Oceanographic and
Related
Water Quality
Studies

•2


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Sour       rn Alaska

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OCEANOGRAPHIC AND RELATED WATER QUALITY STUDIES

      IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA, AUGUST 1965
       U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
               Northwest Region
               Portland, Oregon

                   July 1966

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                             INTRODUCTION








     Upon request of the Alaska Department of Health and Welfare,




related oceanographic and water quality studies were conducted at




four locations in Southeastern Alaska.  These studies, preliminary




in nature, were conducted in:  Gastineau Channel, adjacent to the




cities of Juneau and Douglas; Fritz Cove-Auke Bay, near Juneau;




Silver Bay, near Sitka; and Ward Cove, near Ketchikan (see




Frontispiece).




     The urgent need for a sewage and sewage treatment system to




serve the cities of Juneau and Douglas, Alaska, and surrounding




Borough necessitated the request for an oceanographic and related




water quality survey of Gastineau Channel.  Gastineau Channel




borders Juneau, Douglas, and the expanding suburban areas, and now




receives untreated and partially treated wastes from the tributary




population.  The Division of Health, Alaska Department of Health




and Welfare, has previously recommended early development of a




master sewage plan for the area, but lack of funds has precluded




initiation of such a project.  A preliminary study of the currents




and water quality in this area was needed to provide information on




the chemical and bacteriological quality of the waters in the




immediate area and the Channel's ability to disperse the wastes




discharged into it.




     Fritz Cove is under consideration as the site for a pulp mill




proposed in conjunction with plans to harvest nearly 9 billion board

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feet of timber from the surrounding Tongass National Forest.  The Fritz




Cove and adjacent Auke Bay area also is very important in its natural




state because of its utilization in research programs of the U. S.




Bureau of Commercial Fisheries laboratory on Auke Bay and because of




its potential development as a residential and recreation area for the




expanding city of Juneau.  A preliminary study of Fritz Cove was needed




to describe water circulation characteristics which would be pertinent




to consideration of the Cove as a suitable area for discharge of pulp




mill wastes.




     The surveys of Silver Bay and Ward Cove were conducted to




describe the distribution of wastes from pulp mill operations at these




two locations and to determine the effect of these wastes on water




quality.  We are fortunate in this case to have comprehensive water




quality information for both areas prior to commencement of pulping




and discharge of wastes; studies of Silver Bay and Ward Cove were




conducted by the Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health




and Welfare prior to pulp mill construction in each area.  Data from




these studies were available for our evaluation of water quality




changes due to pulping operations.

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.  GASTINEAU CHANNEL STUDY

     Study Objectives	     1

     Area Description	....     2

     Studies	     3
          Methods	--_	______     4

     Results	     7
          Water Circulation 	     7
               Tides and Tidal Currents	     7
               Salinity-Freshwater Relationships 	     9
               Net Circulation	    10
          Water Quality	    12
               Dissolved Oxygen	    12
               pH					—    13
               Bacterial Quality 	    14

     Conclusions and Recommendations 	    16
          Conclusions	    16
          Recommendations	    17
               Outfall Location 	    17
               Follow-up Studies 	    18


CHAPTER 2.  FRITZ COVE STUDY

     Study Objectives	    19

     Area Description	    20

     Studies	    21
          Methods	    22

     Results	    23
          Water Circulation	    23
               Tides and Tidal Currents	    23
               Salinity-Freshwater Relationships 	    25
               Net Circulation	    25
          Water Quality	    27

     Conclusions and Recommendations 	    28
          Conclusions	    28
          Recommendations	-_--    31

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CHAPTER 3.  SILVER BAY STUDY

     Study Objectives	   33

     Background	   34

     Studies	   36
          Methods	   36

     Results	   38
          Physical Conditions During Sampling Period  	   38
          Waste Distribution	   39
          Water Quality	   40
               Dissolved Oxygen 	   40
               pH	   41
               Secchi-disc	   41

     Discussion	   42
          Waste Distribution	   42
          Water Quality	>	   43
               Dissolved Oxygen	   43
               pH		—	--	-	   46


CHAPTER 4.  WARD COVE STUDY

     Study Objectives	    48

     Background	    49
          Description of the Waste Source	—	    50

     Studies	    53
          Methods			    53

     Results 	    54
          Physical Conditions During Sampling Period	    54
          Waste Distribution	    55
          Water Quality	    55
               Dissolved Oxygen 	    55
               pH	    56
               Secchi-disc	    57

     Discussion	    58
          Waste Distribution	    58
          Water Quality	    59
               Dissolved Oxygen 	    59
               pH	-	-	-	    61


LITERATURE CITED			---    62

APPENDIX	    63

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       CHAPTER 1
GASTINEAU CHANNEL
         STUDY
     August 17-20, 1965

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                      STUDY OBJECTIVES








Objectives of the Gastineau Channel Study were to:




     1.  Describe water circulation and water quality in




         Gastineau Channel with a view toward locating a




         proposed sewage treatment plant outfall.




     2.  Recommend an outfall site based on studies conducted,




     3.  Describe bacteriological conditions resulting from




         present waste disposal practices.

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                           AREA DESCRIPTION






                                   Vc
     Gastineau Channel (Figure 1-1) is a long, narrow tidal inlet



connected to Stephens Passage at its seaward end and terminating



in an extensive tide-flat area.  A small navigation channel, passable



only at high tide, connects the inner tide flats of Gastineau Channel



with those of Fritz Cove.  Depths in Gastineau Channel vary from 40



fathoms at its entrance to the exposed tide flats at its terminal



end.



     There are no major freshwater tributaries to Gastineau Channel.
                                             .j


Runoff is primarily from local drainage adjacent to the channel.  From



surface water records (1), peak discharges occur in late summer from



snowmelt and, on a mean-monthly basis, are estimated to collectively



average 1,000-1,400 cu. ft. per second.



     The Juneau-Douglas area of Gastineau Channel (Figure  1-2) is



irregular in shape with depths varying from 20 fathoms in  the expanded



channel section to 11 fathoms through the channel constriction under



the Juneau-Douglas Island bridge.
^Figures follow page 18

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                                STUDIES








     Investigations were focused in Gastineau Channel near the




Juneau-Douglas Island highway bridge (Figure 1-2),  both because




of apparent increased turbulence through the channel constriction




at this point, which could enhance initial waste dispersion, and




because of its central location in relation to the  Greater Juneau-




Douglas area.




     Two sampling stations, one located on either side of the bridge




(Figure 1-2), were occupied over separate 12-hour tidal cycles for




the purpose of describing variations in water characteristics and




current, and the mixing effect of the channel constriction under the




bridge.  Station 1 was occupied on August 17 and Station 2 was




occupied on August 18, 1965.  Measurements of water temperature,




salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) content, and pH were made at hourly




intervals at the surface, 2, 5, and 10 meter depths at Station 1,




and the surface, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 meter depths  at Station 2.




Current speed and direction were measured at approximately half-




hourly intervals at the surface and 8 meter depth at Station 1, and




at the surface and 16 meter depth at Station 2.




     Longitudinal distributions of salinity, temperature, dissolved




oxygen, and pH at the 2 meter depth in Gastineau Channel were




continuously monitored along mid-channel between Thane and Juneau




boat basin (Figure 1-1) during a low water slack on August 19.

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Salinity and temperature were measured at the surface, 2, 5, 10,




20, and 30 meter depths at six stations in Gastineau Channel




(Figure 1-1) during a high water slack on August 20.




     Current float studies were made on August 18, 19, and 20 through-




out th'e Juneau-Douglas area of Gastineau Channel for the purpose of




describing local and general water circulation patterns.  Floats were




released at various locations and depths during both flood and ebb




tides.




     Rhodamine B dye, a fluorescent tracer material, was released at




the water surface under the bridge during a flood tide on August 17




and during an ebb tide on August 20.  Purpose of the dye releases




was to provide information on local circulation which would affect




immediate waste dispersal from a. source located near the bridge.




     Bacteriological samples were collected on August 23 at the




twenty-five stations shown on Figure 1-3.  These samples, collected




at low water slack, reflect the bacteriological quality of the




waters adjacent to the cities of Juneau and Douglas.  These waters




presently are receiving raw sewage from numerous outfalls located




along the waterfront (Figure 1-4).




     Reduced data from all studies will be presented and discussed




in this report.  All raw data is on file at the Federal Water




Pollution Control Administration office in Portland, Oregon.






METHODS




     Water sampling and current measurements at Stations 1 and 2,




and the continuous monitoring of DO, pH, and Rhodamine dye were




conducted from the 45-foot oceanographic research vessel,

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HAROLD W. STREETER.  A high-speed 14-foot outboard boat was used to




conduct the current float studies, aid in the dye studies, and conduct




the six-station high water slack salinity-temperature traverse along




Gastineau Channel.




     Individual water samples were collected using standard 1.25-liter




teflon-coated Nansen bottles.  A submersible pump arrangement was used




to provide for continuous underway monitoring of DO, pH, and Rhodamine




dye.




     Salinity, in parts per thousand, and temperature, in degrees




Centrigrade, were measured in situ using an Industrial Instruments,




Inc. model RS-5 inductive salinometer.  Occasional check measurements




of salinity were made using a precision hydrometer and standard




oceanographic density tables.




     Dissolved oxygen content was measured using a Beckman model 777




polarographic DO analyzer calibrated in percent saturation.




     pH was measured using a Beckman model Zeromatic pH meter.




     Fluorescent measurements of Rhodamine dye were made with a Turner




model 111 fluorometer equipped for both flow-through and discrete




sample monitoring.




     Current measurements at Stations 1 and 2 were obtained using




two Hydro-Products Savonius-rotor current meters.  Deck read-out units




indicated current speed in knots and current direction in degrees




magnetic.  Float studies were conducted using conventional crossed-vane




current drogues suspended from small marker buoys.  Buoy locations




were determined using a sextant and three-arm protractor.

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     The bacteriological samples collected were analyzed by both the




membrane filter technique for total count and the most probable number




coliform test as described in Standard Methods(2).  The MPN determina-




tions were conducted by the Alaska Department of Health at their




laboratory, while the membrane filter analyses were conducted in the




laboratory of the survey vessel HAROLD W. STREETER.

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                                RESULTS








WATER CIRCULATION




     Tides and Tidal Currents.  Tides throughout the Alaska area are




of the mixed semi-diurnal type characterized by two unequal high and




two unequal low waters per tidal day (about 25 hours).   Daily




predictions of tides and currents in Gastineau Channel  at Juneau are




listed in the tide and current tables (3, 4) of the U.  S. Coast and




Geodetic Survey.  Mean values listed for Juneau are as  follows:




          Mean Tide Range             13.8 ft.




          Diurnal Tide Range          16.4 ft.




          Flood Current  (strength)    2 knots at 315 degrees True




          Ebb Current (strength)      2 knots at 135 degrees True




Spot checks of tide height at a dockside staff gage during this study




showed actual tide heights and times closely approximated those




predicted.  Observed times of slack and strength current agreed fairly




well with those predicted, although measured velocities were erratic




and slightly less than predicted values.




     Currents measured at Stations 1 and 2 are shown on Figures 1-5B




and 1-6B, respectively.  Velocities are shown full value as observed




in either flood (northwesterly or up-channel) or ebb (southeasterly




or down-channel) direction without regard to specific direction




measured.  Current direction at Station 1 was generally oriented up-




or down-channel without much cross-channel tendency.  Current




direction at Station 2 had an intermittent set toward Douglas Island,

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apparently due to eddy action in the expanded channel section of Juneau




harbor.  Surface currents at both stations were stronger than those




measured at depth.




     Strength of flood and strength of ebb near-surface current




patterns are shown on Figures 1-7 and 1-8, respectively, as composited




from current measurements and the several float studies made in the




area.  Floats released under the bridge on a flood tide consistently




moved toward the Juneau shore, occasionally entering the boat basin




through its northwest entrance.  Floats released under the bridge




during either flood or ebb tide did not move completely out of the




Juneau-Douglas study area (Figure 1-2) during a single tidal excursion.




     A flood tide release of Rhodamine dye under the bridge near




the Douglas Island side moved quickly cross-channel and flooded up




along the Juneau shore.  Much of the dye moved into the boat basin




through its northwest entrance, with the remainder eventually moving




around the entrance jetty and up-channel along the Juneau shore.




Dye released as a continuous line between the bridge piers on an ebb




tide moved mainly down-channel as expected but with some up-channel




movement by eddies near each shore.  The main portion of the dye




disappeared into several tide tips as it reached the expanded channel




section.  Fluorometric monitoring of this dye release after low water




slack showed considerable quantities of dye along the Juneau shore in




the expanded channel section.  Sketches of successive dye positions




are shown on Figures 1-9 and 1-10 for both the flood and ebb dye




releases, respectively.

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     Salinity-Freshwater Relationships.  Salinity measurements with




depth showed considerable depression of near-surface salinities,




apparently from widespread melting of snow and glaciers throughout the




Stephens Passage area, rather than from local sources in Gastineau




Channel.  Annual cycles of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen




distributions with depth are shown in Figure 1-11 for a station in




outer Auke Bay (Figure 1-1), based on data provided by U. S. Bureau




of Commercial Fisheries, Auke Bay Laboratory.  The figure indicates




that conditions of extensive surface layering of fresh water prevails




from June through September.




     Observed longitudinal salinity distribution in Gastineau Channel




near high water slack on August 20 is shown on Figure 1-12.




Salinities, temperatures, and the resultant densities (in terms of




specific gravity) for Station 1 on August 17 and Station 2 on




August 18 are shown on Figures 1-5C, D, and E, and 1-6C, D, and E,




respectively.  Some features noticed in comparison of these graphs




are:




     a.  Layering of fresher water near the surface is generally




         prominent to depths of 5-10 meters.




     b.  A definite tendency of surface salinity to increase




         toward the upper end of Gastineau Channel (Figure 1-12)




         indicates that the major source of the observed fresh




         water is from Stephens Passage, rather than from up-




         channel sources.




     c.  Higher surface salinities on the ebb than on the flood at




         Station 2, and a corresponding reduction in density

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         stratification (Figure 1-6C and E),  indicate mixing of the




         water column in the area  up-channel  from Station 2.  This is




         probably due both to local mixing through the channel




         constriction under the bridge area and to general mixing in




         the tide flat areas of upper Gastineau Channel.   Since a




         similar trend is not as prominent at Station 1 (Figure




         1-5C and E), it appears that a significant portion of the




         mixing occurring up-channel from Station 2 occurs in the




         area between Stations 1 and 2.




     One of the effects of increased surface  salinity in the bridge




area is to produce tide-rips whenever a mass  of heavier water




(more saline) meets with a mass of lighter water (less saline).  The




heavier-water sinks under the mass of lighter water to produce tide




rips at the interface.  Several tide-rips were noticed in Gastineau




Channel, particularly immediately above the bridge during the first




part of the flood tide and below the bridge during the first part of




the ebb tide.  Current floats would not cross a tide-rip but would




travel rapidly along it, resulting in a congregation of floats at the




end of the rip.  Surface dye was observed to  sink at the rip as




previously noted.




     Net Circulation.  In a long, narrow tidal channel, such as




Gastineau, closed at one end and open to the  sea and tides at the




other, there is generally no net transport provided by the tidal




currents.  Water leaving the channel on the ebb tide equals that




entering on the flood tide, with no net predominance either into or




out of the channel.  However, freshwater entering the channel from
                                 10

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local sources (rivers, creeks, glacier melt, rain, etc.) lies near the




surface and must eventually move to sea, producing a net outflow near




the surface of the tidal channel.  Saline water from depth which mixes




with this freshwater, and is eventually carried outward with it, must




be replaced by a net inward motion at depth.  The extent to which this




two-layer system develops and the rate at which the net motion proceeds




depends on channel geometry, tides, and freshwater discharge.  Review




of surface water data published by U. S. Geological Survey (1) shows




that local runoff to upper Gastineau Channel is minor when compared to




the tidal flow, thus indicating that net seaward motion due to fresh-




water inflow is also minor.




     Based on the salinity observations previously discussed, it is




evident that a significant freshwater layer was present in Gastineau




Channel during the time of measurement.  The major freshwater source,




however, was from the seaward end of the channel, rather than from




within the channel.  Sinking of the heavier water mass created by




mixing above Station 2, and subsequent inward spreading of the fresher




layer over it, provides a mechanism whereby net motion in Gastineau




Channel may actually be inward at the surface and outward at depth.




Current readings at Station 2 (Figure 1-6B) were too erratic to




reliably describe such a motion, but those at Station 1 do exhibit a




tendency for flood direction predominance at the surface and ebb




direction predominance at depth.  However, since the channel becomes




quite shallow immediately above Station 1, this point would be near




the upper limit of such a net circulation.
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     One other factor which could affect net circulation in Gastineau




Channel is the possibility of a significant tidal exchange through the




tide flat area between upper Gastineau Channel and Fritz Cove.




Examination of current meter data collected in the small navigation




channel through this area in 1963 by U. S. Geological Survey (5)




indicates that a nodal point of no-net-flow does occur, thus




minimizing the probability that flow to or from Fritz Cove (and




Mendenhall River) is a significant factor in Gastineau Channel




circulation.






WATER QUALITY




     Dissolved Oxygen.  Dissolved oxygen content in natural waters




may be  increased  through  surface reaeration and phytoplankton




productivity  (during  sunlight) and decreased by organic demands and




plankton  respiration  (during darkness).    Since the only mechanism




for  increasing dissolved  oxygen  occurs  at  or near  the  surface,




dissolved oxygen  normally decreases with depth, particularly in a stably




stratified water  mass where vertical mixing is slow.   Near-surface




coastal waters are  often  super-saturated with DO in the spring and




summer  due to plankton productivity stimulated by  nutrients, sunlight,




and  elevated water  temperature.  DO values usually drop during the  fall




and  winter when nutrient  supply  decreases  (from productivity), sunlight




and  water temperature decrease,  and some  oxygen demand is  exerted by




oxidation of  the  dead plankton population.  Another significant factor




affecting the dissolved oxygen content  of  Pacific  coastal  waters  is




the  upwelling which occurs along the outer coast during spring and




summer  due to coastal winds.   Surface waters transported  offshore are






                                  12

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replaced nearshore by high salinity, low oxygenated water from depth.




By virtue of its higher density, this upwelled water slowly spreads at




depth into the coastal bays, sounds, inlets, etc., and is initially




manifested in the inner reaches by late summer or early fall as high




salinity and low oxygen concentration near the bottom.  Slow mixing




thereafter results in generally depressed oxygen conditions throughout




the water column during late fall and winter.  The essential features




of such a typical annual DO cycle are noticeable at the Auke Bay




station as illustrated on Figure 1-11C.




     Dissolved oxygen concentration at the two-meter depth in Gastineau




Channel, monitored between Thane and Juneau boat basin (see Figure 1-1)




near low water slack on August  19, varied between 10070 and 112%




saturation with most of the readings at 104-106%.  No particular trend




was observed as far as longitudinal distribution was concerned.  DO




was generally at or above saturation at depths less than 5 meters.




     DO concentrations observed over the tide cycle at Stations 1 and 2




are shown on Figures 1-13B and C and 1-14B and C, respectively.  One




notable  feature of these distributions is increased DO concentration at




depth during ebb current, an indication of mixing up-channel from both




stations.




     pH.  pH of Pacific coastal waters varies between about 7.5-8.5




depending on depth, time of year, etc.  Seawater is considerably




buffered against pH changes but can be altered by both dilution from




freshwater inflow and by addition or depletion of C02 through




atmospheric interchange or biologic activity.  An addition of C02, such




as during plankton respiration, decreases the pH of seawater; while
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depletion of C02, such as during plankton productivity, increases




the PH.




     pH values observed over the tidal cycle at Stations 1 and 2 are




shown on Figures 1-13D and 1-14D, respectively.




     Bacterial Quality.  Raw sewage is presently discharged into




Gastineau Channel from numerous outfalls located principally in the




immediate waterfront areas of the cities of Juneau and Douglas




(Figure 1-4).  The presence of this raw sewage in the immediate




waterfront areas represents a potential health hazard to those working




on, and who have contact with, the water.




     On August 23, some 25 samples were collected at low tide from




stations in Gastineau Channel and analyzed for the presence of those




bacteria associated with human wastes.  Stations sampled are indicated




on Figure 1-3.  Results of these analyses, which are tabulated below,




indicate that MPN's in excess of 1,000/100 ml occur at most stations




located in the active waterfront areas.  The Division of Public Health




of the State of Alaska, Department of Health and Welfare, recommends




that MPN not exceed 1,000/100 ML for waters used for boating, fishing,




and related commercial activities.
                                  14

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BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS
    August 23, 1965
Sampling
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
MPN's
per 100 ml
240
240
240
240+
240
240+
380
240+
2,400+
2,400
2,400+
2,400+
150
88
2,400
2,400
15
2
240+
38
2,400+
2,400
960
240+
150
          15

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                    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS





CONCLUSIONS


     The salinity-freshwater relationships prevailing during the study


period were not representative of winter conditions.  However,  there


are several pertinent factors which have been described:


     1.  Significant mixing occurs between Stations 1 and 2,


         which would enhance initial waste dispersion from a source


         in this area.


     2.  Flood current past the restricted portion of the channel near


         the bridge favors the Juneau shoreline, resulting in


         considerable circulation of main channel water through the


         boat basin.


     3.  Local eddies are formed near both the Juneau and Douglas


         Island shorelines adjacent to the bridge, and during ebb


         current in the main channel carry water up-channel along


         both shores.
                         *

     4.  Large eddies exist in the expanded section down-channel from


         the bridge during both  flood and ebb current.


     5.  Net transport out of the channel is very slow with a slight


         tendency for inward surface motion to the bridge area during


         the summer.


Some general statements may be made concerning Gastineau Channel


circulation in the absence of fresher surface waters from Stephens


Passage, descriptive of winter conditions:
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     1.   Local  flood and ebb current patten _  ...id eddies would remain




         basically unchanged except for tide-rip Activity which should




         diminish.




     2.   Mixing near the bridge would increase slightly, due to




         lessening of density stratification.




     3.   Net circulation would continue to be  very slow but with some




         slight near-surface movement seaward  due to local freshwater




         inflow.






RECOMMENDATIONS




     Outfall Location.  In order to best take  advantage of the above




factors in minimizing the effects of waste effluents on the waters of




Gastineau Channel, the following recommendations are made:




     1.  Locate the outfall down-channel from the bridge about midway




         between  the bridge and the expanded channel section.




         Preference should be given to the Juneau shore, but considera-




         tion of a Douglas Island site may be given subject to 2. below.




     2.  The terminal end of the outfall should extend at least 100 feet




         beyond the nearshore eddy limits to minimize local concentra-




         tion of effluent along the shore.  Based on the studies,




         estimated location of the terminal end would be at the 40 foot




         depth contour (referenced to mean lower low water).  This




         submergence would contribute significantly toward initial waste




         dispersal due to mixing of the buoyant waste plume as it rises.




The above recommendations envision at least a  primary treated effluent




with chlorination.  Any compromise selection of the outfall site due to




construction costs, right of way, etc., should include consideration





                                  17

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of a higher degree of treatment, or be based on further study of




the area.




     Follow-up Studies.  Before final site selection and outfall and




treatment plant design are made, the following investigations should




be undertaken:




     1.  Determine the exact limits of any nearshore eddy at the




         outfall site selected.  This should be done for both flood




         and ebb current and could be accomplished using either floats




         or dye.




     2.  Determine the path of  flood and ebb tidal excursion from




         the  selected outfall site.  This could be accomplished by




         releasing floats or dye over the outfall site at slack current




         and monitoring  subsequent water movement until the following




         slack.
                                  18

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                                                LEGEND
                                     C
                                     •  Data station; salinity Q tem-
                                        perature measurements, Aug. 20,1965
                                   I	(Continuous monitoring traverse;
                                        dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity
                                        Q temperature at  two meter
                                        depth.  Aug.19, 1965

                                    (•)  Data station; U.S. Bureau of
                                        Commercial  Fisheries,
                                        salinity, temperature and
                                        dissolved oxygen.
                                        Mar. 1963 -Feb. 1964

    DOUGLAS      Si.  AN/D

rTGURE 1-1.   Gastineau Channel area  and sampling locations,

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                ••••-..  II •.
  BRIDGE
            LEGEND


  1

  A  Location of data measure
     ment station; station 1
     occupied from II3O-23OO
     hours on Aug. 17, I965 &
     station 2 occupied trom
     IOOO-22OO hours on Aug.
     IS, 1965

  12  Soundings in fathoms below
     MLLW
FIGURE  1-2.  Juneau-Douglas area  of Gastineau Channel  and sampling locations.

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                               BOAT
                               BASIN
                                   J  HJ
                                                                         58ฐ
                                                                         20"'

                             II •
                                 12   13
                                              •  '6

                                              17
                                           18
                                                  25'
                                                20
                                                     24-

              1/2
                                                                    • 23

FIGURE 1-3.  Bacteriological  sampling locations - August 23,  1965.

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FIGURE 1-4.
Raw sewage outfall locations; information provided by State of Alaska
             Department of Health and Welfare,

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           12
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                             TIME IN HOURS AUG. 17, 1965

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u
UJ
o
                           •CE.) SPECIFIC GRAVITY
FIGURE  1-5.  Patterns  of (B) current velocity,  (C) salinity,  (D) temperature  and
          (E) specific gravity observed at Station 1 on August  17, 1965.

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             10
                       TIME IN HOURS  AUG.18,1965

                 12        14        16        18
                 I          I         I          I
                      20
                       I
22
 HI
 u.
 l-

 o

 UJ
 I
 10-



 0-
MLLW
                            (A)PREDICTED TIDE
ul   4
                                                   I6meter depth (52 ft.)
                             CURRENT VELOCITY
 V)
 K
 Ut
 H
 Ul
 o.
 UJ
 o
 (O
 K
 UJ
 2

 Z

 I
 h-
 Q.
 UJ
 O
 UI

 UJ
 z
 2

 T.

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 UJ
 a
       0-1
 10-
20-
      30-
       OH
10-
20-
      30-
                     (C)SALINITY IN PARTS PER THOUSAND
                         ID) TEMPERATURE IN ฐc
                           I.OI3
                          IE) SPECIFIC GRAVITY
   FIGURE  1-6.  Patterns of (B)  current velocity, (C) salinity, (D)  temperature
       and  (E) specific gravity  observed at Station 2 on August 18,  1965.

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                \  ป,v

             LEGEND
       •
         Spซซd in knots and direction
         of surface current


FIGURE 1-7.  Strength       od surface current       rn based on float studies
                           conducted August  18-20,  1965.

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           LEGEND
       Speed in knots and direction
       of surface current
                                        Dougl,



FIGURE 1-8.
Strength of ebb surface current  pattern based on float studies
           conducted August  18-20,  1965.

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                                                              O   IOO 2QO  3OO
                                                                 YARDS
                                                             BOAT
                                                             BAS IN
                                                                 JJ IL) NM IE A\ II)
Sequence
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
     6
     7
     8
     9
Approx.
 Tim*
  II2O
  1125
  II3O
  II4O
  II 5O
 I2O5
 I22O
 I24O
 1430
JUNEAU-DOUGLAS I.
     BRID GE
Mean lower low/
    water
   FIGURE 1-9.   Sketch of successive positions  of a surface dye-release  during
                          a flood tide on August 17, 1965.

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                          J)  ILJ Nl IE A\ UJ
                          JUNEAU-DOUGLAS I
                               BRIDGE
                                                         too   o   too  zoo 300
                                                          I  ! HZZ
                                                     Mean lower low water
FIGURE 1-10.  Sketch of  successive positions of a surface dye-release during
                       an ebb tide on August 20, 1965.

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                                        1963                        1964
                  MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC  JAN FEB
FIGURE 1-11.  Annual cycles of  (A) salinity, (B)  temperature and (C)  dissolved
oxygen for a sampling station in outer Auke Bay;  data provided by U.  S. Bureau
                          of Commercial Fisheries.

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 0


 10


20


30
a.
UJ
Q  50
               JUNEAU-DOUGLAS L
                  BRIDGE
                    0         I
       NAUTICAL   MILES    FROM    BRIDGE
       up Channel
down channel
                             	No
            _^NO     I    —
            ~Oata ~~ ~~ r~ ""
2O -1
                  BOTTOM OF GASTINEAU CHANNEL
                                                                                             STEPHENS
                                                                                               PASSAGE
     FIGURE 1-12.  Observed pattern of salinity distribution in Gastineau Channel near high-water slack on
                                            August 20, 1965.

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            12
            I
                      TIME IN HOURS AUG. 17, 1965

                14         16        18        2O

                 III!
22
 I
24
 I
 ui
 Ul
 u.
 o
     20-
     10-
     0-
                           (A) PREDICTED TIDE
 
 cc
 u
 H
 Ul
 X
 H
 0.
 u
 o
 0-



 10-



20-
                     10 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN Mg/L

* o-
H
Ul
2 10-
z
H 20-
Q.
0
a.f e.4 	

ซ--*^^ > 7 g >. ^ _
1 	
(D)nH
FIGURE  1-13.  Patterns of (B) dissolved  oxygen in percent saturation, (C)  dissolved

    oxygen in milligrams per  liter, and  (D) pH at Station 1 on August 17,  1965.

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            10
             I
                        TIME IN HOURS AUG. 18, 1965
                  12        14        |6         |8
                  I         I          I         I
2O
 I
22
 I
 to
 (E
 UJ

 ui
 5
     20-
 X
 t-
     son
 (O
 (C
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     0-
 10-
 f  20-
 0.
 ui
 Q
 30-
o:
ui
*-
ui
as

X
 0


 10-



20-



30-
                           (A)PREDICTED TIDE
                                                             I2O
                 (B)DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN % SATURATION
                     (ODissoLVED OXYGEN  IN Mg/L
                                   tO)pH


IGURE 1-14.  Patterns of (B) dissolved oxygen in percent  saturation,  (C) dissolved
   oxygen in milligrams per liter and (D) pH' at Station 2 on August 18, 1965.

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      CHAPTER 2
FRITZ COVE  STUDY
   August 21-25, 1965

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                           STUDY OBJECTIVES









     Objectives of the Fritz Cove field studies were to determine




water circulation and water quality patterns which would be pertinent




to consideration of the area as a possible pulp mill location site.




     The field studies were designed to give primary consideration




to three critical points:




     1.  Describe basic tidal circulation in the Cove.




     2.  Describe current and water quality patterns in the




         southeastern corner of the Cove.  This was considered to




         be the most likely area of initial consideration for




         location of the proposed pulp mill.




     3.  Determine if wastes discharged into Fritz Cove would also




         circulate into Auke Bay.
                                 19

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                            AREA DESCRIPTION



      Fritz Cove is a semi-enclosed embayment of Stephens Passage

 situated between the mainland and Douglas Island (see Figure 1-1)*

 Depths vary from about 110 meters at its entrance connection with

 Stephens Passage to the extensive exposed inner tideflats separating

 Fritz Cove from Gastineau Channel.  Depth contours are shown on

 Figure 2-1.  The approximate surface area of the Cove at low tide is

 2.5 square miles.  There is a small mid-cove connecting channel into

 Auke Bay.  The combined surface area of Fritz Cove and adjacent Auke

 Bay is about 9 square miles.

      Fritz Cove receives freshwater discharge from both Mendenhall

 River and Fish Creek (Figure 2-1).  Mendenhall River flow varies from

 wintertime base flows of about 100 cfs (1)  to summer freshet mean

 daily flows of at least 6,900 cfs (4).  Summer freshets are associated

 with melting of snow and ice from Mendenhall Glacier located about

 4 miles upstream from Fritz Cove.  Fish Creek flows vary from winter

 base flows of less than 10 cfs to maximum mean daily flows exceeding

 600 cfs (1).
"Figures follow page 31
                                   20

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                                STUDIES









     Primary efforts were devoted to describing water circulation




patterns in Fritz Cove.




     A sampling station was occupied over a 12-hour tidal cycle on




August 21, 1965, at the location shown on Figure 2-1.  Station




location was selected as being in the most probable area of initial




consideration for a pulp mill outfall site.  Measurements of salinity,




temperature, DO, and pH were made at hourly intervals at the surface




and the 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 meter depths.  Observations of current




speed and direction were made at approximately half-hourly intervals




at the surface and the 8, 16, and 24 meter depths.




     Salinity and temperature at the surface were measured at 19




locations in Fritz Cove at high water slack on August 23 to describe




the horizontal distribution of freshwater.  Vertical distributions of




salinity and temperature at 4 stations along a longitudinal mid-bay




transect (Figure 2-1) were measured at both high and low water slack




on August 24.




     Current float studies were conducted in Fritz Cove on August 21,




23-25.  Drogues were released at various locations and depths during




both flood and ebb tides.




     A surface release of Rhodamine B dye was made at the inner end of




Fritz Cove on August 22.  Subsequent dye distribution patterns were




monitored in the Fritz Cove-Auke Bay area on August 23-24.  A similar




release was made on August 24 and monitored on August 24-25.
                                 21

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METHODS




     All methods used in the Fritz Cove studies were essentially the




same as those previously described for the Gastineau Channel




investigations (see Chapter 1).
                                  22

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                                RESULTS


WATER CIRCULATION
     Mendenhall River was in freshet condition during the period studies
were being conducted in Fritz Cove.  Glacial melt water from the river,
apparent by its light color, was at times distributed in a thin surface
layer which appeared to move seaward almost independent of the tide
motion.
     Tides and Tidal Currents.  Daily tide predictions for Fritz Cove
are listed by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (3).  The mean and
diurnal tide ranges are 13.5 feet and 15.9 feet, respectively.  Examina-
tion of U. S. Geological Survey tidal observation data (5) shows actual
tides to be essentially as predicted.  Current predictions are not
listed for Fritz Cove.
     Currents measured at the Fritz Cove sampling station were slow and
very erratic at all depths, and appeared to result from variable
nearshore eddies.  Current velocity at the surface and 8 meter depth
did not exceed 0.2 knots.  Deeper velocities were mostly under 0.05
knots.  No discernible pattern of either speed or direction was evident
at any depth.
     The accelerated outflow effect of freshet waters near the surface
in Fritz Cove occurs for only a relatively short period each year
(weeks) and was not considered representative of conditions which would
be critical to location of a pulp mill waste outfall.  For this reason
most float studies were conducted at the 3-meter depth to better

approximate basic tidal circulation.
                                  23

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     Tidal circulation in Fritz Cove is effected by filling and




emptying tidal currents, freshwater discharge, and tidal currents




in Stephens Passage.  These factors, coupled with a wide and deep




basin geometry and a middle connection to Auke Bay, result in tidal




circulation characterized by slow, wandering currents which vary with




depth.  Migrating tide-rips, with considerably different water motion




on each side, were frequently observed on the southern side of the




Cove during a change in tide.




     Although a predominant flood or ebb pattern was not particularly




well-defined at any given time, composite estimates of such patterns




were possible on the basis of several float studies.  These are shown




for a "strength of flood" and "strength of ebb" condition at the




3-meter depth on Figures 2-2 and 2-3, respectively.  Currents at




8-meter and 16-meter depths had essentially the same pattern but less




than half the speed.




     A true slack tide condition did not develop in the Cove.  Rather,




currents would wander from one basic pattern to the next over the tide




change.  The current pattern change took an hour or more to develop




and lagged the high or low tide height by one or two hours.  This is a




shift toward the tidal current timing in Stephens Passage.   Based on




U. S. Geological Survey data (5),  tidal currents in the Fritz Cove




portion of the tide flat connection to Gastineau Channel slack and flow




essentially with the timing of the tide.




     One notable feature of the current patterns (Figures 2-2 and 2-3)




is that currents along the inner quarter of the southern shore are




predominantly inward during both flood and ebb tide conditions.
                                  24

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     Salinity-Freshwater Relationships.  Near-surface salinities in




Fritz Cove were extremely variable, both from time-to-time and




place-to-place, due to Mendenhall River freshet condition and the




wandering nature of the tidal currents.  Freshet waters were detectable




in the Cove to some extent by color and by depression of surface




salinity below the minimum of about 13 parts per thousand observed in




Stephens Passage.  The Mendenhall River plume was observed most




frequently on the northern (ebb) side of Fritz Cove and was generally




layered above 2 meters in depth.  Vertical salinity distribution below




the 2-meter depth did not greatly reflect that lying above it.




     Salinity, temperature and density observed at Station A for the




12-hour period on August 21 are shown on Figure 2-4.  The surface




salinity pattern in Fritz Cove as measured at high tide on August 23




is shown on Figure 2-5.  High and low tide vertical salinity distribu-




tions as measured along a mid-Cove transect on August 24 are shown on




Figure 2-6.  These patterns are considered representative of conditions




during high Mendenhall River runoff.  An annual cycle of salinity and




temperature for a station in nearby Auke Bay was shown in Chapter 1




(Figures 1-1 and 1-11B and C).




     Net Circulation.  Net transport of surface waters in Fritz Cove




must be seaward due to the Mendenhall River inflow.  Based on salinity




observations this effect is most prominent along the northern side of




the Cove.  Beneath the fresher layer during periods of high Mendenhall




River discharge (summer), and for all waters in the Cove in the absence




of high discharge (winter months), any net transport must result




primarily from tidal or wind driven circulation.  Some indication of a
                                 25

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net inward predominance of tidal currents near the southern shore at




the inner end of the Cove was noted from the 3 meter depth float




studies (Figures 2-2 and 2-3).




     Successive dye patterns observed following the surface releases




of Rhodamine B at the inner end of the Cove on August 22 and 24 are




shown on Figures 2-7 through 2-9 and 2-10 through 2-12, respectively.




Contour values shown are in fluorometer units which approximate relative




dye concentration.  Absolute concentration could not be defined because




of variable background readings due to suspended particles in the water.




This background varied from 5 to 25 fluorometer units in Stephens




Passage and Mendenhall River, respectively.  Background values monitored




at the surface in Auke Bay prior to the dye releases were less than




10 fluorometer units, with some apparent effect from suspended particles




in Auke Creek discharge.  Any dilution of freshwater discharge with




seawater would cause a corresponding reduction in background reading.




     Some features noticed in examination of the dye sketches




(Figures 2-7 through 2-12) are:




     1.  Water from the inner end of Fritz Cove is not completely




         replaced each tidal cycle but is moved out in patches over a




         period of several tidal cycles.




     2.  Initial displacement of the patches from the inner end of the




         Cove is counterclockwise, followed by primary movement




         outward along the northern side of the Cove to mid-bay.




         Final movement out of the Cove is predominantly back toward




         the southern shore as suggested by the ebb current pattern




         (Figure 2-3).
                                  26

-------
     3.  Dye was definitely still present in Fritz Cove after about




         4 tidal cycles (August 22-24).




     4.  Fluorometer readings in Auke Bay following both dye releases




         were above natural background values expected.  Those shown




         on Figures 2-11 and 2-12 (August 24 dye release) are




         considered definite indication of dye movement from inner




         Fritz Cove into Auke Bay.




     Dye movements shown should be considered representative of surface




conditions during Mendenhall River freshet periods.  Rate of net




transport during other periods and at depth at all times would be




reduced.






WATER QUALITY




     Dissolved oxygen content, in terms of percent saturation and




milligrams per liter, and pH values measured at Station A on August 21




are shown on Figure 2-13.  An annual cycle of dissolved oxygen for a




station in nearby Auke Bay was presented in Chapter 1 (Figure 1-11).
                                  27

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                    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS








CONCLUSIONS




     Physical conditions in Fritz Cove during this study were




representative of a relatively short period of the annual cycle,




particularly with respect to the observed accelerated surface outflow




due to Mendenhall River freshet discharge.  However, certain general




features of Fritz Cove were described which are important to




consideration of the area as a possible pulp mill effluent receiver:




     1.  Tidal circulation in Fritz Cove is slow and wandering with




         most of the motion occurring near the surface.  Inside the




         Cove, flood motion appears strongest along the southern side




         and ebb motion appears strongest toward the northern side.




     2.  A counterclockwise eddy develops at the inner end of the Cove




         during ebb tide; thus, transport is directed predominantly




         inward along the inner southern shore during both flood and




         ebb tides.




     3.  Water from the inner end of the Cove is not completely




         exchanged in a single tidal cycle but is circulated in the



         Cove and flushed outward over a period of days.




     4.  Wastes discharged to surface waters within the Cove would




         eventually disperse into Auke Bay.




     In addition, the annual cycle of salinity and temperature




(Figure 1-11A and B) indicates that the area waters are stably




stratified (density increases significantly with depth) during the
                                 28

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period from about May to October and are near-neutral or unstable




during the remainder of the year.  A stable stratification inhibits




vertical mixing and would tend to confine surface-discharged wastes




near the surface and deep-discharged wastes at depth.  Conversely,  a




neutral or unstable condition facilitates vertical mixing of the




water column.




     Consideration of Fritz Cove as a possible location for a pulp




mill must include evaluation of its potential effect on marine




resources of the area.  One aspect of primary importance in the Fritz




Cove-Auke Bay area is the presence of the U, S. Fish and Wildlife




Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Laboratory, located on Auke Bay.




This laboratory engages in important comprehensive basic and applied




fisheries research programs in Fritz Cove-Auke Bay and adjacent waters.




Presence of pulp mill pollution in the area may jeopardize much of  the




laboratory's potential and invalidate considerable portions of basic




programs already under way.




     Sulfite waste liquor (SWL) concentration is generally used as  an




indicator of the presence of pulp mill wastes in natural waters.




Bioassay studies conducted recently by this office in conjunction with




investigations of pulp mill pollution in Puget Sound, Washington, show




that the marine biota is adversely affected by relatively low




concentrations of SWL.  Concentrations of 10 ppm result in a 12 percent




mortality to oyster larvae.




     Average SWL content in pulp mill effluent varies from about




5,000 ppm from a mill employing chemical recovery to more than 200,000 ppm




from a mill with no recovery.  For example, main sewer effluent from
                                  29

-------
the Ketchikan Pulp Company mill at Ward Cove (described in Chapter 4)




during a three-day study period averaged 34.4 million gallons per day at




an SWL concentration of 7,285 ppm.  If this waste were discharged and




uniformly mixed within Fritz Cove it would be sufficient to raise the




SWL concentration above the 10 ppm toxicity threshhold in a surface




layer 10 feet deep within the first 5 hours of plant operation.  There




are numerous examples of the far-reaching effects of pulp mill wastes




discharged to embayed coastal waters similar to those of the Fritz Cove-




Auke Bay embayment of Stephens Passage:




     1.  Ward Cove near Ketchikan, Alaska, where SWL concentrations




         from the Ketchikan Pulp Company mill were observed at the




         surface between about 500 and 1,000 ppm within Ward Cove, up




         to one mile from the source, and between about 20 and 40 ppm




         in the adjacent waters of Tongass Narrows, more than two miles




         from the source (see Chapter 4).




     2.  Silver Bay near Sitka, Alaska, where SWL from the Alaska




         Lumber and Pulp Company mill was observed to generally exceed




         200 ppm at the surface throughout an area of at least 10




         square miles.  SWL concentrations exceeding 250 ppm were




         observed about 3 miles from the source (see Chapter 3).




     3.  Everett, Washington, where combined wastes from Scott Paper




         Company mill and Weyerhaeuser Corporation mill are discharged




         to Port Gardner via a deep diffuser.  SWL concentrations in




         the receiving waters have been observed to average over




         30 ppm at a distance of 10 miles from the source.
                                 30

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      4.   Bellingham-Samish Bay,  Washington,  where SWL concentrations




          from the Georgia-Pacific  Corporation pulp mill  have  been




          observed in surface waters  to exceed 50  ppm at  a distance  of




          8 miles from the  source.  Average SWL concentrations exceed




          200 ppm over a  one-square-mile area and  10  ppm  over  a  fifty-




          square-mile area.




      In  addition to  toxic  effects  of pulp waste on marine biota,




 serious  water quality degradation, in terms  of reduced dissolved oxygen




 lowered  pH, increased color,  etc., usually occurs  in natural  waters




 due  to the presence  of such wastes (for example,  see Chapters 3 and 4).




      In  view of  (a)  the  apparent slow tidal  circulation  and lack of




 strong net transport of  water away from the  area,  (b) the demonstrated




 dispersion of Fritz  Cove water into  Auke Bay,  and  (c) the comparable




 size  of  the approximately  9-square-mile Fritz  Cove-Auke  Bay system to




 other areas affected by  pulp  mill waste discharge, it is expected that




 discharge  of pulp mill wastes within Fritz Cove would result  in




 occurrence of waste  concentrations well above  the  toxicity threshhold




 throughout the Fritz  Cove-Auke Bay area.






 RECOMMENDATIONS




      Based on the foregoing discussion  and in  the  interest of




 preserving the research  potential of  the Auke Bay Laboratory, it is




 recommended  that another area be sought for  location of a future pulp




mill  outfall.




      If an alternative site is not available and Fritz Cove is




 selected, we  recommend that consideration be given only if subject to




the following:





                                 31

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1.  The outfall be located in Stephens Passage outside the limits




    of circulation in the Fritz Cove-Auke Bay embayment.   This




    should be considered only if it can be established that there




    is a significant net transport away from the selected site




    sufficient to insure dilution of waste concentration  below




    threshhold values in any area deemed important to the marine




    resources.




2.  The outfall be equipped with a diffuser section designed




    for maximum initial dilution and submerged to the depth




    necessary to insure containment of the buoyant waste  plume




    below at least 30 meters depth during all degrees of  density




    stratification likely to occur.
                            32

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                                                EGEND
                                        MLLW
                                    io-  Depth contours in meters,
                                        referenced to MLLW

                                     4  Data measurement station;
                                    O   occupied from O8OO to ZIOOhrs.
                                        on Aug. 21.1965

                                     2  Data station. High tide-Low tide
                                    A   salinity and temperature transect
                                    a   Aug. 24. 1965

FIGURE  2-1.   Fritz Cove  study area and sampling  locations

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                                    /J\
                                        \





                  0.5
                                           0.2

o
                                             /    O.I
                                     05
                                                       O.I
                                                                  O.O5
                                                                        '

                                                       LEGEND

                                              g  Speed in knots and direction
                                             t^' of currant at 3 meter depth
                                                               • / 1
                                                       NAUTICAL.   M I t,
FIGURE 2-2.  Estimated  strength of flood current  pattern at three meter depth,
           based on  float studies conducted August  21,  23-25, 1965.

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                        A
                                         /

                                                 \
                                             \
                                                     0.3
                                 0.3
                                       0.2
                                                                     0.05

                                                          LEGEND

                                                02  Speed in knots and direction
                                                   ''of current at 3 meter depth
                                                                 i/ ป
                                                          NAUTICAL.   Mil.*
FIGURE 2-3.
Estimated strength of ebb current pattern at three rneter  depth,  based
    on float  studies conducted August  21, 23-25, 1965.

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                              TIME IN HOURS AUG.21,1965
            8    9   10   II   12   13    14   15   16   17   IB   19  20   21

            I    I     I    I    I    I    I    I     I    I    f    I    |    |
   UJ
   UJ
   u.
   z
   —
   UJ
   X
 10-



 0-
                                     MLLW
          '    '    '    '
                       (A)  PREDICTED   TIDE
   UJ
   t-
   Ul
   2
   I
   1-
   0.
   UJ
   Q
 0-



 10-



20-



30-



40-
                               /O
                                          to
                                  >2O-
                                            •25
<33
                  IB)  SALINITY IN PARTS PER THOUSAND
   IT
   UJ
  &
  UJ
  o
  o:
  UJ
  UJ
  X

  a,
  UJ
  o
      40-1
                      tc)  TEMPERATURE  IN ฐc
                                                       I.OI5\
0 —

10-
20-
30-
40-
/ OIO I.OIO I.O05 \ I.OIO


_ i i i i i i ii i-
-------

                                ^


                                    \
                                                                    > A


                                               10
                                                    LEGEND
                                                  S ur f ocซ *o 11 n i ty in
                                                f ports per thousand

FIGURE 2-5.  Pattern of surface salinity at high water slack, August  23,  1965.

-------
                2.0
                              Nautica I  Ml les

                          I .5          I .0	0.5
   10
   20
   30
  40
Q.



tt)




Q
 0





 10





20





3C





4C
                 i Salinity

                 ITransect
                  j   M
                 j   \^^
                 CVJ   ^
                                   OGOO
                                 LJ
                                   10
                                 I  0
                                    T
TIME


I 200
  I
                                                                1800
                                                                          MLLH
                                                 Predicted  Tide
    FIGURE  2-6.  Vertical salinity patterns along a mid-Cove transect at (A) high

              water slack and  (B) low water slack, August 24,  1965.

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                                                                      30
                                                               LEGEND
                                 -ซ/
                                                        . App roximate  relative dye
                                                      20  concentration in terms of
                                                         arbitrary fluorometer units -,
                                                         values less than lOunits are
                                                         considered natural  background.
                                                         Dye release point; 3gallonsot
                                                         rhodamine dye released  at
                                                         surtace at I2OO hours. Aug. 22, 1965
                          PACIFIC  STANDARD TIME
                           I2OO  Z400  I ZOO 24 OO  1200
|
T 10
                                   MT>it
                                                             NAUTICAL   MIL.B
                          Aug
                                   Aoi) 2S    Au) 24

FIGURE  2-7.   Surface dye dispersal pattern observed between 1030 and  1200 hours
                   on August 23,  following August  22 dye  release.

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ao1

                                                               LEGEND
                                                       ^ Approximate relative dye
                                                      20   concentration in terms of
                                                          arbitrary fluorometer units;
                                                          values less than IO units  are
                                                          considered natural  background.
                                                          Dye release  point;  three gallons
                                                          rhodarnine dye  released at surface
                                                          at  I2OO hours,  Aug.22, 1965
                           PiClflC  STANDARD TIME
                            1200  2400  1200 2400  1200
                                                             NAUTICAL.   MIL.
                                   AugZJ
  FIGURE  2-8.  Surface dye dispersal  pattern observed between  1830 and  1930 hours
                     on August  23, following August 22 dye release.

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-------

                L\o
A
                           PACIFIC  STANDARD TIME
                            1200   2400    I2OO  2400
                                     LEGEND

                               ..Approximate relative dye
                             20  concentration in terms of
                                arbitrarary flourometer
                                units; values less than IO
                                units are considered nature
                                background.
                             ^ Dye release point; 7ga I Ions
                                rhodamine dye released at
                                surface at I2OO hours,
                                August 24,1965
                   LU 0
                   a

              Y
                           Dye released   pye observed
                                                            NAUTICAL
                                                                           I U K
                                                ULLW
                           Aug.24
               Aug.25
FIGURE  2-10.  Surface  dye dispersal  pattern observed between 1930 and  2100 hours
                  on August 24,  following August  24 dye release.

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                          PACIFIC STANDARD TIME
                           I2OO   2400   1200   2400
Approximate relative dye
concentration in terms of
arbitrary fluorometer units;
values less than IO units are
considered natural background.
Dye release point; Tgallons
rhodamine dye released at
surface at I2OO hours,
Aug.24,1965
                                                                       M I U C
                                       Aug.25
FIGURE 2-11.   Surface dye dispersal pattern observed between  0830 and 0930 hours
                  on August  25,  following August 24 dye release.

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                   10

                   Ul
                   I
         V
                                          J
                                          7
                                Vf L

                             rx.i8
                                       r
                           PACIFIC  STANDARD TIME
                            1200   2400    I2OO   2400
                                  released
                                  LEGEND

                            Approximate relative  dye
                          j  concentration in terms of
                            arbi tra ry f I uo rometer units;
                            values less than lOunits are
                            considered  natural background.
                            Dye release point; 7gallons of
                            rhodamine dye released at
                            surface at  !2OOhours
                            Aug.24, 1965.
                                                                   i/ a
                                N A U T I C A
                                                ULLW
Aug. 24
Aug.25   Dye observed
FIGURE  2-12.  Surface  dye dispersal pattern  observed between 1830  and 1930 hours
                  on  August 25,  following August 24 dye  release.

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                                TIME IN HOURS AUG.21,1965
                 9    10    II   12   13   14   15   16    17   18   19   20
                 I     I    I    I     I    I     I    I     I     I    I     I
   UJ
   UJ
   u.
   X
   CD
   UJ
   X
   v>
   er
   UJ
   H
   UJ
   3
   Q.
   Ul
   O
10-


0-
 0-


 10-


20-


30-


40-
               (A)
                   7O
                                       MLLW
PREDICTED   TIDE
                                                                   IOO
                         7O
                      70
70
               18)     DISSOLVED OXYGEN  IN % SATURATION
   UJ
   H
   UJ
   Z
   0.
   UJ
   O
 0-


 10


20-


30-


40-
                 >7
                     to    DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN
    a:
    ui
    H
    UJ
    •s.
 0-


 10-


20-
    t   30H
    UJ
    o
              8.4
                     8.4
                              8.4
FIGURE  2-13.  Patterns of  (B) dissolved oxygen  in percent saturation, (C) dissolved
 oxygen in milligrams  per  liter, and (D) pH at  sampling Station  A, August 21, 1965.

-------
    CHAPTER  3
SILVER BAY STUDY
    August 26, 1965

-------
                           STUDY OBJECTIVES









     The August 26, 1965 water sampling survey conducted in Silver




Bay was made to provide a preliminary evaluation of:




     1.  Distribution of wastes discharged from the Alaska Lumber and




         Pulp Co., Inc. sulfite mill located on Silver Bay.




     2.  Quality of the Bay waters, primarily in terms of dissolved




         oxygen and pH.




     3.  Water quality changes in Silver Bay resulting from pulp mill




         waste discharges.
                                  33

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                              BACKGROUND




     The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of Silver

Bay and approaches near Sitka, Alaska, were the subject of a

comprehensive field survey in 1956-57 conducted jointly by Alaska

Water Pollution Control Board and University of Washington, Department

of Oceanography.  The purpose of the survey was to establish existing

environmental conditions and evaluate probable effects of waste

discharge from a planned pulp mill to be located on Silver Bay

(Figure 3-1)'.  The study included evaluation of pulp mill wastes and

processes, bioassays to determine biological effects of pulp mill

wastes on marine life, and collection of data on the spatial and

seasonal variations in the physical, chemical, and biological aspects

of Silver Bay waters, shoreline, and bottom.

     Alaska Water Pollution Control Board published the study results

and recommendations in their Report No. 10, "Silver Bay Water Pollution

Control Studies" (6).  This report, referred to herein as Report No. 10,

contains comprehensive descriptions of the area and its fisheries

resources; pulping processes and waste characteristics; toxic effects
                                           *
of pulp mill wastes on marine life; pre-pollution evaluation of marine

life and water quality in Silver Bay; physical characteristics of the

Bay-area waters including currents, salinities, temperatures, and fresh-

water inflow; and, based on the foregoing, recommendations concerning

waste outfall location and the expected resulting waste distribution

and water quality patterns in Silver Bay.  In addition, Report No.  10


^Figures follow page 46

                                  34

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recommended a water quality surveillance program to be instituted




following pulp mill construction.




     Portions of Report No.10 will be referenced frequently in




presenting and discussing results of the present survey.




     The pulp mill, a magnesium-base sulfite process plant, was




subsequently constructed at Sawmill Cove by the Alaska Lumber and




Pulp Co., Inc. and discharges its wastes into surface waters of Silver




Bay near Pt. Bucko (Figure 3-1).   In keeping with recommendations of




Report No. 10 for a surveillance  program following pulp mill




construction, the State of Alaska, Department of Public Health,




requested this office to conduct  the studies reported herein.
                                 35

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                                  STUDIES









      Water  samples  were collected on August  26,  1965  at  thirteen




  stations  located  in Silver Bay (Figure  3-1).   Station locations and




  numbering coincide  with the thirteen principal sampling  stations




  occupied during the 1956-57 pre-pollution  studies.  The  sampling period




  in relation  to predicted  tide  at  Sitka  is  shown also  on  Figure 3-1.




      Samples were collected from  the  surface and the  2,  5, 10, 20, 40,




  60, and 80 meter depths,  depth permitting, at  each of the thirteen




  stations.  Water characteristics determined for each depth were




 salinity, temperature, density, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and




 sulfite waste liquor (SWL) concentration.  In addition, total water




 depth,  surface water clarity, the continuous  temperature-depth profile,




 and weather were  observed for each station.






 METHODS




     All  sampling  was conducted from the 45-foot  oceanographic  research




 vessel, HAROLD W.  STREETER.  Station positioning  of vessel was




 accomplished  using sextant and  radar navigation.  Water samples at




 each station were collected simultaneously  with 1.25-liter teflon-




 coated Nansen bottles.   Each Nansen  bottle  sampler was equipped with a




 reversing thermometer which recorded  in _situ water temperature at the




 time of sampling.   A bathythermograph attached  to the  lower end of the




hydrographic wire was used  to obtain a continuous record of the




temperature-depth  profile at each station.
                                  36

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     Dissolved oxygen concentration, in terms of percent saturation,




and pH were determined in the vessel laboratory immediately after




sample retrieval.  Analytical methods were essentially the same as those




employed in the Gastineau Channel studies (see Chapter 1).  A 400-ml




portion of each sample was draughted and stored for subsequent salinity




and SWL analyses at Washington Pollution Control Commission laboratory




in Olympia, Washington, as follows:




     Salinity -- Salinity in parts per thousand was determined using a




                 Hytech, Model 6201, inductive salinometer.




     SWL      -- Sulfite waste liquor concentration in parts per million




                 by volume was determined using the modified Pearl-Benson




                 test  (7).  This test spectrophotometrically measures




                 the lignin-sulfonate concentration of the sample relative




                 to a  laboratory reference solution of calcium-base, 1070




                 dry solids by weight, sulfite waste liquor.




     Surface water clarity was measured at each station using a 30-cm




diameter, white Secchi disc suspended from a line graduated in meters.




The Secchi-disc reading is a relative measure of turbidity and color




and it represents the maximum depth to which the disc can be submerged




before being obscured  from surface view.




     All station and sample data thus obtained were processed by




electronic computer at University of Washington data processing center




in Seattle, Washington.  Processing provided calculation of water




density and dissolved  oxygen percent saturation, and data  tabulation.




     All data are on file at Federal Water Pollution Control




Administration office, Portland, Oregon.
                                  37

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                                RESULTS








     All data collected during the August 26, 1965 water sampling




survey in Silver Bay have been reduced and tabulated according to




station and depth, and are included in this report in the Appendix.




Based on these data, vertical distributions of SWL, dissolved oxygen




and pH for each of the thirteen sampling stations are presented on




Figures 3-2 through 3-4.






PHYSICAL CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING PERIOD




     Physical conditions in Silver Bay—density stratification, tides,




wind, weather--will affect the distribution of pulp mill wastes and




the resulting water quality.  Weather conditions on August 26, 1965




were mild, with light and variable westerly winds less than 10 knots,




overcast skies and intermittent rain.  Based on official marine radio




weather reports monitored each day by the HAROLD W. STREETER, weather




throughout this area was very mild for the several days preceding




sampling.  Water sampling was conducted during the first part of the




ebb tide (Figure 3-1).




     Specific data were not obtained for freshwater inflow to Silver




Bay during the survey period.  However, the summer season is normally




a period of higher runoff for the area (see Report No. 10) and




freshwater inflows were probably above average during the August 26




survey.  Near-surface salinities within Silver Bay were lower than




those at the entrance, thus indicating a significant amount of
                                 38

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freshwater inflow to the Bay.   Based on data in the Appendix, vertical




distributions of salinity and  density (in terms of specific gravity) are




shown on Figure 3-5 for a mid-bay transect extending through Stations




1, 3, 6, 11, and 13.  This figure illustrates the shallow layer of




lower salinity, lighter density water at the surface resulting from




freshwater inflow.  The stability of this layer, due to its




relatively lighter density, inhibits vertical mixing of the surface




waters  (and wastes discharged to surface waters) into the deeper Bay




waters.






WASTE DISTRIBUTION




     Distribution of pulp mill wastes, as described by SWL concentra-




tions, was widespread in the surface waters of Silver Bay and approaches.




Examination of the station curves (Figures 3-2 through 3-4), the




Appendix, and the salinity-density transect (Figure 3-5) indicates:




     1.  Wastes are confined to the low-density near-surface layer.




     2.  Maximum SWL value at each station is at the surface.




     3.  SWL concentration decreases rapidly with depth at all




         stations.  Virtually all SWL is situated within 10 meters




         of the surface, and most of it is above the 2 meter depth.




     Horizontal distributions of SWL in Silver Bay at the surface and




the  2 and 5 meter depths are shown on Figures 3-6 through 3-8.




Surface SWL concentrations vary from a maximum of 3,220 ppm near the




waste outfall at Pt. Bucko to 71 ppm at Station 11.  There is no strong




one-way dispersal pattern away from the source which might be related




to a dominant net transport process, .ฃ•ฃซ. strong net outflow of fresher




surface water.  Rather,  surface SWL distribution  is characterized  by





                                  39

-------
its widespread uniformity of high concentrations, generally above




200 ppm, throughout the Silver Bay area.  This indicates a slow flushing




process with dispersal dominated by tidal action.






WATER QUALITY




     Dissolved Oxygen.  Based on dissolved oxygen values illustrated




on the station curves (Figures 3-2 through 3-4) and listed in the




Appendix, vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration at




each of the thirteen sampling stations in Silver Bay is characterized




by:




     1.  Low surface DO concentration; surface values ranged between




         49% and 71% saturation (4.4-7.1 mg/1).




     2.  Rapid increase in DO concentration with depth, from a low




         surface value, to a maximum value at a depth between 2 and 10




         meters; maximum values ranged from 79% to 90% saturation




         (7.2-8.0 mg/1).




     3.  Gradual decrease in DO concentration with depth below the




         depth of maximum concentration; for stations sampled at the




         60 meter depth, concentrations ranged from 40% to 62%




         saturation  (3.9-5.8 mg/1).




Depth of the oxygen-depressed surface layer coincides with the depth




of the waste-confining, low-density layer of fresher surface waters.




     Horizontal distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration at




the surface and 2 meter depth is shown on Figures 3-9 and 3-10,




respectively.  In general, surface DO concentration is 2-3 mg/1 less




than that at the 2 meter depth.  As with the SWL distributions




(Figures 3-6 through 3-8) horizontal distribution of dissolved oxygen






                                  40

-------
at a given depth is quite uniform throughout the Bay area.  The




isolated, slightly higher surface-DO value observed at Station 9




(Figure 3-9) is probably associated with freshwater discharge from




Sawmill Creek, as evidenced by the correspondingly low surface




salinity measured at this station (see Appendix).




     pH.  Vertical distribution of pH at each station (Figures 3-2




through 3-4) is similar to that for dissolved oxygen; _i.ฃ., low




surface value, rapid increase with depth below the surface to a




maximum value at a depth between 2 and 10 meters, and gradual




decrease with depth below the depth of maximum pH.  Surface pH values




varied between 7.05-7.65 while those at the 2 meter depth varied




between 7.88 and 8.08.  Near-surface lowering of pH occurs in the low-




density surface waters.




     Secchi disc.  Secchi-disc measurements, shown for all stations




on Figure 3-11, varied from 1.3 to 8.3 meters.  Lowest Secchi-disc




readings, jL..e., least transparent waters, were found nearest the pulp




mill where highly colored wastes are discharged.  Surface waters




throughout Silver Bay and approaches were observed to have a blackish




cast.  In lowering the Secchi disc into the water, the disc was




usually observed to nearly disappear within the first one or two meters




of submergence, then continue to be only faintly visible for another




several meters.  This pattern reflects confinement of wastes within




the low-density surface layer.
                                 41

-------
                              DISCUSSION








     Water quality patterns observed in Silver Bay on August 26,  1965




were considerably different than any monitored during the 1956-57




pre-pollution studies , particularly in the waste-confining surface




waters.  However, because of the many natural processes which variably




effect DO, pH, water clarity, etc., a specific portion of the observed




change cannot be attributed solely to the presence of pulp mill wastes




on the basis of a single cruise.




     In the discussion that follows, SWL and DO values measured on




August 26, 1965 are compared with predicted values outlined in




Report No. 10.  In addition, certain apparent effects of pulp mill




wastes on the water quality parameters are described as based on




the present sampling survey.






WASTE DISTRIBUTION




     The SWL distribution observed during the August 26 survey did not




closely resemble any of the three patterns predicted in Report No. 10.




The primary differences arise from the basic assumptions for




prediction; (a) that wastes would be uniformly mixed to a depth of




16 feet (about 5 meters), and (b) that transport and dispersal from




the source would be either eastward into the Bay or westward out  of the




Bay, depending on the combination of wind, tide, and runoff.  Waste




distribution observed on August 26 was not vertically well mixed  and




did not exhibit a strong one-way pattern of dispersal away from the




source.  Depth-averaging of observed values to a depth of 5 meters





                                 42

-------
would result in values less than one-third of those observed at the




surface.  Such depth-averaged values generally would fall within




maximum values predicted at any point (Report No. 10).




     It is important to note that wastes are not well mixed and, as




a result, extremely high SWL values occur in surface waters throughout




the Silver Bay area (Figure 3-6).  According to bioassay studies




presented in Report No. 10, these observed SWL levels would be more




than sufficient to cause some kill of important food chain organisms




such as copepods, enphausids, mysids, and candlefish.  Conditions




prevailing during the August 26 survey were not particularly conducive




to detention of wastes in Silver Bay, and it is expected that even




higher surface SWL concentrations would result during periods of




persistent strong southerly or westerly winds.  An increase of SWL




concentration to 500-600 ppm would result in death of herring and




fingerling salmon (Report No. 10).  Furthermore, recent bioassay




studies conducted by this office to determine effects of pulp mill




wastes on oyster larvae and bottom-fish eggs show that these immature




life-stages incur severe developmental abnormalities and mortalities




at SWL levels well below those observed in Silver Bay during the




August 26 survey.






WATER QUALITY




     Dissolved Oxygen.  Distribution of DO in Silver Bay during the




August 26 survey (Figures 3-9 and 3-10) also differed from those




patterns predicted in Report No. 10, primarily in the same respects




as mentioned for the SWL distribution; .i.j:., the presence of vertical
                                  43

-------
concentration gradient near the surface and lack of a strong one-way




dispersal of wastes away from the source.  The predicted DO values




(Report No. 10) represent the minimum expected DO values corresponding




to predicted SWL patterns.  Depth-averaging of observed DO values to a




depth of 5 meters  (16 feet), to compare with predicted values, would




result in average DO concentrations of about 6.5-7.5 mg/1, which is




slightly greater than the predicted minimum values.




     Based on the  1956-57 pre-pollution surveys, the summer dissolved




oxygen profile in  Silver Bay, in the absence of pulp mill wastes, was




typified by lowest concentration near the bottom, but not less than




6 mg/1,  followed by a gradual concentration increase toward the surface




to maximum values  of at  least 9 mg/1.  Also, near-surface waters were




normally supersaturated with dissolved oxygen to at least 5 meters




depth.   This  increase in DO toward  the surface  is partially associated




with  primary  plankton productivity  in the presence of sunlight.  DO




profiles measured  in  Silver Bay  on  August 26  (Figures 3-2 through 3-4),




however,  show two  significant departures  from pre-pollution profiles:




      1.  DO concentrations  below the  60  meter depth throughout  the




          study  area were less  than  6  mg/1 and,  at  Stations  2,  7, and




          12,  were  less  than 4  mg/1.




      2.  Maximum DO values  of  about 7 to 8  mg/1 (90%  saturation or  less)




          occurred  at  2  to 10 meters depth,  with a  subsequent  rapid




          decrease toward the  surface to  low surface values  generally




          between 4 and  6 mg/1.




      It is pointed out  in Report No.  10 that any decrease in near-




 bottom DO to less than 5 mg/1,  over a protracted period (3 or 4 months),







                                  44

-------
would be evidence of decomposition over and above that found




naturally in the Bay.  However, up-welled oxygen-deficient ocean water




is normally present at depth by late summer in many of the coastal bays




and inlets along the north Pacific coast.  On August 26, DO values less




than 5 mg/1 occurred at depths below 60 meters at the entrance to




Silver Bay (Station 1) in the absence of any detectable SWL while, at




any given depth below 40 meters, DO values within the Bay were generally




less than at the entrance.  This suggests that both up-welling and




oxygen utilization in the Bay are responsible for the observed extreme




oxygen deficit at depth.




     Examination of the station curves (Figures 3-2 through 3-4) and




the data tabulation in the Appendix shows that the near-surface decrease




in dissolved oxygen is limited to the waste-confining, low-density




surface layer.  In this layer, dissolved oxygen concentration




consistently decreases as the SWL concentration increases.  This




mirror-image effect is noticeable in areas of Puget Sound, Washington,




where pulp mill wastes also are discharged into estuarine waters.




The near-surface oxygen deficit is attributed to both biochemical




oxygen demand of the pulp mill wastes and to a possible reduction in




phytoplankton oxygen production because of the inhibiting effects of




strong wastes.




     The gradual decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration with depth




in the deeper waters is natural but, although decomposition at depth




within the Bay may contribute to this decrease, a specific portion of




the deficit cannot be assigned either to natural causes or to waste




decomposition on the basis of a single cruise.  On the other hand,
                                 45

-------
no significant near-surface decrease in DO was observed at any time




during the pre-pollution study; therefore, that observed on August 26




is considered primarily the result of the oxygen demand of pulp mill




waste discharge into Silver Bay.  The observed surface DO values




throughtout the area (Figure 3-9) are borderline to the generally




recommended minimum value of 5 mg/1 necessary for marine life and are




less than the 6 mg/1 recommended in Report No. 10 as desirable to




maintain, the fishery at its full potential.  In view of the season,




weather conditions, and evident oxygen resource beneath the waste




layer, conditions prevailing during the August 26 survey cannot be




considered the most critical likely to be encountered.  Any reduction




of dissolved oxygen beyond that observed on August 26 in the surface




waters of Silver Bay will definitely place the values below recommended




minimum levels.




     pH.  The pH measured in Silver Bay during pre-pollution studies varied




between 7.2 and 8.4 and, at any given station, generally increased from




a low value at depth to a maximum near the surface.  Such a vertical




trend is normal in coastal waters during the summer and is associated




with a relative decrease in dissolved C02 toward the surface.  The




COo gradient, in turn, is affected by photosynthetic activity  (decreased




C02> increased pH), biorespiration and decomposition  (increased CO^,




decreased pH) and dilution by  local runoff (generally lower pH).  The




pH measured during the August  26, 1965 sampling survey varied  from




7.05 to 8.08 and, at each station, increased gradually from a  low value




at the bottom to a maximum value at 2-10 meters depth, then rapidly




decreased to a low surface value.  The near-surface decrease in pH
                                  46

-------
occurred in the waste-confining, low-density surface waters.  No similar




near-surface pH decrease in the presence of low surface salinities was




observed during pre-pollution studies and, for this reason, the lower-




ing of surface pH observed throughout Silver Bay on August 26 cannot




be solely attributed to simple dilution by local runoff.  In view of




the waste distribution and dissolved oxygen profile at each station




(Figures 3-2 through 3-4), much of the near-surface decrease in pH




appears to be the combined result of biochemical waste decomposition,




acid nature of the pulp mill wastes, and reduced photosynthetic




production in the waste layer.
                                  47

-------
                                                           TIME  IN  HOURS
                                                         (Pacific StondardTime)
                                                      IQOO  I20O  I4OO  160O  18OO  2OOO
                                                                           SAMPLING
                                                                           PERIOD
                                                        Predicted tide at Sitka
FIGURE 3-1.   Silver Bay study area,  sampling locations,  and sampling period, August  26,  1965,

-------
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•.:/:•;•.. •••,:.:.:'•"•. :• 6 "'-r/-' ^:M^-,:-l
456 7 8 3
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i i i i i ii
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=** /
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UW"^Sป  .. ..• ;.. loo. v;20Q,-. -SOQ^ jjOfiteKS1
1 1 t •••'""I" •'"••'•••••• 1'
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f
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Stal3


FIGURE 3-4.  Vertical distributions of sulfite waste liquor (SWL), dissolved
    oxygen (DO) and pH at Stations 10-13 in Silver Bay; August 26, 1965.

-------
                    NAUTICAL  MILES  FROM STATION NO.I

                        12345
(ฃ
Ul
I-
UJ
I
I-
Q.
UJ
O
 0

 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80
            3O.O
                        I
                            I
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                                                           8TA.IB
                     25.O     —
                     3O.O
                    NAUTICAL  MILES FROM STATION NO. I
                        12345
tr
UJ
Q.
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 0

 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80
                                                        B
                                                                   I.O2O
FIGURE 3-5.  Vertical patterns of (A) salinity and (B)  density  (in terms of
 specific gravity) along  a mid-bay transect in Silver Bay; August 26, 1965.

-------
FIGURE 3-6.  Surface concentrations (ppm)  of sulfite waste liquor in Silver Bay;  August  26,  1965.

-------
FIGURE 3-7.  Concentrations (ppm)  of sulfite waste liquor at 2 meters depth in Silver Bay;  August 26,  1965.

-------
FIGURE 3-8.  Concentrations (ppm) of sulfite waste liquor at 5 meters depth in Silver Bay; August 26,  1965,

-------

    '0

              O
                s


                                             5.0S
4.56
FIGURE 3-9.  Surface concentrations  (mg/1)  of dissolved oxygen in Silver Bay; August  26,  1965,

-------








                                   VI
                      8.03
                              \




                                                   ALASKA LUMBER

FIGURE 3-10.  Concentrations (mg/1) of dissolved oxygen at 2 meters depth in Silver Bay; August 26, 1965,

-------
3-11.  Secchi-disc measurements (meters) in Silver Bay; August 26,  1965


-------
     CHAPTER 4
WARD  COVE  STUDY
     August 28. 1965

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                           STUDY OBJECTIVES









     The August 28, 1965 water sampling survey conducted  in Ward




Cove and adjacent waters of Tongass Narrows was made to provide a




preliminary evaluation of:




     1.  Distribution of wastes from the Ketchikan Pulp Company




         pulp mill located  on Ward Cove.




     2.  Quality of the waste-receiving waters,  primarily in terms




         of dissolved oxygen and pH.




     3.  Water quality changes in Ward  Cove resulting  from pulp mill




         waste discharges.
                                  48

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                                BACKGROUND



      A  comprehensive  study  of  Ward Cove area waters, near Ketchikan,

 Alaska, was  conducted over  a one-year  period in  1951-52 by the Alaska

 Water Pollution Control Board.  Purpose of the study was to describe

 chemical, biological,  physical, and hydrologic characteristics of

 Cove waters  prior to  construction of a proposed pulp mill to be

 located on Ward Cove  (Figure 4-1)*

      Study results were summarized in Alaska Water Pollution Control

 Board Report No. 7, "Ward Cove Survey, Ketchikan, Alaska" (8).  This

 report,  referred to herein as Report No.  7,  presents brief descriptions

 of the area and its water resources;  the  annual cycles  of dissolved

 oxygen concentration and water temperature at selected  depths; the

 annual cycles of depth-averaged BOD,  chlorides,  total solids,  and

 turbidity;  ranges and  variations of  pH, alkalinity,  calcium,  sulphates,

 magnesium,  and color;  the  biological  inhabitants  of  the area waters,

 bottom,  and  shoreline, including the  annual cycles of diatoms,  copepods,

 bottom specimens,  and  coliform  density; and hydrologic  data including

 freshwater  inflow and  tidal  currents.

      Portions of  Report No.  7 will be  referenced  frequently in

 presenting and  discussing  results of  the present  survey.

     Ketchikan  Pulp Company, Ketchikan, Alaska, constructed a  pulp mill

 on Ward Cove  in 1954 and since  that time has discharged its wastes

 into Cove surface waters (Figure 4-2).  In order to evaluate the present

 condition of Cove waters under  this waste loading, the State of Alaska,


^Figures  follow page 61
                                  49

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 Department of Public Health, asked the assistance of this office in




 observing waste distribution and water quality in the Ward Cove area.






 DESCRIPTION OF THE WASTE SOURCE




      The Ketchikan Pulp Company mill operated on Ward Cove is  a




 magnesi'um-base, sulfite process pulp mill.   Production of dissolving




 grade pulp is normally about 580 tons/day.   Usual recovery operations




 are employed to collect, evaporate,  and burn the pulping  liquor for




 recovery of magnesium oxide and return of chemicals  to the pulping




 cycle.




      During the period October  21-24,  1963  this  office, in cooperation




 with mill management and the Department of  Health and Welfare,  State




 of Alaska, conducted a three-day in-plant survey of mill wastes




 discharged from separate unit processes, and  as  discharged  to Ward Cove.




 The several in-plant waste  streams measured and  sampled provided




 information concerning waste loads from separate steps  in  the process.




 All wastes from the  mill combine to  discharge  to Ward  Cove  through two




 outfalls which were  sampled and measured to obtain data regarding total




 plant loading to the waterway.   Samples were  transported by air-freight




 for analysis  by the  Columbia Basin Project  Laboratory  of the U. S.




 Public Health Service in Portland.



      Mill management provided complete  information concerning waste




 flow  and  production  values.  These data, coupled  with the analytical




 information obtained,  permitted calculation of mill losses and waste




 loadings  to the waterway.  Consideration of the  values obtained




results in several general conclusions concerning mill wastes discharged




over the survey period as follows:





                                  50

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      1.   The pounds of BOD5 discharged  per ton of production was

 about 300 pounds on a two-day average with normal recovery  operations.

 This discharge Level represents  a  70% reduction in oxygen demand

 loading  as compared to BODs values discharged  by other  Pacific

 Northwest mills  producing similar  products but without  recovery and

 re-cycle of chemicals.

      2.   Discharge  of sulfite waste  liquor solids,  as determined by the

 Pearl-Benson test,  was  about 1,100 tons per day or  about 3,500 pounds

 per  ton  of product.   These  values  indicate a reduction  of about 90%

 in materials reactive to  this measurement  as compared with  sulfite

 mills without  recovery  processes.

      3.   Volatile suspended  solids  losses  were  higher than desirable.

 The  average  loss of  88  pounds per  ton of product  representing 27.7 tons

 of volatile  suspended solids  per day was higher  than expected.  Volatile

 suspended  solids losses ranged from 4.2% to 4.5%  of production.

     Mill  wastes are  discharged into Ward Cove via  two outfalls:   the

main  sewer,  located as  shown  on Figure 4-2, which discharges about 95%

of the BOD and SWL loadings and over 80% of the volatile suspended

solids; and  the woodroom  sewer, which handles the remainder of the

wastes, derived mainly  from barking operations and magnesium-oxide

recovery process.  Based  on the in-plant survey, main sewer discharge

averaged 34.4 mgd (about  53 cfs) with the following waste concentrations:

         5-day BOD                           61ฐ ""g/1

         COD (chemical oxygen demand)      1,940 mg/1

         Sulfite waste liquor -            7,285 mg/1

         Suspended volatile solids           160 mg/1
W Pearl-Benson Index (FBI), calculated  on a 10% solids basis.
   (see Chapter 3, Page 37 for definition)

                                  51

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     Mill production during the period of survey averaged 628 tons




per day, somewhat in excess of the designed rate of 580 tons/day.




For this reason mill losses measured may not be truly typical of a




mill operating at design production levels.
                                 52

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                                 STUDIES









      Water samples were collected on August 28,  1965,  at  thirteen




 stations  located in Ward Cove and Tongass  Narrows  (Figure 4-2).




 The  sampling  period in relation to predicted tide  at Ketchikan also




 is shown  on this figure.




      Samples  were  collected  from the  surface and the 2, 5,  10, 20,




 40,  and 60 meter depths, depth permitting,  at most of  the  thirteen




 stations,  with  some minor variation necessitated by limiting depth.






METHODS




      Sampling and  analytical methods used during the Ward Cove survey




were  essentially the same as those used in  the previously described




Silver Bay  study (see Chapter  3).




     All data is on file at Federal Water Pollution Control




Administration office, Portland, Oregon.
                                 53

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                                 RESULTS








      All data collected during the August 28,  1965 water sampling




 survey in the Ward Cove area have been reduced and tabulated




 according to station and depth, and are included in the Appendix of




 this report.  Based on these data, vertical distributions of SWL,




 dissolved oxygen and pH for each of the thirteen sampling stations




 are shown on Figures 4-3 and 4-4.






 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING PERIOD.




      Weather conditions on August  28,  1965 were  mild, with  light




 and variable westerly winds less than  9 knots, mostly clear  skies and




 sunshine.  Marine radio weather reports monitored  each  day aboard the




 HAROLD W.  STREETER indicated the weather had been mild  for several days




 preceding  sampling.



      Samples were collected over a  three-hour period beginning near




 the  time of  predicted  low  tide  at  Ketchikan (Figure 4-2).




     Data concerning  freshwater inflow  to Ward Cove were not obtained




 for  the survey.   Based  on  hydrologic information in Report No. 7, local




 inflow is primarily from rainfall and,  in view of the season and mild




weather, was probably below average during the August 28 study.




Examination of the salinity and density  (sigma-t) data in the Appendix




shows:




     1.   Waters in Tongass Narrows and Ward Cove were stably stratified,




         i..e_., density increases significantly with depth at all
                                 54

-------
         stations, thus inhibiting downward mixing of surface-

         discharged wastes.

     2.  Near-surface salinity within the Cove is generally less than

         that in Tongass Narrows.  This indicates at least some local

         freshwater inflow to the Cove with a consequent net outflow

         in the surface waters.


WASTE DISTRIBUTION

     Pulp mill waste, described in terms of SWL, was found in varying

concentrations at all stations sampled (Figures 4-3 and 4-4 and

tabulated data in the Appendix).  At each station, maximum SWL value

occurred at or near the surface and ranged from 24 ppm at Station 4 in

Tongass Narrows to 989 ppm at Station 6 in Ward Cove.  SWL concentration

decreased rapidly with depth at each station to minimum values of

essentially zero (background in the absence of pulp mill waste) at

depths below 20 meters.

     Surface SWL values ranged from 24-41 ppm in Tongass Narrows and

from 485-989 ppm in Ward Cove (Figure 4-5).  There was no apparent

strong path of waste movement away from the mill in Ward Cove or away

from Ward Cove in Tongass Narrows.


WATER QUALITY
                                                         •
     Dissolved Oxygen.  Vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen at

each station (Figures 4-3 and 4-4 and tabulated data in the Appendix)

is characterized by:

     1.  A maximum dissolved oxygen concentration located between

         5 and 10 meters depth.  Maximum values varied from 7,33 mg/1
                                  55

-------
           (85% saturation) in Tongass Narrows to 5.59 mg/1




           (64% saturation) in Ward Cove.




       2.   Decrease in DO toward the surface from the depth of




           maximum value.  Surface values ranged between 6.41  mg/1




           (75% saturation) in Tongass Narrows and 1.76 mg/1




           (21% saturation) in Ward Cove.




       3.   Decrease in DO with depth below the depth  of maximum value.




           At  those stations  sampled at 40 meters  depth, DO  ranged from




           4.51 mg/1  (47% saturation)  in Tongass Narrows to  1.96 mg/1




           (20% saturation) in Ward  Cove.




      Dissolved oxygen concentration at the 10 meter depth  (approximate




 depth of maximum  DO) was  fairly uniform  throughout the study area,




 varying between about 5.6 and 7.1 mg/1.  At any given depth much above




 or below the 10 meter depth, DO in Ward Cove was considerably less




 than in Tongass Narrows.  This latter feature is illustrated  on




 Figure 4-6 which shows surface DO values in Ward Cove generally




 4-5 mg/1  less than those in Tongass Narrows.




      ฃH.   Vertical distribution of pH (Figures 4-3 and 4-4 and




 tabulated  data in the Appendix)  essentially followed  the  same pattern




 as  for  dissolved  oxygen  concentration, i.ฃ.s  maximum  values generally




 between 5  and 10  meters  depth with  variable decrease  toward the surface




 and  toward the bottom from the depth  of maximum value.  Maximum pH for




 all  stations  ranged  from about 7.9  to 8.1.  Surface pH, shown on




Figure 4-7, varied from  low values  of about 7.0 in Ward Cove to high




values of about 8.0  in Tongass Narrows.
                                  56

-------
     Secchi disc.  Secchi-disc measurements, shown for all stations on




Figure 4-8, varied from 0.3 to 1.2 meters in Ward Cove and from 2.6 to




4.6 meters in Tongass Narrows.
                                  57

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                               DISCUSSION








      Water quality data collected during the 1951-52 pre-pollution




 studies are described in Report No.  7 primarily in terms of values




 representative of Ward Cove as a whole rather than as specific  values




 for a particular time, location, and depth.   In the discussion  that




 follows, water quality observed on August 28, 1965 will  be  generally




 compared with those representative values in Report No.  7,  and  certain




 apparent effects of wastes on water  quality  will  be described on  the




 basis of the present survey.






 WASTE DISTRIBUTION




      Review of the surface SWL pattern (Figure  4-5)  and  the  station




 curves (Figures 4-3 and  4-4)  show two  general areas  of pulp mill waste




 influence:   Ward Cove,  represented by  sampling  Stations  6 and 8-13,




 where surface  SWL ranges between 485 and  989  ppm;  and Tongass Narrows,




 represented by sampling  Stations 1-5 and  7, where  surface SWL ranges




 between  24  and 41 ppm.  The extremely high SWL concentrations throughout




 Ward  Cove surface waters (485-989 ppm) are well above known toxicity




 threshholds  for  salmon fingerling, herring, candlefish, euphausids,




 copepods and mysids  (6).   Preliminary results of bioassays by this




 office in connection with  pulp mill pollution in Puget Sound show that




 near-surface SWL  concentrations  in Ward Cove also considerably exceed




 values resulting  in 100% mortality of egg and larvae stages of oysters




and certain bottom fish, as well as in reduced oxygen production by
                                  58

-------
 phytoplankton.   The Puget Sound studies also indicate that harmful




 effects to the  marine environment occur at the lesser waste




 concentrations  observed in Tongass Narrows (24-41  ppm).   Physical




 conditions during the August 28 survey were not particularly




 contributory to detention of wastes in Ward Cove and, thus, such high




 SWL concentrations probably prevail in Ward Cove most of  the  time.






 WATER QUALITY




      Dissolved  Oxygen.   Examination of the surface  DO pattern




 (Figure 3-6) and the  station curves (Figures  4-3 and  4-4)  indicates




 that  the dissolved oxygen regime  is separable into  the same two areas




 as  for  SWL:   Ward Cove  (Stations  6 and 8-13 ),  where  surface DO ranges




 from  1.76-2.45  mg/1;  and Tongass  Narrows  (Stations  1-5 and  7), where




 surface DO ranges from  6.41-7.24  mg/1.  The DO  regime  is further




 divided into (a) near-surface waters above  the  depth  of maximum DO




 (generally to about 10  meters depth) where  DO decreases toward the




 surface as SWL  increases,  and  (b)  near-bottom waters  beneath the depth




 of maximum DO where DO  decreases  with  depth in  the  absence  of strong




 SWL.




      The envelope of  DO versus  depth in Ward  Cove on August 28,




 formed  by compositing the  DO profiles  measured  at Stations  6 and 8-13,




 is shown on  Figure  4-9.   In  addition,  Figure  4-9 shows the  DO profile




 at Station 4  in Tongass Narrows,  a late-summer  DO profile representative




 of Ward  Cove  prior  to pollution  (from  Report  No. 7), and the recommended




minimum DO value  of 5 mg/1.  Review of this figure  and the  station




 curves  (Figures  4-3 and  4-4) indicates:




      1.   Near-surface decrease  in  DO results  from presence of pulp mill
                                  59

-------
    wastes,  the  greater  the  SWL  concentration—the  less  the DO.




 2.  Near-bottom  decrease in  DO in  the  absence  of  strong  SWL,




    while  expected  as  a  natural  characteristic, intensifies with




    nearness  to  the  pulp mill, and  is  considerably more  pronounced




    in Ward Cove than  at more remote stations  in Tongass Narrows.




    This feature results primarily  from high oxygen demands of




    settleable solids  in the pulp-mill waste discharge (about




    1,100 tons per day, page 51)  and consequent sludge beds within




    Ward Cove.   During the August 28 survey, chunks of floating




    sludge material, buoyed from bottom deposits by gases of




    decomposition, were  observed at the inner end of Ward Cove.




3.  DO profile at Station 4, the station apparently least




    affected by  pulp mill wastes (lowest SWL, highest DO) is from




    1.2-2.5 mg/1 less than the pre-pollution profile.  Some




    portion of this difference may be attributable to natural




    processes, but the suppressing effect of SWL on near-surface




    DO at Station 4 is also noticeable.




4.  The DO profile in Ward Cove on August 28, represented on




    Figure 4-9 by the composite envelope of all DO values




    measured within the Cove, is  considerably degraded from that




    measured on  that day at Station 4 in Tongass Narrows; the




    degradation ranges from 4.7-5.5 mg/1 at the surface,




    0.6-1.6 mg/1 at 10 meters depth, and 1.0-2.5 mg/1 at




    40 meters depth.  All of this degradation is attributed to




    waste discharge into Ward Cove, i.e.,  through  the combined




    effects of effluent and sludge  bed  BOD and the inhibiting
                            60

-------
         effect of pulp mill waste on oxygen-producing phytoplankton.




     5.  DO throughout Ward Cove (envelope, Figure 4-9) is less than




         the recommended minimum value of 5 mg/1 at depths less than




         2-5 meters and greater than 15-19 meters.  Preliminary




         results of bioassays conducted in Puget Sound by this office




         indicate that the presence of SWL and consequent lowered pH




         may compound the lethal effect of low DO on fingerling




         salmon.




     In view of the season and evident oxygen resource beneath the SWL




in Tongass Narrows (at about 10 meters depth), dissolved oxygen




conditions observed on August 28, 1965 do not represent the most




critical likely to occur during the year.  The most critical period




would probably be a month or two later, say October, when water




temperatures are still fairly warm but photosynthetic production of




dissolved oxygen is much reduced.




     pH.  The pattern of surface pH (Figure 4-7) also is divided into




the same two areas as for SWL distribution:  Ward Cove (Stations 6




and 8-13), where surface pH ranges from 6.94 to 7.12 in the presence




of strong SWL (485-989 ppm); and Tongass Narrows (Stations 1-5 and 7),




where surface pH ranges from 7.86 to 8.02 at lesser SWL concentrations




(24-41 ppm).  The relationship between surface pH and surface SWL,




from low pH at high SWL to high pH at low SWL, is well-defined by the




thirteen stations in Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows, and results from




the combined effects of low pH effluent diluted into the surface waters




and the relative excess of C02 from biochemical waste decomposition




and reduced photosynthesis.
                                 61

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FIGURE 4-1.   Location chart of the  Ward  Cove-Tongass  Narrows  area, near Ketchikan, Alaska.

-------
                     4
                     •
                     A
         P T r u 11/ A ki J
                                             : n g • r


                                                      toit i
                                                        r
                                                              &•
                                                 2
                                 \   V
                                            X
                                                     Predicted tide at Ketchikon

                                                       PACIFIC STANDARD TIME
IGURE 4-2.   Ward Cove  study area,  sampling locations  and sampling  period;
                              August  28,  1965.

-------
     PH

 DOlmg/l)

SWUppm)
  CO




  UJ
  5 20




  I 3ฐ
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  uj 40
  Q


    50
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      PH
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    cc
    UJ   10
    UJ
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   Q.
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                          STA.1
                                    7   8
                          Sta.3
                              >    7
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            0    10   20   30   ^O  50
                                                                     6    7   8
  O  40 -              cป   ซ                 ~~
       I                Sta.5                                                 .   ,
                                                   ,ct-P liauor (SWL), dissolved
PTpiTOT-i i                                c  „ ,1 -P-I+-P waste ii-4w(jj- N   ' *      OQ
oiv    4"3*   Vertical distributions ฐf  suUite              area; August 28,
ฐ^งen (D) and  H at  stations 1-5 and 7 in Ward Cove
                                    1965.

-------
PH
DOlmg/l)
SWL(ppm)

0
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                                                                    6   78
                                                   I    23456    7
                                                   0   200 400  600 800  1000
                                                   I    I     1    I    I    I    '
                                                             Sra.8
                                                                        H
        PH
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 23456
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      I    I     I    I
                            Sta.9
                                     8
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                            6    7
           I     2    3456
           0   EOO  400 600  800  IOOO
                III'1
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I     234567

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,     I    I     I    '     '    '
    *-
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                                                        WL
                                                            /
                                                          Sta.10

                                                              Sta.12
         pH
     D0(mg/l)
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          10
          20
                             6    7    8
                234567
               200 400  600 800  1000
                                 Sfa.13

FIGURE A-4.   Vertical distributions of
Oxygen  (DO)  and pH at Stations 6 and 8-
                 v                   1965.

-------
                     24

                            41
                                     .  .  o

                                     41
                                                                            881

                                                                            Z5'
                                                          SEE!"
                                                        INSET!

                                                                           r

 •

31
                                                          989*
                                                                          .vJ
                 43 30
so"
                    485.
            875 •
              534ป
                   839*
       .688


                                               34
        4-5.   Surface  concentrations  (PP.) of ปป"•"""
                           study area; August 28,    o.
                                                                  *"

-------
                                             I3I0|45
                   •
                   724
                                                        SEE
                                                      INSET
                                                                         98l|
                                                                         ZO '
                                                     (3\

55ฐ
                           6.41
                            •
                                   ,6.47


                    1.91
           1.84*
             2.55*
                   76ป
       2.45
             2.06
           $ฃ*
                                \\
                                             6.57
                                             •
03
                                                        6.41
                                                       l.79ป
   FIGURE 4-6.  Surface  concentrations <*/!) of ซปolซ* oxygen in Ward Cove
                         study area; August 28,

-------
                  3/10 Nautical MM*
'IGURE  4-7.   Surface pH in Ward Cove  study  area;  August 28,  1965,

-------

24'
                      •
                     4.6
55ฐ
24'
I
                         /
                 11 K A N  * 1
              1.0*
                0.3ป
                     1.0
              0.9
               •
                       0.8
     FIGURE 4-8   Secchi-disc measurements  (meters)  in Ward Cove study are
                                  August 28,  1965.

-------
                               DISSOLVED  OXYGEN CONCENTRATION  IN  MG/L
l/>
ce
UJ
H
UJ
Q.
UJ
O
    0
   10
   20
    30
/ 2 3 4 5 6 7
fi i / rmmmm^^^m
" ""-^— -^.
^

—

1 	 	 .**"-'
I — — - 	 -^f"' ^ j
1 Envelope of all DO values /
1 measured in Ward Cove /
1 (Stas.6,8-13) ; /
1 Aug. 28, 1965 ™ ~ /
t •'' ' ' •-/
1 -.•••'/ /
\ / /

1 / /
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!
'-•-, !
\ v /
'N > J
/ __/ ,/

^X 5/a. no. 4 in
ป Tongass Narrows /
/ Aug. 28, 196 5 /
//
.
/ /
/ (
/ 1
' 1
1
1
|
1
Dcrr\kAKAC MPicr\ 1
8 9
i I
\
/
/ Ward Cove
/ Sept. 9, 1952
i (report no. 7)
/
r








                                                            MINIMUM D. 0.
     50
             FIGURE 4-9.  Vertical  distribution of dissolved oxygen in Ward Cove and at Station 4 in
                    Tongass-Narrows on August 28,  1965,  and in Ward Cove on September 9, 1952.

-------
LITERATURE CITED
       AND
    APPENDIX

-------
                             LITERATURE CITED
  1 •   U. S. Geological Survey.  1962.  Surface water records  of
      Alaska.  U. S. Geological Survey, Juneau, Alaska.


  2-   A.P.H.A.  1962.  Standard methods for the examination of  water
      and wastewater, llth Ed. Amer.  Publ.  Health  Assoc.,  New York.
      626 p.


  3-   U.  S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.   1965.   Tide  tables, 1965,
      West  Coast  North and  South America.   U.  S. Government Printing
      Office,  Washington, D. C.


 ** •  U.  S. Coast  and  Geodetic Survey.  1965.  Tidal current  tables,
      1965, Pacific Coast of North America and Asia.  U.  S. Government
     Printing Office, Washington, D. C.


 5'  U. S. Geological Survey.   1963.   Gastineau Channel  Study—
     administrative report.  U. S. Geological Survey,  Juneau, Alaska.


 6-  Eldridge, E. F.  and  R. 0. Sylvester.   1957.   Silver Bay Water
     Pollution Control Studies.  Alaska Water  Pollution Control Board,
     Report No.  10.   121  p.


 7-   Barnes,  C. A., E.  E. Collias, V. F. Felicetta, 0. Goldschmid,
     B. F.  Hrutfiord,  A.  Livingstone, J. L. McCarthy, G.  L. Toombs,
     M- Waldichuk, and  R. Westley.  1963.  A standardized Pearl-Benson,
     or nitroso, method recommended for estimation of spent sulfite
     liquor or sulfite waste liquor concentration in waters.
     Tappi 46(6):  347-351.


8- Alaska Water Pollution Control Board.   1953.   Ward Cove Survey.
   Alaska Water Pollution Control Board,  Report No.  7.  21 p.
                                 62

-------
                                APPENDIX
     All data collected during  the Silver Bay and Ward Cove field

studies are summarized herein.  Data for each of the two survey

areas are arranged by station and depth.  A brief explanation of

the data summary format follows:
     CRUISE
     STATION
     DATE
     HOUR

     ZN
    LAT


    LONG


    WATER DEPTH

    WIND DIR


    SPD

   AIR  TEMP

   SEC
   Self-explanatory
  Time zone 8 denotes Pacific Standard
  Time.

  North latitude of station location
  in degrees - minutes - seconds.

  West longitude of station location
  in degrees - minutes - seconds.

  Total depth  at station in meters.

  Wind direction in degrees referenced
  to true  north.

  Wind speed in  knots.

  Air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

  Secchi-disc measurement in meters.
   DEPTH

   TEMP


   SALINITY

  SIGMA-T
 Sample depth  in meters.

 In  situ water  temperature  in degrees
 centigrade.

 Sample  salinity  in parts per thousand.

A measure of water density; numerically,
 sigma-t = (Specific Gravity - 1) 1000.
                              63

-------
OXYGEN               Dissolved  oxygen  concentration  in
                     terms  of milligram-atoms  per  liter,
                     milligrams per  liter, and percent
                     saturation,

pH                  Measure of hydrogen-ion concentration.

SWL                 Sulfite waste liquor concentration in
                    parts per million as determined by
                    the Pearl-Benson test (6).
                          64

-------
                  CRUISE  SILVER BAY

DATE os/26/65   HR 1400   ZN 03  LAT
WATER DEPTH  141  M  WIND DIR 298 SPD
                            1   STATION 01
DEPTH
    o
    2
    5
   10

   20
   4O
   60
   80
TEMP,
1 1 ,80
10*05
 9.62
 9,08

 8,07
 7,01
 5.97
 5.90
SALINITY  SIGMA-T
 28,598
 31.655
 31.914
 32*069

 32.139
 32 ,?16
 32.267
 32.391
21.60
24.36
24,63
24.84

25.04
25.25
25.42
25.53
57-01-17 N LONG 135-18-1
>4 AIR TEMP. 60 SEC. 7.
MG-AT,
0.344
0.502
0.464
O.443
0.396
0.369
0.31 1
0.298
OXYGEN
MG/L
5.51
8.03
7.43
7,08
6.33
5,91
4.97
4*76
SATN.
63
90
8?
78
68
62
51
49
PH
7.62
8.08
8.06
7,99
7.96
7.91
7.61
7*57
                                                        W
                                                        M
                                      SWL
149
  8
  2
  2

  0
  0
  0
  o
                  CRUISE  SILVER BAY 1  STATION 0?

DATE 08/26/65   HR 1431    ZN 08  LAT 57-01-55 N  LONG  135-14-54  W
WATER DEPTH  73 M  WIND DIR 298 SPD 03  AIR TEMP. 60  SEC.   2*8  M
DEPTH
TEMP.   SALINITY   SIGMA-T
                          OXYGFN
                    MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
                                                            PH
                                      SWL
0
2
5
10
20
4O
60
12*68
1 O.36
9.70
8.72
7.95
6.51
5.70
27.268
31 *?84
31 .779
31 .995
32.034
32.123
32.222
20.51
24.02
24,51
24.83
24.98
25.24
25,42
0,316
0.435
0.484
0.472
O.448
0,362
0,244
5,05
6,96
7,74
7.55
7.16
5.79
3.91
58
78
86
82
77
60
40
7.65
7.92
7.99
8,05
7,86
7,68
7,54
441
139
12
3
0
0
0
                  CRUISE  SILVER BAY

PATE oe/26/65   HR 1453    ZN 08  LAT
WATER DEPTH  113 M  WIND DIR 298 SPD
DEPTH    TEMP.    SALINITY  SIGMA-T
                            1   STATION 03

                            57-01-47 N  LONG
                            04   AIR  TEMP. 60
                                     135-14-42
                                     SEC.   3.7
                                    W
                                    M
                                  OXYGEN
                            MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
                                         PH
                                                 SWL
0
2
5
10
20
4O
60
80
12.84
10.45
9.66
8.88
7.99
6.48
5,71
5.70
24,267
31 .272
31 .663
31.980
32.061
32. 123
32.232
32.508
18.17
23.99
24,43
24,80
24,99
25,25
25,43
25,64
0.340
0.439
0.449
0.449
0.41 1
0,347
0,268
0.264
5.44
7.03
7.18
7.19
6.58
5.55
4.28
4.23
61
79
80
78
70
57
43
43
7.38
7.96
8.02
7.97
7.90
7.82
7.43
7.58
311
26
15
3
1
1
1
1

-------
                 CRUISE  SILVER BAY 1  STATION O4
DATE 08/26/65  HR  15O9    ZN 08  LAT
WATER DEPTH  37 M   WIND DIR 298 SPD
DEPTH
                  SALINITY  SIGMA-T
                                    57-01-39 N  LONG  135-14-34 W
                                    04  AIR TEMP* 60  SEC.   5.2 M

                                           OXYGEN          PH     SWL
                                     MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
0
2
5
10
20
40
12*99
10ป64
9.15
8.79
7.81
6.55
23.361
27,026
31 .786
31 .991
32.077
32.143
17.44
20.67
24.60
24.82
25,03
25.25
0.374
0.450
0.438
0.432
0.404
0.338
5.98
7.20
7.01
6.91
6.47
5.41
68
79
77
75
69
56
7.61
8.01
8.03
8.00
7.86
7.72
239
128
7
1
0
0
                  CRUISE  SILVER RAY  1

DATE 08/26/65  HR 1524   ZN 08  LAT
WATER DEPTH  64 M  WIND DIR 298 SPD

DEPTH     TEMP.   SALINITY  SIGMA-T
                                        STATION 05
     0
     2
     5
    10

    20
    40
         12.44
          9.94
          9.13
          8.57

          7.55
          6.43
         22.390
         31.485
         31.717
         31.980

         32.034
         32.127
          16.79
          24,24
          24.55
          24,84

          25.03
          25.26
57-02-26 N LONG 135-13-52
06 AIR TEMP. 60 SEC. !•-
MG-AT.
0.336
0.470
0.436
0.405
0.368
0.320
OXYGEN
MG/L
5.38
7.52
6.97
6.48
5.88
5,12
SATN.
60
84
76
70
62
53
PH
7.05
8.02
7.96
7.83
7.67
7.56
                                                                W
                                                                M
                                                                  SWL
3220
 137
  43
   4

   2
   1
                 CRUISE   SILVER BAY

PATE os/26/65  HR  1540    ZN os  LAT
WATER DEPTH  64  M   WIND  DIR 298 SKU

DEPTH    TEMP.   SALINITY  SlGMA-T
    0
    2
    5
   10

   20
   4o
12.58
10.13
 9.25
 8.65

 7.73
 6.35
24.118
31 .454
31.752
31.964

32.057
32.104
                              18.10
                              24,19
                              24,56
                              25.03
                              25.25
1 STAT
57-02-1
06 AIR
MG-AT.
0.379
0.474
0.443
0.423
0.420
0.338
ION 06
S N LONG
TEMP. 60


135-13-40
SEC. 3.4

W
M
OXYGEN PH
MG/L SATN.
6.07
7.58
7.08
6.77
6.72
5.41
68
85
78
73
71
56
7.64
8.03
7.96
7.91
7.82
7.67


                                                                    SWL
  144
  27
  27
   2

   2
   1

-------
                 CRUISE   SILVER BAY  i   STATION 07
   0
   2
   5
  10

  an
  40
  60
     DEPTH
        HR
      73 M
              1552
               WIND
                            ZN
                           DIP
08
298
LAT
SPD
          TEMP*    SALINITY   SIGMA-T
 13,73
 1 0.47
  9.10
  s,6i

  7,86
  6,46
  5,80
              20.650
              31,296
              31,833
              31,968

              32,065
              32,127
              32,240
                               15.23
                               24,01
                               24,65
                               24,83

                               25,01
                               25,25
                               25,42
57-02-08  N  LONG 135-13-29 W
10  AIR TEMP, 60 SEC,   6,2 M
                                             OXYGEN
                                      MG-AT.  MG/L SATN,
0,321
0,444
0.451
0,419

0,4O6
0,334
0,245
                  5,14
                  7,10
                  7,22
                  6,70

                  6,50
                  5,34
                  3,92
                     58
                     80
                     79
                     73

                     69
                     55
                     40
                                                      PH
                      7,41
                      8,02
                      7.96
                      7,90

                      7,84
                      7.70
                      7,44
                                                                SWL
          213
           22
            3
            2


            0
WATPr-,
*ATER

ฐEPTH
                CRUISE  SILVER  BAY 1   STATION  08
          HR 1611    ZN 08  LAT
DEPTH  40 M  WIND  DIP 298 SPD

   TEMP.    SALINITY  SIGMA-T
  0
  2
  5
 In
 30
 1 1.79
 10.17
  9.10
 7.78
 6.96
             26.478
             31 .450
             31.566
             31.864

             31.980
             32.O38
                              20,05
                              24.18
                              24,44
                              24,66

                              24,96
                              25,12
                              57-02-44  N  LONG
                              10  AIR TEMP. 60
                                                       135-13-32  W
                                                       SEC,  2.5  M
                                                    c * TM
                                      MG-AT,  MG/L  SATN,
         0,307
         0,476
         0,431
         0.398

         0.351
         0,329
             4,91
             7*61
             6,90
             6,36

             5,62
             5,26
                55
                85
                75
                70

                60
                55
 7.50
 8,02
 8.00
 7.91

 7.75
 7.63
                                                                    SWL
                              308
                               15
                               1 1
                                2

                                1
                                1
         CRUISE   SILVER BAY  1
        	—.  HR  1626   ZN  08   LAT
     DEPTH  63 M
 0
 2
 5
10

an
       TEMP.
10.18
1 0,47
 9.42
 8.67

 7.73
 6.41
 5,90
             WIND DIR 298  SPD

           SALINITY  SIGMA-T
            15.150
            31 .392
            31 .597
            31
                32,007
                32,0flt
                32, 147
                              11*54
                              24ซ08
                              24,41
                              24.77

                              24.99
                              2^.2?
                              25,34
                                       STATION 09

                                    57-02-35
                                    04  AIR
                                       N  LONG
                                      TEMP. 59
                                                  135-13-10 W
                                                  SEC.   2.8 M
                                              OXYGEN
                                       MG-AT.   MG/L SATN,
        0.441
        0.484
        0.461
        0.426
                                 0
                                 o
          ,393
          ,3! 9
            7.05
            7,74
            7,38
            6,81

            6,28
            5,1 1
            4,7!
                71
                87
                81
                74

                67
                52
                4R
                                                            PH
7,50
7,97
7,98
7,99
7.86
7.56
                                                             SWL
                             281
                              16
                              12
                               2

                               1
                               1
                               2

-------
                  CRUISE  SILVER  BAY 1   STATION 10

DATE 08/26/65  HR 1441   ZN 08   LAT 57-02*02 N  LONG  135-11-53 W
WATER DEPTH   78 M  WIND DIR 298  SPD 04  AIR TEMP, 59  SECป   8,3 M
DEPTH
TEMP,
                  SALINITY  SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH     SWL
MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN,
0
2
5
10
20
40
60
12,84
10,36
9,12
8.50
7*50
6*24
5.50
18.800
31 .485
31 .705
31 ,941
32.01 1
32.046
32.143
13,96
24. 17
24.55
24,82
25.02
25,22
25,38
0.586
0,475
0,444
O.4O4
0.389
0.336
0,265
5,78
7.60
7,10
6.46
6.23
5.38
4.24
61
85
78
70
66
55
43
7.34
8.08
7.99
7.97
7.85
7.68
7.49
195
11
5
2
1
1
1
                  CRUISE  SILVER BAY  1   STATION 11

DATE 08/26/65   HR 1659   ZN 08  LAT  57-01-55 N  LONG  135-12-07 W
WATER DEPTH  82 M  WIND f>IR 298 SPD  O2  AIR TEMP. 60  SEC.   7.0 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
                  SALINITY  SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN
MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN.
                      PH
0
2
5
10
20
40
60
13.96
10.19
9.39
8.58
7.52
6.33
5.90
18.950
31*616
31.729
31 .895
32*018
32.069
32.182
13.88
24*30
24,52
24,78
25,03
25,22
25,36
0,319
0,482
0*450
0.418
O.384
0.324
0.256
5,10
7*71
7.20
6.68
6.15
5.19
4.09
57
87
79
72
65
53
42
7.22
8.04
8.03
7.90
7.79
7.57
7.38
SWL
                                                                     71
                                                                      6
                                                                      3
                                                                      2

                                                                      2
                                                                      1
                                                                      1
                  CRUISE  SILVER BAY  1   STATION
DATE 08/26/65   HR 1715   ZN 08  LAT
WATER DEPTH  91  M  WIND DIR 298 SPD
                            57-01-50 N  LONG
                            02  AIR  TEMP.  60
                                                        135-12-17 W
                                                        SEC.   5.0 M
DEPTH
TEMP,
                  SALINITY  SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN.
                             SWL
O
2
5
10
20
40
60
80
14,21
10,32
9,38
8.68
7*60
6.32
5.80
5.83
20.500
31.358
31.717
31.930
32*030
32.077
32.213
32.156
15,03
24.08
24,51
24.79
25ป02
25.23
25.40
25.51
0.272
0.459
0.439
0.415
0.387
0.323
0.246
0.231
4,35
7.34
7.02
6.64
6.19
5*16
3.93
3.7O
49
82
77
72
66
53
40
38
7.13
7.92
7.92
7.84
7.74
7.49
7.28
7.28
284
22
5
3
1
1
1
0

-------
                  CRUISE   SILVER BAY 1   STATION 13
DATE 08/26/65  HR 1742    ZN OB  LAT 57-00-37 N  LONG  135-10-05 W
WATER DEPTH  64 M  WIND  DIR 298 SPD 05   AIR TEMP. 60  SEC*   5*5 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
SALINITY   SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH      SWL
MG-AT,  MG/L  SATN.
n
2
5
10
20
4O
60
14,35
10*03
9.12
8*11
7,14
5.93
^••w 0 •>•••ป
21,300
31 .253
31 ,535
31 ,85?
31 ,895
31 .953
31 .984
15,61
24. O5
24,41
24,81
24,98
25.18
— , 	
0.285
0.473
0.463
0.442
0.395
0.382
0.361
4.56
7.56
7,40
7,07
6,3?
6,11
5.77
52
84
81
76
66
62
—
7.08
7.88
7.87
7,61
7.50
7.38
7.33
268
24
13
2
2
2
3

-------
                  CRUISE  WARD  COVE 1   STATION   1
DATE 08/28/65  MR 0811  ZN   8   LAT 55-32-38 N  LONG  131-44-08 W
WATER DEPTH   43 M  WIND DIR  345 SPD 07  AIR TEMP.  60 SEC*  3.6 M
DEPTH
TEMP,
SALINITY   SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN,
0
2
5
10
20
30
40
13*00
12.88
12.69
9.80
7.81
8.1 i
7*31
27.966
27.970
28.152
30.206
31 ,485
31 ,837
32,182
20,98
21,01
21.19
23.27
24,57
24,80
25*18
0.417
0.428
0.458
0.374
0.312
0.294
0.274
6.67
6.84
7.33
5.99
4.99
4.70
4,38
78
79
85
66
53
50
46
8.01
8.00
8.03
7.88
7.78
7.69
7.60
SWL
                                                                     26
                                                                     25
                                                                     15
                                                                      3

                                                                      0
                                                                      1
                                                                      1
                  CRUISE  WARD  COVE 1   STATION 02

DATE 08/28/65  HR 0824  ZN   8   LAT 55-23-22 N  LONG  131-45-09 W
WATER DEPTH   54 M  WIND DIR  345 SPD 09  AIR TEMP.  60 SEC.  3.8 M
DEPTH
TEMP*
SALINITY   SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN.
0
2
5
10
20
40
50
13.30
13.04
12,88
10.59
8.22
6.70
6.49
27.920
27.920
28.034
29.879
31 .206
32.236
32.473
20.89
20.94
21.06
22.89
24.36
25.31
25*52
0.411
0.413
0.451
0.381
0.327
0.273
0.261
6.57
6.60
7.21
6.10
5*23
4.37
4.17
77
77
84
68
56
45
43
7.95
7.90
7.97
7.85
7.70
7.56
7.48
SWL
                                                                      34
                                                                      33
                                                                      21
                                                                       4

                                                                       3
                                                                       1
                                                                       1
                  CRUISE  WARD  COVE 1   STATION 03

DATE 08/28/65  HR 0846  ZN   8   LAT 55-23-48 N  LONG  131-46-32 W
WATER DEPTH   60 M  WIND DIR  345 SPD 09  AIR TEMP.  60 SEC.  2.6 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
SALINITY   SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN.
0
2
5
10
20
4O
50
13.50
13.09
12.95
1 1 .59
8.72
7.12
6.94
27*860
27.856
28.O61
28.655
31,068
31 .94ซ=5
32.100
20*81
20,88
21,07
21*77
24,1 1
25,02
25. 17
0.401
0.403
0,438
0,445
0,333
0.288
0.268
6.41
6.45
7.01
7,1?
5,33
4,61
4,28
75
75
81
81
58
48
45
7.87
7.79
7.93
7.93
7.67
7.58
7.51
SWL
                                                                     41
                                                                     42
                                                                     24
                                                                     12


                                                                       0
                                                                       1

-------
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE 1   STATION 04
DATE 08/28/65   HR O9O5  ZN  8  LAT  55-24-57 N  LONG  131-47-10 W
WATER DEPTH  64 M  WIND DIR 345  SPD Ol   AIR TEMP. 60  SEC.  4.6 M
DEPTH
         TEMP,
SALINITY  StGMA-T
                OXYGEN         PH
         MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
o
2
5
10
20
40
60
13*60
13.33
13.16
12.39
9.30
6*91
6.55
28.13ft
28.126
28.168
28.514
30.683
32.069
32.411
21 .OO
21 .05
21.1 1
21.52
23.72
25.15
25.46
0.453
ft. 453
O.454
0.446
0.352
0.282
0.273
7.24
7.25
7*27
7.14
5.63
4.51
4.37
85
85
85
82
61
47
45
8.02
7.95
7.95
7.96
7.79
7.64
7.54
                             SWL
                                                                     24
                                                                     23
                                                                     22
                                                                     10

                                                                      2

                                                                      0
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE 1   STATION 05

DATE 08/28/65  HR 0920  ZN  8   LAT 55-23-57 N  LONG  131-46-00 W
WATER DEPTH   29 M  WIND DIR 298 SPD 09  AIR TEMP. 60 SEC.  4.5 M
DEPTH
         TEMP.
SALINITY  SIGMA-T
                OXYGEN
         MG-AT.   MG/L SATN.
                      PH
O
2
5
10
13.50
13.09
13.07
12.34
27.958
27.962
28.000
28.335
20.88
20.96
21 .00
21 .39
O.404
0.401
0.4O7
0.428
6.47
6.42
6.51
6.85
76
75
76
79
7.86
7.80
7.84
7.87
              SWL
                                                                     41
                                                                     40
                                                                     36
                                                                     22
   20
          9.20
 30.667
23.72
0.352   5.63
61
7.69
                  CRUISE  WARD  COVE 1   STATION 06

DATE 08/28/65  HR 0935  ZN   8   LAT 55-23-41 N  LONG  131-44-06 W
WATER DEPTH  47 M  WIND DIR  298 SPD 09  AIR TEMP. 60  SEC.  1.0 M
DEPTH
          TEMP.    SALINITY  SIGMA-T
                           OXYGEN          PH     SWL
                     MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN.
0
2
5
10
20
40
13.46
13.23
12.90
12.01
8.42
6.85
25.706
26.916
27.598
28.629
31.079
32.123
19.16
20.13
20.72
21.68
24.16
25.20
0.112
0.220
O.308
0.349
0.308
0.219
1.79
3.52
4.92
5.59
4,92
3.51
21
41
57
64
53
37
6.94
7.15
7.52
8.08
7.83
7.72
989
507
254
16
1
1

-------
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE 1  STATION  07

DATE 08/28/65   HR 0952  ZN  8  LAT 55-23-50  N   LONG 13t-44-20 W
WATER DEPTH  49 M  WIND DIR     SPD 00  AIR  TEMP.  60 SEC.  4.2 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
SALINITY  S1GMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
o
2
5
10
20
40
13.41
13.16
13.08
12.32
8.46
6.83
28.0O8
28.015
28*015
28.442
31.106
32.147
20.94
20.99
21.01
21.48
24,18
25.22
0.401
0.409
0.409
0.4O9
0 . 296
0.215
6.41
6.55
6.55
6.55
4.73
3.44
75
76
76
75
51
36
8.00
8*07
8.04
8.03
7*85
7.62
SWL
                                                                    31
                                                                    32
                                                                    32
                                                                    17


                                                                     0
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE 1  STATION  08

DATE 08/28/65   HR 10O5  ZN  8  LAT 55-23-56  N   LONG 131-43-37 W
WATER DEPTH  42 M  WIND DIR     SPD 00  AIR  TEMP.  60 SEC.  0.9 M
DEPTH
TEMP,
SALINITY  SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
SWL
O
2
5
10
20
40
14.21
13.37
12.99
12.02
8.75
6.87
26.067
27.496
28.617
28.617
30.971
32.01 1
19.29
20.55
21.49
21.67
24.03
25.1 1
0.129
0.283
0.380
0.391
0.295
0.123
2.06
4.52
6.08
6.26
4.72
1.96
24
53
71
72
51
20
7*i i
7.68
7.97
8*03
7*88
7.40
650
166
17
17
1
2
DATE 08/28/65   HR
WATER DEPTH  44 M
        CRUISE   WARD COVE 1  STATION 09

          1018   ZN  8  LAT 55-24-03 N  LONG  131-43-48 W
          WIND  DIR 254 SPD 04  AIR TEMP. 66  SEC.   1.2 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
SALINITY  SIGMA-T
      OXYGEN          PH
MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
SWL
O
2
5
10
20
40
14.13
13.30
13.08
12.46
8.80
6.89
26.203
27.738
27,927
28.438
30.933
32.088
19.41
20.75
20.94
21.45
23.99
25.17
0.153
0.322
0.371
0.390
0.283
0.149
2.45
5.15
5.94
6.24
4,52
2,39
29*
60
69
72
49
25
7.12
7.84
7.98
8.05
7.80
7.51
688
96
53
21
3
2

-------
DATE 08/28/65  HR
WATER DEPTH   34 M
        CRUISE  WARD COVE 1  STATION  10

          1031   ZN  8  LAT 55-24*08  N   LONG 131-43-25 W
          WIND OIR 254 SPO 04  AIR  TEMP*  66 SEC*  1 ,0 M
DEPTH
TEMP*
SALINITY  SIGMA-T
         OXYGEN          PH      SWL
   MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
0
2
5
10
20
30
14,56
13*34
12*98
12,21
9*31
7.77
24,464
27.556
27*905
28*206
30*579
31 *485
18,00
20,61
20,94
21,31
23,64
24,57
0,110
0,271
0,360
0,403
0,241
0,178
1,76
4,33
5*76
6*45
3,85
2,85
21
51
67
74
42
30
6,95
7,75
8,00
8,04
7,78
7,55
839
1O4
51
22
3
2
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE  1   STATION 11
DATE 08/28/65   HR
WATER DEPTH  31  M
DEPTH
    0
    2
    5
   10

   20
   30
TEMP.
14*28
13*26
12*99
12*73

 9*16
 7*79
1043 ZN
WIND DIR
SALINITY
23.831
27.386
27.818
28.194
30.614
31 *504
8 LAT
SPi
SIGMA-T
17.57
20,49
20*87
21*21
23*69
24*58
 55-24-13 N  LONG 131-43-32  W
) 00   AIR TSMP. 65 SEC.   0.3 M

         OXYGEN         PH
   MG-AT.  MG/L SATN.
                     0.159
                     0.301
                     0.362
                     0.406

                     0.206
                     0.141
           2.55
           4*81
           5.79
           6*50

           3.29
           2.26
30
56
67
75

36
24
7.16
7.68
7.88
8.03

7.72
7.53
                                                  SWL
534
146
 78
 24

  4
  2
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE  1   STATION 12
DATE O8/28/65   HR 1058  ZN  8
WATER DEPTH  21  M  WIND DIR
                       LAT 55-24-18  N   LONG 131-43-36 W
                        SPO 00  AIR  TEMP.  65 SEC.  1.0 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
SALINITY  SIGMA-T
         OXYGEN          PH      SWL
   MG-AT.  MG/L SATN,
o
2
4
14
9
19
14,63
13*22
13*06
12*28
12*81
9,02
24,095
27,659
27,814
28*564
28.133
30.756
17,70
20.71
20,86
21.58
21 ,15
23*82
0.115
0.254
0,314
0,378
0,387
0,145
1,84
4,06
5,02
6,05
6,19
2,32
22
47
58
69
72
25
6.94
7*72
7*80
8*04
7*98
7.51
874
91
66
17
26
3

-------
                  CRUISE  WARD COVE 1   STATION  13

DATE 08/28/65  HR  111?   ZN  8  LAT 55-24-22 N  LONG 131-43-22  W
WATER  DEPTH  16 M  WIND D!R      SPD 00  AIR TEMP.  65 SEC.   0.8 M
DEPTH
TEMP.
SALINITY   SIGMA-T
                OXYGEN          PH      SWL
          MG-AT.  MG/L  SATN.
0
2
5
10
14,45
13*53
13,00
12*63
22,516
27.371
27,213
28*?59
16,53
20,43
20,41
21 ,28
0,119
0.222
0.318
0.377
1 *91
3,55
5*10
6*03
22
42
59
70
7.08
7.60
7,81
7,90
485
63
49
24
    15
1 1 ,89
 28.59B
21 ,67
0*316    5,05
58
7*87
18

-------