify a particular civil monetary remedy ($6,000 per
day), applies only to violation of a cease and desist
order, and would therefore not be applicable to a single
accidental occurrence. It is conceivable, though, that a
series of "accidents" might lead to a cease and desist
order.
The fact that those responsible for water quality in
California are concerned with the water pollution potential
of certain specific materials is being evidenced by recent
legislation and regulation. One bill demonstrating this
deals with the hauling of liquid wastes. This bill, passed
by the legislature in August, 1970, makes it unlawful, with
prescribed exceptions, for any person to carry on, or
engage in, the business of hauling liquid waste unless he
is registered with the State Water Resources Control Board.
New section 14041 of the Water Code states:
The hauler of liquid waste shall dispose of liquid
waste in accordance with the regulations adopted by
the regional board and on a site approved by the
regional board and shall dispose of only such type
of liquid waste as was designed for the particular
site.
Section 14043 reads:
Each person who provides liquid waste which is to be
hauled in a vehicle prior to being discharged shall
consign or deliver such waste only to a registered
liquid waste hauler.
These new provisions of the law are specifically designed
to prevent deleterious wastes from finding their way to
either ground or surface water. Section 14080 specifies
that anyone who violates sections 14041 or 14043 is
guilty of a misdemeanor. Liquid waste is defined in
section 14002 as including any solid or gaseous substances
which may be contained in the liquid.
Other California Laws: The Harbors and Navigation
Code contains a section which, although directed specifi-
cally to oil pollution, might be considered as an example
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of how a civil penalty could be applied to other hazardous
materials which may become a particular source of pollution
problems. Section 151 of this code states in part:
...any person that intentionally or negligently
causes or permits any oil to be deposited in the
water of this state, including but not limited to
navigable waters, shall be liable civilly in an
amount not exceeding six thousand dollars ($6,000)
and, in addition, shall be liable to any governmental
agency charged with the responsibility for cleaning
up or abating any such oil for actual damages, in
addition to the reasonable costs actually incurred
in abating or cleaning up the oil deposited in such
waters. The amount of the civil penalty which is
assessed pursuant to this section shall be based
upon the amount of discharge and the likelihood of
permanent injury and shall be recoverable in a civil
action by, and paid to, such governmental agency.
If more than one such agency has responsibility for
the waters in question, the agency which conducts
the cleaning or abating activities shall be the
agency authorized to proceed under this section.
California's Vehicle Code, section 34500, assigns responsi-
bility for safe operation of trucks carrying hazardous
materials to the California Highway Patrol. With one
exception, that department has adopted the pertinent
Federal regulations. The exception is that poisons cannot
be transported on flat-bed vehicles. However, these regu-
lations, as well as regulations promulgated by other state
agencies, are not directly aimed at prevention of water
pollution. A lessening of inherent pollution danger may
be an indirect result, but this is not something con-
sidered in formulating the regulations.
Agricultural Regulations; Since California is an
important agricultural state, close attention has been
given to the regulation of pesticides and herbicides. The
water pollution potential of such materials must be con-
sidered, because their use is so widespread and the threat
to water quality so serious. An accidental discharge of
certain pesticides into water could have detrimental effects
over a long period of time. Agricultural Code, section 11935,
requires that aircraft pest control operators show proof
of financial responsibility by furnishing security in an
amount not less than $25,000. Such funds could be applied
toward damages resulting from an accidental water contamina-
tion which occurs, for example, because of a wind shift
while spraying.
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The publication which contains California's compiled regu-
lations is known as the California Administrative Code.
The Department of Agriculture's regulations on agricul-
tural pest control specify the precautions which must be
taken in using pest control materials. These precautions
are spelled out in Title 3, California Administrative Code,
section 3093 (3 Cal. Adm. Code 3092):
(a) All persons engaged for hire in the business of
pest control, when using a method or a material con-
taining any substance known to be harmful to persons,
animals, crops, or property, shall exercise reasonable
precautions to protect persons, animals, crops and
property from damage or contamination, and to confine
the material applied substantially to the premises,
crops, animals, or things intended to be treated.
(b) Pesticides, or emptied containers or parts
thereof, shall not be dumped or left unattended at
any place where they may present a hazard to persons,
animals, crops, or property, nor disposed of in a
manner that may cause injury or contamination.
Records from the Department of Fish and Game indicate that
pesticides have been responsible for a large percentage of
fish kills in California. Title 3 California Administrative
Code 3095(c), which is concerned with protection of animals,
states that:
In applying materials harmful to fish, exercise
reasonable precautions to avoid contamination of
water containing fish.
Section 3095 was adopted in December 1968. If the term
"reasonable precautions" is not sufficient, more specific
regulations can be expected. Section 2440 through 2455 of
the same title in the Administrative Code regulates the
use of injurious herbicides, and have nearly all been
issued in 1969 and 1970. This holds true also for sec-
tions 2460 through 2465, which deal with other injurious
materials, including arsenic compounds, organic phosphorus
compounds (parathion, TEPP, EPN), chloropicrin, carbamate
compounds, mercury compounds, and chlorinated organic
pesticides (DDT, ODD, dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene,
heptachlor).
In addition to the above regulations, the Department of
Agriculture has promulgated emergency procedures to be
observed in case of a pesticide spill. This document
includes information on agencies which should be contacted
if water is contaminated. Disposal methods are also
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discussed in terms which take into account the protection
of ground and surface water quality. In order to protect
ground water, it will probably soon be required that only
Class I dump sites—the most restrictive—be used for
disposal of used pesticide containers.
In general, no statewide system or organization has been
established which is concerned with response to an accidental
discharge of a hazardous material. The exceptions are
pesticides, as noted above, and oil, which includes petro-
leum, petroleum products, sludge oil refuse and any other
oil or oil-like substance of animal, mineral or vegetable
origin. The California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan
has not yet been formally adopted, but nevertheless pro-
vides the guidelines for response to an oil spill. Most
officials feel that a similar plan will be drawn up and
adopted for other hazardous materials as the need becomes
evident.
The Concept of Negligence; Many court cases in the
State of California can be cited to show the relative ease
with which liability can be established in cases which
involve inherently dangerous conditions or materials. Once
something is introduced to the water which is harmful,
negligence need not be established. The fact that the
water is adversely affected is sufficient to make a case.
Expansion on this point may be found in 35 California
Jurisprudence (2nd edition). Section 172 under the heading
of Negligence states:
A particularly great quantum of care is required of
one who has in his possession or under his control
an instrumentality that is dangerous to life, or a
dangerous material or energy, such as explosives or
highly inflammable matter, corrosive or otherwise
dangerous or noxious fluids, fire, electricity, and
gas. Persons possessing or having control of such
a thing must use every means known, or that would
be known on due inquiry, to avoid an accident
arising from the dangerous thing...
Section 349, in 36 California Jurisprudence (2nd ed.),
discusses ultrahazardous activities. This section states
in part:
The courts of this state recognize the so-called
ultra-hazardous activities doctrine... Though one
who carries on such an ultrahazardous activity does
so with the utmost care to prevent harm, he is
liable for any injury or damage resulting from the
activity to anyone whose person, land, or chattel
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he should recognize as likely to be harmed by an
unpreventable miscarriage of the activity... The
theories of negligence/ nuisance, and liability for
ultrahazardous activities are closely related inso-
far as they apply to the right of a user of real
property to be free from unreasonable invasion of,
or unreasonable risk to, use and enjoyment of his
property, and the corresponding duty to refrain from
causing such invasion or risk.
An activity is ultrahazardous if it (1) necessarily
involves a risk of serious harm to the person, land,
or chattel of another which cannot be eliminated by
the exercise of the utmost care and (2) is not a
matter of common usage. It may be ultrahazardous
because of the instrumentality used in carrying it
on, the nature of the subject, or the condition it
creates...
It is therefore recognized, by statute, that the degree of
liability, and correspondingly the degree of care which
must be exercised, is a direct function of the inherent
hazard of the material involved.
State of Louisiana
The primary body responsible for the quality of Louisiana's
waters is the Stream Control Commission. This commission
has control of waste disposal, public or private, by any
person, into any of the waters of the state, in order to
prevent pollution which tends to be injurious to the public
health, the public welfare, or to aquatic life, fowl, and
animals. The Stream Control Commission works with the State
Board of Health in supervision of water supplies and the
disposal of waste.
Louisiana Water Quality Laws: Title 56, Chapter 3,
Louisiana Revised Statutes is most directly concerned with
water quality. Part I contains sections on the Stream
Control Commission, and Part II deals with drainage of
noxious or poisonous substances into natural waterways or
canals. Section 1437, in Part I, assigns to the Commis-
sioner of Wild Life and Fisheries the responsibility for
enforcement and administration of the rules, regulations,
and orders of the Stream Control Commission. It also pro-
vides that agents and enforcement officers of the Commis-
sion of Wild Life and Fisheries are ex-officio agents and
enforcement officers of the Commission.
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In Louisiana, as in California, none of the water quality
laws were developed for the particular case of an acci-
dental discharge of a hazardous material into water.
Although statutes found in Title 56 may apply to such
spills, the statutory authority to prosecute has not been
tested in the courts. Nevertheless, potentially applica-
ble sections are pointed out here. Section 1440 prohibits
illegal discharge of waste and other pollution:
No person shall discharge or permit to be discharged
into any of the waters of the state any waste or any
pollution of any kind that will tend to destroy fish
or other aquatic life or wild or domestic animals or
fowls or to be injurious to the public health or
against the public welfare in violation of any rule,
order, or regulation of the Commission.
Section 1444 specifies that the penalty for violation of
section 1440 shall be a fine of not less than $25 nor more
than $1,000 plus costs of prosecution, or imprisonment for
not more than one year.
Section 1451 refers specifically to destruction of fish;
however, the words "knowingly and wilfull" would seem to
prevent use of this section in cases involving accidental
discharges. Section 1451 reads:
No person shall knowingly and wilfully empty or
drain or permit to be emptied or drained from any
pump, reservoir, well, or oil field into any
natural stream of the state any oil, salt water,
or noxious or poisonous gases or substances in
quantities sufficient to destroy the fish therein.
The penalty for violation, specified in section 1453, is a
fine of not less than $100 nor more than $2,000, or imprison-
ment for 30 days to 3 months.
Until recently, Chapter 1 of Title 56 also contained two
relevant sections, 322 and 362. Both read the same:
In order to prevent the pollution of any of the
waters of the state, the killing of fish, or the
modification of natural conditions in any way
detrimental to the interests of the state, no per-
son shall discharge or permit to be discharged
into such waters, any substance which kills fish,
or renders the water unfit for the maintenance of
the normal fish life characteristic of the waters,
or in any way adversely affects the interests of
the state. Each separate day upon which a violation
of this section occurs constitutes a separate offense.
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However, Act Number 404 of the 1970 Louisiana legislature
repealed sections 322 and 362, while adding sections 639
through 639.2 to Title 56. These sections define and
prohibit water pollution, and specify penalties for viola-
tion, as follows:
Section 639. Definition
"Water Pollution" includes the introduction into
state water bodies of any substance in concentra-
tion which results in the killing of fish or other
aquatic life in numbers or in a manner materially
detrimental to the interests of the state or ren-
ders the water unfit for maintenance of the nor-
mal fish or aquatic life characteristics of the
waters, or in any way adversely affects the interests
of the state in respect to its fish or other aquatic
life.
Section 639.1 Pollution of waters; discharge of injurious
substance
In order to prevent the pollution of any stream or
other water body of the state, the killing of fish
or other aquatic life, or the modification of natural
conditions in any way detrimental to the interests of
the state, no person shall knowingly discharge or
knowingly permit to be discharged into any waters of
the state, or into drains which discharge into such
waters, any substance which causes "Water Pollution"
as defined in section 639 of this Sub-part, provided,
however, that the provisions of this Sub-part shall
not apply to any unintentional pollution or con-
tamination resulting from or in connection with the
production of agricultural products. Each separate
day upon which a violation of this section occurs
constitutes a separate offense.
Section 639.2 Penalty for violation of Sub-part
Whoever intentionally violates any of the provisions
of this Sub-part shall be fined for each offense
not less than one-hundred dollars nor more than two-
thousand dollars or imprisonment for not more than
one hundred days or both.
Section 639.2 specifies a more serious penalty than those
assessed for repealed sections 322 and 362. However, the
use of the word "knowingly" in the new section 639.1 and
"intentionally" in 639.2, indicates that the repealed laws
were stronger, from the point of view of application to acci-
dental pollution cases. Discussion of relative strengths is
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probably academic, however, since water quality officials
in Louisiana feel that intent must be proven if criminal
prosecution is sought using Title 56.
The statutes and record of prosecution for spill in
Louisiana reflect a disinclination to seek criminal action
in the case of an accidental discharge. There is a decided
preference for voluntary cooperation in combatting such
problems. Whenever an accidental spill of a hazardous
material into water has damaging results, representatives
of the Commission of Wild.Life and Fisheries try to reach
some mutual agreement with the responsible party as to
damage costs. Some attempt has been made to assign a
value to fish losses, and some consideration given to
collection of replacement costs for other aquatic life.
In cases where agreement cannot be reached, the state or
any individual can seek civil action for damages or inju-
ries suffered. The Stream Control Commission has not sought
such an action in the case of an accidental discharge, but
Wild Life and Fisheries has done so in cases involving fish
kills. In such instances, the District Attorney of the
parish in which the pollution occurs has the option to try
the case, after considering the charges.
Both managers and lawyers responsible for water quality in
Louisiana recognize that voluntary action is not always con-
sistent with the taking of all necessary precautions to pre-
vent accidental discharges and to mitigate damaging effects.
They desire to know more about the seriousness of the problem,
and feel that stronger statutes would be helpful. Act Num-
ber 405 of the 1970 Louisiana legislature, which specifies
and clarifies the rights of the state in the event of a
pollution of state waters provides an example of a more
meaningful law. By this Act, Section 1446 of Title 56 of
the Louisiana Revised Statutes was enacted, which reads as
follows;
Section 1446. Pollution of waters; recovery of civil
Attorney General to institute action; jurisdiction
in District Courts
A. Whenever any person without a certificate of
approval, permit or other document of approval
authorized by law, or in violation of the terms and
conditions of such certificate of approval, permit,
or other document of approval authorized by law, has
negligently, carelessly or wilfully caused pollution
of the waters of the state in such concentration or
manner that wild birds, wild quadrupeds, fish or other
aquatic life are killed as the result thereof, or ren-
ders the water unfit for maintenance of the normal fish
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or aquatic life characteristics of the waters or
renders the water unfit for the usages which have
been established for the stream or other water body
by the commission (Stream Control Commission), the
commission may recover/ in the name of the state,
damages from such person.
B. The commission shall notify the person or per-
sons responsible of the amount of damages claimed by
the commission and may effect such settlements as it
deems reasonable. If no settlement is reached within
60 days the Attorney General shall bring a civil
action in the name of the state to recover the dam-
ages, in either the district court of the parish in
which the damage has occurred or the district court
of the parish in which the State Capitol is located.
The district courts shall have jurisdiction to hear
and determine such actions.
C. The measure of damages shall be the amount
determined by the court to be the replacement cost
thereof or the cost of restoring the stream or other
water body to its former condition plus the cost of
all reasonable and necessary investigations made or
caused to be made by the state in connection
therewith.
D. No civil proceeding brought under this section
shall limit or prevent any other actions or proceed-
ings in respect to the pollution of waters which are
authorized by this Part or other provisions of law.
E. The provisions of this Part shall not apply
to any unintentional pollution or contamination result-
ing from or in connection with the production of agri-
cultural products.
To date/ statutory authorization to bring civil action for
recovery of damages in pollution cases has been granted in
only a few states. It seems that section 1446 could readily
be applied to accidental spills of hazardous materials. Of
course, "negligently" and "carelessly" will by key words in
a test of Louisiana's new civil damage recovery law.
Other Louisiana Laws; Article 2315 of the Louisiana
Civil Code was often cited, by officials from the Stream
Control Commission and the Attorney General's office, as
the basic right of action law for any individual who is
damaged. This article states in part:
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Every act whatever of man that causes damage
to another obliges him by whose fault it
happened to repair it;...
An expansive case history has been built around article
2315. Variations in interpretation occur because of dif-
fering circumstances among individual cases. Even though
someone who is damaged by water pollution could seek com-
pensation using this article, no cases were related by
Louisiana officials where pollution had been caused by an
accidental discharge of a hazardous material.
Part II, Chapter 10, Title 3 of the Louisiana Revised
Statutes creates an Anhydrous Ammonia Commission. Sec-
tion 1355 of Title 3 requires bonding for those who handle
or manufacture this particular hazardous substance. Before
doing business involving anhydrous ammonia, any dealer,
manufacturer, or jobber must furnish the commission a bond
in the sum of $10,000, as a guarantee that he will comply
with provisions and regulations regarding the material.
Section 1627 of Title 3 establishes financial responsibility
requirements for applicators of pesticides. It states, in
part:
No license shall be valid, nor shall any license be
issued or renewed, unless the applicator shall have
filed with the commissioner a corporate surety bond
in the minimum amount of $10,000, guaranteeing that
the applicator will answer in damages to any person,
except the employer, injured by the applicator's
pesticide application or drift to plants, animals,
or property;... The posting of such bond shall not
relieve the person from whom the custom application
of pesticides was made from any liability to which
he may be subject.
Statewide Contingency Plan: A detailed plan for noti-
fication of cognizant state and local officials, in the
event of a dangerous discharge, is being developed and dis-
seminated by Louisiana water quality officials. This is
consistent with the state's tendency to seek voluntary
cooperation on the part of manufacturers, users, and trans-
porters of hazardous materials. Immediate notification is
to be tied in with a detailed response plan which will have
£
as a major objective the integrity of the state's waters.
An example of the industry-state cooperation which is being
sought is the Waterworks Warning Network Plan for the Lower
Mississippi River, dated January 20, 1969. This plan notes
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that past experience of water deterioration due to acci-
dental industrial discharges indicated the need for a warn-
ing system, which was first developed in 1960 with the
participation of waterworks people, the State Department
of Health, the Stream Control Commission, and industry.
In the plan are found specific procedures to be followed
in case of a reported discharge, and a listing of responsi-
ble people to be contacted. The plan states the antici-
pation that industry will be the source of information
in most cases of accidental discharge.
State of New York
Environmental Conservation Act; On April 22, 1970
the state of New York passed into law an act entitled the
Environmental Conservation Law, which completely restruc-
tured the enforcement organization for water and air pollu-
tion as well as conservation in general. This act abolished
the existing Department of Conservation, and incorporated
all environment-related functions from other executive
departments into a single Department of Environmental Con-
servation. The department was charged with carrying out
the policy of the state of New York, which is:
...to conserve, improve and protect its natural
resources and environment and control water, land
and air pollution, in order to enhance the health,
safety and welfare of the people of the state and
their overall economic and social well being.
To effectively discharge his responsibilities, the commis-
sioner was given 24 specific responsibilities and powers.
Of these powers several have particular applicability to
hazardous polluting substances. In brief, the commissioner
was given power to:
...9. Provide for prevention and abatement of all
water, land and air pollution including, but not
limited to that related to particulates, gases, dust,
vapors, noise, radiation, odor, nutrients and heated
liquids.
..10. Promote control of pests and regulate the use
and storage and disposal of pesticides and other
chemicals which may be harmful to man, animals, plant
life or natural resources.
..11. Promote control of weeds and aquatic growth,
develop methods of prevention and erradication and
and regulate herbicides...
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..13. Prevent pollution through the regulation of the
storage, handling and transport of solids, liquids and
gases which may cause or contribute to pollution...
(emphasis added)
..24. Exercise and perform such other functions,
powers and duties as shall have been or may be from
time to time conveyed or imposed by law, including,
but not limited to, all the functions, powers and
duties assigned and transferred to the department from
the department of health, conservation department,
department of agriculture and market, and office for
local government in the executive department by a
chapter or chapters of the laws of nineteen hundred
seventy.
The new department thus not only retains all powers of the
former organizations but incorporates new powers, some
directly related to the control of hazardous materials. The
power to regulate storage, handling and transport of solids,
liquids and gases which may cause or contribute to pollution
demonstrates that the state is aware of the problem of pol-
lution from these sources and is acting to prevent it.
Although regulations under the new law have not yet been
formulated, recent statements by the commissioner of the new
department indicate that the depth of concern stated in the
act will be reflected in an active enforcement program. On
August 3, 1970, at the opening of a series of hearings on
pesticides, the Commissioner made the following statements:
...Certain pesticides which persist in our environment
or accumulate in organic tissue can cause serious
disease and produce long-term detrimental effects
among fish, wildlife, and domestic animals—perhaps
man. The risk is such that we must act now to protect
against this threat.
In preparing the proposed list of restricted use
pesticides, we followed two simple guidelines:
If a pesticide is to be used, it must be proven that
there is a clear public necessity, and: if introduced
into the environment, it must not harm the environment.
Put another way, I believe that the burden must be on
those who would introduce an alien substance into the
environment to prove that its use will not be harmful—
this is in contrast to an earlier philosophy placing
the burden on the polluted rather than the polluter...
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The enforcement policies in New York state under the new
organization, and with the active philosophy reflected above,
will be worth watching in the future.
Existing Statutes; For the present, existing statutory
law will continue to be enforced until the new regulatory
program is formulated. Because the existing statutes are
similar to those of other states discussed previously, they
will only be summarized here.
The general prohibition against pollution which is
found in the Public Health Law is similar to the Federal
Refuse Act in that it is a general prohibition against intro-
duction of any organic or inorganic matter that causes or
contributes to a condition in contravention of adopted
water use standards. This prohibition has been applied by
the enforcement arm of the Department of Health. Actual
prosecution under the law must be carried out by local dis-
trict attorneys, although the practice of "compromise," or
out of court settlement for damages, is the most common
settlement made. In practice, prosecution has only been
attempted in cases where negligence can be proven. By
statute, emergencies which are caused by "an act of God,
war, strike, riot, or other catastrophe as to which negli-
gence or wilful misconduct on the part of such person was
not the proximate cause" are specifically excluded from
civil and criminal liabilities.
The conservation law provides for the protection of wildlife,
and singles out trout streams for specific protection.
Spills of hazardous or deleterious materials which occur in
designated trout streams are punishable whether a kill occurs
or not. Spills in waters other than trout streams are not
punishable unless for recovery of specific damages, i.e.,
killing of fish.
As in some other states, the laws dealing with spills of
hazardous materials are rarely tested in the courts. In
cases of clear negligence the offender is usually willing
to compromise. If negligence is questionable, enforcement
authorities are reluctant to prosecute.
State of Ohio
Health Law; Primary pollution abatement authority in
Ohio is vested in the Water Pollution Control Board within
the Department of Health by the Ohio Water Pollution Control
Act of 1951. The Pollution Control Act, as modified in
1967, defines acts of pollution which are prohibited. The
appropriate section reads in part:
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Section 6111.04 - Acts of pollution prohibited;
exceptions
No person shall cause pollution as defined in divi-
sion (A) of section 6111.01 of the revised code in any
waters of the state, or place or cause to be placed
any sewage, industrial waste or other waste in a loca-
tion where they cause pollution of any waters of the
state. Any such action is hereby declared to be a
nuisance, except in such cases where the water pol-
lution control board has issued a valid and unexpired
permit...
Penalties are imposed for violations, each day of violation
after conviction comprising a separate violation. Maximum
penalty is a fine not greater than $500 or imprisonment for
more than one year or both.
Pollution is thus covered in a general manner, and could
apply to some instances of hazardous material spills. From
discussions with the assistant attorney general it was
determined that prosecution would be attempted only in the
event that a nuisance exists, damage occurs, and negligence
can be shown. It was believed, however, that no cases had
been tried for spills of hazardous polluting substances
under the water pollution law.
The Division of Wildlife of the Department of Natural
Resources has had some encouraging results from a program
instituted under the state's wildlife laws, in many cases
involving hazardous material spills. Taking their authority
from three sections of the state code, the wildlife division
has developed and implemented a program of enforcement which
has resulted in reducing fish kills within the state. The
First Statute, Section 1531.02 declares state ownership of
wildlife. It states in part:
The ownership of and the title to all wild animals in
this state, not legally confined or held by private
ownership legally acquired, is in the state, which
holds such title in trust for the benefit of all the
people. Individual possession shall be obtained only
in accordance with the Revised Code or division of
wildlife orders...
In the second statute, authority to protect wildlife is
stated as a power and duty of the Chief of the Wildlife
Divisions:
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Section 1531.04
The Division of Wildlife, at the direction of the
Division Chief shall...
(C) Enforce by proper legal action or proceeding, the
laws of the state and its orders for the protection,
preservation, propagation and management of wild ani-
mals and sanctuaries and refuges for the propagation
of such wild animals, and adopt and carry into effect
such measures as it deems necessary in the perform-
ance of its duties.
This enforcement authority is backed up by the stream litter
law, section 1531.29 of the wildlife laws. This law states:
1531.29 Stream and state land littering prohibited.
No person shall place or dispose of in any manner, any
garbage, waste, peelings of vegetables or fruits, rub-
bish, ashes..oil, or anything else of an unsightly or
unsanitary nature on any state owned, controlled or
administered land, or in any ditch, stream, river, lake,
pond, or other water course, except those waters which
do not combine or effect a junction with natural sur-
face or underground waters, or upon the bank thereof
where the same is liable to be washed into the water,
either by ordinary flow or annual floods...
A fine of not less than 25 nor more than 500 dollars or
imprisonment for not more than thirty days may be imposed
for violation of the stream litter law.
Using this authority, the Division of Wildlife has estab-
lished and pursued a program of investigation and prosecu-
tion of all cases under their jurisdiction, i.e., spills
wherein loss of wildlife occurs. Each reported incident
which may involve loss of wildlife is thoroughly investi-
gated by field personnel of the Division of Wildlife. If
no significant loss of wildlife occurs, the facts gathered
are referred to the water pollution control board. If loss
of wildlife valued at greater than $25 occurs, a complete
account of all events surrounding the spill is gathered and
evidence collected. Fish and wildlife killed are tabulated
by size and species, and the total value computed by apply-
ing current wholesale value of each. If a sufficiently
strong case for conviction can be developed, the case is
referred to the Chief Enforcement Officer and the Assistant
Attorney General assigned to the wildlife division for
action. In practically all cases, the claim, which includes
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the wholesale value of wildlife lost plus the cost of inves-
tigation, is settled out of court.
Although court action is rarely required, enforcement offi-
cials feel that the Division's enforcement program has been
highly successful as a deterrent to repeated excessive dis-
charges from manufacturing plants and to other intentional
spills. Annual loss of fish life has been reduced from
10 million in 1964, when the program was instituted, to less
than 1 million in 1969.
State of Pennsylvania
Officials responsible for water quality in Pennsylvania are
obviously concerned about problems caused by both accidental
and continuous discharges of hazardous materials. This con-
cern has been nurtured by an increasing number of pollution
"incident" investigations, and is leading to activity
designed to reduce the number of discharges and minimize
the chances for injury and damage. A large percentage of
accidental spills involve oil and pipelines, but there have
been experiences with spills of other materials and differ-
ent spill conditions.
The Clean Streams Law of Pennsylvania: The water
quality laws in Pennsylvania are embodied in the Clean
Streams Law, which is found in Title 35 of the Pennsylvania
Statutes. The agency administering this law is the Sanitary
Water Board in the Department of Health. The Clean Streams
Law was amended extensively in 1970 by the General Assembly,
with the result that the Sanitary Water Board has, as of
July 31, 1970, expanded powers of regulation. Statements
made by Sanitary Water Board staff members indicate that
this new authority will be used to regulate activities which
have the potential for causing water pollution. Quotations
from the Clean Streams Law which are cited below will
include the recent amendment.
In its definition of industrial waste, section 1 of the
Clean Streams Law provides for the inclusion of materials
other than those which are usually considered to be waste.
"Industrial waste" shall be construed to mean any
liquid, gaseous, radioactive, solid or other substance,
not sewage, resulting from any manufacturing or indus-
try, or from any establishment, as herein defined, and
mine drainage, silt,..."Industrial waste" shall include
all such substances whether or not generally character-
ized as waste.
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Another definition from section 1 is that of "pollution,"
which is construed to mean:
...contamination of any waters of the Commonwealth such
as will create or is likely to create a nuisance or to
render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious to
public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, muni-
cipal, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recrea-
tional, or other legitimate beneficial uses, or to
livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic
life, including but not limited to such contamination
by alteration of the physical, chemical or biological
properties of such waters, or change in temperature,
taste, color or odor thereof, or the discharge of any
liquid, gaseous, radioactive, solid or other substance
into such waters...
Section 3 follows up the definition by stating that any
pollution is a public nuisance:
The discharge of sewage or industrial waste or any sub-
stance into the waters of this commonwealth, which
causes or contributes to pollution as herein defined
or creates a danger of such pollution is hereby
declared not to be a reasonable or natural use of such
waters, to be against public policy and to be a public
nuisance.
The 1970 amendment has given the Sanitary Water Board
expanded capabilities to adopt rules and regulations,
section 5 states, in part:
...(b) The board shall have the power and its duty
shall be to:
(1) Formulate, adopt, promulgate and repeal such
rules and regulations and issue such orders as are
necessary to implement the provisions of this act.
(2) Establish policies for effective water quality
control and water quality management in the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania and coordinate and be responsible for
the development and implementation of comprehensive
public water supply, waste management, and other water
quality plans...
...(d) The department (Department of Health) shall
have the power and its duty shall be to...
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(3) Issue such orders as may be necessary to implement
the provisions of this act or the rules and regulations
of the board.
(4) Make such inspections of public or private property
as are necessary to determine compliance with the pro-
visions of this act, and the rules, regulations, orders
or permits issued hereunder.
(5) Report to, and at the direction of, the board.
(6) Perform such other duties as the board may direct.
Water quality officials in Pennsylvania have stated that some
of the new regulations which are formulated will deal with
the pollution potential due to inadvertant discharges of
hazardous materials.
Section 307 of the Clean Streams Law was amended by the
recent act to read:
No person or municipality shall discharge or permit
the discharge of industrial wastes in any manner,
directly or indirectly, into any of the waters of the
Commonwealth unless such discharge is authorized by
the rules and regulations of the board or such person
or municipality has first obtained a permit from the
department...A discharge of industrial wastes without
a permit or contrary to the terms and conditions of a
permit or contrary to the rules and regulations of the
board is hereby declared to be a nuisance.
Article IV of the revised Clean Streams Law indicates
Pennsylvania's recognition of the "pollution potential"
of various substances. After Section 401 re-emphasizes
that it shall be unlawful for any person to discharge any
polluting substance into water, Section 402 provides a
clear policy on potential pollution.
Section 402. Potential Pollution - (a) whenever the
board finds that any activity, not otherwise requiring
a permit under this act, including but not limited to
the impounding, handling^ storage, transportation,
processing or disposing of materials or substances,
creates a danger of pollution of the waters of the
Commonwealth or that regulation of the activity is
necessary to avoid such pollution, the board may, by
rule or regulation, require that such activity be con-
ducted only pursuant to a permit issued by the depart-
ment or may otherwise establish the conditions under
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which such activity shall be conducted, or the board
may issue an order to a person or municipality regu-
lating a particular activity...
(b) Whenever a permit is required by rules and regu-
lations issued pursuant to this section, it shall be
unlawful for a person or municipality to conduct the
activity regulated except pursuant to a permit issued
by the department. Conducting such activity without
a permit, or contrary to the rules and regulations of
the board or conducting an activity contrary to an
order issued by the department, is hereby declared to
be a nuisance. (Emphasis added)
The sections of Article VI further demonstrate Pennsylvania's
resolve to deal with conditions which may lead to water pol-
lution, thereby heading off the actual pollution itself.
Regarding abatement of nuisances, section 601 states:
Any activity or condition declared by this act to be
a nuisance, shall be abatable in the manner provided
by law or equity for the abatement of public nuisances.
In addition, suits to abate such nuisances or suits to
restrain or prevent any violation of this act may be
in equity or at law in the name of the Commonwealth
upon relation of the Attorney General, or upon rela-
tion of any district attorney of any county, or upon
relation of the solicitor of any municipality affected,
after notice has first been served upon the Attorney
General of the intention of the district attorney or
solicitor to so proceed...
Criminal and civil penalties for violation of the Clean
Streams Law are provided for in Sections 602 and 604, respec-
tively. Section 602 reads:
(a) Any person or municipality who violates any provi-
sion of this act or any rule or regulation or order of
the board or any order of the department issued pursu-
ant to this act is guilty of a summary offense and,
upon conviction, shall be subject to a fine of not less
than $100 nor more than $1,000 for each separate
offense...
(b) Any person or municipality who, after a conviction
in a summary proceeding within two years as above pro-
vided, violates any provision of this act or any rule
or regulation or order of the board or any order of the
department issued pursuant to this act is guilty of a
misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be subject to
a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $5,000 for
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each separate offense or to imprisonment in the county
jail for a period of not more than one year, or both...
Section 605, on civil penalties, states:
In addition to proceeding under any other remedy avail-
able at law or in equity for a violation of a provision
of this act or a rule or regulation of the board or an
order of the department, the board, after hearing, may
assess a civil penalty upon a person or municipality
for such violation. Such a penalty may be assessed
whether or not the violation was wilful. The civil
penalty so assessed shall not exceed $10,000, plus $500
for each day of continued violation. In determining
the amount of the civil penalty the board shall con-
sider the wilfullness of the violation, damage or
injury to the waters of the Commonwealth or their uses,
cost of restoration, and other relevant factors...
(Emphasis added)
The criminal and civil action provisions of Pennsylvania's
amended Clean Streams Law have yet to be tested in the case
of an accidental spill of a hazardous material. The extent
of the Sanitary Water Board's regulatory authority will
probably also be tried at some time in the future.
Pollution Incident Prevention Plan: Even before the
1970 General Assembly amended the Clean Streams Law, the
Sanitary Water Board was demonstrating its strong desire to
prevent accidental discharges of polluting materials. As a
means of combatting at least one important cause of water
polluting accidents, the board has instituted a Pollution
Incident Prevention Program. In a paper presented at the
May, 1970 Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Donald J.
Lazarchik, Director of the Department of Health's Division
of Industrial Wastes, discussed this program and cited sta-
tistics on pollution incidents which have led to its develop-
ment. He noted that the Sanitary Water Board had already
issued orders to about 350 discharge permit holders, requir-
ing them to submit pollution incident prevention plans.
Each of the Board's orders states that the recipient's
industrial waste permit is:
...modified so as to require the submission of a plan
to prevent accidental discharges of polluting mate-
rials. The plan shall consider the consequences of
and provide for the prevention of accidental discharges
that might occur during the transport, storage, and
processing of raw materials and intermediate and
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finished products. The storage and disposal of all
solid and liquid waste materials shall be considered
in the plan, as well as accidents that may be caused
by power failures, floods, or vandalism. The break-
down of treatment plant equipment and other incidents
of human failure, facilities failure, and operational
failure shall also be considered.
In placing this added requirement on waste permit holders,
the board used its authority to specify the conditions which
must be met by those seeking and holding industrial waste
permits. By issuing such orders, the board was also antici-
pating the expanded regulatory and preventive authority pro-
vided to it by the 1970 General Assembly.
Mr. Lazarchik noted in his waste conference paper, that such
orders are calling "industry's attention to its already
existing legal and moral responsibility to protect the pub-
lic by preventing accidents." It might also be said that
the initial Pollution Incident Prevention orders reflected
the Sanitary Water Board's impatience with a pollution
abatement authority which began only after an incident had
occurred.
In addition to Pollution Incident Prevention (PIP) orders,
which modify existing permits, all industrial waste appli-
cations submitted after January 1, 1970, must include a
plan for the prevention of accidental discharges. All PIP
planr. must include details on back-up equipment, mainte-
nance and inspection, prevention training programs, contin-
gency plans, external factors, and a pollution incident
history. Arrangements must be made for prompt availability
of cleanup services and equipment. Responsibility for
notification of downstream water users and the Health
Department must be detailed in the plan, together with a
list of persons to be notified.
PIP directives are quite explicit as to the level of detail
required. They state, for example, that special attention
should be devoted to the receiving, transporting, storing
and shipping of liquids since such materials can easily
reach a watercourse or pollute underground waters. Other
specifications require that the direction of flow of spilled
liquids should be predicted, that hazardous materials stored
in drums in outdoor locations should be routinely patrolled,
and that containers should be inspected for detection of
leaks.
In his paper, Mr. Lazarchik brought out that, during the
past seven years, there have been at least 496 accidents,
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spills, or intentional dumping of pollutional materials that
have killed fish in Pennsylvania streams. He then stated
that these cases only represented spills serious enough to
kill fish, and which were noticed by someone who reported
them for investigation by the Department of Health and the
Pennsylvania Fish Commission. These incidents do not include
the hundreds of occurrences of tastes and odors in public
water supply, the temporary discoloration of receiving
streams, and other adverse effects that may not kill fish.
Pennsylvania Fish Laws; Since a fish kill is by far
the most common tangible result of an accidental pollution,
the Pennsylvania Fish Commission has taken the lead in
efforts to take actions against responsible parties. Sec-
tions 200 through 203 of the Fish Law (Title 30, Pennsyl-
vania Statutes) provide the Fish Commission with its author-
ity to take criminal or civil action. Section 200 states,
in part:
...No person shall allow any substance of any kind or
character, deleterious, destructive or poisonous to
fish, to be turned into or allowed to run, flow, wash
or be emptied into any waters within this Commonwealth,
unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the Commis-
sion or to the proper courts that every reasonable and
practicable means has been used to abate and prevent
the pollution of waters in question by the escape of
deleterious substances. (Emphasis added)
Fish Commission officials feel that the portion which is
underlined diminishes the effectiveness of the law, and
would like to see it deleted. Even so, it is significant
that the burden is on the polluter to prove that every means
was taken to prevent the pollution, rather than on the
state to prove the opposite.
Section 202 prescribes the criminal penalty for violation of
section 200:
Any person violating the preceding provisions of this
article shall, on conviction as provided in chapter 14
of this act, be sentenced to pay a fine of not less
than $100 nor more than $1000.
Using the argument that the state did not own the fish, a
court ruling denied the right of the Fish Commission to bring
civil action for a fish kill. Because of this, section 202.1
was added to the Fish Law. This section states:
(a) The Commonwealth in its sovereign capacity as the
guardian and trustee for the people of Pennsylvania of
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all the natural resources of Pennsylvania, including
fish and aquatic life, is hereby declared to have suffi-
cient interest in said fish, and aquatic animals living
in a free state to give it standing, through its duly
authorized agencies, to recover damages in civil action
against any person or persons who unlawfully or negli-
gently kill or otherwise destroy any fish or other
aquatic animals by pollution.
(b) The proprietary ownership, jurisdiction over and
control of fish and aquatic animals living free in
nature, including bait-fish and fish-bait, as defined
in this act, are hereby declared to have been achieved
through the continual expenditure of Commonwealth funds
and efforts to protect, perpetuate, propagate and main-
tain populations of fish, bait-fish and fish-bait
within the waters of this Commonwealth as a renewable
natural resource of the Commonwealth.
(c) The Fish Commission, as an agency of the Common-
wealth duly authorized to regulate, control, manage,
and perpetrate the fish and other aquatic life in the
waters of the Commonwealth may, in addition to criminal
penalties provided in this act, bring civil suits in
trespass on behalf of the Commonwealth for the value
of any fish, bait-fish or fish-bait, destroyed in viola-
tion of Section 200 of this act.
Section 203, which addresses the problem of a sufficient
evidence, states:
In prosecutions under this article for the pollution
of waters by substances known to be injurious to fish
or to fish food, it shall not be necessary to prove
that such substances have actually caused the death of
any particular fish.
Because establishment of a specific causal relationship
between pollution and damage is usually a difficult problem
in prosecution, Section 203 is very significant.
In most cases, the Fish Commission and the party responsible
for the pollution will agree on a fair price before any court
proceeding is necessary, or while the case is in the courts.
The basis for settlement in the past has been some value
assigned to each fish killed, by size and specie. It is
the Fish Commission's desire to also begin recovering for
loss of food chain organisms and the costs of investigation.
The civil action provision of the Fish Law should soon be
getting its first court test, using a case in which a train
derailment caused phenol and acid to enter the water in such
quantitites that fish were killed for a distance of 50 miles.
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Private Rights of Action
The right of the citizen to take action to recover damages
is presently based on either State or Common Law rights
provided by State statute.
Common Law Principles
The basic right of action for the citizen is the recovery of
damages to his person or property as a result of the action
of another person. Such recovery of damages is carried out
in civil action in a court of law. In a civil action the
plaintiff must show, to the satisfaction of the court, that
damage did occur, and that it was caused by the negligent or
intentional action of the defendent. An example of this
kind of action in reference to hazardous materials is found
in Nelson v. C & C Plywood 462 P2d 314 (1970), Montana
Supreme Court. In this case, a homeowner recovered damages
when glue from a factory's waste ditches polluted his water
well. Another case where the common law principles applied
is Owens v. U.S. 294 F. Supp 400 (1968). Here the complain-
ing party received damages for government negligence in the
application of pesticides, which allegedly polluted a creek
and a cattle pond. In this situation the complaining party
was required to show that the government failed to exercise
the degree of care required under the circumstances, and
that this failure was the direct cause of the damages.
The primary limitations in civil actions under common law
are that damages must have occurred and must be proven with
certainty, and that action may be brought only by the damaged
party. Unless provided by statute, a citizen may not bring
suit against a violation of public property or property of
another person. Similarly, in bringing civil action against
a polluter, the government must be able to show that public
property owned, or held in trust by the state (e.g., wild-
life) , is damaged. In a recent lower court action in
Pennsylvania, a civil court denied the state's claim for a
fish kill, saying that the state did not own the fish and
therefore could not bring action to recover damages. This
situation was subsequently rectified when a statute was
added to the state law verifying the application of the trust
doctrine in the case of wildlife, and assuring that in future
cases the state could prove ownership of fish in state waters,
In some states, as in California, common law precedents have
established state ownership of wildlife, obviating a need
for a statute to that effect.
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Another right of action available to the citizen is the
mandamus action. This is basically the right to force a
public official to perform his duties. If a citizen feels
that a public official is not carrying out his responsibili-
ties to the public, an action may be brought to force him to
do his job. Although this kind of action is rarely applied,
and is difficult to win, it is a means for the citizen to
take action in jurisdictions where the responsible officials
are clearly not using the authority they have to correct
violations against the public interest.
Statutory Law
Statutory law applied to spills of hazardous materials is
primarily directed toward protecting those waters and lands
of the state which are held in trust for the public by the
government. Offenses committed which violate statutory law
may be prosecuted through criminal proceeding or through
civil action as provided for in the law. In general, only
the state may bring action to abate a pollution which affects
only the public welfare. Two exceptions may be noted. The
first is the qui tarn right, which gives a citizen the right
to bring action for violation of a statutory law when the
citizen has a monetary interest in the proceedings, such as
a reward provided by statute.
The Refuse Act of 1899 provides for the award of one-half of
the penalty collected for prosecution under the Act to the
person reporting the offense to the government. Because of
this monetary interest, the citizen reporting the pollution
may have the right, under the qui tarn principle, to bring
civil action against the polluter and, if successful, to
recover his due portion of the penalty assessed. Several
recent cases under the Refuse Act by citizens have been filed
using this theory, but no conclusive precedent on the avail-
ability of this remedy has yet been decided. Many lawyers
feel that courts will rule adversely to this citizen-action
theory. Second, according to a lawyer working for Califor-
nia's Attorney General, any person aggrieved by the actions
or inaction of the Water Resources Control Board, in carry-
ing out its obligation to protect the public interest, may
himself institute civil proceedings for recovery of damages.
This right is provided by statute to allow the citizens of
a state additional latitude in dealing with a particular
problem, such as pollution. Actions are not generally
sought, however, because of the cost involved and the prob-
lem of providing sufficient proof that a particular incident
has led to pollution. Michigan has recently passed a
statute allowing a citizen broad authority to sue to abate
pollution.
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The right of a citizen to bring an action to abate pollution
without showing specific damage to himself ought to be
granted under the Refuse Act in both State and Federal law.
The gui tarn theory should not be expanded. Rather, class
action rights should be authorized with no monetary rewards
provided to the plaintiff, other than the recovery of costs
when he prevails. This is particularly true when the prose-
cution of hazardous polluting substances (spill cases) is
so inadequate at both the State and Federal level. Any dam-
ages recovered would go into funds established to effect
environmental restoration in the event cleanup or restora-
tion at a specific spill site were impossible or undesirable,
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