United States Region 4
Environmental Protection 345 Courtland Street NE
Agency Atlanta. GA 30365
£pR QQA /
&EPA Environmental Draft
Impact Statement
CF Mining Corporation
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
Hardee County, Florida
Primary Document
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(ft)
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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The hearing record will remain open and additional written comments
may be submitted through August 5, 1988. Such additional comments
will be considered as if they had been presented at the public
hearing.
Recipients of this document should be aware that EPA will not reprint
the material contained in the DEIS for the Final EIS. The Final EIS
will consist of the Agency's statement of findings, any pertinent
additional information or evaluations developed since publication of
the Draft EIS, comments on the project and the Agency responses, and
the transcript of the public hearing.
Please bring this notice to the attention of all persons who may be
interested in this matter.
Sincerely yours,
—^
/..
Greer C. Tidwell
Regional Administrator
Enclosure: DEIS
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ERRATUM
For the purposes of this document references to CF Industries, Inc. in
the text refer to CF Mining Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of
CF Industries, Inc.
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DRAFT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
for
Proposed Issuance of a New Source National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit
to
CF Mining Corporation
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
Hardee County, Florida
prepared by:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia 30365
in cooperation with
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Jacksonville District
Jacksonville, Florida 32201
CF Industries, Inc. has proposed an open pit phosphate mine and
benet'iciation plant on a 14,994 acre site in Hardee County,
Florida. Mining would involve 14,647 acres, all of which would
be reclaimed, and would produce 94 million tons of phosphate
products over a 27-year period. The EIS examines alternatives,
impacts and mitigative measures related to air, geology, radiation,
groundwater, ecology and other natural and cultural systems.
Comments or inquiries should be directed to:
Robert B. Howard, Chief, NEPA Compliance Section
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
(404) 347-3776
approved by:
3 TSS3
Lee A. DeHihns, III Date
Acting Regional Administrator
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SUMMARY SHEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
CF Industries, Inc.
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
Hardee County, Florida
(X) Draft
( ) Final
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
1. Type of Action; Administrative (X) Legislative ( )
2. Description of CF Industries' Proposed Action;
CF Industries, Inc. (CF), is proposing to construct and operate a
phosphate mine and beneficiation plant in Hardee County, Florida. The
EPA Region IV Administrator has declared the proposed facilities to be a
new source as defined in Section 306 of the Federal Clean Water Act of
1977.
In compliance with its responsibility under the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, EPA Region IV has determined that the
issuance of a new source National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit to the proposed mining and beneficiation facility would
constitute a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of
the human environment. Therefore, this Environmental Impact Statement
has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of NEPA and EPA
regulations at 40 CFR Part 6.
CF's proposed mine operation is planned to produce 2 million tons per
year of wet phosphate rock for the first 7 years of mining and 4 million
tons per year during the following 20 years of the 27-year mine life.
During mining, all of the rock mined from the project site will be
shipped to fertilizer plants for conversion to finished fertilizer, with
100 percent of the tonnage going to CF's existing phosphate fertilizer
manufacturing facilities at Plant City and Bartow. To accomplish these
operational objectives, CF proposes to mine approximately 14,647 acres
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(99 percent) of the 14,994-acre site. A beneficiation plant and
temporary rock storage facility would also be constructed onsite. The
initial phase of the proposed action includes land clearing and open
burning in advance of the mine. This cleared acreage in front of the
mining Operation will average approximately 80 acres. The mining
operation will employ a single 55-cubic-yard dragline supplemented,
beginning in Mine Year 8, with a second similar dragline. The mined
matrix will be slurrified and transported via pipeline to the benefilia-
tion plant for washing. This would separate pebble product, clay, and
fines and facilitate additional product recovery via flotation. The wet
rock will be stored temporarily at the plant. CF plans to construct an
access railroad, spur linking the plant with the Seaboard Systems
Railroad that presently bisects the property. CF will rail ship the wet
rock product to the receiving phosphate fertilizer plants.
The waste disposal method proposed by CF is sand/clay mixing. Sand/clay
mixing refers to a process in which sand and clay components, separated
during mining and beneficiation, are recombined into a suitable mix for
disposal in a previously mined area. In the proposed CF process, the
waste clay generated from the beneficiation processes is routed to a
containment area for interim storage and subsequent consolidation to
higher percent solids. The sand/clay mixture is then pumped from the
mix tank to a designated disposal site. Disposal areas are designed to
receive sand/clay mix over mined lands to final fill elevations that
consolidate to within approximately 2 to 3 feet above the average
pre-miaing elevation by the end of the reclamation period. To complete
this waste disposal cycle, an aboveground settling area is necessary to
receive diluted clay slurries for storage and consolidation to use in
sand-clay mixing. To satisfy this requirement, CF plans one aboveground
settling area subdivided into three compartments. During the last
3 years of mining, this aboveground settling area will also be mined and
reclaimed.
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Water is important in CF's proposed phosphate mining operations. Water
is used as a medium in which to transport ore from the mine site to the
plant, to transport the feeds and products through the plant, to process
the product, and to transport the waste products away from the plant to
disposal sites. These processes require large quantities of water. In
the proposed project, 93.5 million gallons per day (MGD) (more than
90 percent) of the water to be used will be supplied from the
recirculation system, and an average 7.85 MGD will come from ground
water sources (primarily to meet flotation process demands).
The mine water recirculation system consists of the settling area,
beneficiation plant, active and mined-out pits, active sand/clay mix
storage areas, and water return ditches. The settling area, tailings
storag°. area, and return water ditches act as a water clarification
system, returning decanted water to the beneficiation plant. Recycled
water returns to the recirculation system several times to be reused,
while a portion is continually being lost by entrainment in sand and
clay and being replenished to some degree by rainfall. However, since
rainfall varies seasonally and is approximately equal to evaporation,
some outside source of water (either surface or ground water) will be
required.
Due to seasonal variables, an alternate source of water (i.e., ground
water) must still be available during periods of water deficit for the
operation of the flotation process and as makeup during the dry season.
Conversely, discharges may be necessary during the rainy season if
storage capacity in the system is exceeded. In the proposed project,
the water discharge would be to surface waters (Doe Branch and/or
Shirttail Branch) directly or, as required, to Payne Creek via sheetflow
through adjacent wetlands.
The proposed reclamation plan is based upon the use of waste sand/clay
mix material as backfill over most of the mined area. The proposed plan
*
is designed to return the site to a land form and use compatible with
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the surrounding area, which is primarily agricultural. The reclaimed
site will consist primarily of improved pasture, forested uplands,
restored marshes, lakes, and areas to be preserved by CF. With
reclamation, the acreage of improved pasture, forested uplands,
freshwater marsh, freshwater swamp, and lakes will increase. The
acreage of palmetto prairie, field and row crops, and citrus will
decrease.
3. Alternatives Considered;
CF has developed an integrated plan for the mining and processing of
phosphate rock at their Hardee Phosphate Complex II mine. This plan is
comprised of a number of individual components linked to provide a total
project capable of meeting CF's goals. The identifiable components
included in the project are as follows:
• Mining,
• Matrix transport,
• Matrix processing,
• Waste sand and clay disposal,
• Process water source,
• Water management plan,
• Reclamation, and
• Wetlands preservation.
Various methods (i.e., alternatives) are available to satisfy the
objectives of each of these components. These are summarized below:
Component Objective Alternatives Considered
Mining Remove overburden and Dragline Mining, Dredge
deliver matrix to a Mining, and Bucketwheel
transport system Mining
Matrix Transport Transport matrix from Slurry Matrix Transport,
the mine to the Conveyor Transport, and
beneficiation plant Truck Transport
Matrix Processing Process the matrix to Conventional Matrix Pro-
separate the ceasing and Dry Matrix
phosphate rock Processing
produce from the
waste sand and clay
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Component
Waste Sand and Clay
Disposal
Process Water Source
Water Management Plan
Reclamation
Wetlands Preservation
Objective
Dispose of the waste
sand and clay
generated by matrix
processing
Provide a continuous
source of fresh water
for use in matrix
processing and as
make-up for losses to
the recirculating
system
Provide a means to
reduce the amount of
water in the
recirculating system
Return the mined site
to useful
productivity
Provide for the pro-
tection of wetland
functions
Alternatives Considered
Sand/Clay Mixing and
Conventional Sand and Clay
Disposal
Ground Water Withdrawal
and Surface Water
Impoundment
Discharge to Surface
Waters and Use of
Connector Wells
CF's Reclamation Plan,
Conventional Reclamation,
and Natural Mine Cut
Reclamation
CF's Plan Includes Mining
and Restoration of All
Category I-C, I-D, II, and
III Wetlands Onsite;
Preservation of All
Category I-A Wetlands; and
the EPA Alternative of
Preserving All Category I
Wetlands.
A brief description of each of the alternatives listed as well as the
no-action alternative is presented in the following paragraphs.
Mining
Dragline Mining—CF proposes to use a single large (55 cubic yards)
dragline to move overburden and mine matrix during the first 7 years of
operation. In Mine Year 8, a second similar 55-cubic-yard dragline
would be added to supplement the first unit. Other than the fact that
CF proposes to initially mine with a single large dragline (rather than
two units), the proposed mining method is as conventionally practiced in
the Florida phosphate industry.
Dredge Mining—The three most common dredge types are the bucket line,
cutter head, and bucketwheel. Each is basically a large, barge-mounted
machine consisting of a continuous digging apparatus mounted on a long
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boom extending below the water surface. The bucket line's chain-carried
buckets continuously transfer material up to the barge, while the other
two units pump material from beneath the water to the surface via a
suction' pipe.
Bucketwheel Mining—Bucketwheel excavators are large continuous mining
machines which excavate material with a series of buckets mounted on the
periphery rotating wheel and drop it onto a conveyor belt system.
Overburden would be routed for disposal in previously mined areas, while
matrix would be sent to the beneficiation plant.
Matrix Transport
Slurry Matrix Transport—Slurry matrix transport is used at most
existing Florida phosphate mines. Matrix would be placed into a pit
and mixed with recycled water (11,000 gpm) from high pressure nozzles,
breaking down the clay and sand matrix into a slurry (35- to 40-percent
solids) which would then be transported via pipeline to the
beneficiation plant by a series of large pumps operating at
approximately 15,700 gallons per minute (gpm).
Conveyor Matrix Transport—Conveyor matrix transport would require that
matrix be placed onto a belt conveyor at the mine for transport to the
beneficiation plant. To minimize the number of transfer points and
still maintain mobility of the conveyor sections, such a conveyor belt
system would most likely include belt sections of up to 2,000 feet in
length.
Truck^Matrix Transport—A dragline would load the trucks, which would
then transport the matrix via haul roads to the beneficiation plant. At
the plant, matrix would be dumped and/or washed out of the trucks.
Matrix Processing
Conventional Matrix Processing—Conventional matrix processing involves
the separation of phosphate rock from waste sand and clay using a series
of wet-process operations. These consist of washing, feed preparation,
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and flotation. This is the only method of matrix processing in
operation in the Florida phosphate industry today.
Dry Matrix Processing—The general concept of dry processing involves
the production of usable phosphate product from matrix directly
following its excavation and drying. The method used would probably
involve both air separation and electrostatic separation. There are no
such plants in operation in the Florida phosphate industry today.
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
Sand/Clay Mixing—Sand/clay mixing involves the recombining of the waste
sand and clay removed from the phosphate matrix during separate
processing steps in areas surrounded by dikes 40 feet above existing
grade. In the CF mix process, the waste clay generated from the
benefication processes is routed to a containment area for storage and
subsequent consolidation to higher percent solids. When clay
consolidation reaches the 12- to 18-percent range, it is removed by
dredge and pumped to a mix tank, where mixing with dewatered sand
tailings from the beneficiation plant takes place. The sand/clay
mixture is then pumped from the mix tank to a designated disposal site.
Disposal areas are designed to receive sand/clay mix over rained lands to
final fill elevations that consolidate to within approximately 2 to
3 feet above the original average pre-mining elevation by the end of the
reclamation period.
Conventional Sand and Clay Disposal—Conventional methods for disposing
of the waste sand and clay removed from the phosphate matrix during
processing involve their impoundment in separate areas surrounded by
high dikes. For the proposed mine, as much as half of the area to be
mined would be covered with waste clays impounded above-grade and
surrounded by such dikes.
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Process Water Sources
Ground Water Withdrawal--The major source of fresh water used ac the
mine would be two onsite deep (1,200-foot) wells. The mine field would
likely consist of a primary production well, a standby production well,
and two potable water wells. The production wells would have a capacity
of 10.57 MGD, with an average daily pumping rate of about 7.85 MGD.
Surface Water Impoundment —The most readily available fresh water source
which could be utilized by CF would be surface water from nearby creeks
and rivers. Since the creeks on the site typically exhibit low flows,
or even intermittent flows, the quantity available for use as process
water could best be provided by impoundment within a reservoir system
constructed on the site.
Water Management Plan
Discharge to Surface Waters—Seasonal changes in rainfall and evapora-
tion rates will affect the active water volume of the recirculating
water system. When heavy rainfall occurs, the system may become
overloaded, forcing a discharge to an existing natural drainage (either
Doe Branch or Shirttail Branch) through a control structure. An
alternative discharge to Payne Creek by sheetflow into wetlands is also
proposed.
Use of Connector Wells—Connector wells would serve to reduce the amount
of water in the recirculating system by dewatering the surficial aquifer
(a source of water inflow to the system) in the vicinity of the active
mine pit. This water would be pumped downward through wells into a
deeper aquifer and serve as a source of recharge to that aquifer.
Reclamation Plan
CF's Proposed Reclamation Plan—CF's proposed reclamation plan consists
of five general types of restoration. The land capabilities and
reclamation plans for the mined areas are closely related to the types
of landforms created by the waste disposal plan. The acreages of the
landforms remaining after mining and waste disposal are as follows:
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Land form Acreage
Sand/Clay Mix Areas 9,083
Sand Tailings Fill Areas 2,213
with Overburden Cap
Mined Out Areas for 2,399
Land and Lakes
Overburden Fill Areas and 1,230
Disturbed Natural Ground
Reclamation will proceed from the third year of mine operation, with the
final areas rained being reclaimed in the 35th year after operation
begins.
Conventional Reclamation—Conventional reclamation is reclamation
associated with the separate disposal of sand and clay wastes
(i.e., conventional sand and clay waste disposal). Reclamation would
consist of allowing a crust to form over impounded clays, seeding these
areas with forage species, and creating extensive land and lakes land
forms in those areas of the site not covered with impounded clays. The
revegetation of these areas would likely consist of forage species
plantings on most land areas, with forest tree plantings along the edges
of the lakes.
Natural Mine Cut Reclamation—Natural mine cut reclamation would amount
to leaving mined-out areas in windrows, with sand-clay mix deposited
between windrows. Mined areas would be allowed to revegetate naturally,
as has been the case in many of the older central Florida mines. The
resultint use of the mined-out land would be largely for fish and
wildlife habitat, with some pastureland.
Wetlands Preservation
CF proposes to preserve from mining approximately 69 acres, which
account for all but 2 acres of wetlands designated as Category I-A
(mainstem stream wetlands) on the project site. The 2 acres proposed
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for disturbance would be required for the dragline crossing of Horse
Creek. There are approximately 695 acres of wetlands onsite designated
Category I-C and I-D (headwater and special concern wetlands EPA also
considers worthy of preservation and protection) which CF has included
in its mining and waste disposal plans.
EPA opposes mining of any Category I wetland. CF is currently proposing
to preserve only those designated Category I-A, and has included the
Category I-C and I-D wetlands in their mine plan and waste disposal
plan. However, CF has acknowledged EPA's opposition to any such mining,
and has agreed that mining will not be scheduled in those areas unless
and until EPA reconsiders, based upon proven re-creation of functional
hardwood swamp communities and large wetland systems, its oresent
Category I designation.
TheNo-Act ion _A11ernatiye
The no-action alternative by EPA would be the denial of an NPDES permit
for the proposed project. The effect of permit denial would be to
precipitate one of three possible reactions on the part of CF:
1) termination of their proposed project; 2) indefinite postponement of
the proposed project; or 3) restructuring of the project to achieve zero
discharge, for which no NPDES permit would be required.
Termination of the planned project would allow the existing environment
to remain undisturbed and the gradual socioeconomic and environmental
trends to continue as at present.
If EPA were to deny CF Industries' NPDES permit application, the project
might be postponed for an indefinite period of time and then success-
fully pursued by either this applicant or another mining company. This
could be expected to occur when high grade phosphate reserves become
depleted and the resource retained on the proposed site becomes valuable
strategically as well as economically.
Also, CF Industries could still execute a mining project provided the
project could be performed with zero discharge to surface waters. Under
zero discharge conditions, neither an NPDES permit nor an Environmental
Impact Statement would be required.
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4. Mitigation Measures;
Mitigation measures which would serve to reduce the impacts of the
project on the surrounding environment were developed from inputs
received from the preparers of the various sections of the Environmental
Impact Statement. These are described below:
• Pile overburden such that the volume available for belowground
waste disposal is maximized.
• Use "toe spoiling" to reduce the radioactivity of reclaimed
surface soils.
• Cover reclaimed sand-clay mix disposal areas with low activity
soil to reduce gamma radiation levels.
• Cover reclaimed sand tailings diposal areas with low activity
soil to reduce gamma radiation levels.
• Use recirculated mine water, rather than surficial aquifer water,
for pump seal lubrication.
• Restrict mining along the preserved portion of Horse Creek to
only one side of the stream channel at a given time.
• Monitor both the surface and ground water quality to assess the
efforts of mining and reclamation.
• Protect upstream wetland areas and use as a seed source to
recolonize the disturbed downstream unit after mining of a stream
segment is complete and restoration begins.
• Use best available scientific information to reestablish the
desired surficial zone in restoration areas and habitat-specific
topsoil and root mass to the extent feasible.
• Design a productive littoral zone in newly created lakes systems
to enhance habitat values and water quality.
• No mining of Category I wetlands. CF has acknowledged EPA's
opposition to any such mining and has agreed that mining will not
be scheduled in those areas unless or until EPA reconsiders its
present Category I designation.
• Implement a program to reduce impacts on the eastern indigo
snake, a threatened species which occurs on the site.
• Control of fugitive emissions by reducing premine land clearing
during the dry season and utilization of approved dust control
techniques on internal access roadways.
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5. EPA's Preferred Alternatives and Recommended Mitigating Measures:
The alternatives evaluation for the proposed project is presented in
Section 2.13 of the EIS. Based on analyses described in this section,
EPA1s preferred alternative for each of the project components is as
follows;
Project Component EPA Preferred Alternative
Mining Dragline Mining
Matrix Transport Slurry Matrix Transport
Matrix Processing Conventional Matrix Processing
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal Sand-Clay Mixing
Process Water Source Ground Water Withdrawal
Water Management Plan Discharge to Surface Waters
Reclamation CF's Proposed Reclamation Plan
Wetlands Preservation Preservation of Category I Wetlands
As indicated above, EPA's preferred alternatives for the various project
components are in agreement with CF's proposed action, with the
exception of mining in Category I-C or I-D wetlands. EPA's preferred
project action involves the preservation of all Category I-C or I-D
wetlands. CF will not be allowed to mine Category I-C or I-D wetlands
until such time they can provide documented evidence to EPA's satisfac-
tion that these forested wetlands can be successfully restored.
Implementation of most of the mitigation measures described in the
previous section is proposed as a condition of the NPDES permit for the
project. The measures excluded as conditions of the permit are the
capping of all waste disposal areas with low activity overburden and the
use of recirculated mine water to meet pump seal requirements. While
environmental impacts might be reduced by these two actions, forced
implementation is considered to be impractical on the scale of the
proposed mine—both for economic and technical reasons.
All other mitigation measures listed in Section 4 above are proposed as
conditions of the NPDES permit for the CF project.
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6. Summary of the Environmental Impacts of the Alternatives;
A summary of the environmental impacts of the alternatives is provided
in Table 1. The impacts of CF Industries' proposed action, EPA's
preferred alternatives and mitigating measures, and the no action
alternative can be evaluated comparatively.
7. EPA's Proposed Action;
Pursuant to provisions of the Clean Water Act of 1977, EPA proposes to
issue a NPDES permit to CF Industries for their proposed Hardee County,
Florida, phosphate mine. EPA's proposed action will impose as permit
conditions the performance of all mitigating measures identified in CF's
proposed action as well as those additional mitigating measures
developed by EPA which were recommended for implementation.
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Table 1. Comparison of Che Environmental Impacts of the Alternatives
Discipline
Air Quality,
Meteorology,
and Noise
EPA's Preferred Alternatives
CF's Proposed Action and Mitigating Measures
Minor increases in fugitive Sane as CF's proposed action.
dust emissions and emissions
from internal combustion
engines; minor enissions of
volatile reagents; increased
noise levels in the vicinity of
operating equipment .
The No Action Alternative
Te rminat ion Post poneroent
tt> change in meteo- Sana as CF's proposed
rology & noise levels action.
present; possible air
quality changes from
other sources.
Achieve Zero
Discharge
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
Geology and Disruptions of the surface
Soils soils and overburden strata
over the mine site; depletion
of 97 million short tons of
phosphate rock resources;
creation of a reclaimed soil
material which should be
superior to existing soils.
Radiation Disruption of the natural
distribution of radioactive
material within the overburden
and phosphate matrix; increased
radiation levels from reclaimed
surfaces.
Ground Water Withdrawal of ground water at
an average rate of 7.85 mgd;
lowering of surficial aquifer
in the vicinity; possible local
contaninat ion of surficial
aquifer adjacent to sand-clay
mix disposal areas.
Sane as CF's proposed action.
hb change in geology;
no change in site
soils (i.e., increased
productivity); preser-
vation of 97 million
short tons of phos-
phate rock reserves.
Ibssible increased
phosphate recovery and
more effective sand-
clay mix disposal,
reclamation, and wet-
lands restoration.
Increased dike heights,
and water storage capa-
city; probable infrirge-
ment on preserved areas;
less desirable reclana-
tion plan.
Sane as CF.'s proposed action,
except that reclaimed surfaie
soils would contain less radio-
active material because of toe
spoiling.
Sane as CF's proposed action.
bfo change in radiation Same as CF's proposed Probable increase in area
characteristics of the
site.
Na change in existing
ground water quantity
and quality.
action.
Possible reduction in
ground water with-
drawals because of nore
effective dewatering of
waste materials.
covered with waste
clays—the reclaimed
material having the
highest radioactivity
levels.
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
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Table 1. Campari son of the Environmental Impacts of the Alternatives (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Discipline
EPA1 s Preferred Alternatives
CF's Proposed Action and Mitigating Maasures Termination
The No Action Alternative
Achieve Zero
Postponement Discharge
Surface Water
Aquatic Ecology
Ln
I
Terrestrial
Ecology
Socioecononics
Same as CF's proposed action.
Disruption of surface water
flows from tiie mine site; minor
reduction in flous following
reclamation; degradation of
water quality die to discharges
from the mine water system.
Destruction of aquatic habitats Bare as CF's proposed action.
on the mine site; aquatic
habitat modifications due to
reduced surface water flous and
addition of contaminants to
creeks flowing fron the site.
Destruction of terrestrial
habitats and loss of indivi-
duals of sane species on the
mine site; creation of modified
habitats following
reclamation.
Generation of jobs with
comparatively high incomes; ad
valoren and sales tax revenue
for Hardee (bunty; severence
tax revenue for the state, Land
Reclamation Trust Fund, and
Florida Institute of Phosphate
Research; sane population
influx to Hardee County;
increased demands for housing,
transportation, fire protec-
tion, police, and medical
services.
Sane as CF's proposed action,
accept that the wildlife habitat
on the reclaimed mine site will
be more extensive (both marsh and
forest).
Same as CF's proposed action.
tb change in surface
water quantity; sur-
face water quality
would be dependent
upon future land uses
in the site area.
bb change in existing
aquatic ecology.
fb change in existing
terrestrial ecology.
ND increase in enploy-
ment; no increase in
tax revenues; less
demand for transporta-
tion, housing, fire
protection, police and
medical services; con-
tinuation of phosphate
rock market uncertain-
ties for CF and a loss
of their investment.
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
Sate as CF's proposed
action.
Possibly nore effective
reclamation and wet-
lands restoration.
Continuation of phos-
phate rock market.
uncertainties for CF
and potential increased
project costs; possible
improvement in supply/
danand for housing in
Hardee Couity.
Elimination of surface
water quality impacts
resulting fron discharge
frcra mine water systen;
increased probability of
dike failure impacts.
Elimination of habitat
modification resulting
fie on discharge fron mine
water systen; increased
probability of dike
failure impacts.
Probable creation of
increased reclaimed land
areas of limited use
(e.g., pasture).
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
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CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 1-1
2.0 ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION 2-1
2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CF INDUSTRIES' 2-1
PROPOSED ACTION
2.2 MINING 2-34
2.2.1 DRAGLINE MINING (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED 2-34
ACTION)
2.2.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-34
2.2.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-34
2.2.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-35
2.2.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES 2-36
2.2.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - MINING 2-37
2.3 MATRIX TRANSPORT 2-38
2.3.1 SLURRY MATRIX TRANSPORT (CF INDUSTRIES' 2-38
PROPOSED ACTION)
2.3.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-38
2.3.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-39
2.3.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-40
2.3.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES 2-40
2.3.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - MATRIX TRANSPORT 2-43
2.4 MATRIX PROCESSING 2-44
2.4.1 CONVENTIONAL MATRIX PROCESSING (CF 2-44
INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.4.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-44
2.4.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-48
2.4.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-48
2.4.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES 2-49
2.4.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - MATRIX PROCESSING 2-50
-------
CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 2 of 8)
Section page
2.5 PLANT SITING 2-52
2.5.1 CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED PLANT LOCATION 2-52
2.6 WATER MANAGEMENT 2-56
2.6.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-56
2.6.2 PROCESS WATER SOURCES 2-58
2.6.2.1 GROUND WATER WITHDRAWAL (CF 2-59
INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.6.2.2 SURFACE WATER 2-60
2.6.3 DISCHARGE 2-62
2.6.3.1 DISCHARGE INTO SURFACE WATERS (CF 2-64
INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.6.3.2 DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS VIA 2-65
WETLANDS (CF INDUSTRIES' ALTERNATE
PROPOSED ACTION)
2.6.3.3 CONNECTOR WELLS 2-66
2.6.3.4 ZERO DISCHARGE 2-68
2.6.4 OTHER ALTERNATIVES 2-69
2.6.5 SUMMARY COMPARISON - WATER MANAGEMENT 2-69
2.7 WASTE SAND AND CLAY DISPOSAL 2-71
2.7.1 SAND-CLAY MIXING (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED 2-72
ACTION)
2.7.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-72
2.7.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-72
2.7.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-73
2.7.2 CONVENTIONAL SAND AND CLAY DISPOSAL 2-74
2.7.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-74
2.7.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-75
2.7.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-76
2.7.3 SAND-CLAY CAP 2-76
2.7.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-76
2.7.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-77
2.7.3.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-77
ii
-------
CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 3 of 8)
Section Page
2.7.4 OTHER ALTERNATIVES 2-78
2.7.4.1 SAND SPRAY 2-78
2.7.4.2 BELOW GROUND SLIME DISPOSAL 2-79
2.7.4.3 FLOCCULATION 2-80
2.7.5 SUMMARY COMPARISON - WASTE DISPOSAL 2-81
2.8 RECLAMATION 2-83
2.8.1 CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED RECLAMATION PLAN 2-83
2.8.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-83
2.8.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-96
2.8.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-100
2.8.2 CONVENTIONAL RECLAMATION/CLAY SETTLING 2-100
2.8.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-100
2.8.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-101
2.8.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-101
2.8.3 SAND-CLAY CAP 2-101
2.8.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-101
2.8.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-102
2.8.3.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-103
2.8.4 SUMMARY COMPARISON - RECLAMATION 2-103
2.9 WETLANDS PRESERVATION 2-105
2.9.1 PRESERVATION PLAN (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED 2-105
PLAN)
2.9.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-105
2.9.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-106
2.9.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-106
2.9.2 CATEGORY I PRESERVATION 2-107
2.9.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-107
2.9.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-107
2.9.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-107
2.10 PRODUCT TRANSPORT 2-108
ill
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CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 4 of 9)
Section Page
2.10.1 RAIL PRODUCT TRANSPORT (CF INDUSTRIES' 2-108
PROPOSED ACTION)
2.10.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-108
2.10.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-108
2.10.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-108
2.10.2 TRUCK PRODUCT TRANSPORT 2-108
2.10.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2-108
2.10.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-108
2.10.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-109
2.10.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - PRODUCT TRANSPORT 2-109
2.11 MITIGATION MEASURES 2-110
2.11.1 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 2-110
2.11.2 RADIATION 2-110
2.11.3 HYDROLOGY 2-110
2.11.4 WATER QUALITY 2-111
2.11.5 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 2-111
2.11.6 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 2-114
2.11.7 SOCIOECONOMICS 2-116
2.12 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 2-118
2.12.1 TERMINATION OF THE PROJECT 2-118
2.12.2 POSTPONEMENT OF THE PROJECT 2-121
2.12.3 ACHIEVING A ZERO DISCHARGE 2-121
2.13 EPA'S PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES, MITIGATING MEASURES, 2-123
AND RECOMMENDED ACTION
2.14 REFERENCES 2-129
3.0 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 3-1
OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.1 AIR QUALITY, METEOROLOGY, AND NOISE 3-1
3.1.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-1
3.1.1.1 METEOROLOGY 3-1
3.1.1.2' AIR QUALITY 3-4
3.1.1.3 NOISE 3-6
3.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-7
ALTERNATIVES
iv
-------
CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 5 of 8)
Section Page
3.1.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-7
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.1.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-12
3.2 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 3-13
3.2.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-13
3.2.1.1 GEOLOGY 3-13
3.2.1.2 SOILS 3-18
3.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-23
ALTERNATIVES
3.2.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-23
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.2.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-32
3.3 RADIATION 3-33
3.3.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-33
3.3.1.1 URANIUM EQUILIBRIUM 3-34
3.3.1.2 RADIOISOTOPES AND PHOSPHATE 3-36
DEPOSITS
3.3.1.3 BACKGROUND RADIATION 3-38
3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-49
ALTERNATIVES
3.3.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-49
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.3.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-58
3.4 GROUND WATER 3-59
3.4.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-59
3.4.1.1 GROUND WATER QUANTITY 3-59
3.4.1.2 GROUND WATER QUALITY 3-72
3.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-85
ALTERNATIVES
3.4.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-85
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.4.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-103
-------
CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 6 of 8)
Section Page
3.5 SURFACE WATER 3-105
3.5.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-105
3.5.1.1 SURFACE WATER QUANTITY 3-105
3.5.1.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 3-111
3.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-129
ALTERNATIVES
3.5.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-129
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.5.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-150
3.6 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 3-151
3.6.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-151
3.6.1.1 AQUATIC BIOTA 3-152
3.6.1.2 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES 3-166
3.6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-166
ALTERNATIVES
3.6.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-166
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.6.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-179
3.7 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 3-181
3.7.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-181
3.7.1.1 VEGETATION TYPES 3-181
3.7.1.2 PRINCIPAL WILDLIFE HABITATS 3-181
3.7.1.3 GAME AND COMMERCIAL FURBEARING 3-185
SPECIES
3.7.1.4 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES 3-186
- FEDERAL
3.7.1.5 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES 3-188
AND SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN -
STATE
3.7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-190
ALTERNATIVES
3.7.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-190
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.7.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-215
vi
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CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 7 of 8)
Section Page
3.8 SOCIOECONOMICS 3-217
3.8.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-217
3.8.1.1 POPULATION, INCOME, AND EMPLOYMENT 3-217
3.8.1.2 LAND USE 3-220
3.8.1.3 TRANSPORTATION 3-224
3.8.1.4 COMMUNITY SERVICES AND FACILITIES 3-227
3.8.1.5 PUBLIC FINANCE 3-230
3.8.1.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES 3-232
3.8.1.7 VISUAL RESOURCES 3-233
3.8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 3-234
ALTERNATIVES
3.8.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING 3-234
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
3.8.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3-268
3.9 REFERENCES 3-269
4.0 SHORT-TERM USE VERSUS LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY 4-1
4.1 METEOROLOGY, AIR QUALITY AND NOISE 4-1
4.1.1 SHORT-TERM 4-1
4.1.2 LONG-TERM 4-1
4.2 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 4-2
4.2.1 SHORT-TERM 4-2
4.2.2 LONG-TERM 4-2
4.3 RADIATION 4-2
4.3.1 SHORT-TERM 4-2
4.3.2 LONG-TERM 4-2
4.4 GROUND WATER 4-2
4.4.1 SHORT-TERM 4-2
4.4.2 LONG-TERM 4-3
4.5 SURFACE WATER 4-3
4.5.1 SHORT-TERM 4-3
4.5.2 LONG-TERM 4-3
vii
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CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 8 of 9)
Section Page
4.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-4
4.6.1 SHORT-TERM 4-4
4.6.2 LONG-TERM 4-4
4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS 4-5
4.7.1 SHORT-TERM 4-5
4.7.2 LONG-TERM 4-5
5.0 IRREVERSIBLE OR IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES 5-1
5.1 DEPLETION OF MINERAL RESOURCES 5-1
5.2 LANDFORM CHANGES 5-2
5.3 COMMITMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 5-2
5.4 ENERGY 5-3
5.5 AESTHETICS 5-3
5.6 FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT 5-3
5.7 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL VALUES 5-5
5.8 REFERENCES 5-5
6.0 COMPARISON OF PROPOSED ACTIVITY WITH AREAWIDE EIS 6-1
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 MINING AND BENEFICIATION REQUIREMENTS 6-1
6.2 REFERENCES 6-11
7.0 COORDINATION 7-1
7.1 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT COORDINATION 7-1
LIST
7.1.1 FEDERAL AGENCIES 7-1
7.1.2 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS 7-1
7.1.3 STATE 7-1
7.1.4 LOCAL AND REGIONAL 7-2
7.1.5 INTEREST GROUPS 7-2
7.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING 7-2
7.3 CONSULTATION WITH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR 7-3
7.4 CONSULTATION WITH THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION 7-4
OFFICER
viii
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CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued, Page 9 of 9)
Section Page
7.5 COORDINATION WITH THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 7-5
7.6 REFERENCES 7-5
8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS 8-1
9.0 INDEX 9-1
APPENDIX A—DRAFT NPDES PERMIT FOR THE CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
HARDEE COUNTY, FLORIDA, PROJECT
ix
-------
1.0 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
CF Industries, Inc. (CF) currently owns and operates phosphate raining
and benefication facilities in northwest Hardee County, Florida. This
operation is known as Hardee Phosphate Complex I. Mining on this site
began operation in 1978. Currently, CF is proposing to expand its
mining operations into a 14,994-acre area south of its existing mine
called Hardee Phosphate Complex II. Plans call for the proposed mining
operations on this site to begin in 1989. The expanded facility will be
designed to produce approximately 2 million tons of phosphate rock per
year during the first 7 years of mining and 4 million tons per year
during the remainder of the planned 27-year mining period.
Figure 1.1.1-1 shows the general location of CF's existing mine site and
the planned mine expansion.
This new operation, which will include mining and beneficiation facili-
ties, will allow CF to maintain a continuous supply of phosphate ferti-
lizer for its cooperative member organization. The annual production of
the proposed facility at full capacity would be 4 million tons of phos-
phate rock. The ultimate development will result in the disturbance of
approximately 14,925 acres, or 99 percent of the site. The proposed
mine will produce approximately 16.2 million cubic yards of phosphate
matrix per year during its 27-year planned mine life.
The phosphate rock resulting from this initial expansion will be
utilized by CF's Plant City and Bartow phosphate complexes to replace
existing rock supply contracts. The rock supply resulting from the
second expansion will be utilized by CF's two phosphate complexes to
replace rock from contracts from other mining companies and the rock
supply currently provided by the Hardee Complex I operation.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that the
phosphate mining operations proposed by CF will constitute a "new
source" discharge facility under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
1-1
-------
CENTRAL FLORID* LAND-PEBBLE
PHOSI"HATE DISTRICT
EXISTING NORTH MINE
HARDEE PHOSPHATE COMPLEX I
Figure 1.1.1-1
GENERAL LOCATION OF CENTRAL FLORIDA-PHOSPHATE
DISTRICT AND THE CF INDUSTRIES EXISTING MINE
AND PLANNED MINE EXPANSION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
of 1972, as amended (FWPCA). As a new source, the proposed operations
will be subject to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) new source effluent limitations and permit requirements. The
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) requires that all
federal agencies prepare a detailed Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
on proposed major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of
the human environment. EPA has determined that issuance of NPDES
permits for the Hardee Phosphate Complex II phosphate mining operations
represents a major federal action significantly a fjfee ting the quality of
the human environment. Therefore, EPA is required by NEPA to prepare a
detailed EIS on the proposed CF phosphate mining operations in Hardee
County, Florida. This draft EIS has been prepared by a third party
contractor under the direction and review of EPA Region IV.
1-3
-------
2.0 ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION
CF Industries, Inc. has developed a comprehensive program for mining and
processing phosphate rock for its proposed Hardee Phosphate Complex II
mine expansion. This plan, hereafter referred to as CF's proposed
action, is comprised of a number of project subsystems that, when
combined, provide a total system capable of meeting CF's production
objectives. The mining subsystems necessary for the Hardee Phosphate
Complex II operation are:
• Mining,
• Matrix Transport,
• Matrix Processing,
• Plant Siting,
• Water Management,
• Waste Sand and Clay Disposal,
• Reclamation,
• Wetlands Preservation,
• Product Transport, and
• Mitigation Measures.
CF proposes to mine the Hardee Phosphate Complex II tract utilizing two
large "walking" draglines. The mining operation has been designed to
produce approximately 4 million tons annually and will be implemented in
two phases.
Phase I of the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II project would initially
employ a single dragline with bucket capacity of 55 cubic yards. In
mining year 8, Phase II will add a second dragline of similar capacity
to provide additional excavation capabilities to support an expanded
beneficiation facility.
Prior to mining, land clearing will be required for construction of the
initial clay settling areas, the initial raining areas, and the powerline
2-1
-------
and pipeline rights-of-way. Land clearing for the initial settling
areas will begin as near to the start of construction as possible. Two
hundred thirty-two (232) acres are planned for the first year of mining;
however, CF expects to clear only 80 acres initially, most of which will
be completed prior to construction of the initial settling areas
(Figure 2.1.1-1).
As mining progresses, acreage will gradually be cleared ahead of the
actual mining operation.
Typical dragline operations include the development of a series of
mining cuts, with the overburden from the initial cut being placed on
adjacent mine land. As successive cuts are made, each varying from
250 to 300 feet wide and 50 to 70 feet deep, overburden material is
placed in adjacent cuts previously mined. Leach zone material would be
placed near'the base of the mining cut, then covered with overburden to
minimize any naturally occurring radiation from uranium concentrations.
The ore is placed in a matrix well, where it is slurrified for transport
to the beneficiation plant. As the mining operation proceeds, the
matrix well and ore transport equipment are advanced along the direction
of mining with the dragline.
The proposed mining operations would result in an average annual excava-
tion of approximately 12.3 million cubic yards of overburden and 16.2
million cubic yards of phosphate matrix when two draglines are in
operation. During the planned mine life of 27 years, the proposed mine
operation would disturb approximately 14,925 acres or 99 percent of the
site.
The planned sequence of mining is illustrated in Figure 2.1.1-2.
Existing land use patterns would continue on reserve land until those
lands are scheduled for mining. Approximately 69 acres would remain
undisturbed. CF's mining sequence has been developed through the use of
2-2
-------
XL
U-V.V- '
ALTERNATE
NVDKS OUTFALL
WK1K
NPDES
OUTFALL WEIR
OUTFALL
CONTROL-^,
STRUCTURE!.
INITIAL
SETTLING
AREA
COMPARTMENT 1
NPDES
OOTFALL WEIR
IKTERIOR DAM
SAND TAILINGS
STORAGE AREA
COMPARTMENT 2
TAILINGS WATER
INITIAL MINING AREA
(FIRST YEAR)
.SPILLWAY SPILLWAY
WATER RETURN DITCH
SCALE _
p^Jy=J^~' , ...... «
0 1UJU 2000 FEET
Figure 2.1.1-1
INITIAL START-UP AREAS FOR PLANT
CONSTRUCTION, WASTE DISPOSAL AND
MINING
2-3
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
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SOURCE:
CF Industries
Figure 2.1.1-2
DRAGLINE MININft RFOIIFNir.F
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
a computer model which simulates the mining and processing of the entire
mineable deposit on an annual basis. The base data for this program
came from the prospect drilling results and the preliminary design of
the mining and processing equipment. The dragline would follow a
sequence which balances production and grade requirements and facili-
tates water recirculation, waste disposal and reclamation activities.
If production and sales requirements change, the length of the mine
operation may also be changed,
CF's plans for transporting matrix involve the matrix slurry transport
system, which is illustrated in Figure 2.1.1-3. In this system, the
matrix is placed into the matrix well and is mixed with water sprayed
under "high pressure." Approximately 11,000 gallons/minute of water is
required to break down the clay and sand matrix into a slurry which can
then be pumped. The source of this water will be clarified and recycled
water from the water recirculation ditch which receives water from the
initial settling area (ISA), pit dewatering, and area drainage.
Proper planning should minimize the need for numerous crossings of
wetland areas with pipelines as mining proceeds throughout the tract.
Where crossings are required, the possibility of leaks or environmental
damage is minimized by the use of preventive maintenance practices such
as pipeline inspection and rotation along with the implementation of
certain safeguard systems. These systems would include double-walled
pipes and a low pressure shutoff system. Cutoff valves, installed at
both sides of the pipeline stream crossing, will assist in controlling a
pipeline leak at these points.
At the Horse Creek crossing (see Figure 2.1.1-4A and 2.1.1-4B), the
matrix pipeline will also be underlain by temporary fill across the
stream channel which will have grassed berms on both edges of the
corridor. This will help prevent erosion and turbid runoff into the
creek should a leak or heavy rains occur.
2-5
-------
Cfl HPCII 42/1
hJ
ON
r
MATRIX
2038 STPH (SOLIDS)
1445 GPM (WATER)
(HIGH PRESSURE)
11237 GPM I WATER FROM CLARIFICATION
AT 200 psl I & RECIRCULATION SYSTEM
PIPELINE (APPROXIMATELY 2 MILES)
MATRIX SLURRY AT 39.7% SOLIDS (WT.%)
15.700 GPM
WASHER PLANT
NOTE: APPROXIMATELY 300 GPM OF SEAL WATER WILL ALSO BE
ADDED TO THE PUMPS AND WILL GENERALLY BE ADDITIVE
TO THE ABOVE FLOW. THIS WATER WILL COME FROM THE
HIGH PRESSURE WATER LINE AND FROM ADJACENT
RECIRCULATION WATER CANALS.
Source: Zellars-Williams. Inc.
Figure 2.1.1-3
SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR
SLURRIED MATRIX TRANSPORT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
B1
DRAGLINE CROSSING
TEMPORARY FILL AREA
20' DOUBLE-WALLED
MATRIX PIPELINE
24' HYDRAULIC
WATER PIPELINE
PLAN
GRASSED BERM
20' DOUBLE-WALLED MATRIX PIPELINE
24' HYDRAULIC WATER PIPELINE
DRAGLINE CROSSING
TEMPORARY FILL
DRAINAGE PIPE
STREAM BED
SECTION A-A'
TEMPORARY FILL
FOR
DRAGLINE CROSSING
NATURAL GROUND,
HORIZ. SCALE I
Zellars-Williams. Inc.
SECTION B-B'
Figure 2.1.1-4A
CONCEPTUAL DRAGLINE CROSSING
AT HORSE CREEK SECTION 32,
T33S, R23E
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
2-7
-------
L_
DRAGLINE CROSSING
20' DOUBLE-WALLED
MATRIX PIPELINE
lull f
OH
-------
CF proposes to use processing procedures now common to the Florida
Phosphate Industry. Therefore, Figure 2.1.1-5, which depicts the general
layout of the plant, is characteristic of Florida phosphate beneficia-
tion plants. The matrix will be slurried and pumped from the mine to
the beneficiation plant. There the matrix will undergo the conventional
beneficiation process, consisting of separating the clays and fines from
the pebble-sized product in the washer and feed preparation areas before
being transferred to the flotation plant for processing to recover the
final phosphate concentrate.
CF's facilities are planned to have a nominal capacity of 2,000,000
short tons per year of phosphate rock product. Wet phosphate rock will
be stored according to product classification in a storage area with a
1,000,000 short ton capacity. Product load-out facilities and a rail-
road marshalling yard will be located nearby. On-site water will be
provided by facilities located in the plant hydraulic station.
Miscellaneous operation support facilities, including the office,
laboratory, and parking area, will be .located within the plant site
area.
In mining year 8 (as currently scheduled), a second dragline will be
added and the beneficiation plant will be expanded at the proposed plant
location. This expansion will be identical in process to the proposed
plant.
The CF Industries, Inc. beneficiation plant and support facilities will
occupy approximately 60 acres. This site (Section 30, Township 33
South, Range 24 East) is located 1/2-mile south of the town of Ft. Green
Springs, in Hardee County, Florida. The particular location for this
phosphate beneficiation plant was selected by CF since it was close to
the centroid of ore and waste disposal; close to rail and power facili-
ties; nad favorable topography; could minimize impact to environmentally
sensitive areas, and would minimize phosphate reserve loss.
2-9
-------
KJ
I
Figure 2.1.1-5
GENERAL PLANT LAYOUT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Proper water management is an essential ingredient in many phosphate
mining operations. Figure 2.1.1-6 presents the key water uses for the
mine as planned by CF, including the respective sources and final
disposition of the water. Recyled water is used extensively as a medium
in many processes to reduce the overall consumptive use of water.
Matrix transport and process water is used as follows:
• Ore Transportation - Recycled water is required to slurry the
matrix as a medium for transporting the matrix to the
beneficiation plant.
• Washer and Sizing Sections - Recycled water is used in the
washing process to separate pebble, sand, and clay size
fractions.
• Rougher Flotation - Recycled water is used in the rougher
flotation circuit to dilute the float feed in the rougher
flotation machines.
• Amine Flotation - Deepwell water is used in the amine flotation
circuit for feed dilution. Recycled water may be used as an
alternative based upon water quality and flotation
considerations.
• Waste Disposal - Recycled water and water from the flotation
circuit is used as a medium for transporting waste clays and sand
tailing from the beneficiation plant to disposal area.
CF plans to recycle water to the greatest extent possible for use in
plant operations. The mine water recirculation system proposed (Figure
2.1.1-7) would recycle 93.5 mgd, which is projected to be adequate for
the required uses. Since mining and beneficiation processes operate
with a fixed water usage to production rate ratio, demand is fairly
constant. Therefore, no significant fluctuations in water usage are
expected.
Seasonal variation in rainfall and evaporation rates can affect the
recirculation system's water supply. A seasonal deficit can result if
2-11
-------
N>
t->
N>
WATER SOURCES
FUNCTION/SOURCE VOLUME, MGD
Rainfall 12. 40 r_l_
1
(Non-Supply) h
h— -
Mine Cut Seepage 0.14 "~*
Deep Well CO 4.96 __r_
F 1 ota t i on
h-
—
Potable Well Water 0 01 -
u.
Total 21.73
Source: Ardaman & Associates
Figure 2.1.1-6
MINE WATER BALANCE
(DAILY AVERAGE)
MINE
WASHER
FEED
PREPARATION
FLOTATION
SAND DISPOSAL
CLAY DISPOSAL
SUPPORT
FACILITIES
RECYCLE WATER
93.5 MGD
i
WATER DISPOSITION
VOLUME, MGD DISPOSITION
-__. 10. 94 Evaporation
1
, ^_ 0.17 Prnrlurt
1
^-H
[ 7.22 Sand/Clay Mix
i
--H
I . . •» 079 ^^^^lh^or>nJ'^^^r>
-~i
i
| 2.48 Discharge
21.73 Total
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
ALTERNATE
NPDES OUTFALL
WEIR
KPDES
OUTFALL WEIR
OUTFALL
CONTROL^
STRUCTURED
INITIAL
SETTLING
AREA
COMPARTMENT
NPDEii
OOT7ALL WEIR
INTERIOR DAM
SAND TAILINGS
STORAGE AREA
COMPARTMENT 2
TAILINGS WATER
INITIAL MINING AREA
(FIRST YEAR)
WATER RETURN DITC1J
luxi 20OO FEET
Figure 2.1.1-7
CONCEPTUAL WASTE DISPOSAL AND
WATER RECIRCULAT1ON PLAN FOR
INITIAL START-UP
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosptiate Complex II
2-13
-------
the reservoir's capacity is insufficient to collect enough rainfall
during the wet season to counter-balance shortages during the dry
season; or if the catchment area is insufficient to offset the loss
between rainfall and evaporation rates. During the dry season, this
deficit due to evaporation can increase system losses. As planned, the
system's surge capacity should aid in eliminating these seasonal
changes. If necessary, well water can be drawn as make-up during the
dry season. Conversely, during the rainy season, when the accumulation
of rainfall and runoff in the system exceed the storage capacity,
discharges become necessary.
Current plans indicate a need for ground water withdrawal to provide a
primary source of clean water for the amine flotation circuit, to offset
water losses from the recirculation system, for initial pre-filling of
the ISA, potable construction water, and to supply other domestic and
potable water needs.
CF proposes to provide potable water by drilling two 24-inch production
wells (designated Well No. D and E) to a depth of approximately 1,200
feet into the Avon Park Limestone (Figure 2.1.1-8). In addition, two
smaller wells (designated Wells No. F and G) will be developed to supply
the operation's domestic and potable water needs.
Wells permitted for Hardee Complex II are described below:
Well No. D: 24-inch diameter, 1,200 foot depth—to be used as the
main production well for ground water supply to the
flotation plant.
Well No. E: 24-inch diameter, 1,200 foot depth—to be used for
fresh water dilution in mixing reagents. Casing sized
to accommodate production well pump in the event of a
production well failure.
Well No. F: 8-inch diameter, 1,200 foot depth—to be used as
domestic water well.
2-14
-------
Cfl HPCH 4271
•> 30
RIGHT ANGLE
DISCHARGE HEAD
•UPPER CLASTICS
Figure 2.1.1-8
TYPICAL PRODUCTION WELL
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
2-15
-------
Well No. G: 4-inch diameter, 500 foot depth—proposed to be used
as a potable water supply during construction.
CF's objective to achieve a balanced wastewater disposal program can be
realized by minimizing the frequency and volume of wastewater discharged
while maintaining its quality and the water quality of the receiving
waters.
To minimize the frequency and volume of discharge, CF plans to recycle/
recirculate as much water stored in the interconnecting ditches and
ponds as possible. As a result of these efforts, discharges of treated
process wastewater should typically occur during the rainy season at
times when accumulated rainfall and runoff exceed the storage capacity
of the settling ponds and recirculating water system. This should occur
primarily during the months of June, July, August, and September.
Major inputs to the recirculating water system will include clarified
water from the settling areas, water from mine-cut dewatering, and
stormwater from in and around the plant complex. As water inputs to the
recirculating water system exceed that amount required for matrix pump-
ing and plant operations, occasional intermittent discharges will result.
When a discharge from the recirculating water system is required during
the initial few years of mining, the primary point of discharge will be
from the recirculating water ditch into Shirttail Branch and/or Doe
Branch. As the mining continues, Shirttail and Doe Branches would be
used interchangeably as the operation requires and is permitted by
receiving water characteristics. CF's alternate discharge is expected
to be via pipe and open ditch into wetlands by sheet flow into Payne
Creek.
The proposed water balance (Figure 2.1.1-6) specifies that an average of
2.48 million gallons is expected to be discharged on a daily basis.
Reduction of this rate depends on how successful or unsuccessful CF is
in the utilization of other water conservation efforts. Success with
any experimental water use practice is highly dependent on site-specific
2-16
-------
conditions including matrix composition, clay settling, plant design,
and material utilization.
Disposing of sand and clay wastes for use as backfill and reclamation
materials for mined and disturbed lands is one of the primary objectives
of the CF waste disposal plan. The waste disposal method proposed by CF
is sand/clay mixing. Several factors were considered in reaching a
decision on the method of waste disposal to be employed at the
Complex II mine. From a materials handling perspective, the mix reduces
the equipment, energy, and manpower requirements when compared with
traditional practices of handling sand and clay separately. Also,
higher total percent solids and increased consolidation rates have been
observed from tests using the sand/clay mix technique (Ardaman &
Associates, 1982). Both features offer positive incentives to the
operator to pursue sand/clay mixing as the primary waste disposal
method. Sand/clay mix also offers enhanced potential for reclamation
over conventional clay settling areas. The increased dewatering
potential of the sand/clay mix also allows for lower dams than typically
constructed in conventional disposal systems.
The present land use of CF Industries' Complex II mine site is primarily
palmetto prairie, freshwater marsh, and hardwood forest (Table 2.1.1-1).
All of the mine site is designated as mining in Hardee County's
Comprehensive Plan (Adley and Associates, Inc., 1980). Approximately
14,925 acres of the site will be disturbed by mining and related
activities (Table 2.1.1-2). The areas proposed for preservation by CF
consist of U.S. EPA Category I-A wetlands.
Specific objectives of the reclamation plan are to restore the disturbed
lands to beneficial uses that are compatible with adjacent land uses and
consistent with future land use plans; enhance or restore as nearly as
practicable the natural functions of the existing important habitats,
water and lands on the site; eliminate safety hazards; minimize erosion
2-17
-------
Table 2.1.1-1. Existing and Post-Reclamation Land Use
Proposed Post-
Land Use Existing Disturbance Reclamation
Code*
211
212
213
231
321
411
422
520
621
641
Type Acres % Acres % Acres
Row Crops 13.1 0.09 13.1 0.09
Field Crops 44.1 0.29 44.1 0.30
Improved 1310.3 8.74 1310.3 8.78 6659
Pasture
Orange Grove 2.6 0.02 2.6 0.02
Palmetto 6957.2 46.40 6957.2 46.61
Prairie
Pine 732.7 4.89 732.7 4.91 1500.
Flatwoods
Other 2354.0 15.70 235^.0 15.77 1900
Hardwoods
Lakes -- — — — 1055
Freshwater 1240.4 8.27 1195.3 8.01 1410
Swamp
Freshwater 2339.6 15.60 2315.7 15.52 2470
Marsh
TOTAL 14994.0 100.00 14925.0 100.01 14,994
%
—
—
44.41
—
__.
10.00
12.67
7.04
9.40
16.47
99.99
* Based on Florida Land Use and Cover Classificaton System (Florida
Department of Administration, 1976).
Source: CF Industries, 1984.
2-18
-------
Table 2.1.1-2. Acreage to be Disturbed and Preserved
Description Acres
Areas to be Disturbed
Mining Operations 14,647
Plant Site 60
Set Backs from Roads and Property Line* 218
Subtotal 14,925
Areas to be Preservedt
Category I-A Wetlands Contiguous with 69
Horse Creek
Subtotal 69
AREA OF MINE SITE TOTAL 14,994
* The set backs may be disturbed by access roads, utility corridors,
temporary storage of overburden, perimeter ditching and related mining
activities.
t This acreage does not include strips around preserved wetlands or
oddly shaped areas that may not be accessible with the dragline. Two
acres of Category I-A wetlands will be disturbed by a dragline
crossing.
Source: CF Industries, 1984.
2-19
-------
and siltation effects of water leaving the property; and eliminate the
visual impacts of mining. To achieve these goals, all of the disturbed
wetland and forest acreage will be replaced, and the majority of the
remaining disturbed lands will be reclaimed to improved pasture. CF's
sand/ciay waste disposal technique is an important aspect of the
reclamation program. This methodology reduces the amount of
conventional clay settling areas required, allows reclamation to near
original grade, and produces reclaimed soils that are suitable for
future agricultural uses.
The land use capabilities and reclamation plans for the mined areas are
closely related to the types of landforms created by the waste disposal
plan. The acreage of each landform remaining after mining and waste
disposal is delineated in Table 2.1.1-3 and is summarized below:
Landform Acreage
Sand/Clay Mix Areas 9,083
Sand Tailings Fill Areas 2,213
with Overburden Cap
Mined Out Areas for 2,399
Land-and-Lakes
Overburden Fill Areas and 1,230
Disturbed Natural Ground
An objective of the reclamation plan is to restore the land surface
elevations to approximate the original grade to the greatest extent
practical. All of the site is planned to be reclaimed within 2 to
3 feet of the original grade, with the exception of the mined-out areas
to be reclaimed as lakes.
The post-reclamation drainage area boundaries will vary slightly from
existing boundaries because of the location of the sand/clay mix areas
(Figures 2.1.1-9 and 2.1.1-10). However, total acreage of each drainage
2-20
-------
Table 2.1.1-3. Land forms Remaining After Mining
Percentage
Landfonns* Acres of Sitet
Sand/Clay Mix Areas
E-l 187
E-2 308
E-3 426
E-4 292
E-5 220
E-6 330
E-7 330
E-8 350
E-9 329
E-10 366
E-ll 240
E-12 324
E-13 421
E-14 276
E-15 680
W-l 356
W-2 223
W-3 343
W-4 191
W-5 307
W-6 326
W-7 381
W-8 550
W-9 450
W-10 467
W-ll 410
Subtotal 9,083 60.9
Mined Out Areas for Land-and-Lakes
MOA-1 44
MOA-2 44
MOA-3 922
MOA-4 684
MOA-5 705
Subtotal 2,399 16.1
Sand Tailings Fill Areas
With Overburden Cap 2,213 14.8
Overburden Fill Areas and
Disturbed Natural Ground
TOTAL DISTURBANCE
* See Figures 2.4-1A and 2.4-IB for location.
t Total site area is 14,994 acres.
Source: CF Industries, 1984.
2-21
-------
CFI IIPCll 4271
HOG BRANCH
AY ^ -
PLUNDER BRANC H
TROUBLESOME CREEK
5-FOOT CONTOUfl INTERVAL
LAKES. INCLUDING LITTORAL ZONE
DRAINAGE BOUNDARY
DIRECTION OF SURFACE D«Aimct
Figure 2.1.1-9
POST-RECLAMATION TOPOGRAPHY:
COMPLEX II, EASTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Cfl HPCII *
l»«ES. INCLUOIHO LIT 1OH»l ZONE
DRAINAGE BOUNDARY
DIRECTION OF SUtlFACE DRAINAGE
Figure 2.1.1-10
POST-RECLAMATION TOPOGRAPHY:
COMPLEX II, WESTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
basin will be approximately equal to pre-mining conditions
(Table 2.1.1-4).
Agriculture will be the predominant land use of the reclaimed site,
occupying approximately 6,700 acres or 44 percent of the total property
(Table 2.1.1-1 and Figures 2.1.1-11 and 2.1.1-12). This economic use is
compatible with adjacent properties and is consistent with the goals and
policies of the Hardee County Comprehensive Plan.
The remainder of the reclaimed site will consist primarily of forest
lands and wetlands (Table 2.1.1-1 and Figures 2.1.1-11 and 2.1.1-12).
These vegetation types currently occupy approximately 45 percent of the
site and provide valuable environmental functions, such as maintaining
water quality of downstream waters and providing habitat for a variety
of wildlife.
The areas to be preserved from mining occupy approximately 69 acres and
consist of all but 2 acres of the wetlands designated as EPA
Category I-A. These proposed preserved wetlands are located in the far
western portion of the site and are contiguous with Horse Creek
(Figure 2.1.1-13). The 2 acres of Category I-A wetlands to be disturbed
will be needed for the proposed dragline crossing. Category I-A
wetlands are mainstem stream wetlands that are considered by EPA to
provide important environmental functions and which should be preserved
and protected from mining.
In addition to Category I-A wetlands, there are approximately 695 acres
of Category I-C and I-D wetlands on the site. These are headwater and
special concern wetlands that are also considered by EPA as worthy of
preservation and protection. However, EPA recognizes the possibility
that reclamation technology may proceed to the extent that fully
functional wetlands may be restored. The Florida phosphate industry,
including CF, is currently working on approximately 35 wetland reclama-
tion projects (Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, 1983a). CF
2-24
-------
Table 2,1.1-4. Existing and Post-Reclamation Drainage Areas
Drainage Area
Doe Branch
Plunder Branch
Coon's Bay Branch
Troublesome Creek
Hog Branch
Shirttail Branch
Lettis Creek
Brushy Creek
Horse Creek
Gum Swamp Branch
TOTAL ACREAGE OF SITE
Existing
4,679
2,374
259
552
23
1,562
1,203
3,429
795
118
14,994
Acres
Post-Reclamation
4,708
2,266
188
840
11
1,378
1,182
3,636
728
57
14,994
Source: ESE, 1983.
2-25
-------
Cfl HPCII '?!>
?i3 iwnnovEO
4i i PINE FL AT WOODS
OTHER HARDWOODS
5?0 IAKES
671 FRESllYVATEn SWAMPS
941 .TUSHWATCR MAHSH
Figure 2.1.1-1 1
POST-RECLAMATION LAND USE:
COMPLEX II, EASTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Cfl HPCII
•~
:
•-
(21
i;
SOUK* Ci.ii I Afciot . me
Z13 MM1OVED PASTURE
4 11 PINE FLAT WOODS
OTHER HARDWOODS
5JO LAKES
FRtSHWATER SWAMP
«< I fRESKWATER MARSH
Figure 2.1.1-12
POST-RECLAMATION LAND USE:
COMPLEX II, WESTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
OF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex !i
-------
r
• -
• _-
oc
OVB -
fos,
SCW-11
SCW-3
SCVY-4
o^M —
fit
i k-;r-.
to* i« V *-' MtNEO-OUT AREA III
SCW-10
SC W-9
4_
sdw-i
SCW-2
sqw-8
SCW-7
SC W-6
SCW-5
M.MtD
pnOPERTt LIN€
SCW SAHO-CLAV SEIUING AREAS (Wesi Ii»cO
OST SAND TA1UNGS mi OV8 C»P AREAS
OVB OVEReunDEN FILL AREAS
|T~1 PHESCBVfD AREAS
MO A MINED-OUT AREA
Figure 2.1.1-13
CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED PRESERVATION AREAS
(CATEGORY I-A WETLANDS)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
believes that these ongoing projects, together with CF's proposed
experimental revegetation program on an existing sand/clay mix disposal
area, will demonstrate that important functional roles of wetlands can
be replaced by reclamation.
Therefore, CF has included Category I-C and I-D wetlands within the area
to be disturbed by mining activities. Although the mine plan and waste
disposal plan were developed to include all Category I-C and I-D
wetlands, CF understands EPA's position on the mining of these wetlands.
Mining will not be allowed within the boundaries of any of the Category
I wetlands unless and until EPA reconsiders the categorization or value
of these wetlands based upon the proven recreation of functional
hardwood swamp communities and large wetland systems. CF believes that
it can successfully demonstrate a viable, functional restoration program
sufficient to receive EPA approval to mine these areas in the future.
Category I-A wetlands that are to be preserved will also be protected
from the indirect effects of mining. A perimeter ditch will be
constructed around all preserved wetlands when adjacent lands are being
mined. The water level in this ditch will be maintained at or above the
average water table elevation, which should prevent potential drawdown
of the water table within the wetland (Figure 2.1.1-14).
CF proposes to construct a railroad spur from the beneficiation plant to
the Seaboard Systems Railroad track west of the plant in order to
transport the phosphate product to its existing offsite chemical plant.
CF's proposed action also includes measures designed to reduce the
potential for adverse impacts on the environment. These are described
below by the components with which they are most closely associated:
Mining
• The existing vegetative cover will be maintained on all land for which
mining or support activities are not imminent.
2-29
-------
PRESERVED
WETLANDS
DITCH SPOIL
WATER TABLE
WITH DITCH
MINE CUT
APPROXIMATELY 35 FEET
WATER TABLE
BEFORE MINING
OVERBURDEN
MATRIX
NOT TO SCALE
NOTE: Water level in ditch maintained at or above
average water table elevation.
Source: Gurr & Associates, Inc.
Figure 2.1.1-14
PERIMETER DITCH AROUND
PRESERVED WETLANDS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
2-30
-------
• EPA Category IA Wetlands will be preserved on-site.
• Dragline crossings of stream channels will be selected to disturb the
least total area, particularly the least wetland area; and crossings
of Horse Creek will be timed to coincide with the dry, no-flow/low-
flow periods.
• The Horse Creek crossings will be made along a single corridor.
• Vegetation will be established on the approaches to creek crossings
and these will be maintained until the final crossing is made.
• Fill introduced into creek channels during dragline crossings will be
removed after the crossings and the banks immediately stabilized with
vegetation.
• Mine cuts adjacent to property boundaries will be promptly backfilled
and rim ditches will be used, where necessary, to maintain Surficial
Aquifer levels at adjacent property boundaries.
Matrix Transport
• Double-walled pipe and catchment basins will be used at matrix pipe-
line stream crossings to contain matrix slurry in the event of a leak
at that point.
• Pressure sensitive devices will be installed in matrix pipelines to
alert mine personnel to a significant leak in the system.
• Cut-off valves will be installed at both sides of pipeline stream
crossings to assist in controlling a pipeline leak at these points.
Matrix Processing
• During plant construction, water sprays will be applied to unpaved
areas and roads to reduce particulate emissions.
• During plant construction and operation, perimeter ditches will be
installed to collect runoff from the plant site area.
• Storage facilities for reagents, fuel, lubricants, etc. will be above
ground within a walled or diked tank farm.
2-31
-------
• Petroleum storage tanks will be built to standards and designed to
prevent accidental spillage. Storage areas will be designed to route
spillage and/or accumulated rainfall to the mine water recirculating
system or to a tank within the area.
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
• The design and construction of dams required for the impoundment of
clay and sand-clay wastes will comply with all provisions of
Chapter 17-9 of the Florida Administrative Code.
• Dam faces will be planted in grasses to inhibit wind and water
erosion, and will be mowed as necessary for visual inspection.
• All dams will be inspected daily by a trained employee, and annually
by a design engineer.
Process Water Source
• Pumping may be reduced in dry periods in order to comply with
Soutnwest Florida Water Management District regulations.
Wat er Man agement P1an
• Water will be recycled to the maximum extent possible.
• Discharges should occur only during periods of heavy rainfall.
Reclamation
• All dikes and ditches will be graded to acceptable slopes and
revegetated.
• All disturbed land will be revegetated. An experimental revegetation
program will be conducted on the first sand-clay mix landfill that
becomes available to determine the agricultural and wetland
restoration potential of such areas.
CF's proposed action is comprised of a number of project components
linked to provide a total project capable of meeting CF's goals.
However, the methods proposed by CF to achieve these goals are not the
only ones available. In the following sections, various alternatives
2-32
-------
associated with the previously identified project components are
described and evaluated, and environmentally preferable alternatives are
identified. The evaluation is arranged by component in the order
previously identified. The first alternative discussed under a given
component heading is CF's proposed action, followed by other reasonable
alternatives. A listing of mitigation measures not included in CF's
proposed action which would serve to reduce adverse environmental
impacts of the project is provided in Section 2.11.
2-33
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2.2 MINING
2.2.1 DRAGLINE (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.2.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Large, electric-powered walking draglines, which have buckets ranging
from 7 to 65 cubic yards in capacity, are currently utilized for strip
mining in the Florida phosphate district. Dragline excavators are
large cranes with a drag bucket on the hoist cable. Loading is
accomplished by pulling the bucket toward the machine with a drag cable
along the top layer of material. When the bucket is filled, it is
hoisted, and the boom and bucket are moved to the desired dumping
position. The empty bucket is then swung back to a suitable position
for the next loading cycle.
Mining cuts averaging 300 feet wide and up to a mile long are excavated
by the dragline by stripping and side-casting the overburden material
into adjacent mined-out areas. The exposed matrix is then mined and
placed in a slurry pit located near the dragline and active mine cut
area.
The size and number of draglines required for a mining operation and the
length and width of the mining cuts are determined by production
requirements; characteristics of the deposits, principally overburden
and matrix thickness; depth to water table; conesiveness of the soils;
physical features such as property boundaries, power lines, road
rights-of-way; and post-mining/reclamation land use.
2.2.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
Using dragline mining, overburden can be handled such that it could be
selectively returned to the mined-out pit. This allows the operator to
place undesirable material (e.g., leach zone) at the base of an adjoin-
ing spoils pile and cover it with other overburden. Secondly, because
of the close proximity of the dragline to both the active and mined-out
areas, handling of overburden can be accomplished in an energy-efficient
manner. Recent studies (U.S. EPA, 1979) indicate that dragline power
consumption per ton of product is about half that of some other mining
2-34
-------
methods. Draglines allow complete recovery of phosphate matrix so that
little of the resource is wasted. When draglines operate in "moist"
conditions, fugitive dust is reduced.
Draglines, being relatively mobile and capable of mining along irregular
boundaries, provide the capability of mining around areas to be
preserved. Other mining methods would likely be more restrictive in
this respect.
Environmental Disadvantages
The open pits created by dragline mining could drain water from the
adjacent surficial aquifer. The amount of drainage may vary at any
specific site, and the dewatering may have temporary effect on the water
levels of adjacent streams and the vegetation of adjacent areas
(especially wetlands). This effect would be most evident during dry
seasons.
Dragline mining would also create a very uneven spoiling pattern, some-
times called "windrows." The creation of such windrows will require
that heavy equipment, such as the mining or pre-stripping draglines, be
utilized in reclamation to create a more uniform topography. Such
leveling will require the burning of fuel (in heavy equipment) and could
result in increased air pollutant levels (e.g., combustion products).
2.2.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Walking draglines are versatile machines that perform optimally when
digging unconsolidated material. The long reach of the dragline enables
it to dig and move overburden and mine the matrix without rehandling the
materials.
Draglines can selectively mine and cast overburden. Of particular
importance in most Florida phosphate mining is the proper placement of
the leach zone material which often occurs at the point of overburden/
matrix contact. Draglines can selectively strip and place the leach
2-35
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zone material (which is generally higher in radioactivity) near the
bottom of the raining cut, subsequently covering the leach zone material
with overburden spoils.
Among the operating constraints of dragline usage is the requirement for
essentially dry conditions in the mining cut for safety and optimum
matrix recovery. High water table conditions in the overburden combined
with unfavorable soil conditions, can result in high wall failures,
which may be a safety hazard. In addition, efficient matrix recovery is
dependent upon the ability of the dragline operator to detect the matrix
horizons. Excessive water in the mine cut hinders proper matrix horizon
identification. Normal dragline operation, with pit dewatering,
provides good control of the mine cut and matrix.
In addition to clearing of vegetation in areas to be mined or used for
waste disposal storage (which is common to all mining methods), physical
access must be provided for the draglines. Transport routes should be
selected to avoid disturbance of sensitive land uses which would not
otherwise be affected by mining operations. Stream crossings are
particularly sensitive to dragline movements.
When draglines are used, pits must be "dewatered" for efficient mining.
This temporary dewatering while mining can affect the water table of
adjacent property owners and sensitive habitats. Precautions must be
taken to ensure that mining activities do not cause significant indirect
adverse impacts on sensitive habitats or on adjacent property owners.
2.2.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES
Additional mining alternatives which are generally considered include
hydraulic dredging and bucket wheel excavation. Recent site-specific
Environmental Impact Statements for phosphate mining operations in
central Florida have all examined alternative mining methods and found,
without exception, that dragline raining was the environmentally prefer-
able alternative. With this in mind, the EPA Region IV Administrator
advised CF Industries on September 16, 1981:
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"Therefore, in the case of the site-specific EIS being prepared tor
CF Industries, the mining method alternatives will not be
reanalyzed, but rather the alternatives analysis of the previous
site-specific EIS's will be incorporated by reference. This being
the case, the selection of the dragline method as EPA1s preferred
mining method alternative is a foregone conclusion, and the
proposed early construction activities are consistent with, and
commit the applicant to, that method" (Jeter, 1981).
Therefore, the following site-specific Environmental Impact Statements
are incorporated, by reference, with regard to phosphate mining
alternatives:
• Estech General Chemicals Corporation, Duette Mine, Manatee
County, Florida (October, 1979).
• Farmland Industries, Inc. Phosphate Mine, Hardee County, Florida,
(May, 1981).
• Mississippi Chemical Corporation, Hardee County Phosphate Mine,
Hardee County, Florida (August, 1981).
• Mobil Chemical Company, South Fort Meade Mine, Polk County,
Florida (January, 1982).
2.2.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - MINING
The dragline is the most preferable mining technique from an environ-
mental standpoint. Other advantages are maximum operation energy
efficiency, relatively lower water consumption, and selective spoil
placement. Both draglines and bucketwheel dredges will remove essen-
tially all of the phosphate matrix. Both require dewatering the mine
cut, but this is more critical with the bucketwheel dredge. The dredge
system has the lowest energy efficiency, highest water consumption, and
creates the largest volumes of clay wastes.
The overriding advantages of the dragline mining method outweigh the
advantages of the other two alternatives. Evaluations within previous
Environmental Impact Statements have consistently eliminated all
alternatives except dragline mining. There is no known new information
nor technological improvement which might affect these earlier evalua-
tions. Therefore, dragline mining is the environmentally preferable
mining method alternative.
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2.3 MATRIX TRANSPORT
2.3.1 SLURRY MATRIX TRANSPORT (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.3.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Slurry matrix transport is used at most existing Florida phosphate
mines. In this system, the excavated matrix is usually stacked at
natural ground level outside the cutline and dumped into a slurry pit or
well. Using recycled water, hydraulic high pressure nozzles break up
and slurrify the matrix into a mixture which can be transported, by
pumping, through a pipeline (nominally 16-20 inches in diameter).
Screens prevent oversized rocks and other debris from entering the pit
pump. The matrix slurry is then pumped through pipelines to the bene-
ficiation plant by a series of large pumps, usually operating at about
3/4-mile intervals and 15,000-20,000 gpm. The slurry can be pumped at
distances in excess of 6 miles.
The pumps used to move the slurry from the mine pit to the plant are
usually located in series at distances such that surges against any one
pump will be prevented. The turbulence produced by the high pressure
nozzles, pumps and pipeline all contribute to the matrix processing
which continues at the plant.
The transport water can be clarified recycled water from almost any
source. However, water used in the pump seals must be of high quality
and may be obtained from adjacent hydraulic pipelines, the water
recirculation ditch, or shallow wells in the surficial aquifer. This
water is used to force solids out of critical wear points.
The pipeline used to transport matrix from the active mine pit to the
beneficiation plant must be rerouted as the mining area changes. This
requires that streams on the site be crossed and a corridor through an
otherwise preserved area be established. The locations of the matrix
booster pumps often vary due to the size and availability of the indivi-
dual pumps to be used and the topography of the transportation route.
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2.3.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
Matrix transported in a slurry system would be closed to the atmosphere
and, consequently, would not be a source of air pollutants. Therefore,
air pollution equipment would not be needed in a hydraulic transporta-
tion system, and the energy required to operate such equipment would be
saved.
The corridor required for the slurry pipeline would also cause the least
disturbance to vegetation and wildlife of all the alternatives
considered.
Environmental Disadvantages
The pipeline system is energy intensive in that the slurry water/matrix
mixture transport to the beneficiation plant requires a relative large
amount of energy (e.g., pumping 1,500 tons per hour at 26 percent solids
a distance of 10,000 feet would require about 23,800,000 Kwh of electri-
city per year). However, the high energy consumption would be offset
somewhat by the lack of secondary handling requirements such as that
needed for a conveyor system.
Pipeline or pump failure could result in spillage of the matrix slurry.
However, the possibility of this occurrence is minimized in the phos-
phate industry through the use of operation and preventive maintenance
practices (such as pipeline inspection and rotation, low pressure shut-
off systems, and stand pipes) and the implementation of safeguards which
meet or exceed state regulatory guidelines (Florida Administrative Code,
Chapter 17-9). Streams would be crossed by the slurry pipeline as
mining progresses over the site. A potential does exist for pipeline
leaks and/or breaks which, if uncontrolled, could increase turbidities
in surface waters (especially at stream crossings).
Vegetation must be removed and wildlife disturbed along a narrow strip
of land where the transport system is situated.
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2.3.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Hydraulic transportation can move large volumes of matrix over adverse
ground conditions. Slurry pumping aids in the disaggregation of the
matrix prior to its arrival at the washer system. It is a highly mobile
system which can be readily adapted to the frequent changes in mine
locations and is not sensitive to weather conditions. Finally, slurry
pumping systems are a proven technology with which the industry has
substantial experience and capability to handle problems which may arise
in the field.
2.3.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES
There are three other alternative methods which could be used to deliver
mined matrix to the beneficiation plant for further processing. These
are conveyor matrix transport, truck matrix transport, and rail matrix
transport.
In recent years, conveyor systems have been considered by most phosphate
mining companies as an alternative method for matrix transport.
Presently, one phosphate company in Florida has tried a conveyor belt
system, but this system has not been totally successful to date.
Brewster Phosphate Company operates a matrix conveyor, but this conveyor
carries partially processed matrix (i.e., matrix which is transported by
conventional pumping to a set of cyclones which remove some of the
oversize material and clay slimes and partially dewater the material
before it drops onto the belt). The Brewster system provides no real
technical advantage over the present slurry matrix transport systems,
but is intended to save on pumping costs.
As with pipeline matrix transport, two independent conveyor systems
would be required to transfer the matrix from CF's two mining areas to
the beneficiation plant.
A conveyor belt is an arrangement of mechanical components which
supports and propels a belt that, in turn, carries the bulk material
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being transported. It is a system designed for continuous transporta-
tion of bulk material and, if the matrix ore can be loaded at a uniform
rate and the total quantity of matrix to be transported justifies this
system, it can be the most economical and energy efficient system to
operate.
Conveyor matrix transport would require that matrix be placed onto a
belt conveyor at the mine for transport to the beneficiation plant. To
transport the required amount of matrix from the mining areas to the
beneficiation area, 36-inch wide conveyor systems would be utilized. In
order to minimize the number of transfer points and still maintain
mobility of the conveyor sections, such a conveyor belt system would
most likely include belt sections of up to 2,000 feet in length. As the
mine pit advanced, it would be necessary to move or extend the belt
system in the same direction, possibly resulting in continuous sections
ranging from 10,000 to 20,000 feet in total length.
The design of a conveyor belt system for a specific use requires
consideration of such basic factors as the characteristics of the
material to be conveyed (density, lump size, fines, condition, particle
shape), the rate of transport, and the necessity of handling the
material at different rates. Generally, the characteristics of the
material to be transported must remain constant. To ensure this, the
matrix must be handled twice at the mine area: once from the mining
unit to a screening/dewatering unit and then to the conveyor system for
transport. If the water content of the matrix is too high, the material
tends to spill off the belt.
A further development related to the conveyor system transport which is
being studied involves desliming and scalping the matrix prior to
transport. The matrix would be transported to a small washing plant
where the oversized material would be crushed and passed through
cyclones and screw classifiers for dewatering prior to loading on the
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belt. Waste from the cyclone overflow would be directed to waste or
reclamation fill areas.
Because the matrix must be dewatered and remain "dry" (70 to 80 percent
solids) during transport, the conveyor system should be enclosed. Once
enclosed, the system would not be sensitive to precipitation and would
provide effective control of fugitive dust emissions.
Conveyor systems are not as mobile as pipeline systems, and the capital
and maintenance costs far exceed that of a pipeline system.
Trucks have been used to a limited extent as a method of hauling phos-
phate ore from the mine to the beneficiation plant in central Florida
phosphate mining operations. Truck haulage has been restricted to some
of the "debris" processing operations, which involve the remining of
waste tailings from earlier mining activities. There has been no major
utilization of truck haulage to transport in situ phosphate ore from
mine to plant in the central Florida phosphate district. Successful
truck haulage is generally confined to areas of the western United
States where ore moisture content in mining operations is very low.
In the use of trucks for matrix transport, it is assumed that draglines
would be used for excavating the matrix. A dragline or frontend loader
would load the trucks, which would then transport the matrix via haul
roads to the beneficiation plant. At the plant, matrix would be dumped
and/or washed out of the trucks and, as with conveyor transport, mixed
with recycled water before further processing.
In order to keep energy consumption to a minimum, the tractor-trailer
haulage truck (with its lower energy-to-tonnage hauled ratio) would be
the vehicle of choice. Most grades and slopes which would be
encountered in mining the CF property are flat enough to permit use of
the tractor-trailer truck. This equipment can move approximately 70
tons per truck per trip.
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In addition to loading and hauling equipment, a facility to unload and
feed the matrix material into the washer/beneficiation plant would also
be required.
In rail matrix transport, the excavated matrix material would be loaded
at the mine site into open top, bottom discharge hopper rail cars for
transport to the beneficiation plant. This system would require the
initial construction and continual modification of railroad trackage to
allow the cars an approach in proximity to the actual mining operation.
Rail spurs would be several miles long and would have to accommodate
watercourses and grade changes.
2.3.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - MATRIX TRANSPORT
Although conveyor systems have some environmental advantages, they are
not as mobile as pipeline systems, and the capital and maintenance costs
far exceed that of a pipeline. The potential for accidental spillage
and leakage rates for conveyors versus pipelines is approximately the
same. Truck, conveyor, and rail transport methods also avoid the use of
large quantities of water required of the slurry pipeline.
Truck transport would be very energy intensive, require haul roads which
greatly disturb vegetation and wildlife, create fugitive dust, noise,
and exhaust emissions. Rail transport could possibly offer energy
efficiency and less air emissions, and spillage would be minimal. The
railroad construction and operation would disrupt or disturb terrestrial
and aquatic biota. Construction and maintenance costs may render this
alternative economically infeasible.
From a technical and cost standpoint, slurry pipelines provide a far
less expensive, more flexible, and proven method of matrix transport.
Water used for the slurry pipeline is essentially 100 percent recycled
water during normal operations, thus minimizing this alternative's major
impact.
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2.4 MATRIX PROCESSING
2.4.1 CONVENTIONAL MATRIX PROCESSING (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.4.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Wet process beneficial:ion is presently employed throughout the central
Florida phosphate district. This conventional matrix processing
technique involves the separation of phosphate rock from waste sand and
clay material using a series of wet-process operations. This process is
most compatible with the pipeline system of matrix transportation.
The major components of the wet processing beneficiation system are the
washer section, feed preparation area, and flotation plant. Slurrified
matrix is transported to the washer where the pebble product is
separated from the waste clays and feed. The waste clays are routed to
disposal areas, and the feed is sized at the feed preparation area. The
sized feed is then processed at the flotation plant where the concen-
trate product is separated from tailings sand. The tailings sand is
pumped away from the flotation plant and is generally used as fill
material in reclamation projects or as construction material for dams.
The pebble and concentrate products are usually stockpiled on ground
adjacent to the beneficiation area until they are required to meet sales
commitments.
Washing Facilities
When the matrix is received at the washer, it consists of phosphate
gravel, phosphate grains, clay balls, clay, and quartz sand. The washer
(see Figure 2.4.1-1) separates the matrix into three components, based
on particle size: (1) phosphate gravel, which is commonly known as
pebble; (2) sand-sized phosphatic and quartz grains commonly known as
feed; and (3) fine-sized waste clays.
The washer has three major units: (1) the matrix scalping section,
(2) the washing/screening section, and (3) the desliming section. Using
a series of rotary trommel screens, the matrix scalping section
separates oversized material and clay balls from the matrix.
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en HPCII
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The oversized material is disintegrated by a bank of hammer mills, and
then it is recycled through the scalping section. Before leaving the
scalping section, the matrix is normally reduced to particles ranging in
size from less than 1 millimeter (mm) to 19 mm.
After the matrix is "sized" at the scalping section, it is routed to the
washing/screening section where the pebble (1 mm to 19 mm size material)
is separated from the feed and waste clays (less than 1 mm size
material). Flat vibrating screens and/or hydraulic sizers are utilized
in the primary separation process. The pebble is then routed through
log washers and a final series of vibrating screens which facilitates
further separation of feed and waste clays from the pebble. Pebble
benefication is complete at this point. The pebble product is trans-
ported away from the washer by a conveyor belt system to a stockpile or
is loaded directly into railroad cars for shipment.
Feed and waste clays are routed to the desliming section where they are
separated by hydro-cyclones. Feed generally ranges in size from 1 mm to
0.1 mm, and waste clays comprise the less than 0.1 mm size fraction.
The waste clays are pumped and/or allowed to flow by gravity away from
the washer area. The feed is routed to the feed preparation area or
stockpiled until required for further processing.
Feed Preparation
The feed is received from the desliming area and/or the feed storage
area and is separated into fine and coarse feed at the feed preparation
facility. Coarse feed is that fraction which is greater than 0.5 mm,
and fine feed is less than 0.5 mm. Screens and hydrosizers will be used
to accomplish feed sizing.
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Flotation
Coarse feed and fine feed are sometimes subjected to different
concentrate recovery processes, both of which require initial treatment
of the feed with conditioners. The coarse feed may be routed to either
spiral or flotation circuits where the coarse concentrate is separated
from the sand tailings. Flotation cells are utilized to separate the
fine concentrate from the sand tailings.
Waste Products
The waste products produced from the beneficiation of phosphate are
quartz sand tailings and clays. Generally, sand tailings are pumped to
disposal sites. Whenever possible, a gravity-flow system is used to
transport waste clays away from the beneficiation area. To date, the
general method of waste clay disposal has been impoundment in above-
ground storage ponds. This type of waste clay disposal has been
necessary since clays retain large amounts of water, increasing their
volume above that of the mined matrix.
Wet Rock Storage
After beneficiation, wet rock is loaded from storage by gravity onto
conveyor belts or into hopper cars for transfer to a primary wet rock
storage facility. There, the hopper cars are unloaded through an over-
head trestle or car shaker, and the product falls into a conveyor which
transports it to storage piles. The product is dumped, by means of a
movable stacker or overhead tripper conveyor, into piles according to
size, BPL (bone phosphate lime) grade, I&A (iron and aluminum) content,
and other factors. On the storage piles, tractors are used to keep the
stackers, conveyors, or trestles clear and to move the material back to
the reclaiming facilities. A tunnel extending under the length of the
storage piles facilitates rehandling of the wet rock. A conveyor in the
tunnel passes the product to wet rock feed bins for shipping.
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2.4.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
Because the processing operations are done in a wet state, the plant
would be less likely to have significant air emissions. Conventional
beneficiation requires less energy than the other processing alternatives,
Environmental Disadvantages
The primary environmental consideration associated with wet-process
beneficiation is the above-ground storage of waste clays, produced in a
liquid waste stream from the feed preparation area of the plant.
Disposal of these clays requires that they be impounded within diked
settling areas to dewater, presenting significant waste disposal
impacts.
Although a remote possibility, dike failures could pose a potential for
significant damage to aquatic ecosystems and degradation of water
quality in the receiving water systems.
Conventional processing utilizes various reagents to aid in the separa-
tion of the various matrix fractions. Although some of the reagents
used in processing attach to the sand tailings, a portion remains in the
rinse water and flows to the waste disposal areas with the waste clays.
Some portion of these reagents will evaporate from the waste disposal
areas, while others will be adsorbed by the clays themselves. Also,
very small quantities will also be present in the effluent discharge.
2.4.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Wet process beneficiation is an operational, economical, and successful
method of extraction of phosphate product from the mined ore. Water use
has improved over the years to a 90 percent recycle level. The main
losses occur with entrainraent of water in waste clays and evaporation
from water bodies. Waste clays are generally stored in above-grade
settling areas. Sand tailings, another waste product, are disposed in
mine cuts or are used to build retaining dikes for the waste clay
storage areas.
2-48
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2.4.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES
Additional matrix processing alternatives which have been considered
include dry matrix processing and direct acidulation. Dry beneficiation
of phosphate ore is used principally in arid regions where water is in
short supply and the mined ore has low moisture content. It is a method
whereby organics and other waste products are removed from the product
by differences in specific gravity (air classification). In Florida,
the moisture content of the ore ranges from 15 to 25 percent and, to
employ dry separation techniques, the ore must be dried. Matrix would
be trucked, conveyed, or through some other means transported to the
beneficiation plant. There it would be dried, crushed, and sized to
minus 1 mm before the finer components (mostly clay) were separated from
the coarser components in an air separator. Several stages of
separation would be required to efficiently separate the fine clay from
the dried and crushed matrix. The phosphate product would then be
separated from the remaining coarser material by an electrostatic
separator. The product distribution would be approximately 1/4 fine
dust, 1/2 quartz sand, and 1/4 phosphate product.
In the direct acidulation process, matrix digestion with sulfuric acid
is used to recover the phosphate as phosphoric acid. Initially, the
matrix must be ground to a fine particle size to achieve the proper
dissolution. Before the matrix is ground, it must be dewatered by a
dryer to promote efficient grinding and to prevent dilution of the phos-
phoric acid. During this process, a filtration system is utilized to
remove gypsum, clay, silica, and other acid-insoluble waste materials.
The direct acidulation process is in the experimental stage, hence no
phosphate mining company in the central Florida phosphate district is
employing it at present. However, in recent years, some phosphate
companies have evaluated this method as an alternative for matrix
processing.
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2.4.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - MATRIX PROCESSING
Dry beneficiation has not yet been used in the United States. In areas
where it has been employed, this method has been used for removal of
carbonates. Dry beneficiation has not been directed at phosphate-quartz
separation, which is the process required in Florida. Over the past
several decades, attempts have been made to develop a dry process for
Florida matrix. Although it is said to be technically feasible, it has
not yet been proven practical.
Dry matrix processing would reduce water consumption and eliminate the
environmental hazards of large diked areas used for dewatering in
conventional matrix processing. Dry processing of matrix would also
significantly reduce the volume of clay waste due to absence of
entrained water. In addition, recovery of phosphate from the matrix
could also be increased if a portion of the phosphate fines, most of
which are -325 mesh, could be retained at the plant as product rather
than bsing disposed of with waste clays in conventional processing. Dry
matrix processing would be extremely energy consumptive. Matrix from
the mine contains water and would have to be dried before dry process-
ing, consuming millions of gallons of fuel per year. The burning of
such large amounts of fuel would result in significantly more air
emissions than for a conventional plant. The handling and disposal of
dry waste materials would also result in increased particulate emissions
in the site area.
The primary environmental concern for beneficiation by the direct
acidulation process is the potential for significant negative impacts on
local air and water quality. As with the dry process, the matrix must
be dried and ground. Also, the extensive utilization of sulfuric acid
in this process results in a potential for acid emission into the
atmosphere and the receiving surface waters. Since the direct acidula-
tion process is in the experimental stage, little is known about product
recovery and operational difficulties on a large-scale basis. Opera-
tional costs are expected to be high due to the matrix drying require-
ments ind sulfuric acid consumption ratio. Sulfuric acid consumption
2-50
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rates are estimated to be much greater than those of conventional bene-
ficiation because of reactions of the acid with calcium and magnesium
which are contained in the matrix.
Conventional (or wet) process beneficiation is considered the environ-
mentally preferable method of matrix processing. Most water used in the
process is recycled for further use. Atmospheric emissions and energy
use are relatively low. The need for above-ground storage of waste
clays and the potential for dam failures are disadvantages of this
alternative.
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2.5 PLANT SITING
2.5.1 CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED PLANT LOCATION
The CF Industries' beneficiation plant and support facilities will
occupy approximately 60 acres. This site (within Section 30, Township
33 South, Range 24 East) is located 1/2-mile south of the town of
Ft. Green Springs, in Hardee County, Florida.
The biological communities associated with the proposed 120-acre drag-
line erection site are not unique to the area. In fact, the majority of
the Hardee Phosphate Complex II is comprised of similar low intensity,
sparse pine flatwoods communities. During the field surveys, no
federally listed endangered species were observed on-site nor was any
associated critical habitat identified.
The area adjoining the eastern portion of the site is a mixed hardwood
swamp that has been somewhat impounded by previous railroad and highway
construction activities. Currently, high water flows from the swamp via
culverts in an east to southeast direction. This mixed hardwood swamp
is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environmental Regulation,
and any project activity impacting the area would likely require state
dredge and fill permits. The swamp, .however, is eligible for a
nationwide permit from the Army Corps of Engineers because of its low
volume intermittent flow (i.e., less than 5 cfs). Initially, the mixed
hardwood swamp was to be transected by the construction of railroad
spurs to provide access to the site; however, after further discussion
with regulatory agencies, CF redesigned the northern railroad spur and
relocated the southern railroad spur 200 feet southward. Railroad
access to the site will now transect an oak hammock area and not impact
adjoining wetland communities subject to dredge and fill permitting
approval.,
In selecting this particular location for the phosphate beneficiation
plant, several sites were investigated with the following objectives
carefully considered:
2-52
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• Minimize disturbing environmentally sensitive areas;
• Minimize the consumption of energy used in the movement of water,
ore, and waste products;
• Minimize the cost of transportation (road and railroad) facili-
ties, and utility construction;
• Minimize fill and ensure the site is all upland; and
• Minimize the loss of phosphate reserves under the plant site.
Of the various sites considered, Sites 1 and 2 (see Figure 2.5.1-1) were
the most promising in meeting most of the objectives mentioned above.
Site 1 (see Figure 2.5.1-2) was finally chosen over Site 2 in that it
was closer to the centroid of ore and waste disposal; 3/4-mile closer to
rail and power facilities; and had favorable topography (Site 2 is
located in the drainage basin of Shirttail Branch).
An ecological assessment of the plant site was conducted and submitted
to EPA on August 28, 1981. The assessment was prepared to address eco-
logical communities on and adjacent to the site to be used initially
for erection of the first mining dragline and subsequently to construct
the OF beneficiation plant. Early site clearing and dragline
construction approval was granted by EPA on September 11, 1981.
2-53
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Figure 2.5.
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LOCATION OF PLANT SITE ALTERNATIVES
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
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CH 4271
SOURCE: CF Industries
PLANT SITE LOCATION
Figure 2.5.1-2
LOCATION OF PLANT SITE 1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
2.6 WATER MANAGEMENT
2.6.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Water is an important ingredient in the phosphate mining operations in
Florida. Water is used as a medium in which to transport ore from the
mine site to the plant, to transport the feeds and products through the
plant, to process the product, and to transport the waste products away
from the plant to disposal sites.
The competition for water use in Florida for public supplies, industrial
use, and agricultural purposes has prompted conservation measures on the
part of all water users. Mining and processing of phosphate requires
large quantities of water. Phosphate mines in Florida have responded to
the pressures for reduced water consumption by reducing their with-
drawals by over 45 percent since 1969. At present, an industry-wide
average of approximately 90 percent of the water used in processing the
phosphate ore is recycled. However, additional water from freshwater
sources is required to make up the balance. In the proposed action,
over 90 percent of the water to be used will be supplied from the
recirculation system and less than 5 percent will come from freshwater
sources (to meet flotation process demands).
Water will be recycled to the maximum extent possible for use in CF's
plant operations. The mine water recirculation system is shown in
Figure 2.1.1-7. The system consists of the Initial Settling Area, the
beneficiation plant, active and mined-out pits, active sand/clay mix
storage areas, and the water return ditches. The settling area, tail-
ings storage area, and return water ditches act as a water clarification
system, returning decanted water to the beneficiation plant. Recycled
water returns to the recirculation system several times to be reused,
while a portion is continually being lost by entrainment in sand and
clay and being replenished to some degree by rainfall. However, since
rainfall varies seasonally and is approximately equal to evaporation,
some outside source of water (either surface or ground water) will be
required. Also, due to the high quality water requirement for the
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flotation process, the source must be of consistently high quality and
available continuously. Water flow in the recirculation system is
expected to average approximately 93.5 mgd. Mining and the beneficia-
tion processes operate with a fixed water usage to production rate
ratio. Therefore, water demand is fairly constant.
There is approximately a 7-inch net excess of annual rainfall over
evaporation in the project region. Close control and management of the
pond system can provide for rainfall recovery of approximately 70
percent. However, a seasonal deficit can occur if the water recircula-
tion reservoir system has not collected enough rainfall and runoff to
counter-balance operational losses. Due to many variables, an alternate
source of water must still be available during periods of water deficit
for the operation of the flotation plant and as make-up during the dry
season. Conversely, discharges may be necessary during the rainy season
if storage capacity in the system is exceeded.
The obvious environmental advantage of a water recirculation system is
the efficient recycling of water for the beneficiation process, reducing
direct and continual demand on ground or surface water and requiring
only seasonal make-up water. The system can also be used to control
surges in runoff to a limited degree, thus conserving impounded rain-
water. The continual recycling of water in the recirculation system
would promote the concentration of certain materials within the closed-
loop operation (e.g., nitrogen and reagent by-products). During periods
of water releases from the system, there is the potential for discharge
of some constituents in the waste stream not removed by adsorption and
settling of the waste clays.
FDER regulations (Chapter 17-9, FAC) limit the rate at which the water
level in any active settling area can be raised or lowered. This limits
the variable holding capacity of any pond, making it impossible to
recover all the net rainfall available during wet periods. Excess
rainfall can be used during the pre-filling of the Initial Settling Area
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in the initial year of raining to provide a surplus to the system and
help offset system losses.
The quality of the water necessary for the flotation operation varies
with the area rained and the matrix feed to that operation. The
concentration of constituents in the water of a continuously recycled
system may require the use of deep-well water in the flotation process
at almost any time.
The major water loss from the recirculation system is entrainment in the
waste clays. By using the sand/clay mix for waste disposal, a lower
water loss should result than by using conventional clay settling areas
since more rapid dewatering is possible. Water recovery success rates
are unpredictable at this time since the process has not been tested for
all types of clay.
Seepage from pools and ditches represents the second largest water loss
from the system. Additional causes of water losses from the water
recirculation system are entrainment in the sand tailings, product
moisture, and waste pebble interstitial water.
The large amounts of water (105 mgd) required for the transport and
processing of phosphate matrix necessitate that a detailed water balance
be developed to help manage its use. Part of this plan must be the
capability to reduce the amount of water in the recirculation system
when accumulated rainfall and runoff exceed the storage capacity of the
system. Excess water could be removed from the system by either
discharging to surface waters, wetlands, or deeper aquifers (via
connector wells). Zero discharge (impoundment of excess water) also
must be considered.
2.6.2 PROCESS WATER SOURCES
There are two alternatives to consider as sources of water at the CF
Industries' site: (1) ground water; and (2) surface water. Plant
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start-up water will be a combination of surface (catchment; water and
ground water.
2.6.2.1 GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
General Description
There are two major sources of ground water supplies at the CF
Industries' site: the surficial water table aquifer, and the Floridan
Aquifer. The surficial aquifer and upper Floridan Aquifer supply water
for domestic uses in the project area. Local Hardee County ordinances
and the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) regulate
the drawdown of the water levels in the aquifers at property boundaries
in order to protect adjacent landowners. These regulatory requirements
and the low transmissivity of the surficial aquifer are such that CF
Industries cannot develop adequate supplies from the surficial aquifer
to meet process water requirements.
The Floridan Aquifer is the main source of large volumes of ground water
and, as mentioned above, is protected from excessive drawdown by SWFWMD.
The Floridan Aquifer is capable of supplying some of the process water
requirements for the CF project.
CF Industries proposes to withdraw 4.96 mgd of ground water to meet
flotation process water requirements and to offset water losses from the
recirculation system (see Figure 2.1.1-7). CF proposes two production
wells to a depth of approximately 1,200 feet for ground water
withdrawal. Two additional wells are proposed to provide about 0.01 mgd
potable water from the Floridan Aquifer. On April 7, 1976, CF received
a Consumptive Use Permit (CUP) from SWFWMD authorizing ground water
withdrawal to meet process water requirements. On January 6, 1982, this
CUP was renewed.
Environmental Considerations
Environmental Advantages
The use of ground water to supply the process water demands of the
flotation process allows surface water to be available for other uses
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downstream. Ground water does not require the energy and other
resources for water treatment facilities which surface water would
require. In addition, using ground water as a supply source may reduce
the effects on biological communities downstream which would be impacted
by reduced surface water flows.
Environmental Disadvantages
Ground water pumping would lower the potentiometric surface of the
Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the site. Alone, or in combination
with other offsite ground water pumping, thin could result in temporary
adverse impacts to the aquifer. More energy may be required to pump
ground water from deep wells than from nearby surface water supply
sources.
Technical Considerat ions
Operation of the flotation process requires high-quality water in ample
supply. Advantages to the use of ground water are that its quality is
sufficient for flotation needs and the quantity is less sensitive to
rainfall variation, making it more reliable and dependable. Although
limitations are placed on ground water withdrawals to avoid interference
with other water users in the area, the amount of ground water consump-
tion required by the proposed action to meet process water demand has
not been shown to exceed Hardee County or SWFWMD drawdown or consumptive
use limitations. The fact that CF Industries has been granted a CUP by
SWFWMD represents their determination that anticipated impacts on the
aquifers be acceptable.
2.6.2.2 SURFACE WATER
General Description
An available water source which could be utilized by CF Industries would
be surface water from the nearby creeks and streams. However, since the
creeks on the site can exhibit low flows, or even intermittent flows
under certain conditions, the quantity available for use is variable and
not sufficient to meet process water freshwater demands. Consequently,
the construction of an impoundment would be required. Surface water
could be stored, however, and used to supplement ground water
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withdrawals. CF Industries proposed rainfall collection facilities
include only those structures which are a part of the raining, waste
disposal, and water clarification and recirculation plans (amounting to
a nominal average of 12.4 mgd of normal rainfall). In order to improve
the collection of rainfall for use in the facility processes, additional
catchment areas (or reservoirs) could be provided in the main drainage
areas of the mine property to collect surface water runoff. Such a
reservoir system could also receive clarified excess water from the clay
disposal or other waste disposal areas to be stored and used as a
supplemental supply for future use.
Environmental Considerations
Environmental Advantages
Site-specifically, the use of surface water as the primary process water
source would reduce the lowering of the potentiometric surface of the
Floridan Aquifer. The use of reservoirs to store excess clarified water
from the recirculating system may reduce the potential for a direct
discharge.
Additional catchment areas or reservoirs could also provide lacustrine
habitat for associated aquatic plant and animal species. However,
long-term habitat and water quality characteristics of these reservoirs
are uncertain.
Environmental Disadvantages
The retainment of rainfall in these areas for future water supply use
would alter the characteristics of upstream and downstream creek and
stream floodplains. In addition, in the event of a reservoir dike
failure, the released stored surface water and excess clarified disposal
area water have the potential of causing water quality and other
environmental impacts to downstream areas.
Techi^ical Considerations
Highly variable surface water quality in stream systems or in catchment
areas could interfere with the reagent precipitation processes. Surface
water may be used, however, in other make-up water applications.
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The quantity of surface water is also variable over the year, generally
following seasonal rainfall patterns making this source of supply
unreliable. Surface water flows are generally high during the rainy
season and low or non-existent during other months of the year. In
order to protect the quantity of water for downstream users, the use of
surface water is regulated by SWFWMD. SWFWMD will allow only a portion
of the stream flow to be removed and consumptively used. The portion of
the stream flow which can be used is related to the monthly flows and
range in flow of the stream.
Inadequate quantities and quality of surface water at the CF Industries
site preclude this as the sole source of water. The required fresh
water consumption is estimated to average 4.96 mgd. The surface water
supplies are highly variable in both quantity and quality and are thus
not adequate to meet these freshwater operational requirements.
2.6.3 DISCHARGE
There are four alternatives to consider for management of excess water
from the site: (1) direct discharge to surface waters; (2) discharge to
surface water via wetlands; (3) connector wells; and (4) zero discharge.
Each of these discharge alternatives provides its own positive and
negative impacts. CF proposes to discharge to surface water either
directly or via wetlands. CF's primary discharge of clarified water is
expected from the recirculation system into Shirttail Branch and/or Doe
Branch. An alternative surface water discharge point is also proposed
into Payne Creek. Discharge to Payne Creek is expected to be via pipe
and opan ditch into wetlands by sheetflow. The surface water discharge
outfall locations selected for utilization are illustrated in
Figure 2.1.1-7. Payne Creek wetlands discharge outfall will be an
alternative discharge location and will be used interchangeably as the
operation requires and as permitted by receiving water characteristics.
The above-ground clay settling area, sand-clay mix areas, and the mine
water recirculating system of dams, ditches, and spillways comprise CF
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Industries' water clarification facility. Seasonal changes in rainfall
and evaporation rates will affect the actual water volume of the mine
water system. During the first filling of the Initial Settling Area and
the initial years of mining, the rainfall in excess of evaporation
during the rainy season will provide additions to the system and help
offset system losses. Conversely, during dry periods, the deficit due
to evaporation will add to system losses. The system's residual holding
capacity will aid in leveling out these seasonal changes.
Seasonal changes in rainfall and evaporation do not have a direct effect
on the water required to operate the mine system, since the demands
remain reasonably constant with variations due mainly to mining rates
and clay content of the ore. Seasonal deficits in the mine water system
can occur if sufficient reservoir or catchment capacity is not available
to accumulate rainfall during the wet season to offset evaporation
losses during the dry season.
The mine water system would be designed to provide sufficient catchment
area and water storage volume to level out seasonal fluctuations in
supply by rainfall/evaporation and to prevent variations in ground water
withdrawal rates, especially the need for increased ground water with-
drawal during the dry season. The mine water balance calculations
indicate that during active mining with average annual rainfall/
evaporation conditions, a 7-inch excess will occur in the main water
system during the rainy season. The proposed water balance specifies
that a yearly average of 2.48 million gallons is to be discharged on a
daily basis.
CF is expected to have an intermittent treated process water discharge.
Retention areas will have sufficient surge holding capacity
to accommodate normal process flow and rainfall variations. Water will
typically be discharged during the rainy season when accumulated rain-
fall exceeds the normal operating levels of the recirculating water
system.
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2.6.3.1 DIRECT DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION)
CF's plant discharge of clarified water will be from the recirculating
water system into Doe Branch and/or Shirttail Branch. These proposed
discharge outfall locations were selected primarily due to their
proximity to the plant site. Direct discharging to other surface waters
offers no particular advantage from either a functional, operational, or
environmental standpoint. Horse Creek was not considered for discharge
since its location is approximately 5 miles from the proposed plant
complex.
Environmental Considerations
Environmental Advantages
Since all process water to be discharged will first pass through active
clay or sand-clay settling areas, contaminants within this water should
adsorb onto suspended clay particles in these areas and be retained with
the settled clays. Concentrations in waters discharged to surface
waters should therefore be minimized. At times, the streams may
actually experience a net improvement in certain water quality para-
meters as a result of the treated process water discharge.
Environmental Disadvantages
Discharging excess water from the recirculating water system to surface
waters may create the potential for release of certain contaminants to
the environment should these not be removed by adsorption and settling
of the waste clays or through biological processes.
Technical Considerations
In reviewing local and regional stream water quality data, it can be
demonstrated that during certain conditions most streams will exceed one
or more Class III water quality standards. Water quality data for Doe
Branch and Shirttail Branch have shown exceedances for dissolved oxygen,
alkalinity, iron, cadmium, mercury, zinc, and pH. Higher than normal
metal concentrations are most likely the result of increased metal
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solubility caused by natural acidic and low oxygen level stream water
quality conditions. Although violations of water quality standards at
•Doe Branch and/or Shirttail Branch may occur under certain conditions,
they most likely reflect ambient/natural background conditions and not
the result of effluent water quality impacts. If a comparison between
the expected concentrations of the concerned parameters in the proposed
receiving streams and CF's treated process discharge water are
evaluated, it can be shown that the receiving streams may experience a
net positive improvement in overall water quality.
2.6.3.2 DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS VIA WETLANDS (CF INDUSTRIES'
ALTERNATE PROPOSED ACTION)
CF Industries' alternate discharge of clarified water from the water
recirculation system will be via pipe/ditch to wetlands by sheet flow
into the floodplain of Payne Creek. The excess water from the system
would be pumped through a pipeline across Doe Branch by low-pressure
water pumps. Beyond Doe Branch, there would be enough head and capacity
to carry this water through a ditch system where water would flow by
gravity to the discharge weir adjacent to the Payne Creek floodplain.
This discharge will be into a control pond with a grass-covered sill
which allows overflow into the floodplain paralleling Payne Creek.
There would be no discharge structure within waters of the state. The
discharged water will overflow this grassed, earthen sill and flow into
the Payne Creek wetlands. The pond overflow would have a low exit
velocity. Once the effluent enters the floodplain, the existing heavy
growth of vegetation should retard movement of this water within the
floodplain and limit velocity to 2 feet per second or less.
Environmental Considerations
Environmental Advantages
This discharge method would provide an alternative direct discharge of
effluent to surface waters. Additionally, the sheet flow through the
Payne Creek floodplain vegetation should act as an additional water
purification system, removing nutrients and other contaminants. Payne
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Creek may experience a net improvement in certain water quality para-
meters with this discharge of treated process water.
Environmental Disadvantages
The primary environmental disadvantage of this alternative would be the
construction of a pipeline system over Doe Branch a.nd a ditch down to
the floodplain of Payne Creek. These construction activities will cause
disturbances to vegetation and wildlife.
Technical Considerations
In reviewing local and regional stream water quality data, it can be
demonstrated that during certain conditions most streams will exceed one
or raora Class III water quality standards. Water quality data for Payne
Creek have shown exceedances for dissolved oxygen, cadmium, mercury, and
zinc. Higher than normal metal concentrations are most likely the
result of increased metal solubility caused by natural acidic and low
oxygen level stream water quality conditions. Although violations of
water quality standards may occur in these systems under certain condi-
tions, they most likely reflect ambient/natural background conditions
and are not the result of effluent water quality impacts. If a compari-
son between the expected concentrations of the concerned parameters in
the proposed receiving stream and CF's treated process discharge water
are evaluated, it can be shown that the receiving streams may experience
a net positive improvement in overall water quality.
2.6.3.3 CONNECTOR WELLS
This is a ground water discharge method used primarily as a dewatering
recharge technique preceeding active mine progression. Connector wells
would be located around or ahead of the active mine pit area to dispose
of surficial aquifer water into a deeper aquifer. New wells would have
to be constructed as areas were readied for mining, while those used
previously would have to be capped once mining had been completed. The
volume of water disposed of would be equal to the mine dewatering flow
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rate ahead of the active mine. This would be dependent upon the amount
of water available and the rate at which the dragline is advancing. New
wells would have to be constructed as the mining progressed or was
initiated in a new block.
Environmental Considerations
Environmental Advantages
The use of connector wells may partially mitigate the lowered head which
will occur in the upper Floridan Aquifer as a result of pumping for mine
pit dewatering by replenishing a portion of the process water pumped
from the Floridan Aquifer with water from the surficial aquifer.
Environmental Disadvantages
The use of connector wells would provide the potential for contamination
of the higher quality water of deep aquifers with lower quality water
from the surficial aquifer. Parameters of concern may be phosphate,
nitrogen, fluoride, and gross alpha levels. Connector wells might also
dispose of surficial aquifer water which could otherwise be used in
place of deep aquifer water as makeup water to the recirculation water
system during water-shortage periods.
Technical Considerations
The use of connector wells has been precluded from CF's proposed action
since, at some locations, an adequate head differential between the
lower surficial aquifer and the deeper aquifers does not exist.
However, connector wells are potentially feasible, from a technical
prospective, to discharge water from the upper surficial aquifer to the
deeper aquifers. More detailed studies may be needed to determine the
feasibility of connector wells on the site,
The use of connector wells would also decrease the net property
discharge by whatever amount the connector wells drained from the
advancing mine area. If this amount equalled the estimated rate of
surficial aquifer water into the mine pit (gpm), the average annual
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discharge could be reduced by 0.14 ragd. In addition, regulatory
requirements or constraints may oreclude this method of discharge.
2.6.3.4 ZERO DISCHARGE
This alternative would involve the management of excess water within
impoundment areas, with no discharges to surface waters even during the
rainy season. This could only be accomplished by employing settling
areas greatly increased in size and higher retaining dams. A "no
discharge" situation could not be guaranteed at all times, for spillways
must be provided for all dams and impoundments to provide relief and
prevent dam failures (FDER Chapter 17-9, FAC).
Environmental Considerations
To achieve zero discharge, infringement on areas designated for
preservation could occur, and a less desirable reclamation plan would
result. The only environmental advantage of a zero discharge is the
elimination of treated process recirculation system effluent to surface
waters. There would be habitat loss for longer periods of time and
subsequent delays for reclamation actions.
Technical Considerations
In an attempt to comply with a zero discharge, the technical complica-
tions are considerable. CF's proposed water management plan projects a
positive water balance, precluding a zero discharge. Increased settling
areas, higher impoundment dams and more difficult post-raining contouring
and reclamation, and more limited post-reclamation land use potential
would result from compliance with this alternative. Under zero dis-
charge conditions, neither an NPDES permit nor an Environmental Impact
Statement would be required. CF Industries would still be subject to
the State of Florida Development of Regional Impact (DRl) process as
well as all applicable state and federal permit requirements.
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2.6.4 OTHER ALTERNATIVES
The only other alternative considered for discharge of excess water is
deepwell injection. This ground water discharge technique was rejected
because of the potential risk of causing aquifer contamination. Also,
the hi(jh initial capital costs cannot be justified when compared to
other alternatives.
2.6.5 SUMMARY COMPARISON - WATER MANAGEMENT
The proper and judicious management of fresh water is one of the most
significant aspects of any phosphate mining operation. The large
quantities of water required for the mining, transport, and processing
of phosphate ore place such activities in direct competition with other
water demands for agricultural, public, and industrial use. The reali-
ties of this situation dictate that much of the water used in phosphate
mining/processing be recycled, the environmentally preferred alterna-
tive. In the proposed action, CF plans to have over 90 percent of its
water needs supplied from a recirculation system and less than 5 percent
to come from freshwater sources to meet flotation process demands.
CF plans to use ground water to meet the flotation process water
requirements and to offset water losses from the recirculation system,
but the plant start-up water would be from a combination of surface
(catchuent) water and ground water.
The use of ground water as a supply source would help protect surface
water flows. However, ground water pumping would reduce the potentio-
metric surface of the Floridan Aquifer in the project area. The use of
surface water as a supply source from reservoirs could provide
lacustrine habitat of uncertain quality, and it would obviate the lower-
ing of the potentiometrie surface; however, surface water withdrawals
could alter the characteristics of local creeks and stream floodplains.
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Ground water would provide much more consistent water quality to meet
the demands of the plant's reagent precipitation process. The quantity
and quality of surface water supply sources can be highly variable.
Of the four excess-water discharge alternatives considered for this
project, the discharge to Doe and/or Shirttail Creeks with an alternate
discharge to wetlands near Payne Creek appears to be a viable plan.
Climatic conditions and creek flow and volume would play critical roles
in the suitability of surface water discharges. Excess water discharges
to the wetlands near Payne Creek would help reduce direct discharges to
surface waters and, through floodplain vegetation, reduce nutrients and
other contaminants. The pipeline system and ditching to the floodplain
of Payne Creek would cause a one-time disturbance to vegetation and
wildlife in the Doe Branch area.
The use of connector wells could help replenish the Floridan Aquifer
with water from the surficial aquifer, but the potential for contamina-
tion of the Floridan Aquifer with lower quality water exists. In some
locations, adequate head differential between the two aquifers at CF's
site does not exist. More detailed studies may be needed to determine
the feasibility of connector wells on the site. The zero discharge
alternative would require settling areas of much larger size, higher
retaining dams, present greater risk of dam failures, and require
infringement on areas to be preserved. Deepwell injection presents high
initial capital costs which cannot be justified compared to other
alternatives.
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2.7 WASTE SAND AND CLAY DISPOSAL
A typical phosphatic ore body is composed of a mixture of non-uniform
size phosphate pellets disbursed in a matrix of silts, clays, and
coarser grained sand particles. Since sand and clay have no economic
importance, all sand and clay is removed from the processed ore and is
disposed of as waste materials. Under conventional sand and clay
disposal techniques, these wastes would be removed from the ore at the
beneficiation plant and deposited into separate impoundments. Waste
sands pose no disposal problem, for they dewater rapidly and can be used
in the filling of mined areas without difficulty. Clays, on the other
hand, would enter the disposal area at about 1-3 percent solids.
Gravity forces would consolidate the clays up to 20 percent solids (this
could be higher, depending on clay minerology) by weight in 1 to
2 years. After that, further consolidation would occur at a much slower
rate unless additional dewatering techniques were applied. After the
clays had settled and compacted over a period of years, these areas
would generally be left to revegetate naturally or to be reclaimed as
pasture by controlling surface drainage.
Primary concerns with separate disposal areas are the•above-ground
storage of clay slimes (requiring up to two-thirds of the mining
acreage) and the long time interval between mining and reclamation.
Waste sand/clay disposal has allowed for recombination of these waste
materials in pilot and plant-scale testing. The variable nature of
matrix mineralogy between mine sites has precluded a universally
acceptable sand/clay mixing technique.
The Final Areawide Environmental Impact Statement for the Central
Florida Phosphate Industry (U.S. EPA, 1978) recommends sand/clay mixing
for waste disposal whenever possible. No one technique has achieved
overall success or acceptance as the universal sand/clay mixing
procedure for phosphatic clays. Results of tests on pilot projects have
been inconsistent and often contradictory in nature. The complexities
inherent in the mixing of sand and clay which have produced these
inconsistent and contradictory results are primarily due to the
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balance ot waste materials and differences in minerologleal character-
istics of the matrix waste constituents.
2.7.1 SAND CLAY MIXING (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.7.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Under this disposal method, sand and clay are mixed at a minimum ratio
of 2:1 before routing to common disposal areas. Generally, dewatered
sand tailings are added to clays which are in the 12-18 percent solids
range. If clay consistency is less than this, sands may tend to
resegregate and settle rapidly as the diluted clays advance to the
center of the disposal area.
Sand-Clay Dredge (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
This method employs the use of a conventional clay storage area which
allows for gravitational consolidation (Keen and Sampson, 1983). A
dredge located within the initial settling area recovers consolidated
clays with a consistency of 12-18 percent solids and pumps the material
to a mix station. Dewatered sand tailings from the flotation section of
the beneficiation plant are mixed with the dredged clay (producing a mix
total solids of approximately 32 percent) and hydraulically placed in a
mined-out area which is rimmed with a perimeter dam to allow for
above-grade fill. Final subsidence of the mixed material is expected to
be at or near natural grade. The final contour of the disposal area
will be shaped with material from the perimeter dam.
2.7.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
CF Industries' proposed sand/clay dredge technique has as its primary
environmental advantages the benefit of:
• Reduction in total land area required by conventional, above-
ground clay settling;
• Increased rate of recovery of water for recirculation;
• Reduction in the potential for dam breaching and clay spills;
• Reduction of the timeframe between mining and reclamation as
compared to conventional clay-settling techniques (Garlanger,
1982);
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• Involving the mixing of two mine operation waste materials which
can be covered with overburden;
• Greater flexibility in placement of wastes;
• Reduction in energy requirements over conventional sand and clay
disposal;
• Increased structural stability allowing greater land use
potential than conventional clay disposal areas; and
• Closer approximation of final surface contours and elevations
to the pre-mining surface.
Environmental Disadvantages
Environmental disadvantages include:
• Reduction in storage and catchment area for rainfall and make-up
water;
• Reduction in above-ground reservoirs leading to a reduction of
diversity of wildlife habitats; and
• Higher percentage of less stable land forms as compared to
conventional disposal combined with sand tailings disposal.
2.7.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Because of the independent chemical and physical properties of waste
sand and clay, mixing these wastes requires substantially greater
management effort than conventional sand and clay disposal techniques.
However, results gained at CF Industries' initial sand/clay dredge
plant scale program at the Hardee Phosphate Complex I have been
positive. Their results have allowed the design of a life-of-mine waste
disposal plan that will yield reclaimed contours that will be at or near
original grade (Garlanger, 1982; Keen and Sampson, 1983). Careful
planning of the location of the containment dams will allow the
restoration of original drainage patterns with only minor alteration to
the overall watershed acreage.
The research on the sand/clay mixing by the dredge method at CF has
shown that the degree of success achieved is related to the amount of
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control provided over the operation. Proper management and operation of
the system will result in a sand/clay mix of sufficient ratios and
density to produce the desired results. The dredge operator must be
able to monitor critical parameters such as percent clay and mix solids,
tons per hour of clay and mix, and gallons per minute of clay and mix.
Flexibility in dredge movement is also a necessity. The operator can
then make adjustments when necessary.
Placement of sand/clay mix in lower dams requires that more dams be
built requiring close monitoring of waste disposal activities and
material balance calculations.
Soil bearing strength is one technical consideration for potential
future land uses. Currently, the potential post-reclamation land use is
agricultural; either pasture for grazing, or truck farming. With a
total solids content of 30 to 40 percent, the sand-clay mix is less than
the premining clay solids content of approximately 60 percent. This
reduces the potential for permanent structures on these sites.
2.7.2 CONVENTIONAL SAND AND CLAY DISPOSAL
Traditionally, the central Florida phosphate industry has utilized
conventional waste disposal practices of separating sand and clay wastes
at the beneficiation plant prior to disposal.
2.7.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Under the conventional waste disposal method, sand and clay wastes are
routed to separate areas for disposal. The disposal of sand tailings
has not generally been a problem in the phosphate industry. Usually,
sand tailings have been deposited in mine cuts as back-fill or have been
utilized in the construction of holding dikes. However, disposal of
waste clays has been a more complex concern because of the large amount
of process water contained in the clays. The clay slurry is discharged
from the beneficiation plant at 1 to 3 percent solids and is deposited
in holding areas. Slowly, over a number of years, the clays consolidate
to 20 percent solids. The increase in waste volume resulting from the
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80 percent retained moisture requires that the clays be stored in above-
ground impoundments.
Sand tailings would be used for sand fill, land-and-lakes reclamation,
and dike construction around clay settling areas. Sand would normally
be distributed to mined-out areas or to portions of a mining block which
would not be totally filled with tailings but would eventually be
reclaimed as land-and-lakes or used for dike construction activities.
However, when no tailings disposal areas are available, tailings would
be diverted to locations within certain clay settling areas.
2.7.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional waste disposal methods have a number of environmental
advantages and disadvantages.
Environmental Advantages
Among the advantages of this method of waste disposal are:
• Although not as energy efficient as CF's sand/clay mix operation,
a relatively low amount of energy is needed to operate this
system;
• The method provides for catchment and storage of rain water,
which may reduce the need for ground water supplies; and
• Reclamation of land not included in settling areas can be
accomplished in a predictable manner, based on past reclamation
experience obtained by the phosphate industry.
Environmental Disadvantages
Among the disadvantages inherent in this method of waste disposal are:
• The height required for the dikes to contain the clays;
• The large amount of above-grade area needed to store the clays;
• The lack of flexibility in re-establishing premining land
drainage characteristics;
• The limited potential usage of the land after reclamation;
• The potential for surface water contamination and loss of
biological resources if dike failure occurs is increased over
sand/clay mixing;
• The long period of time required for waste clays to consolidate
and release water; and
2-75
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• The poor strength and drainage characteristics of soils in
settling areas.
2.7.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The conventional waste disposal method is an operationally proven method
of clay and tailings disposal. This system provides areas for storage
of make-up water and accumulation of rainfall. The large impoundment
areas allow maximum accumulation of rain and a minimum discharge of
water; this reduces the consumption of ground water. Another positive
consideration for this method of disposal is that the phosphate value
still contained in the clays is not contaminated with sand and remains
more readily available for extraction should recovery be feasible at a
future time.
Low soil strength has been associated with waste clay settling areas.
Compaction and consolidation of the clays continue for an extended
period of time. In order to improve the soil strength, waste clay areas
can be capped with sand tailings or overburden to provide additional
soil stability at the surface.
In order to increase consolidation of the clays and reduce the total
volume of above-ground clay disposal areas, stage settling can be
incorporated into this method. Settling of this type requires the
rotation of clay deposition among several ponds to achieve a higher
percentage of clay solids. Water is periodically drawn from the surface
of the disposal areas, promoting the compaction process. This cycle of
filling and drying can achieve an overall higher average percent
solids.
2.7.3 SAND-CLAY CAP
2.7.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This waste disposal method incorporates aspects of both the conventional
and the sand/clay mix methods. Inititally, clay and sand wastes would
be deposited in separate holding areas. After an appropriate time, clay
2-76
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from another settling area would be dredged and mixed with sand, which
would be used to cap a dewatered clay settling area.
2.7.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
The sand/clay cap technique offers the following environmental
advantages:
• Increased water recovery for recirculation over conventional
disposal;
• Reduction in the potential for dam breaching and spills;
• Final surface contours and elevations will be closer to original
premining contours than using conventional methods; and
• Increased soil stability in the surface layer, or sand/clay cap,
than exists in the conventional clay settling areas.
Environmental Disadvantages
This disposal method has the following environmental disadvantages:
• The dike height required will be greater than for the dikes for
the dredge method of sand/clay mix;
• The final surface contours and elevations will not be closer to
premining contours than with the dredge method of sand/clay mix;
• There is a greater potential for surface water contamination and
loss of biological resources if dike failure occurs than from the
dredge method of sand/clay mixing; and
• The more stable land forms created by sand tailings reclamation
in conventional clay disposal will be reduced in acreage.
2.7.3.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The sand-clay cap approach has not been utilized on a full-scale phos-
phate mine operation to-date. Since this method requires both temporary
and permanent clay settling basins, the overall reduction in total
2-77
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acreage covered by clay settling areas will be reduced only slightly.
However, a benefit of this method would be the impoundment of waste clay
in an uncontaminated form that would allow recoverable phosphate
reserves to be mined and processed at a future date when advanced tech-
nology becomes available. The sand-clay cap method would require
greater energy (kWh of power) than conventional sand and clay disposal.
The recovery of sand tailings stored in a separate holding area would be
an energy intensive operation. The logistics of such a system would
also require intensive planning. Handling the material twice, as would
be the case for the sand tailings, is not an efficient way to handle
wastes.
Sand-clay cap would require dikes which are above-ground and approxi-
mately as high as the dikes required for conventional disposal areas.
2.7.4 OTHER ALTERNATIVES
Additional methodologies or techniques often considered in the disposal
of waste sand and clays include sand spray (a sand/clay mixing
technique), below-ground slime disposal, and flocculation.
2.7.4.1 SAND SPRAY
This method is based on complete mixing of clays with the sand tailings,
thereby forcing the clays to give up more of the trapped water. The
technique requires stacking the overburden as steeply as possible during
mining to provide the maximum open cut area. Clays from the beneficia-
tion plant, approximately 3 percent solids, are pumped in the mine cuts
to approximate the original land contour and are allowed to settle, up
to about 15 percent solids,, which may take 3 to 4 months. During
settling, a high liquid level is maintained to prevent crust formation
due to evaporation. Dewatered plant tailings sand, repulped with
thickener underflow is then sprayed over the clays via a floating/
suspended pipeline equipped with spray nozzles. The sand will mix with
the slimes, forcing out substantial quantities of water, in addition to
that already recovered in the initial settling period. After spraying
the sand, the overburden piles are leveled across the area. The
2-78
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resulting fill has a higher percent solids as compared Co Che 30 Co 35
percent solids which are normally found in conventional settling basins
after reclamation.
2.7.4.2 BELOW GROUND SLIME DISPOSAL
This method could be defined, in Che strictest sense, as the disposal of
waste clays such that additional, above-grade dikes are not required to
contain the waste. Theoretically, this could be accomplished by using
mine cuts as a disposal area. However, the waste clay disposal situa-
tion is a complex site-specific problem. Disposal requirements for
below grade storage range from 20 to 44 percent clay solids (to fit
original matrix volume). To date, no plant scale technology has been
demonstrated that will directly produce clays at the higher densities
required for below-ground storage. Therefore, at least temporary
above-ground impoundment areas are necessary.
In most cases, the volume of waste products from phosphate raining and
beneficiation exceed the mined-out volume. Consequently, the concept of
a system relying entirely on below-ground storage of waste clay is not
feasible. The basic problem is that there is no typical phosphate
mining deposit. Overburden depths range from several feet to 100 feet.
Matrix thickness varies from 5 feet to 95 feet and the clay content of
the matrix also varies. These factors and the clay minerology determine
the volume required to dispose of wasCe clay and the volume of mined
area available for its disposal. A high ratio of overburden Co matrix
will leave much less volume available for clay disposal and would
require an elevated earthen dam, above-ground level. This is aggravated
by the fact that disturbed overburden will- occupy about 15 percent more
volume than it did in its natural state, and slimes occupy about 255
percent more volume of 18 percent solids (one year after beneficiation)
than they do in their natural state. Under current technological
practices, it is not feasible to store all waste clay underground.
Programs using sand spray have integrated a system with temporary above-
ground conventional structures, reduced area, and below-ground disposal
techniques.
2-79
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2.7.4.3 FLOCCULATION
The use of high molecular weight polymeric compounds has been employed
at pilot scale test facilities to assist in dewatering phosphatic clays.
These flocculents are another approach to the problem of rapid
dewatering of slimes for disposal into mine cuts, rather than clay
settling areas. Three techniques have been or are currently being
tested for use in large-scale dewatering of phosphatic clay wastes.
These techniques are:
• PEO trommel method,
• Superflocculation; and
• Enviro-Clear thickener method.
PEO Trommel Method
This technique consists of treating clay waste with polyethylene oxide
(PEO) flocculent and dewatering the resulting floes on mechanical
devices such as hydrosieves and rotary trommel screens. The PEO polymer
is a linear, nonionic, water-soluble molecule composed of repeating
units of (CH2-CH2-0). Polymers having molecular weights of 5 and 8
million have been used during U.S. Bureau of Mines tests. Clay waste
entering the PEO trommel unit are approximately 4 percent solids by
weight. After treating the clays with PEO, the resulting floes are
discharged into a trough which overflows into a hydrosieve screen. The
flocculated material moves down the hydrosieve by gravity flow onto the
trommel screen, where a roll of thickened clay is formed and more
dewatering occurs. A product containing 14 to 24 percent solids (by
weight) is discharged from the trommel into an auger-feed positive dis-
placement pump. The floe is , then pumped into a pit where further
dewatering occurs. Water recovered from the hydrosieve in the Bureau of
Mines test unit was used for PEO solution preparation and for solution
dilution.
Superflocculation
Whereas the PEO trommel method adds flocculent only to the clays which
are at 3 to 4 percent solids by weight, the aqueous agglomeration or
Superflocculation technique developed by Gardinier, Inc., includes a
two-step flocculent addition process. This technique provides for
2-80
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initial thickening of clay wastes with an anionic polyacrylamide
flocculent which is carefully and thoroughly mixed with the clays.
Superflocculation is accomplished by adding additional flocculent to the
thickener underflow, with dilution water, and continued mixing. Pilot
studies have achieved clay wastes with 10 to 15 percent solids in the
thickener. Superflocculated clays pumped into mine cuts have reached
more than 40 percent solids in a few months of settling.
Enyiro-Clear Thickener Method
The Enviro-Clear technique was developed by Estech Corporation, and is
the only flocculation technique which is being utilized as a full-scale
operation. This approach combines flocculation with sand/clay mixing to
rapidly dewater clay wastes. The Enviro-Clear is a sludge-bed type of
thickener around which all the process is built. There are basically
three ingredients associated with this process: the 3 to 4 percent
solids clay slurry coming out of the washer; all of the sand tailings;
and a flocculant (an anionic polyacrylamide) reagent. The flocculant is
mixed with sand tailings and a thin slurry of clay in a pre-mix tank
before it goes to the thickener, then the sand/clay mixture is pumped
out to the disposal site. The percent clay solids attained in the
thickener underflow has been consistently high enough (12 to 15 percent
by weight) to suspend all of the sand tailings into a homogeneous
sand/clay mixture that does not segregate.
2.7.5 SUMMARY COMPARISON - WASTE DISPOSAL
The primary waste components of phosphate mining are clay and sand.
Disposal of sands does not present any problems since they rapidly
dewater. However, clays do not dewater rapidly and require large
storage areas to allow for consolidation from 3 to 4 percent solids
after beneficiation to 30 to 40 percent solids. Both the size of the
area required to store the clays and the time interval between mining
and reclamation are major concerns. Current approaches to waste
disposal have attempted to reduce both of these factors by methods which
induce rapid dewatering and reduce above-grade storage areas. To
2-81
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accomplish these objectives, EPA has recommended sand/clay mixing ror
waste disposal as the environmentally preferred alternative. CF
Industries' proposed waste disposal program incorporates a sand/clay-
dredge approach that has been tested and proven effective at their
Hardee Complex I mine site. The success of this technique will allow
for reduced acreage requirements for conventional, above-grade clay
disposal, a more rapid reclamation program, and the re-establishment of
drainage contours to approximate premining conditions.
Other waste disposal alternatives discussed in the preceding chapters
are not anticipated to have the same beneficial result as CF's proposed
action. When compared to the conventional sand and clay disposal
method, CF's proposed plan will result in significantly less above-grade
clay settling areas, will be more energy efficient, and will allow the
reclamation of more land to pre-mining contours. It will create a
greater potential for varied land uses after reclamation, and it will
allow the re-establishment of more natural pre-mining drainage contours.
When compared to the sand/clay cap method, the dike heights required
are lejs in CF's proposed plan and will allow for the re-establishment
of pre-mining contours. The sand/clay cap method has not been used at
the full-scale operational level and has only slightly greater benefits
than the conventional sand and clay disposal method. Additional
alternatives including sand spray, below ground disposal, and floccula-
tion techniques are all limited by not having a proven, large-scale
successful operation and offer no significant environmental advantages
when compared to CF's proposed sand/clay-dredge method.
2-82
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2.8 RECLAMATION
The current land forms of CF Industries' Complex II mine site are
primarily palmetto prairie, freshwater marsh, and hardwood forest. The
reclamation plan objectives include restoring the disturbed lands to
physical and functional conditions that are as similar to preraining as
practicable, and to beneficial uses that are compatible with adjacent
and future land uses. Further, reclamation plans for the site must meet
the intent of Florida DNR's mine reclamation rules (Chapter 16C-16) and
the goals of Hardee County's Comprehensive Plan and Hardee County Land
Development Code (Article IV).
2.8.1 CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED RECLAMATION PLAN
2.8.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
According to CF's proposed reclamation plan, all of the approximately
14,994 acres of the site disturbed by mining and related activities will
be reclaimed. All disturbed wetland and forest acreage will be
replaced, and the majority of the remaining disturbed lands will be
reclaimed to improved pasture. The acreage distribution of the various
land use categories for existing, disturbed, and reclaimed land is shown
in Table 2.1.1-1, and Figures 2.1.1-11 and 2.1.1-12 show the post-
reclamation land use on the site. Agriculture will be the predominant
land use of the reclaimed site, occupying approximately 6,700 acres or
44 percent of the total property. The remainder of the reclaimed site
will consist primarily of forest lands (approximately 3,400 acres or 23
percent) and wetlands (approximately 3,880 acres or 26 percent).
Disturbed, existing acreage of forest lands and wetlands will actually
be increased by approximately 10 percent.
Reclamation will proceed over the life of the mine operations. The
mining operations will allow for the development of certain land-and-
lakes landforms during the mining activities and immediately thereafter,
although final reclamation activities will lag several years behind the
normal mining schedule. Final reclamation of the sand/clay disposal
areas will occur after clay consolidation. Mining of the tract is
expected to require approximately 27 years, while reclamation of all
mined lands will be completed within 8 years after mining ends.
2-83
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Post-mining land use capabilities and reclamation plans are closely
related to the type of landforms created by the waste disposal methods.
CF's proposed sand/clay mix waste disposal method is an important aspect
of the reclamation program because it minimizes the amount of
conventional clay settling areas during mining and eliminates these
areas in reclamation, allows reclamation to near original grade, and
produces reclaimed soils that are suitable for future agricultural uses.
The acreages of the proposed reclaimed landforms are summarized below:
Landform Acreage
Sand/Clay Mix Areas 9,083
Sand Tailings Fill Areas 2,213
with Overburden Cap
Mined Out Areas for
Land-and-Lakes
Overburden Fill Areas and
Disturbed Natural Ground
TOTAL
The location of these various landforms is shown on Figures 2.1.1-4A and
2.1.1-4B. The proposed physical restoration of these landforms is
discussed in the following sections.
Sand/Clay Mix Areas
CF Industries has been experimenting with the sand/clay waste disposal
technique since 1980. This particular technique significantly reduces
the time needed for stabilization of the waste clays and will allow more
rapid reclamation of these lands than could be accomplished with
conventional clay settling areas. This technique also allows waste
disposal materials placed above grade to settle at or near grade,
thereby eliminating the need for conventional high dams and allowing
reclamation to be completed close to original contours.
2-84
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The sand/clay mix will be pumped to 26 storage areas that wm. occupy
9,083 acres or 60.9 percent of the site (Figures 2.1.1-4A and 2. 1. 1-4B.
The sand/clay mix will be pumped at approximately 12-18 percent clay
solids with a dry weight sand/clay ratio of approximately 2:1. The
storage areas will be filled to an average height of 10 feet above
original grade and a maximum of 5 feet below the top of the dikes. The
mix will undergo an initial period of rapid subsidence and dewatering,
reaching approximately 30 percent clay solids at the completion of
filling, followed by a prolonged period of gradual consolidation and
further subsidence. Over a period of approximately 5 years after
filling, the sand/clay mix is expected to consolidate to an average of
approximately 41 percent clay solids.
The surface level of the storage area after subsidence is designed to
average approximately 2 feet above natural grade. After the desired
level of consolidation is achieved, the surrounding dams and any
protruding overburden spoil piles will be graded over and will partially
cap (2 to 4 inches) the sand/clay mix areas (Figure 2.8.1-1). Naturally
occurring low areas within each sand/clay disposal area are not planned
to be capped and would be retained as low areas for wetland reclamation.
The majority of the sand/clay mix areas will be reclaimed to wetlands
and improved pasture. Since the suitability of these soils for
agricultural crops and native vegetation has not been well established,
CF Industries is planning an experimental revegetation program on an
existing sand/clay disposal area at Hardee Phosphate Complex I. The
results of this test program and other similar research in the Florida
phosphate industry will be used to determine the most suitable
agricultural and native species to be planted on the sand/clay mix
soils.
On the average, the sand/clay storage areas will be filled in approxi-
mately one year. Drying and consolidation to approximately 41 percent
clay solids will require approximately 5 years. Final grading and
revegetation will require an additional 2 years. Therefore, complete
2-85
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CFI HfCIt 4271
I
00
1. FILLING WITH SAND/CLAY
I 5' FREEBOARD
1:1000 SLOPE
INLET END
FILLED TO 10'(AVG.) ABOVE
ORIGINAL GRADE
OUTLET END
SAND/CLAY MIX
^ffZ^TRjffi.
NATURAL SLOPE OF LAND
PIT BOTTOM
2. CONSOLIDATION, 5 YEARS
SUBSIDENCE TO APPROXIMATELY
2' ABOVE ORIGINAL GRADE
3. GRADING AND REVEGETATION
PINES
HARDWOODS
PASTURE
fJHi
WETLAND VjUl'"
J
•<•( *>
OVERBURDEN CAP
•*&%®?nw^wwf$$>
y
%$&%$$$%%!&•
DOT TO SCALE
Soufco:Gtirr & Assoc., Itic.
Figure 2.8.1-1
RECLAMATION OF SAND/CLAY MIX
AREAS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
reclamation of the sand/clay storage areas will be completed in approxi-
mately 7 years after filling is completed. The reclamation sequence for
each sand/clay disposal area is presented in Table 2.8.1-1 and the
proposed reclamation schedule is presented in Table 2.8.1-2.
Sand Tailings Fill Areas with Overburden Cap
Sand tailings will be deposited in mine cuts and will occupy a total of
2,213 acres (Figures 2.1.1-4A and 2.1.1-4B). The mine cuts will be
backfilled with sand tailings to approximately natural grade and capped
with approximately 6 to 12 inches of overburden (Figure 2.8.1-2). The
overburden cap will provide a soil cover that will have improved
agricultural characteristics compared to the infertile sand tailings.
,It is planned to reclaim the capped sand tailings fill areas primarily
to improved pasture, wetlands and upland forest.
Since sand tailings dewater rapidly and have good bearing capacity,
capping with overburden can begin almost immediately after filling is
complete. Final grading and revegetation will be completed within
approximately 2 years after filling (Table 2.8.1-2).
Land-and-Lakes
Lakes will be constructed in five mined out areas on the site
(Figures 2. 1.1-4A and 2.1.1-4B). Sand tailings or sand/clay mix will
not be available for reclaiming these areas, therefore, reclamation will
consist primarily of grading the remaining spoil piles followed by
revegetation. A conceptual diagram of the land-and-lakes reclamation is
shown on Figure 2.8.1-3. The planned surface water area within each
mined-out area is based on several variables, including the thickness of
overburden and matrix, a restored water table, plus using the remaining
spoil to create necessary shoreline slopes required by the Florida
Department of Natural Resources mine reclamation rules (Chapter 16C-16).
Presented below is the estimated design surface area of land and water
2-87
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Table 2.8.1-1. Reclamation Sequence for Sand/Clay Landfills
Sand /Clay
Mix Areas
E-l
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
W-l
W-2
E-8
W-3
W-4
E-9
W-5
W-6
E-10
W-7
E-ll
W-8
E-12
W-9
E-13
E-14
W-10
W-ll
E-15
TOTAL
Acreage
187
308
426
292
220
330
330
356
223
350
343
191
329
307
326
366
381
240
550
324
450
421
276
467
410
680
9,083
Year
Filling
Begins
2
3
5
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
20
21
21
22
23
24
26
Year
Filling
Completed
3
5
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
26
28
Year
Reclamation
Completed
10
12
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
25
27
28
28
29
30
31
33
35
Source: CF Industries, 1983.
2-88
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Table 2.8.1-2. Proposed Reclamation Schedule
Mine
Year*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
TOTAL
Types
Sand /Clay
Landfill
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
187
0
308
0
426
292
220
330
686
223
693
191
636
326
366
621
0
550
774
421 ,
276
467
0
410
0
680
9,083
of Reclamation
Tailings
Landfill
0
0
90
111
0
0
0
0
0
374
12
105
0
59
72
40
106
37
50
108
128
242
0
0
0
646
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,213
and Acres
Land &
Lakes Area
0
0
0
44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
25
0
0
0
0
25
376
457
769
110
229
345
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,399
Completed
Overburden
0
0
0
0
22
35
30
39
61
21
9
6
48
53
95
24
0
42
85
0
110
10
28
69
0
0
0
88
95
200
60
0
0
0
0
1,230
Total
0
0
90
155
22
35
30
39
61
582
21
419
48
538
459
303
461
765
358
801
429
913
730
892
1390
756
779
1207
549
476
527
0
410
0
680
14,925
* Mining ends in year 27.
Source: CF Industries, 1984.
2-89
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1. FILLING WITH SAND TAILINGS
EXISTING
GRADE
OVERBURDEN^
-—
MATRIX
SPOIL
FILL TO APPROXIMATE ORIGINAL GRADE
X-'- :•• SAND •-•"•>
SPOIL \ TAILINGS.-/ SP01L
2. GRADING AND REVEGETATION
TREE CLUSTER
/S
OVERBURDEN CAP
PASTURE
V.:.-.- SAND-.VV
SPOIL \.TA1.UN9S/ SPOIL
NOT TO SCALE
Source: Gurr & Assoc.. Inc.
Figure 2.8.1-2
RECLAMATION OF SAND TAILINGS
FILL AREAS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
2-90
-------
CFI HPCII <
1. SPOIL PILES AFTER MINING
NOTE: Double spoiling used where it would be
advantageous to maximize the width ot
islands, peninsulas and open water.
— 600 FEET
EXISTING
GRADE
OVERBURDEN
MATRIX
SPOIL
SPOIL
^^
IsJ
I
vc
2. GRADING AND REVEGETATION
fcte-
LITTORAL ZONE
25% OF LAKE AREA
AT HIGH WATER
FOREST
PASTURE
SHALLOW WATER ZONF—7 I &l _^
1* ) (
20% OF LAKE AREA EXTENDS
TO G FEET BELOW ANNUAL
LOW WATER LEVEL
SPOIL ^-^ LAKE
^A^7^£<^
NOT TO SCALE
Source:Gurr & Assoc., Inc.
Figure 2.8.1-3
CONCEPTUAL LAND-AND-LAKES
RECLAMATION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Land
0
0
271
Land
276
385
Lake & Wetland*
44
44
651
Estimated Design Acreage
Lake & Wetland*
408
320
Total
44
44
922
Total
684
705
in each mined-out area. It should be noted that up to 25 percent of the
lake area may be used for wetland reclamation.
Estimated Design Acreage
Mined Out Area
I
II
III
Mined Out Area
IV
V
* Area shown on Figures 2.1.1-11 and 2." \-l2 may vary slightly.
Suggested lake shapes are shown on Figures 2.1.1-11 and 2.1.1-12;
however, the actual size and shape of the lakes will depend on variables
such as the remaining spoil pile configuration, direction of mine cuts,
and the void space available. These lake shapes include islands that
provide refuge for waterfowl and wading birds, a variety of sizes and
shapes for aesthetics, and peninsulas for increased shoreline length and
access points.
Double spoiling will be utilized in the larger mined-out areas where it
would be advantageous to maximize the width of islands, peninsulas and
open water. A variety of shoreline slopes will be created and will
consist of a shallow littoral water zone (generally less than 6 feet)
for emergent vegetation and habitat for a variety of wildlife. A
shallow water zone will also be constructed to enhance habitat
diversity.
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It is planned to. reclaim the land surrounding the lakes to pine flat-
woods and hardwoods (Figure 2.1.1-11 and 2.1.1-12). Management of these
lands will be primarily for recreation and wildlife habitat.
Reclamation of the land-and-lakes areas will require approximately 2
years, allowing 1 year for grading and 1 year for revegetation.
Overburden Fill Areas and Disturbed Natural Ground
The mined and disturbed areas to be reclaimed with overburden fill will
occupy 1,230 acres, not including the overburden fill to be used in
reclaiming the land-and-lakes areas or capped sand tailings fill areas.
These areas are primarily located along the property boundary and also
include the plant site and Initial Settling Area, Compartment I
(Figure 2.1.1-1). The unmined areas along the property boundary may be
disturbed for utility corridors, access roads, pipelines, recirculating
water ditches and other related mining activities. These mined and
disturbed lands will be reclaimed to approximately natural grade and
will have good potential for a variety of land uses, including improved
pasture, forestry, citrus, cropland, and residential/industrial
construction.
Reclamation of overburden fill areas can begin immediately after mining.
These areas will generally be reclaimed within 2 years, allowing 1 year
for grading and 1 year for revegetation.
Wetlands Reclamation
The proposed plan provides for the reclamation of all forested and
non-forested wetlands (3,510 acres) disturbed by mining and related
activities. As shown in Table 2.1.1-1, the post-reclamation wetland
acreage is planned actually to be 370 acres greater than existing
acreages.
The location of reclaimed wetlands is shown on the post-reclamation land
use map (Figures 2.1.1-11 and 2.1.1-12). This conceptual land use map
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shows the planned reclaimed wetland acreage and the intended distri-
bution of wetlands over the entire property. The actual shape and
location of the reclaimed wetlands will likely be different than that
shown on the drawing due to differential settling in sand/clay mix
disposal areas.
Approximately 25 to 30 percent of each sand/clay mix area is planned to
be reclaimed as wetlands. This acreage will be created primarily by
raising the elevation of the outlet drain after consolidation and by
retaining a portion of the perimeter dike along the lower end of the
disposal area. Approximately 20 percent of the land-and-lakes areas
will be reclaimed as wetlands. Most of the wetlands in those areas will
be created by grading and contouring the required littoral zone within
the lakes. The remainder of the reclaimed wetland acreage will be
distributed within the areas to be reclaimed with sand tailings and
overburden. Wetlands within these areas will be principally graded or
excavated in low areas and along planned drainageways.
A variety of revegetation techniques for wetlands are currently being
tested in the Florida phosphate industry (FIPR, 1983a). Although many
projects are only a few years old, the results of several techniques are
encouraging. It is expected that additional research will suggest even
more effective approaches by the time CF begins to reclaim its first
wetland (in approximately mine year 5). CF's current plan for reclaim-
ing wetlands will consist primarily of creating a topography with
frequently saturated soils, providing a favorable hydroperiod, spreading
a layer of organic mulch obtained from another wetland, and tree
planting.
Most of the approximately 1,410 acres of freshwater swamps will be
contiguous with reclaimed stream channels and reclaimed freshwater
marshes. The freshwater swamps will be planted with a variety of native
tree and shrub species such as red maple, black gum, water hickory,
sweet bay, water ash, sweetgum, buttonbush, dahoon, and wax myrtle.
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Bare root, potted, or containerized seedlings will be planted by hand in
a random pattern to yield an initial density of 400 trees per acre in
order to ensure a final density of 200 trees per acre. Planting
herbaceous species for erosion control and maintenance of newly
established vegetation will be similar to that described for the upland
hardwood forest.
Approximately 2,470 acres of freshwater marsh will be reclaimed on the
site. The number of reclaimed marshes will be less than the number
presently on the site but the total acreage reclaimed will be increased
by 131 acres. Most of these marshes will be reclaimed in the lower
portions of the reclaimed sand/clay mix areas (Figures 2.1.1-11 and
2.1.1-12. These lower wet areas will occur at the outlet end of the
storage areas and in areas of differential settling. Additional basing
and channels will be excavated if needed to create the proposed acreage
of reclaimed wetlands.
The current revegetation plan for these marshes is to spread a mulch
obtained from another wetland that is dominated by desirable native
wetland vegetation. This technique has been shown to be a successful
revegetation method for marshes on several mine sites in central Florida
(Carson, 1983; Clewell, 1981; Conservation Consultants, Inc., 1981).
CF's experimental revegetation plots and further research by others may
provide additional successful revegetation techniques that could be
incorporated.
Stream Channel Reclamation
CF's proposed plan includes the mining of several ephemeral streams and
their tributaries. These include Shirttail Branch; Plunder Branch;
Coons Bay Branch; and the ephemeral tributaries of Horse Creek, Brushy
Creek, Lettis Creek, and Doe Branch.
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The location of these streams and their existing drainage basin
boundaries are shown on Figures 2.8.1-4 and 2.8.1-5.
The post-reclamation drainage area boundaries will vary slightly from
existing boundaries; however, total acreage of each drainage basin will
be approximately equal to pre-mining conditions (Table 2.1.1-4).
CF is planning to mitigate the environmental effects of mining these
streams through the following measures: reclamation of all adjacent
disturbed lands; reclamation of all disturbed main stream channels to
their approximate original grade; approximate restoration of original
drainage basin area; and implementation of certain precautionary
measures to prevent degradation of downstream waters. The reclaimed
drainage basin boundaries and drainage patterns are shown on
Figures 2.1.1-9 and 2.1.1-10.
2.8.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
CF1 s proposed reclamation plan, which predominately involves sand/clay
mix waste disposal landforms, appears to have several environmental
advantages compared to the conventional and sand/clay cap alternatives.
First, since the post-reclamation land will not include any above-grade
clay settling disposal areas, the plan has the highest potential for
restoring the disturbed areas to physical and functional conditions as
similar to premining conditions as practicable. The post-reclamation
land area in agrarian use should be similar to (or greater than) that
presently in use and significantly greater than with the conventional
and sand/clay cap alternatives. Post-reclamation elevations across the
entire site will more closely approximate premining elevations.
Even though reclaimed stream drainage areas will vary slightly from
existing boundaries, the total acreages and configurations of each
reclaimed basin will more closely approximate premining conditions than
for the other reclamation alternatives. In addition, even though
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Cfl HPCII
: PLL MDEFKBRANCH
TROUBESOME '
CREEK
TROUBLESOME
CREEK
Figure 2.8.1-4
PRE-MINING TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE BOUNDARIES:
COMPLEX II, EASTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
,
GUM £WAMP BRANCH
/** - -*
J <
Figure2.8.1-5
PRE-MINING TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE BOUNDARIES-
COMPLEX II, WESTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
stormwater runoff characteristics of the site will probably be increased
over premining conditions (due to higher clay content of the surface
soils), runoff flows will be more similar to existing conditions than
for the conventional reclamation alternative. The sand/clay mix soils
with overburden cap should have better agronomic characteristics than
either sand or clay alone.
The proposed plan includes the replacement and an increase in both
forested and non-forested wetland acreages disturbed by the operations.
These reclaimed wetlands will be distributed throughout the site;
however, their locations and configurations will be somewhat different
than premining conditions. The proposed plan includes creation of
land-and-lakes areas which will provide greater wildlife diversity than
presently exists. These land-and-lakes areas should have better habitat
functional values than open water areas within conventional clay
settling areas since the areas are integrated into the site systems
rather than within elevated settling areas.
Reclamation of sand/clay mix areas after filling will require less time
than for conventional clay settling ai<:as.
Environmental Disadvantages
The phosphate clays contain large percentages of unrecovered ohosphate
which are presently unrecoverable due to small particle size. The
sand/clay mix method will reduce the ore values over clays alone and
will distribute the ore over more area which will increase the cost for
future recovery if economically feasible techniques are developed.
The predominance of sand/clay mix areas will create a higher percentage
of less stable landforms on the site compared to conventional methods
with sand and overburden fill outside of the settling areas. Such less
stable land forms would probably be suitable for only agricultural or
natural use which may limit future land use options.
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2.8.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Operational-scale reclamation on sand/clay mix disposal areas has not
been fully demonstrated. CF Industries' experimental programs at Hardee
Complex I have had encouraging results; however, further testing is
needed to technically demonstrate the success of the technique in such
areas as soil agronomic, bearing, and permeability characteristics and
post-reclamation settling conditions. Thus, this method may have a
higher technology risk for success than conventional reclamation
methods.
2.8.2 CONVENTIONAL RECLAMATION/CLAY SETTLING
2.8.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The conventional methods of waste disposal and associated reclamation
represent the traditional practices within the central Florida phosphate
industry. The method involves the disposal and reclamation of sand and
clay wastes in separate areas. For reclamation, sand tailings are
generally used for backfilling mine cuts which are then graded and
contoured to desired elevations. These backfilled cuts may be capped
with overburden. Other sand wastes are used for dam construction. Since
the volume of waste sand is much less than the volume of matrix removed,
the reclamation of mined-out areas usually includes large areas of
land-and-lakes.
Waste clays are pumped to large settling areas surrounded by earthen
dikes, generally 35 to 45 feet in height. These clay settling areas
would cover a significant amount of land in both mined and unmined
areas. For reclamation, the clay is allowed to settle by gravity to 20
to 25 percent solids and a crust forms which is capable of supporting
high-flotation equipment. The areas may then be capped by either
grading down the dikes or by adding sand tailings and revegetating.
Reclamation of clay settling areas may require 10 or more years after
filling. Some settling areas may be reclaimed as open water and wetland
habitats.
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2.8.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
Conventional reclamation techniques have been tested and used by the
phosphate industry for years; therefore, the technique is the only
operationally proven alternative. If more lakes were a desired
reclamation objective, the method would result in more lake habitat,
land-and-lake and wetter settling areas than the proposed sand/clay mix
reclamation plan.
Environmental Disadvantages
The conventional reclamation alternative would significantly alter
premining elevations and topography on the site. The reclaimed clay
settling area would be much higher than existing elevations and land-
and-lake areas would be lower. Also, due to the post-reclamation land-
forms, the surface water drainage patterns and basin sizes would be
significantly altered. Exposed clays in settling areas would have
higher soil radioactivity levels than the proposed sand/clay mix olan.
Clay settling areas require a longer time period to complete reclamation
and potentially have more limited land use options than sand/clay mix
areas.
2.8.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Scheduling of reclamation procedures for clay settling areas is fixed by
the consolidation time required for adequate settling. Usually, a 5- to
7-year period is allowed for final surface crusting. This is followed
by an additional 5-year period of active reclamation involving further
dewatering and consolidation procedures, grading and capping, and
establishment of a plant covering.
Sand tailings fill and land-and-lakes areas require 2 years of
reclamation time following mining of each area.
2.8.3 SAND-CLAY CAP
2.8.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The sand-clay cap reclamation alternative involves aspects of both
conventional and sand/clay mix methods. After crust formation, the
conventional clay settling areas, or clay-filled mine cuts surrounded
with dikes, are capped with a sand/clay mix which is intended to result
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in more effective dewatering and consolidation of the clays. If
effective, mines with relatively low sand-clay ratios in the matrix may
be able to reduce the land areas covered by above-ground clay settling
areas and/or reduce post-reclamation heights of remaining dikes and
landforms. Also, the agronomic and load bearing characteristics of the
sand-clay cap are expected to be improved over those exposed of clay
alone.
Sand-clay cap reclamation is estimated to be completed in a shorter
timeframe than conventional clay settling, but 1 to 2 years longer than
the proposed sand/clay mix method. The method has not been used on an
operational scale within the industry although some experimental field
research is currently underway.
On the Hardee Complex II site, sand-clay cap reclamation would result in
more acreage in sand/clay mix landforms, and less sand fill and
land-and-lake than with the proposed sand/clay mix method. Above-grade
clay settling areas would be reduced compared to conventional
reclamation.
2.8.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Advantages
The sand-clay cap reclamation method may result in relatively similar
environmental advantages as the proposed sand/clay mix method. However,
more acreage of sand-clay cap would result than sand/clay mix under the
proposed plan.
The sand-clay cap method has several environmental advantages compared
to conventional reclamation including post-reclamation elevations closer
to premining elevations, improved agronomic and stability
characteristics of soil compared to clay alone, and reduced radiation
levels.
Environmental Disadvantages
Sand-clay cap reclamation would reduce the land area in stable sand fill
and land-and-lake reclamation compared to the proposed sand/clay mix
plan. This would, in turn, reduce the habitat diversity and potential
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future land use options on the reclaimed site. Also, sand-clay cap
reclamation would take 1 to 3 years longer to complete than the proposed
plan. Since clays alone will be placed in mine cuts, the pure clays
will have a higher potential to block and alter the ground water flows
in the surficial aquifer than the proposed plan.
2.8.3.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Similar to the reclamation proposed for the sand/clay mix alternative,
the sand-clay cap reclamation technique has not been used in any
full-scale operations. CF Industries has been field testing the
proposed sand/clay mix disposal techniques since 1980 and plans to
continue these programs. Information gained from these programs should
lower the technology risk associated with the proposed plan compared to
the sand-clay cap technique.
2.8.4 SUMMARY COMPARISON-RECLAMATION
The primary goals of reclamation are to restore the disturbed lands to
beneficial uses that are compatible with adjacent land uses and future
land use plans. For CF Industries' Complex II mine site, beneficial
uses include returning the land as nearly as practicable to premining
physical and natural conditions and functions and enhancing productive
uses. The reclamation plan proposed by CF Industries is designed to
restore the disturbed lands to the approximate elevations, topography,
and drainage patterns as premining conditions. Disturbed acreages of
wetlands, stream channels, and forested areas will be replaced and
acreages of potential agriculturally productive lands will be
increased.
The conventional clay settling reclamation alternative does not
accomplish the goals of reclamation. The conventional method would
significantly alter the elevations, drainage patterns, and soil
radiation levels on the reclaimed site compared to premining conditions
and would limit land use options on substantial areas of the site. The
sand-clay cap reclamation method would have similar disadvantages but
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does not have significant favorable environmental advantages when
compared to the proposed plan. CF Industries has an ongoing field
program to test reclamation techniques, wetland restoration, and
revegetation on sand/clay mix areas at Hardee Complex I. This testing
program and other research in reclamation and revegetation, especially
for forested wetlands, should lessen the technology risk of the proposed
plan, would assist in meeting all the goals of the reclamation plan, and
would not have the environmental disadvantages of the other previously
discussed alternatives.
To successfully accomplish the proposed reclamation objectives as stated
in Section 2.8, CF's proposed reclamation plan will require coordinated
sequencing of the mining operations around wetlands to consistently
provide an upstream seed source for. the re-establishment of natural
systems in the reclaimed areas and will require the demonstrated
functional restoration of Class 1C and ID wetlands prior to
disturbance.
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2.9 WETLANDS PRESERVATION
2.9.1 PRESERVATION PLAN (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED PLANJ
2.9.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Approximately 25 percent of the CF Industries' Hardee Complex II site
consists of forested and non-forested wetlands. All of this wetland
acreage will be reclaimed, as required under Florida DNR mine reclama-
tion rules (Chapter 16C-16). Although the topography of the reclaimed
site will be within 2 or 3 feet of original grade, it will not be
possible to restore all of the wetlands to their original shape and
location. Several large rained-out areas will need to be reclaimed to
land-and-lakes, and each sand/clay mix disposal area will have a
slightly higher elevation near its inlet, which would be more suitable
for upland land uses.
The areas CF proposes to be preserved from mining occupy approximately
69 acres and consist of all but 2 acres of the wetlands designated as
Class I-A by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These
preserved wetlands are located in the far western portion of the site
and are contiguous with Horse Creek. The 2 acres of Class I-A wetlands
proposed for disturbance will be needed for the proposed dragline
crossing. Category I-A wetlands are mainstern stream wetlands that are
considered by EPA to provide important environmental functions and which
should be preserved and protected from mining.
In addition to the Category I-A wetlands, there are approximately 695
acres of Category I-C and 1-0 wetlands on the site. These are headwater
and special concern wetlands that are also considered by EPA as worthy
of preservation and protection. However, EPA recognizes the possibility
that reclamation technology may proceed to the extent that fully
functional wetlands can be restored. The Florida phosphate industry,
including CF Industries, is currently working on approximately 35
wetland reclamation projects (Florida Institute of Phosphate Research,
1983a). CF Industries believes that these ongoing projects, together
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with CF's proposed experimental revegetation program on an existing
sand/clay mix disposal area, will demonstrate that important functional
roles of wetlands can be replaced by reclamation.
Therefore, CF Industries has included the Category I-C and I-D wetlands
within the area to be disturbed by mining activities. Although the mine
plan and waste disposal plan were developed to include all the Cate-
gory I-C and I-D wetlands, CF understands EPA's position on the mining
of these wetlands. Mining will not be scheduled within the boundaries
of any of the Category I wetlands unless and until EPA reconsiders the
mining of these wetlands based upon the proven recreation of functional
hardwood swamp communities and functional large wetland systems.
2.9.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
There are few, if any, ecological advantages associated with the actual
mining of wetland areas. Preservation of at least some of these
habitats will allow for a seed source which may assist in the
re-establishment of both forested and herbaceous wetlands.
2.9.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The Category I-A wetlands that are to be preserved will also be
protected from the indirect effects of mining. A perimeter ditch will
be constructed around all preserved wetlands when adjacent lands are
being mined. The water level in this ditch will be maintained at or
above the average water table elevation, which should prevent potential
drawdown of the water table within the wetland.
The mined land adjacent to these preserved wetlands will be reclaimed to
land-and-lakes by grading and contouring the remaining spoil piles.
This type of reclamation can be completed in a short period of time
(approximately 2 years), which will also limit the potential effects of
mining.
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2.9.2 CATEGORY I PRESERVATION
2.9.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Only Category I-A wetlands are scheduled for complete preservation.
Other Category I wetlands are reserved for future mining, contingent
upon proof of successful restoration of wetland habitats, as described
in Section 2.8.1.
2.9.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
See Section 2.8.1.2.
2.9.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
See Section 2.8.1.3.
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2.10 PRODUCT TRANSPORT
2.10.1 RAIL PRODUCT TRANSPORT (CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED ACTION)
2.10.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The wet phosphate rock produced at Hardee Complex II would be trans-
ferred into open top, bottom discharge hopper rail cars for transport to
an existing CF Industries' facility.
2.10.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Railroads are well-established in central Florida and are generally
considered the most economical and environmentally acceptable method of
transporting bulk phosphate product between two distant locations over
land. However, trains can disrupt traffic at highway intersections and
generate noise adjacent to the right-of-way.
2.10.1.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Rail product transport provides the most economical and expeditious
method of ore transport. Rail systems are already in existence within
the area of Hardee Complex II and will provide a more environmentally
sound method for direct movement of product.
2.10.2 TRUCK PRODUCT TRANSPORT
2.10.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Product phosphate rock must be removed from the raine/beneficiation plant
location to a facility for further processing as phosphoric acid. The
truck product transport would involve loading rock into diesel trucks
for transport over common highways.
2.10.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Trucks are a very flexible means of cargo transport. However, traffic
disruption, safety, energy use, and air pollution are significant
drawbacks. Also, the present road systems may not have the capacity to
handle the additional truck traffic which would be generated by the
project. The only apparent advantage is that there would probably be
less volume associated with a truck spill than with a railcar spill.
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2.10.2.3 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Increased air pollution, noise and energy consumption are overriding
disadvantages to truck transport. In addition, county and state highway
systems are not generally designed to sustain the higher volumes of
heavy vehicles and would therefore require extensive and constant
maintenance.
2.10.3 SUMMARY COMPARISON - PRODUCT TRANSPORT
From an environmental standpoint, rail transportation is the preferable
alternative. Traffic would be confined to unit trains along existing,
dedicated rail transport routes; energy use would be relatively lower.
Costs should ,be substantially lower than for truck product transport.
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2.11 MITIGATION MEASURES
Additional micigative measures, not previously included in the proposed
action, were developed by preparers and/or reviewers of the various EIS
technical sections. These mitigative measures are presented by
technical discipline in the following paragraphs.
2.11.1 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
CF's proposed mining method involves the casting of overburden the
shortest distance possible, generally into an arc-shaped pile in the
mined-out pit. The resulting profile is that of relatively low piles
requiring less than a full swing of the dragline bucket. If overburden
were piled higher by increasing the casting distance, more below-ground
volume would be available for clay disposal. This would result in a
slight lowering of the above-ground profile of the proposed settling
area.
2.11.2 RADIATION
CF Industries plans to cap some of the sand/clay mix areas with up to a
2-foot-thick layer of overburden. In those sand/clay mix areas on which
CF has proposed to place this cap, predicted radioactivity would be
reduced over the same area without the overburden cap. Similarly, in
sand tailings disposal areas which are all proposed to be capped, the
predicted radioactivity is expected to be substantially lower. If
sufficient overburden were available to cap all sand/clay mix disposal
areas, there would be some overall reduction in the predicted
radioactivity from the site.
2.11.3 HYDROLOGY
CF proposes to use recirculation water and the surficial aquifer water
for pump seal lubrication. When recirculation water is used for this
purpose, the withdrawals from the surficial aquifer will be decreased by
252 gpm (0.36 mgd).
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During mining activities conducted near preserved areas, CF should
monitor the shallow aquifer to assess the effectiveness of the perimeter
ditch in preventing dewatering of the preserved area.
2.11.4 WATER QUALITY
Water quality monitoring to assess the effects of mining will be
conducted for both surface and ground water sources on the site. The
goal of this monitoring program will be the documentation of any changes
in environmental characteristics of the site and to minimize potentially
adverse impacts that may occur. The specific water quality program will
be developed in accordance (and will comply) with the following:
1. Surface Water Quality Monitoring Program—Impact assessment and
compliance with surface water quality guidelines will be
monitored in accordance with permit conditions for Florida
Department of Environmental Regulations (FDER) Water Quality
Certification, and
2. Ground Water Quality Monitoring Program—Assessment of the
effects of mining operations on ground water will be conducted
in accordance with site-specific permit conditions set by the
Southwest Florida Water Management District. Permit provisions
of this regulatory agency would assure that adverse impacts of
mine operations will be minimized for both the shallow and deep
aquifers. Specific conditions for compliance will be included
in the Works of the District and the Consumptive Use Permits.
FDER's ground water rules and permit conditions will provide
protection for ground water resources on the site. In
addition, compliance with the reclamation rules of the Florida
Department of Natural Resources would minimize adverse impacts
to the shallow unconfined aquifer.
2.11.5 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
CF proposes to eventually, With EPA approval, mine approximately 99.5
percent (14,925 acres) of the mine site. Vegetation and wildlife
populations displaced through the mining operations are proposed to be
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mitigated through the CF Industries reclamation plan (see Sections 2.8
and 3.7.2.1). The reclamation plan will incorporate a diversity of land
forms that are expected to be repopulated by wildlife species during and
after the planned mine life.
Mitigation measures for the protection of important plant and wildlife
species populations are provided in the following sections.
2.11.5.1 PLANTS
Although no federally listed plants are present on the CF site, the
needle palm [Rapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) Wendl. and Drude] is listed
as a threatened plant species (SI, 1978; FDA, 1978; FCREPA, 1979). A
healthy population of some 45 individuals of needle palm exists within
the PI drainage unit. The 99-acre mixed hardwood swamp which comprises
the PI drainage unit has been categorized by EPA as a Category I—
Protected Wetland. Although Category I status may change if the
functional values of this community can be demonstrated to be restored,
this demonstrated restoration should include a functional characteriza-
tion of the unique needle palm habitat within the PI drainage unit or
a preservation/relocation plan for the species. If the area is
to remain in a preserved category, a natural buffer and berm should be
established, together with a ground water recharge ditch, around the PI
drainage unit to maintain seepage conditions which naturally exist
within the swamp. The buffer width, recharge ditch depth and discharge
rates should be determined based upon a simulation of premining
hydrologic conditions. Therefore, an analysis of soil permeabilities
and ground water flows must be conducted to formulate the preservation
and/or restoration design.
During sequential mining of headwater wetlands and associated
streambeds, significant efforts should be made to minimize impacts to
upstream and downstream drainage units. Monitoring of groundwater
tables, water quality and quantity, and ecological support functions
should be evaluated. After mining of a stream segment is complete and
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restoration begins, upstream wetland areas should be protected and
utilized as a seed source to recolonize the disturbed downstream unit.
The majority of wetlands that would be mined will be reclaimed on sand/
clay mix areas. Presently little information exists on the potential
hydrological characteristics of this restored surficial aquifer or the
values it will have as a plant-growing medium. The design of the
restoration areas should utilize the best available scientific
information to reestablish the desired surficial zone. Habitat-specific
topsoil and root mass should be evaluated for use in restoration efforts
to accelerate diverse recolonization.
Prior to mining operations, a conceptual plan will be developed for the
site to explain how and when all affected lands in the mine area will be
reclaimed. This plan will be developed in accordance with the Florida
Department of Natural Resources' restoration permitting requirements.
The goal of this plan would be to: 1) restore natural drainage basins;
2) restore the natural functions of lakes, streams, and wetlands;
3) reestablish clumps or windrows of upland natural habitat within other
proposed uses; and 4) monitor the success of mine restoration on an
annual basis to assure post-mining reclamation successfully meets the
objectives of the state's permit requirements.
2.11.5.2 WILDLIFE
Most of the important animal species on the site are mobile and would
avoid areas of mining activities. However, some important species such
as the indigo snake, the gopher tortoise, and newly hatched Sandhill
Cranes are less mobile. Therefore, each sequential 80-acre tract of
land scheduled for mining should be surveyed prior to clearing opera-
tions for the capture and removal of gopher tortoise, indigo snakes,
and, if present, Sandhill Crane fledglings. These animal species should
be relocated to other suitable habitat that would not be impacted by
mining or that has been previously restored.
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Rescued animals should be relocated to appropriate habitat sites. Site
selection of appropriate habitats should be based upon, but not limited
to, regional location, suitable habitat requirements, extirpation of
resident competitive wildlife populations, and preservation/conservation
property status (e.g., state parks and recreation areas). All mitiga-
tion efforts should be under the direct supervision of the Florida Game
and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
2.11.6 AQUATIC ECOLOGY
The CF Industries Hardee Phosphate Complex II contains 3,580 acres of
aquatic habitat. All but two percent of the aquatic habitat will be
rained under CF's proposed action. The two percent scheduled for
preservation occurs in Horse Creek. Horse Creek was generally the most
diverse habitat sampled, especially with respect to the fish fauna. The
preservation of Horse Creek will provide for the maintenance of
diversity in Horse Creek and may provide a seed source of populations
for recolonization of reclaimed wetland habitat.
The raining plan calls for a phased schedule of mining and reclamation so
that some aquatic habitat will be present on the project site throughout
the 27-year mining period. This aquatic habitat, either natural or
reclaimed, can provide a seed source of aquatic populations to
reclamined wetlands.
CF Industries' proposed reclamation plan is to reclaim approximately
5,347 acres of aquatic habitat. The reclaimed habitats are intended to
be lakes, freshwater swamp, freshwater marsh and stream channels.
Approximately 1,467 acres of lakes will be created under CF Industries'
reclamation plan. This aquatic habitat type does not currently exist on
the project site. The lakes will be designed to create a productive
littoral zone to enhance habitat values and water quality. Phosphate
mine lakes can be highly productive systems which provide a diversity of
habitat for invertebrates, fish, birds, and alligators. Lakes would
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provide habitat for largemouth bass, bluegilLs, and other sunfish
species which can be exploited as recreational fisheries. Vegetated
littoral zones in the lakes would help support the fish populations by
providing habitat for the fish as well as habitat for a diverse inverte-
brate population. Lake areas provide a relatively constant environment
which in drought years could provide refuge for aquatic species and a
source of faunal recruitment to adjacent aquatic systems. The deeper
water of the lakes may have low dissolved oxygen during periods of
stratification, but this should cause no water quality problems. In
general, reclaimed lakes have water quality within standards for
Class III waters (ESE, 1984).
Approximately 25 percent (3,511 acres) of the project site consists of
forested and non-forested wetland aquatic habitat planned for reclama-
tion. This acreage includes approximately 453 acres of Category I (see
Section 2.9.1.1) hardwood swamp and 244 acres of freshwater marsh.
These areas will be preserved until such time that it can be demonstrat-
ed that these habitats can be restored once disturbed, and regulatory
approval for mining is granted.
Assuming the ability to restore freshwater swamps, marshes and streams
is demonstrated, CF Industries will reclaim approximately 1,365 acres of
freshwater swamp, most of which will be contiguous with reclaimed
streams and marshes, 2,446 acres of freshwater marshes, and all stream
channels. Stream channels will be reclaimed to approximate original
grade, and the stream drainage basins will be reclaimed to their approx-
imate original area.
The majority of wetlands will be reclaimed on the decant end of the
sand/clay mix disposal areas. Twenty-five to thirty percent of each
sand/clay mix area is planned as reclaimed wetlands. The remainder of
the wetland aquatic habitat will be created on sand tailings and over-
burden areas. Within any particular area, approximately ten years will
be required from the beginning of mining operations until the
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reclamation of aquatic habitat. The time necessary following reclama-
tion for recolonization of floral and faunal communities similar to
communities found in the natural environment is not known, and a
monitoring program will be required to determine the success of wetland
reclamation. Reclaimed wetlands will undoubtedly be rapidly recolonized
by relatively few taxa of opportunistic or motile forms. Rare taxa,
non-motile taxa, and taxa which require specific microhabitats will
require longer to recolonize the reclaimed wetlands and streams.
Mining of the proposed tract is expected to require 27 years. Reclama-
tion of all mined land will be completed within eight years after mining
ends. Sand/clay disposal areas will be completely reclaimed in year 35;
sand tailings areas reclamation will be complete in mine year 29; lakes
reclamation will be completed in mine year 28; and overburden will be
reclaimed by mine year 31.
The advantages of sand/clay mix reclamation over conventional clay
settling area reclamation appear to be that the proposed method allows
consolidation to near original grade, and reclamation can be completed
within a few years following the cessation of mining. This would allow
a more rapid establishment of permanent aquatic communities. It should
be noted that the sand/clay mix reclamation technology is experimental
and has not been completely proven in actual full-scale mine projects.
Monitoring of the initial mine years and restoration efforts should be
completed and evaluated to determine the success of these efforts.
2.11.7 SOCIOECONOMICS
Many of the impacts associated with CF Industries proposed Hardee
Phosphate Complex II are beneficial to socioeconomic parameters. Due to
Che nature of this rural, interior Florida County, economic growth is
considerably less than in more urbanized, coastal counties. The influx
of capital expenditures and employment should generate desirable
increases in population growth, income, and employment. The increases
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should be moderate since many employees and supplies are located outsiae
the county, yet within service areas and commuting distances. The
boom-bust phenomenon! will not occur since th~ proposed action is an
expansion of existing mining activities by CF on adjoining property. As
a result, mitigation is not required. For similar reasons mitigation
for the small increase in demand for housing and other community facili-
ties and services is not necessary. The establishment of a local
vocational training program in Hardee County is recommended so that
local residents may have the option to train for phosphate-related
employment. Land use impacts do not warrant mitigation since the site
is primarily vacant. Reclamation will return most of the areas to their
present function and is consistent with the Hardee County Comprehensive
Plan. Since prime and unique farmland soils are not impacted by the
proposed action, mitigation is not required.
Due to low background traffic and programmed improvements, the increase
in highway utilization by employees and service vehicles will not
generate adverse conditions. CF Industries may elect, however, to
establish a commuter program to take advantage of expected significant
commuting patterns from employee residential areas in Polk and
Hillsborough Counties.
Finally, the six archaeological sites located on the proposed mine site
are considered regionally significant. Due to the eventual destruction
of the sites, further testing and/or salvage excavations will be
conducted. CF Industries will coordinate these efforts with the State
Historic Preservation Officer and Hardee County to determine the most
desirable disposition of any cultural or historic artifacts uncovered.
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2.12 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
The "No Action" alternative of EPA would be the denial of an NPDES
permit for CF's proposed mining project. The effect of permit denial
would be to precipitate one of three possible reactions on the part of
CP Industries: (1) termination of the proposed project, (2) indefinite
postponement of the proposed project, or (3) a restructuring of the
project to achieve zero discharge, for which no NPDES permit would be
required.
2.12.1 TERMINATION OF THE PROJECT
Termination of the planned project would allow the existing environment
to remain as described in Section 3.0, and the present socioeconomic and
environmental trends would continue. Specifically, the raeteorologic and
noise characteristics are expected to remain as described in
Section 3.1.1. However, air quality changes may occur due to emissions
from new sources permitted in the region in the coming years or because
of changes in fuels used at existing sources. The geologic features of
the site would remain as described in Section 3.2.1, and the existing
soils would continue to support the presently established vegetation,
grazing lands, and limited agricultural crop production.
If the project were terminated, the proposed mine site would remain in
its present radiological state described in Section 3.3.1, leaving
outdoor gamma radiation and radon flux at lower levels than would be the
case after reclamation. Accordingly, any potential adverse effects that
might result from the redistribution of subsurface radioactivity could
not occur.
Termination of the project would also mean no appreciable changes in the
existing quantities of ground water. The hydrologic characteristics of
the surficial aquifer and baseflow to local surface waters would be
expected to remain as at present, described in Section 3.4.1. Ground
water quality under this no action alternative will depend on
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future Land uses. If land use patterns in the vicinity ot the site
continue much as they are, then ground water quality should also remain
essentially as it is today.
Under the no action alternative of project termination, no appreciable
changes in the existing surface water quantity are anticipated. Surface
water quality will depend on future land use. If land use patterns in
the immediate area remain fairly constant over the next few decades,
surface water quality should remain much as it is today. If other
phosphate mining and processing projects are permitted, selected streams
may show increases in IDS, sulfate, phosphate, nitrogen, and fluorides.
Slight increases in radiological concentrations would also be expected.
If the proposed project were terminated, the aquatic environment with
its alternating hydroperiod and tolerant organisms would remain as it
now exists (Section 3.6.1); however, success of marshes into bayheads,
etc., will in time modify some aquatic habitats. The terrestrial
ecology of the CF Industries site should remain as now (Section 3.7.1),
with most of the site continuing to be used for agricultural purposes
such as livestock grazing.
The no action alternative of project termination would have socioeco-
nomic impacts on Hardee County and the central Florida region. The
generation of jobs with comparatively high income, anticipated under the
planned project, would not occur. Neither would the population influx
associated with relocating direct and indirect employment take place.
In addition, the increased annual revenue, generated by the proposed
project through ad valorem taxation and redistribution of sales tax
collected in Hardee County, would not materialize. Present land uses
would likely continue, but it is probable that the property value of the
site would drop (relative to the value for phosphate minable land).
This no action alternative would make the demand for transportation
facility capital improvements, such as road paving less urgent or
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unnecessary. It would eliminate an additional demand on housing and on
fire protection, police, and medical services. While project termina-
tion would preclude the expected increase in Hardee County expenditures
to provide such services, the revenue generated from the project would
be expected to exceed such expenditures. Termination of the project
would also preclude the generation of about $2.50 per metric ton in
severance tax, which would be apportioned to the State General Revenue
Fund, Hardee County, the Conservation and Recreation Lands Trust Fund,
the Land Reclamation Trust Fund and the Florida Institute of Phosphate
Research.
Termination of the project would mean that no known or unknown archae-
ological or historic sites would be destroyed by the proposed mining.
The total of 7 archaelogical sites recorded for the site would likely
remain undisturbed. However, none of the known archaeological sites are
considered prehistoric or historic resources of National Register
quality.
The proposed construction, operation, and reclamation of the mine site
would create a variety of moderate to strong negative visual impacts.
Without the project, these would not occur.
Lastly, the no action alternative on the CF Industries site would mean
that approximately 97 million short tons of phosphate matrix would not
be recovered. This non-renewable resource would therefore be
unavailable for fertilizer manufacture. Project termination would also
result in a loss of considerble project investment by the corporation.
While the 97 million short tons of phosphate resource would not be
recovered, it would remain as unmined phosphate reserve. With depletion
of reserves and other restrictions reducing available supplies of phos-
phate rock, fertilizer supplies may become strategically important to
the United States in the next century. Therefore, denial of the permit
could mean that the site's phosphate would be conserved and retained as
2-120
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a national resource, while simultaneously appreciating in value to CF
Industries.
2.12.2 POSTPONEMENT OF THE PROJECT
If EPA were to deny CF's NPDES permit application, the project might be
postponed for an indefinite period of time and later successfully
pursued by either CF Industries or another raining company. This might
be expected to occur when, as described above, high-grade phosphate
reserves are depleted and the resource retained on the proposed project
site becomes extremely valuable strategically as well as economically.
An adverse effect resulting from postponement of the project would be
the delay of socioeconomic benefits to the county and state in the form
of job opportunities, payroll, and taxes. CF Industries would be
adversely affected in that its capital investment could not be realized
for an indefinite time.
On the other hand, important benefits could result from project post-
ponement. Experimentation and research are ongoing in the areas of
phosphate recovery efficiency, waste sand and clay disposal, reclama-
tion, and wetlands restoration and creation. Technological advances
could occur in these areas during the period of postponement, which
would allow a much improved overall project.
2.12.3 ACHIEVING A ZERO DISCHARGE
If EPA denies the NPDES permit, CF Industries could still execute a
mining project provided the project could be performed with zero dis-
charge to surface waters. Under zero discharge conditions, neither an
NPDCS permit nor an Environmental Impact Statement would be required.
Achieving zero discharge would be extremely difficult, if not impossi-
ble, and would most likely require significantly increased surface
impoundment for storage of water. The problems occurring with increased
surface impoundment would include increased dike heights, probable
infringement on presently designated preserved areas, a less
2-121
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desirable reclamation plan, and more limited post-reclamation land use
potential.
It should be noted that although the EIS process would no longer be
involved in scrutinizing these changes (should zero discharge be
achieved), nevertheless the applicant's Development Order approved
through the Florida DRI process may have to be modified and any changes
approved by the county and state. All applicable state and federal
permit requirements would still have to be met.
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2.13 EPA'S PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDED ACTION
After consideration of the environmental, technical, and economic
analyses presented in the DEIS and supporting documents, EPA's preferred
alternative and CF's proposed action (including the mitigative measures
presented as part of the proposed action) all coincide with respect to
the following project elements:
• Mining Method: Dragline
• Matrix Transport: Slurry Pipeline
• Matrix Processing: Conventional Beneficiation
• Plant Siting: Site 1—Fort Green Springs Location
• Water Sources: Surface/Ground Water Withdrawal
• Water Discharge: Surface Waters and Surface Waters via
Wetlands
• Product Transport: Railroad
• Waste Disposal: Sand/Clay Mix
* Reclamation: Sand/Clay Mix; Restoration of all onsite streams
and Category II wetlands disturbed during mining activities
Waste disposal and reclamation are key elements in reviewing the impacts
of the proposed action and are integrally related. The sand/clay waste
disposal process has been identified as a technologically feasible means
to reduce the volume of storage area required to dispose of waste clays
associated with the phosphate beneficiation process. The major
environmental benefits derived from this process would be to reduce the
number and size of conventional above-grade clay storage areas and to
allow areas to be restored to near premining contours. In addition to
the physical properties of sand/clay mix consolidation and waste
disposal advantages, the sand/clay mix has a higher nutrient content and
higher water retention capabilities than native soils. When used in
combination with overburden capping, the reclamation areas should
provide a desirable medium for growing a wide variety of vegetative
types and should improve the opportunity for successful restoration.
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The wetlands preservation alternative preferred by the EPA is the
site-specific application of the Areawide E1S wetland criteria. The
site-specific alternative studies identified 765.7 acres of Category I
wetlands on the proposed mine site that were worthy of preservation.
These Category I wetlands were subdivided as follows:
Category I—Protected
lA-Mainstream Wetlands—Horse Creek, 70.7 acres
IB-Headwater Wetlands—None (not applicable to this project)
IC-Tributary Wetlands—Major onsite creeks, 120.7 acres
ID-Special Concern Wetlands—Mitchel Hammock, 574.3 acres
CF's proposed action includes the preservation of Horse Creek Category
IA wetlands and the mining and restoration of all other wetlands. The
EPA's position is that Category I wetlands will be protected from mining
activities. CF Industries understands EPA's position on wetland
preservation; however, CF has proposed the initial mining of all 1C and
ID wetlands onsite. CF's proposal is made with the understanding that
CF must demonstrate to EPA's satisfaction that equally functional
wetlands can be restored onsite prior to EPA approval and reclassifica-
tion of these areas to allow mining activities. The site-specific study
also identified a total of 2,264.3 acres of Category II wetlands that
must be restored if disturbed by mining activities.
In addition to identifying the environmentally preferable alternatives,
EPA's environmental review process has identified measures which would
mitigate adverse impacts associated with the proposed project action.
To ensure the fullest environmental benefits are achievea, the EPA
specifically recommends that:
• High-profile overburden stacking be practiced to the maximum
extent compatible with the spoiling of the leach zone material.
• "Toe spoiling" be used to place leach zone material at depth in
mined areas to reduce radioactivity of reclaimed soils.
• A program be developed and implemented to minimize impacts to
endangered and threatened species through coordination with the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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• A program be developed and implemented to minimize loss or
cultural/historical artifacts and sites through coordination
with SHPO.
• The quality of the surficial aquifer in the vicinity of the
sand-clay mix disposal areas be assured by compliance with
specific permit conditions of the Florida Department of Natural
Resources (FDNR) (reclamation plan approval), Florida Department
of Environmental Regulation (FDER) (ground water rules compli-
ance) and SWFWMD (Works of the District and Consumptive Use
permits).
• The site be reclaimed to minimize the potential adverse impacts
(i.e., habitat loss, radiation, drainage changes) and to assure
the successful, viable use of restored areas would be
accomplished through strict compliance with FDNR's annual
reclamation plan update/approval process. The goal of the plan
would be to restore water bodies, wetlands, land contours,
drainage basins, and upland habitats to the extent feasible.
• All Category I wetlands onsite be preserved from mining activi-
ties. CF must monitor the effectiveness of design controls to
minimize any adverse effects of adjacent mining operations, mine
on only one side at a time, and assure EPA that sufficient
buffers are established to protect the wetlands from dewatering.
CF must produce and maintain documentation demonstrating to
EPA's satisfaction that equally functional wetlands can be
reestablished onsite prior to EPA's consideration of
recategorization of these areas.
Mitigation is not recommended by EPA for the use of surficial aquifer
water to meet pump seal requirements. This withdrawal is presently
considered to be a minimal part of the water use requirements and has
only localized effects. In addition, water would generally be drawn
from areas that will eventually be mined, totally destroying the
surficial aquifer for the short term. Therefore, the economic costs and
technical difficulties associated with treatment of mine water for pump
seal purposes do not make such mitigation justifiable.
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In order to make its determination regarding the NPDES permit applica-
tion for the CF Industries' project, EPA has developed a comparison
between (1) CF Industries' proposed action; (2) EPA's preferred alterna-
tives and mitigating measures; and (3) the no-action alternative of
permit denial by EPA. This comparative analysis is summarized in
Table 2.13-1.
After careful evaluation of these alternatives, EPA's proposed action is
to issue an NPDES permit to CF Industries. The project authorized by
the permit should be CF Industries' proposed action, including EPA's
preferred alternatives and shall incorporate all the mitigating measures
identified as part of CF Industries' proposed action, as well as all the
mitigating measures recommended by EPA.
A draft of the proposed permit is appended to this DEIS (Appendix A).
The project identified in this document would incorporate all measures
identified as conditions of the permit.
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CF86-T.2/HIBA.1
4/09/87
Table 2.13-1. Comparison of the Environmental Impacts of the Alternatives
Discipline
Air Quality,
Meteorology,
and toise
EPA1 s Preferred Alternatives
CF's Proposed Action and Mitigating Measures
Minor increases in fugitive Same as CF's proposed action.
dust emissions and emissions
from internal combustion
engines; minor missions of
volatile reagents; increased
noise levels in the vicinity of
operating equipment.
The No Action Alternative
Termination Postponement
tt> change in meteo- Sane as CF's proposed
rology & noise levels action.
present; possible air
quality changes from
other sources.
Achieve Zero
Discharge
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
Geology and
Soils
Radiation
Ground Water
ro
I
M
Disruptions of the surface
soils and overburden strata
over the mine site; depletion
of 97 million short tons of
phosphate rock resources;
creation of a reclaimed soil
material which should be
superior to existing soils.
Disruption of the natural
distribution of radioactive
material within the overburden
and phosphate matrix; increased
radiation levels frcm reclaimed
surfaces.
Withdrawal of ground water at
an average rate of 7.85 mgd;
lowering of surficial aquifer
in the vicinity; possible local
contamination of surficial
aquifer adjacent to sand-clay
mix disposal areas.
Sane as CF's proposed action.
No change in geology;
no change in site
soils (i.e., increased
productivity); preser-
vation of 97 million
short tons of phos-
phate rock reserves.
Possible increased
phosphate recovery and
more effective sand-
clay mix disposal,
reclamation, and vet-
lands restoration.
Increased dike heights,
and water storage capa-
city; probable infringe-
ment on preserved areas;
less desirable reclana-
tion plan.
Same as CF's proposed action,
except that reclaimed surface
soils would contain less radio-
active material because of toe
spoiling.
Sane as CF's proposed action.
No change in radiation Sane as CF's proposed Probable increase in area
characteristics of the
site.
No change in existing
ground water quantity
and quality.
action.
Possible reduction in
ground water with-
drawals because of more
effective deuatering of
waste materials.
covered with waste
clays—the reclaimed
material having the
highest radioactivity
levels.
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
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CF86-T.2/HTOA.2
6/19/87
Table 2.13-1. Comparison of the Environmental Impacts of the Alternatives (tbntinued, Page 2 of 2)
The No Action Alternative
Discipline
EPA's Preferred Alternatives
CF's Proposed Action and Mitigating teas ures Termination Postponement
Achieve Zero
Discharge
Surface Water
Aquatic Ecology
Terrestrial
Ecology
Socioeconontic s
KJ
I
Sane as CF's proposed action.
Disruption of surface water
flows from the mine site; minor
reduction in flow following
reclamation; degradation of
water quality due to discharges
from the mine water system.
Destruction of aquatic habitats Same as CF's proposed action.
on the mine site; aquatic
habitat modifications due to
reduced surface water flows and
addition of contaninants to
creeks flowing fron the site.
Destruction of terrestrial
habitats and loss of indivi-
duals of some species on the
mine site; creation of modified
habitats following
reclamation.
Generation of jobs with
comparatively high incomes; ad
valoran and sales tax revenue
for Hardee County; severence
tax revenue for the state, Land
Reclamation Trust Fund, and
Florida Institute of Phosphate
Research; some population
influx to Hardee County;
increased demands for housing,
transportation, fire protec-
tion, police, and medical
services.
Sane as CF's proposed action,
except that the wildlife habitat
on the reclaimed mine site will
be more extensive (both marsh and
forest).
Same as CF's proposed action.
tb change in surface
water quantity; sur-
face water quality
would be dependent
upon future land uses
in the site area.
fb change in existing
aquatic ecology.
R> change in existing
terrestrial ecology.
Vo increase in employ-
ment; no increase in
tax revenues; less
demand fbr transporta-
tion, housing, fire
protection, police and
medical services;
continuation of
phosphate rock market
uncertainties for CF
and a loss of their
investment.
Same as CF's proposed
action.
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
Elimination of surface
water quality impacts
resulting fron discharge
from mine water system;
increased probability of
dike failure impacts.
Elimination of habitat
modification resulting
frcm discharge fron mine
water system; increased
probability of dike
failure impacts.
Possiblyraore effective Probable creation of
reclamation and wet- increased reclaimed land
lands restoration. areas of limited use
(e.g., pasture).
Continuation of phos-
phate rock market
uncertainties for CF
and potential increased
project costs; possible
improvement in supply/
demand for housing in
Hardee County.
Sane as CF's proposed
action.
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CF84-T.7/SEC2REF.1
5/29/86
2.14 REFERENCES
Ardaman & Associates, Inc. 1982. Final Technical Report for Field
Evaluation of Sand-Clay Mix Reclamation, Research Proposal FIPR
80-03-006. Bartow, Florida.
Ardaman & Associates, Inc. 1983. Estimate of Field Consolidation
Behavior of Sand-Clay Mix at CF Mining Corporation, Hardee
Phosphate Complex, Hardee County, Florida.
Ayensu, E.S., and DeFilipps, R.A. (Smithsonian Institution). 1978.
Endangered and Threatened Plants of the United States. Smithsonian
Institution and World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.
Carson, J.D. 1983. Progress report of a reclaimed wetland on phosphate
mined land in central Florida. Reclamation and the Phosphate
Industry, proceedings of the Symposium, Ciearwater Beach, Florida,
26-28 January 1983. Publication No. 03-036-010. Florida Institute
of Phosphate Research.
CF Industries, Inc. 1983. Hardee Phosphate Complex II; Mine Plan II,
May 24, 1983. Hardee County, Florida.
Clewell, A.F. 1981. Vegetative restoration techniques on reclaimed
phosphate strip mines in Florida. The Journal of the Society of
Wetland Scientists, Vol. 1, September 1981.
Conservation Consultants, Inc. 1981. Wetland reclamation pilot study
for W.R. Grace & Co., Annual report for 1980. Prepared by
Conservation Consultants, Inc., Palmetto, Florida for W.R. Grace &
Co., Bartow, Florida.
Environmental Science and Engineering. 1984. Data Collection and
Analysis for the CF Industries Environmental Impact Statement.
Gainesville, Florida.
Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. 1979.
Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Vol. V—Plants. University
Presses of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 175 pp.
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1978.
Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act, Florida Statutes
Section 581.185 (Official State of Florida List). Tallahassee,
Florida.
Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. 1983a. A survey of wetland
reclamation projects in the Florida phosphate industry. Bartow,
Florida (In press).
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CF84-T.7/SEC2REF.2
5/29/86
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
(Continued, Page 2 of 2)
1 bid. 1983b. Reclamation and the phosphate industry. Proceedings of
the Symposium, Clearwater Beach, Florida, 26-28 January 1983.
Publication No. 03-036-010. Florida Insititute of Phosphate
Research.
Garlanger, J.E. 1984. Principal Associate, Ardaman & Associates, Inc.,
Orlando, Florida. Personal Communication (March 16, 1984).
Keen, P.W., and Sampson, J.G. 1983. The sand/clay mix technique: a
method of clay disposal and reclamation options. Reclamation and
the Phosphate Industry, Proceedings of the Symposium, Clearwater
Beach, Florida, 26-28 January 1983. Publication No. 03-036-010.
Florida Institute of Phosphate Research.
Jeter, Charles R. 1981. Letter from EPA Administrator dated
September 11, 1981 to Malcolm S. Scott, CF Industries.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement for Proposed Issuance of a New Source National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System Permit to Estech General Chemicals
Corporation Duette Mine, Manatee County, Florida, Prepared by
Conservation Consultants, Inc., Palmetto, Florida. Atlanta,
Georgia. EPA 904/9-79-044,
Pennak, R.W. 1978. Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States. 2nd
Edition. Wiley Interscience, New York. 803 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Final Environmental Impact
Statement: Central Florida Phosphate Industry. EPA
904/9-78-026B.
Zellars-Williams, Inc. 1978. Evaluation of the phosphate deposits of
Florida using the minerals availability system. Prepared for U.S.
Bureau of Mines, Contract No. J0377000. Lakeland, Florida.
Zellars-Williams, Inc. 1980. An analysis of topsoil replacement as a
means of enhancing the agricultural productivity of reclaimed
phosphate lands. Lakeland, Florida.
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3.0 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
ALTERNATIVES
3.1 AIR QUALITY, METEOROLOGY, AND NOISE
3.1.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1.1 METEOROLOGY
Temperature
The 30-year annual average temperature in Wauchula is 72.4°F. The
maximum monthly average temperature (81.6°F) occurs in August, whereas
the minimum monthly average temperature (61.8*F) occurs in January. For
the CF site, the annual average temperature for 1981 was 68*F, with a
maximum monthly average temperature of 80°F occurring in July and August
and a minimum monthly average temperature of 56°F occurring in February
and December.
Precipitation
The annual average rainfall in Wauchula is 54.7 inches, whereas the
maximum monthly rainfall occurs in July with 9.04 inches, and the
minimum monthly rainfall occurs in November with 1.63 inches. For the
stations at the CF site, the annual average rainfall for 1981 ranged
from approximately 33 to 44 inches, with maximum monthly rainfall
occurring in August and minimum monthly rainfall occurring in April for
most of the stations.
Humidity and Fog
As would be expected in an area of high rainfall and subtropical
temperatures, central Florida's humidity is moderate to high. The
highest humidity usually occurs around dawn, with the lows occurring in
the early afternoon. Associated with the humidity is the occurrence of
ground fog, which is observed most often during the winter. Most heavy
fog lifts rapidly'after sunrise and dissipates before noon.
Wind Direction and Speed
Winds in central Florida are dominated by the sub-tropical conditions
that produce easterly and southerly winds. The most common winds on an
annual basis in this area are between northeast and south. Annual
average and seasonal average wind roses for 1981 for the CF site are
illustrated in Figures 3.1.1-1 and 3.1.1-2, respectively.
3-1
-------
NE
W
SW
SOURCE: CF INDUSTRIES QUARTERLY
REPORTS, 1981.
SCALE: 1 inch = 5%
Figure 3.1.1-1
ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND ROSE FOR
THE CF SITE, 1981
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-2
-------
NW
BW
NB
JUN - AUG
SOURCE: CF INDUSTRIES QUARTERLY
REPORTS, 1981.
NW
B W
BW
NW
MAR•MAY
N
NB
SEP-NOV
SCALE: 1 inch = 10%
Figure 3.1.1-2
SEASONAL AVERAGE WIND ROSES
FOR THECF SITE, 1981
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-3
-------
Atmospheric stability is an evaluation of the dispersive capacity of the
atmosphere and is used to determine the potential concentration of
pollutants. Turner (1964) developed stability classes which range from
A (very unstable) to F (stable). As the atmosphere becomes more stable,
its dispersive capacity decreases and the dissipation of pollutants is .
reduced. The relative frequency of occurrence of each stability class
at the National Weather Service (NWS) station at Tampa International
Airport (TLA), based on 43,824 hourly observations over a 5-year period
from 1971 to 1975 (NOAA, 1975), is presented in the following list:
Stability Class Frequency of Occurrence
A - very unstable 0.4 percent
B - moderately unstable 6.0 percent
C - slightly unstable 15.6 percent
D - neutral 37.8 percent
E,F - slightly stable, stable 40.2 percent
Conditions at the Hardee Phosphate Complex II site are expected to be
similar to the conditions experienced at Tampa due to the proximity of
the two sites. Slightly lower wind speeds and a slight increase in
unstable conditions (A,B,C) may be expected at the CF site due to its
inland location compared to the NWS station at TIA.
3. 1. 1. 2 AIR QUALITY
The major industrial sources of pollutants in the region are from
electric utilities and the phosphate industry. Among the primary
pollutants associated with the phosphate industry are SC^i TSP, and
insoluble fluorides. EPA (1978a) reports that these result from the
following phosphate industry activities:
"• SO2 originates primarily from the burning of sulfur containing
fossil fuels and the manufacture of sulfuric acid from elemental
sulfur (Pedco, 1976a; EPA, 1977).
3-4
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« TSP is generated by fuel-burning, drying, grinding, and material
transport, as well as by some stages of mining (Pedco, 1975;
1976a, 1976b).
• Fluorides arise from various chemical processes, drying and
calcining, fluoride removal for feed preparation, and gypsum and
cooling-water ponds (ESE, 1977a; Tessitore, 1975, 1976)."
EPA (1978a) summarizes point and area source emissions over a 7-county
area in west central Florida. From these data it is noted that
Hillsborough point sources are dominated by the power industry, while
Polk County point sources are dominated by the phosphate industry.
Emission sources in Manatee County are low to moderate (with some
utility and phosphate industry activity), while emission sources in the
surrounding counties of Charlotte, DeSoto, Hardee, and Sarasota are
relatively insignificant. In the industrial counties (Polk and
Hillsborough), point sources dominate; for the other five counties, area
sources dominate.
CF has gathered ambient air monitoring data at the Hardee Phosphate
Complex II site since September 1975. Annual geometric mean TSP levels
are generally low for all stations for most years and reflect
background, rural TSP levels. All annual geometric means are less than
the Florida AAQS of 60 ug/ra3. Over the 6-year monitoring period, five
24-hour concentrations in excess of the 150 ug/m3 Florida AAQS were
recorded. The causes of the high values are not known, and judging from
the remainder of the data base, can be attributed only to local
phenomena such as agricultural operations, open burning, or forest
fires. The Florida 24-hour AAQS for TSP can be exceeded once per year
at each monitoring station, and the data show that the second highest
24-hour observation at each station was below the 150 ug/m3 level.
Therefore, no violations of the TSP standard were recorded over the
monitoring period.
3-5
-------
The maximum annual average S02 concentration recorded at any of eight
stations at the CF Hardee Chemical Complex II site was 29 ug/m3, which
is about 50 percent of the Florida annual SC<2 AAQS of 60 ug/m3.
Annual averages for most years are less than 20 ug/m3, reflective of
rural air quality conditions.
Annual average fluoride concentrations at the CF site range from
0.3 ug/m3 to 1.6 ug/m^, with moat averages being less than
1.0 ug/m3. No AAQS exist for F in the State of Florida.
3.1.1.3 NOISE
Hardee County is predominantly rural and depends 'upon agriculture as its
economic mainstay. The proposed site, the Hardee Phosphate Complex II,
has primarily open rangeland, improved pasture, and forest land uses.
Property surrounding the site is rural agricultural and is very sparsely
populated. The nearest muncipality to the site is Wauchula, the county
seat, about 2 miles away. No major noise sources are currently located
within the site or in the near vicinity. The property is traversed by
the Seaboard Systems Railroad, and bounded on the north by SR 62.
U.S. Highway 17 is located roughly 2.5 miles east of the site. These
transportation facilities are currently the most significant
anthropogenic noise sources in proximity to the site.
From monitoring information at similar locations and previous phosphate
EIS's, ambient L&n noise levels at the CF site can be expected to be
between 40 and 50 dBA. Higher levels could be experienced during
periods of heavy traffic on SR 62 when the SCL railroad passes, and
during periods of increased wildlife activity.
The'projected noise levels at the CF site can be expected to increase
slightly without the proposed project due to increased vehicular and
rail activity stimulated by future phosphate mining operations a few
miles south of the site in central Hardee County. The major population
growth corridor in Hardee County lies along U.S. 17 between Bowling
3-6
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Green and Zolfo Springs and may contribute to somewhat higher on-site
noise levels from increased anthropogenic activity (e.g., additional
traffic on U.S. 17 and SR 62).
3.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.1.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
Mining
Dragline Mining (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
The electrically powered draglines would not generate point source
combustion emissions of air pollutants. Small quantities of fugitive
dust may be generated during overburden removal and matrix extraction,
but because these mined materials would be generally wet, dust emissions
would occur only in isolated cases when surface areas become dry.
Vehicular traffic from operations and maintenance personnel on roadways
in the mining area would constitute sources of air pollutant emissions
consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and
hydrocarbons. Ground level emissions of fugitive dust would also be
generated by this traffic flow. These impacts would be insignificant
since the emissions would be intermittent and would be confined
primarily to the proposed mine site.
The mining method requires that land be cleared ahead of the actual
mining operation. The average acreage being cleared at any given time
will be about 80 acres, but this figure can vary depending on the type
of land to be cleared and the time of year. During the dry season,
clearing will generally be limited to preparing 3 to 6 months of work
area in advance of the dragline, unless the area to be mined is heavily
vegetated. In the case of pine flatwoods-palmetto rangeland, clearing
must be initiated several months prior to mining to allow complete
removal of any woody material that might interfere with the mining
process. In such areas, it will also be desirable to clear sufficient
land for 2 to 3 months mining prior to the onset of the rainy season.
3-7
-------
Approximately 11,240 acres at the site have vegetation requiring
clearing and disposal. The air quality impact of this clearing would be
minimal because the emissions would be intermittent and the rural
setting would allow for the rapid dispersion of pollutants.
When necessary, the vegetation on land to be mined would be burned.
Such open burning would be conducted according to the applicable rules
and regulations (Florida Administrative Code, Chapter 17-5, Open Burning
and Forest Protection Fires; and Chapter 51-2, Rural Open Burning).
These rules specify that:
• Open burning be conducted in a manner, under conditions, and
within certain periods that will reduce or eliminate the
deleterious effect of air pollution caused by open burning.
• Open burning may be conducted only between the hours of 9:00 a.m.
and one hour before sunset, or upon direct permission of the
Division of Forestry for other hours of the day.
• The size, moisture content, and composition of the refuse piles
shall be such so as to minimize air pollution and ensure that all
burning will be completed within the allowable time period.
According to the results of the noise monitoring program conducted as
part of Estech's environmental assessment (EPA, 1979a), noise levels
between 55 and 62 dBA are expected at a distance of 200 feet from an
operating electric dragline. Under a "worst case" situation (highest
recorded sound level on site and the highest noise level for an
operating dragline) an Ldn value of 68 dBA could occur. This
maximum noise level is greater than the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development's (HUD) normally unacceptable threshold of 65 dBA, but
less than HUD's unacceptable level of 75 dBA. The maximum value is
expected to occur offsite only if the dragline is operating 200 feet or
less from the property line. Traffic associated with the construction
and operation of the mine would not significantly affect the existing
noise environment.
3-8
-------
Matrix Transport
Slurry Matrix Transport (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
No fugitive dust emissions would be associated with the pipeline
transfer of wet slurry. Because the slurry pumps would be driven by
electric motors, pumping would not result in any point source emissions
at the site. The electric booster pumps would be the only source of
noise associated with this matrix transfer system. The noise generated
by the pumps would not contribute to the offsite noise environment for
three reasons: (1) the pumps would be widely spaced among the pipeline
route, (2) the pipeline route itself would be away from the property
boundaries, and (3) the pump stations would be low noise generation
sources. A peak sound pressure level of 68 dBA for the combination of a
dragline and slurry pit pipeline has been measured (EPA, 1979a).
Matrix Processing
Conventional Matrix Processing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
None of the component operations of conventional beneficiation are
considered to be major air pollution sources. There are no combustion
sources and no drying processes that involve the blowing of air through
product or waste material. Wind erosion losses from product dumping
into rail cars or pebble storage piles may result in minor amounts of
fugitive dust emissions; however, the use of water as a transfer medium
and the moist nature of the product would prevent fugitive dust from
becoming a problem. The impact of the dust generated would be
negligible by the time it reaches CF's property boundary.
Transfer and storage of some of the flotation reagents could result in
emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC). For example, when a
kerosene tank is filled, vapor in the tank headspace would be vented to
the atmosphere. Similar emissions are also possible from storage and
transfer of fatty acids, amines, and No. 5 fuel oil. These potential
emissions would be quite small, however, due to the low vapor pressures
of the materials stored on-site.
3-9
-------
Based on the Estech study, the conventional beneficiation plant is
expected to generate noise levels between 70 and 75 dBA at a distance of
approximately 200 feet. The beneficiation plant is approximately 2,000
feet from the nearest noise sensitive receptor. Noise generated by the
operation of the plant would be attenuated to less than 55 dBA over that
distance, not considering the additional attenuating characteristics of
groundcover, foliage, and raanmade or natural barriers. Therefore, the
contribution of the conventional beneficiation plant to the offsite
noise environment will not affect even the nearest potential receptor.
Reclamation
CF Industries' Proposed Reclamation Plan
CF Industries proposes to use a combination of reclamation techniques,
with the sand/clay mix disposal technique to be the predominant method.
Other reclamation activities would include: sand tailings fill areas
with overburden cap; lake construction; and wetland and stream channel
reclamation.
During any of these operations, earthraoving equipment would generate
fugitive dust and combustion emissions as land is leveled and topography
is altered. Emissions and associated fugitive dust would rapidly
disperse over the open mine site, resulting in a negligible impact.
During the period between mining and reclamation of any given area, the
barren landscape may give rise to fugitive dust emissions. After one
year, revegetation of the barren areas would occur through natural
seeding, providing temporary cover until reclamation and revegetation.
At 50 feet from the equipment, scrapers, bulldozers, and graders
characteristically have peak noise levels of 87 dBA, 86 dBA, and 84 dBA,
respectively. Using a noise prediction methodology developed by the
Federal Highway Administration for heavy equipment operation, day-night
equivalent noise levels adjacent to construction areas will increase
while such activities are in progress. Earthraoving equipment for
construction would normally be operated during the daytime for 8 to
3-10
-------
10 hours each weekday. Construction would not occur any closer than 200
feet from any receptor. During a construction period, therefore,
equivalent noise levels 200 feet from a construction site would be
approximately 75 dBA, assuming no attenuation due to groundcover,
foliage, and raanmade or natural barriers. At various locations adjacent
to the site, L
-------
Truck Product Transport
Approximately 260 truck trips would be needed to transport the 6,500
tons of product carried by one train. The trucks would use about six
times the energy required for rail transport and would result in a
significant increase in emissions of air pollutants. If all the trucks
use State Route 62 to enter and exit the mine site, the traffic-
generated noise levels along the road segment would increase
substantially. During full mine production, the L
-------
3.2 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
3.2.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.2.1.1 GEOLOGY
The project site is located in northwestern Hardee County, Florida,
within the Polk Upland region of the mid-peninsula physiographic zone as
described by White (1970). The Polk Upland is a broad, slightly
dissected, marine terrace, ranging in elevation from 100 to 150 feet
above mean sea level (msl).
The geologic formations identified by previous onsite drilling
investigations range in age from Eocene to Recent. In ascending order,
the formations encountered were: the Lake City Limestone, Avon Park
Limestone, and Ocala Group of Eocene age; the Suwannee Limestone of
Oligocene age; the Tampa and Hawthorn Formations of Miocene age; and
undifferentiated clastic deposits ranging in age from Pliocene to Recent.
A general stratigraphic section for the site area is shown in
Figure 3.2.1-1.
The occurrence of solution features varies throughout the region and is
restricted by the thickness of overburden over solution-prone limestones
and the depth of the potentiometric surface. The thick layer of solu-
tion-resistant clastic sediments (White, 1970) above the Hawthorn forma-
tion and the occurrence of a near-surface water table in the region of
the mine site combine to reduce the potential for sinkhole development.
The basement rocks in Florida consist of both crystallines and sediments,
The crystalline rocks range from granites to basalt flows and pyro-
clastics, while the sediments are primarily unmetamorphosed to very
weakly metamorphosed noncalcareous shales and sandstones (Aoplin and
Applin, 1944). The basement rocks are pre-Cretaceous in age. They are
overlain by a wedge of Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments. This wedge
thickens from about 4,300 feet in southeastern Georgia to nearly 12,000
feet in Southern Peninsula Florida.
3-13
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Om
zool
400
-
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MJ
O
Ik
«
VI
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g 800
c
0
»
o
_l
hJ
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u.
z
z
H
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I4O<
160
GEOLOGIC ACE
PERIOD
•UATCHMAHT AHO
TtHTIAHY
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TERTIARY
) —
3 —
°[
_
EPOCH
•tiocmt ro
•CCCMT
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
, —
STNATICRAPHIC
UNIT
vrnn UHOIFFCMMI-IATCO
CLAtTICI
HAWTHORN
FORMATION
^
?e
LIMESTONE
SANO A CLAY
SUWANNCC
LIMESTONE
=
c
0
_l
o
o
AVON PARK LIMESTONE |
CRYSTAL RIVER
FORMATION
WILLISTON
FORMATION
INGLIS
FORMATION
UPPER
LIMESTONE
DOLOMITE
ZONE
LOWER
LIMESTONE
LAKE CtTY
LIMC3TONC
Figure 3.2.1-1
SUMMARY OF SITE GEOLOGY
SOURCE: CF MINING CORPORATION, 1976.
THICKNESS
(FEET)
40
330
61
36
208
95
60
110
90
230
330
112*
, I -• i— ' -i - —
"
•S
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-U
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Throughout Florida the Cretaceous and overlying Cetiozoic section consists
primarily of shallow-water marine carbonates and evaporites; claystones;
and partially cemented to uncemented sands, silts, and clays. Cenozoic
strata are the only units which were encountered during previous
investigations conducted on the property.
Each stratigraphic unit pictured in Figure 3.2.1-1 is described in the
following paragraphs.
Lake City Limestone
At the CF site, the Lake City consists of medium brown to very light
brown, moderately soft to indurated fossiliferous limestone. Dolomite
also is present scattered throughout the upper part of the formation.
The contact between the Lake City and'the overlying Avon Park at a depth
of about 1,590 feet in the DF well was based on the occurrence of
abundant nodules of evaporite minerals at that depth. Thickness of the
Lake City at the project site is a minimum 110 feet.
Avon Park Limestone
The Avon Park Limestone, which has a total thickness of about 650 feet in
the DF well, consists of three lithic types at the CF site. The basal
unit of the Avon Park is dominantly limestone and very similar to the
underlying Lake City Limestone except for an absence of evaporite
material. In the DF well the basal unit is approximately 330 feet thick
and occurs between depths of about 1,590 and 1,260 feet below ground
level. The middle unit is a dark yellowish brown to light yellowish
brown, fine to medium grained, crystalline and highly indurated dolomite
approximately 230 feet thick between depths of 1,030 and 1,260 feet below
ground level. Within the dolomite unit, at depths between 1,130 and
1,160 is a dark, granular, gravel-like dolomite "rubble" zone. This zone
also described by Stewart (1966) in Polk County contains abundant
solution features and fractures commonly lined by coarse to fine,
well-developed crystals. The upper unit is a very light brown, very fine
grained to coarse grained dense crystalline to coarse grained bioclastic
limestone approximately 90 feet thick between depths of 940 and 1,030
feet below ground surface.
3-15
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Ocala Group
The Ocala Group as described by Stewart (1966) in Polk County includes
three formations. In ascending order these are: the Inglis Formation,
the Williston Formation, and the Crystal River Formation. These
formations were also identified in the DF well at the CF Mining
Corporation site in Hardee County.
The Inglis Formation is a white to cream to dark brown, generally hard to
very hard, granular, partially to highly dolomitized, highly fossili-
ferous limestone with local soft chalky zones. The Inglis unconformably
overlies the Avon Park Limestone and is present between depths of 830 and
940 feet below ground surface. Total thickness of the Inglis. is about
100 feet.
Overlying the Inglis Formation in Hardee County is the Williston
Formation which consists of white to cream to brown, generally soft,
coarse limestone with coquina of foraminifers set in a chalky, calcite
matrix. The lower 5 to 15 feet are usually harder than the rest of the
formation due to dolomitization. At the CF site in Hardee County, the
Williston Formation was observed between depths of 770 to 830 feet for a
thickness of about 60 feet.
The Crystal River Formation as observed at the project site in Hardee
County is a white to tan, medium grained to chalky limestone with large
foraninifers common. The thickness in the project area is about 95 feet
between depths of 675 and 770 feet below ground surface in the DF well.
Suwannee Limestone
In northwestern Hardee County, the Suwannee is a white to very light
brown limestone with fine to coarse, carbonate grains in a carbonate
matrix. Echinoid fragments are common. Wilson (1975) states that the
contact between the Suwannee Limestone and the overlying Tampa Limestone
can often be identified on gamma logs by the marked decrease of gamma-ray
intensity in the Suwannee. This was observed on gamma logs from the Deep
3-16
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Floridan Test Well at about 466 feet below ground surface. The thickness
of the Suwannee at the project site is therefore about 210 feet.
Tampa Formation
In the Deep Floridan Test Well at the CF site, the Tampa Formation was
observed between depths of 370 and 467 feet below ground surface. The
formation consists of two units. These are an upper limestone unit and a
lower sand and clay unit. The upper contact with the Hawthorn Formation
is determined on the basis of a distinct lithic change from a sandy,
clayey, phosphatic limestone of the Hawthorn to a relatively pure,
slightly sandy and slightly phosphatic, fossiliferous limestone of the
Tampa. This contact was observed in drill cuttings and on gamma logs and
occurs at about 370 feet below ground surface. The thickness of the
limestone unit is 61 feet at the Deep Floridan Test Well. The lower unit
of the Tampa is a dark greenish gray sandy clay. The upper few feet of
the clay are silicified. The top of the lower unit is placed at 431 feet
below ground surface which indicates a thickness of 36 feet for the sand
and clay and a total of 97 feet for the Tampa Formation at the project
site.
Hawthorn Formation
In the Deep Floridan Test Well, the Hawthorn was observed between depths
of 43 and 370 feet below ground surface. The formation consisted of
yellowish gray grading to medium gray to very light gray, fine grained,
indurated to very soft, pure to abundantly phosphatic and sandy
limestone. The clay content increased with depth becoming very clayey in
the lower portion. Chert also occurs scattered through the lower
portion.
Upper Undifferentiated elastics
The Upper Undifferentiated elastics may be divided into three units at
the site: a lower phosphatic clay unit, a coarse clastic unit, and an
upper sand unit. Individual units vary in lateral extent and in
*
lithologic and hydrologic characteristics. In some areas the upper unit
3-17
-------
consists predominantly of clean sands, while clayey gravels are present
in a few wells. Generally the section comprises sandy phosphatic clays
overlain by 0 to 40 feet of sands and clayey sands. The lower clay
functions as a confining bed between the Hawthorn and the upper sand
unit. Figure 3.2.1-2 Illustrates the detailed stratigraphy of these
geologic units in the area of the proposed mine site.
Regional structural features that have influenced the geology at the
project area are the South Florida Basin, the Kissimmee Faulted Flexure,
and the Ocala Uplift (Figure 3.2.1-3). The South Florida Basin is a
downwarp structure that plunges westward toward the Gulf of Mexico with
its axis trending east-west. Sediments within ten basin are Mesozoic and
Cenozoic in age and have a gentle dip to the southwest. The basin
subsided slowly from Jurassic to Middle Eocene. During this time, the
environment of the basin was essentially that of a shallow to deep shelf
supporting carbonate and evaporitic cyclic deposition. The Kissimmee
Faulted Flexure is a local, fault-bounded tilted and rotated block of
Eocene or Oligocene age extending down the Florida Peninsula in Orange,
Osceola, and Lake Counties. The regional structural feature that has the
most significant effect on the project site Is the Ocala Uplift, a
gentle, local anticlinal structure.
The Ocala Uplift centers around outcrops of the Ocala Group (Upper
Eocene) and Avon Park Limestone (Late Middle Eocene) in Citrus, Dixie,
and Levy Counties on the West Coast of the peninsula. Where exposed, the
uplift is about 230 miles long and 20 miles wide. Fracturing and
faulting of the Tertiary rocks is associated with the development of the
uplift (Vernon, 1951).
3.2.1.2 SOILS
The project site has been surveyed by the United States Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and also by other qualified
soil scientists (Figure 3.2.1-4). Soil-landscape-vegetation relation-
ships and associations on previously surveyed areas were used as a basis
for differentiating soils in unmapped areas.
3-18
-------
120
110
100
«
UJ 90
O
03
5 80
70
60
CB2
LOCATION OF
CROSS SECTION!
""
2 MILES
SCALE
KEY:
p^i!:!i3 SAND, SILT WITH SOME CLAY
^^ SAND AND CLAY
I-------3 CLAY LENS
• C'>M SAND AND CLAY WITH LEACHED
v-v~''1 PHOSPHATE (LEACHED ZONE)
V.V.-'I SAND AND CLAY WITH
i ••'?'••>• 1 PHOSPHATE (CONTAINS MATRIX)
SAND AND CLAY WITH
LEAN PHOSPHATE
LIMESTONE
Figure 3.2.1-2
GENERALIZED CROSS SECTION OF UPPER
STRATIGRAPHY ON COMPLEX II
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
SOURCE: CF DPI.
KISSIMMEE
FAULTED
FLEXURE
*0/,
Figure 3.2.1.-3
REGIONAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
3-20
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1-1S-II
N
M U'lf.i riNt IA*D 1HIN Sua'ACI
r i ONI n*c
10- *A
PAAKWOOO iOAMT I IMC IANO
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-WAHATCC LOAUt f INt S
-HIAKBA r IN! (AND
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« PAMLICO MUCK WAS RENAMED TOMOKA MUCK IN 1979
t SWAMP WAS RENAMED DELRAY MUCKY FINE SAND IN 1»7B
»tj. i«
Figure 3.2.1-4
RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY MAP OF SITE
SOURCE: DAMES & MOORE, CF DRI, 1976 (REVISED)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
Soil Types
Approximately 62 percent of the CF property consists of soils formed on
broad upland areas. Myakka, Wabasso, and Wauchula are the dominant
soils. These are highly leached, moderately wet, poorly drained, and
strongly acid soils. Thirty-three percent of the property consists of
soils formed in marshes and swampy areas. The marsh soils are dominated
by the Basinger, Felda, Placid, and Pompano series. The swampy soils are
represented by the Bradenton, Delray (prior to 1979, name was Swamp
Soils), and Tomoka series (prior to 1979, name was Pamlico Muck). These
swampy soils are generally dark colored, poorly to very poorly drained
soils, often calcareous at the surface, occurring in.low areas with an
organic surface layer that varies in thickness from 2 to 30 inches. About
5 percent of the property consists of soils formed primarily on the flat
uplands surrounding the marshes and swampy areas. The represented soils
include the Felda, Manatee, Ona, Parkwood, and Pompano series. These are
poorly to very poorly drained, neutral to slightly acid, and somewhat
less leached than those soils found in the flatwood areas. Of these
soils, only the Ona series has a subsurface organic-rich horizon. The
soils are often underlain by calcareous clayey materials.
Drainage and Permeability
All of the soils onsite are wet. Some are flooded for part of the year,
and a portion is flooded for most of the year. In the wettest part of
the year (June to October), the water table is typically within a foot
of the soil surface.
The permeability of these soils ranges from 0.6 inch per hour (moderate)
to greater than 20 inches per hour (very rapid). The low values result
from a subsurface layer of higher silt and clay sized particles.
A low dust potential is characteristic of most of the site soils due to
their low organic matter, clay, and silt content. Pamlico muck, if
3-22
-------
exposed and dry, is the only soil on the site with high dust potential.
In the undisturbed state, soils on the site have a low erosion potential
due to the flat topography, the sandy nature of the soils, and the
presence of good vegetative cover. Depth to bedrock is greater than
60 inches for all soils on the site. The presumptive bearing value of
sandy soils on this site is high when the soils are dry, but it is low
when the soils are wet. The bearing value of soils in marshy or swampy
areas, especially for soils with high organic content, is very low. Soil
characteristics for onsite soils are summarized in Table 3.2.1-1.
Agricultural Productivity
Agricultural productivity is limited on all site soils due to wetness.
Some type of water control measure must be implemented before the
potential productivity can be raised. The flatwoods soils and those
soils surrounding the marshes, if drained and intensively managed, have
a medium potential for vegetables or improved pasture, low potential for
citrus, and moderately high potential for pine plantations. The marsh
and swamp soils are not suitable for planting vegetables or citrus
because of the difficulty of draining or the frequency of flooding.
Pine plantations can be productive if the water problem is flooding by
nearby streams rather than a high water table.
3.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.2.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
Mining
Dragline Mining (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Over the life of the mine, 14,925 acres will be disturbed, an average of
553 acres per year. Included in this area are approximately 695 acres
of Category I-C and I-D wetlands (decision to mine depends on EPA
approval of wetland reclamation success in other areas). The mining
process will alter soils, overburden, and the upper part of the Hawthorn
Formation containing the phosphate matrix. The depth of this dis-
3-23
-------
OTISSUP82-T.6/HIB4-3.2
5/31/84
Table 3.2.1-1. Characteristics of Site Soils
Soil Type
Baainger
Bradenton
Felda
bnukalee
Manatee
W Hyakka
i
N)
^ Ona
PaBlico
Parkuood
Placid
PoBpano
»"->
Uabaaso
Wauchula
NLnber
20
26
40
60
69
72
77
80
82
86
94
103
106
112
Landscape Position
at the Site
Grassy Banhea
low lying humxk
areas
Areas near Banhea
-depressions
Near centers of
flat high areas
Level depression*!
aanhes
Level fist high
areas
Level Oat areas
around Banhes
Marshes
Flat areas bor-
dering Banhes
Level depression*!
•arahea
Flat area* bor-
dering avenhea
Depressed • «iys
and along stream
Flat area* bor-
dering Banhea
Flat areas bor-
dering Banhea
Drainage
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Very poor
Poor
Poor
Very poor
Poor
Very poor
Poor
Very poor
Poor
Poor
Texture
Surface
Fine sand
Fine aand
Fine aand
Fine sand
Loaay fine
sand
Sard
Fine sand
Hick
Fine aand
Fine aand
Fine sard
Hick and sand
Fine aand
Fine aand
(USM)
Subsoil
Fine sand
Fine sandy
loan
Sandy loam;
sandy clay
lorn
Fine sand
Fine sandy
loaa
Sand
Fine sand
loaay aand
Loony fine
sand
Fine aand
Fine aand
Fine sard
Fine sard
Fine sandy
loaa
Dust
Potential
low
Low
low
Low
federate
federate-
low
Moderate-
Low
High
Low
federate
Low
(tone
low
low
Bros ion
Potential
low
low
Low
Low
low
Low
Low
Wind-high
Water-low
low
low
low
None
Low
low
Depth to
Bedrock*
X>0"
>60"
>60"
>60"
>60"
>60"
>6O"
>60"
>60"
>60"
>60
>60"
>60"
>60"
Perae ability
>20
0.6-20
0.6-20
0.6-20
0.6-20
0.6-20
0.6-20
0.6-20
2.0-20
6.0-20
>20
>20
0.6-20
0.6-20
Wet Seaooo
Elevation
(in feet>*
+2 to-1
»1 to-1
+2 to -1
0 to-1
»1 to-1
Oto-1
0 to-1
+1 to-1
0 to-1
Oto-1
0 to-1
+2 to-1
Oto-1
+1 to-1
Water Tabie
IXration *
(in acntha)
June-Feb
June-Feb
, June—Fd>
Jtne-Oct
Jine-flar
June-Oct
June-No/
June-Apr
June-Get
June-Feb
June-tow
9-12 «oe.
June-Feb
June-Oct
Presumptive
Bearing
Value +t
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Net-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Net-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Low-none
Dry-high
Wet-low
Dry-high
Wet-low
Reservoir
Bobanlnent
Suitabilities ***
Very poor
Very poor
federate
Very poor
Very poor
Very poor
Very poor
Very poor
federate-
Very poor
Very poor
Very poor
\fery poor
Very poor
Very poor
* Derived firaa ISM Soil Oanservation Service soil series descriptions and soil survey interpretation aheeta. Bedrock la
defined as the solid rock that underlies the soil and other consolidated material.
tValues denote rangea for the entire soil profile.
** Elevation ia with respect to ground surface.
tt High - greater than 2000 paf; low • leas than 2000 paf.
• ** Surficial soils will be sodifed by construction procedures to meet engineering design criteria prior to constriction.
Source: CF Mining Corporation, 1976b.
-------
turbance will vary between 50 and 70 feet. The native soils as
described by SCS will no longer exist and will be replaced by a mixture
of overburden materials and waste sand and clay. As mining progresses,
vegetation will also be destroyed. An average of 80 acres of woody
vegetation will be cleared ahead of mining, with the actual amount
depending on the season and type of vegetative cover. Less land is
cleared during the dry season, more prior to the wet season, and more if
the vegetation is pine flatwoods-palmetto rangeland.
The surficial aquifer piezometric surface will be lowered in the
vicinity of the mine pit as a result of dewatering for dragline mining.
There should be no increase in solutioning activity resulting from these
activities since the water table will not be lowered below the limestone
units. Therefore, the mining activities are not anticipated to cause
collapse features on the site. Because of the depth of known collapse
features in the Tampa Formation, which Lies at a depth of about
400 feet, no collapse features should result from loading, construction,
or other near surface activities.
Two acres of Category I-A wetlands will be disturbed while moving a
dragline across Horse Creek, both before and after mining a parcel of
land. The immediate impact will consist of potential for erosion and
destruction of vegetation. Erosion potential will be minimized in
these wetlands by planting and maintaining grasses on the disturbed soil
areas. Long-term impact of vegetation loss is expected to be minimized
by implementation of reclamation plans and by the location of the
adjacent floodplain forest which will act as a seed source for
revegetation.
Plant Siting
The location of the CF Industries beneficiation plant and support
facilities is planned to:
1. Minimize the disruption of environmentally sensitive areas;
2. Minimize the consumption of energy used in the movement of
water, ore, and waste products;
3-25
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3. Minimize the cost of transportation facilities (road and
railroad) and utility construction;
4. Minimize fill and ensure the site is all upland; and
5. Minimize phosphate reserve loss.
The plant and support activities will impact approximately 60 acres of
soil during the life of the mining operation. Land within this area
will be cleared of vegetation, and the soils will be graded according to
needs. The impacts to soils will include minor removal of soil for some
foundations. Impacts to soils will be temporary (during the life of the
plant) . The agricultural productivity of impacted soils should be
equivalent to the productivity of the original native soils soon after
the soils are reclaimed.
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
Sand-Clay Mixing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Most of the waste sand and clay generated by the processing of matrix
will be disposed through sand-clay mixing. Some sand tailings will be
disposed separately as a fill material in rained areas. The sand-clay
mix plan will result in the following reclaimed areas: sand-clay mix,
9,083 acres; sand tailings fill, 2,213 acres; mined areas for land and
lakes, 2,399 acres; and overburden fill areas and disturbed natural
ground, 1,230 acres.
Samples from other CF Industries sand-clay mix areas were analyzed for
sand/clay ratios and for several agronomically important properties,
i.e., pH and extractable phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Characteristics of typical pre-mine soils were obtained from the Hardee
County Soil Survey and from the .Farmland EIS (U.S. EPA, 1981) and are
presented with those of CF reclaimed soils in Table 3.2.2-1.
The chemical and physical characteristics of the sand/clay mix are
potentially agriculturally superior to native soils. The native soils
3-26
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Table 3.2.2-1. Chenical Data: Natural Soils and Sand/Clay Mix Areas on CF Complex I Reclanaticn
Areas
CaO
P205 K20
Sanple Texture pH (Ib/acre) (Ib/acre) acre) (Ib/acre)
Source
Sand/Clay Qay
Sand/Clay Clay
Sand/Clay Clay
Sand/Clay Clay
Native Sand
Pine Flat-
woods Soil
Native
Range Soil
Myakka Sand
Felda Sand
6.6 916 (VH)* 173 (HI) 5,599 2,667 (Hi) CF Complex I Reclaimed
Area
6.6 916 (VH) 173 (Hi) 5,599 2,667 (Hi) CF Complex I Reclaimed
Area
6.9 916 (VH) 77 (I£» 5,599 2,667 (HI) CF Complex I Reclaimed
Area
6.9 916 (VH) 77 (LO) 5,599 2,667 (HI) CF Complex I Reclaimed
Area
4.9 — 36 (VLO) 604 66 (ID) Pine-Flatwoods in
Hardee County
4.2 8 (LO) 40 (LO) 360 66 (Hi) Farmland EI3
4.4 — 29 (LO) 526 149 (HI) Hardee County Soil Survey
4.8 — 38 (LO) 292 89 (HI) Hardee County Soil Survey
*Soil Testing Laboratory, University of Florida (IFAS), Soil Nutrient Content Category:
(VH) » Very higji.
(HI) » Higfr.
(LO) - Low.
Sources: U.S. EPA, Farmland EIS, 1981.
U.S. SCS, 1979.
CF, 1982.
ESE, 1985.
3-27
-------
onsite are typically very strongly acid, sandy, poorly drained, and
relatively infertile. These soils can contain large quantities of
organic matter. Compared to the native soils, those soils which develop
in sand/clay mix areas are generally less acid, more clayey, more
fertile, and contain lower amounts of organic matter. Because of the
sand/clay mix nutrient and pH status, smaller applications of lime and
phosphate fertilizer will be needed for crop yields equivalent to those
from native soils. The sand/clay mix soils do not supply adequate
nitrogen to plants (N), and only sometimes do they supply adequate
potassium (K). Additions of fertilizer N and K will be necessary for
optimum crop growth. Soil test results indicate that sand/clay mix soils
(or any other mine soils) can be compared to native soils only with some
reservation (Hanlon, 1985).
Although the soil test results for constituents of the sand/clay mix
samples (Table 3.2.2-1) have been classified as very low (VLO), low
(LO), high (HI), and very high (VH), these categories are based on crop
productivity of native soils rather than on crop productivity of mine
soils (Kidder, 1985). Such classification remains questionable until
fertilizer recommendations can also be correlated with yields of crops
grown on mine soils.
Soil textures have been calculated from the sand/clay ratios of
157 samples taken from 16 cores in the CF Complex I Reclamation Area R-2
(Ardaman & Associates, February and April 1981). These cores, varying
in depth from 5.5 to 24 feet, were subsampled at 1-foot intervals. The
results of the classification of the subsairples by texture are presented
in Table 3.2.2-2. The most common soil texture was found to be sandy
clay loam (68 samples). The textures of surface samples, however, were
generally in the sandy clay to clay categories. If these fine textures
should occur in surface soils of the proposed sand/clay mix areas, some
tillage problems may result until the organic matter content of the soil
increases.
3-28
-------
Table 3.2.2-2. Soil Textures of 157 Sand/Clay Mix Samples from CF
Complex I Reclaimed Area
Soil
Texture
Clay
Sandy Clay
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Loamy Sand
Sand
Number of Samples
in Each Category Range of Sand/Clay Ratios
16
48
68
13
6
6
100% Clay to 0.82:1
0.82:1 to 1.7:1
1.7:1 to 4:1
4:1 to 4.9:1
4.9:1 to 9:1
9:1 to 100% Sand
Sources: Brady, 1974.
Ardaman & Associates, February and April 1981.
ESE, 1985.
3-29
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Sand/clay mix soils will probably have higher Radium-226 contents than
the native soils. Toosoils on the site range from 0.2 to 0.8 picoCuries
Radium-226 per gram of soil. Samples of sand/clay mix from CF
Industries Complex I reclaimed areas were found to contain 18 and
31 picoCuries Radium-226 per gram soil. The results of this testing are
found in Section 3.3, Radiation.
Conventional Sand and Clay Disposal—If conventional sand and clay
disposal techniques, as generally practiced by the phosphate mining
industry in Florida, were used by CF Industries, approximately
10,000 acres of diked clay waste would remain after mining and final
reclamation. Present plans will result in no diked clay waste areas
after final reclamation. The waste clay areas would be less suitable
for agricultural uses than the sand/clay mix areas, primarily due to
soil moisture problems. Proper timing of agricultural operations is
critical to avoid plasticity problems (if the clays are plowed while too
wet) or to avoid severe crusting problems (if the clays are plowed while
too dry). The clay areas are not suitable for development due to lower
load-carrying capacity.
Sand-Clay Cap—This waste disposal method incorporates aspects of both
the conventional and the sand/clay mix disposal techniques. The agro-
nomic properties would be similar to those of the sand/clay mix area and
preferred over the properties of dried clay on an uncapped clay settling
pond. The load-carrying capacity of sand/clay cap areas would be higher
than that of a waste clay area, but the acreage of high carrying
capacity sand tailings fill would decrease since some sand would be used
to make up the sand/clay cap. Dike heights would be higher than those
required for sand/clay mix areas. This would increase the potential for
erosion or dam breaching and decrease the chances of achieving final
contours similar to the pre-mining conditions.
3-30
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Reclamation
CF Industries Proposed Reclamation Plan
All of the disturbed wetland and forest acreage will be replaced, and the
majority of the remaining disturbed lands will be reclaimed to improved
pasture. The types of land use in the pre-mined areas are closely
related to the types of landforms created by the waste disposal plan.
Both improved pasture and wetlands will be constructed on sand/clay mix
areas. Surrounding dams and any protruding overburden spoil piles will
be graded, partially capping the sand/clay mix areas. The naturally
occurring low areas within each sand/clay disposal area will not be
capped, but will be graded and contoured to provide the necessary basins
and drainage channels for wetlands reclamation. The sand/clay mix and
overburden soils used for capping are expected to have good potential for
a variety of land uses, including improved pasture, forestry, cropland,
and wetlands (Zellars-Williams, Inc., 1978; Keen and Sampson, 1983). The
increased moisture retention capacities of the sand/clay mix (relative to
overburden soils or native soils) have the potential for causing high
water levels or ponding. This effect would favor reclamation of
wetlands, and the overburden cap on portions of the disposal areas would
affect soil-moisture relationships to increase the range of agronomic
possibilities.
Two other landforms that will remain after mining and final reclamation
include sand tailings fill areas with overburden cap and mined out areas
for land and lakes. The sand tailings fill with overburden cap areas
will be reclaimed to approximately original contours. This land form has
good potential for improved pasture, forestry, citrus, cropland, and
residential/industrial construction (Zellars-Williams, Inc., 1978).
The land-and-lakes landforms will be reclaimed to pine flatwoods and
hardwoods, wetlands, and lakes. Lakes will be constructed such that
extensive acreages of shallow water and littoral zones will exist at low
and high water levels, respectively, resulting in areas with potential
for wildlife habitat.
3-31
-------
The final topography of the site will be similar to that under existing
conditions. The final topography of the sand and clay mix areas are
designed to average approximately 2 feet above natural grade. As a
result, drainage basin areas of stream channels will be similar to the
existing areas. The major difference for topography will primarily be at
land and lakes reclaimed areas, at which lakes will be reclaimed below
natural grade. Sand tailings fill will be reclaimed to approximately
natural grade and will be capped with 6 to 12 inches of overburden.
Conventional Reclamation Plan
Conventional reclamation techniques as practiced by the Florida
Phosphate Industry correspond to conventional sand and clay disposal
techniques. There would be about 10,000 acres of waste clay areas, all
of which would be less suitable than sand/clay mix areas for a wide
range of agronomic possibilities. This technique would also result in
an increase of about 1,000 acres of land not suitable for development.
Most of the remaining area of the site would probably exist as landforms
covered by graded overburden and would have characteristics similar to
the proposed sand tailing areas with an overburden cap.
Sand Clay Cap
The agronomically important properties of the sand-clay cap would be
similar to those of the sand/clay mix. The height of the dikes needed
to contain the waste clays will result in larger areas of sloping land
and may preclude the potential use of this land in the future for row
crops.
3.2.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
If the no action alternative is taken, the geology and soils of the site
would remain unchanged. The land would remain covered by vegetation,
whether wetland, pine flatwoods-palmetto rangeland, pasture, or limited
agricultural crops.
3-32
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3.3 RADIATION
3.3.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Man has been exposed to radiation from naturally occurring radionuclides
throughout his existence on earth. The primary nuclides contributing to
background dose levels on a worldwide basis are potassium-40 and
nuclides of the uranium-238 and thorium-232 decay chains (EPA, 1972).
These nuclides are contained in varying concentrations in the earth's
crust and in surface and ground waters. In Florida, the nuciides of the
uranium-238 series are the primary source of natural radiation.
The phosphate deposits of Florida contain concentrations of uranium and
its decay products at levels approximately 30 to 60 times greater than
those found in average soil and rock throughout the rest of the United
States. Uranium is found both in the phosphate matrix and in the
overburden in the region, although concentrations in the matrix are
higher and more uniform due to the fact that uranium can replace calcium
in the matrix.
Phosphate mining operations have the potential to increase direct human
exposure to naturally occurring radioactivity. The mining,
transportation, and processing of the phosphate matrix and overburden
can increase exposure by releasing some of these naturally occurring
radioactive materials as gases, airborne particulates, or waterborne
effluents.
The Areawide EIS (EPA, 1978) presented a detailed discussion of radio-
activity in the central Florida phosphate area and its potential
environmental effects. The conclusion of that study was that the
radioactive isotopes of environmental importance in the study area are
those in the uranium-238 decay-series.
3-33
-------
3.3.1.1 URANIUM EQUILIBRIUM
Uranium has two naturally occurring isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-
235. The uranium-238 series has a longer half-life and accounts for
99.28 percent of the naturally occurring uranium. Almost all naturally
occurring radiation in the phosphate deposits is associated with uranium
and its decay products. Although thorium-232 represents the parent
radionuclide of another naturally occurring series, the concentration of
thorium in Florida formations is negligible compared to uranium.
Thorium is, therefore, not discussed further in this report.
In the uranium-238 decay series, decay proceeds from U-238 through 13
intermediate daughter radionuclides until the stable nuclide, Pb-206, is
reached. This decay series and the associated half-lives are shown in
Figure 3.3.1-1. If the entire series is contained in a sealed
environment, a state of equilibrium is reached. In undisturbed
phosphate deposits, such an equilibrium exists at least for the
radionuclides through radium-226. Mining and processing represent
significant disturbances to this equilibrium.
The radionuclides in the uranium decay series which are of greatest
importance to human exposure are radium-226 (Ra-226), its decay product
radon-222 (Rn-22), and the radon daughters poloniura-218, lead-214,
bisrauth-214, and polonium-214. These six radionuclides are responsible
for the majority of human exposure to radioactivity in phosphate raining
and processing.
Ra-226 is of particular interest with respect to human exposure, as it
is chemically similar to calcium and tends to be incorporated in the
same way as calcium in bone and other biological material. Radium's
chemical similarity to calcium is also demonstrated by its tendency to
replace calcium in primary phosphatic apatite. Ra-226 has a relatively
long half-life (1,620 years) and may enter the body through contaminated
drinking water or by breathing suspended particulates contaminated with
radium.
3-34
-------
Cf EIS 03/10/95
Figure 3.3.1-1
URANIUM-238 DECAY SERIES
SOURCE: BOLCH, 1979.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-35
-------
Ra-226 decays to Rn-222, an inert gas. The decay equilibrium from
Ra-226 to Rn-222 is largely dependent upon the mobility of gas out of
the soil and into the atmosphere. In natural undisturbed conditions,
most Rn-222 does not escape the matrix strata.
Rn-222 and its daughters are of special concern because of the potential
mobility of Rn-222 as a gas. Once in the atmosphere, Rn-222 can be
inhaled and thus can increase the exposure to lung tissue.
3.3.1.2 RADIOISOTOPES AND PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
Previous studies (EPA, 1978) have indicated that the uranium present in
central Florida phosphate may have been deposited along with the primary
deposits of the phosphate mineral apatite during the Middle Miocene
epoch. During subsequent reworking of these primary deposits, the
phosphate was concentrated into the secondary phosphate deposits now
found in central Florida. The physical and chemical processes associ-
ated with the reworking of the primary phosphate deposits resulted in
the concentration of both phosphate and uranium. The secondary phos-
phate deposits of central Florida typically exhibit average uranium
concentrations of 0.01 to 0.02 percent (100 to 200 ppm) . In contrast,
commercial mining of uranium generally exploits ores with uranium
concentrations 10 to 20 times higher (0.1 to 0.4 percent). Most other
minerals in the phosphate matrix have maximurn concentrations of only a
few parts per billion (EPA, 1978).
Representative Ra-226 concentrations for various soils, phosphate
materials, effluents, and ground waters are summarized in Table 3.3.1-1.
Radioactivity levels are typically at minimum levels at the ground
surface and increase with depth. Overburden soils are generally mixed
layers of sands and clays exhibiting low concentrations of
radionuclides.
3-36
-------
Table 3.3.1-1.
Representative Radium-226 Concentrations in Central
Florida Phosphate Area Environment
Item
Radium
Concentration
Overburden (excluding leach zone)
Leach zone materials
Matrix
Background soil
Reclaimed soil
Silt
Beach sand
Wet phosphate rock
Sand tailings
Slime particles
Slime decant water (dissolved fraction)
Slime decant water (undissolved fraction)
Mine water
Ground water
Slime-pond water
Leachate from gypsum pond
Gypsum
Phosphate products (undifferentiated)
Phosphoric acid plant effluent after double liming
Slag from calcination processes
Water-table water (mineralized mined areas)
Uppe'r Floridan water (mineralized mined areas)
Lower Floridan water (mineralized mined areas)
Ammonium phosphates
Superphosphates
Phosphoric acid
Animal feed supplements
10 pCi/g*
40 pCi/g
40 pCi/g
60 pCi/g
1.5 pCi/g
10-30 pCi/g
1.1 pCi/g
0.9 pCi/g
29-34 pCi/g
42 pCi/g
7.5 pCi/g
6.2-8 pCi/g
45 pCi/g
33-52 pCi/g
1-2 pCi/Lt
33.5-52 PCi/g
<1.5 pCi/L
<1.5 pCi/L
<2 pCi/L
60-100 pCi/L
21-33 pCi/L
42 pCi/g
1.8-4.5 pCi/L
56 PCi/g
0.92 pCi/L
2.5 pCi/L
1.4 pCi/L
5-6 pCi/g
21 pCi/g
<1 pCi/L
5-6 pCi/g
* Picocurie/gram
t Picocurie/liter
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978.
3-37
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The leach zone, also known as the aluminum phosphate zone, consists of a
discontinuous zone of altered, friable phosphatic sandstone and is
considered to be the upper part of the Bone Valley formation. Water
movement, leaching the calcium from the phosphate zone, resulted in
enriched aluminum phosphate. Ultimately, the leach zone contains
radioisotopes at levels comparable to those which are observed within
the calcium phosphate matrix zone (the lower Bone Valley formation). As
the aluminum is considered to be an undesirable contaminant in the
phosphate rock product, the leach zone is usually not mined, in which
case it is removed as overburden material.
The matrix zone (the calcium phosphate zone) consists of apatite,
montraorillonite and other clays, quartz, chert, and calcite, and is
considered to be the lower part of the Bone Valley formation. After
mining, the matrix is subjected to the beneficiation process to separate
the phosphate rock product, the clay and the sand. Most of the uranium
and uranium daughter products emerge from the beneficiation process in
the phosphate rock product and the discarded clay-sized fraction, with
relatively little radioactive material contained in the sand tailings.
3.3.1.3 BACKGROUND RADIATION
External gamma radiation levels in Polk County in the vicinity of phos-
phate beds have been measured and found to be on the order of 60 to 115
milli-roentgens/year (mR/yr) (Williams et_ a±. , 1965); these measurements
take into account cosmic radiation as well as gamma sources in the
underlying soils. Florida readings agree closely with the approximately
105 mR/yr gamma level average for the United States (EPA, 1972), of
which about 45 mR/yr is attributable to cosmic radiation and the
remainder to terrestrial sources. Both Florida and the United States
average levels yield doses which are well below the 500 millireras/year
(mrem/yr) limits for individuals in the general public and are more than
an order of magnitude below the limits for occupational exposure (NCRP,
1975).
3-38
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To characterize the radiation which exists at the CF site, numerous
site-specific studies were performed. These studies included sampling
and analysis of external gamma radiation, surface materials, subsurface
materials, ground water, and surface water.
External Gamma Radiation
External gamma radiation has been measured at the CF site using
thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) (see Figure 3.3.1-2 for sampling
locations). Maximum external gamma radiation dosages encountered on the
CF property are summarized in Table 3.3.1-2 for the period from third
quarter 1976 through second quarter 1982. These values represent the
annual terrestrial portion of the total gamma radiation.
Surface Materials
To characterize existing Ra-226 in surface soils and vegetation, one
soil sample and two pasture grass samples were collected and analyzed
for Ra-226 at six sites distributed in the South Pasture, as shown in
Figure 3.3.1-3. In addition, stream sediment samples were collected at
surface water quality stations WQ-2, WQ-3, WQ-5, WQ-8, and WQ-10 and
analyzed for Ra-226. The results, presented in Table 3.3.1-3, show all
materials collected to he 1'jw in Ra-226 content.
Subsurface Materials
To characterize the subsurface background radiation at the site, a
series of six cores were drilled at locations with typic.il soil types,
matrix types, and overburden thicknesses on the undisturbed South
Pasture Mine site (see Figure 3.3.1-3). Generally, three to five
composite samples from each core were collected to represent the
overburden, leach zone, upper matrix, and lower matrix. The results of
this sampling and analysis of Ra-226 are summarized in Table 3.3.1-4.
In addition, a series of four cores, varying from 1 to 4.8 feet deep,
were collected from sand/clay mix, sand tailings, and overburden cap
areas at the existing Hardee Phosphate Complex I. These samples were
analyzed for Ra-226, and the results are presented in Table 3.3.1-4.
3-39
-------
NILLSIOHOVSM ca
tUMATlf CO.
• tunnel «r»
»*!• (VALIM «•)
A •«!• •4U«I (•)
MCKUICU. rt*TK»
»• wu
sccoMOAftr AHTCSIAN
lOUIFEII
ITCU CLUJTf»' MC1.VMI:
rnoevcnoii rtir MI.I
nouimtm rtir WILL ion
. M-M
> D»K1 •UMAIIOM MONIIOI ID!) - TL6'»
»: 0«-17 10CATIO IN WAUCHUIA
Ot-ll AND M-1* USED AS CONIKX1
NOf OfPlOTID IN 1HI MilO
Figure 3.3.1-2
LOCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING STATIONS
SOURCE: CF MINING COMPANY, 1976.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Table 3.3.1-2. Annual External Terrestrial Gamma Radiation Dosages
Encountered on CF Property
Dosage, Millirems*
Quarter
1
2
3
4
Average
Annual
Dose
1976 1977
21
26
21 26
31 29
26 26
1978
—
29
(t)
25
27
1979
23
21
13
21
20
1980
19
39
(t)
33
30
1981
16
18
21
39
24
1982
32
33
—
—
33
*Above data has been adjusted for shipping radiation and indicates
yearly radiation dosage rate.
tUnable to adjust for shipping radiation during this quarter.
Source: CF Industries, 1983.
3-41
-------
.
,
NILLS8OHOUOM CO.
HAHiTEf CO
POL K CO
HAftOfC CO
LEGEND:
CB-CORE BORINGS COMPOSITED OVER VARIOUS DEPTHS
SB 301-SOIL BORINGS IN SAND TAILINGS
SB 201 -SOIL BORINGS IN OVERBURDEN CAP
SB 101 401 SOIL BORINGS IN SAND/CLAY MIX
»• PASTURE GRASS SAMPLES 12 AT EACH STATIONI
HARDEE SBYI
PHOSPHATE
COMPLEX I
(NORTH PASTURE)
AND SOIL SAMPLEI
HARDEE PHOSPHATE
COMPLEX II
(SOUTH PASTURE)
Figure 3.3.1-3
LOCATIONS OF CORE BORINGS, SOILS SAMPLES, AND
PASTURE GRASS SAMPLES COLLECTED ON CF PROPERTY
SOURCE: ESE, 1962.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Table 3.3.1-3. Radium-226 Analyses of Top Soil, Pasture Grass Samples,
and Stream Sediments Collected from the CF Industries
Property
Topsoil*
Station
S-l 0.6
S-2 0.4
S-3 0.3
S-4 0.2
S-5 0.7
S-6 0.8
WQ-2
WQ-3
WQ-5
WQ-8
WQ-10
Radium-226 Content
(pCi/gr)
Pasture Grass*
Sample #1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.06
0.03
—
—
—
—
—
Sample #2
0.2
0.04
0.1
0.04
0.2
0.09
—
—
—
—
— ™
Stream
Sediments!
— **
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.4
2.0
3.0
0.2
* See Figure 3.3.1-3 for locations of top soil and pasture grass
stations.
T See Figure 3.3.1-2 for locations of stream sediment stations.
** —Indicates analysis not applicable.
Source: ESE, 1982.
3-43
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Table 3.3.1-4. Radiura-226 Analyses of Core Samples Collected From the
CF Industries Property
Complex II
Station*
CBI
CB2
CB3
CB4
CB5
Sample #
CB 101
CB 102
CB 103
CB 201
CB 202
CB 203
CB 204
CB 301
CB 302
CB 303
CB 304
CB 401
CB 402
CB 403
CB 404
CB 501
CB 502
CB 503
CB 504
Description
Composite Overburden
(0' to 7.51)
Leached Zone
(12. 5' to 14/5')
Matrix
(18' to 31')
Composite Overburden
(O1 to 6')
Composite Overburden
(61 to 13.5')
Leached Zone
(21. 5' to 27')
Matrix
(311 to 49')
Composite Overburden
(0' to 7.5')
Leached Zone
(9.5* to 12')
Upper Matrix
(151 to 19')
Lower Matrix
(19' to 40')
Composite Overburden
(O1 to 7.5')
Leached Zone
(12' to 16')
Upper Matrix
(16' to 22.5')
Lower Matrix
(251 to 50')
Composite Overburden
(0' to 6.5')
Composite Overburden
(6. 5' to 10. 51)
Leached Zone and Upper
(10.5* to 28')
Lower Matrix
(28' to 50')
Radium-226 Content
(pCi/g)
1
17
15
2
9
23
23
0.4
23
13
10
0.4
7
37
6
2
38
Matrix 16
6
3-44
-------
Table 3.3.1-4. Radium-226 Analyses of Core Samples Collected From the
CF Industries Property (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Complex II
Station*
CB6
Reclaimed
SB1
SB2
SB3
SB4
Sample #
CB 601
CB 602
CB 603
CB 604
Areas— Complex
SB 101
SB 201
SB 301
SB 401
Radium-226 Content
Description (pCi/g)
Composite Overburden
(O1 to 7.5')
Leach Zone
(7.5' to 16')
Upper Matrix
(20' to 39')
Lower Matrix
(391 to 51.5')
I
Sand /Clay Mix
(0' to I1)
Overburden Cap
(O1 to 4.8')
Sand Tailings
(O1 to 4')
Sand/Clay Mix
(O1 to 1')
0.8
43
7
19
18
5
19
31
*See Figure 3.3.1-3 for location of sampling stations.
Source: ESE, 1982.
3-45
-------
At all six core sample locations on Hardee Complex II, the upper
portions of the overburden (typically 0 to 6 feet in depth) were
observed to have low «2 pCl/g) Ra-226 concentrations and the
concentrations increased with depth as is typical in the central Florida
phosphate area.
In CF's Complex I sample areas, the observed Ra-226 concentrations
corresponded with the origin and type of material sampled. The area
reclaimed with an overburden cap was observed to have the lowest
concentration and the sand/clay mix disposal area to have the highest
concentration.
Ground Water
To characterize the existing Ra-226 in the shallow aquifer, secondary
artesian aquifer, and Floridan Aquifer, samples were collected and
analyzed routinely starting in February 1976. A summary of the results
of the extensive ground water sampling and analysis program is presented
in Table 3.3.1-5.
Shallow aquifer Ra-226 concentrations were observed to be low (almost
always less than 1 pCi/L) with some spatial and substantial temporal
variation. Waters of the secondary artesian aquifer were observed to
have the highest Ra-226 of the three aquifers. While some spatial
variation was observed, the secondary artesian aquifer was less
temporally variable. In general, the Floridan Aquifer was observed to
be lower in Ra-226 as compared to the secondary artesian aquifer;
however, on the western portion of the property, there appears to be
little difference in Ra-226 levels. Specifically, the results of Ra-226
analyses at UF-4 and LF-4 show little difference, which indicate a good
hydraulic connection between the secondary artesian and Floridan Aquifer
in this area of the site.
Surface Water
To characterize the Ra-226 in surface water environment of the CF site,
various sampling and analysis programs have been conducted prior to EIS
Investigations on seven surface water stations. As part of the EIS
monitoring program, more extensive monitoring for Ra-226 and gross alpha
was conducted at 14 surface water stations and 2 mine discharge
stations. A summary of the results of these historical and EIS analyses
is presented in Table 3.3.1-6.
3-46
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Table 3.3.1-5. Summary of Ground Water Ra-226 and Gross Alpha Data for
the CF Site
Well No.
SA-1
SA-2
SA-3
SA-4
SA-6
SA-8
SA-11
SA-14
SA-1 6
SA-1 7
UF-4
UF-5
UF-6
LF-4
LF-5
LF-6
PTW
DF
PW-B
PW-A
Mean
0.26
0.24
0.12
0.19
0.36
0.23
0.34
0.51
0.34
0.23
6.31
7.72
2.01
5.73
1.73
1.38
1.03
0.89
1.13
1.02
Ra-226
Min
0.03
0.13
0.01
0.01
0.28
0.01
0.34
0.51
0.34
0.04
4.61
5.82
1.23
2.89
1.04
0.58
0.35
0.16
1.13
1.02
(pCi/D*
Max
0.88
0.52
0.44
0.9
0.46
1.35
0.34
0.51
0.34
0.7
7.22
9.36
2.62
8.0
2.15
1.97
1.70
1.49
1.13
1.02
n** Gross Alpha (pCi/L)t
8 —IT
8 ——
8
Q — _
7
8
1
1
1
9 13.7
9 27.9
8
O ...
9 8.4
8
Q mmum
Q •*••
8
1 .«•
1
*Collected February 1976 through September 1981.
tCollected September 1981.
**n is the number of samples analyzed.
tt— indicates no data.
Sources: CF Data, 1976-1981.
ESE, 1985.
3-47
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Table 3.3.1-6. Summary of Ra-226 and Gross Alpha Concentrations in
Surface Wster on CF Site
Historical Data*
Ra-226 (pCi/L)
Station
WQ-1
WQ-2
WQ-3
WQ-4
WQ-5
WQ-6
WQ-7
WQ-8
WQ-9
WQ-10
WQ-11
WQ-12
WQ-1 3
WQ-14
MDW-1
MDW-2
Mean Min Max
0.25 0.04 0.47
0.21 0.12 0.44
0.26 0.09 0.62
0.38 0.30 0.45
0.16 0.08 0.23
0.13 0.04 0.37
0.24 0.13 0.34
—
— — -_
—
—
— — —
—
__
—
—
n**
11
11
11
10
6
11
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
EIS Monitoringt
Ra-226 (pCi/L)
Mean
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.8
0.4
— tt
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.3
2.0
2.0
Min Max
0.2 0
<0. 1 2
<0. 1 0
<0. 1 2
<0. 1 1
—
<0. 1 0
<0. 1 2
0.2 0
O.I 1
0.1 I
0.2 1
O.I I
<0.1 0
<0. 1 3
0.6 3
.8
.0
.9
.0
.0
•
.6
.0
.3
.0
.0
.6
.0
.6
.0
.0
n
13
14
13
12
13
—
13
13
3
9
2
2
10
10
5
5
Gross Alpha
Mean Min
2
'l
1
2
2
-
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
10
6
.3 <1.8
.4 <1.4
.3 <0.4
.2 <1.8
.0 <1.1
-
.2 <0.6
.9 <1.2
.2 <1.3
.8 <1.5
.6 <1.3
.1 3.3
.6 <0.7
.6 <0.7
.1 6.2
.2 4.5
(pCi/L)
Max
3.
2.
2.
3.
9.
—
3.
4.
4.
4.
2.
4.
3.
4.
12.
9.
9
8
4
9
8
6
8
6
4
6
9
0
5
4
2
n
13
14
13
13
13
—
13
13
3
9
2
2
10
10
5
5
*Collected January 1976 through March 1981
tCollected July 1981 through June 1982.
**n ia the number of samples collected.
tt— indicates no data.
Sources: CF, 1976-1981.
ESE, 1985.
3-48
-------
The Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER) water quality
standard for total radium (Ra-226 plus Ra-228) is 5 pCi/L. In
evaluating the observed Ra-226 levels with respect to this standard, it
is important to consider the presence (or potential presence) of Ra-228.
Radium-228 is first decay daughter in the thorium-232 decay series and
is not associated with the previously discussed U-238 decay series.
Based upon data by EPA (1975) and Windham (1974), the uranium content of
the material of the phosphate deposits may be as much as 100 times
greater than the thorium content. Therefore, if Ra-226 were observed at
the 5 pCi/L level in the site area, Ra-228 would be present only at
approxiately 0.05 pCi/L.
Based upon this analysis, Ra-226 levels observed in the surface water
are compared directly with the total radium standard of 5 pCi/L. All
surface water and mine discharge Ra-226 measurements were observed to be
less than 5 pCi/L. All surface water and mine discharge concentrations
for gross alpha were observed to be less than the FDER water quality
standard of 15 pCi/L.
3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.3.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
The proposed mining and beneficiation of phosphate matrix and the
subsequent reclamation of disturbed lands have the potential to increase
direct human exposure to naturally occurring radioactivity. The
different operations and processes can increase exposure by allowing
gaseous and particulate radioactive materials to become airborne or by
increasing the potential of ground water and surface water radioactive
contamination through leaching and suspension by runoff. A description
of the radiation-related impacts associated with the action alternatives
is presented in this section.
Dragline Mining (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
During dragline mining the overburden is stripped away in order to
uncover the phosphate matrix. The shallow overburden exhibits radiation
3-49
-------
levels ranging from 0.4 to 2 pCi/g Ra-226, whereas the deep overburden
ranges from 9 to 38 pCi/g. As the overburden is moved, the deep
overburden is mixed with the shallow overburden, resulting in a dilution
of the higher radioactive deep overburden.
CF plans to bury the leach zone material at .the base of the mined-out
pits during the mining operations. The leach zone is generally the most
radioactive of any materials above the phosphate matrix, 11 to 57 times
more radioactive than the shallow overburden (based on the six core
analyses on the CF site). CF's proposed action to bury the leach zone
material would minimize the impact of redistributing the naturally
occurring radionuclides during mining and would reduce the surface
radiation of the reclaimed areas.
Mixing deep overburden with shallow overburden generally results in
relatively higher radioactivity at the post-mining ground surface.
Results of analyses on cores in overburden from CF's Complex 1 reclaimed
mining areas indicated a Ra-226 content of about 5 pCi/g, about 5 times
greater than the radiation levels for the shallow overburden in unmined
areas of the existing site.
Some dewatering of the mine is necessary for dragline stability and
safety. This dewatering is not considered to have a major radiological
consequence. Prince (1977) measured the radiation in the vicinity of an
operating dragline to be about 5 raicro-roentgens/hour (uR/hr) which is
slightly greater than the baseline radiation (3.3 uR/hr) estimated for
the proposed CF site. Both values represent a low radiological exposure
to mine operations personnel.
The exposure to Rn-222 and its short-lived daughters is expressed as
working level (WL) concentrations for determining radiation standards.
These radon progeny levels were found to be low (0.0004 WL) in actively
mined areas which can be compared to radon progeny levels inside
slab-on-grade homes on unmined lands in the area (0.001 to 0.032 WL).
3-50
-------
Conventional Matrix Processing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
The beneficiation processes will result in some redistribution of
radioactivity from the matrix as the waste sand and clay are separated
from the phosphate product and used for reclamation. The typical Ra-226
concentrations of major products and mineral wastes from phosphate
raining activities are presented in Table 3.3.2-1. The data indicate
that Ra-226 concentrations measured at the CF site are generally higher
than those measured at nearby mines. The average contents (expressed as
percent of matrix) of the different components of the matrix on the CF
property are:
Washer Plant
Pebble: 8.51%
Waste clays: 19.38%
Flotation Feed
Concentrate: 10.97%
Sand tailings: 61.14%
The external gamma radiation levels in beneficiation plants were found
by Prince (1977) to be about twice the natural background levels. A
work-station survey indicated occupancy factors in beneficiation plants
to be low enough to reduce annual exposures to insignificant levels.
Radiological impacts to operating personnel at the plant should be
minimal since the radon progeny levels in the plant (0.0007 WL) were
below the levels reported for slab-on-grade structures on unmined land.
Wet rock storage and transfer tunnels (located under wet rock piles)
have been found to be the most serious radiological hazard areas.
Working level measurements at 11 sites yielded levels between 0.0007 WL
and 0.096 WL. Even though an occupational time-place study indicated a
low occupancy factor for such tunnels, Prince (1977) recommends that all
tunnels be mechanically ventilated and also be classified as limited
access for personnel. With properly ventilated tunnels, workers should
not experience adverse occupational exposures. Prince (1977) also found
wet rock storage piles to yield gamma radiation at an average rate of
3-51
-------
Table 3.3.2-1. Comparison of Ra-226 Concentrations (pCi/g) of Mining and Beneficiation Materials from Several Mines with
Materials from CF Site
u>
Ol
N>
Source Material
Dragline Mining:
Overburden
Matrix
Washer Plant:
Pebble Product
Waste Clays
Flotation Feed:
Concentrate Product
Sand Tailings
Various Mines^
0.5-7
30 (12-84)
57 (45-97)
32 (10-73)
35 (26-50)
5.2 (1.7-12)
Ra-226 Concentration (pCi/g)
Farmland2
— *
10.8 (6.8-22)
31 (30-32)
9.9 (3.2-27)
24 (21-28)
1 (0.8-1.4)
Mobil3 MX4 CF5
— — 5 (0.4-38)
16.4 5.5 6-37
37.1 15.6 —
22.4 5.1 —
32.3 15.6 —
3.9 0.8 19
* —Indicates no data.
Sources: 1Rpessler et al_., 1978.
2u.S. EPA, May 1981.
Su.S. EPA, September 1981.
.S. EPA, Ajgust 1981.
, 1982.
-------
67 uR/hr. However, the annual exposure to an individual was found to be
insignificant since the occupancy factors around such piles are
extremely small. The level of gamma radiation was found to be low in
areas where the occupancy factor was high.
Sand and Clay Waste Disposal
Sand-Clay Mixing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
CF Industries' plan will result in 9,083 acres (61 percent) of sand/clay
mix land, 2,213 acres (15 percent) of sand tailings fill areas with
overburden cap, 2,399 acres (16 percent) of rained-out areas for land-and-
lakes, and 1,230 acres (8 percent) of overburden fill areas and
disturbed natural ground. The sand/clay mix from Hardee Complex II
should be similar to the mix material in Hardee Complex I with respect
to Ra-226 content. Two sand/clay mix samples were collected from
Hardee Complex I disposal areas and found to contain 18 and 31 pCi/g
Ra-226. These values can be compared with the average surface
overburden Ra-226 concentration (0.95 pCi/g) from samples collected on
Hardee Complex II. The final sand/clay mix land forms will actually
exist in three forms: wetlands, uncapped sand/clay mix, and sand/clay
mix capped with overburden. The three forms will exhibit different
radiation levels. The water in the wetlands should decrease radiation
exposure caused by the Ra-226 in the sand/clay mix. The overburden cap,
because of its lower Ra-226 content, will also decrease radiation
exposure of the sand/clay mix in areas where it is applied.
As indicated previously, the rest of the CF property will exist with
overburden at the surface in four overburden land forms: overburden
cap, land-and-lakes, overburden fill, and disturbed natural ground. A
sample of overburden cap material from CF's Hardee Complex I was found
to contain an Ra-226 concentration of 5 pCi/g. The land forms
associated with overburden will be expected to also have low Ra-226
concentrations, with some exceptions. The exceptions will be due to the
3-53
-------
chance occurrence at the surface of small amounts of deep overburden
(38 pCi/g Ra-226) that was not mixed or diluted during the mining
process.
The sand/clay mix plan would result in generally higher radon flux rates
than for unmined land. Based on the published relationships between
Ra-226 and radon flux (Roessler et^ al^., 1978), the radon flux from the
uncapped sand/clay mix areas is expected to average
8.0 pCi/meter -second(pCi/m -s) with a range from a negligible
amount to 10 pCi/ra -s, depending on the moisture content of the
sand/clay mix and the thickness of the overburden cap. The flooded
areas will have minimal radon diffusion from the ground because of
shielding by water, whereas the drier uncapped sand/clay mix areas
should exhibit the highest diffusion (15 pCi/m -s). The estimated
radon flux from the sand/clay mix areas with a 2-foot overburden cap,
using the bi-layer diffusion model (Roessler et_ al_., 1978) is
6.5 pCi/ra -s. These numbers can be compared with the radon flux
f%
diffusion calculated for the unmined area (0.5 pCi/m -s). The
reclaimed overburden land forms should generally have radon fluxes of
approximately 1.7 pCi/tn -s; however, because of the random
distribution of the deep overburden material that may occur at the
surface, radon flux may be as high as 13 pCi/m -s.
Terrestrial gamma radiation levels can be predicted from the Ra
concentration of the sand/clay mix materials (Ardaman & Associates,
1981). The sand/clay mix materials, if similar to the sand/clay mix
from Hardee Complex I, can be predicted to result in terrestrial gamma
radiation of 27 uR/hr. In the areas where the sand/clay mix is flooded
or buried by overburden cap, the terrestrial gamma radiation will be
expected to be somewhat less. The other land forms may result in gamma
radiation as high as 34 uR/hr where the deep overburden material
randomly occurs at the surface, 25 uR/hr where sand tailings are exposed
at the surface, and 15 uR/hr for the different overburden land forms.
These numbers can be compared with the background yearly dosage
(27 mrem/yr) as measured over 7 years on this site, which is
3-54
-------
equivalent to 3.3 uR/hr. A summary of the radiological characteristics
for the disposal areas is presented in Table 3.3.2-2.
Conventional Sand and Clay Waste Disposal
Conventional sand and clay waste disposal would result in the formation
of approximately 10,000 acres of above-grade clay disposal areas. The
other 4,000 acres would exist as one of the four overburden land forms
described previously. Based on averages for phosphate mines (Roessler,
et_ jil_., 1978), the clay waste areas would exhibit higher radiation
emissions (32 pCi/g Ra-226, 16 pCi/m^-s radon flux, and 30.2 uR/hr
gamma radiation) than the sand/clay mix areas. These values can be
compared to the pre-mine conditions (0.95 pCi/g Ra-226, 0.5 pCi/m2-s
radon flux, and 3.31 uR/hr gamma radiation). The overburden land forms
would have radiation emissions similar to those emissions if the
sand/clay mix disposal plan was implemented.
Sand/Clay Cap Plan
If the sand/clay cap plan were implemented, the differences relative to
radiation exposure would involve only the sand/clay cap areas. The
overburden land forms such as the land-and-lakes overburden, overburden
fill, overburden capped sand tailings, and disturbed natural ground
areas would not be expected to differ in radiation exposure from these
same land forms if the sand/clay mix plan were implemented. The
radiation exposure on the sand/clay capped areas would be similar to the
sand/clay mix areas as described previously. The sand/clay cap would
be thick enough to attenuate some of the radiation from the underlying
clays. The buried clays would be more likely to have increased moisture
than clays at the surface. When clays have greater than 16 percent
moisture, diffusion of radon is insignificant (Bolch, personal
communication, 1985). The increased water content would, therefore,
trap some gamma radiation.
The difference in radiation levels expected would be due to a smaller
area of sand/clay mix capped by overburden in the sand/clay cap plan.
3-55
-------
Table 3.3.2-2. Predicted Radiological Characteristics for Disposal Areas Compared to Existing Top Soil
Land Types
Sand/Clay Mix
Sand Tailings
Overburden Fill
Top Soil
(Existing)
Reclaimed
Acreage
9,083
2,213
1,230
Soil
Ra-226
(pCi/g)
24.5
19
5
0.95
Radon Flux (pCi/m?-s )
Without Top With 2' Top
Soil Soil Cap
8.0 6.5
6.3 4.2
1.7 1.3
0.5 —
Terrestrial
Gamma
Radiation
(uR/hr)
27
25
15
3.3
Working
Without TOD
Soil
0.023
0.020
0.011
0.006
(WL)
With 2' Top
Soil Cap
0.021
0.017
0.010
—
I
Ul
Source: ESE, 1985.
-------
During the final reclamation stages, the clay pond dikes (constructed
from overburden material) would be leveled and spread over some of the
sand/clay cap. This differs from CF's sand/clay mix plan in that the
numerous overburden spoil piles throughout the sand/clay mix areas would
be spread during final reclamation, resulting in a more complete
overburden cover. With larger areas of uncovered sand/clay mix, there
would be a greater radiation exposure than associated with the proposed
sand/clay mix plan.
Reclamation
Three land use scenarios are most probable for the proposed mine after
reclamation: (1) construction of private or commercial developments,
(2) farmland, or (3) natural systems. Any radiation-related impacts to
human beings would potentially be greatest in the developed areas and
the farmlands.
Developed Land
Roessler e£_ jJL_. (1978) proposed three equations to predict indoor
Ra-progeny WL standards for dwellings on reclaimed mined lands. The
equations used /, Rn-flux, and soil-Ra concentrations to calculate
indoor WL. The WLs predicted from these equations were found to be
poorly correlated to actual measured indoor WLs. Due to these ooor
correlations, the most current (January 1985) proposed environmental
radiation standards regulations will depend on actual measured indoor
WLs in dwellings built on reclaimed mined lands. The proposed standards
include gamma radiation in dwellings of 20 uR/hr and an annual average
radon decay product concentration of 0.02 WL (including background).
Dwellings that do not meet the standards will not be approved for
occupancy.
The indoor WL equations can still be used to compare estimated indoor
radon WL to background conditions, with an understanding of the
possibility of extreme variability of these estimates.
3-57
-------
The sand/clay mix land forms are not as suitable as the overburden areas
for residential development. The indoor WL (as calculated from radon
flux values) is predicted to be as high as 0.023 WL for the sand/clay
mix areas. If the dwellings were built with a 2-foot thick topsoil cap
ever the sand/clay mix, the estimated indoor WL would be reduced to
0.021. The overburden land forms are more desirable building sites and
are estimated to have an indoor WL of 0.011 on overburden in land-and-
lakes or on overburden fill areas. Sand tailings fill land forms,
capped with 2 feet of topsoil, are estimated to have a WL of 0.017. A
summary of the WL's for the reclaimed areas is presented in
Table 3.3.2-2.
Agricultural Lands
The radiation-related impacts from farm soils would be indirect, through
the consumption of crops or livestock products. Information on crop and
livestock uptake of radionuclides on previously mined soils is limited.
Bolch (U.S. EPA, 1979) conducted a limited study on squash. He found no
increaje in radionuclide uptake for squash grown on mined land versus
squash grown on unmined land.
Natural Systems
The majority of the reclaimed land remaining to develop into natural
systems will be wetlands. Radiation exposures to human beings in these
areas would actually be minimized by the water at or above ground
surface. As these wetlands dry out during a drought, the exposure
levels would probably increase.
3.3.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
If the proposed mine site were to remain in its current state, the
expected outdoor gamma radiation levels and the Rn-222 flux would be
lower than those levels expected to occur during and after raining and
reclamation. Buildings on undisturbed land would have lower indoor
concentrations of Rn-222 and progeny than buildings on mined land. The
occupational radiation exposures to miners and beneficiation plant
operators would be avoided.
3-58
-------
3.4 GROUND WATER
3.4.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.4.1.1 GROUND WATER QUANTITY
The lithologic formations in Hardee County can be grouped into three
major hydrogeologic units: the shallow or water table aquifer, the
secondary artesian aquifer, and the Floridan Aquifer. In general, the
shallow aquifer system is highly variable and is typically capable of
yielding small quantities of water. This aquifer is utilized primarily
for domestic supplies or other low-volume uses. The secondary artesian
aquifer is locally capable of yielding relatively large quantities of
water. However, the major water source in Hardee County is the Floridan
Aquifer. The following discussion of regional hydrogeologic conditions
focuses on the Floridan Aquifer.
The Floridan Aquifer consists primarily of Tertiary limestones and dolo-
mites. The limestone and dolomite units vary widely in hydrogeologic
properties and typically yield large quantities of water. Yields of
5,000 gallons per minute (gpm) are common. However, yield and quality
can vary significantly with depth and location due to the presence of
various lower permeability rocks and clays separating the limestone
units.
Local recharge to the Floridan Aquifer occurs primarily by leakage from
the overlying hydrogeologic units in areas where confining layers are
absent. Confining layers may be absent due to depositional processes or
breaching of the low permeability layers by sinkholes. Recharge can
also occur in areas where the potentiometric surface of the Florida
Aquifer is significantly lower than that of the overlying hydrogeologic
units. Discharges from the Floridan Aquifer occur in wells, springs,
and seeps as well as upward leakage in areas where the potentiometric
surface of the Floridan Aquifer is significantly greater than the
overlying hydrogeologic units.
The potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer varies seasonally
dependent upon the rates of recharge and discharge. Water levels in the
3-59
-------
Floridan Aquifer are normally lowest at the end of the dry season in
late April. The levels generally rise during the wet season from May
through September and remain stable through October. With the cessation
of rainfall, the Floridan Aquifer water levels begin a sharp decline.
The timing and extent of these seasonal fluctuations in water levels
vary from year to year due to annual variations in recharge and
discharge.
Ground water is present to some degree in each of the geologic forma-
tions underlying the CF site in northwestern Hardee County. Some of the
formations are capable of yielding significantly larger amounts of water
than others. There are two minor aquifers within the upper 375 feet of
sediment at the site: the shallow aquifer consisting of undifferenti-
ated clastic material and the secondary artesian aquifer consisting of
limestone material within the Miocene Hawthorn Formation. These two
aquifers are separated by a confining bed of less permeable material
which tends to retard movement of water between the aquifers.
At depths between approximately 400 feet and 1,700 feet in the vicinity
of the site, several geologic formations apparently function as a single
hydrologic unit. This interval consists of limestone and dolomite beds
of the Tampa, Suwannee, Ocala, Avon Park, and Lake City formations.
These units constitute the Floridan Aquifer. The Floridan Aquifer is
the principal source of ground water supplies throughout the region.
The stratigraphic relationships of aquifers and confining beds at the CF
site are sunmarized in Figure 3.4.1-1. A detailed explanation of the
chart and the logs shown therein is contained in the Consumptive Use
Application Supporting Report (1975).
Shallow Aquifer
The shallow aquifer beneath the site ranges in thickness from 5 feet to
40 feet with an average thickness of approximately 30 feet. The aquifer
consists of fine sand and clay with some coarse sand, gravel, and shell
material. The shallow aquifer is separated from the limestone beds of
3-60
-------
Cf
T'
0
zoo
400
CM
+
_J
v>
z
** 600
u
o
u.
K
3
cn
O
•x.
o BOO
K
(9
%
O
Id
-------
the Hawthorn Formation by a low-permeability confining layer. According
to the CUP (1975), three wells on the Hardee Complex II site tap the
shallow aquifer; all three wells are for domestic supply.
Pump tests were conducted as a part of the Consumptive Use Permit
Application on 18 shallow wells shown in Figure 3.4.1-2. Pumping rates
during the tests ranged from less than 2 gpm to more than 50 gpm.
Specific capacities, a function of aquifer characteristics and well
efficiencies, varied from less than 0.1 to about 3.6 gallons per minute
per foot (gpm/ft) of drawdown. Transmissivities, calculated from draw-
down, recovery, and specific capacity data, ranged from less than 200 to
about 20,000 gallons per day per foot (gpd/ft) and averaged about
3,000 gpd/ft.
Storage coefficients calculated from drawdown data indicate that the
shallow aquifer varies from water table to artesian conditions over the
site area; 3 x 10~* at SA-11; to 2 x 10~8 at SA-15. This range
of conditions is a result of discontinuous confining beds and other
naturally occurring variations in lithology over the site.
From 1976 to present, water level recorders were maintained by CF on
seven shallow aquifer wells, five of which are in the study area (Hardee
Complex II) (SA-6, SA-8, SA-10, SA-15, and SA-17); and two are in the
existing mine site (Hardee Complex I) (SA-1 and SA-3). The hvdrographs
from the shallow aquifer recorders for the EIS study period are shown in
Figure 3.4.1-3. These hydrographs indicate that from July 1981 through
June 1982, levels in the shallow aquifer varied by as much as 8 feet in
SA-10 and about 4.5 feet at SA-8 and SA-17. The large increase in
levels in most of the wells in early and late August 1981 is the result
of heavy rainfall of about 3 inches and 4 inches on August 3-4 and
August 20-24, 1981, respectively.
The differences between individual wells with respect to the range of
water level fluctuations and response to rainfall probably result from
3-62
-------
-
*
POLK CO
HARDEt CO
HILLSBOROUGH CO
~uTnAT[f CO
fCEHO
SUifACC WATCH UOMITOKING STiflOM 1*01
A *AIM C1UGC 111
SHtilO* AOUIF[*
ur = sccOHDAfir
i F t fl OR ID*
-------
CF fix O'/liMS
120-
W
IU
>
cc
UJ
100 -
90-
8O
JULY ' AUG ' SEPT ' OCT ' NOV ' DEC ' JAN
1981
MONTHS
FEB ' MAR I APRIL ' MAY I JUNE
1982
GROUND SURFACE
ELEVATIONS
Figure 3.4.1-3
HYDROGRAPHS OF SHALLOW AQUIFER WELLS ON
CF PROPERTY, JULY 1981 THROUGH JUNE 1982
SOURCES: CF MINING CORPORATION. 1982; ESE. 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
variations in the Lithology of the shallow aquifer and on-site rainfall
distribution. The high water levels at the continuous recorders on
Hardee Complex II ranged from 0 to 2 feet below ground surface during
September 1981. The low water levels occurred in July 1981 and ranged
from 4 to 9 feet below ground surface.
Secondary Artesian Aquifer
The secondary artesian aquifer at the CF Hardee County site consists of
approximately 250 feet of alternating limestone and clay within the
Hawthorn Formation. Examination of well cuttings and gamma-ray logs
from wells drilled on-site indicates that in most places the secondary
artesian aquifer is overlain by clay beds at the base of the shallow
undifferentiated elastics. At the DF well in the cluster area, the
thickness of the overlying clays is about 30 feet. About 50 feet of
basal Hawthorn or upper Tampa clays separate the water-bearing zones in
the Hawthorn Formation from the underlying Floridan Aquifer.
During the CUP investigations, static water levels in the Hawthorn
differed by as much as 25 feet when both UF-2 and UF-3 were at approxi-
mately the same depth. The reason for this difference in water levels
is not well defined but could be due to differences in well construc-
tion, water-bearing zones within the Hawthorn having different water
levels, or possible fracturing in the area.
There waa a wide range of results from pump tests conducted in Wells
UF-3 and UF-2 suggesting that there may be appreciable differences in
water-bearing characteristics of individual zones within the secondary
artesian aquifer. For example, pumping rates in tests of UF-3 and UF-2
were 3.5 gpm and 80 gpm, respectively. Specific capacity was less than
0.5 gpra/ft at UF-3 and transmisaivity ranged from 120 gpd/ft in the UF-3
test to 3,000 gpd/ft in the UF-2 test. After the pump tests were
completed, UF-2 was deepened and is now also in the Floridan Aquifer. A
representative value for transmissivity of the secondary artesian at the
CF site is most likely about 1,000 gpd/ft.
3-65
-------
Water level recorders have been maintained since January 1976 by CF on
four wells in the secondary artesian aquifer, three of which are in the
study area (i.e., UF-3, UF-4, and UF-6) and one well (UF-5) located on
CF's existing mine site. The hydrographs from these wells for the
period July 1981 through June 1982 are shown in Figure 3.4.1-4. These
hydrographs indicate that during the year, levels in the secondary
artesian varied only 7 feet at UF-3 and as much as 18 feet at Wells UF-5
and UF-6.
At the base of the shallow aquifer and overlying the limestone of the
Hawthorn Formation is an interval of clay material averaging about 30
feet thick. This material acts as a confining layer for water in the
underlying artesian aquifer and also serves to retard downward movement
of water from the shallow aquifer.
The effectiveness of the clay as a confining layer is indicated by
comparing secondary artesian wells with nearby wells in the shallow
aquifer. On the east and west side of the study area, the difference
between the water levels in the two aquifers was about ^2 feet in early
July and decreased to about 47 feet in late September on an annual
basis. However, at UF-3 the water level was found to be about 20 feet
below the shallow aquifer during the entire year. Although the reason
for the difference in the water levels between UF-3 and the other
secondary artesian aquifer wells is not well defined, the water levels
in UF-3 appear to respond more closely to the shallow aquifer water
level fluctuations than do the other UF wells.
Floridan Aquifer
The Floridan Aquifer is more than 1,300 feet thick at the CF site. This
aquifer consists of limestone and dolomite beds of the Tampa, Suwannee,
Ocala, Avon Park, and Lake City Formations and is confined above by the
clays at the base of the Hawthorn and the upper part of the Tarapa
Formations.
3-66
-------
CF US 02/15/85
100-1
90-
T*
cr>
(O
i
_i
UJ
UJ 70-
_l
oc
UJ
-Uf?
TOTAL DEPTH
WELL
UF-3
UF-4
UF-5
UF-6
DEPTH FT"
375
418
360
385
60-1
50 'jULY ' AUG ' SEPT ' OCT ' NOV ' DEC ' JAN ' FEB ' MAR 'APRIL1 MAY ' JUNE
MONTHS
Figure 3.4.1-4
HYDROGRAPHS OF SECONDARY ARTESIAN AQUIFER WELLS
ON CF PROPERTY, JULY 1981 THROUGH JUNE 1982
SOURCE: ESE. 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Although the entire aquifer seems to behave as an interconnected hydro-
logic unit, there were minor differences measured in the potentiometric
head between the Avon Park and Lake City Limestones during CUP investi-
gations, suggesting the presence of a semi-confining bed within the
aquifer.
An aquifer test of the Tampa Formation was conducted to evaluate its
water-bearing characteristics and the nature of the overlying confining
beds. Static water levels taken prior to testing indicated a similar
potentiometric head to that of the underlying Suwannee Limestone but a
significant difference from that of the overlying Hawthorn. For this
reason, the Tampa Formation was included within the Floridan Aquifer at
the site.
Pump tests were also conducted on each of the other water-bearing zones
of the Floridan Aquifer. Several short-term airlift tests and flowmeter
surveys were conducted to determine aquifer characteristics in the
Suwannee Limestone, Ocala Group, Avon Park Limestone, and Lake City
Limestone. A large-scale pump test (6 days) and recovery test (6 days)
were conducted on the Avon Park Limestone and dolomite. Thirty-eight
observation wells were used to monitor zones in the shallow aquifer, the
Hawthorn Formation, the Tampa Formation, and the Suwannee, Avon Park,
and Lake City Limestones.
The results of the series of ourap tests and flowmeter surveys conducted
in the Floridan Aquifer during the CUP investigations showed a signifi-
cant difference in the water-yielding potential or permeability of the
various units. Table 3.4.1-1 is a summary of the physical and hydro-
logical properties of the aquifer and confining beds at the CF Hardee
County phosphate project area.
Based upon the large-scale pump test (6 days) data collected on the
productive test well and analyses completed, the following conclusions
have been reached:
3-68
-------
Table 3.4.1-1. Summary of Aquifer and Confining Bed Characteristics
Aquifers
and 1
Confining Beds
Shallow Aquifer
(undif ferentiated
clastic deposits)
First Confining Bed
(basal undifferen-
tiated elastics/
upper Hawthorn)
Secondary Artesian
Aquifer (Hawthorn
Formation)
Second Confining
Bed (basal Hawthorn
clays)
Floridan Aquifer
Tampa Formation
Sand/Clay Uni
Suwannee Lime-
stone
Oca la Group
Avon Park Lime-
stone
Dolomite Unit
Lake City Lime-
Stone
Physical Properties
'hickness
(feet)
40
30
250
50
60
35
210
270
90
230
330
107 +
Depth
(feet below
ground
surface)
0-40
40-70
70-320
320-370
370-430
430-465
465-675
675-945
945-1035
1035-1265
1265-1595
1595-1702+
Dominant
Lithic
Type
Clay with
Sand
Clay
Limestone
with Clay
Clay with
Limestone
Limestone
Sand/Clay
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Dolomite
Limestone/
Dolomite
Limestone
Hydrological Properties
Representa-
tive Transmis-
ivity
(GPD/ft)
3000
- x< ' '^
1000
3000
30,000-
50,000
12,000
25,000
>2, 000, 000
1.400
Storage
co-
efficient
10"8 to
lo-1
^*'^ ^%
•" t *" «. <
' :^> :•
10"5 to
io-3
* *'*• C
10~3 to
IO-2
Static Water
Level. (12/75)
Ft above MSL)
118
> ^ * *"*
89
•
45
45
45
45
45-
Vertical
iydraulic
Gradient
(ft/ft)
v
.9
.9
i .
Hor izontal
Hydraul ic
Gradient
(ft/ft)
variable
. 0002
a\
Source: CF Mining Corporation, 1976.
-------
1. The Avon Park dolomite is very much anisotropic such chat a
"permeable zone" trends west-northwest between the test well
cluster and an area about 0.5-mile north of LF-4.
2. The highly permeable zone probably controls potantiemetrie
water level contours. This is illustrated by water level
contours plotted for Hardee County (Wilson, 1975).
3. Identical Suwannee water level responses at the cluster
indicate that the "highly permeable" zone penetrated by PTW is
greater than 1,200 feet thick.
4. The Floridan Aquifer includes geologic formations from the Lake
City Limestone up through the Tampa Formations indicated by
pumping water level responses in these formations. The total
thickness exceeds 1,300 feet.
5. A confining bed exists between the Floridan Aquifer and
secondary artesian aquifer as indicated by Hawthorn water
levels monitored during the PTW pumping test.
6. Transmissivities of the Avon Park dolomite may range from less
than 500,000 to more than 20,000,000 gpd/ft on an areal basis.
The storage coefficient is believed to be in the order of 0.001
to 0.01. A leakage value for confining beds bounding the
Floridan Aquifer was not calculated based upon the PTW pumping
test.
7. Determination of pumping levels for pumping rates other than
5,700 gpm can be extrapolated directly from plots of the pump
test data.
Water level recorders have been maintained since January 1Q76 by CF on
5 wells in the Floridan Aquifer. One of these wells is in Complex I
(LF-5), and the remaining four wells are on Complex II (LF-1, LF-4,
LF-6, and OF). The hydrographs from LF-1, LF-4, and LF-6 for the period
from July 1981 through June 1982 are shown in Figure 3.4.1-5. LF-5 was
not included on the figure because its water level was nearly identical
(within 1 foot) of LF-6. The water level for Well DF was between the
water levels recorded at LF-1 and LF-4 for the entire year.
3-70
-------
CF CIS 02/TS/S5
80-|
CO
TOTAL DEPTH
WELL DEPTH (FT)
LF-1
LF-4
LF-6
1200
1103
1027
JULY AUG
SEPT ' OCT ' NOV
~T DEC ' JAN
MONTHS
FEB ' MAR 'APRIL' MAY 'JUNE
Figure 3.4.1-5
HYDROGRAPHS OF FLORIDAN WELLS ON CF COMPLEX II,
JULY 1981 THROUGH JUNE 1982
SOURCES: CF MINING CORPORATION. 1981-1982; ESE, 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
The hydrographs indicated that during the study period, levels in the
Floridan Aquifer fluctuated about 21 feet. The highest level was at
LF-6 (63 feet MSL) and the lowest at LF-4 (30 feet MSL). The gradient
of the potentiometric surface across the property is about 1 ft/mile
pitching downward in the southwestern direction.
The ground water monitoring of the potentiometric surface in the
shallow, secondary artesian, and Floridan Aquifer from July 1981 through
June 1982 indicated that the head difference between the shallow and
Floridan aquifers has a downward vertical gradient. In July 1981, the
head difference was as high as 87 feet on the western portion of the
site and about 71 feet on the eastern portion. The smallest difference
between the potentiometric surfaces of the shallow and deep aquifers
occurred in September 1981 when the shallow aquifer was approximately
65 feet above the Floridan Aquifer. Even though a downward gradient
exists on the site, the results of the CUP pump tests indicate that no
measurable leakance occurs in the site area. This is attributable to
the confining beds between the aquifers.
An inventory of water wells was conducted to determine the location,
depth, and other pertinent information about water wells in the vicinity
of the project site. A summary of water well data is presented in
Table 3.4.1-2, Inventory of Wells in the Vicinity of CF Industries'
Hardee County Phosphate Project Site (CF Industries, Inc. 1975). Well
locations are shown on Figure 3.4.1-6.
3.4.1.2 GROUND WATER QUALITY
Variations in ground water quality occur over the site under natural
conditions. Agriculture, mining, chemical processing, and the over-
pumping of public-supply wells have resulted in local degradation of
some areas through contamination. The EPA Draft Areawide Environmental
Impact Statement (1978) presents an overview of the ground water quality
in the region. The following section presents summaries of descriptions
3-72
-------
Table 3.4.1-2. Inventory of Wells In the Vicinity of OF Industries Hardee (bunty Phosphate Project Site
Well
Number*
HA-1
HA-2
HA-3
HA-4
HA-5
HA-6
HA-7
HA-8
HA-9
HA-10
HA-11
HA-12
HA-13
HA-14
HA-1 5
HA-16
location
N27°36'5"
E82°2I48"
N27034'7"
E82°2'55"
N27°34'U"
N27°35130"
EB2°0I53"
Sec. 10
T33S R23E
N27°3ri2"
N27°36'20"
E81°58'38"
N27°35'44"
E81°59'4"
N27°35'43M
E81°59'r
SW 1/4
Sec 23
T33S R23E
IE 1/4
Sec 12
T33S R23E
N27'35'45"
E81°57'2"
NW 1/4
Sec 20
T33S R24E
N27°35'47"
E81°56'13"
N27°35'48"
Sec 5
T34S R24E
Depth
900
1,062
1,062
965
900
1,360
810
960
400
930
840
950
580
868
Anount/Size
of Casing
(ft .-inch DIA)
400-12
82-12
82-12
124-12
98-10
900-10
88-10
10-0
90-4
4
12"
200-10"
168-12
120-12
100-4
445-8
Average
Yield Permit Date
(gpra) Use to. Drilled
Irrig. 1956
2,000 Unused 1957
2,000 Unused 1957
1,760 Irrig. 1962
Irrig. 74067910
2,000 Irrig. 1959
Irrig.
Irrig. 1962
Danes. I960
Domes.
Irrig. 72117040
Irrig. 1956
Irrig. 73013850
1,100 Irrig.
50 Irrig.
Irrig. 75047850
Ground
Surface
Ptnp Elev.
133
tone 123
tone 127
Turbine 122
Turbine 90
Turbine 125
Turbine 125
125
Turbine 122
Turbine 111
Centrif. 110
Source
of
Datat
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
3
4
1
4
1
1
4
-------
Table 3.4.1-2. Inventory of Wells In the Vicinity of (F Industries Hardee County Phosphate Project Site (Continued, Page 2 of 4)
Well
Nunber*
HA-17
HA.-18
HA-19
HA.-20
HA-21
HA-22
HA-23
HA-24
HA-25
HA-26
HA-27
HA-28
HA-29
HA-30
HA-31
location
NE 1/4
Sec 9
T33S R24E
SE 1/4
Sec 21
T33S R24E
NW 1/4
Sec 3
T33S R24E
Sec 3
T33S R24E
SW 1/4
Sec 22
T33S R24E
Sec 22
T33S R24E
N27°31'9"
E81°54'ir
N27030'40"
E81°54'19"
Sec2
T33S R24E
Sec 11
T33S R24E
N27°37'03"
E8r53'0"
N27°36'3"
E81e52'29"
SW 1/4
Sec 11
T34S R24E
N27°37'38"
N27°37'37"
E81'5J'58"
Depth
932
931
560
210
617
662
887
986
1,130
944
Anoint/Size Averags
of Casing Yield
(ft.-inch DIA) (gpm)
392-10
79-4
16-2
150-6
4
406-8
120-4 30
110-8 250
163-8
8
164-12 1,700
239-12 1 ,900
117-10
248-10
Permit Date
Use to. Drilled
Irrig. 72024940
Ebraes.
Irrig.
Irrig. 74064530
Domes.
Irrig. 74114890
Domes. 1971
Irrig.
Irrig. 74084850
Irrig. 72012300
Irrig. 1963
Irrig. 1957
Domes. 74074830
Irrig. 1957
Ground Source
Surface of
Pup Elev. Dacat
4
3
3
4
3
4
110 1
Uarbine 109 1
4
4
(tone 104 2
lurbine 108 1
4
1
Ilrblne 121 2
-------
Table 3.4.1-2. Inventory of Wells In the Vicinity of OF Industries Hardee Gxnty Phosphate Project Site (Continued, Page 3 of 4)
U1
Well
Muter*
HA-32
HA-33
HA-34
Hfr-35
HA-36
HA-37
HA.-38
HAr39
HA-40
We4l
HA-42
HA-43
HA-44
HA-45
HI-1
HI-2
HI-3
location
N27°31'20"
EB1"52'19"
N27e31'8"
E81°52'19"
N27a30'28"
B81852'28M
N27°36'14"
E81°50'48"
N27°35f38"
E81°5ri5"
re i/4
Sec 31
T33S R25E
Sec 6
T34S R25E
Sec 6
T34S R25E
N27Q32'49"
E81e50'47"
Sec 18
T34S R25E
N27°38'28"
E81°50'20"
N27°36'18"
E81°50'28"
Sec 20
T33S R25E
N27°30'8"
E81°50'13"
Sec 34
T32S R22E
Sec 34
T32S R22E
Sec 34
T32S R22E
Depth
1,060
1,060
1,220
900
1,139
1,040
1,062
1,062
354
335
1,075
537
916
916
916
Anount/Size Average
of Casing Yield
(ft .-Inch DIA) (gpm)
200-12 1,800
100-12 1,800
200-12 2,000
248-12 1 ,000
222-6
12
454-10
139-10
6
90-6 500
100-8
155-10
100-6 750
250-30
295-12
290-10
Permit Date
Use ND. Drilled
Irrig. 1957
Trrig. 1957
Irrig. 1956
Irrig.
Irrig. 1951
Irrig. 71061380
Irrig. 71078650
Irrig. 71028380
Irrig. 1971
Irrig. 72012340
Irrig. 1955
Irrig. 1946
Irrig 74115000
Irrig. 1956
74129330
74129345
Obser. 74129346
Gtound
Surface
Punf> Elev.
Turbine 107
Turbine 107
Turbine 106
104
Turbine 125
115
Turbine 119
Turbine 123
Turbine 98
Source
of
Ebtat
2
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
1
4
1
1
4
1
4
4
4
-------
3.4.1-2. Inventory of Wells In the Vicinity of CF Industries Hardee County Phosphate Project Site ((bntinued, Page 4 of 4)
u>
Well
Nunber*
ra-4
MA-1
MA-2
PO-1
PO-2
PO-3
PCM
PO-5
PO-6
location
Sec 34
T32S K22E
WWW
E82°06'17"
N27°33'06"
E82°03151"
Sec 28
T32S R23E
Sec 28
T32S R23E
Sec 28
T32S.R23E
Sec 28
T32S R23E
Sec 28
T32S R23E
N27°38'49"
E81°51'll"
Depth
910
1,135
1,178
1,568
906
836
1,020
740
Anr>unt/Siae
of Casing
(ft .-inch DIA)
272-30
90-12
160-12
175-20
195-20
360-16
294-16
180-6
Average
Yield
(gpn) Use
1,800 Stock
Inrig.
Indus.
Indus.
Indus.
Indus.
Indus.
Qround
Permit Date Surface
NJ. Drilled Punp Elev.
75129430
1%1 TXarbine
1959 Itebine 115
74092360
74092370
74092380
74092390
74121210
Source
of
Datat
^
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
*HA = Hardee County
HI = Hillsborough County
MA = Manatee (bunty
PO = Polk Cbunty
tl = USGS Open File Report
2 = Division of Geology 1C fo. 53
3 = Personal GtmraLnication
4 = SWEWMD
Source: ESE, 1986.
-------
Cf 01/15/86
U
-
Figure 3.4.1-6
LOCATION OF WELLS IN THE VICINITY OF CF INDUSTRIES
HARDEE COUNTY PHOSPHATE PROJECT AREA
SOURCE: DAMES & MOORE, 1976.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
from this overview on the shallow aquifer (also called the surficial or
water table aquifer), the secondary artesian, and the Floridan Aquifer.
The water in the shallow aquifer is generally soft and has a low
dissolved-solids content (less than 100 milligrams per liter) in the
inland areas. The shallow aquifer is contaminated locally by nutrients
from fertilized agricultural land, and leakage from sewers, seepage from
industrial lagoons, septic systems, and landfills. Contamination of the
shallow aquifer is generally evidenced by increased concentrations of
dissolved constituents such as chloride, nitrate, fluoride, phosphate,
sulfate, and, in some areas, bacteria and viruses (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, 1977).
In Hardee and DeSoto Counties, the shallow aquifer is believed to
increase in thickness from north to south with a maximum thickness
between 40 and 65 feet. Wells completed in the shallow aquifer are
generally used for domestic purposes, lawn-watering, or stock-watering.
In general, this aquifer has high iron concentrations and an acidic oH
value (i.e., below 7).
Regional water quality data for the secondary artesian aquifer are
limited and most of the existing information is combined with the
results of sampling in the lower Floridan Aquifer. The secondary
artesian aquifer is widely used as a source of water, although yields of
individual wells and total withdrawals from this aquifer are generally
less than those associated with the Floridan Aquifer (Wilson, 1977).
In general, water quality in the secondary artesian aquifer is better
than that in the Floridan Aquifer. The median values for dissolved
solids, calcium and magnesium, sulfate, and hardness are all sub-
stantially less for the secondary artesian aquifer. Median concentra-
tions of chloride and sodium are nearly equal to slightly lower while
fluoride concentrations are slightly higher in value.
3-78
-------
The Floridan Aquifer is an underground freshwater reservoir which
extends under the entire peninsular portion of the state. Under natural
conditions, highly mineralized water underlies the Floridan Aquifer at
various deaths. As shown in Figure 3.4.1-7, water obtained from the
Floridan Aquifer in the region generally can be used as potable water,
e.g., it provides the public water supply for the City of Arcadia.
However, in the coastal areas (0 to 10 miles inland) from Hillsborough
County to Charlotte County, the Floridan Aquifer contains essentially no
potable water.
In coastal areas where drainage canals and tidal channels, as well as
pumping near the coast, have reduced the potentiometric head, saltwater
intrusion is an important concern. As a result of these influences, a
saltwater wedge has migrated inland. The pumping of the deep aquifer
water for irrigation is largely responsible for inland saltwater
intrusion, in the Floridan Aquifer.
Shallow Aquifer
On the CF site, a total of 18 wells ranging in depth from 25 to 66 feet
were used to monitor the surficial aquifer. These wells were sampled
monthly for 14 parameters; 7 of the wells were sampled once for an
additional 7 parameters. Details of well depths and locations are
presented in Table 3.4.1-3. The mean concentration of analyses
conducted by CF Industries on the 18 shallow aquifer wells are
summarized for July 1981 through June 1982 in Table 3.4.1-4. As
expected, a close relationship between TDS and conductivity was
observed; these parameters in turn were apparently dictated to a large
extent by the localized presence or absence of carbonaceous material
within the surficial aquifer. Conductivity ranged from a low of
17 umhos/cm to a high reading of 570 uhmos/cm, whereas TDS (residue)
ranged between 2 and 501 ppra. In general, the average concentrations of
TDS and conductivity on Complex II were about twice those of Complex I.
Levels of pH were somewhat low relative to ambient alkalinities and may
reflect organic acids leaching from detrital material in surface soil
3-79
-------
Line of equal
water zone in
All lines are
SITE SELECTION
depth to base of potable
feet below mean sea level
approximate.
Estimated depth to base of
potable water zone ranges from approxi-
mately 1500 to 2000 feet.
ilo potable water is present
in Floridan aquifer.
Position of 250-ni1ligrarcs/liter isochlor
at depth of 100 feet below mean sea level.
Dashed where uncertain
Nonpotable water is defined as water
having concentrations exceeding any
of the following:chloride (250 milli-
grams/liter), sulfate (250 mil 1igrams/
liter), or dissolved solids (500 milli-
grars/1iter)
MILES
Figure 3.4.1-7
DEPTH TO BASE OF POTABLE WATER ZONE IN
FLORIDAN AQUIFER, 1975
SOURCE: EPA, 197B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
Table 3.4.1-3. Ixxation and Description of Existing Wells Drilled by CF Mining Cbrporation
UJ
00
location*
Well tto.
SA-1
SA-2
SA-3
Stt4
SA-5
SAr6
SA-7
SA-8
RA-9
SA-10
SA-11
SA-12
Sfc-13
Sfr-14
SA-15
SA-16
SA-17
SA-18
UF-2
UF-3
UF-4
UF-5
UF-6
LF-1
LF-2A
LF-3
LF-4
U-5
LF-6
FTO
DF
North
60698.117
53874.851
47208.819
55822.678
34048.580
41969.327
37931.175
34770.304
28002.101
28970.300
28855.100
34315.672
41988.346
34280.992
28975.314
29307.336
37452.141
42018.579
34417.226
34285.380
37352.531
60695.754
34691.817
34381.671
34567.697
33289.416
37289.466
60694.758
34628.549
34274.392
34123.773
East
57769.303
45750.726
54996.422
64982.087
56335.403
59133.238
67298.860
77396.733
75248.616
67370.672
47516.517
51591.215
37768.314
40321.390
35273.553
25996.360
26164.405
32580.104
39874.944
39921.683
26200.749
57670.013
77401.967
40273. H5
39875 .438
40275.388
26226.180
57869.228
77402.964
40168.483
40156.720
Ground
Ifivel
Elevation
123.9
113.3
99.1
120.3
105.3
112.1
106.8
117.9
118.8
105.7
105.0
119.6
126.1
120.9
116.7
118.8
119.6
120.8
117.4
117.6
119.6
123.6
117.5
121.3
118.5
120.2
119.6
124.4
118.1
121.3
120.8
Tbtal
Depth
(In Feet)
51
30
25
30
66
56
52.5
35
44
44
47
45
66
60
55
60
51
55
433
375
418
360
385
1200
1175
1121
1103
948
1027
1175
1702
Casing
[tepth
(In Feet)
51
30
25
30
66
56
52
35
44
44
47
45
66
60
55
60
51
55
375
91
102
84
84
948
950
945
479
412
471
950
1500
Diameter
(in Inches)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
20
10
Mxiitored
Zones (Feet)
5-51
5-30
5-25
5-30
5-66
5-56
5-52.5
5-35
5-44
5-44
5-44
5-45
5-66
5-60
5-55
5-60
5-51
5-55
374-433
65-375
102-418
84-360
84-385
900-1200
510-675,950-1175
510-675,950-lP.l
479-1103
380-948
471-1027
950-1175
514-675,1500-1702
* Florida coordinate system.
Source: CF Mining Corporation, 1076.
-------
Table 3.4.1-4. Mean Ooocentratioos of Water Quality Data (bllected From Shallow Aquifer Wells from July 1981 Through
1982
oo
to
Parameter*
Ternjerature (Field) *C
pH (Lab)
Armenia (NJ^)
Nitrite (N^) pob
Nitrate (NOj)
Orthophosphate
Tbtal Rtosohorus
Sulphate (Sfy)
Bicarbonate alkal. as CafX>$
Silica (SIOj)
TD6 (Residue)
Fluoride
Cdnductivity (Lab) infos/cm
Carbonate Alkal. as CaCOj
Calciun
Magnesium
Sod ion
Potassiun
Chloride
Iron
Strontiun
SA-1
23.7
6.5
0.11
2
.06
0.13
1.44
2.29
».B2
9.08
77.83
0.15
93.08
0.0
12.8
7.3
19.9
0.4
13.0
0.35
O.I
Complex I
SA-2
24.7
6.0
0.06
6.3
0.04
0.22
0.82
15.79
11.73
6.25
75.06
0.38
114.17
0.0
14.6
11.1
20.1
0.6
12.8
0.2
0.1
Sft-J
23.5
6.5
0.06
5.17
0.02
0.28
2.16
17.05
6.71
8.31
108.42
0.35
155.75
0.0
20.9
6.5
23.2
0.85
26.9
0.15
0.25
SA-4
23.3
6.2
0.05
1.42
0.02
0.68
1.10
9.84
7.63
10.59
70.67
0.40
92.83
0.0
17.7
7.0
18.5
0.35
12.0
0.6
0.3
SA-5
24.7
7.2
0.08
21.8
0.13
0.97
2.09
5.58
156.2
17.1
244
0.93
270
0.0
t
T
t
T
t
t
t
Complex II - East
SA-6
24.5
7.3
0.06
1.8
0.02
0.08
0.47
2.09
136
23
168
0.27
231
0.64
36.8
21.4
18
1.1
14.1
0.15
0.35
SA-7
24.5
5.6
0.11
16.9
0.95
1.68
2.61
.21.98
8.66
14.08
210
0.43
2O4
0.0
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
SA-8
24.4
6.3
0.07
27.7
0.03
0.19
4.77
32.58
28.36
13.10
125
0.55
162
0.0
22.4
9.1
24.4
0.1
14.5
17.0
0.1
SA-9
24.4
5.9
0.12
15.0
0.06
0.43
1.00
13.41
7.51
9.6.5
109
0.27
117
0.0
t
T
t
t
t
t
t
SA-10
24.5
7.31
0.06
18.8
0.02
0.17
0.76
6.68
100.5
18.85
283
0.53
345
0.0
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
SA-11
24.4
7.8
0.06
2.0
0.12
0.06
0.65
2.93
322
39.28
365
0.48
492
2.4
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
SA-12
22.S
6.4
0.09
1.75
0.03
0.83
2.36
3.90
17.9
17.61
75
0.51
75
0.0
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
Complex II - West
SA-11
24.25
6.0
0.06
3.6
0.04
0.14
0.70
3.03
4.50
7.90
9fl
0.35
88
0.0
t
t
t
t
T
t
r
SA-14
-' •
».5
7.1
0.05
3.3
0.30
1.38
2.08
1.73
66
48.8
201
0.44
206
0.0
t
T
r
t
r
t
t
SA-15
24.7
6.7
0.07
42.3
0.04
1.18
2.98
1.38
32.21
16.43
109
0.76
115
0.0
t
t
T
t
t
t
T
SA-16
24.2
7.0
0.08
4.2
0.02
1.78
3.06
0.74
44.03
17.09
98
0.84
122
0.0
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
SA-1 7
24.4
6.4
0.07
13.0
0.04
0.45
1.07
6.00
28.11
10.25
108
0.44
87
0.0
15.4
13.2
15.6
0.9
10.1
2.1
0.4
SA-18
24.4
7.7
0.06
5.7
0.04
0.09
0.36
13.34
177
30.19
260
0.42
354
1.2
t
t
T
t
t
T
t
* All parameters are in og/L unless specified above.
t Ha data collected.
Sources: CF, 1982.
BSE, 1982.
-------
horizons. Within the wells, pH ranged from 4.9 to 8.5. Sulfate levels
ranged from 1 to 123 rag/L. The average sulfate levels on Complex
II-East and Complex I were about three time" greater than those on
Complex II-West. Elevated levels of fluoride were not observed; all
values were less than 1.16 mg/L.
Nutrient sampling included ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus,
and orthophosphate. In general, average nitrate and nitrite values were
low. Ammonia levels ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/L, with the majority of
high values occurring on Complex II-East. Average TP and orthophosphate
concentrations were relatively high with ranges from 0 to 7.7 mg/L and
0 to 7.6 mg/L, respectively.
Secondary Artesian^ Aquifer
A total of 4 wells ranging in depth from 360 to 418 feet were used by CF
to monitor the secondary artesian aquifer. These wells were sampled
monthly for the same parameters as those in the surficial aquifer. A
summary of the data from samples collected from the four wells from July
1981 through June 1982 is presented in Table 3.4.1-5. Conductivity had
a low measurement of 200 uhmos/cm and a high reading of 660 uhmos/cm,
whereas TDS ranged between 58 and 517 ppm. The average values were
about two to three times larger than the surficial aquifer averages.
Inorganic nitrogenous species were generally low. Orthophosphate and
total phosphorus were lower than in the surficial aquifer, with
concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 0.8 ppm and 0.0 to 1.3 ppm,
respectively. Alkalinities reflected the calcareous matrix of the
secondary artesian aquifer with a bicarbonate alkalinity range between
146.6 and 341.3 ppm. Samples in three of the four wells exceeded the
Florida 1.6 rag/1 fluoride ground water quality criteria.
Floridan Aquifer
On the CF site, a total of 7 wells, ranging in depth from A33 to
1,702 feet, were used by CF to monitor the Floridan Aquifer. These
wells were sampled monthly for the same parameters as those in the
3-83
-------
Table 3.4.1-5. Mean Concentration of Water Quality Data Collected From
Secondary Artesian Aquifer From July 1981 Through June 1982
Parametert
Temperature (Field) C8
oH (lab - SU)
Ammonia (N!^)
Nitrite (N02) ppb
Nitrate (NC^)
Or tho phosphate
T. Phosphorous
Sulfate (804)
Bicarb. Alk. CaC03
Silica (Si02)
TDS (residue)
Fluoride
Conductivity (lab)
umhos/cm
Carbonate Alk. as CaCC>3
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Iron
Strontium
UF-3
24.2
8.22
0.34
11.3
0.02
0.08
0.21
7.52
298
45.5
4.31
2.03
595
5.2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
UF-4
24.5
8.15
0.20
8.3
0.03
0.07
0.63
8.08
241
45.1
445
2.24
629
1.6
49.6
31.9
33.6
5.6
88.3
0.15
1.2
UF-5
24.2
8.15
0.25
18.0
0.07
0.08
0.43
12.7
268
48.7
440
2.31
543
2.3
49.7
34.0
33.1
6.4
63.5
0.4
2.5
UV-6
24 . 5
7.92
0.7.7
0.9
0.01
0.13
0.55
8.6
246
40.4
294
1.14
423
1.4
45.4
31.8
30.5
3.2
13.3
0.1
0.5
*No data collected.
tAll units are mg/1 unless otherwise indicated.
Sources: CF, 1982.
ESE, 1982.
3-84
-------
surfical aquifer. A summary of the data for samples collected from the
seven wells from July 1981 through June 1982 is presented in
Table 3.4.1-6. The pH in the wells ranged between 7.0 and 9.5, except
in Well UF-2 (11.1 to 11.9), which potentially indicates well construc-
tion impacts. Conductivities were typically moderate, averaging less
than 550 umhos/cm with the exception of Wells UF-2 and DF; similarly,
average TDS levels (excluding Wells UF-2 and DF) ranged between 202 and
413 rag/1. With respect to other wells in the Floridan Aquifer group,
Well DF was unique chemically, and apparently is influenced by saline
intrusion; conductivity, TDS and sulfate levels were all approximately 3
to 10 times in excess of observed values in the other wells. Sulfate
levels were less than 100 mg/1 in all wells, except Well DF which had
values between 400 and 1,600 mg/1. Nutrients were generally low and no
exceedance of Florida Class G-II ground water quality criteria of
10 mg/1 were observed for nitrate. TP and orthophosphate were generally
less than 1.6 mg/1 and 0.9 mg/1, respectively.
Alkalinity was generally of the bicarbonate form in all wells except
UF-2. The two deepest wells, LF-1 and DF, had the lowest alkalinity
values. Carbonate alkalinity was detected most often in Well PTW.
Exceedance of federal secondary water quality standards for pH were
observed in Wells LF-1 (6 of 9 samples), PTW (6 of 9 samples), and UF-2
(11 of 11 samples). Fluoride levels were similar in four of the wells
with values less than 0.6 mg/1. The Florida Class G-II fluoride ground
water quality criteria was exceeded, however, in 14 percent of samples
obtained from Well DF and all of samples from Well LF-4.
3.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.4.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
Dragline Mining (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity
Impacts on the surficial aquifer from dragline mining are caused
primarily from dewatering the mine pit in order to maintain relatively
3-85
-------
Table 3.4.1-6. Msan Concentration of Water Quality Data Collected From Floridan Aquifer Fran
July 1981 Through June 1982
Parameter!
Temperature (Field) C*
DH (lab - Sll)
Ammonia (NH^)
Nitrite (ND2) ppb
Nitrate (1103)
Orthophosphate
T. Rwsphorous
Sulfate (804)
Bicarb. Alk. CaOCVj
Silica (SiC2)
TDS (residue)
Fluoride
Conductivity (lab)
umhoa/cm
Carbonate Alk. as CaCTVj
Calciun
Magnesiun
Sodivin
Ttotassiun
Chloride
Iron
Strontium
UF-2
25.0
11.3
0.47
1.0
0.01
0.08
0.58
32.89
0.0
5.8
750
1.05
1,765
134.8
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
LF-1
26.0
8.52
0.40
1.7
0.01
0.06
0.46
12.4
70.7
3.8
202
0.43
301
7.2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
LF-4
24.7
8.22
0.18
1.5
0.01
0.16
0.44
10.2
211
40.1
413
2.22
539
1.0
36.9
31.6
33.8
5.9
82.1
0.1
2.1
LF-5
25.4
8.15
0.15
1.1
0.01
0.10
0.58
46.3
152
17.9
274
0.62
314
1.8
44.7
28.4
19.7
4.0
11.5
0.2
5.6
LF-6
26.2
8.22
0.31
1.0
0.01
0.09
0.41
47.0
166
19.8
280
0.38
363
2.4
45.5
30.0
34.0
4.3
8.5
0.2
14.8
DP
27.7
7.43
0.44
9.7
0.03
0.08
0.33
830
70
5.1
1,242
1.01
1,552
0.00
173.7.
50.0
31.3
10.5
46.3
0.05
19.5
PIW
26.9
8.7
0.79
1.78
0.01
0.06
0.38
22.0
%
7.1
158
0.43
279
17.3
18.6
23.8
29.8
18.9
19.2
0.1
7.1
*ND data collected.
tAll uiits are ug/1 uiless otherwise indicated.
Sources: CF, 1982.
ESE, 1982.
3-86
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dry conditions. Seepage into Che pit will vary from one area to another
depending on the aquifer hydraulic properties, geometry of the cut, and
length of dewatering. CF estimates that an average pumping rate of
2,000 gpm will maintain the desired pit water level elevation. Any
changes to the aquifer caused by dewatering operations will be short-
term, site-specific, and temporary.
During dewatering operations for mine cuts located at the site
boundaries, water levels in the shallow aquifer may be reduced by 3 feet
or more within a maximum distance of about 500 feet from the property
line for a maximum pumping period of 90 days (CF Industries, 1975).
These projections were based on shallow aquifer test results and were
estimated for worst-case conditions. According to the CUP application,
mine cuts will be perpendicular to site boundaries where temporary
lowering of the water table would result in possible offsite vegetation
damage. This will result in an open cut against the site boundary of
250 feet wide rather than as much as 5,000 feet long if cuts were
oriented parallel to the boundaries. To alleviate problems with water
levels, CF proposes to backfill mine cuts along property boundaries,
when necessary, and construct rim ditches between the mine pits and
adjacent property. With the water level maintained in a rim ditch,
seepage into the ground should maintain the water level beneath adjacent
property.
The lowering of the surficial aquifer will affect the head difference
between the surficial and Floridan Aquifer In areas of the mine pit.
This reduction in the head difference between the two aquifers, however,
should not alter the recharge on the site since even under existing
conditions the recharge was not measurable during CUP pump tests. This
is attributable to the confining beds between the aquifers.
3-87
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Quality
No significant changes in ground water quality are expected as a result
of dragline raining.
Slurry Matrix Transport (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
CF proposes to slurry the phosphate matrix at the mining area and
transport the slurried matrix by pipeline to the beneficiation plant.
A recirculation system will provide recycled water to be used to slurry
the matrix.
Quantity
The recirculation system and the surficial aquifer will be used to
provide 252 gpra of water for pump seal lubrication. In the areas where
wells are used for pump seal water, the location of the wells will
change as mining progresses. In these areas the changes in the oiezo-
raetric level of the aquifer will be short-term and will cease after the
completion of mining. Since the withdrawal rates will be relatively
small, no significant impact should occur from the pumo seal water
withdrawals.
Quality
No significant changes in ground water quality are expected as a result
of matrix slurry transport.
Conventional Matrix Processing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity
Conventional matrix processing utilizes recirculation water for the
beneficiation process and process makeup water for the flotation
process. An average of 4.96 MGD of flotation process water will be
withdrawn from the Floridan Aquifer. CF proposes to drill two 24-inch
diameter production wells to a depth of 1,200 feet. The original
Consumptive Use Permit (CUP) issued on April 7, 1976, had an authorized
water consumption of 20.20 MGO maximum and 15.74 MGD for average daily
withdrawal. Because of more efficient water use projections, CF
proposed decreased average and maximum withdrawal rates of 7.85 MGD and
-------
10.57 MGD, respectively, on their renewal application. The renewal CUP
No. 203669 was issued from SWFWMD on January 6, 1982. Figure 3.4.2-1
shows the drawdown which the proposed withdrawal rate of 5.0 MGD from
the South Pasture production wells would produce. The contours shown in
this figure were generated by using a steady-state leaky artesian model.
The model input values of transmissivity, leakage, and storage were
2,000,000 gpd/ft, 0.0001 gpd/ft3, and 0.001, respectively, as reported
in the CUP Application Supporting Report (CF Industries, 1975). The
results of the modeling show a steady-state drawdown of about 2.5 feet
at the well locations. Drawdown at the property boundaries ranges from
a maximum of 2 feet directly north of the proposed pumping wells, to
less than 1 foot at the western and eastern boundary. This change in
water level is less than the existing variation between the wet season
and dry season. Therefore, it is not expected to cause measurable
impacts on existing wells.
The impacts to the potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer are
expected to be temporary. At the end of mining, pumping will cease and
the piezometric level should return to premining conditions.
Quality
Withdrawals from the artesian Floridan Aquifer for the flotation process
water and the makeup water could cause the upwelling of higher sulfate
water located near the base of the aquifer. The movement of sulfate
water would occur first in the on-site production wells which will be
monitored as part of the SWFWMD CUP requirements. As shown in
Figure 3.4.1-6, the depth to the base of potable water at the proposed
well-field location is approximately 1,500 feet. The depth to the
saltwater-freshwater interface is estimated at greater than 2,000 feet.
Using the Ghyben-Herzberg principle, the drawdown of 2.5 feet at the
proposed wells would produce an upwelling of the interface of approxi-
mately 100 feet. This distance of upward migration of the saltwater-
freshwater interface should be reduced by the relatively impermeable
dolomite layer at the base of the Avon Park Limestone. Because of the
3-89
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PROPOSED PRODUCTION WELL
B WATER LEVEL DRAWDOWN
IN FEET BELOW STATIC
Figure 3.4.2-1
PROJECTED DRAWDOWN AS A RESULT OF
PROPOSED WITHDRAWAL RATE OF 5.0 MGD
SOURCES: CF Mining Corporation, 1976; ESE, 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
large distance of the interface to the base of the production wells, no
significant upward migration of mineralized water into the Floridan
Aquifer should occur.
The result of the drawndown from the pumping wells will be an increase
in the downard gradient between the secondary artesian and the Floridan
Aquifer. However, over most of the site, no measurable increase in the
leakance between the aquifers is expected because of the existing
confining bed. In the western area of the mine site, water quality was
observed to be similar in both aquifers; therefore, the effect on ground
water in the Floridan Aquifer due to increased downward movement of
ground water is expected to be minimal. As a result, the ground water
quality of the Floridan Aquifer is not expected to be altered by
downward movement of water.
Reagents used in the flotation process will be discharged with the waste
clay and sand tailings. Drainage from the sand and clay settling area
will enter CF's recirculation system from which some seepage will enter
the surficial aquifer from the ditches and canals. The impacts on the
surficial aquifer water quality are discussed in the waste disposal
section.
Water Management
Process Water Sources
Ground Water Withdrawal (CF Industries Proposed Action)—
Quantity
The impacts of water withdrawals from the two 1,200-foot deep Floridan
Aquifer wells for the flotation process are discussed in the section
Matrix Processing. Two additional wells will be developed to supply
domestic and public needs: an 8-inch diameter, 1,200-foot deep well for
domestic water supplies; and a 4-inch diameter, 500-foot deep well for
potable water supply during construction of the plant site. Potable
water consumption during mining is estimated to be 0.01 MGD. The
combined yield for the four wells should be approximately 5.0 MGD for
3-91
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total plant operations. Withdrawals from the upper and lower Floridan
Aquifer will lower the potentiotnetric levels and increase head differ-
entials between the Floridan Aquifer and the surficial aquifer.
Lowering of the potentiometric surface over the site by an average of
approximately 1 foot is not expected to alter recharge since no recharge
could be detected during the CUP pump tests.
Mining operations will also affect recharge. CF estimates an average
pumping rate of 2,000 gpm to maintain the desired mine pit water eleva-
tions in the surficial aquifer. This localized dewatering of the
surficial aquifer in the vicinity of the mine pit will decrease the head
differentials between the aquifers and decrease the potential for
recharge. The water table in the mine pit area will be lowered between
50 and 70 feet which will result in a localized reduction of recharge.
The increase in recharge potential from the Floridan Aquifer pumping
should offset the decrease resulting from mine pit dewatering, thereby
making the net result small. However, no measurable differences are
expected in recharge to the Floridan because of the confining beds
between the aquifers. The changes in the surficial aquifer
potentiometric surface resulting from mine pit dewatering will be
short-term, site-specific, and temporary.
Maximum well pumpage is expected to occur during the pre—filling of the
ISA. Estimates call for well water to be pumped at the maximum capacity
of 6.34 MGD for 90 days, the time required to fill the ISA. Based on
the results of the drawdown modeling of the 5.0 MGD withdrawal rate, the
resulting drawdowns should be less than 5 feet at the property
boundaries. This drawdown is within the criteria established by the
Southwest Florida Water Management District for approving a CUP permit
application.
Quality
Impacts on withdrawals from the Floridan Aquifer are discussed in the
section Matrix Processing. No significant changes in shallow ground
3-92
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water quality should result from dewatering the surficial aquifer during
mining operations.
Surface Water—
Quantity
If impounded surface water were used as process makeup water, levels in
the secondary artesian aquifer and the Floridan Aquifer would not be
impacted since withdrawals would not be needed. The impoundment would
also help maintain water levels in the surficial aquifer through
additional seepage. The impacts to the surficial aquifer resulting from
mine pit dewatering would still occur, as discussed in the section
Process Water Sources—Ground Water Withdrawal.
Quality
The sand tailings and waste clays would contain naturally occurring
contaminants from the phosphate matrix and residual reagents used in the
flotation process. Site-specific data has been collected quantifying
these changes. Some changes in the surficial aquifer water quality are
expected as a result of seepage from the ISA and storage areas. A
comparison of existing surficial aquifer water quality and samples
collected from CF's existing settling area at Complex I are presented in
Table 3.4.2-1. The two samples of CF's existing settling area should
be representative of the proposed plant site on Complex II. The
comparison shows that the surficial aquifer water quality concentrations
would increase as a result of seepage for specific conductance,
fluoride, sulfate, pH, ammonia, and unionized ammonia. With the
exception of fluoride and color, the settling area water quality does
meet the ground water quality standards of Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation (FDER), FAG, Chapter 17-3, 1984. Depending on
the quantity of seepage, the dilution effects of the surficial aquifer,
and the background concentration of color, fluoride and color may exceed
standards in the vicinity of the ISA and the waste disposal areas. A
decrease in the concentrations of total phosphorus, dissolved
orthophosphate, dissolved silica, copper, and iron in the surficial
aquifer is expected as a result of mine water seepage.
3-93
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Table 3.4.2-1.
Comparison of Surficial Aquifer Water Quality and CF
Existing ISA
Parameter
General Parameters:
Color (PCU)
MB AS
Oil and Grease
Suspended Solids
Turbidity
Water Temp. (°C)
Dissolved Ions:
Specific Conductivity
(umhos/cm)
Cyanide
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Alkalinity and pH;
Alkalinity (as CaCO3
PH
Nutrients:
Ammonium (N)
Ammonia, unionized (N)
N03+N02 (N)
TKN (N)
Total Org. N
T. Phosphorus (P)
Diss. 0-P04 (P)
Silica, Diss. (Si02)
Oxygen and Oxygen Demand:
Diss. Oxygen
BOD (5 day)
Metals:
Arsenic, Total (ug/L)
Beryllium (ug/L)
Cadmium, Total (ug/L)
Chromium, Total (ug/L)
Copper, Total (ug/L)
Complex
SA-17
NAt
NA
NA
26.0
14.0
NA
140
NA
8
0.83
-------
Table 3.4.2-1. Comparison of Surficial Aquifer Water Quality and CF
Existing ISA (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Parameter
Iron (ug/L)
Lead (ug/L)
Mercury (ug/L)
Nickel (ug/L)
Selenium (ug/L)
Silver (ug/L)
Zinc (ug/L)
Complex
SA-17
410
40
0.4
<5
<23
<0.4
164
II Wells
Average
6,400
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CF's
Settling Area
MDW-1 MDW-2
247 153
3.2 3.2
0.2 <0.2
<8.0 <8.0
4.5 4.5
<0.4 <0.4
25.9 20.9
FDER
Standards
<300
<50
<2.0
NS
<10
<50
<5,000
Microbiology:
Coliform, Fecal <4 12 149 51 NS
(#/100 ml)
*FAC 17-3 has incorporated EPA (1983a) primary and EPA (1983b) secondary
drinking water standards.
TNA • Not analyzed.
**NS • No standard.
All units in mg/L unless specified otherwise.
Sources: CF, 1982.
FAC, Chapter 17-3, 1985.
ESE, 1985.
3-95
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Surface water impoundment should result in no significant changes in
water quality in the secondary artesian aquifer or the Floridan
Aquifer.
Discharge
Discharge to Surface Waters (_C_F'Industries' Proposed Action) —
Quantity
Water from the recirculating system is proposed to be discharged into
discharge points adjoining Shirttail Branch and/or Doe Branch with an
alternative discharge point into the wetlands within the floodplain of
Payne Creek. No significant changes in ground water quantity should
result from the discharge to wetlands.
Quality
No significant changes in ground water quality should result from the
discharge to the surface streams.
Discharge to Surface Waters Via Wetlands (CF Industries' Alternate
Proposed Action)—
Quantity
Discharge to wetlands within the floodplain of Payne Creek should result
in no significant changes in ground water quantity.
Quality
Discharge to wetlands within the floodplain of Payne Creek should result
in no significant changes in ground water quality.
Connector Wells—
Quantity
Connector wells are potentially feasible, from a technical perspective,
to discharge uncontaminated water from the surficial aquifer to the deep
aquifers. Thus some of the drawdown caused by deep well pumping could
be offset by the induced recharge.. However, a site-specific study would
be needed to determine the feasibility connector wells onsite. The
3-96
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results of studies conducted on other mine sites in the area have
generally concluded that connector wells are not economically feasible.
Quality
Discharge of water from the surficial aquifer to the deep aquifers would
generally increase the phosphate and nitrate levels in the deep aquifer;
however, the oH, ammonia, sulfate, fluoride, and conductivity would
generally decrease as a result of connector well recharge.
Zero Discharge
Quantity
To comply with zero discharge, settling areas and dam heights would need
to be increased. Other changes might include post-raining contour
elevations and future land uses. Seepage to the surficial aquifer would
increase due to increases in settling areas and dam heights. Changes in
post-mining contouring and land uses might change post-mining oiezo-
metric levels in the surficial aquifer.
Quality
The impacts of seepage from the ISA and disposal areas are dicussed in
the section Water Management/Process Water Sources/Surface Water. There
will be an increase in the potential for changes in ground water quality
due to seepage in the zero discharge alternative.
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
Sand and Clay Mixing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity—CF proposes a sand-clay mix as the predominant waste disposal
method to be used on-site. Waste sand and clay are removed and
separated during the mining and beneficiation processes, and CF esti-
mates a total of 97 million short tons (8T) of clay and 305 million ST
of sand will be generated during the expected 27-year mining ooeration.
Waste clay in the range of 2 to 5 percent solids will be placed in an
ISA and allowed to settle for a period of approximately 6 months or
until the clay reaches the 12- to 18-percent solids range. Sand
3-97
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tailings and the 12- to 18-percent clay solids will be mixed at a ratio
of 2:1 and pumped to a disposal area. The mixture will consist of
approximately 30 percent clay solids at the completion of filling the
area and will approach 40.9 percent clay solids in approximately
5 years.
The ISA will have a total area of 760 surface acres, a storage volume of
20,000 acre-feet, and a dam height of 40 feet above the average grade.
The ISA must be filled with water prior to operation. CF estimates that
a pumping rate of 4,400 gpm (about 6.3 MGD) from the Floridan Aquifer
for a period of 90 days will be required to pre-fill the ISA; however,
the pumping time may vary depending on the potentiometric level in the
aquifer. The impacts on ground water caused by this withdrawal are
similar to those discussed in the section Matrix Processing.
At the conclusion of mining, 9,083 acres of Complex II will be composed
of sand-clay mix areas. The sand-clay mix soil will have a lower
permeability than the natural soil. Thus overall recharge to the
surficial aquifer may be decreased because of increased surface runoff
and ponding. Due to the confining beds between aquifers, recharge to
the deeper aquifers is not expected to change since, under existing
conditions, the recharge was not measurable during the CUP pump tests.
Sand tailin'gs that are not used in the sand-clay mix program will be
used to backfill some mined areas. A total of 2,213 acres of Complex II
will be composed of sand tailings fill areas at the conclusion of
mining. A 6- to 12-inch cap of overburden will be used to retain
moisture and provide some nutrients for plant growth. Recharge to the
surficial aquifer in these areas will be similar to or slightly higher
than, that of the natural materials. No significant changes in ground
water quantity of the secondary artesian aquifer or the Floridan Aquifer
should occur because of the confining beds between aquifers.
3-98
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Quality—Impacts on water quality In the Florldan Aquifer due to an
Increased downward gradient during the prefilling of the ISA would be
similar to those discussed in the section Matrix Processing.
Changes to the surficial aquifer water quality are discussed in the
water management section. Since water originating in the shallow
aquifer must pass through clayey confining beds, no significant changes
should occur in the ground water quality of the secondary artesian
aquifer or the Floridan Aquifer as a result of mine water seepage.
Conventional Sand and Clay Disposal
Quantity—In the conventional sand and clay disposal method, waste sand
and clay are disposed in separate areas formed from mined areas. The
settled clays may form more of a natural liner than sand-clay mix and
thus reduce recharge to the surficial aquifer. The impounded clays
would also increase water losses over the life of the mine relative to
sand-clay mixing, by the increased entrainment of water. The potentio-
metric surface of surficial aquifer would be higher In these areas than
in sand-clay mix areas.
Sand tailings disposal areas would permit rapid drainage and would allow
the water table to re-establish at a level similar to natural condi-
tions. A slight increase in recharge to the surficial aquifer would
occur in these areas. No significant changes should occur in the
secondary artesian aquifer or the Floridan Aquifer.
Quality—-As stated above, the reduced seepage and increased containment
of water in the separate clay disposal areas would provide greater
containment of water used in the transport of the waste clays. Thus,
the movement of nutrients and reagents within the clays would be reduced
and the impacts on the quality of the surficial aquifer would be less
than the impacts associated with sand and clay mix. Whereas, the
movement of nutrients and reagents within the sand tailings would be
increased and the impact greater than the impacts associated with the
sand and clay mix.
3-99
-------
For the sand tailing areas, the higher permeabilities would be somewhat
offset by the lower head differences between the tailing fill areas and
surficial aquifer. Therefore, the potential changes in surficial water
quality are similar to those discussed in the section Water
Management/Process Water Sources/Surface Water.
Sand and Clay Cap
Quantity—The sand-clay mix waste disposal method is similar to the
conventional clay settling disposal method except that an approximately
5-foot cap of sand and clay material would be placed over the
conventional clay settling areas. This would increase the pressure
gradient over the area and thus would increase seepage to the surficial
aquifer relative to conventional disposal. Impacts on ground water
quantity would be similar to those of the conventional sand and clay
disposal method.
Quality—Impacts on ground water quality would be similar to those of
the conventional sand and clay disposal.
Reclamation
OF Industries' Proposed Reclamation Plan
Quantity—Approximately 14,925 acres of Complex II will be disturbed by
mining and related activities: 9,083 acres of sand-clay mix disposal
areas; 2,213 acres of sand tailings fill areas with an overburden cap;
2,399 acres of mined out areas for land-and-lakes; and 1,230 acres of
overburden fill areas and disturbed natural ground. The sand-clay mix
disposal method will reduce the time needed for waste clay stabilization
and will allow more rapid reclamation of these lands compared to the
conventional clay disposal method. This method will also allow waste
disposal materials placed above-grade to settle at or near grade,
thereby eliminating the need for high dams and allowing reclamation to
be completed close to original contours.
3-100
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The sand-clay mix will be pumped to 26 storage areas which will be
filled to an average height of 10 feet above original grade and a maxi-
mum of 5 feet below the top of the dikes. The sand-clay mix will con-
soldiate to an average of 41 percent clay solids and subside to an
average height of 2.3 feet above original grade over a period of approx-
imately 5 years. The average height of 2.3 feet includes a 2- to 4-inch
cap formed by the grading of surrounding dams and any protruding over-
burden spoil piles. Complete reclamation of the sand-clay mix areas
will require 7 years after filling is complete: drying and consolida-
tion will require 5 years; final grading and revegetation, an additional
2 years. The sand-clay mix areas will have a lower permeability than
the natural soil, resulting in higher water levels or ponding. A
reduction in recharge to the surficial aquifer may occur due to
increased runoff and evapotranspiration. Future recharge to the sur-
ficial aquifer will also be affected by future land use which may
include improved pasture, forestry, cropland, and wetlands. Recharge to
the secondary and Florida Aquifers should not be altered since the
confining beds between the aquifers restricts recharge to an
unmeasurable quantity.
Sand tailings will be used to backfill mine cuts to approximately
natural grade and then a cap of 6 to 12 inches of overburden will be
used to provide a good soil cover. Recharge to the surficial aquifer
may be slightly increased due to the higher permeability of the sand
tailings. Complete reclamation of the sand tailings fill area will
require approximately 2 years after filling, allowing for final grading
and revegetation.
At the conclusion of mining, all clays will be removed from the ISA and
its dams reduced to meet abandonment and reclamation requirements of the
Florida Department of Natural Resources and FDER. Final grading and
revegetation should be completed within approximately 2 years after
mining has ceased. Changes in recharge to the surficial aquifer will
depend on the future land use of the area. Approximately 1,230 acres of
3-101
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mined and disturbed areas will be reclaimed with overburden fill. These
areas will be primarily located along property boundaries and will also
include the plant site and the ISA, Compartment I. These mined and
disturbed lands will be reclaimed to approximately natural grade and
will have good potential for a variety of land uses. These areas will
generally be reclaimed within 2 years after mining. Recharge to the
surficial aquifer should be similar to that of pre-mining conditions.
A total of 2,399 acres of Complex II will consist of land-and-lakes
areas constructed in five mined-out areas because of the lack of
sufficient waste material to be used as fill. Reclamation, which will
consist primarily of grading the remaining spoil piles followed by
revegetation, is expected to be completed within 2 years after mining.
Wetlands will be reclaimed from at least 25 percent of land-and-lakes
areas and from 25 to 30 percent of the reclaimed sand-clay disposal
areas. The total lake and wetlands area of the site will increase by
9 percent after reclamation. An increase in storage of surface water
and a rise in water table levels will result in a slight increase of the
potential for recharge to the secondary artesian aquifer and the
Floridan Aquifer from these areas. However, no increase is expected
because of the confining beds between the aquifers.
Quality—No significant changes in ground water quality of the secondary
artesian aquifer or the Floridan Aquifer should occur as a result of
reclamation. Changes in the surficial aquifer quality will occur as a
result of leakage through the sand-clay mix and sand tailings fill
disposal areas. These impacts are similar to those discussed in the
Sand and Clay Mix Disposal section.
Conventional Reclamation/Clay Settling
Quantity—Waste sand and clay generated during the mining and beneficia-
tion processes would be disposed in mine cuts and above-ground storage
areas. A larger area and a longer consolidation period would be
required for the disposal of waste clays compared to the sand-clay mix
3-102
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disposal method. The waste clay would have a lower permeability than
the pre-mining materials and possibly lower than the underlying clay
strata that occurs between the surficial aquifer and the secondary
artesian aquifer. This would result in a reduction of recharge to the
artesian aquifers, although water levels in the surficial aquifer would
be higher than pre-mining levels. Water levels in the sand tailings
disposal areas would be dependent on the hydrologic characteristics of
the sand and adjacent materials.
Quality—Changes to the surficial aquifer water quality from seepage are
discussed in the section Water Management/Process Water Sources/Surface
Water. No significant changes should occur in the ground water quality
of the secondary artesian aquifer or the Floridan Aquifer.
Sand-Clay Cap
Quantity—The 5-foot cap of sand-clay mix material would have a higher
permeability than the underlying waste clay. This would allow a perched
water table to be established about 5 feet below the surface of the
sand-clay mix cap areas. Reduced recharge to the artesian aquifers and
higher water levels in the surficial aquifer would occur in these
areas.
The water table levels in the sand tailings fill areas would depend on
the hydrologic characteristics of the sand and adjacent materials.
Quality—Impacts on ground water quality would be similar to those
discussed in the section Conventional Reclamation/Clay Settling.
3.4.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
Quantity
Under the No Action alternative, no significant changes in the ground
water regime would be expected. Seasonal changes in water levels in the
surficial, secondary artesian, and Floridan Aquifers would not be
3-103
-------
affected. Existing ground water uses in the area of the prooosed mine
would continue. This action would cause no changes in the hydrologic
characteristics of the surficial aquifer, nor would recharge to the
artesian aquifers change.
Quality
The quality of ground water under this action would depend on future
land use in the area. If land use patterns do not change, then ground
water quality should remain as it is currently.
3-104
-------
3.5 SURFACE WATER
3.5.1 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.5.1.1 SURFACE WATER QUANTITY
Regional Description
The CF Industries Hardee Phosphate Complex II is located in the west-
central portion of the Peace River Basin as shown in Figure 3.5.1-1.
The site is drained primarily by two tributaries of the Peace River:
Payne Creek, and Horse Creek.
The USGS has maintained numerous stream gauging stations on the Peace
River and its tributaries. Station locations are shown in
Figure 3.5.1-1. Pertinent data from those stations in the vicinity of
the CF site are summarized in Table 3.5.1-1.
Average annual rainfall in Hardee County is 54 inches (Hughes et al.,
1971); however, monthly and annual variation can be significant.
Approximately 60 percent of the total annual average precipitation
occurs during the months of June, July, August, and September. On an
annual basis, EPA (1979) characterizes the area as having an average
rainfall of about 55 inches, an average evapotranspiration of 39 inches,
an average total surface runoff of 15 inches, and an aquifer recharge of
between 0.5 and 5 inches.
Site-Specific Description
The CF property consists of two complexes: Complex I and Complex II.
Complex I is the northern tract of property and is currently being mined
by CF; Complex II is the southern portion of the property which is
proposed for mining and is the study area for this EIS. Complex I is
drained primarily by Payne Creek and one of its tributaries, Hickey
Branch. Complex II is primarily drained by Horse Creek, Payne Creek
and, to a much lesser extent, Troublesome Creek. Minor drainage tribut-
aries and/or subbasins present on the Complex II site include Brushy
Creek, Shirttail Branch, Coon's Bay Branch>Doe Branch, Plunder Branch,
and Lettis Creek.
3-105
-------
CF EIS OS/Ottos
APPROXIMATE fOUNOARt ;
Or PfACE RIVER BASIN AREA
CF INDUSTRIES
MAftOEE COUNTY
PHOSPHATE PROJECT
SITE
S INDICATES USGS GAUGING STATION
1-02207155
2-02297310
3-02295420
4-02294050
5-02294898
0 12295637
7-02296750
Figure 3.5.1-1
PEACE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN
SOURCES: CF MINING CORPORATION, 1976; ESE, 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-106
-------
Table 3.5.1-1. Suimary of Pertinent Data from USGS Stations in the Region
Station
Nuifcer
02297155
02297310
02295420
02294650
02294898
w 02295637
i
o 02296750
Name/Location
Horse Creek near Myakka Head
torse Creek near Arcadia
Payne Creek near Bowling Green
Peace River at Bartow
Peace River at Fort Meade
Peace River at Zolfo Springs
Peace River at Arcadia
Period of
Record
1977-1980
1950-1980
1963-68, 1980
1939-1980
1974-1980
1933-1980
1931-1980
Drainage Area
(mi)
41
218
121
390
465
826
1,367
Average Flow
(cfs)
m
194
111
252
169
680
1,155
Maximum
Flow (cfs)
904
11,700
2,190
4,140
1,360
26,300
36,200
Minimum
Flow (cfs)
0.04
0.0
0.84
1.1
1.9
22.0
37.0
NA = Not Available.
Source: USGS, 1980.
-------
Drainage areas on Complex II arc shown in Figure 3.5.1-2. The property
is located on a regional drainage divide, with the western half of the
property draining south and the eastern half draining to the north and
then east.
CF Industries, Inc. has maintained an extensive monitoring network of
stream level recorders and rainfall stations on the property since July
1975. Continuous recorders are located at Stations WQ-1, WQ~2, WQ-3,
WO-4, and WQ-7, and current measurements were taken periodically to
calibrate stage/discharge curves for each station.
the monitoring period for the EIS data collection effort was from July
1981 through June 1982, and the effort included data collection by both
CF and ESE. The locations of CF monitoring stations and additional
stations sampled by ESE are shown in Figure 3.5.1-3. The surface water
level recorders, staff gauge readings, and continuous rainfall
recordings (previously described) were maintained from July 1981 through
June 1982, and the data were reduced by CF. In addition, ESE installed
a Stevens Type-A level recorder on Horse Creek at Station WQ-11 in July
1981 and maintained this gauge through June 1982. ESE measured stream
flows monthly at Stations WO-5, WQ-8, WQ-9, WQ-10, WQ-ll, and WQ-12 from
July 1981 through September 1981 and monthly at Stations WQ-1 through
WQ-5, WQ-7, WQ-8, WQ-10, WQ-11, WQ-13, and WQ-14 from October 1981
through June 1982.
The monthly flows measured at Station WQ-11 were used to develop a
stage/discharge curve. This stage/discharge curve was used to translate
the surface water level recordings into average daily flows.
In order to estimate long-term average daily discharges for the ungauged
streams on the property, a correlation was developed between a long-term
USGS gauging station and streams on the property. Based on hydrologic
3-108
-------
Figure 3.5.1-2
DRAINAGE BASIN AREAS ON COMPLEX II PROPERTY
SOURCE: ESE. 1965
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
...
H1LLSBOROUCH CO
C0~
POLK CO
»AftD£f CO
ECEND
• SURFACE WATER MONITORING STATION (WO)
SURFACE WATER MONITORING STATIONS
ADDED FOR EIS (WO)
A RAIN GAUGE (R|
• MONITORING WELLS
SA * SHALLOW AQUIFER
UF « UPPER FLORIOAN
LF = LOWER FLORIDAN
WELL CLUSTER INCLUDES:
PRODUCTION TEST WELL (PTW)
DEEP FLORIDAN TEST WELL (DF)
LF 1. LF2A. LFO, UF 2" UF-3, SA-14
Figure 3.5.1-3
LOCATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA COLLECTION STATIONS
SOURCES: CF MINING CORPORATION. 1976; DAMES & MOORE, 1976; ESE. 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex It
-------
similarities, USGS gauging station 02300100 on the Little Manatee River
at Fort Lonesome was chosen for these analyses. The on-site stations
for correlation were limited to WQ-4, Gum Swamp Branch, and WQ-8, Doe
Branch, since the other gauges were found to be influenced by discharge
from existing mining operations.
Correlation and regression analyses was performed for Station WQ-4 and
the USGS station using the average monthly flows at each of these
stations from January 1976 through September 1981 and for WQ-8 and the
USGS station using the average monthly flows from February 1979 through
September 1981 (periods of overlapping record). The results of these
regression analyses showed that the average 17-year flow rate was
0.35 cfs per square mile (cfsm) for the CF property.
For each of the other surface water stations on Complex II, total
drainage basins were delineated on 2-foot-interval topographic maps
provided by CF Industries. The average flows at each station on Complex
II were calculated by multiplying the drainage area of each basin by the
17-year flow rate (0.35 cfsm) as determined in the regression analyses.
The basin areas and average flows are presented in Table 3.5.1-2.
By comparing the site average rainfall to the NOAA gauge located in
Wauchula, the site rainfall during the monitoring year is 4 inches above
"normal" (the 30-year average precipitation). According to SWFWMD
(1981) classification, the monitoring year would be classified as a
normal year. However, the monthly precipitation totals varied widely
from monthly normals.
3.5.1.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY
Regional Description
Horse Creek
Water quality data have been collected in the reach of Horse Creek
near CF Complex II at Station WQ-6 and downstream by Mississippi
Chemical Corporation (MCC) at Station MCC-2 (see Figure 3.5.1-4).
3-111
-------
Table 3.5.1-2. Drainage Areas and Average Flows for Each Surface Water Sanpling Station
u>
Surface
Water
Station
PAYNi CREEK
WQ-1
WQ-7
WQ-4
WQ-10
WQ-^8
WQ-5
WQ-12
WQ-2
WQ-3
WQ-13
Wt^-14
HORSE CREEK
WQ-9
WQ-11
Location
BASIN
Hickey Branch
Inflow to property
Outflow from property
Gun Swamp Branch
Inflow to property
Shirttail Branch
Outflow from property
Doe Branch
Outflow from property
Plunder Branch
Outflow to property
Coons Bay Branch
Outflow
Payne Creek
Inflow to property
Outflow from property
Upstream of Little Payne Creek
Downstream of Little Payne Creek
BASIN
Brushy Creek
Outflow from property
Horse Creek
Outflow from property
Point Source Dis-
charges Upstrean of
Surface Water Station
Agrico Mine
Agrico and CF Mines
None
ttone
None
None
None
Agrico Mine
Agrico and CF Mines
Agrico and CF Mines
Agrico and CF Mines
None
None
Drainage
Basin Area
(sq. mi.)
1.9
6.7
10.1
2.3
8.0
4.2
0.5
26.3
57.4
68.4
12 1. Ot
4.2
17.9
Percent of Basin
on CF Property
0
47
2
97
90
88
56
2
29
32
18
98
9.5
Average
Flow (cfs)
2*
7*
3.6
0.8
2.8
1.6
0.2
26*
57*
68*
121*
1.5
6.3
* Estimated fron relationship in CF IRI, i.e., 1.0 cfsm.
t USGS, 1980.
Sources: ESE, 1982.
USGS, 1980.
CF Mining Corporation, 1976.
USGS Quadrangles, 1956, 1972.
-------
I I POUK CO NT:
PEACE RIVER AT
ZOLFO SPRINGS
PEACE
RIVER
BASIN
MYAKKA
RIVER
BASIN
HORSE CREEK
NEAR ARCADIA
• INDICATES LOCATION OF WATE QUALITY
SAMPLING STATION
Figure 3.5.1-4
LOCATIONS OF REGIONAL
WATER QUALITY STATIONS
SOURCES: EPA. 1978
ESE. 1982
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-113
-------
Further downstream, USGS has maintained a water quality station on Horse
Creek near Arcadia since 1962. The following observations were made
from the extensive USGS water quality summary for Horse Creek near
Arcadia which is summarized in Table 3.5.1-3. No mean concentrations
violate Florida Class III standards. However, violations occur for the
extreme values of alkalinity, conductivity, DO, pH, and mercury. Since
alkalinity is generally low (38 mg/L as CaCOj), even the low to
moderate color levels (125 PCU) produce acidic conditions. Nitrogen
levels are low; however, nitrate-nitrite is moderate to high, indicating
fertilizer input from leached ground water or runoff. Total phosphate
is high, averaging 1.37 mg/L. Waters are generally well oxygenated,
with DO averaging 7.7 mg/L and BOD averaging 0.9 mg/L. Dissolved ions
are moderate. SpeetMc conductivity averaged 251 umhos/cm, indicating a
TDS concentration of 140 to 225 mg/L.
Peace River
Long-term water quality data in the Peace River collected by USGS at
Zolfo Springs, south of the Payne Creek inflow, are summarized in
Table 3.5.1-3. Waters in the Peace River at Zolfo Springs have low to
moderate color levels, high conductivity, and high phosphate levels.
Color averaged 65 PCUs, with moderate alkalinity (59 mg/L as CaCO^),
pH averaged in the slightly basic range (7.16).. Dissolved solids were
high at the station. Specific conductance averaged 388 umhos/cm,
indicating a total dissolved solids concentration of 210 to 350 mg/L.
Nitrogen was low in the river; however, nitrate-nitrite was high
(1.13 mg/L), indicating fertilizer input from ground water or runoff.
Total phosphate was high, averaging 7.17 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was
observed at moderate levels, averaging 6.9 mg/L, and BOD was generally
low, averaging 1.4 mg/L. Water quality data at the USGS station on the
Peace River near Arcadia, located about 33 miles downstream of the Zolfo
Springs station, are similar to those observed at Zolfo Springs.
3-114
-------
Table 3.5.1-3.
Mean Concentration of Water Quality Data for Horse Creek
Near Arcadia (USGS Station 02297310) and Peace River at
Zolfo Springs (USGS Station 02295637)
Parameter
Alkalinity (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
Chlorides (mg/L)
Color (pt-co units)
Conductivity (umhos)
DO (mg/L)
Fluoride (mg/L)
Hardness, total (mg/L)
pH
Sulfate (mg/L)
TOC (mg/L)
Turbidity (JTU)
NH3 + NH4 (mgN/L)
Organic N (mgN/L)
TKN (mgN/L)
N02 + N03 (mgN/L)
Total N (mgN/L)
Ortho PC>4 (mg/L)
Total P04 (mg/L)
.Aluminum, total (ug/L)
Arsenic, total (ug/L)
Cadmium, total (ug/L)
Copper, dissolved (ug/L)
Iron, total (mg/L)
Lead, ' total (ug/L)
Mercury, total (ug/L)
Nickel, total (ug/L)
Zinc, dissolved (ug/L)
Horse Creek
38.0
0.9
15.8
125.0
251.0
7.7
0.5
75.0
6.92
30.2
19.0
9.0
0.05
1.03
1.14
0.18
1.32
1.54
1.37
190.0
1.0
0.5
4.0
0.785
6.5
0.3
3.0
8.0
Peace River
59.0
1.4
15.2
65.0
388.0
6.9
4.7
147.0
7.16
88.0
17.0
11.2
0.11
0.89
0.93
1.13
2.21
10.26
7.17
45.0
1.0
0.0
28.0
0.333
1.0
0.5
5.0
17.0
Source: USGS, 1980.
3-115
-------
Site-Specific Description
Previous Studies
CF Industries has collected weekly samples at Stations WQ-1 through WQ-7
since July 1975. The analyses performed include: pH, conductivity,
alkalinity, fluoride, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, total
*
phosphorus, silica, sulfate, total suspended solids, fecal coliforms,
and turbidity. Radium-226 analysis has been performed two to four times
per year since 1976. Continuous measurements of temperature, dissolved
oxygen, pH, and conductivity have been made at Stations WQ-1, WQ-2,
WQ-3, and WQ-7.
ESE initiated water quality sampling efforts on the CF property in July
1981, and conducted a 1-year monitoring program that covered the period
July 1981 through June 1982. Samples were collected from Stations WQ-1
through WQ-5, and WQ-7 through WQ-14. For details regarding the
sampling frequency and parameter analysis frequency, see Section 7.0 of
the Supplementary Information Document (SID).
Water quality data gathered during the EIS and during previous studies
have been summarized by statistical analyses using the raw data values.
The results of the statistical analyses are presented in Section 7.0 of
the SID. This section presents the mean concentrations calculated for
each sampling station.
Horse Creek Basin
Three streams are discussed in Horse Creek Basin, including Horse Creek
(WQ-11), Brushy Creek (WQ-9), and Lettis Creek. Land use in the basin
consists primarily of rangeland, marsh, and flatwoods, with forested
swamps bordering the streams. Water quality data collected in the basin
during EIS monitoring are presented in Table 3.5.1-4. Water quality
data collected on Brushy Creek and Lettis Creek for Mississippi Chemical
Corporation and Farmland Industries studies are presented in
Table 3.5.1-5.
3-116
-------
Table 3.5.1-4.
Mean Concentrations of Water Quality Data Collected on Complex II from July 1981 Through
June 1982
I
M
H-
^J
Horse Creek Basin
Parameter
General Parameters:
Stream Flow (cfs)
Color (PCU)
Methy.B.A. Subst. (mg/L)
Oil and Grease (mg/L)
Suspended Solids (mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Water Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Ions:
Sp. Conduct., Field (umhos/cm)
Cyanide (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Fluoride (mg/L)
Sulfate (mg/L)
Alkalinity and pH:
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaC03)
PH
Nutrients:
Ammonia (mg/L-N)
Ammonia, Un- ionized (mg/L)
N03 + N02 (mg/L-N)
TKN (mg/L-N)
T. Org. N. (mg/L-N)
T. Phosphorous (mg/L-P)
Diss. 0-P04 (rag/L-P)
Silica, Diss. (mg/L as SI02)
Brushy
Creek
WQ-9
1.92
383
ND
ND
46
2.00
27.9
65.7
ND
8
0.20
2
9
5.17
0.12
<0.001
0.018
2.91
2.79
0.708
0.522
5.5
Horse
Creek
WQ-11
45.2
333
ND
ND
<5
0.93
26.0
123
ND
18
0.23
13
5
5.37
<0.03
<0.001
0.007
1.60
1.57
0.477
0.400
4.4
Payne Creek Basin (Complex
Plunder
Branch
WQ-5
0.22
207
<0.50
<5
26
4.01
20.8
249
<0.005
21
0.60
23
69
6.21
0.04
<0.001
0.016
1.64
1.60
1.29
0.903
14.6
Doe
Branch
WQ-8
1.82
183
<0.50
<5
17
2.67
20.1
283
<0.005
35
0.36
48
45
5.98
0.17
0.001
0.281
2.47
2.30
0.541
0.365
9.6
Shirttail
Branch
WQ-10
2.33
236
<0.50
<5
9
2.71
21.3
194
<0.005
22
0.84
48
17
5.70
0.05
<0.001
0.008
1.67
1.62
0.772
0.576
6.9
II)
Coons Bay
Branch
WQ-12
0.002
313
ND
ND
111
9.85
28.3
450
ND
60
0.28
163
20
5.23
0.19
<0.001
0.027
4.10
3.91
1.15
0.501
12.8
-------
Table 3.5.1-4. Mean Concentrations of Water Quality Data Collected on Complex II from July 1981 Through
June 1982 (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
I
I-*
M
OO
Horse Creek Basin
Parameter
Oxygen and Oxygen Demand:
Diss. Oxygen (mg/L)
BOD (5 NA. mg/L)
Metals:
Arsenic, Total (ug/L)
Beryllium (mg/L)
Cadmium, Total (ug/L)
Chromium, Total (ug/L)
Copper, Total (ug/L)
Iron, Total (ug/L)
Lead, Total (ug/L)
Mercury, Total (ug/L)
Nickel (ug/L)
Selenium, Total (ug/L)
Silver, Total (ug/L)
Zinc, Total (ug/L)
Microbiology:
Coliform, Fee. (1/100 ml)
Note: Mean value was calculated
the detection limit.
ND = No data.
Source: ESE, 1982.
Brush
Creek
WQ-9
2.7
3.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
687
using half the
Horse
Creek
WQ-11
2.1
1.9
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
435
value of the
Plunder
Branch
WQ-5
3.4
3.5
<11
<1.0
0.3
4.3
2.9
2290
<11.0
1.1
6.3
6.4
0.9
32.9
236
detection
Payne Creek Basin (Complex
Doe
Branch
WQ-8
1.6
4.0
<11
-------
Table 3.5.1-5.
Mean Concentrations of Water Quality Data Collected
Downstream of Complex II on Lettis Creek and Brushy
Creek
Parameter
Flow (cfs)
Water Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
PH
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Suspended Solids (mg/L)
Oil and Grease (mg/L)
TOC (mg/L)
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml)
Ortho PC>4 (mg/L)
Total P (mg/L)
NH3 (mg/L)
Organic N (mg/L)
N03 * N02 (mg/L)
TKN (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
Acidity
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Color (CPU)
Total Solids (mg/L)
Fluoride (mg/L)
804 (mg/L)
Iron (mg/L)
Aluminum (mg/L)
Arsenic (mg/L)
Lettis Creek
MCC-12
1.13
21.34
195.00
6.21
3.55
7.38
5.00
28.38
415.00
0.15
0.30
0.19
1.51
0.03
ND
2.66
15.88
51.63
2.13
275.00
183.75
0.26
3.75
0.35
0.19
0.02
Brushy Creek
MCC-10 and S-2
1.86
24.16
170.32
5.92
4.67
63.23
5.00
37.20
222.32
0.90
20.61
0.13
1.28
2.51
0.39
19.15
18.36
23.53
133.27
169.41
111.11
6.08
166.67
0.32
313.16
0.02
ND
No data.
Sources: MCC, 1976.
ESE, 1982.
3-119
-------
Waters in the basin can generally be considered to be colored waters of
low turbidity. Color levels were highest in Brushy Creek (383 PCU);
however, this level is typical for Florida streams traversing swampland
areas.
Alkalinity was highest in Lettis Creek. Alkalinity in the streams was
often below the minimum standard for Florida Class III waters. Low
alkalinity suggests low buffering capacity in the stream and, with
acidic water input, acidic conditions could be expected. Generally,
acidic conditions are found in the streams.
Nitrogen was highest in Brushy Creek, and values of organic nitrogen
were higher during ponded conditions, indicating the buildup of organic
matter when flushing is reduced. Total phosphorus levels were also
highest in Brushy Creek (0.708 mg/L) and the predominant form of this
phosphate was ortho-phosphate, which represented as much as 85 percent
of the total.
Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were low
in the streams. Fecal coliform counts were highest in Brushy Creek
(687/100 ml), possibly due to ponded conditions. These conditions
probably reflect impact from cattle and rangeland runoff.
Payne Creek Basin: Tributaries Draining Complex II
Water quality samples were collected from four tributaries draining
Complex II north to Payne Creek. These tributaries include Shirttail
Creek (WQ-10), Doe Branch (WQ-8), Plunder Branch (WQ-5), and Coons Bay
Branch (WQ-12). The results of this sampling are presented in
Table 3.5.1-4. Land use in the basin is primarily forested swamp,
rangeland, flatwoods, and marsh. As in the Horse Creek Basin, organic
color is an important part of the water chemistry of the streams
draining Complex II. Coons Bay Branch had the highest organic color
levels, averaging 313 PCU. Color appeared to be higher during flow
conditions, indicating the effect of flushing in swamps.
3-120
-------
Suspended solids were also highest in Coons Bay Branch (111 mg/L), with
suspended matter being higher during ponded conditions.
Specific conductance measurements were also highest in Coons Bay Branch
(450 umhos/cm). Dissolved ions appeared to have negative correlation
with flow (i.e., dissolved ions were low when flow was high), probably
due to less influence by ground water inflow.
Plunder Branch had the highest alkalinity (69 mg/L as CaCC^) and
highest pH (6.21). Generally acidic conditions were found in all the
streams, with the other three averaging below the minimum standards of
6.0 for Florida Class III waters.
Nitrogen levels were higher during ponded conditions, possibly reflect-
ing the buildup of organic matter when little flushing is occurring.
Nitrate-nitrite was highest in Doe Branch (0.28 mg/L) and may indicate
fertilizer input. Total phosphorus was highest in Plunder Branch
(1.29 mg/L) and was primarily ortho-phosphate (50 to 70 percent);
however, the proportion of ortho-phosphate decreased during ponded
conditions, indicating the buildup of organic matter with little
flushing.
As in the Horse Creek Basin, both DO and BOD were low, possibly indicat-
ing the effect of oxygen removal in swamps and little DO replacement.
Coliform levels were highest (historically) in Plunder Branch
(349/100 mL).
Water quality standards violations were observed at all stations for
zinc, mercury, and iron (Coons Bay Branch was not sampled for metals).
In addition, violations of the cadmium and silver standard were observed
in Doe Branch and Plunder Branch.
Payne Creek Basin: Tributaries Draining Complex I
Tributaries draining Complex I include Hickey Branch (WQ-1 and 7), Gum
Swamp Branch (WQ-4), and Payne Creek on the property (WQ-2 and 3). The
3-121
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results of the sampling conducted on Payne Creek draining Complex I are
presented in Table 3.5.1-6. Land use in the basin is primarily
flatwoods, rangeland, forested wetlands, marsh, and disturbed areas
(mined land).
The water sampled at Station WQ-1 (Mickey Branch—Inflow to Complex I)
was predominantly Agrico's mine discharge. The water sampled at
Station WQ-7 (Hickey Branch--0utflow from Complex I) was a combination
of CF's discharge from their existing mine, Agrico's discharge, and
approximately 5 square miles of natural drainage. The locations of the
point source discharges near Complex I are shown in Figure 3.5.1-5.
The samples collected at WQ-2 (Payne Creek—Inflow to Complex 1) and
WQ-3 (Payne Creek—Outflow from Complex 1) were representative of
Agrico's discharge and about 50 square miles of natural drainage. Gum
Swamp Branch (WQ-4) has a drainage basin of about 10 square miles and no
point source discharges.
Color levels in Payne Creek Basin are generally much lower than those in
Horse Creek Basin. Turbidity was generally less than 5 MTU at all
stations. Specific conductance was highest in Hickey Branch (290 to 325
umhos/cm) and was somewhat negatively correlated with flow.
Hickey Branch upstream had the highest alkalinity of the stations
sampled (102 mg/L as CaC03). Except for Gum Swamp Branch, these
streams had higher alkalinity than streams in Complex II, which may be
the result of Agrico's discharge. Of the five stations, Gum Swamp was
the only station to exhibit primarily acidic conditions (6.42).
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen averaged less than 1.2 mg/1 for all streams;
Hickey Branch downstream had the highest levels (1.14 mg/L). Inorganic
nitrogen (nitrate-nitrite, ammonia) was high in comparison to most
3-122
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Table 3.5.1-6.
Mean Concentrations of Water Quality Data Collected on Complex I and Downstream of Site on
Payne Creek from September 1981 Through June 1982
ro
Payne Creek Basin (Complex I)
Parameter
General Parameters:
Stream Flow (CFS)
Color (PCU)
Methy.B.A. Subst. (mg/L)
Oil and Grease (mg/L)
Suspended Solids (rag/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Water Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Ions:
Sp. Conduct., Field (umhos/cra)
Cyanide (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Fluoride (mg/L)
Sulfate (mg/L)
Alkalinity and pH:
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3)
PH
Nutrients :
Ammonia (mg/L-N)
Ammonia, Unionized (mg/L)
N03 . + N02 (mg/L-N)
TKN (mg/L-N)
T. Org. N. (mg/L-N)
T. Phosphorous (mg/L-P)
Diss. 0-PO^ (mg/L-P)
Silica, Diss. (mg/L as 8102)
Rickey
WQ-1
7.87
29
<0.50
<5
8
3.79
22.2
290
<0.005
14
1.71
45
102
7.15
0.03
<0.001
0.018
1.12
1.09
0.340
0.160
0.8
Branch
WQ-7
10.6
58
<0.50
<5
7
1.67
20.2
325
<0.005
15
1.76
38
97
6.94
0.04
<0.001
0.234
1.14
1.10
0.510
0.417
1.6
Gum Swamp
Branch
WQ-4
5.68
141
<0.50
<5
<5
1.08
18.2
179
<0.005
27
0.38
20
31
6.05
0.03
<0.001
0.923
0.91
0.89
0.611
0.548
6.6
Payne Creek Downstream
Payne Creek
WQ-8
101
67
<0.50
<5
<5
0.87
20.3
300
<0.005
14
1.54
77
71
6.70
0.02
<0.001
0.099
0.60
0.59
0.725
0.644
2.8
WQ-3
19.8
87
<0.50
<5
<5
1.43
20.3
297
<0.005
17
1.38
74
64
6.89
0.02
<0.001
0.238
0.81
0.79
0.774
0.624
3.5
WQ-13
47.2
93
<0.50
<5
<5
1.44
18.6
266
<0.005
19
1.47
63
59
6.17
0.10
<0.001
0.568
0.91
0.81
0.657
0.607
3.6
WQ-14
63.9
85
<0.50
<5
<5
0 99
18.4
.320
<0.005
18
1.30
50
66
6.78
0.06
<0.001
1.56
0.92
0.86
0.705
0.628
3.1
-------
Table 3.5.1-6.
OJ
I
t-'
NJ
.p-
Mean Concentrations of Water Quality Data Collected on Complex 1 and Downstream of Site on
Payne Creek from September 1981 Through June 1982 (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Payne Creek Basin (Complex I)
Hickey Branch
Parameter
Oxygen and Oxygen Demand:
Diss. Oxygen (mg/L)
BOD (5 NA. mg/L)
Metals:
Arsenic, Total (ug/L)
Beryllium (mg/L)
Cadmium, Total (ug/L)
Chromium, Total (ug/L)
Copper, Total (ug/L)
Iron, Total (ug/L)
Lead, Total (ug/L)
Mercury, Total (ug/L)
Nickel (ug/L)
Selenium, Total (ug/L)
Silver, Total (ug/L)
Zinc, Total (ug/L)
Microbiology:
Coliform, Fee. (1/100 mL)
WQ-1
7.4
3.5
<15
<1.0
0.6
11
5.9
206
6.1
0.2
<8.0
3.5
<0.4
51.5
33
WQ-7
7.1
2.7
<15
<1.0
0.3
6.3
3.8
157
5.2
0.2
<6.0
3.5
<0.4
49.3
648
Gum Swamp
Branch
WQ-4
6.2
1.1
<15
<1.0
0.6
<6.0
2.3
560
3.2
0.7
<6.0
3.5
<0.4
37.5
230
Payne Creek Downstream
Payne Creek
WQ-8
7.9
1.9
<15
<1.0
0.4
<6.0
5.1
113
5.0
<0.2
8.8
5.3
<0.4
40.5
163
WQ-3
7.3
1.5
<15
<1.0
0.6
7.7
2.2
203
3.6
0.2
<8.0
3.5
<0.4
39.4
138
WQ-1 3
7.7
1.4
<15
<1.0
1.0
<6.0
2.4
181
2.8
0.4
<8.0
3.5
<0.4
28.4
177
WQ-1 4
7.7
1.3
<15
<1.0
0.3
6.3
2.9
122
2.8
0.2
<6.0
3.5
<0.4
38.8
311
Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; S.D. = Standard deviation; N = Number of observations.
Mean value was calculated using half the value of the detection limit for observations that were less than
the detection limit.
Source: ESE, 1982.
-------
AGRICO MINE
AGRICO MINE
APPROXIMATE DAM LOCATION
F DISCHARGE POINT 002
CF'S EXISTING SETTLING
AREA
LEGEND:
WEIR OVERFLOW STRUCTURE
1-MDW1-EIS WATER QUALITY SAMPLE POINT
2-MDW2-EIS WATER QUALITY SAMPLE POINT
Figure 3.5.1-5
LOCATION OF POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES ON COMPLEX
SOURCE: ESE, 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
natural Florida streams and probably reflects input from fertilizer.
Nitrate-nitrite was highest in Gum Swamp Branch (0.923 mg/L). Total
phosphorus was highest in Payne Creek downstream (0.774 mg/L) and
historically, all streams had much higher levels, averaging more than
0.8 mg/L in the past 6 years. Ortho-phosphate was the predominant form
of phosphorus, ranging from 50 to 90 percent.
Dissolved oxygen was much higher in comparison to levels in other
basins, possibly indicating less contact with wetlands and the result of
mine discharge. Fecal coliform counts were highest in Rickey Branch
downstream (648/100 mL).
Violations of water quality standards were observed for cadmium,
mercury, and zinc for all stations. In addition, violation of the iron
standard was observed in Gum Swamp Branch, reflecting greater solubility
in acidic waters and complexing with organic acids.
Stations WQ-1 (upstream) and WQ-7 (downstream) can be used to detect
changes in water quality in Hickey Branch. Waters downstream appeared
to have more organic color but less suspended matter. pH and alkalinity
were both lower downstream as a result of the color from wetlands.
Nitrogen levels were comparable at both stations; however, nitrate-
nitrite levels were higher downstream indicating some fertilization in
the drainage basin. Total phosphorus was also higher downstream. No
significant differences were apparent in dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions. Coliform levels were much higher downstream.
Two stations on Payne Creek (WQ-2, WQ-3) were also sampled at entrance
and exit points of CF property. Color levels were higher downstream (as
expected; as a result of confluence with streams of higher color levels
(Shirttail, Gum Swamp, and Doe Branches). Acidity and alkalinity were
both lower downstream. Nitrogen levels were also higher downstream.
Total phosphorus levels were very similar. Dissolved oxygen, BOD,
metals, and coliform levels did not change significantly downstream.
3-126
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Payne Creek Downstream of Site
Two stations (WQ-13, WQ-14) east of Complex I, above and below the
Little Payne Creek confluence, were sampled.
Color levels were similar between upstream and downstream stations and
represent no significant change from stations further upstream (WQ-3).
Suspended matter was low at both stations, while specific conductance
was higher at the downstream station.
Alkalinity was highest downstream; however, levels were not
significantly different and did not differ greatly from stations further
upstream. Measurements of pH revealed near neutral conditions.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen levels were similar at both stations; however,
nitrate-nitrite showed a gradual increase in concentration with
progression downstream. Total phosphorus concentrations were slightly
higher downstream of Little Payne Creek but lower than values found at
Station WQ-3.
Dissolved oxygen and BOD levels were similar at both stations. Fecal
coliform levels appeared to increase after the confluence with Little
Payne Creek. Water quality standards for mercury and zinc were exceeded
at both stations, and standards for cadmium were exceeded only upstream
of Little Payne Creek.
Troublesome Creek
The headwater wetlands for Troublesome Creek are in the south central
portion of the CF property. Although no samples were collected in
Troublesome Creek on the CF site, data have been collected downstream of
the site at MCC-5 and SW-ll during previous studies of the Mississippi
Chemical Corporation and Farmland Industries1 proposed mine sites.
These data indicated that water quality in Troublesome Creek is similar
to that of streams draining Complex II.
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Violations of Water Quality Criteria
Violations of water quality criteria have been assessed for EIS monitor-
ing and historical data. Streams in Horse Creek Basin primarily
violated alkalinity and dissolved oxygen criteria. In the streams
draining Complex 11 to Payne Creek, alkalinity, pH, DO, cadmium, iron,
mercury, and zinc criteria were violated.
Tributaries draining Complex I to Payne Creek violated several standards
including alkalinity, pH, DO, cadmium, mercury, zinc, iron, and fecal
coliforms. Violations of water quality standards for pH, DO,
alkalinity, iron, and fecal coliforms were observed in Troublesome Creek
downstream of the CF property. Stations on Payne Creek near Little
Payne Creek violated alkalinity, pH, DO, cadmium, mercury, and zinc
standards.
Mine Discharge Samples and Sampling of Sediments
In order to characterize the quality of discharge water from the
proposed mine site, ESE collected water quality samples from the water
recirculation system at the two overflow weirs (MDW-1 and MDW-2) in CF1s
existing clay settling pond once each season. A summary of the results
of this sampling is discussed in Section 3.5.2, Environmental
Consequences of the Alternatives.
ESE also collected sediment samples at Stations WQ-2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 in
October 1981. Acidity in the sediment appeared to be directly
correlated with alkalinity in the water column and may reflect the
buffering capacity of the sediment. Nitrogen levels are also consistent
between water and sediment. Metals which exceeded water quality
standards (cadmium, mercury, iron, zinc) were higher in sediments from
•these stations than other sediments sampled.
Summary
Water quality of streams at the mine site can generally be separated
into two large groups—those draining Complex II, and those draining
3-128
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Complex I. Streams draining Complex II are impacted from swampland more
than those draining Complex I. Color levels are higher and pH and
alkalinity are lower, indicating primarily acidic conditions. Dissolved
oxygen is lower in Complex II streams, probably as a result of contact
with swampland. Nutrient levels are about the same in the streams
draining both Complexes. However, nitratemitrite levels are high in
Complex I, probably as a result of fertilizer input. Zinc and mercury
violated water quality standards in both basins, iron violated standards
more often in Complex II streams, and cadmium violated standards more
often in Complex I.
All on-site streams, except for Horse Creek, Brushy Creek, Troublesome
Creek, and Lettis Creek, drain into Payne Creek. Water quality in Payne
Creek, after inputs from all streams, is generally similar to that of
streams in Complex I. Alkalinity, pH, nutrient, and DO levels are all
comparable to Payne Creek levels before water flow onto entering CF
property. Little Payne Creek has a moderating effect on alkalinity, pH,
and cadmium levels but increases nitrate-nitrite levels.
3.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.5.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVE, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
Dragline Mining (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity
Dragline mining will require vegetation removal in preparation for
mining, which will result in an increase in surface water runoff. CF
Industries proposes to minimize impacts by clearing an average of 10 to
20 acres of land in advance of dragline mining. Since the amount
cleared at any one time will be small, there will be a limited effect on
surface water.
Modifications to the natural drainage basins will result in the most
significant impact on surface water flows. Mining and waste disposal
activities will result in temporary removal of on-site areas from the
3-129
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natural drainage system. Practically all mined areas are used for
disposal of wastes generated during beneficiation of the matrix.
Rainfall which enters the disposal areas and mine pit areas will be
diverted to the recirculation system until reclamation is complete.
This will result in a decrease in the surface water runoff in drainage
basins with disturbances.
The extent of disturbances within each drainage basin will vary during
mining. All on-site stream channels except Horse Creek will be mined
and reclaimed. However, mining of each of the channels will be done in
phases to provide for buffer areas and seed sources during the mining.
The seed sources will help reestablish downstream vegetation, and the
buffer areas will be useful to control impacts. The maximum removal of
land from the natural drainage system occurs 21 years after mining
begins. As a result of this removal, the maximum collection of rainfall
in the mine water system, which coincides with the maximum reduction of
runoff from the site, occurs in Year 21. Surface runoff predictions for
Year 21 represent the worst-case impact of mining on surface water
availaHility.
Approximately 6,400 acres (42 percent of the property) will be
temporarily removed from natural drainage courses by Year 21. At that
time, Doe, Shirttail, and Plunder Branches will have reductions in
drainage areas of 37 percent, 28 percent, and 33 percent, respectively.
Brushy and Lettis Creeks will have reductions of 48 percent and
96 percent, respectively. The on-site area drainage to Troublesome
Creek will be reclaimed by Year 21 with some increase in basin area.
All other areas will have some decrease in drainage area.
Reclaimed areas in Year 21 are expected to have poorer vegetation
qualities than existing areas since the number of years since reclama-
tion was completed will be relatively short. Sand/clay mix areas are
expected to have lower infiltration rates; therefore, runoff will be
3-130
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increased. However, this increase will be partially offset by decreases
in land slopes and increases in surface storage capacities. Areas
reclaimed with sand tailings are expected to have higher infiltration
rates and lower surface storage than existing conditions. The drainage
areas of each of the on-site basins along with the streamflows at the
property boundaries are presented in Table 3.5.2-1.
The net result of these changes to the existing drainage basins is an
estimated reduction in streamflow of 3.0 cfs leaving the property. Of
this total reduction, the decrease to Payne Creek and Horse Creek is
expected to be 1.3 cfs and 1.9 cfs, respectively. Troublesome Creek,
which flows directly to the Peace River, is estimated to have an
increase of 0.2 cfs as a result of poorer vegetative cover in Year 21.
However, since no defined channel currently leaves the site, this
increase would probably occur as sheet flow.
Discussions of the post-reclamation streamflows are included in the
Section 3.5.2.1.
Quality
The primary water quality impact associated with mining would be the
higher levels of suspended solids in the streams due to surface runoff
from lands cleared ahead of mining operations. In order to minimize
this impact, CF plans to clear only about 20 acres at a time ahead of
the dragline. Mining of the area west of Horse Creek in Year 20 will
require two corridors to be constructed across the creek to enable the
dragline to cross. Approximately 2 acres will be disturbed for the
corridors. As a result, a temporary increase in the suspended sediment
load of Horse Creek will probably occur. However, CF proposes to
minimize this impact by constructing the corridors during the dry season
when Horse Creek is likely to be at minimum or no flow conditions. The
sides of the corridors will also be vegetated to prevent erosion and
turbid runoff. The crossings will be reclaimed immediately following
the completion of mining in the west tract.
3-131
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Table 3.5.2-1. Drainage Areas on CF Industries, Inc., Site and
Streamflows at Property Boundary
Before Mining
Shirttail Branch
Doe Branch
Plunder Branch
Coons Bay Branch
Gum Swamp Branch
Horse Creek
Brushy Creek
Lettis Creek
Troublesome Creek
Hog Branch
Area
( acres)
1,562
4,679
2,374
259
118
795
3,429
1,203
552
23
14,994
Flow
(cfs)
0.9
2.8
1.6
0.3
3.6
6.3
2.0
0.7
0.3
—
18.5
Year 21
During Mining
Area
(acres)
1,126
2,944
1,581
264
58
203
1,793
42
583
13
8,607
Flow
(cfs)
0.8
2.3
1.0
0.2
3.6
5.9
1.2
—
0.5
—
15.5
Post Reclamation
Area
( acres)
1,378
4,708
2,266
188
57
728
3,636
1,182
840
11
14,994
Flow
(cfs)
0.8
3.2
1.7
0.2
3.6
6.3
2.3
0.8
0.5
—
19.4
— indicates flow is negligible.
Source: ESE, 1985.
3-132
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In the on-site stream basins, the stream channels will be mined in
phases to provide for buffer areas and seed sources during mining. The
buffer areas in Doe and Shirttail Branches and Plunder and Brushy Creeks
will help control the impacts of upstream disturbances on water quality
downstream of the CF site. The seed sources left on Doe and Shirttail
Branches should quicken the reclamation process of wetland areas and
stream vegetation, which will also reduce impacts to stream water
quality.
Slurry Matrix Transport (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity
The phosphate matrix will be transported from the mining area to the
beneficiation plant in a matrix slurry pipeline. The flow in the pipe-
line will be equivalent to about 39 cfs, which is an order of magnitude
higher than on-site streamflow. If a break in the slurry pipeline
occurred near a stream channel, this could result in downstream
flooding.
Quality
A break or leak in the matrix slurry pipeline near a stream could
dramatically increase suspended solids content, nutrients, and sediment,
and could result in smaller increases in pH, fluoride, Ra-226, specific
conductance, and total dissolved solids in the affected stream. These
impacts on water quality would be for a short period until corrective
clean-up actions were taken. At preserved wetland crossings, double
walled pipes and a low pressure shutoff system will be installed to
assist in controlling a pipeline leak. At Horse Creek, the pipeline
will also be underlain by temporary fill which will have grassed berms
on both sides of the corridor to minimize erosion should a leak or heavy
rains occur.
Conventional Matrix Processing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity
Conventional matrix processing involves the separation of the matrix
fractions by washing and flotation processes. The waste streams from
3-133
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the plant consist primarily of sand and clay in slurry form and are.
pumped from the beneficiation plant to waste settling areas. These
transfer lines will also have the potential for downstream flooding of
nearby streams, should a break occur.
Quality
Several reagents will be utilized during the feed preparation and
flotation processes. Although some of the reagents attach to sand
tailings, a portion remains in the rinse water and flows to the waste
disposal areas with the waste clays. The reagents used and their
expected dilution ratio in the flotation discharge water, assuming the
reagents pass through the flotation circuit without chemically reacting
will b» as follows:
Average Usage
Reagent Gal/Day Dilution Ratio
Ammonia 3,075 9,821:1
Fatty Acid 6,111 4,942:1
Fuel Oil 5,225 5,780:1
Amines 909 33,223:1
Kerosene 21 1,438,095:1
Sulfuric Acid 2,306 13,096:1
Flotation discharge water is mixed with other discharge streams from the
beneficiation process where the majority of these reagents react forming
chemically insoluable complexes and precipitates. In addition, most
reagents have an affinity for clay particles. As a result of these
chemical reactions and the subsequent settling out of clay particles in
the disposal areas, only trace concentrations of the reagents are
expected to be found in the plant process recycle water. However, a
break in a transfer line could result in the contamination of surface
waters.
3-134
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Plant Siting
Quantity
The CF proposed beneficiation plant and support facilities will occupy
approximately 60 acres. The impermeable surface area of the plant will
result in an increase in surface runoff from this area. However, this
runoff will enter the mine water recirculation system, eliminating
runoff, contributing to stream flow from the plant site. The reduction
of streamflow in Shirttail Branch as a result of the removal of this
area from the basin will be minimal.
Quality
No significant impacts should occur on surface water quality from the
plant site since all plant site runoff will enter the recirculation
system.
Water Management
Process Water Sources
Ground Water Withdrawal—
Quantity
The withdrawal of ground water from deep (three 1,200-foot and one
500-foot) wells should have no significant impacts on surface water
quantity.
Quality
The withdrawal of ground water from deep wells should have no signifi-
cant impacts on surface water quality.
Surface Water—
Quantity
Rainfall collection facilities will include part of the mining areas,
waste disposal areas, and water clarification and recirculation systems,
These facilities are expected to recover approximately 70 percent of
the excess rainfall of 7 inches per year, which is estimated from the
difference between annual precipitation and evaporation. Over the life
3-135
-------
of the mine, this is an average equivalent flow of about 19 cfs, or
about 13 percent of the total flow in the recirculation system
(144 cfs). This will result in a decrease in the surface runoff to
streams and a reduction in the demand on ground water withdrawal. Since
seasonal rainfall makes a surface water source unreliable, CF Industries
does not plan to construct separate catchment areas.
Streamflow Diversion would generally not be permissible from on-site
streams during the dry months because of the low flows and dry condi-
tions in these streams. The most reliable source of surface water for
stream diversion would be Payne Creek, which has an average dry season
streamflow of 32.4 cfs. Since the proposed ground water withdrawal rate
of 7.5 cfs represents about 23 percent of the Payne Creek dry season
flow, this source is a possible alternative. However, a problem with
using surface water as the primary supply for processing is the need for
additional water treatment.
Quality
The use of water from the rainfall collected in the on-site facilities
should have no significant impacts on the surface water quality of the
existing streams.
Discharge
Discharge to Surface Waters (CF Industries' Proposed Action)—Quantity
CF Industries' primary discharge of clarified water from the water
recirculation system is expected to be into Shirttail Branch and/or Doe
Branch. Normally, there would be no discharge from the mine
recirculating system, because rainfall collection facilities would have
sufficient surge holding capacity to accommodate normal process flow and
rainfall variations. However, during the rainy season when rainfall
exceeds the normal operating levels of the recirculating system, water
would be discharged. The proposed water balance specifies a total CF
discharge of 3.8 cfs (2.48 MGD). CF proposes primary discharge points
on Doe Branch and Shirttail Branch and one alternate discharge point on
Payne Creek (as shown in Figure 3.5.2-1).
3-136
-------
CF SID OSntilir,,
ALTERNATE
H?DES OUTFALL
WEIR
tfPOtS
OUTFALL WEIR
OUTFALL
1\ COKTROL
STROCTURJ!
INITIAL
SETTLING
AREA
COMPARTMENT 1
HPDES
-"/L_ OUTFALL WEIR
dfTEKIOR DAM
SAND TAILINGS
STORAGE AREA
COMPARTMENT 2
TAILINGS WATER
INITIAL MINING AREA
(FIRST YEAR)
SPILLWAY SPILLUAT.
WATER RETURN DITCU
SCAl E
2000 FEET
Figure 3.5.2-1
INITIAL START-UP AREAS FOR PLANT
CONSTRUCTION, WASTE DISPOSAL
AND MINING
SOURCE: CF INDUSTRIES. INC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-137
-------
In order to assess the impacts of the discharges, assumptions were
necessary Co proportion Che expected average yearly flow discharged Co
each receiving stream. FirsC, 45 percenc of the mine effluent was
assumed to be discharged into each of the primary points, i.e., Doe and
Shirttail Branches, and 10 percent was assumed to be discharged to Payne
Creek (the alternate point). Next, 85 percent of the flow at each
station was assumed to occur during the four wettest months of the year,
and 15 percent was assumed for the remaining eight drier months. The
resulting discharge rates are presented in Table 3.5.2-2. The wet
season/dry season flows were estimated from the streamflow data
collected by CF since 1976. Since a wet month can occur at various
times of Che year, Che four wettest months for each year of record were
averaged in order to obtain an average weC period flow. These weC
periods are Che most likely times that CF would need to discharge water
from the mine.
Included in Table 3.5.2-2 is an estimate of the receiving water stream-
flow during Che period of mining when Che maximum area of each of Che
receiving waCer basins has been removed from Che drainage neCwork, which
occurs in Year 13. .This condicion represents the worst case during
mining, since streamflows will be reduced in proportion to the area
removed from each basin. A comparison of the predicted values shows a
change of less Chan 2 percent is expected in Che existing flow in Payne
Creek as a result of the direct discharge. However, in Doe and
Shirttail Branches, the streamflows are expected to increase by
approximately 50 percent and over 100 percent, respectively, from the
estimated discharge. These increases will be offset as mining
progresses, since streamflows will be reduced as the drainage areas of
Che basins decrease. For example, under Che worse-case streamflow
conditions, the mine discharge will increase the flow in Doe Branch Co
approximately its existing sCreamflow.
The discharge occurring during Che rainy season and flood events Is not
expected Co significantly increase flood conditions downstream of the
discharge points above that which would normally occur.
3-138
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Table 3.5.2-2. Streamflow and Estimated CF Discharge Rates for
Complex II
CF Discharge Point
Primary Discharge;
Doe Branch
Shirttail
Alternate Discharge:
Payne Creek Wetland
Season
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Rate of
Discharge.
(cfs)
4.4
0.4
4.4
0.4
1.0
0.1
Receiving
Streamflow (cfs)
Existing
11.7
0.74
3.4
0.2
88.5
32.4
Worst Case*
5.7
0.35
1.3
0.08
78.8
28.8
*Worst case represents the estimated streamflows during the year of
maximum disturbed land within those basins (Mine Year 13 for all three
watersheds).
Source: ESE, 1985.
3-139
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Quality
Some changes in the water quality of the receiving streams are expected
as a result of mine effluent discharge. In order to assess these
impacts, data was summarized on the receiving streams and the mine
discharge at CF's existing mine on Complex I.
The water quality data base presented for the receiving streams was
generated during the EIS baseline sampling from July 1981 to June 1982.
The water quality data gathered during the EIS included 36 physical,
chemical, and biological parameters that have been summarized by
statistical analyses. The mean values for each of the parameters at the
receiving streams are presented in Table 3.5.2-3. Also included in the
table are the mean values for the mining discharge waters (MDW1 and
MDW2) from the OF Industries Complex I overflow weirs of the existing
settling area. These data were used for the Impact assessment
discussions, since they were site-specific (Complex I). However, the
concentrations measured are probably worse than those expected from
Complex II because the samples collected represent mostly recycled water
with little ground water make-up water (approximately 0.08 percent of
total recirculation flow at Complex I). On the other hand, the proposed
water balance for Complex II, which specifies a total CF discharge of
3.8 cfs, assumes a ground water pumping rate of 7.5 cfs (approximately
5.3 percent of the total recirculation flow). Therefore, water quality
concentrations on Complex II should be diluted from those measured in
Complex I. However, in the following discussion, a conservative
approach was taken by using the measured values with no adjustment for
dilution from ground water pumping.
A comparison of the data shows that Increases are expected above
background in all three streams for turbidity, specific conductance,
fluoride, sulfate, alkalinity, pH, ammonia, un-ionized ammonia,
nitrate/nitrite, TKN, total organic nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen.
With the exception of un-ionized ammonia, the average mine discharge
water quality data do meet the Class III surface water quality standards
of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER), FAC,
Chapter 17-3, 1984.
3-140
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Table 3.5.2-3.
Smroary of Water Quality Data for Receiving Streams and Mine Discharge
Waters
General Parameters:
Streanflow (csf)
Color (PCU)
MBAS (mg/L)
Oil and Grease (rng/L)
Suspended Solids (mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Water Temperature ( 8C)
Dissolved Ions:
Specific Conductance — Field
(umhos/cm)
Cyanide (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Fluoride (mg/L)
Sulfate (mg/L)
Alkalinity and pH:
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCOj)
PH
Nutrients:
Ammonia (mg/L-N)
Ammonia, un-ion. (mg/L-N)
NC3+N02 (mg/L-N)
TKN (mg/L-N)
T. Org. N (mg/L-N)
TN (mg/L-N)
T. Phosp. (mg/L-P)
Diss. O-PC-4 (mg/L-P)
Silica, Diss. (mg/L-Si^)
Oxygen and 02 Demand
• DO (mg/L)
BOD-5 Day (mg/L)
Metals;
Arsenic, total (ug/L)
Berylliun (ug/L)
Cadmiun, total (ug/L)
Chrcmiim, total (ug/L)
Copper, total (ug/L)
Payne
Creek
(WQ-3)
19.8
87
<0.50
<5
<5
1.43
20.3
297
<0.005
17
1.38
74
64
6.89
0.02
0.001
0.238
0.81
0.79
1.5
0.774
0.624
3.5
7.3
1.5
<15
<1.0
0.7
7.7
2.2
Dae
Branch
(WQ-8)
1.82
183
<0.50
<5
17
2.67
20.1
283
<0.005
35
0.36
48
45
5.98
0.17
<0.001
0.281
2.47
2,30
2.75
0.541
0.365
9.6
1.6
4.0
<11
<1.0
0.5
<6.0
2.1
Shirttail
Branch
(WHO)
2.23
236
<0.50
<5
9
2.71
21.3
194
<0.005
22
0.84
48
17
5.70
0.05
<0.001
0.008
1.67
1.62
1.68
0.772
0.576
6.9
2.3
3.2
<11
<1.0
0.3
4.2
3.6
MDW-1
30
<0.50
<5
19
11.7
25.8
396
<0.005
15
2.56
147
68
7.87
5.72
0.681
0.175
10.1
4.36
10.3
0.743
0.229
3.2
10.1
8.6
<21
14
0.3
<9.0
2.8
MDW-2
30
<0.50
<5
16
10.2
26.1
394
<0.005
15
2.55
207
70
7.72
6.08
0.723
0.146
9.72
3.06
9.87
0.592
0.288
3.4
10.9
11.0
<21
20.0
6.0-8.5
—
<0.02*
—
—
—
—
—
—
^™"
<5.0
~
50.0
11 or 1,100
0.8 or 1 .2
50.0
30.0
3-141
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Table 3.5.2-3. Sunnary of Water Quality Data for Receiving Streams and Mine Discharge
Waters (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Payne
Creek
(WQ-3)
Doe
Branch
(WQ-8)
Shirttail
Branch
(WQ-iO) MDW-1
17-3
Class III
MDW-2 Standards
Metals (continued):
Iron, total (ug/L) 203 734 772 247 153 1,000.0
Lead, total (ug/L) 3.6 3.7 4.6 3.2 3.2 30.0
Mercury, total (ug/L) 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 <0.2 0.2
Nickel (ug/L) <8.0 5.2 6.8 <8.0 <8.0 100.0
Selenium, total (ug/L) 3.5 7.6 9.4 4.5 4.5 25.0
Silver, total (ug/L) <0.4 0.8 0.9 <0.4 <0.4 0.07
Zinc, total (ug/L) 39.4 37.7 51.1 25.9 20.9 30.0
Microbiology:
Coliform, Fecal (No./lOO mL) 138 233 149 149 51 800
*0.02 mg/L as NH3; equivalent to 0.017 mg/L-N.
Source: ESE, 1985.
3-142
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The data indicate that violations of criteria for the following
parameters could occur in the receiving streams before mixing:
(1) specific conductance in Shirt tail Branch (from an increase of
greater than 100 percent), (2) pH in Doe and Shirttail Branches (from an
increase of greater than 1 pH unit), and (3) un-ionized ammonia in all
three streams. The flow-weighted concentration (after mixing) in
Shirttail Branch and Doe Branch under the worst-case flow conditions
(i.e., lowest dilution by receiving stream following mixing with the
discharge water) does meet Class III standards for conductivity and pH.
The flow-weighted concentration of un-ionized ammonia would be in
violation of Class III criteria in Doe and Shirttail Branch. However,
since pH is the major variable controlling the ratio of ammonia to
un-ionized ammonia, a more representative value for un-ionized ammonia
would be calculated from the flow-weighted value of pH and ammonia.
This analysis indicated that un-ionized ammonia would be below the
Class III criteria after mixing in all three streams under the
worst-case flow conditions shown in Table 3.5.2-2.
A comparison of the data also indicates that the mine discharge water is
expected to improve the dissolved oxygen concentration in all three
streams and the alkalinity in Shirttail Branch. A decrease in
concentration is expected in all three streams for color and dissolved
orthophosphorus as a result of the mine disharge. In Doe and Shirttail
Branches a decrease is expected for iron as well.
Discharge to Surface Waters via Wetlands (CF Industries' Alternate
Proposed Action)
Quantity—The impacts of CF's alternative discharge point, located on
Payne Creek, on the streamflows have been included in the previous
section "Discharge to Surface Waters."
3-143
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Quality—The evaluation of CF's alternative discharge point on the
resulting instream receiving water quality has been included in the
previous section "Discharge to Surface Waters."
Connector Wells
Quantity—Connector wells used to dewater the surficial aquifer in the
vicinity of the mine pits would reduce the water in the mine recircula-
tion system. OF estimates a reduction of annual average discharge by
approximately 0.14 MGD (0.21 cfs), thereby reducing the incremental
increase in streamflow that such a discharge would produce.
Quality—The quantity of water collected in the mine recirculation
system would be reduced if connector wells were used, thereby reducing
the quantity of water discharged to receiving streams. This would
result in a slightly reduced impact on the surface water quality.
Zero Discharge
Quantity—The alternative of zero discharge to surface waters would
require higher retaining dams and an increase in surface area of the
disposal areas, and possibly the construction of additional impoundment
facilities. This alternative would further decrease streamflow and may
infringe on areas designated for preservation, such as wetland areas, by
constructing the additional catchment areas needed. However, a "no
discharge" situation could not be guaranteed at all times, because
spillways must be provided for all dams and impoundments to provide
relief and prevent dam failure.
Quality—The zero discharge alternative should have no significant
impacts on surface water quality.
3-144
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Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
Sand-Clay Mixing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Quantity—The mining and beneficiation processes will result in the
generation of 97 million short tons of waste clay and 305 million short
tons of sand tailings. CF proposes to use the sand-clay mixing method
as the primary waste disposal method. Initially, separate areas will be
required for the storage of sand tailings and waste clays before
disposal of the sand-clay mixture.
Waste clays will be stored in the initial settling area (ISA) until the
solids content reaches 12 to 18 percent* The ISA will cover an area of
760 total acres with 580 storage acres* Its storage volume of
20,000 acre-feet will require dam walls 40 feet high. Clarified water
and collected rainfall from the ISA and the sand tailings storage area
will enter the mine recirculatlon system. This area will be removed
from the surface water drainage basins for the life of the mine.
The sand-clay mix disposal method will require less total land area than
conventional disposal for above-ground clay settling area. This will
reduce the catchment and storage area for rainfall and make-up water,
and reduce the amount of discharge required from the recirculatlon
system compared to conventional waste disposal. The sand-clay mixture
dewaters at a faster rate than clays alone, allowing for faster recovery
of entrained water. Sand-clay mix disposal areas will have lower dams
(14*7 feet above average normal grade) than conventional clay disposal
areas, reducing the potential for dam failures and clay spills*
The site will consist of 9,083 acres of sand-clay mix disposal areas and
2.213 acres of sand tailings disposal areas. Before these areas are
reclaimed, they will be utilized to collect rainfall for the water
recirculation system, reducing runoff to streams. The Impact of this
reduction in runoff is discussed in the 'Reclamation section.
3-145
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Quality—Sand-clay mix disposal should have no significant impacts on
surface water quality. However, in the event of a dam failure of the
clay settling area, clays and associated contaminants may enter
Shirttail Branch or Doe Branch and degrade their water quality as well
as downstream receiving waters. Failures in the dam walls that retain
the clay wastes have occurred in the past. However, since the
implementation of State of Florida construction and inspection standards
in 1971, no dam built by the phosphate industry has failed. Strict
compliance with the current standards should ensure the integrity of all
dams proposed by CF.
Conventional Sand and Clay Disposal
Quantity—Using conventional disposal methods, waste sand and clay from
the beneficiation process would be disposed in separate areas. Waste
clays in the 2 to 5 percent solids range would be disposed in holding
areas and would consolidate to 20 percent solids over a number of years.
The large quantity of entrained water in the clays would require that
the disposal areas have higher dams and more surface area than sand-clay
mix areas. Although the entrained water would be "lost" from the
recirculation system, the extra catchment and storage area provided
would increase the recovery of precipitation, resulting in a slight net
gain in water supplies.
Quality—The potential for dam failure would be greater for conventional
clay disposal than for sand-clay mix disposal because of the larger
number of clay disposal areas and the higher dam heights required.
Therefore, the potential for surface water contamination would also be
greater.
Sand-Clay Cap
Quantity—The sand-clay cap disposal method would be similar to the
conventional waste disposal method in that the waste clays and sands are
3-146
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disposed in separate areas. However, the dam heights for the clay
disposal areas would lower and, after a period of time, a sand-clay
mixture cap would be placed over the waste clay. This would provide
increased water recovery for recirculation .when compared to conventional
disposal. The impacts on surface water quantity would be similar to
those of sand/ clay mix waste disposal.
Quality—The impacts on surface water quality from a dam failure would
be similar to those described for a dam failure of a conventional
clay disposal area (i.e., worse than the sand-clay mix method). The
potential for surface water contamination would also be greater for the
sand-clay cap method than for the sand-clay mixing method.
Reclamation
CF Industries' Proposed Reclamation Plan
Quantity—Under CF Industries' proposed reclamation plan, the reclaimed
site would consist of 9,083 acres (60.9 percent) of waste sand-clay mix
disposal areas; 2,399 acres (16.1 percent) of mined-out areas for
land-and-lakes; 2,213 acres (14.8 percent) of sand tailings fill areas
with overburden cap; and 1,230 acres (8.2 percent) of overburden fill
areas and disturbed natural ground. Grading of the entire site would be
completed within 2 to 3 feet of the original grade; however, the
topography and drainage basins would be altered.
Infiltration rates for the reclaimed soils will be different from those
for the existing soils. An overall reduction in the soil infiltration
is expected, resulting in increased runoff. This increase will be
partially offset by decreases in land slopes and increases in surface
water storage. The net result Is expected to be approximately a
5 percent increase in average annual flow from the site of 18.5 cfs to
19.4 cfs as presented in Table 3.5.2-1 (see Dragline Mining section).
3-147
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Quality-—Post-reclamation land use will be significantly different from
existing land use* The improved pasture area is expected to increase
from 1,310 acres to 6,659 acres, and runoff from this Increased acreage
could result in increased concentrations of suspended solids and
nutrients (if the pasture is fertilized) in streams draining these
areas. Increases in fecal coliform levels may also occur if livestock
production increases.
Conventional Reclamation
Quantity—Conventional reclamation of the mine site would result in
plateau-like terrain at elevations above natural grade. Surface water
drainage patterns would not be as easily reestablished in these areas as
in sand-clay mix areas. Decreased permeability of the clay disposal
areas would result in Increased total runoff quantities and peak flows.
Surface water runoff from sand tailings fill areas and overburden fill
areas would be similar to pre-mining characteristics.
Quality—Impacts on surface water quality would be similar to those
described for CF's proposed reclamation plan. Possible increases in
sediment loading may occur due to increases in surface runoff.
Sand and Clay Cap
Quantity—Impacts on surface water quantity resulting from the sand and
clay cap reclamation plan would be similar to, but slightly less than,
those Impacts resulting from conventional reclamation. Elevations of
the waste clay disposal areas with a sand-clay cap would be lower than
those for conventional waste clay disposal areas. The increased
permeability of the sand-clay cap would result in less surface runoff
than from conventional waste clay disposal areas.
Quality—Impacts on surface water quality would depend on future land
use. However, less fertilizer would be required for agricultural uses
3-148
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with the sand and clay cap plan than with the conventional reclamation
plan; therefore, nutrient loadings would probably be less.
Wetland Preservation
CF Industries' Proposed Preservation Plan
Quantity—Preserved areas will, occupy approximately 69 acres of wetlands
designated as Category I-A by EPA, whereas 2 acres of Category I-A
wetlands will be disturbed for a proposed dragline crossing. There are
approximately 695 acres of Category I-C and I-D wetlands on the site
which will be mined (upon EPA approval) and reclaimed as wetlands.
During the mining of lands adjacent to preserved wetlands, a perimeter
ditch will be constructed and the water level in the ditch will be
maintained at or above average water table elevations to prevent
potential drawdown of the water table within the wetlands. These mined
areas will be reclaimed as land-and-lakes approximately 2 years after
mining the area. Preserved wetlands will serve to minimize extreme
streamflow conditions.
Quality—Preserved wetlands would improve surface water quality in
adjacent streams by serving as biological filters and nutrient traps for
runoff waters.
EPA's Category I Preservation Plan
Quantity—Only Category I-A wetlands would be scheduled for complete
preservation under this alternative if approved by EPA. Other Cate-
gory I wetlands are reserved for future mining, contingent upon proof of
successful restoration of wetland habitats. The impacts on surface
water quantity would be similar to those for CF's proposed preservation
plan.
Qual1ty—Impacts on surface water quality under this plan would be
similar to those of CF's proposed preservation plan.
3-149
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Product Transport
Truck Product Transport
Quantity—Product phosphate rock must be removed from the mine/
beneficiation plant location to a facility for further processing as
phosphoric acid. A concern associated with truck transport is the
potential for a spill. The impacts on surface water quantity resulting
from such a spill would not be significant.
Quality—If a spill occurred at a stream crossing, suspended solids and
suspended material in the stream would increase and temporary
degradation of the stream's water quality would occur.
Rail Product Transport
Quantity—The impacts on surface water quantity resulting from a spill
during rail transport would not be significant.
Quality—The impacts on surface water quality resulting from a spill at
a stream crossing would be similar to those discussed under "Truck
Product Transport;" however, the quantity spilled would probably be
greater.
3.5.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
Quantity
Under the no action alternative, no appreciable changes are expected in
existing surface water quantity. The present seasonal water level and
streamflow fluctuations would not be altered. The hydrologic
characteristics of streams and the rate of baseflow to them would remain
the same.
Quality
Impacts on surface water quality under the no action alternative plan
would depend on future land uses. If future land use remains consistent
with present land use, no significant changes should occur. If other
phosphate mining operations are permitted in the area, selected stream
waters may show increases in total dissolved solids, sulfate, phosphate,
nitrogen, fluoride, and specific conductance.
3-150
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3.6 AQUATIC ECOLOGY
3.6.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
CF Industries' proposed Hardee Phosphate Complex II site is devoid of
lakes. The primary lentic (non-flowing water) systems within the
project site are composed of either seasonal or permanent wetlands.
Lotic or flowing-water systems within the project site are comprised of
2nd and 3rd order streams which may be intermittent depending on
seasonal rainfall patterns.
Ten drainage systems within the Peace River drainage basin have been
identified on the CF Industries Hardee Phosphate Complex II site:
1. Horse Creek
2. Brushy Creek
3. Shirttail Branch
4. Doe Branch
5. Plunder Branch
6. Coon's Bay Branch
7. Lettis Creek
8. Troublesome Creek
9. Gum Swamp Branch
10. Hog Branch
Lettis Creek and Troublesome Creek have poorly defined on-site
drainages, as they represent the upper extremities of their respective
watersheds. All other drainage systems have defined on-site streams or
channels. Horse Creek is the only 2nd order stream on-site; all others
are 3rd order streams.
Horse Creek is the only drainage system which does not begin as a head-
water area on the proposed site. It flows in a southerly direction,
eventually draining to the Peace River. The major portion of Brushy
Creek's headwaters are within the project site's boundaries. Brushy
Creek becomes a tributary to Horse Creek about 20 kilometers south of
the property. Shirttail Branch, Doe Branch, Plunder Branch, and Coon's
3-151
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Bay Branch all begin as headwaters on the project site and flow inter-
mittently in a northerly direction as tributaries to Payne Creek. Gum
Swamp Branch and Hog Branch occupy minor areas in the northwest and
eastern sections of the project site respectively.
3.6.1.1 AQUATIC BIOTA
The aquatic communities on the CF Industries Hardee Phosphate Complex II
site were examined between July 1981 and February 1982. The communities
studied included phytoplankton, periphyton, benthic infauna, epifauna,
and fish. Sampling stations were located in Horse Creek, Brushy Creek,
Shirttail Branch, Doe Branch, Plunder Branch, Coon's Bay Branch, and
Mitchell Hammock (see Figure 3.6.1-1).
In areas of extensive marsh with intermittent flooding, rooted vascular
plants are the major primary producers and the importance of phytoplank-
ton is diminished. However, periphyton and epifauna may attach to the
plant stems and the substrate. Several genera of diatoms were usually
the dominant or codominant algae in these shallow areas. Areas with
permanent water receiving organic material (e.g., from decomposing
natural vegetation and from surficial runoff from agricultural lands)
were characterized by cryptophytes, chlorophytes, and euglenophytes.
Benthic infaunal populations were numerically dominated by a relatively
limited variety of organisms. Tubificid oligochaetes, especially
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, were ubiquitous during all sampling periods.
Larval chironomids (midges) usually comprised the remainder of the
samples. Epifaunal populations contained more species than infaunal
populations, due to the wider diversity of habitats utilized by epi-
fauna 1 organisms. Major groups represented included naidid oligo-
chaetes, molluscs, crustaceans, and insects. Several orders of insects
were normally represented in the epifauna of each station. Dipterans
were usually the most numerous insects collected.
Most of the fish species collected belonged to the sunfish, catfish,
livebearer, and killifish families. Areas characterized by soft
3-152
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Figure 3.6.1-1
AQUATIC ECOLOGY SAMPLING STATION
LOCATIONS
SOURCE: ESE, 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
bottoms, sluggish flow, dense aquatic vegetation, and periodic low
dissolved oxygen (e.g., created by high water temperatures of summer)
were inhabited primarily by the smaller livebearers and killifish.
Areas with more open, flowing water; sandy bottoms; and fewer periods of
low dissolved oxygen were inhabited by larger, predatory forms such as
sunfish.
Phytoplankton/Periphyton
Algal communities found on the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II site
generally comprise two categories: (1) phytoplankton (free floating),
and (2) periphyton (attached). The two categories are integrated in
shallow water.
Analyses of the algal populations found during field surveys on the CF
Hardee Phosphate Complex II site reveal two basic phytoplankton taxa
groupings. Several diatom genera which were dominant or codominant at
many of the sampling stations are characteristic of shallow systems and
were of a benthic or epiphytic origin. In these shallow areas, phyto-
plankton supply a small portion of the total primary production, due to
the presence of vascular plants. However, the algae are important as
food for grazing macroinvertebrates. The second species group includes
cryptophytes, chlorophytes, and euglenophytes which are characteristic
of areas with permanent water receiving organic loading, such as stock
ponds. Indices of phytoplankton community structure are presented in
Table 3.6.1-1.
Periphyton taxa identified from the project site were similar to the
phytoplankton taxa. The similarity in populations of algae collected
from different habitats (attached versus free-floating) underscores the
significant interaction between the phytoplankton and periphyton in the
predominantly shallow waters of the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II site.
Most of the periphyton were species typical of shallow water bogs or
marsh systems. Many of these, particularly the diatoms, have resting
stages that are resistant to dessication. The resting stages remain
viable in the soil surface during the dry season, ready to initiate
3-154
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Table 3.6.1-1. Phytoplankton Abundance, Nmber of Taxa, Species Diversity, Richness and Evenness Indices for CF Hardee Conplex II Sanpling Stations
Date BCDBICPBSBCBmHNMlM2K3>fc
July 1981
Nutnber of Taxa (66)* 36 28 26 32 27
Total Nmter/ml 1,914 2,070 3,483 10,110 607
Species Diversity 3.56 3.23 2.45 3.33 3.30
Species Richness 4.63 3.54 3.07 3.36 4.06
Evemess 0.69 0.67 0.52 0.67 0.69
August 1981
Nmber of Taxa (60)* 26 37 28 26 24
Total Nutter/ml 1,512 1,945 548 7,132 324
Species Diversity 3.09 3.77 3.30 2.95 3.38
Species Richness 3.41 4.75 4.28 2.82 3.98
Evenness 0.66 0.72 0.69 0.63 0.74
September 1981
Hunter of Taxa (55)* 21 28 31 29 17 12
Total Nunber/ml 735 249 480 1,600 209 148
Species Diversity 2.71 3.59 3.65 3.80 2.12 1.09
Species Richness 3.03 4.90 4.86 3.80 3.00 2.20
Evenness 0.62 0.75 0.74 0.78 0.52 0.30
October 1981
Nmber of Taxa (64)* 24 26 28 22 16 35 32
Total Nuiter/ml 7,376 943 478 13,455 4,510 393 645
Species Diversity 2.68 3.12 3.48 2.83 2.05 3.86 3.60
Species Richness 2.58 3.65 4.38 2.21 1.78 5.52 4.79
Evenness 0.58 0.66 0.72 0.64 0.51 0.76 0.72
10
I
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Table 3.6.1-1. Phytoplankton Abundance, Hunter of Taxa, Species Diversity, Riclmess and Evenness Indices for CF Hardee Complex II Sanpling Stations
(Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Date
February 1982
Nuifcer of Taxa (89)*
Total Nurber/ml
Species Diversity
Species Richness
Evenness
BC
44
23,791
3.44
4.27
0.63
DB
29
941
3.72
4.09
0.77
HC
35
4,223
3.38
4.07
0.46
PB
20
10,308
2.64
2.06
0.61
SB
29
2,575
3.48
3.57
0.72
CB
20
6,747
2.60
2.16
0.60
m
31
17,486
3.64
3.07
0.73
HN
27
1,298
3.97
3.63
0.84
Ml
30
7,424
4.08
3.25
0.83
M2
20
30,768
1.96
1.84
0.45
M3
23
1,501
2.92
3.01
0.65
tt+
27
6,851
4.03
2.94
0.85
* Total nunber of taxa per trip.
Source: ESE, 1983.
LO
I
Ul
-------
rapid asexual reproduction when the area is reflooded (see Supplemental
Information Document for phytoplankton and periphyton species listing,
Section 8.0).
Benthos
Benthos are aquatic invertebrates which live in (as-infauna) or on (as
epifauna) the substrate and include predominantly oligochaete worms,
insects, crustaceans and molluscs. Benthic invertebrates feed on a
variety of organic materials including detritus, algae, and other
invertebrates and are important food items for larger invertebrates,
fish, and some water fowl. Benthic invertebrate communities have been
analyzed for their capacity to reflect environmental quality, especially
degradation in water quality due to organic pollution. Since benthic
invertebrates have relatively long life cycles, are limited in mobility,
and occupy diverse aquatic habitats, they are indicators of present and
past water quality, substrate type, and flow regime.
Approximately 100 taxa of infaunal benthos and approximately 250 taxa of
epifaunal benthos were collected in field surveys from the CF Industries
Hardee Phosphate Complex II site. A large number of taxa were obtained
in both infaunal and epifaunal collections. The greater diversity of
epifaunal invertebrates probably results from a greater diversity of
habitat created primarily by aquatic vegetation. Table 3.6.1-2
illustrates the differences and similarities for invertebrate
collections in Mitchell Hammock.
The benthic infauna in the streams on the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II
site were numerically dominated by a relatively limited variety of
organisms. Tubifieid oligochaetes, especially Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,
were ubiquitous during all sampling periods. Several species of insects
usually comprised the remainder of the samples, with larval chironomids
found most often. A matrix of the occurrence of benthic organisms found
in Mitchell's Hammock sampling is presented in Table 3.6.1-3.
3-157
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Table 3.6.1-2. Species Presence/Absence Matrix by Transect and Habitat, Mitchell's
Haimock, February 1982
Infauna Epifauna Epixylous
Transect: 1234 S M 1 2 3 4 SM1234 SM
Taxa
Nematoda sp. X X
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Lunbriculidae sp. X X X X X X
Naididae
Naididae sp. XXXXXXXXXXX
Allonais paraguayensis X
Dero digitata X XXXXXXX
Dero nivea X X X X X
Dero pectinata X
Dero trifida X
Dero vega X XX
Dero sp. Al XX
Dero spp. X X X X X X
Haanonais waldvogeli X XX
Nais cxmnunis X
Pristina longiseta X
Slavina append kulat a X
Tubificidae
Tubificidae sp. A XX XXX XX
Tubificidae sp. B X XX
Hirudinea sp. X XXX
Crustacea
Branchiopoda sp. X XX
Copepoda sp. XX X
Anphipoda
Crangonyx sp. X X X X X
Decapoda
Procambrus sp. X X X X X X
Insecta
Gollumbola sp. X X X X X
Ephemeroptera
Baetidae
Caenis sp. X
Caliibaetis sp. X X
3-158
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Table 3.6.1-2. Species Presence/Absence Matrix by Transect and Habitat, Mitchell's
Hamock, February 1982 (Continued, Page 2 of 5)
Infauna Epifauna Epixylous
Transect: 1234 SM1234 SM1234 SM
Taxa
Odonata
Anisoptera
Ashnidae
Anax sp. X
Libellulidae
Erythemis sp. XXX
MLathyria sp. X
Libellula sp. X XX
Pachydiplax longipennis XXX X
Tramea sp. X
Zygoptera
Coenagriidae
Enallagma sp. X X X X
Nehalemia sp. A X
Nehalennia sp. B XX
Hemiptera
Mesoveliidae
Mesovelia sp. X
Gerridae
Gerris sp. X
Naucoridae
Pelocoris sp. X
Nepidae
Ranatra sp. XXX
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Chavliodes sp. X
Lepidoptera
Pyralidae sp. X X
Coeloptera
Haliplidae
Peltodytes oppositus X
3-159
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Table 3.6.1-2. Species Presence/Absence Matrix by Transect and Habitat, Mitchell's
Hammock, February 1982 (Continued, Page 3 of 5)
Transect:
Taxa
Dytiscidae
Bidessus gr sp.
Celina grossula
Copelatus caelatipennis
Coptotoous interrogatus
Hydroporus sp.
Hydrovatus conpressus
Laccophilus proscimus
Pachydrus princeps
Thermonectus bassilaris
Noteridae
Hydrocanthus oblongus
Hydrocanthus regis
Suphis inflatus
Suphisellus gibbulus (?)
Gyrinidae
Dineutus carolinus
Hydrophilidae
fierosus striatus
Cymbiodyta blanchardi (?)
Enochrus blatchleyi
Enochrus cinctus
Enochrus ochraceus
Hydrochus callosus
Tropistemus blatchleyi
Tropistemus lateralis
Tropistemus striolatus
Infauna Epifauna
1234 SM1234
X X
XXX
X
X XXX
X XX
X
X X
X
X X
X XXX
X
X XXX
X XXX
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X
Epixylous
S M 1 2 3 4 S M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dryopidae
Pelonoraus sp. X
Helodidae
Scrites sp. X X
Curculionidae
Hylobius sp. X
Diptera
Tipulidae
Helius pos. flavipes X
TipuLa sp. X
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Table 3.6.1-2. Species Presence/Absence Matrix by Transect and Habitat, Mitchell's
Hammock, February 1982 (Continued, Page 4 of 5)
Transect:
Taxa
Culicidae
Chaoborinae
Chaoborus sp.
Culicinae
Culex sp.
Chirononidae
Tanypodinae
Ablabesmyia peleenis
Ablabesmyia sp.
Larsia sp.
Psectrotanypus sp.
Lnfauna Epifauna Epixylous
1234 SM1234 SM1234 SM
X X
X
X X X X X
X X
XXX X X
X
Tanypus carinatus X
Chironominae
Chironcmini
Chirononus cams X
Chironoraus sp. X X X X X
Endochirononus oigracans X
Goeldichirononus holoprasinusX X X
Kief ferulus dux X XXXXXX X
Parachironomjs carinatus X
Parachironcmus hirtalatus X
Polypedilun illinoense X XXXXXXXX
Tanytarsini
Calopsectra sp. 13 (Roback) X X
Tanvtarsus nr. xanthus X
Tabanidae
Chrysops sp. X X
Tabanus sp. X
Ephydxidae
Hydrelia sp. X X
Gastropoda
Physidae
Physa sp. XXX
3-161
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Table 3.6.1-2. Species Presence/Absence Matrix by Transect and Habitat, Mitchell's
Hannock, February 1982 (Continued, Page 5 of 5)
Infauna Epifauna Epixylous
Transect: 1234 SM1234 SM1234 SM
Taxa
Ancylidae
Laevapex sp. X X X X X X
Limnaeidae
Linnaea sp. X
Source: ESE, 1982.
3-162
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Table 3.6.1-3.
Shannon-Weaver Diversity (H'), Margalef's Species
Richness (J), and Pielou's Evenness (E) Indices for
Benthic Infauna Identified from CF Complex II Site,
July 1981 to February 1982
3IV"D*!TY <»'•>
RICHNESS
fVENNESS «tJ
ec
3f-
•ic
2.1:4;
C.7219
0.57
1.7?B8
2.7057
1.4904
EVENNESS «c>
0.674?
0.7B29
TR'IP r f
OIVPSITY (HM RICH"CSS
-------
Table 3.6,1-3.
Shannon-Weaver Diversity (H1), Margalefs Species
Richness (J), and Pielou's Evenness (E) Indices for
Benthic Infauna Identified from CF Complex II Site,
July 1981 to February 1982 (page 2 of 2)
Key to Stations:
BC * Brushy Creek
DB » Doe Branch
HC - Horse Creek*
PB • Plunder Branch
CB » Coons Bay
SB - Shirttail Branch
HM - Horse Creek Mid Station
HN
Horse Creek North Station
*When three stations were sampled in Horse Creek, HC
was the southern station at the property exit line.
Source: ESE, 1984.
3-164
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Epifaunal invertebrates collected from the CF Hardee Phosphate
Complex II site were predominantly oligochaete worms, molluscs,
crustaceans, and insects. The majority of the animals collected were
insects; tubificid and naidid oligochaetes formed the second most
abundant group found at most stations during most sampling trips.
Complete data listings of infaunal and epifaunal invertebrates appear in
Section 8.0 of the Supplemental Information Document.
Fish
Fish are an important component of freshwater ecosystems and an integral
part of food webs. They are consumers of organisms within the phyto-
plankton and benthos and serve as food for higher trophic levels,
including birds and man. Cyprinodontidae (killifishes and topminnows)
and Centrarchidae (sunfishes and basses) are the most abundant and
widespread freshwater fish families in Florida. At least 21 species of
fish and 2 species of amphibians were collected on the CF Hardee
Phosphate Complex II site between August 1981 and February 1982.
Most of the fish specimens collected in field surveys belonged to one of
four taxonomic families. Representatives of the Centrarchidae included
several species of sunfish (Elassoma evergladei, Everglades pygmy
sunfish; Lepomis macrochirus, bluegill; J^. marginatus, dollar sunfish;
and 1^. punctatus, spotted sunfish), warmouth (Chaenobryttus gulosus),
and largemouth bass (Micropterus aalmoides). Catfish species collected
included the native brown and yellow bullheads (ictalurus nebulosus and
I. natalis), and the tadpole madtorn (Notorus gyrinus), as well as the
exotic walking catfish (Clarias batrachis). Members of the Poeciliidae,
or livebearer family, found on the property included the sail fin molly
(Poecilia latipinna), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and least killi-
fish (Heterandria formosa). The fourth family represented by several
species was the killifish family, Cyprinodontidae. The flagfish
(Jordanella floridae), bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei), and an
unidentified killifish (Fundulus sp.), are cyprinodontids which were
3-165
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collected on the site. Table 3.6.1-4 shows the stations at which
individual fish taxa were collected.
The fish species collected on the site can be roughly characterized as
two habitat-associated assemblages. The areas sampled with soft
bottoms, sluggish flow, dense aquatic vegetation, and periodic low
dissolved oxygen were inhabited primarily by groups such as the live-
bearers. These types of fish are generally small and find refuge in
aquatic vegetation. They are tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels
and, because they are livebearers, their reproductive success is not
dependent upon substrate type.
The second habitat type was characterized by more open, flowing water,
sandy bottoms, and fewer periods of low dissolved oxygen. These areas
favor the survival of the larger predatory species such as centrarchids.
The greater flow in these water bodies leads to a more scoured, sandy
bottom, which is conducive to nest building by egg-laying species.
3.6.1.2 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
No endangered or threatened aquatic invertebrates or fish were identi-
fied from the CF Industries Hardee Phosphate Complex II site.
3.6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.6.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CFI'S PROPOSED ACTION
Mining
Dragline Mining (CF Industries Proposed Action)
Destruction of Aquatic Habitats—The CF Industries Hardee Phosphate
Complex II site presently contains 3,580 acres of aquatic habitat in the
form of freshwater marshes and swamps (see Table 2.1.1-1). The proposed
mining plan would directly affect 3,511 acres of this aquatic habitat
and the inhabitant biota. Approximately 2 percent (69 acres) of the
aquatic habitat is proposed for preservation.
3-166
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Table 3.6.1-4.
Presence/Absence Matrix of Fish and Amphibians Identified From
CF Complex II Site, August 1981 to February 1982
Station
Taxon HN HM
Teleostei
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Notropis sp.
Erimyzon obloTigus
Ictalurus natalis
Ictalurus nebulosus
Notorus gyrinus X
Notorus sp.
Clarius batrachus
Fundulus sp. X
Jordanella floridae X X
Lucania goodei
G ambus ia af Finis X X
Heterandria formosa X X
Poecilia latipinna X
Labidesthes sicculus
Elassoma evergladei X
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis marginatus
Lepomis punctatus
Lepomis sp.
Chaenobryttus gulosua
Micropterus salmoides
Etheostoma sp.
Unidentified fish
Unidentified fish larva
Unidentified fish egg
Amphibia
Rana spp. (tadpole)
Salamondridae
Key to Stations: HN » Horse Creek North
HM » Horse Creek Middle
HS * Horse Creek South
BC « Brushy Creek
B2 - Brushy Creek 2
HS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SB
DB
PB
CB
BC B2 SB DB PB CB
X
X
X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X X
X
X X
- Shirttail Branch
a Doe Branch
» Plunder Branch
« Coon's Bay Branch
Source: ESE, 1983.
3-167
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The majority of the inhabitant aquatic biota is relatively non-motile
and, therefore, unable to escape the area of mining operations. Motile
organisms such as fish and reptiles may be able to migrate to
undisturbed areas, provided sufficient hydrologic connections exist to
serve as migration pathways. If no escape pathways exist, all aquatic
biota within a mining area would be eliminated.
The Horse Creek aquatic habitat is proposed for preservation and will
not be mined. Two acres of Horse Creek will be directly impacted by two
dragline crossings proposed to be constructed across Horse Creek. The
crossings will be constructed during low flow conditions which should
minimize impacts during construction. During the wet season, the
2 acres of bottom will be eliminated as aquatic habitat during the life
of these Horse Creek crossings (2 years). Additional impacts which
might occur due to erosion of the crossing's banks are increased water
turbidity and sedimentation in the near field. Planting vegetation on
the crossing's banks would help minimize impacts to the Horse Creek
aquatic habitat by stabilizing the construction materials. Sufficient
water flow will need to be maintained under the crossings to prevent
reduction in stream flow and allow downstream drift of invertebrates.
The Horse Creek watershed is scheduled to be mined in mine years 18
through 24. While the lands adjacent to Horse Creek are being mined,
Horse Creek would be encircled by a perimeter ditch intended to maintain
the surrounding water table and thereby maintain water levels in Horse
Creek. The proposed ditching plan allows for a 35-foot setback area
between the wetlands and the mine cut. Mining operations in proximity
to the wetlands may cause water table fluctuations in the adjacent
wetlands. In certain cases, wider setback between the wetlands and the
mining area could help insure maintenance of water table levels in the
nearby wetlands thereby preserving the aquatic communities.
3-168
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The mining plan calls for raining of the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II
site over a 27-year period. During this mining period, not all aquatic
habitat will be disrupted at the same time, although eventually approxi-
mately 98 percent of the aquatic habitat on-site would be mined. As
mining proceeds, the ratio of natural, pre-mining aquatic habitat to
post-raining reclaimed habitat will decrease. For the majority of the
mine's life, the mining plan and reclamation schedule result in about 50
percent of the watershed being in either a natural or reclaimed state.
The natural aquatic habitat on-site will provide a source for faunal
recolonization of restored or reclaimed aquatic habitat. This is
particularly true for invertebrates such as insects with aerial
dispersal. Less motile invertebrates will require longer periods of
time to recolonize reclaimed habitat, and non-motile invertebrates and
fish will probably require reestablishment of hydrologic connections
before recolonization can take place.
Unionid mussels, Uniomerus carolinianus, were found on-site in both the
Doe Branch and Plunder Branch drainage systems. Mining of these systems
will eliminate these existing mussel populations on-site. Freshwater
mussels may require 1 to 8 years to reach sexual maturity and require a
vertebrate (fish) host for dispersal of larvae (Pennak, 1978; Clench,
1959). Although the life cycle of JJ. carolinianus in particular is
unknown, a relatively long life cycle and the need for specific inter-
mediate larval hosts may result in no recolonization or a slow rate of
recolonization. Recolonization of reclaimed habitat by mussels after
mining is dependent upon the existence of nearby undisturbed mussel
populations and the recolonization of disturbed habitats by the required
fish host species.
Alteration of Stream Flow—Stream flow reductions resulting from mining
may result in the loss of fish and invertebrates that become concen-
trated in the remaining' pools and wet strearabed. In addition, the
macrophyte abundance could be reduced, resulting in a loss of habitat
for fish and invertebrates. The severity of the effect of flow
3-169
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reductions depends on the season in which they occur, as the streams
on-site are intermittent. The plants and animals of such systems are
very adaptable to naturally changing water levels (Berra and Gunning,
1970; Grossman _e_t a±. , 1974; Larimore _e_t _aK , 1959). If flow reductions
occur during a time of no stream flow, the fish will have moved
downstream or into the remaining pools. The insect larvae may become a
greater portion of the drift as the flow slows (Minshall and Winger,
1968); oligochaetes and molluscs will attempt to penetrate into the
moist bottom but will be lost from any area that is mined. However, if
stream flow is drastically reduced at a period of normally high flow,
the fish and invertebrates will not have an opportunity to move out of
the area and may become stranded as observed by Kroger (1973).
Increased Turbidity—A potential for turbid runoff reaching aquatic
habitats will exist during land clearing and operation of the mine. The
ecological effects of high levels of suspended solids or turbidity on
aquatic organisms are described by Cairns, et al. (1972) as:
(1) clogging or irritation of gills; (2) blanketing or sedimentation;
(3) loss of light penetration; (4) adsorption and/or absorption of
various chemicals; and (5) availability as a surface for growth of
microorganisms. However, turbidity should not persist for long
distances downstream nor should it remain in the water at the discharge
(Burns, 1972). Further, fish can either avoid high turbidity levels or
can withstand them for short periods (Ritchie, 1972). Although some
increases in turbidity are expected, impacts on aquatic organisms due to
the discharge of turbid water are thought to be temporary, and the
probability of the release of any highly turbid water is small.
However, some discharge of moderately turbid water is expected.
Matrix Transport
Slurry Matrix Transport (CF Industries Proposed Action)
The matrix slurry transport system presents the potential for adverse
impacts to the aquatic system. The greatest potential for adverse
impacts from the slurry matrix transport system is from pipeline breaks
3-170
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or leaks. Should the matrix slurry escape from containment, surface
waters which subsequently receive the slurry would have increased
turbidity which could cause a decrease in primary productivity, burial
or elimination of benthic organisms, and suffocation of fish. The
possibility of this occurrence is minimized by the use of preventive
maintenance practices and safeguard systems.
Matrix Processing
Conventional Matrix Processing (CF Industries Proposed Action)
Conventional processing generates clay wastes in a suspension containing
about 3 to 5 percent solids. Disposal of these clays would require
impoundments from which the water can be decanted. The volume of clay
generated and amount of water entrapped in the clays would require the
clay settling areas to be diked above grade. Although a remote
possibility, dam failures pose a potential for significant damage to
aquatic ecosystems and degradation of water quality in the receiving
water systems.
Conventional beneficiation requires the use of several reagents in the
flotation process. The reacted reagent would be discharged from the
process with the waste sand tailings and clays, and most of the reagents
would adhere to the clay particles. The discharge from the clear water
pool would contain trace amounts of the reagents and reacted reagent-
sulfate compounds.
Plant Siting
The CF Industries' beneficiation plant and support facilities will
occupy apnroximately 60 acres. The plant site will be located in an
area which consists of pine flatwood communities and will not require
the fill of any regulated wetlands.
During the construction phase, perimeter ditches will be installed to
collect runoff from the plant site area. Dam construction areas will
also be enclosed by perimeter ditches to intercept runoff. In the plant
3-171
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site area, all areas not permanently surfaced will be landscaped and
revegetated. Access road shoulders, powerline right-of-ways, and
pipeline corridors will be graded and revegetated. With these controls
on surface runoff, plant site construction should have only temporary or
no impact on aquatic communities adjacent to the plant site.
Water Management
Process Water Sources
Groundwater Withdrawal—CF Industries proposes to use approximately 5.0
million gallons per day of ground water for plant operations. CF
Industries' compliance with their consumptive use permit will minimize
drawdown impacts to the water table and thereby reduce potential impacts
to aquatic habitat and aquatic communities. Using ground water as a
supply source would not alter surface water flows or affect downstream
aquatic communities.
Surface Water—CF Industries will not directly use surface water with-
drawal in the plant operations. At present, surface water runoff at the
proposed site is distributed to on-site streams and can be attributed
primarily to rainfall occurrences. CF's planned water recirculation
system will reduce this runoff by retaining a portion of the rainfall
for use in the system. The proposed plan can provide for rainfall
recovery of approximately 70 percent of rain falling on the collection
system. This rainfall will not be available to unmined and reclaimed
aquatic systems on-site and downstream. Planned post-mining reclamation
activities within portions of each watershed will be designed to return
flow characteristics of most downstream draining systems to approximate
pre-mining streamflow conditions.
Discharge
Discharge to Surface Waters—CF's primary plant discharge of clarified
water will be from the recirculating water system into Doe Branch and/or
Shirttail Branch. These proposed discharge outfall locations were
selected primarily due to their proximity to the plant site. Direct
discharging to other surface waters offers no particular advantage from
3-172
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either a functional, operational, or environmental standpoint. Horse
Creek was not considered for discharge since its location is approxi-
mately 5 miles from the proposed plant complex. Since all process water
to be discharged will first pass through active clay or sand-clay
settling areas, contaminants within this water should adsorb onto
suspended clay particles in these areas and be retained with the settled
clays. Concentrations in waters discharged to surface waters should
therefore be minimized. At times, the streams may actually experience a
net improvement in certain water quality parameters as a result of the
treated process water discharge.
The discharge from the clear water pool would contain trace amounts of
reagents and reacted reagent-sulfate compounds.
Discharge to Surface Water via Wetlands—CF Industries' alternate
discharge of clarified water from the water recirculation system will be
via pipe/ditch to wetlands by sheet flow into the floodplain of Payne
Creek. The excess water from the system would be pumped through a
pipeline across Doe Branch by low-pressure water pumps. Beyond Doe
Branch, there would be enough head and capacity to carry this water
through a ditch system where water would flow by gravity to the
discharge weir adjacent to the Payne Creek floodplain. This discharge
will be into a control pond with a grass-covered sill which allows
overflow into the floodplain paralleling Payne Creek. There would be no
discharge structure within waters of the state. The discharged water
will overflow this grassed, earthen sill and flow into the Payne Creek
wetlands. The pond overflow would have a low exit velocity. Once the
effluent enters the floodplain, the existing heavy growth of vegetation
should retard movement of this water within the floodplain and limit
velocity to 2 feet per second or less.
This discharge method would provide an alternative direct discharge of
effluent to surface waters. Additionally, the sheet flow through the
Payne Creek floodplain vegetation should act as an additional water
3-173
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purification system, removing nutrients and other contaminants. Payne
Creek may experience a net improvement in certain water quality
parameters with this discharge of treated process water.
Connector Wells—Connector wells offer a means of dewatering the
surficial aquifer ahead of the mining operation while replenishing a
portion of the water pumped from the Floridan Aquifer for matrix
processing. The use of connector wells could have the same effects as
mine pit dewatering. The water table could be lowered in areas adjacent
to wetlands causing a reduction in aquatic habitat.
Zero Discharge—The zero discharge alternative would eliminate
discharges into aquatic habitats and, therefore, eliminate impacts to
aquatic communities which might result from the discharge. Zero
discharge, however, would ,also eliminate water which is returned to the
aquatic system in the surface water and wetlands discharge alternatives.
To achieve zero discharge would require the construction of more or
larger water impoundments increasing the potential for dike failures and
associated adverse impacts on aquatic communities.
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
Sand-Clay Mixing (CF Industries Proposed Action)
Because entrained water losses from the system will most likely be
reduced by using sand-clay mix methods than conventional methods, there
should be a greater chance that a discharge from the facility will be
required during periods of heavy rainfall. These discharges could cause
an increase in turbidity, introduce flocculants (if used) into the local
aquatic environment, introduce other pollutants which might be in the
water into the aquatic environment, and introduce nutrients into the
aquatic environment.
Advantages of the sand-clay mix disposal technique are a reduction in
above-grade clay settling acreage, a decreased potential for dike
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failure, and, in the event of a dike failure, the sand-clay mix would
not flow as rapidly or as far as clay waste alone.
Conventional Sand and Clay Disposal
The conventional sand and clay disposal technique would result in
impounded clays during the life of the mine. This would result in the
creation of additional retention dikes and increase the probability
(however slight) of a dike failure. Such an occurrence would have
tremendous impacts on aquatic biota. The large clay settling areas used
in conventional clay disposal would consume water via adsorption and
evaporation, thus reducing the need to discharge excess water to surface
waters.
Sand-Clay Cap
Because this method is a combination of the conventional and sand-clay
mix disposal methods, environmental considerations relative to aquatic
communities are similar. Negative impacts to the aquatic environment
would result from dike failure and the release of impounded water and
sediments into aquatic habitats.
Reclamation
CF Industries' Proposed Reclamation Plan
CF Industries' proposed reclamation plan is to reclaim approximately
5,347 acres of aquatic habitat. The reclaimed habitats are intended to
be lakes, freshwater swamp, freshwater marsh and stream channels.
Approximately 1,467 acres of lakes will be created under CF Industries'
reclamation plan. This aquatic habitat type does not currently exist on
the project site. The lakes will be designed to create a productive
littoral zone to enhance habitat values and water quality. Phosphate
mine lakes can be highly productive systems which provide a diversity of
habitat for invertebrates, fish, birds, and alligators. Lakes would
provide habitat for largemouth bass, bluegills, and other sunfish
species which can be exploited as recreational fisheries. Vegetated
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littoral zones in the lakes would help support the fish populations by
providing habitat for the fish as well as habitat for a diverse
invertebrate population. Lake areas provide a relatively constant
environment which in drought years could provide refuge for aquatic
species and a source of faunal recruitment to adjacent aquatic systems.
The deeper water of the lakes may have low dissolved oxygen during
periods of stratification, but this should cause no water quality
problems. In general, reclaimed lakes have water quality within
standards for Class III waters (ESE, 1984).
Approximately 25 percent (3,511 acres) of the project site consists of
forested and non-forested wetland aquatic habitat planned for reclama-
tion. This acreage includes approximately 453 acres of Category I (see
Section 2.9.1.1) hardwood swamp and 244 acres of freshwater marsh.
These areas will be preserved until such time that it can be
demonstrated that these habitats can be restored once disturbed, and
regulatory approval for mining is granted.
Assuming the ability to restore freshwater swamps, marshes and streams
is demonstrated, CF Industries will reclaim approximately 1,365 acres of
freshwater swamp, most of which will be contiguous with reclaimed
streams and marshes, 2,446 acres of freshwater marshes, and all stream
channels. Stream channels will be reclaimed to approximate original
grade, and the stream drainage basins will be reclaimed to their
approximate original area.
The majority of wetlands will be reclaimed on the decant end of the
sand/clay mix disposal areas. Twenty-five to 30 percent of each sand/
clay mix area is planned as reclaimed wetlands. The remainder of the
wetland aquatic habitat will be created on sand tailings and overburden
areas. Within any particular area, approximately ten years will be
required from the beginning of mining operations until the reclamation
of aquatic habitat. The time necessary following reclamation for
recolonization of floral and faunal communities similar to communities
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found in the natural environment is not known. To determine this will
require long-term monitoring of recreated wetlands. Reclaimed wetlands
will undoubtedly be rapidly recolonized by relatively few taxa of
opportunistic or motile forms. Rare taxa, non-motile taxa, and taxa
which require specific microhabitats will require longer to recolonize
the reclaimed wetlands and streams.
Mining of the proposed tract is expected to require 27 years.
Reclamation of all mined land will be completed within eight years after
mining ends. Sand/clay disposal areas will be completely reclaimed in
year 35; sand tailings areas reclamation will be complete in mine year
29; lakes reclamation will be completed in mine year 28; and overburden
will be reclaimed by mine year 31.
The advantages of sand/clay mix reclamation over conventional clay
settling area reclamation appear to be that the proposed method allows
consolidation to near original grade, and reclamation can be completed
within a few years following the cessation of mining. This would allow
a more rapid establishment of permanent aquatic communities. It should
be noted that the sand/clay mix technology is experimental and has not
been completely proven in actual full-scale mine projects.
Conventional Reclamation/Clay Settling
Conventional methodology requires the greatest acreage for clay settling
areas. These clay settling areas can provide aquatic habitat during the
life of the mine. This habitat is temporary however, as the clay
settling areas will eventually be reclaimed and the established aquatic
communities destroyed, necessitating a second colonization and
succession of aquatic communities. The reclamation of conventional clay
settling areas is delayed over the reclamation of sand/clay mix areas as
the consolidation time for clays is considerably longer. Since conven-
tional clay settling areas are in place longer and require higher dikes,
the potential for dike failure and destruction of aquatic habitat and
communities is increased over that for sand/clay mix areas. Since the
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objective of the reclamation plan is to reclaim the mined land as
rapidly as possible, the major disadvantages of conventional clay
settling is the long time required until reclamation can be accomplished
and aquatic communities can become established and proceed through a
natural successional sequence.
Sand Clay Cap
The sand-clay cap technique has not been utilized on a full-scale mine
operation. Since this method requires both temporary and permanent clay
settling basins, the overall acreage covered by sand clay cap settling
basins would be reduced only slightly from that of conventional areas.
Sand-clay cap would require dikes which are above ground and approxi-
mately as high as dikes required for conventional clay disposal areas,
thereby having the potential for dike failure and destruction of nearby
aquatic communities.
Wetlands Preservation
CF Industries' Proposed Preservation Plan
CF Industries proposes to preserve 69 acres of Class I-A wetlands
contiguous with Horse Creek. Preservation of this acreage will result
in the preservation of the inhabitant aquatic communities. Although CF
Industries proposes to mine an additional 695 acres of Class I-C and I-D
wetlands, these wetlands will be preserved until such time as it can be
demonstrated that these wetland types can be restored should mining be
allowed.
EPA's Category I Preservation Plan
EPA's preservation plan calls for the preservation of 764 acres of
Class I-A, I-C, and I-D wetlands. EPA's preservation plan would
preserve the aquatic communities preserved under CF Industries'
preservation plan, plus preserve the aquatic communities inhabiting the
Class I-C and I-D wetlands. This will result in the preservation of a
wider variety of habitat and greater diversity of aquatic fauna and
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flora which would be available for recolonization of reclaimed
wetlands.
Product Transport
Truck Product Transport
Transport of the product by truck would have little or no impact on
aquatic communities. The potential impact of truck transport is an
accidental spill of product into an aquatic system which the truck route
crossed. A spill of a truckload of product would cause a localized
impact mainly due to smothering of benthic communities and destruction
of habitat. The potential of such occurrences is considered to be
small.
Rail Product Transport
The environmental consequences of rail product transport on aquatic
communities would be the same as those for truck product transport.
3.6.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
Termination of the Project
Termination of the project would result in no changes in aquatic
communities due to the proposed mining plan. Future changes in the
aquatic communities from present conditions might result due to natural
successional processes or changing land use.
Postponement of the Project
Postponement of the project will result in no mining-induced changes in
aquatic communities during the postponement period. However, depending
on the postponement interval, aquatic communities could change from
present conditions due to natural or man-induced perturbation or natural
successional processes. In this event, impacts of the proposed plan
once initiated could be increased, decreased, or remain the same
depending on the nature of the change which had occurred. Should no
interim change in community structure occur, impacts due to follow-on
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mining operations would be identical with those which would occur with
initiation of the presently proposed plan with no postponement.
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3.7 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
3.7.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.7.1.1 VEGETATION TYPES
Vegetation within the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II site generally is
typical of regional plant community types. The property consists of
wetland and upland associations, most of which have been altered by
logging, fire, draining, and other agricultural practices. Currently,
the proposed mine site is predominantly managed for cattle (fire main-
tenance, grass seeding and combining, cattle rotation). Wetland/
floodplain complexes exist along eight major on-site drainages (i.e.,
Horse Creek, Brushy Creek, Shirttail Branch, Doe Branch, Plunder Branch,
Coon's Bay Branch, Lettis Creek, Troublesome Creek) and one minor
on-site drainage (Gum Swamp Branch). A tenth minor drainage area on the
CF mine site, Hog Branch, drains to the east by overland sheet flow
through pine flatwoods and palmetto rangeland.
Vegetation within the CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II mine site has been
separated into nine major groupings based upon the Florida Land Use and
Cover Classification System (FLUCCS, 1976). Table 3.7.1-1 provides the
FLUCCS Level III legend, acreages, and percentages for the CF mine site
vegetation map. The vegetation map (see Figures 3.7.1-1 and 3.7.1-2) is
divided into eastern and western portions by the Seaboard System
Railroad. Thirty-six species of trees (overstory and understory), 40
species of shrubs and small trees, 321 species of herbs, 12 species of
epiphytes and 32 species of vines have been identified on the CF mine
site.
3.7.1.2 PRINCIPAL WILDLIFE HABITATS
The CF Hardee Phosphate Complex II site is located within a region that
is characterized by a climate of widely ranging temperatures and high
rainfall, nearly level topography resulting in large or numerous areas
of water drainage and retention (wetlands) and a complex soil structure
and plant community composition. These combined factors produce suit-
able habitat for a diverse composition of wildlife species represented
by amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Table 3.7.1-1. Legend, Acreages, and Percentages for CF Industries Hardee Phosphate
Complex II Proposed Mine Site Vegetation Map
FLUCCS* LEVEL III
211
212
213
231
321
411
422
621
641
Description
Ftow Crops
Field Crops
Improved Pasture
Orange Grove
Palmetto Prairies
Pine Flatwoods
Other Hardwoods
Freshwater Swamp
Freshwater Marsh
TOTAL
Acreage
13.1
44.1
1,310.3
2.6
6,957.2
732.7
2,354.0
1,240.4
2,339.6
14,994.0
Percent of Total Acreage
0.09
0.29
8.74
0.02
46.40
4.89
15.70
8.27
15.60
100.00
* Florida Land Use and Cover Classification System (FLUCCS).
Source: FLUCCS, 1976.
ESE, 1983.
3-182
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
A particular animal's habitat is usually considered in terms of the
plant community in which it is found. Many animals have life require-
ments that are not satisfied by a single plant community. An animal's
mobility enables it to move to numerous communities until its needs are
met. Some animals spend much time on the edge of two different communi-
ties (ecotones) where they benefit from "resources found in both. Nine
major wildlife habitat types have been identified on the CF mine site
(i.e., row crops, field crops, improved pasture, orange grove, palmetto
rangeland, pine flatwoods, hardwood forest, freshwater swamp, and fresh-
water marsh). Approximately 65 species of amphibians and reptiles, 138
species of birds, and 36 species of mammals have been identified as
inhabiting or potentially occurring within these principal wildlife
habitacs.
3.7.1.3 GAME AND COMMERCIAL FURBEARING SPECIES
The varied habitat found on the CF mine site supports several important
game and commercial fur-bearing animals. These include upland game
birds, waterfowl, large mammals, and small game and fur-bearing
mammals.
Bobwhite quail, mourning doves, and wild turkey are important game bird
species on the CF mine site. Quail and mourning doves are reported to
be abundant, while turkeys are considered common. Quail and doves
utilize similar habitat provided by open areas—rangeland, pastures,
flatwoods, and ruderal areas. Here they feed on seeds and vegetation
provided by dense growth of herbs and shrubs. Several turkeys were
observed on the site in both ruderal and hardwood hammock communities.
The numerous wetlands on the CF mine site are a valuable resource for
waterfowl. The mottled duck is believed to be the only breeding duck in
the region. Numerous other duck species utilize marshland and wintering
areas. The most common migrants and winter residents include blue-
winged teal, green-winged teal, American widgeon, ring-necked duck and
lesser scaup. The wood duck is a year-round resident believed to breed
further north in Florida.
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Recent wildlife surveys indicated healthy populations of large mammals
on the CF mine site. White-tailed deer were observed often in flatwoods
and hammock edges and were judged abundant. Wild hogs were common to
abundant on-site. Several hogs and their characteristic "rooting" signs
were ooserved in hardwood hammocks, rangeland, swamps, and marsh edges.
The CF mine site supports a number of small game and fur-bearing
mammals. Some of the more common species include oppossum, raccoon,
marsh rabbit, eastern cottontail, and gray squirrel. Other more
secretive species include red fox, gray fox, and bobcat. The round-
tailed muskrat, although not sighted, is considered abundant in the
numerous marshes. Many muskrat feeding platforms, dens, and scat were
sighted during field surveys. Other species not sighted, but possibly
occurring on-site, are the long-tailed weasel and river otter.
3.7.1.4 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES - FEDERAL
Four species of federally endangered plants occur in Florida (USFWS,
1984). However, these protected taxa do not exist within central
Florida. Six federally listed wildlife species which are known (or
expected to occur) in the vicinity of the CF mine site consist of the
following:
• American Alligator Threatened
• Eastern Indigo Snake Threatened
• Woodstork Endangered
• Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Endangered
• Southern Bald Eagle Endangered
• Florida Panther Endangered
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is currently federally
listed as threatened. The threatened designation was applied to the
American alligator because heavy poaching for hides and destruction of
wetland habitat threatened the continuation of this species. Since its
classification as a protected species, the alligator has made a remark-
able recovery. The American aligator is now fairly common throughout
Florida and within the CF mine site. American alligator has been
sighted in almost every drainage basin within the CF mine site.
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The eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi) is designated
threatened by both federal and state agencies. The decline of the
indigo snake is attributed to collection by snake enthusiasts and
destruction of habitat by development. At least three indigo snakes
have been observed on the CF mine site (CF DRI, 1976). Several
unconfirmed recent sightings of indigo snake on the property also have
been reported. Due to these observations and suitable habitat and
range, the indigo snake's occurrence on the CF mine site is judged as
common.
The woodstork (Mycteria americana) is a colonial wading bird considered
endangered by both state and federal agencies. The decline of woodstork
populations is attributed to man's manipulation of wetland water levels
which alter or eliminate vital feeding areas. Woodstorks have been
observed in the vicinity of the CF mine site. These endangered birds
also are expected to feed in suitable wetlands within site boundaries.
The southern bald eagle (Haliaeetus 1. leucocephalus) is a federally
endangered bird which nests in large trees next to rivers and lakes. No
eagles have been sighted on the CF mine site. Furthermore, eagles are
not expected to occur on the CF mine site due to unsuitable habitat
requirements.
The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides boreales) is currently considered
endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This woodpecker is
found in pine flatwoods, however, an inspection of the remaining stands
of pine on the CF mine site revealed neither nest nor roost cavities.
Therefore, this protected woodpecker is judged as absent from the CF
mine site.
The Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi) is classified as endangered
by federal and state agencies. No recent substantiated sightings of
panther have been made in the vicinity of the CF mine site. Due to the
altered condition and openness of the property, suitable habitat is not
provided, and no Florida panthers are expected to occur.
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3.7.1.5 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES AND SPECIES OF SPECIAL
CONCERN - STATE
Populations of endangered native plant species have diminished in both
size and distribution in Florida by man's disturbances or complete
alterations to their specific habitat requirements. Several govern-
mental agencies and private institutions have produced endangered plant
species lists in order to protect these Florida plant taxa, or otherwise
educate the populace of the existing condition and importance of these
-axa (USFWS, 1984; FCREPA, 1979; FDA, 1978; SI, 1978; CITES, 1973; IUCN,
1972; USFS, 1970).
Three of these state listed plant species (spoonflower, Florida coontie
and needle palm) either have a high likelihood of occurrence or are
present on the CF mine site. Spoon-flower [Peltandra sagittifolia
(Michx.) Morong.] is considered a rare plant within the State of Florida
(FCREPA, 1979). Although not identified, it is believed that this rare
aroid occurs within the hardwood swamps on the CF mine site. Florida
coontie (Zamia pumila L.) has been listed as a threatened (FDA, 1978;
FCREPA, 1979), a vulnerable (IUCN, 1972; CITES, 1973) and an endangered
(SI, 1978) species within the State of Florida.
Since its discovery in 1976 (CF Industries DRI, 1976), the Florida
coontie has been been identified on the CF mine site. It is doubtful
that this cycad has disappeared since 1976. However, since the
occurrence of the Florida coontie was not verified during field
reconnaissance, it is rated with a "high probability of occurrence" on
the site.
During the drainage walkover surveys, needle palm [Rhapidophyllum
hystrix (Pursh) Wendl, and Drude] was discovered within a mixed hardwood
swamp just south of northern site boundaries where Plunder Branch exits
the property (Unit PI). Needle palm has been designated as both a
threatened (SI, 1978; FDA, 1978; FCREPA, 1979) and a vulnerable species
(IUCN, 1972). Interspersed throughout the tree swamp were 45 healthy
3-188
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specimens of the palms. Herbarium records (USF Herbarium, 1982),
pertinent literature (FCREPA, 1979; Shuey and Wunderlin, 1977), and
personal communications with needle palm experts (Shuey, 1982;
Wunderlin, 1982) agree that needle palms have never been discovered
within a mixed hardwood swamp type such as the habitat situated on the
property. Only one other known location of needle palm exists in Hardee
County, some 8 miles due south along the Peace River drainage. The two
Hardee County populations, together with a population center in
Highlands County, constitute the southernmost limit of the needle palm
in the United States.
Fifteen animal species listed by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish
Commission as endangered, threatened, or species of special concern have
been observed or have a potential to occur on the CF mine site. Six of
these taxa have been discussed in the previous section on federally
listed species. The remaining nine state protected species are provided
in the following listing:
• Gopher Tortoise Species of Special Concern
• Southeastern American Kestrel Threatened
• Florida Sandhill Crane Threatened
• Wading Birds (Little Blue Heron, Species of Special Concern
Snowy Egret, Tri-Colored Heron,
Roseate Spoonbill)
• Florida Burrowing Owl Species of Special Concern
• Florida Black Bear Threatened
Southeastern American kestrel (Falco sparverius paulus), roseate
spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja), Florida burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia
floridana), and Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) have
not been identified on the CF mine site, but have a high potential for
occurrence. Gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is judged as common
throughout the high, dry sandy soil areas (pine flatwoods, palmetto
rangeland) of the CF mine site. Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis
pfatensis) also is common throughout the CF mine site. Although not
3-189
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confirmed, it is believed that cranes nest within the shallow marshes on
the site. Wading birds [little blue heron (Florida caerulea), snowy
egret (Egretta thula), and tri-colored heron (Hydranassa tricolor)] are
common throughout the CF mine site, however, no nesting colonies have
been identified.
3.7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.7.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
Mining
Dragline Mining (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Terrestrial biological resources on and adjacent to the CF mine site
will be affected by activities associated with the proposed action of
dragline mining. These activities include clearing of vegetation,
excavation of overburden and phosphate matrix, and construction of
access roads, railspurs, powerline and pipeline corridors, waste
settling areas and other related facilities. Dragline mining operations
will have a direct impact on the site's fauna and flora. Short- and
long-term secondary impacts to biota on and in areas adjoining the CF
mine site may also occur as a result of the proposed mining.
Acreage Altered—Approximately 99.5 percent (14,925 acres) of the mine
property will be disturbed during the life of the mine. The remaining
acreage (i.e., 69 acres of wetlands contiguous to Horse Creek) will be
protected from the effects of the proposed mining operations. Reclama-
tion conducted during and after the planned mine life will incorporate a
diversity of land uses and covers including improved pasture, pine and
hardwood forests, forested and non-forested wetlands, and lakes.
Table 3.7.2-1 lists the acreages of each vegetation type which would be
disturbed, preserved or reclaimed.
The most adverse impact associated with dragline mining is the direct
loss of plant communities/wildlife habitats and a portion of the
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Table 3.7.2-1. Existing and Post-Reclamation Land Use
Land
Code*
211
212
213
231
321
411
422
520
621
641
Use
Type
Row Crops
Field Crops
Improved
Pasture
Orange Grove
Palmetto
Prairie
Pine
Flatwoods
Other
Hardwoods
Lakes
Freshwater
Swamp
Freshwater
Marsh
TOTAL
Existing
Acres %
13.1 0.09
44..1 0.29
1310.3 8.74
2.6 0.02
6957.2 46.40
732.7 4.89
2354.8 15.70
—
1239.9 8.27
2339.3 15.60
14994 100.00
Proposed Post-
Disturbance Reclamation
Acres % Acres
13.1 0.09
44.1 0.30
1310.3 8.78 6659
2.6 0.02
6957.2 46.61
732.7 4.91 1500
2354.8 15.78 1900
1055
1194.8 8.00 1410
2315.4 15.51 2470
14925 100.00 14,994
%
—
—
44.41
—
—
10.00
12.67
7.04
9.40
16.47
99.99
* Based on Florida Land Use and Cover Classificaton System, 1976.
Source: CF Industries, 1984.
3-191
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associated resident animal populations. However, the overall signifi-
cance of this impact depends upon the relative ecological value,
regional abundance and restorability of the altered resource.
All of the plant communities that will be affected by the construction
and operation of the mine are common in Hardee County. The proposed
mining will result in the eventual removal of 2.6 acres (0.004 percent)
of the 69,120 acres of groves and nurseries; 6,957.2 acres (4.8 percent)
of the 144,723 acres of rangeland; 1,367.5 acres (1.3 percent) of the
102,971 acres of pasture/cropland; 3,086.7 acres (27.3 percent) of the
11,299 acres of upland forest land; and 3,511.0 acres (5.1 percent) of
the 69,412 acres of wetlands in Hardee County. Regional losses could be
more pronounced than indicated, since percentages were calculated from a
1978 data base (EPA, 1978). In addition, losses could become even more
significant if the cumulative losses of these communities due to
possible future mining and development in the county are considered.
However, much of the loss of these plant communities will occur
gradually over the life of the mine. Therefore, reclamation efforts
could reduce the severity of community alterations, depending upon the
resultant habitat quantity and quality.
Agricultural lands are highly disturbed, managed areas that provide a
limited wildlife resource. Through reclamation activities, mined agri-
cultural lands on the CF mine site will be increased by 386 percent.
Generally, the removal of natural uplands and wetlands will pose a
greater impact on terrestrial ecology than the temporary displacement of
agriculturally managed lands. The undisturbed freshwater wetlands and
forested uplands on the CF mine site are functionally valuable communi-
ties that provide an essential synergistic support to the regional
ecosystem. Natural upland oak and pine forests will collectively be
increased in areal extent by 10 percent through post-mining
reclamation.
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These upland forest types are unlikely to be restored to their native
condition on rained land. However, reclaimed oak and pine woodlands will
offer some wildlife benefits, if managed properly. All of the palmetto
prairie on the CF mine site will be eliminated through mining with no
plans for reclamation of the vegetative type. The existing palmetto
prairie on the CF mine site has been modified through the harvesting of
pines and periodic burning of remaining vegetation to maintain grazing
conditions for cattle. Since pasture is a much better producer of
forage for cattle, it is anticipated that palmetto prairie would be
further modified in the future even without mining.
Therefore, the creation of greater improved pasture acreages through
reclamation would be compatible with the growth of agriculture in Hardee
County. However, for certain types of wildlife, which require a dense
shrub layer of saw palmetto for cover and food, the mining of palmetto
prairie will result in a permanent loss of habitat. Reclamation plans
provide for the restoration of 1,366.6 acres of freshwater swamp and
2,444.4 acres of freshwater marsh. Thus, an increase of 300 acres over
mined wetland acreages will be reclaimed on the CF mine site. Current
freshwater marsh revegetation techniques have been shown to be success-
ful in several small scale plots on mined land (Carson, 1983; Clewell,
1981; Conservation Consultants, 1981; Swanson and Shuey, 1980).
However, to date neither the phosphate industry nor any other research
organization has demonstrated that the functional values of forested
wetlands or large scale, diverse marsh systems can be recreated on mined
land.
Disruption of Wetlands—Forested and non-forested wetlands occupy
approximately 23.9 percent (3,580 acres) of the proposed mine site.
Under CF Industries' proposed action, 98.1 percent (3,511 acres) of the
wetlands will be disturbed during the life of the mine. The remaining
wetlands (69 acres) will be protected from the adverse effects of
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mining. These preserved wetlands are contiguous to Horse Creek on the
far western portion of the property. However, to gain access to mining
west of Horse Creek beginning in mine year 20, a proposed dragline
corridor will be required for crossing two areas of Horse Creek
(Figure 3.7.2-1). Approximately 2 acres will be altered for the planned
corridor. These disturbed areas will be restored before the end of mine
year 22.
Adjacent or downstream wetlands that are not directly disturbed by
construction or mining activities may be indirectly affected. Secondary
effects could include a temporary lowering of water levels, increased
sedimentation, lowered ground water tables, increased surface runoff,
erosion, and long-term hydroperiod alterations (Darnell ji_t _al, 1976).
However, the intermittent nature of all streams on-site ameliorates a
great deal of this concern.
The water table level in the vicinity of the open mine pits will be
lowered and then restored in sequential sections for the life of the
mine. Wetlands adjacent to mined areas are expected to be affected by a
temporary lowering of the water table. Mining into the shallow aquifer
can decrease the amount of soil moisture or standing water in adjacent
wetlands within 1,000 feet for 3 to 6 months. Drawdowns of 2 to 4
months can result in substantial changes in plant biomass, species
composition, and the proportion of perennial plants in wetlands during
the following season (Milleson, 1976; Goodrick and Milleson, 1974;
Davis, 1978). However, the magnitude of this impact will depend upon
the rainfall level experienced at that time. The potential for crown
fires within adjacent swamps would also increase with mining drawdowns
during prolonged periods of low rainfall.
Clearing of vegetation and subsequent excavations will expose soils to
erosion by winds and stormwaters. Increased stonnwater runoff and
erosion into downstream wetlands may accelerate eutrophication.
Eutrophic waters exhibit an increase in turbidity, nutrient and
bacterial levels, and oxygen demands, and a decrease in dissolved
oxygen, producing an environment that favors plant over animal life.
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COMPLEX I
COMPLEX II
Figure 3.7.2-1
RECLAMATION SEQUENCE YEAR 21:
COMPLEX II, WESTERN SECTION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
Impacts on Faunal Populations—The construction and operation of the CF
mine, which will ultimately disturb nearly 14,925 acres of wildlife
habitat, will directly cause the elimination of small resident fauna
(amphibians, mice, shrews). Sequential clearing of 80-acre parcels in
preparation of dragline mining would permit the migration of mobile
species (deer, wild hog, raccoon, birds) to adjacent undisturbed
habitats. Secondary impacts to both the displaced populations and those
occupying similar adjacent habitat during mining can be anticipated.
Species-specific impacts will vary depending upon species interactions
and external influences such as mortality from predators and disease;
shortage of food in certain seasons; decrease in reproduction; and
increased road kills. The noise, water and air pollution associated
with dragline mining will stress intolerant vertebrate species within
adjacent habitats. Habitat fragmentation also will reduce the carrying
capacity of the adjacent, unmined habitats for larger species (deer,
bobcat). In some cases, movement of individuals to off—site areas may
be largely successful if off-site population levels are below carrying
capacity. Eventually, populations would stabilize with a resultant net
loss in faunal resources.
On—site, the impact of mine operation on local populations of certain
species will be severe. Overall, the elimination of less mobile species
and the losses to species populations that move out of the site areas
initially will represent an incremental loss. However, this loss alone
will not be significant to terrestrial faunal populations in the region
unless the loss is considered together with ongoing and planned develop-
ments as a cumulative impact.
Of the 14,925 acres that will be altered, 8,327 acres (56 percent)
presently consist of disturbed, managed lands. The loss of this ruderal
habitat will not affect most species populations as severely as the loss
of less disturbed habitats. The ruderal habitat results from the
frequent disturbance and manipulation of vegetation (e.g., rangeland
management, pasture, citrus groves, cropland) primarily for agricultural
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purposes. As a consequence of this management, these areas generally do
not support as diverse a fauna as is found in less disturbed habitats.
Although several stages of the ruderal communities are an important
habitat component for some of the site's faunal species such as the
sandhill crane, cattle egret, and numerous invertebrates (e.g.,
herbivorous insects), the majority of the site's species' basic habitat
requirements are provided by the less disturbed, natural plant
communities.
Loss of the less disturbed upland forest (3,087 acres) and wetland
(3,511 acres) habitats will affect a variety of fauna. The bayheads,
shrub swamps, mixed hardwood swamps, floodplain forests, and pine and
oak-dominated upland woodlands provided cover and habitat for many of
the faunal species inhabiting the site. Approximately 98.1 percent of
the site's wetlands and 100 percent of its upland forest will eventually
be removed. Loss of these habitats and the resulting influx of dis-
placed individuals should result in greater competition in similar
adjacent undisturbed habitats and, to an unknown degree, a resultant
loss of individuals because of reduced nesting success, food
availability, and/or cover.
Long-term mining impacts to resident wildlife populations may be
lessened (mitigated) through future reclamation plans. Many species are
expected to repopulate disturbed areas following reclamation. The
animal species repopulating the reclaimed areas will depend largely on
the type of habitat created.
Effects on Endangered or Threatened Species—None of the federally-
listed endangered plant species that occur in Florida are present on the
CF mine site. However, three state-listed important plant taxa are
either present or have a high likelihood of occurrence on the property.
Fifteen federal and/or state-listed endangered, threatened or special
concern wildlife species are known or expected to occur in the vicinity
of the CF mine site. Short- and long-term impacts to these important
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plants and animals as a result of the proposed CF mining operations are
evaluaced below.
Plants
Spoon-Flower [Peltandra sagittifolia (Michx.) Morong]
Although not identified, spoon-flower has a "high potential for occur-
rence within the bayheads and mixed hardwood swamps on the CF mine site.
Since this plant species is somewhat specialized, disruption of wetlands
habitat would be expected to affect the species on the property, if it
exists.
Florida Coontie (Zamia pumila L.)
Although a past study of the CF mine site listed Florida coontie as
present (CF Industries DRI, 1976), recent surveys did not confirm the
occurrence. Therefore, no adverse impacts to the Florida coontie are
expected as a result of mining.
Needle Palm [Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) Wendl. & Prude]
Approximately 45 individuals of needle palm are present within the PI
drainage unit. These palms and their associated habitat will be
eliminated through proposed mining operations. Long-term effects of
this action will be a decrease in population size along the southernmost
limit of the needle palm in the United States.
Wildlife
Reptiles
American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)—The American
alligator is judged to be common within wetland and aquatic habitats on
the CF mine site. The proposed mine plan will eliminate 98.1 percent
(3,511 acres) of existing or potential alligator habitat during the
planned mine life of 27 years. Although some alligators may die, most
will disperse and relocate to adjacent habitat during pre-mining,
clearing operations. The reclamation plan, which provides for the
creation of 1,055 acres of lakes, 1,364.9 acres of freshwater swamp, and
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2,446.1 acres of freshwater marsh, will increase alligator habitat on
the property by 38.6 percent (1,355 acres) over a 35-year period. A
short-term loss of alligator habitat and decrease in alligator popula-
tion size will be a consequence of mining operations on the CF mine
site.
However, alligators readily colonize reclaimed phosphate pits (lakes).
Therefore, the proposed wetlands/lakes system should provide ample
habitat for the future establishment of these adaptive, resilient
reptiles.
Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus)—The gopher tortoise is
considered common within the highland communities on the CF mine site.
All of the available gopher tortoise habitat on the site will be
disturbed during the mine life. It is anticipated that some of the
gopher tortoises will not be able to avoid the disturbances associated
with the proposed mining operations. Although 3,400 acres of potential
gopher tortoise habitat will be reclaimed, the suitability of this
habitat for future recolonization by gopher tortoise is not known.
Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon corais couperi)—The indigo
snake's occurrence within the CF mine site's undisturbed upland and
wetland habitat is judged as common. The proposed mining operations
will eliminate almost all of the existing indigo snake habitat on the CF
mine site. The habitats to be created by the reclamation program may
not be suitable for the indigo snake. Therefore, the long-term impact
of the proposed project will be a reduction in available indigo snake
habitat and population size within the property. To mitigate this
impact, a indigo snake relocation plan will be submitted for review to
both the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission and the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service.
Birds
Woodstork (Mycteria americana)—Woodstorks feed within suitable
wetland habitat on the CF site. However, during the wildlife surveys,
no woodstorks or their nests were identified within property boundaries.
Therefore, the only anticipated impacts to woodstorks as a result of the
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proposed mine plan is the temporary loss of potential wetlands habitat
(3,511 acres). Potential woodstork habitat should be increased by 8.6
percent (300 acres) through the proposed reclamation plan. Therefore,
although habitat will be temporarily displaced through mining, no
long-term adverse impacts to woodstorks are anticipated.
Southern Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 1. leucocephalus)—No bald eagle
nests were identified on the CF mine site and due to limited food
resources, bald eagles are not expected, except as transients.
Consequently, the mining operations are not expected to have an adverse
effect on the southern bald eagle.
Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis)—An examination of
suitable red-cockaded woodpecker habitat revealed that this protected
woodpecker is absent from the CF mine site. Therefore, it is not
expected that the proposed mining of longleaf pine stands on the
property will adversely impact red-cockaded woodpecker populations in
the region.
Southeastern American Kestrel (Falco sparverius paulus)—Although
not observed, it is expected that the southeastern American kestrel
could inhabit pasture, rangeland and other ruderal open areas on the CF
mine site. The southeastern American kestrel primarily occupies
modified, open lands. Since suitable habitat is available throughout
Hardee County, mining should not impact regional or local populations of
southeastern American kestrel.
Florida Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pratensis)—Suitable crane
habitat such as flooded pasture and shallow marshes exists throughout
the CF mine site. Sandhill cranes have been observed feeding in
locations throughout the property. Although not confirmed, it is also
believed that cranes nest within the site's numerous isolated, shallow
marshes. The Florida sandhill crane is basically sedentary and highly
territorial during the breeding season. Therefore, the disruption of
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breeding sites associated with mining operations may affect the resident
breeding crane population.
Wading Birds—The little blue heron, tri-colored heron, snowy egret
and roseate spoonbill have been observed feeding throughout the
freshwater marshes, shrub swamps, flooded pastures, open channel reaches
and drainage ditches on the CF mine site. The temporary loss of these
communities as a result of mining the site will reduce the habitat of
these wading birds in the region. However, since no nesting colonies
are located in the areas to be disturbed, wading birds should easily
avoid the mining operations and disperse to adjacent undisturbed
habitat. No adverse effects resulting from mining are expected on these
adaptable, wide-ranging species.
Burrowing Owl (Athene unicularia floridana)—Burrowing owls have
not been observed on the CF mine site. Therefore, burrowing owls are
expected to be absent from the site. A large amount of potential
habitat exists in the immediate area (improved pasture), and the
reduction of pasture through mining should not have an adverse impact on
burrowing owls in the region.
Mammals
Florida Panther (Felis concolor coryi)—The open, disturbed nature
of upland habitat on the CF mine site is judged somewhat unsuitable for
the Florida panther. Therefore, no adverse impacts to Florida panther
populations are expected as a result of mining operations.
Florida Black Bear (Ursus americanus floridanus)—Bears may be
expected to occur on the CF mine site, however, no recent sightings have
occurred. A potential impact to black bear as a result of mining could
be a reduction of potential habitat. Since bears occur within Hardee
County, the elimination of wooded drainages will also limit protective
travel corridors. Future use of reclaimed habitat types by black bear
is unknown.
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Matrix Transport
Slurry Matrix Transport (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
Potential impacts to wetlands associated with the proposed slurry matrix
transport system include alterations of protected wetland areas from
pipeline crossings, increases in turbidity to downstream water courses
from potential pipe leakages, and soil erosion into stream channels
along pipeline corridors. These adverse effects could be minimized
through proper planning and preventive maintenance practices.
Plant Siting
The CF Industries beneficiation plant and support facilities will occupy
an area of land in the northeast corner of the western portion of the
Hardee Phosphate Complex II site. Development of the property will
result in the loss of 60 acres of upland habitat (palmetto rangeland,
raesic oak hammock). Due to a well-developed drainage and erosion
control plan, little or no impacts are expected to wetlands within the
adjacent Doe Branch system.
Water Management
Process Water Sources
Ground Water Withdrawal—CF plans to utilize approximately 5.0 million
gallons of ground water per day for total plant operations. Drawdown
impacts to adjacent plant communities along property boundaries could
occur as a result of ground water withdrawals. However, these adverse
effects would be minimized by mining and engineering techniques (i.e.,
back filling mine cuts and digging rim recharge ditches) if drawdowns
become excessive.
Surface Water—Direct discharge to surface waters is planned for the CF
mining operations. Process waters that exceed the system's water
handling design capacity will be discharged via CF's NPDES permitted
outfalls (primary outfall - Shirttail Branch and Doe Branch; alternate
outfall - floodplains bordering Payne Creek). The discharge from the
clear water pool would contain trace amounts of reagents and reacted
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reagent-sulfate compounds. Thus, an increase in water quality
degradation to on- and off-site downstream reaches could result.
Discharge
Discharge to Surface Waters (CF Industries' Proposed Action)—At the CF
mine site, surface water runoff from precipitation is distributed to
on-site streams. CF's planned water recirculation system will reduce
runoff by retaining a portion of the rainfall. This action will reduce
stream flow and water quantities to downstream reaches which could
adversely affect the primary productivity of vascular plants. This
alteration of base link food production could in turn affect higher
trophic levels in the food chain. However, post-mining reclamation
activities will attempt to return the flow characteristics of most
downstream drainage systems to the approximate pre-mining streamflow
conditions.
Discharge to Surface Waters via Wetlands (CF Industries' Alternate
Proposed Action)—When required for water quality considerations, clear
water pond effluent will be pumped via pipeline and open ditch to the
Payne Creek floodplain where a diffuse discharge is planned. This
action is considered to possess both positive and negative impacts when
compared to other discharge methods. Wetlands vegetation provide a
treatment to the discharge by assimilation of nutrients and heavy metals
and entrapment of particulates before waters enter receiving bodies.
Therefore, possible adverse effects to vegetation and wildlife
associated with the aquatic environment would be buffered, when compared
with a direct, non-treated discharge. The diffused discharge within
wetlands also eliminates possible channelization and soil erosion into
surface waters.
Connector Wells—Connector wells dewater the surficial aquifer while
replenishing a portion of the ground water that was withdrawn from the
Floridan Aquifer for processing of the phosphate matrix. Connector
wells would potentially produce similar effects as mine pit dewatering.
Therefore, a temporary lowering of the water table by use of connector
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wells could cause detrimental effects to vascular plants in wetland
systems. A reduction in this primary productivity and cover could also
cause secondary adverse effects to animals associated with the wetland
ecosystem.
Zero Discharge—Lf no surface discharges occur to off- and on-site
streams, anticipated environmental impacts potentially associated with
these discharges should not take place. However, to eliminate zero
discharge, larger settling areas with higher dams would have to be
constructed. This water impoundment construction would increase the
potential for breaks and leakages in dikes. Therefore, suspended
solids, nutrients, sediment and other pollutants would be increased and
may damage affected wetland and aquatic systems.
Also, the positive benefits associated with the creation of upland and
wetland communities in future reclamation could be significantly reduced
on the mine site.
A zero discharge would alleviate any concerns over water quality
degradation that might result from a wetlands or surface water
discharge. However, a reduction in offsite water quantity and stream
flow characteristics may also seriously affect wetlands vegetation and
associated wildlife.
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal
Sand/Clay Mixing (CF Industries' Proposed Action)
The sand/clay waste disposal technique will allow more rapid reclamation
since waste sand/clay mix stabilize faster than conventional clay
settling areas. Waste disposal materials are placed above-grade to
settle at or near grade, thus eliminating the need for high dams.
Compared to conventional methods, the sand/clay mix case would have less
above-grade settling acreages and would have a reduction in potential
dike failures. Since the sand/clay mix material would consolidate more
rapidly and would have higher density than the clay waste impounded
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separately, the flow and volume of a sand/clay mix spill during dike
failure would be less than expected from a clay settling basin spill.
Therefore, the sand/clay mix method would limit the overall area (upland
and wetland systems) utilized and reduce impacts to downstream wetland
and aquatic habitats as a result of pollutant discharges when compared
to a conventional sand and clay disposal system.
Conventional Sand and Clay Disposal
Conventional sand and clay disposal would require large clay settling
areas to be constructed. Thus, the likelihood for dike failure would be
increased, when compared with the sand/clay mix case. Dike failure
could result in discharges into on-site drainages. Should large volumes
of clay be discharged into streams adjacent to property boundaries,
vegetation and fauna at the spill would be destroyed, while downstream
aquatic organisms could be lost due to water quality degradation
(sulfates, fluorides, total dissolved solids) and excessive
sedimentation.
Adjacent upland habitat (vegetation and soils) and associated less
mobile fauna (amphibians, mice, shrews) would be damaged by flooding
and/or smothered by clay wastes.
Total acreage (upland and wetland habitats) necessary for conventional
sand and clay disposal is generally greater than the proposed sand/clay
mix method. Thus, direct areal and temporal losses of habitat would be
more significant with the sand and clay disposal method than the sand/
clay mix procedure. '
Sand/Clay Cap
The sand/clay cap method involves a combination of the conventional and
sand/clay mix disposal methods previously discussed. It is expected
that impacts associated with the above disposal procedures would be
simila^ for the sand/clay cap. Therefore, degradation to aquatic,
wetland and upland habitats as a result of potential dike failure
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(spills) and active settling acreages necessary for construction would
potentially occur with the sand/clay cap waste disposal case.
Reclamation
CF Industries' Proposed Reclamation Plan
Approximately 14,925 acres of the CF mine site will be disturbed through
mining operations (98.1 percent), plant siting (0.4 percent), and set
backs from roads and the property line (1.5 percent). Through the
reclamation plan, altered wetland (3,511 acres) and forested upland
(3,086.7 acres) acreages will be increased by 8.6 percent and 10.2
percent, respectively. Approximately, 92.7 percent of the existing
managed uplands (8,327.3 acres) on the CF mine site will be replaced
primarily with improved pasture (80 percent) and lakes (12.7 percent).
To achieve the restoration of pre-mined land forms, CF plans to utilize
an experimental sand/clay waste disposal technique on 60.9 percent of
the site. The use of the sand/clay waste disposal technique will reduce
the amount of conventional clay settling areas required, allow reclama-
tion to near original grade, produce a desirable growing medium for
vegetation, reduce the time needed for stabilization of waste clays,
allow more rapid reclamation (i.e., within 7 years after filling),
eliminate the need for high dams, and increase soil moisture retention
capacities. Depending upon the desired land use, the sand/clay mix and
overburden soils used for capping will be graded, channelized and
contoured for the reclamation of wetlands, stream channels, and improved
pasture. Other techniques that will be used for reclamation of the CF
mine site include sand tailings fill areas with overburden cap (14.8
percent), mined-out areas for land-and-lakes (16.1 percent), and over-
burden fill areas and disturbed natural ground (8.2 percent). Capped
sand tailings fill area will be graded and revegetated (improved
pasture, wetlands, and upland forest) within 2 years after filling.
Mined-out areas will be reclaimed to land-and-lakes. The remaining
spoil piles surrounding mined areas will be graded and revegetated
within 2 years. The planned reclamation of the land surface is for
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pine flatwoods and upland hardwoods. Lakes reclamation with 25 percent
of the surface area to be reclaimed to emergent littoral zone (fresh-
water marsh) will be completed one year after mining ends. Overburden
fill areas and disturbed ground will be reclaimed within 2 years for
agricultural purposes. Revegetation of mined land will follow
established and future reclamation methodologies (see Section 2.6.4).
Mining of the proposed tract is expected to require approximately 27
years. Reclamation of all mined lands will be completed within 8 years
after mining ends.
The sand/clay mix technique consolidates faster and near original grade
which will allow for a more rapid reclamation of land forms in the
proposed method over conventional clay settling area reclamation. The
sand/clay mix may also prove to be a better medium for plant growth and
wetland hydroperiod maintenance than the conventional clay settling area
substrates. However, it should be noted that sand/clay mix technology
is experimental and has not been completely proven in mine scale
projects. Restoration of small scale freshwater marsh on mined land has
been successful in various research projects. The proposed sand/clay
mix technology also has been demonstrated to approximate the water
retention capacities and fertile qualities of wetlands soils. There-
fore, the use of a sand/clay mix, together with proven revegetation
techniques, to restore the equivalent functions of on-site freshwater
marsh types is encouraging. Presently, CF is conducting and planning
experimental projects in hardwood swamp and stream reclamation utilizing
the sand/clay mix together with aquatic hardwood plantings to test
future wetlands restoration success for the Hardee Phosphate Complex II
site. However, currently the ability to restore hardwood swamps and
diverse, expansive marsh systems on mined lands has not been adequately
demonstrated by CF or any other research organization.
It is not likely that upland forest types can be restored to a native
condition on mined land using the proposed reclamation techniques.
Plant species diversity and composition is changed permanently within
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mature, old age hammocks and uplands supporting a saw palmetto layer.
Reclamation of these upland forests also produces a uniform habitat,
reducing diversity of community structure in the region. Thus,
eliminating a diverse assortment of habitat types and replacing them
with uniform landscapes increases the potential for decreased regional
floral and faunal diversities.
However, the future quality of reclaimed habitats (i.e., recolonization
success) in comparison to natural habitats is not known. It is antici-
pated that reclaimed cover may maximize habitat suitability for ubiquit-
ous and pest species and restrict recolonization by animals requiring
specific requirements for survival. Commercial and recreational species
such as deer, squirrel, dove, quail, and wild hog may successfully
recolonize reclaimed lands if they are managed properly.
Waterfowl populations may actually be enhanced through reclamation with
the potential increase in wetland habitat and the introduction of lakes
with broad littoral zones. However, most threatened and endangered
vertebrate species within the region or animals that are important to
the formation of a well-balanced ecosystem may or may not utilize
reclaimed habitats.
The remainder of the CF mine site (6,659 acres) will be reclaimed as
agricultural land. Furthermore, reclaimed upland forests will probably
be utilized for cattle management and timber production. These future
land uses will potentially restrict wildlife usage on 10,059 acres or
67 percent of the total CF mine site. However, future growth of agri-
culture within Hardee County is compatible with the goals and policies
of the Hardee County Comprehensive Plan. Therefore, impacts to wildlife
associated with the modification or management of native habitats would
be a consequence of projected agricultural development even without the
advent of mining.
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Conventional Reclamation/Clay Settling
Conventional clay settling reclamation has been the typical reclamation
plan practiced over the past years within the Florida phosphate
industry. The use of this technique over the sand/clay mix would
typically reduce the variety of land forms and concentrate improved
pasture and lakes acreages. Conventional clay settling areas require
greater acreages and longer consolidation times than the sand/clay mix
case. Thus, initial acreage losses are greater and reclamation
sequences are longer in the conventional methods over the sand/clay mix.
Due to resultant soil compositions, diversity and quality of reclaimed
upland and wetland communities would be considered greater in the sand/
clay mix than the conventional clay settling areas.
Sand/Clay Cap
Since the sand/clay cap is a combination of both the sand/clay mix and
conventional clay settling area reclamations, attributes and short-
comings previously described for both types should be similar for the
sand/clay cap technique.
Wetlands Preservation
CF Industries' Proposed Preservation Plan
CF plans to preserve 69 acres of Category IA—Mains tern Stream Wetlands
(Horse Creek drainage) on the mine site. A perimeter ditch will be
constructed around all preserved wetlands when adjacent lands are being
mined. The water level in this ditch will be maintained at or above the
average water table elevation to prevent potential drawdown of the water
table within the wetland (see Figure 3.7.2-2).
Every effort will be expended to reduce soil erosion into the Horse
Creek channel from construction of the dragline crossing (see
Figures 3.7.2-3 and 3.7.2-4). Mined lands adjacent to the preserved
areas and dragline crossings will be reclaimed within 2 years of
mining.
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APPROXIMATELY 35 FEET
PRESERVED
WETLANDS
PERIMETER DITCH
DITCH SPOIL
WATER TABLE
WITH DITCH
MINE CUT
WATER TABLE
BEFORE MINING
OVERBURDEN
MATRIX
//\y///§^y^^
NOT TO SCALE
NOTE: Water level \r\ ditch maintained at or above
average water table elevation.
Source: Gurr & Associates. Inc.
Figure 3.7.2-2
PERIMETER DITCH AROUND
PRESERVED WETLANDS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
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V
***&******•
81
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__ ^__ ^_ ^.^^ _ «_ \l / —^^ __ _ .... _ —_ ^_ _
».i t /
i
L_
U>|(
&\\
Q.\\
U»\\
DRAGLINE CROSSING
S ^
TEMPORARY FILL AREA
20' DOUBLE-WALLED
MATRIX PIPELINE
24' HYDRAULIC
WATER PIPELINE
PLAN
GRASSED BERM
20* DOUBLE-WALLED MATRIX PIPELINE
24* HYDRAULIC WATER PIPELINE
DRAGLINE CROSSING
W//S////////^^^^
TEMPORARY FILL
DRAINAGE PIPE
STREAM BED
SECTION A-A'
ai
120
118
5 1 14
< 112
^ 110
TEMPORARY FILL
FOR
DRAGLINE CROSSING
NATURAL GROUNDI
HORIZ. SCALE iMOO1
120
lie
116
1 14
112
110
SECTION B-B'
Zellars-Williams. Inc.
Figure 3.7.2-3
CONCEPTUAL DRAGLINE CROSSING
AT HORSE CREEK SECTION 32,
T33S, R23E
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
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B
A/
L
on
DRAGLINE CROSSING
-------
Designated EPA Category I (i.e., other than the 69 acres of preserve),
II, and III wetlands within the CF mine site (3,511 acres) are scheduled
for mining operations by CF.
Restoration of wetlands on the reclaimed CF mine site is proposed to
serve as mitigation for wetlands lost through mining. Mining and
subsequent restoration of EPA Category 1C and ID wetlands will begin
once the recreation of functional tributary hardwood swamps and large,
diverse marsh systems can be proven to EPA. If wetland restoration does
progress as proposed, then an increase (8.6 percent or 300 acres) in
wetland habitat and associated functional values would result within the
CF mine site following mining activities.
EPA's Category I Preservation Plan
EPA conducted a site-specific study of CF on-site wetlands in order to
determine what wetlands should be protected from the adverse environ-
mental effects of mining. Wetlands that were evaluated to provide
essential synergistic support to the ecosystem and that would have an
unacceptable adverse impact if they were altered, modified, or destroyed
were placed within a Category I-Protected status. Wetlands that either
received high scores on site relative, functional values from the
modified U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wetlands evaluation procedure, or
were considered to be unrestorable, diverse, mature hardwood swamps that
could provide refuges for aquatic and terrestrial organisms during
mining and function as a source of benthic organisms and vegetative
propagules for restored functional tributaries were also classified as
Category I-Protected.
Approximately 766 acres of forested and non-forested wetlands were
classified as Category I-Protected on the CF mine site. Category II
wetlands, which are wetlands that should be restored after mining to
perform useful wetland functions, amounted to 2,264 acres.
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Insignificant, isolated wetlands of less than 5 acres in size
(550 acres) were classified as Category Ill-Mine With No Restoration to
Wetlands.
Although some wetlands have been classified by EPA to be protected or
preserved from mining activities (Category I), EPA recognizes the
possibility that reclamation technology may proceed to the extent that
fully functional wetlands can be restored. Therefore, EPA may at some
future time re-evaluate the areas which have been placed in preservation
status because of unproven restoration potential, and remove some or all
restrictions on mining these areas. Such a decision would be based on
the assurance that the important functional roles of the wetlands
approved for mining are being, or have been, successfully replaced by
reclamation projects conducted by CF Industries or others. However,
there should be at all times a minimum of 25 percent by area of either
preserved or restored functional wetlands for each tributary. At no
time will the Horse Creek channel and associated floodplain (i.e., HI,
H2, H3, H4, and H7) be considered for mining or any other adverse
alteration. Until experimental revegetation plots can be demonstrated
to simulate Category I wetland functions, all Category I wetlands will
be protected from the harmful effects of mining.
If successful restoration of Category I wetlands cannot be demonstrated,
only EPA Category II and III wetlands may be mined. However, should the
ability to restore equivalent wetland functions be demonstrated, 98.1
percent (3,511 acres) of the wetlands on the CF mine site will be mined.
Then, the resultant increase in wetland area through reclamation efforts
(i.e., 8.6 percent or 300 acres) would be considered as a positive
impact on the regional ecosystem.
Product Transport
Truck Product Transport
Truck transport of the phosphate rock would potentially affect wetlands
and associated wildlife if a spill occurred at drainage crossings. If
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such an event should occur, phosphate rock would enter the stream
channels and contiguous floodplains, increasing suspended solids and
sediment material and temporarily degrading the water quality. Noise
and air pollution associated with increased vehicular activity could
stress intolerant animal and plant populations along truck routes.
Increased road kills also would be a consequence of increased traffic.
Rail Product Transport
Rail transport of the phosphate rock would affect the biota and flora in
the same way as truck transport. However, the size of a potential spill
and noise and air pollution would be greater for rail product transport
than for truck product transport.
3.7.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
Termination of the Project
Under the no action alternative, the terrestrial ecology of the CF site
should remain basically as described in Section 9.0 of the Supplemental
Information Document. The major land use of the site should continue to
be agriculture. Presently, almost 9.1 percent (1,370.1 acres) of the
site has been completely altered or converted for orange grove, truck
and wildlife management crops, improved pasture, borrow pits (stock
ponds), unimproved roads, maintained drainage ditches, railroad peri-
meters, fence rows, and transmission line corridors. It is estimated
that 46.4 percent (6,957.2 acres) of the site (i.e., palmetto prairies)
has been logged for merchantable timber. Currently, the majority of the
palmetto prairie on the CF mine site also is being managed as rangeland
for cattle. Additional conversion of some palmetto prairie, pine flat-
woods and isolated, shallow marshes for agricultural purposes would be
expected in future management of the property. If the prevailing
drought conditions were to continue, combined with the existing and
future ditching of wetlands, some hardwood swamps on the site could
prematurely develop into upland forest. Also, shallow marshes could dry
up and grasses may become established. This altered condition would be
further enhanced by fire and livestock grazing. Therefore, long-term
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changes to the existing vegetation and wildlife populations will
probably be a consequence of future agricultural activities (cattle
foraging, drainage, logging, land conversions) and natural succession.
Postponement of the Project
Postponement of mining operations on the CF mine site is expected to
result in similar changes to the terrestrial ecology as presented in the
above section, relative to the time interval of the postponement period.
Depending upon the degree of change to vegetation and associated
wildlife populations induced by future land use conversions and natural
succession during the postponement period, impacts would be similar to
those resulting from the proposed action.
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3.8 SOCIOECONOMICS
3.8.1 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Hardee County is located within a phosphate resource-based socioeconomic
region that includes as Hardee, Desoto, Highlands, Hillsborough,
Manatee, and Polk Counties. The socioeconomic elements discussed in
this section include population, income, employment, land use, trans-
portation, community services and facilities, public finance, cultural
resources, and visual resources.
3.8.1.1 POPULATION, INCOME, AND EMPLOYMENT
Population
In 1983, Hardee County had a population of 19,782 residents, or
approximately 1.5 percent of the regional population of 1,293,877 (see
Table 3.8.1-1), and a population density of 31 persons per square mile
[University of Florida, Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR),
1984]. The county is characterized by rural development, with
65 percent of the 1983 population residing in unincorporated areas. The
remaining 35 percent is located within the three incorporated
municipalities. Wauchula, the county seat, had a 1983 population of
2,971 inhabitants (BEBR, 1984). Bowling Green and Zolfo Springs had
2,305 and 1,592 persons, respectively, residing within municipal
boundaries (BEBR, 1984).
Between 1970 and 1983, population growth in Hardee County was less than
that recorded for both the region and Florida (see Table 3.8.1-1).
During this period, Hardee County's population increased by 33.0 per-
cent, for an average annual growth rate of 2.5 percent. Municipal
population growth in the county averaged 31.8 percent, varying from a
70.0 percent increase in Bowling Green to a 1.2 percent decrease in
Wauchula.
Income
Per capita incomes in 1982 for Florida and Hardee County were $10,907
and $7,792, respectively. Florida per capita income increased by
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Table 3.8.1-1. Population and Growth Rates for Hardee County, the
Central Florida Region, and Florida
County
Hardee
DeSoto
Highlands
Hillsborough
Manatee
Polk
TOTAL REGION
FLORIDA
Population
1970
14,889
13,060
29,507
490,265
97,115
228,515
873,351
6,791,418
Counts
1980
19,379
19,039
47,526
646,960
148,442
321,652
1,202,998
9,739,992
Population
Estimate 1983
19,782
20,594
53,661
693,152
161,464
345,224
1,293,877
10,591,701
Growth Rate
1970-1983
33.0%
57.7%
82.0%
41.4%
66.3%
50.1%
48.1%
56.0%
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1981.
BEBR, 1984.
ESE, 1984.
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$5,337 between 1975 and 1982. During the same period, Hardee County per
capita- income increased by $3,560 (Florida Statistical Abstract, 1984).
Similarly, three of the six regional counties have experienced slower
increases per capita income than the statewide average. Manatee and
Highlands Counties increased their per capita income above the statewide
level, while DeSoto County remained constant. .
The agricultural sector is the largest source of earned income in Hardee
County, followed by the governmental sector and the retail trades.
Total labor and proprietors' income in the farm sector for Hardee County
during 1982 was $31,399,000. Non-farm income totalled $50,181,000.
Government-related personal income totalled $13,717,000 (BEBR, 1984).
The breakdown of 1982 private non-farm income indicates that retail
trades contributed $9,015,000. Service industries provided $7,429,000
and manufacturing contributed $5,278,000.
Employment
The total 1982 labor force in the six-county region was 608,204 persons
(Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, 1984). As
expected, Hillsborough County had the largest labor force (348,289
persons) and DeSoto County the smallest (7,578 persons). Average annual
employment in the region during 1982 was 550,640 persons. The total
number of regional labor force unemployed (1982 annual average) was
51,430 persons or 9.3 percent. County level unemployment rates ranged
from a high of 14.4 percent for Polk County, to 7.5 percent for Manatee
County. Hardee County's unemployment rate for 1982 was 10.4 percent
(Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, 1984).
Total non-farm employment during 1980 averaged 3,330 persons. In Hardee
County, 36.9 percent of non-farm employment were located in government,
wholesale, and retail trades industries. For the region, these
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same industries totalled 33.9 percent (BEBR, 1983). Agricultural
employment in 1980 for Hardee County totalled approximately 1,173 farm
proprietors and 911 agricultural wage and salary positions (U.S.
Department of Commerce, 1981).
Projections
Using 1980 census information, BEBR (1984) projected future population
growth for each county in the state. Utilizing the medium growth
projections identified by BEBR, it is estimated that Hardee County will
grow in population from 20,000 persons in 1982 to 24,600 persons in
2000. This represents a 23.0-percent increase. The growth rate is
anticipated to continue between the years 2000 and 2020, when a
26.8-percent growth rate is expected (24,600 to 31,200 persons). Growth
for the region and the state from 1982 to 2000 is expected to occur at
39.0 and 42.8 percent levels, respectively—higher than population
growth projections for Hardee County. With respect to other counties in
the region, Hardee County's growth is also characterized as small, with
1982 to 2000 growth rates ranging from Hardee County's low of
23.0 percent to Highlands County's high of 56.5 percent (52,000 persons
in 1982 to 81,400 persons in 2000).
Employment levels in Hardee County are expected to increase in the
future as phosphate mining activities move south from both Polk County
and eastern Hillsborough County. Agricultural activity will also remain
an important factor in the local economy. Per capita income should
accelerate toward statewide averages as phosphate-related employment is
characterized by higher than average county and state wages.
3.8.1.2 LAND USE
In general, land use throughout the six-county region varies from
intense urban development (along the coastal areas of Hillsborough and
Manatee Counties and the Interstate 4 corridor which traverses
Hillsborough and Polk Counties) to sparsely populated range, agri-
cultural land, forested uplands, and wetlands throughout the remainder
of the region.
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Land Use in Hardee County
Hardee County is predominantly rural, a characteristic of many of the
interior counties of central and south Florida. Agriculture occupies
42.7 percent of the land area (Table 3.8.1-2). This use includes crop-
land, pasture, orchards, groves, nurseries, etc. Major crops grown
include cucumbers, beans, tomatoes, and watermelons. Grove land
includes various types of citrus which occupy mostly areas along Polk
and Highlands County borders and areas west of Wauchula and Bowling
Green.
Rangeland and wetlands are additional major land use categories occupy-
ing significant portions of Hardee County. Rangeland occupies
35.9 percent of the county while wetlands occupy 17.2 percent. Both
land uses are dispersed throughout the county.
Developed land use in Hardee County consists of approximately
4,600 acres of residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation
development. Residential land use comprises 76.2 percent of the total
developed land use and is located in what historically has been the
growth corridor—an area encompassing U.S. Highway 17 from Bowling Green
to Zolfo Springs. Commercial and industrial development is also
concentrated in the growth corridor, but this development is orimarily
centered in the City of Wauchula. Other communities exist in Hardee
County outside the growth corridor. With limited public facilities and
services, they assist the growth corridor cities in supporting outlying
agricultural areas. These small communities include Limestone, Ona, Ft.
Green Springs, Buchanan, Gardner, Sweetwater, and Lemon Grove.
Future land use patterns are expected to remain similar to present
conditions with urban growth remaining along the existing growth
corridor. Mined land is expected to increase with a shift in
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Table 3.8.1-2. Hardee County and On-Site Land Use
Land Use Type
Urban or Built Up
Agriculture
Rang el and
Forested Land
Water
Wetland
Barren Land
TOTAL
1975 Hardee
Acreage
4,600
172,091
144,723
11,299
948
69,412
128
403,201
County Land Use
Percent
1.14
42.68
35.89
2.80
0.24
17.22
0.03
100.00
On-Site
Acreage
—
1,312.9
7,014.4
3,086.7
—
3,580.0
—
14,994.0
Land Use
Percent
—
8.8
46.8
20.5
—
23.9
—
100.0
Sources: EPA, 1978.
ESE, 1984.
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phosphate operations. This will alter rangeland and pasture, but
reclamation will return land to similar uses.
On-Site Land Use
The proposed mine site consists of approximately 14,994 acres in north-
west Hardee County. More specifically, the site is situated south of
State Road (SR) 62 and adjacent to the community of Ft. Green Springs.
The site occupies an area approximately 10.0 miles by 2.5 miles, is
bisected by a Seaboard Systems Railroad (SSR) corridor, and is situated
generally northwest of Wauchula.
On-site land use consists primarily of rangeland, wetlands, and forested
upland (see Table 3.8.1-2). Several tributaries and creeks, including a
portion of Horse Creek, flow through the proposed site. Although
agriculture constitutes 1,312.9 acres on-site (8.8 percent), all but
59.8 acres are utilized as improved pasture. The remainder is culti-
vated in millet (44.1 acres) to establish a grain crop for local game
birds such as doves and quail, row crops (13.1 acres), or citrus grove
(2.6 acres). The majority of the site has been disturbed by logging,
fire, draining, and other agricultural practices.
One occupied mobile home is located on the western portion of the site,
Other on-site structures include five outbuildings utilized for
agricultural activities (barns, sheds, etc.) and a private hunting
lodge. An electric power transmission corridor traverses the eastern
portion of the site in an east-west direction and turns south, adjacent
to the SSR railroad corridor and Ft. Green-Ona Road, which bisects the
property in a northwest-southeast direction.
Adjacent land uses are in large part similar to on-site uses, with
rangeland and agricultural land predominating. Citrus groves are
located in several areas adjacent to the site along SR 62. Built-up
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land is also present in Ft. Green Springs which consists of residences,
a post office, church, restaurant, and a combination convenience store/
gas station. The built-up area in and around Wauchula is situated
approximately two miles southeast of the southeast corner of the
proposed site.
Zoning throughout the proposed site is designated M-l, which permits
phosphate mining activities. Most adjacent areas are zoned A-l for
agricultural activities. Small areas within the community of Ft. Green
Springs are zoned commercial, industrial, and farm residential to denote
existing developed land uses.
Prime and Unique Farmland
The U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) considers 19 soil series unique
in Hardee County; none of the soils is- considered prime farmland soil.
Seventy-five percent of the proposed site consists of unique soils (SCS,
1980). These soils are distributed throughout the site but are not
utilized for crop production. Adjacent areas, and many other areas
throughout Hardee County, contain similar levels of unique farmland.
3.8.1.3 TRANSPORTATION
The existing transportation network in the -six-county region consists of
state highways, local roads, railroads, airports, and seaports. Hardee
County transportation facilities consist of state highways, local roads,
an SSR railroad line, and Wauchula Municipal Airport (see
Figure 3.8.1-1).
Highway Transportation
State highways in the region include the primary arterial highways as
well as the interstate highway system. Highway U.S. 17 is the major
north-south corridor in the county and directly connects each of the
three municipalities in Hardee County, as well as several smaller
outlying communities. U.S. 17 is primarily a two-lane, undivided
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ports in Tampa totalled 43,597,171 in 1983, while Port Manatee handled
5,744,331 tons in fiscal 1982-1983. Approximately 3,868 and 1,050
vessels entered ports in Tampa and Port Manatee, respectively, in 1983
(Tampa Port Authority, 1984; and Port Manatee Tonnage Report, 1983).
Air Transportation
Several commercial and numerous general aviation facilities are located
in the region, primarily along the highly populated coastal areas of
Manatee and HilLsborough Counties. The only public aviation facility in
Hardee County is Wauchula Municipal Airport, located five miles west of
Wauchula on Vandolah Road. The facility consists of 3,450- and
2,200-foot turf runways; hangars, and tie-downs (FAA, 1985).
3.8.1.4 COMMUNITY SERVICES AND FACILITIES
Housing
The majority of dwelling units within the region are owner-occupied
units. Within each county there were approximately two to three times
more owner-occupied units than renter-occupied units. This ratio is
greatest (3.1:1 times) in Highlands and Hardee Counties (U.S. Bureau of
the Census, 1980).
Owner-occupied units in Hardee County total 4,716 with a vacancy rate of
3.1 percent (146 units); renter-occupied (1,537 units) have a vacancy
rate of 10.2 percent (157 units). In the region, Hillsborough County
contains the most units (260,391 units).
Schools
Hardee County is served by one school district, containing one senior
high, one junior high, and four elementary schools. Bowling Green and
Zolfo Springs each contain an elementary school. The Zolfo Springs
elementary school is slightly over enrollment capacity, while the
Bowling Green elementary school is slightly under enrollment capacity.
Wauchula has two elementary schools and the junior and senior high
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schools. Enrollment for January 1985 is under the estimated enrollment
capacity for the senior and junior high schools and the North Wauchula
Elementary School (Hardee County School Board, 1986).
Fire Protection
Fire protection in Hardee County is provided by the Division of
Forestry, the Wauchula Fire Department, and several small volunteer fire
departments. The Division of Forestry maintains brush fire fighting
equipment for Hardee County and several other counties in the region.
The Wauchula Fire Department station is equipped with three pumpers, one
tanker, one rescue vehicle, and several support vehicles (Wauchula Fire
Department, 1986).
Police Protection
The Hardee County Sheriff's Department serves all unincorporated areas
in the county and has a staff of 49 persons, including 14 patrolmen, and
an auxiliary posse of 14 persons. Detention facilities consist of a
jail designed for a maximum of 32 persons. Historically, the average
inmate population has been about 50 persons (Hardee County Sheriff's
Department, 1986).
Health Services
The only hospital facility in Hardee County is Hardee Memorial Hospital.
Located in Wauchula, this facility has 50 licensed beds and 100 full-
time employees. Emergency and postoperative recovery services are among
the medical services provided (Hardee Memorial Hospital, 1986).
Because of low utilization of the hospital, the capacity of the existing
facility is sufficient at the present time. For 1985, the Bureau of
Economic and Business Research indicates 10 active physicians in Hardee
County. Based on an acceptable planning ratio of one physician for
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every 2,000 persons, 10 physicians are sufficient for existing
population levels.
Recreation
Recreational facilities in Hardee County include approximately 10 local
recreational parks located in or adjacent to the county's munici-
palities, one State Fish and Wildlife management area, portions of a
state park, and a portion of a state canoe trail. Located on the Peace
River, Pioneer Park in Zolfo Springs is a Florida Fish and Wildlife
Management Area. Approximately 280 acres of the Highlands Hammock State
Park are located in eastern Hardee County, with the remainder of the
park's 3,800 acres lying in adjacent Highlands County. The Peace River
Canoe Trail traverses the entire width of Hardee County from north to
south. Also located in Hardee County is the Payne's Creek Historical
Site, a 341-acre state special-feature site.
Public Utilities
In Hardee County, the incorporated municipalities of Bowling Green,
Wauchula, and Zolfo Springs provide potable water to their residents and
households situated just outside their corporate boundaries. Due to
capacity and the extent of distribution networks, there are no plans by
any of these municipalities to expand their potable water service areas.
Households residing outside of service areas depend upon individual
wells for water supply.
Wastewater treatment is not available in most of Hardee County. The
municipalities of Bowling Green and Wauchula provide wastewater treat-
ment for households situated in their own wastewater service areas.
Bowling Green's wastewater treatment plant has a licensed capacity of
320,000 GPD (DER, 1986).
Wauchula currently treats an -average 500,000 gallons per day (GPD) of
wastewater which is 50 percent of its capacity. Secondary level
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treatment is provided by a plant located east of downtown Wauchula.
Households located in the southern half of Hardee County are not
serviced by a wastewater network. The more remote, sparsely populated
areas rely upon individual private treatment systems.
Hardee County has one Class I landfill, located approximately 3 miles to
the northeast of the City of Wauchula. This landfill occupies 97.5
acres and has a life expectancy of 20 years. All refuse collected in
Hardee County and its three municipalities is disposed in this landfill.
Residents are charged for disposal on their annual tax bills.
Electric power is provided throughout the county by the Florida Power
Corporation (FPC) and the Peace River Electric Cooperative. Head-
quartered in Wauchula, the Peace River Electric Cooperative does not
have its own generating facility. It does, however, own and maintain a
distribution network, which provides electricity primarily to rural
customers in ten Florida counties including Hardee County.
There are no natural gas distributors or pipelines in Hardee County, but
liquid petroleum is available from distributors serving the area.
Telephone service is provided by United Telephone Company throughout the
county.
3.8.1.5 PUBLIC FINANCE
Revenues and expenditures for counties in the region are summarized in
Table 3.8.1-3. In general, property taxes, intergovernmental transfers,
and charges for services are major revenue sources for county
governments. Together these sources contribute from 63.9 to
84.7 percent of total county revenues. In 1982-1983, the- rural counties
(Hardee, DeSoto, and Highlands) relied on taxes, transfers, and service
charges for an average of 81.9 percent of county revenues, while the
urban counties (Hillsborough, Polk, and Manatee) relied on these sources
for 71.0 percent of total revenues.
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Table 3.8.1-3. Revenues and Expenditures of County Governments in Region—Fiscal "fear 1982-1983
V
K3
U)
Revenues
-Property Taxes
-Licenses & Permits
-Intergovernmental Revenue
-Charges for Services
-Fines and Forfeitures
-Miscellaneous
-Other Financing Sources
TOTAL
Expenditures
-General Governmental Services
-Public Safety
-Physical Environment
-Transportation
-Economic Environment
-Hunan Services
-Culture/Recreation
-Debt Service
-Other Financing uses
TOTAL
Revenues Less Expenditures
Hardee
2,064,722
99,917
2,499,766
1,523,947
170,709
166,277
731,000
7,256,338
1,477,100
2,572,031
607,409
1,940,040
18,427
459,346
123,260
3,854
176,000
7,377,467
(121,129)*
DeSoto
2,517,048
75,293
2,203,148
280,110
150,950
176,142
501,265
5,903,956
1,594,757
1,590,740
68,076
1,563,271
8,862
259,855
36,984
233,684
501 ,265
5,857,494
46,462
Highlands
6,845,316
277,731
3,735,811
1,424,086
288,015
1,778,906
685,043
15,034,908
4,229,212
4,253,005
553,713
4,128,410
46,775
933,855
32,847
428,699
52,187
14,658,703
376,205
Hillsborough
91,157,497
3,353,791
63,735,591
44,489,170
1,836,814
33,549,567
19,363,623
257,486,053
48,500,168
55,134,732
26,379,965
27,568,628
8,878,848
30,370,439
13,351,905
6,194,645
36,195,333
252,574,663
4,911,390
Manatee
27,304,629
968,664
12,929,177
68,682,099
934,250
16,070,398
35,551,925
162,441,142
14,903,462
16,847,205
21,011,538
12,791,321
878,456
45,366,688
4,183,913
9,499,610
39,129,763
164,611,956
(2,170,814)
folk
28,251,854
1,398,626
45,840,843
18,757,431
1,661,813
10,273,964
39,170,272
145,354,803
19,477,268
21,273,719
4,019,288
9,321,820
3,812,944
20,951,280
623,818
2,240,483
25,870,110
107,590,730
37,764,073
* Parentheses indicate expenditures exceeded revenues.
Source: Florida Department of Banking and Finance, 1981.
-------
Millage rates for Hardee County have been reduced from 10.886 in 1978 to
9.518 in 1984. The raillage breakdown for 1984 is as follows:
Board of County Commissioners 3.704
Board of Public Instruction 5.404
SWFWMD 0.200
Peace River Basin 0.210
County-Wide Total 9.518
Major expenditures for counties in the region are variable, depending
upon the urban or rural nature of the particular county. The three
urban counties (Hillsborough, Polk, and Manatee) expend large portions
of revenue for human services, transportation, and public safety. The
rural counties (Hardee, DeSoto, and Highlands) expend revenues for
transportation, public safety, and general governmental services.
Hardee County expended over $1,500,000 for each of these expenditure
categories, representing 81.2 percent of all expenditures in fiscal year
1982-1983.
For the fiscal year 1982-1983, Hardee and Manatee Counties incurred
expenditures greater than revenues earned. The remaining counties had
revenue surpluses.
3.8.1.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Overview
Hardee County is located between two discrete and well-defined pre-
historic culture regions. The first, the coastal portion of Manatee and
Sarasota Counties, was the southern extent of the various cultures which
inhabited the peninsular Florida Central Gulf Coast from about 2000 B.C.
to the historic period. The second, to the southeast, is the Belle
Glade culture region, centered in the Lake Okeechobee Basin and
extending northward up the Kissiramee River drainage and west along the
Caloosahatchee River (Sears, 1974). Hardee County served as a buffer
zone between the Gulf coastal cultures and the cultures of the Lake
3-232
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Okeechobee Basin. Ac no time during Che prehisCoric period was Che
Hardee County area an important culture area.
Caucasian and Seminole Indian occupation began in Hardee CounCy prior to
Che mid-nineteenth century. Non-military fortified homesteads and other
forts were built along the Peace River and Payne Creek during the 1850's.
In the 1880's and 1890*s, railroads, small towns, and large- scale
agricultural activities were established. In 1921, modern Hardee County
was created by legislative act. Since that time, agriculture and cattle
production have continued to develop as primary economic activities.
Qn-Site Resources
A cultural resource survey of the proposed mine area was conducted in
1976. The survey, entitled "An Archaeological and Historical survey of
the CF Mining Corporation Property in Northwestern Hardee County,
Florida" revealed eight sites that contained regionally significant
archaeologic resources (8Hr9, SHrlO, SHrll, 8Hrl5, 8Hrl6, 8Hrl7, 8Hrl8,
and 8Hrl9).
Each of these sites were categorized as either artificial mounds or
aboriginal sites of lithic scatter including projectile points, flakes,
knives, and pottery. Of these eight, regionally significant sites, six
are located within the proposed mine site boundaries. Site SHrlO has
been purchased by the State of Florida, and Site SHrll is no longer
within mine site boundaries.
3.8.1.7 VISUAL RESOURCES
The visual resources in the area of the proposed mine site can be iden-
tified through a description of the physical environment. The existing
topography of the proposed mine site is nearly flat to slightly rolling.
Several creeks traverse the property, creating variations in relief.
Vegetation characteristics also vary, breaking the landscape into seg-
mented parts. Irregular-shaped clusters and bands of trees are inter-
spersed throughout the site, especially along creeks and certain wetland
areas. Wetlands themselves provide variety to the terrain. Improved
pastures and canals or ditches, as well as citrus groves adjacent to the
site, are indicative of past cultural activity. Several one-story homes
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and agricultural outbuildings exist on-site, and additional homes,
outbuildings, and several commercial structures exist along SR 62,
especially in and around Fort Green Springs.
The proposed mine site can be viewed from SR 62 and CR 663, with
occasional vegetative and structural obstructions. There is, however,
no designated place to stop and view the site. The mine site cannot be
viewed from the Peace River Canoe Trail to the east or other recreation-
al areas because of distance and vegetation. Observation of the site is
only possible by highway travelers and local residents.
3.8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ALTERNATIVES
3.8.2.1 THE ACTION ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING CF INDUSTRIES' PROPOSED
ACTION
Descriptions of alternatives for phosphate mining are identified in
Chapter 2. Capital costs for construction of the proposed mine and
beneficiation plant is estimated at 5145 million (1989 dollars).
Construction is scheduled to begin in January 1988, and should be
completed within 19 months. Mining operations are scheduled to begin
immediately after construction completion for a period of 27 years at an
initial estimated cost of $42.4 million (1989 dollars) per year.
Construction activities are divided into three elements (see
Figure 3.8.2-1): disposal, beneficiation, and raining. The first stage
will consist of the preparation of the disposal area. This stage of
construction will encompass the entire 19-month construction schedule.
All construction for this particular stage will be subcontracted and
employment figures are presently estimated to average 22 persons.
Construction of the beneficiation plant will require an average of 358
employees during the 14-month plant construction period, with an
estimated peak employment of 575 employees occurring in the llth month
of construction. The final stage of construction will be the
preparation of the first mining area. An average of 26 employees will
be required for this stage, with peak employment of 44 employees 2-
months before construction completion.
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CF CIS Oin T/8S
YEAR
CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT
1 DISPOSAL
INITIAL SETTLING AREA
SAND-CLAY MIX
2 BENEFICIATION PLANT
3 MINING OPERATION
MATRIX TRANSPORT
WASTE TRANSPORT
1988
1989
.JAN.FEB.MAR.APR.MAY.JUN.JUL .AUG.SEP.OCT.NOV.PEC.JAN.FEB.MAR.APB.MAY.JUN. JUI.AUG.
EMPLOYMENT
o
o
o
600-
500-
400
300.
200
100
0
22
22 + 358
380 + 26
NOTE: PEAK CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT FOR BENEFICIATION PLANT WILL
BE 575 EMPLOYEES.
PEAK CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT FOR MINING OPERATIONS WILL BE
44 EMPLOYEES.
Figure 3.8.2-1
CONSTRUCTION DURATION AND
MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
SOURCE: CF INDUSTRIES, 1984; ESE. 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
3-235
-------
Following construction, initial employment for the mine and beneficia-
tion plant operations will require 139 employees (see Figure 3.8.2-2).
By year 8, with the installation of a second dragline, the total
estimated workforce for operations will average 301 employees for the
duration of the mining schedule.
Employment, Population, and Income
Direct Employment
It is assumed that the construction and operational workforce will
consist of workers commuting from their residences in Hardee County and
other counties in the region. Approximately 90 percent of the
construction workforce will commute to the project. Few construction
workers and their families are expected to relocate to Hardee County
because of the relatively short commuting distance from Polk and
Hillsborough Counties. In addition, the construction period is
relatively short, and no particular group of construction employees will
be required for the entire construction period.
Approximately 25 percent of operations personnel requirements (75
employees, after year 8) will be employed from Hardee County, the
remaining 75 percent will commute from the other regional counties.
Operations employees will commute primarily from Polk County, as the
county presently contains most of the phosphate industry activity, the
center of which is approximately 33 miles north of the proposed mine
(Florida Phosphate Council 1984). Similar to construction employees,
few operational employees are expected to relocate because of the
relatively short commuting distance (approximately 45 minutes from the
center of present phosphate activity).
The proposed phosphate mine may also provide some employment opportuni-
ties for the presently unemployed phosphate employees that were affected
by the reduction in overall phosphate production during recent years.
3-236
-------
U)
ro
to
YEAR
AUG
1989 1990
2000
i
2010
2017
2020
OPERATIONS
EMPLOYMENT:^
300-
Wc/> 25°'
2u200-
50 150-
O 10O-
50
QJ
301
139
Figure 3.8.2-2
OPERATIONS DURATION AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
SOURCES: CF INDUSTRIES, 1984; ESE, 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Secondary Employment
The Florida Phosphate Council estimates that each direct phosphate
industry employment position creates five indirect employment positions
(Florida Phosphate Council, 1984). Because the phosphate industry is
only beginning activity in Hardee County, new employment opportunities
will accrue to supporting businesses and industries that are presently
established in other counties in the region, primarily Polk and
Hillsborough Counties. As the phosphate industry opens new mines in
Hardee County, more indirect employment will become established within
the county.
Assuming a full indirect employment multiplier of 5 for project opera-
tions and using peak average workforce statistics for mining operations,
respectively (139 employees between years 1 through 7, and 301 employees
for years 8 through 27), secondary employment maintained by the proposed
phosphate mine is estimated to be 695 and 1,505 employment opportunities
throughout the region. These indirect employment opportunities occur in
transportation (such as railroad, truck, and maritime shipping),
equipment and material supplies, and service industries.
Using another type of employment multiplier, the Regional Input-Output
Model System (RIMS II), the estimated indirect employment for the first
7 years of the project will be 7,000 work-years, approximately 1,000
indirect employment opportunities per year. Between years 8 and 27, an
estimated increase of 40,000 work-years are maintained, or approximately
2,100 employment opportunities per year. For the overall project, a
total of 47,000 work-years of employment will be maintained in indirect
employment opportunities. Construction of the phosphate mine facilities
will create 4,500 indirect employment opportunities, using the RIMS II
multiplier.
Population
Because of the location of the proposed phosphate mine in Hardee County
and low expected reloction of employees, the population increase as a
result of the proposed action for Hardee County will not be significant.
3-238
-------
Hardee County's projected population increase will be attributed to
natural increase and net migration into the county and will not be
directly related to the plant and mine construction or operations.
In 1985, the population projection for Hardee County is 20,800 persons,
which will increase to 22,000 persons and 24,600 persons by the years
1990 and 2000, respectively. However, these projection figures are
expected to change as the phosphate industry expands into Hardee County.
The increase in mining activity in Hardee County will create a certain
amount of relocation into the county because commuting distances from
regional counties will increase to undesirable lengths and indirect
employment will create new employment opportunities in the county.
Income
The capital cost estimate for the construction of the mine and bene-
ficiation plant is $145 million in 1989 dollars. Construction labor
expenditures will be approximately $16.4 million (1989 dollars), and
materials, equipment, and administrative overhead will be $128.6 million
(1989 dollars). Approximately 45 percent of all materials and equipment
required and 70 percent of administrative overhead will be supplied by
the region, the rest will be purchased through regional representatives
from out of state or other regions of Florida. Most (60 percent)
construction expenditures will benefit the 6-county region, $3.9 million
(5 percent) of which will go directly to Hardee County businesses
through direct sales and commission.
The purchasing of goods and services, re-spending of income, and the
resulting economic impact is known as the "multiplier effect." The
multiplier effect measures the total economic impact associated with the
initial increase in economic activity. The Regional Input-Output Model
System (RIMS II), developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, utilizes
regional employment data to produce employment and income multipliers
for 39 economic sectors of each region in Florida. The employment and
income multipliers reflect work-years of employment and income generated
3-239
-------
in other sectors of the region (indirect and induced) for the given
employ-lent and income statistics (direct).
Based on the multiplier for Region 4 in Florida and employment and cost
projections, estimated increases in employment and income accruing to
the region from construction are approximately 4,500 work-years of
employment and $95.6 million (1989 dollars).
All operations labor expenditures will accrue to the 6-county region, 25
percent to Hardee County. Initial operations will require 139
employees, with an annual average payroll of approximately $4.3 million
(1989 dollars); overall operation expenditures will, be $42.4 million
(1989 dollars). In year 8 of operation, the number of employees will
increase to 301 and the average annual payroll will increase to $9.3
million (1989 dollars). Approximately $2.3 million (1989 dollars) will
accrue to Hardee County phosphate employees after year 8. Payroll
figures are expected to fluctuate throughout the 27-year mining period
because of inflation, cost of living increases or decreases, and the
demand for phosphate products. At the present time, salaries for
phosphite employees are significantly higher than the Florida average
annual wage. This is also expected to continue throughout the proposed
mining operations.
Based on the RIMS II multipliers and the domestic value for phosphate
[$20.30/ton (1984 dollars)], the estimated amount of employment and
income accruing to the region from operations are 47,000 work-years of
employment and $1.2495 billion (1989 dollars).
The previous figures are based on the total removal of all phosphate
resources on the project site. However, if the 766 acres of the
Category I wetlands are preserved, approximately 5.7 million tons of
reserves will be lost ($11.6 million, 1984 dollars). This will result
in a reduced mine life, associated jobs, and tax revenue for 1.5 years.
3-240
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Land Use
The proposed phosphate mine constitutes 14,994 acres (or 4.0 percent) of
the total land area in Hardee County. The mine is located along the
southern portion of SR 62, approximately 2.5 miles west of U.S. 17. The
site is primarily a combination of rangeland (46.8 percent), wetlands
(23.9 percent) and forested uplands (20.5 percent) (Texas Instruments,
Inc., 1978; U.S. EPA CF Industries Hardee Phosphate Complex II DEIS SID,
in progress). Agricultural activity is prominent adjacent to the mine
area and accounts for 8.8 percent of the land area on-site and 0.8
percent of the county's total agricultural land use. Few development
features are present on-site (3 mobile homes, 1 wooden house, and 5
outbuildings). Adjacent development activity is centered at Fort Green
Springs. The zoning designation of the mine sita is M-l (Mining) to
reflect known mineral resources, and the surrounding areas remain zoned
for agriculture, with small areas of Fort Green Springs zoned for
commercial and industrial uses.
Initial construction on-site will consist of the clearing of 60 acres
(0.4 percent of the site) approximately 0.5 miles south of Fort Green
Springs for construction of the beneficiation plant. An additional 460
acres (3 percent of site) will be utilized for clay settling areas which
will be developed in areas that have undergone mining operations. The
initial acreage utilized for dam construction will be 234 acres south of
the beneficiation plant. In addition to the beneficiation plant and
clay settling areas, a railroad spur will be constructed, linking the
plant with the rail line that bisects the property.
Mining will have the largest impact on the area with an average of
80 acres being cleared and mined at any given time. Mining operations
are planned for 27 years and, by the end of operations period,
99 percent of the proposed site will have been disturbed by mining or
related activities. The proposed mine site is composed of five
watersheds. Mining will occur in all of these. However, only 50
3-241
-------
percent of each watershed will be in a disturbed state at any point in
time.
Reclamation of the mine site is expected to be completed eight years
after mining has been completed. The planned reclamation program is
extensive. Sand/clay waste disposal will occupy approximately 9,083
acres (60.9 percent of the site). After settling, these areas will be
graded and revegetated for agricultural purposes or reclaimed as
wetlands. Sand tailings and overburden will be used to backfill mine
cuts and will be revegetated. This will account for 2,213 acres (15
percent of the site). Land-and-lakes reclamation (2,399 acres) and
overburden fill areas (1,230 acres) will return mined areas to their
original grade and be revegetated to create new terrestrial habitats and
water resource areas.
The property has approximately 766 acres identified as Category I
wetlands (wetlands that are protected from mining). Once the wetlands
are placed in protective status, a 35-foot buffer strip will be
established to prevent mining from disturbing these areas. The wetland
areas on-site represent 23.9 percent of the total acreage. Only 2
percent of the wetlands will be preserved.. The remaining acreage will
be mined, but will be reclaimed and will represent a major portion of
the land-and- lakes reclamation program.
Construction and raining operation impacts will have short-term effects
on land use because the reclamation program is designed to return the
disturbed area to pre-raining functions and provide for wetland systems,
runoff, and stream flow. Reclamation will create an area that is
capable of returning to agricultural activities which will be compatible
with existing activity in the immediate vicinity. The disturbance of
unique farmland, which at the present time accounts for 75 percent of
the site, will create no adverse impact because the land area is not
utilized for crop production. Only 0.8 percent of Hardee County's
agricultural land area will be disturbed by the mining process which
3-2A2
-------
will not create a large loss to agricultural revenues. During mining,
increased traffic and noise levels will occur. These increased levels
may conflict with nearby agricultural and residential areas, although
this impact will be temporary.
The proposed phosphate mine will remain in compliance with the Hardee
County Comprehensive Plan throughout the life of the project. The mine
is located in a sparsely populated area of Hardee County, and the
designated land uses will not be affected because of the reclamation
program. The mine also complies with the designated zoning of M-l
(mining).
Transportation
The Hardee Phosphate Complex II mine will become an integral part of CF
Industries' regional operations. Ore will be excavated on-site and
processed through an on-site beneficiation plant to remove unwanted
material from the phosphate rock. This wet rock will then be trans-
ported by railroad to CF Industries' Plant City and Bartow chemical
plants where it will be processed into fertilizer. The finished product
will then be transported by truck to CF Industries' marine loading
terminal in the Port of Tampa for shipment by seagoing barge out of the
region or shipped by railcar out of Florida.
The proposed mine site will be brought into production to replace mines
that will be depleted and removed from production in the region. The
net effect will be to keep production constant at the Plant City and
Bartow chemical plants. This will result in increases in highway
traffic surrounding the new mine site, and increases in rail shipments
from there to the Plant City and Bartow chemical processing plants.
Highway traffic volumes will remain constant in the vicinity of the
chemical processing plants and for truck shipments of the finished
products to the Port of Tampa. Barge traffic out of the Port of Tampa
will also remain constant. Some decrease in traffic on the highway
3-243
-------
network surrounding current producing mines is also likely as these
mines go out of production.
Highway Transportation
Since the phosphate ore to be obtained at the proposed mine will not
result in traffic increases to CF Industries' other facilities in the
regional processing chain (the Plant City and Bartow chemical processing
plants and the Port of Tampa marine loading terminal), the review of
probable impacts to the highway network will be limited to traffic
destined for the proposed mine site. Figure 3.8.2-3 indicates the
highway network surrounding the project site.
Impacts to the highway network will be maximum when the facility is
under construction. Construction of the beneficiation plant is expected
to start on June 1, 1988 and be completed by August 1, 1989. A peak
employment of 575 workers are expected to be on-site as of April 1,
1989. The raining operation, matrix transport and waste transport
facilities will be under construction between January 1, 1989 and
August 1, 1989 and will have a peak employment of 44 workers by June 1,
1989. The initial settling area, sand/clay mix and disposal plan
facilities will be constructed between January 1, 1988 and August 1,
1989. It is estimated that a peak employment of 22 persons will be
on-site as of February 1, 1989. For purposes of this impacts assess-
ment, it has been assumed that the maximum employment for each of the
above-listed elements of the facility construction will occur at the
same time. This results in a maximum employment level of 641 workers.
After the facility is constructed, mining operations will begin. In
1989, it is expected that permanent employment will total 139 workers.
This level of employment will gradually increase to 301 workers by 1997.
This level will remain constant thereafter until the ore is depleted
on-site and the mine is closed. In order to obtain maximum efficiency,
the mining operations will be conducted 24-hours per day, 7 days per
week, using three shifts per day. Operating three shifts per day will
3-244
-------
BOWLING
GREEN
I
.
POLK CO._
HARDEECO.
WAUCHULA
PROPOSED BENEFICIATION-.
PLANT AND DRIVEWAY
KEY
2 LANE PAVED HIGHWAY
2 LANE GRADED UNPAVED ROAD
- PROPOSED SITE BOUNDARY
l"::--<::../'"I MUNICIPALITIES
COUNTY BOUNDARY
4 Mi
4 Km
•FORT GREEN-
'. ONA ROAD
SR 64
Figure 3.8-2-3
HIGHWAY NETWORK
SOURCES: FOOT MAPS. 1975; ESE, 1984
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
spread peak traffic loads throughout the day instead of concentrating
them in the morning and afternoon if only one shift were used.
To accurately assess impacts on the highway network, traffic to be
generated by the proposed mine was reviewed for the peak construction
workforce in 1989, the 1989 permanent workforce, and the maximum
permanent employment expected in 1997. The average number of trips to
be generated per day by the site in each of these stages of development
has been estimated based upon Institute of Transportation Engineers
(ITE) rates. ITE publishes rates for many land use classifications;
however, they do not list rates for construction or mining activities.
The closest land use types to these are listed in the industrial group.
"General Heavy Industry" produces average trip rates of 2.05 trips per
employee, while the average for the "Industrial" classification is 3.0
trips per employee. The type of activities that occur during
construction or when mining operations are underway are quite similar to
those of General Heavy Industry because the number of deliveries by
motor vehicle and number of visitors to the site will be small. In
estimating the number of trips generated, the average for the Industrial
classification (3.0 trips per employee) was used for this analysis. The
number of trips generated per day on-site for Under Construction,
Operational, and Operational/Full Employment are indicated in
Table 3.8.2-1. The greatest number of trips are generated when the
maximum number of construction workers are on-site in 1989 when a total
of 1,923 vehicles per day will be added to the highway network.
Origin distribution of trips headed to the mine site and destination of
trips leaving the site has been estimated and is shown in Figure
3.8.2-4. This distribution places most of the trips with an origin or
destination to the north of SR 62 leading to Polk and Hillsborough
Counties. These counties have the highest concentration of phosphate
workers in the State of Flprida and, due to their large populations, are
likely to have the greatest number of construction workers that will be
employed on this site. Minor shifts in these travel patterns may occur
3-246
-------
Table 3.8.2-1. Daily Nutfcer of Trips Generated by the Site
Stage
Under Construction
Operational
Operational/Full
Employment
Year
1989
1989
1997
Number of
Employees
641
139
301
Trips
Per Employee
3.0
3.0
3.0
Nunber of Trips
Generated Daily
1923
417
903
Sources: Institute of Transportation Engineers Informational Report: Trip Generation,
Third Edition, 1982.
ESE, 1984
3-247
-------
HILLSBOROUGH CO
MANATEE CO
SR 62
KEY
-COUNTY BOUNDARY
2 LANE PAVED HIGHWAY
2 LANE GRADED UNPAVAED ROAD
- PROPOSED SITE BOUNDARY
MUNICIPALITIES
PERCENT VEHICLES PER HIGHWAY
CUMULATIVE TOTAL TRIPS
FORT GREEN
: ONA ROAD
4 Mi
4 Km
PROPOSED BENEFICIATION
PLANT AND DRIVEWAY
SR 64
LU
(J
Figure 3.8.2-4
VEHICULAR TRIP DISTRIBUTION FOR CONSTRUCTION
AND OPERATION
SOURCES: FOOT MAPS. 1975; ESE. 1984
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
in the future as phosphate workers relocate closer to their place of
employment.
Trips to be generated by the proposed mine were added to the projected
background traffic on the highway network to determine the total traffic
volume on the adjacent highways under the various stages of development.
The background traffic is made up of existing traffic counts which have
been increased at a rate of 3 percent per year compounded from the year
the count was taken to the year under review. Counts were available for
state highways, but not for county roads. In the case of county roads,
estimates were made based upon traffic levels on the surrounding state
highway system.
Figure 3.8.2-5 shows the total traffic, background traffic, and project
traffic volumes on the surrounding highway network for traffic generated
during peak construction employment on the site in 1989. Figure 3.8.2-6
shows the area traffic impacts in 1989 once the mine has begun
operation, and Figure 3.8.2-7 shows traffic on the highway network in
1997 when full employment at the mine and beneficiation plant is
reached.
These traffic volumes were compared with the daily service volumes that
could be carried on the roadway network then in place by the year under
review. To determine what the future highway network would be, Florida
Department of Transportation (FDOT) and Hardee County were contacted to
obtain a list of any planned improvements. Table 3.8.2-2 contains a
list of planned FDOT improvements. The only improvement which will
significantly increase capacity within the primary impact area of the
project is the proposed construction of a 4-lane divided pavement on
U.S. 17 between Wauchula and Bowling Green. This project is tentatively
scheduled for 1992 to 1993 and should be in place by the year 1997 when
full employment is reached at the proposed mine. The county has no firm
plans for road improvements within the primary impact area of the
project.
3-249
-------
.
-
c
2,590(2,302)[288]
2,315(1,681)[634] |
AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC
XXX(XX)[X]
TOTAL TRAFFIC
BACKGROUND TRAFFIC
PROJECT TRAFFIC
KEY
2 LANE PAVED HIGHWAY
2 LANE GRADED UNPAVED ROAD
- PROPOSED SITE BOUNDARY
r-:".^':1 MUNICIPALITIES
COUNTY BOUNDARY
O
o
UJ'
h- IUJ
l»g
112
FORT GREEN
ONA ROAD
PROPOSED BENEFICIATION
PLANT AND DRIVEWAY
Figure 3.8.2-5
DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES - 1989 UNDER PEAK
CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS
SOURCES: FOOT MAPS, 1975; ESE, 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
J
HILLSBOROUGH CO.
MANATEE CO
BOWLING
GREEN
1,959(1,681)[278]
9,491(9,367)[124]
1,820(1,681)[139] I
2,365(2,302)163]
AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC
XXX(XX)[X|
PROPOSED BENEFICIATION
PLANT AND DRIVEWAY
FORT GREEN
ONA ROAD
11,569(11,527)[42)
ZOLFO
SPRINGS
TOTAL TRAFFIC
BACKGROUND TRAFFIC
PROJECT TRAFFIC
KEY
2 LANE PAVED HIGHWAY
2 LANE GRADED UNPAVED ROAD
- PROPOSED SITE BOUNDARY
I ] MUNICIPALITIES
COUNTY BOUNDARY
SCALE
4 Mi
4 Km
Figure 3.8.2-6
DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES - 1989 WITH PROJECT
SOURCES: FOOT MAPS, 1975; ESE, 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
SR62
*•
3,052(2,917)1135]
2,431(2,130)[301] I
AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC
XXX(XX)[X]
TOTAL TRAFFIC
BACKGROUND TRAFFIC
PROJECT TRAFFIC
KEY
2 LANE PAVED HIGHWAY
2 LANE GRADED UNPAVED ROAD
- PROPOSED SITE BOUNDARY
{ 1 MUNICIPALITIES
COUNTY BOUNDARY
4 Mi
4 Km
PROPOSED BENEFICIATION
PLANT AND DRIVEWAY
•FORT GREEN
'. ONA ROAD
Figure 3.8.2-7
DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES - 1997 WITH PROJECT
SOURCES: FOOT MAPS, 1975; ESE, 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Table 3.8.2-2. Planned Florida Deportment of Transportation Highway Improvements
Road
Limits
Proposed Construction
Year of
Tin lytyffffsn t
SR 61 Manatee County line to
3.25 miles east of county line
U.S. 17 Will Duke Road to Carleton Street
(in City of Wachula)
U.S. 17 College Street to Rainey Street
(in City of Wachula)
U.S. 17 At CR35A (0.5 miles total)
U.S. 17 Wauchula north limit to Bowling
Gre*n south limit
U.S. 17 Wauchula south limit to
Zolfo Springs north limit
Resurface existing pavement 1987 - 1988
Intersection improvanent 1986 - 1987
Intersection improvement 1986 - 1987
Widen Road 1986 - 1987
Construct 4-lane pavement 1992 - 1993
Construct 4-lane pavement 1992 - 1993
Source: Florida Department of Transportation, Bartow District Office, 1984.
3-253
-------
The highway network chat would be in place in 1989 will have Che same
basic capacity as the existing systems. This consists of 2-lane,
undivided, paved arterials for roads within the primary area that will
carry project traffic. The only change that will be made for the 1997
network is to provide a 4-lane divided arterial pavement on U.S. 17 both
north and south of SR 62. Table 3.8.2-3 identifies the maximum daily
service volumes for the various Levels of Service (LOS) on the highways
within the primary impact area of this project.
The expected 1989 traffic volumes on roads in the primary impact area
are indicated in Table 3.8.2-4. This table lists the background
traffic, total traffic including the traffic generated by the peak
construction employment, and total traffic including that generated by
the employment with the mine in operation. The LOS daily service volume
for each road segment under the various development stages is also
indicated. As indicated, all of the road segments, with the exclusion
of U.S. 17, operate at LOS A both with and without the project. Traffic
on U.S. 17 operates at LOS C both with and without the project.
Traffic impacts that will result when the mine is at full employment in
1997 are indicated in Table 3.8.2-5. Due to the expected construction
of 4-lane divided pavement on U.S. 17, U.S. 17 is expected to operate at
LOS B both north and south of SR 62 even though background traffic will
increase. LOS B will be achieved with project traffic included. The
other road segments will operate at LOS A both with and without project
traffic.
Tables 3.8.2-4 and 3.8.2-5 indicate the highway segments will operate at
the same LOS with and without the project. The level of service for the
highway network in the project vicinity is satisfactory. It is
therefore concluded that highway impacts will be relatively minor and
traffic impacts should not result in any operational problems.
3-254
-------
Table 3.8.2-3. Daily Service \tolunes
Two-Lane Four-lane
Level of Service Undivided Arterials* Divided Arterial
A 4,700 11,200
B 7,900 18,600
C 11,800 27,900
D 14,200 33,500
E 15,700 36,000
* Based on 10 percent peak hour characteristics.
Sources: Pinellas County Planning Council, 1983
Florida Department of Transportation, 1965.
3-255
-------
Table 3.8.2-4. 1989 Traffic Volunes
Background Traffic
Co
N3
Ul
o\
Roai
SR 62
SR 62
SR62
SR 62
U.S. 17
U.S. 17
CR 35B
CR 663
CR664
SR37
CR39
Location
West of CR 39
West of CF Industries
Drive
East of CF Industries
Drive
East of CR 663
North of SR 62
South of SR 62
South of SR 62
North of SR 62
East of CR 663
North of SR 62
North of SR 62
ADT
2,302
1,681
1,681
1,722
9,367
11,527
400
900
500
838
1,000
LOS
A
A
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
With Construction Traffic
ADT
2,590
2,315
2,970
2,530
9,%5
11,719
438
1,285
5%
8%
1,288
LOS
A
A
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
With Mine in Operation
ADT
2,365
1,820
1,959
1,896
9,491
11,569
408
983
521
851
1,063
LOS
A
A
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
Source: ESE, 1984.
-------
Table 3.8.2-5. 1997 Traffic With Mine at Full Employment
Road
SR 62
SR 62
SR62
SR62
U.S. 17
U.S. 17
CR35B
CR663
CR664
SR37
CR39
location
West of CR 39
West of CF
Industries Drive
East of CF
Industries Drive
East of CR 663
North of SR 62
South of SR 62
South of SR 62
North of SR 62
East of CR 663
North of SR 62
North of SR 62
Background
AOT
2,917
2,130
2,130
2,182
11,868
14,604
507
1,140
633
1,062
1,267
Traffic
LOS
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
With Project
ACT
3,052
2,431
2,732
2,558
12,136
14,694
525
1,321
678
1,093
1,402
Traffic
LOS
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
Source: ESE, 1984.
3-257
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Rail Transportation
The Seaboard Systems Railroad (SSR) has an existing rail line running in
the north-south direction that roughly bisects the proposed mine (see
Figure 3.8.2-8). This rail line will be used to transport the phosphate
wet rock which has been processed through the beneficiation plant to a
chemical plant where further processing will produce various fertilizer
products. It is expected that the CF Industries' Plant City and Bartow
chemical processing plants will receive the proposed mine's wet rock
production.
Probable rail routes to the chemical processing plants are highlighted
in Figure 3.8.2-8. Rail traffic to the chemical processing plants will
consist of one fully loaded train of up to 110 rail cars per day leaving
from the proposed mine and a return trip with the same number of empty
cars. Since the mine is being put into production to replenish drops in
ore production at other mines, and SSR is the primary provider of rail
transportation in the region, the proposed mine will result in a
regional shift in rail operations. Moving one fully loaded train out of
the mine site and returning one train with empty rail cars will not
significantly impact the regional rail system. Some of the finished
product will be shipped by railcar out of Florida.
Water Transportation
There will be no transportation of goods or materials by water from the
proposed mine. Regionally, however, material will be transported from
the mine and processed into finished products at CF Industries' Plant
City and Bartow facilities. A portion of the finished fertilizer will
be transported by truck to CF Industries' marine loading terminal in the
Port of Tampa. From there, the fertilizer will be placed on sea-going
barge and transported out of the region. Since the mine's production
will not increase regional supplies, there will be no increase in barge
traffic resulting from this mining operation.
Air Transportation
The proposed mine will not rely on air transportation for day-to-day
operations. Company executives and visitors may occasionally fly into
the region to visit the mine. It is expected that Tampa International
3-258
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.
-
CF INDUSTRIES CHEMICAL
PROCESSING PLANT
• CF INDUSTRIES CHEMICAL
PROCESSING PLANT
- '"•! '"Vjr*
u,
. W,nle.
•••
i i Fountain i
;r~ij -.*.A'*rr\
J ! K£*\
BOR QUJGHH
' '
t. • ifl.. \^W
\E L L A S
tr I
)il I on* torn* ,
/
-; " /„>
/ 10 '1 I 22
h-r-r-r+-.t—r-4, .
CF INDUSTRIES
SOUTH PASTURE MINE
A R ',D E E
[ /«'!} Sflt.ntl
PROBABLE RAIL
SHIPMENT ROUTE
0 10
Figure 3.8.2-8
PROJECT CONNECTION TO REGIONAL
OPERATIONS
SOURCES: USGS, 1967; ESE. 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
Airport (the nearest major air-carrier airport) would be used in these
instances. There is sufficient capacity at Tampa International Airport
to accommodate this demand.
Transportation Facilities Costs
Due to the minimal impact of this project on the adjacent highway and
railroad network, the only transportation facility improvements to be
made will be those on-site. Internal road improvements will include a
paved access road leading from SR 62 to the beneficiation plant and a
paved parking lot.
Railroad improvements will include a spur track leading from the SSR
main line onto the site with sufficient length for on-site layover of
rail cars and the required facilities to load the cars with the wet
ore. Costs for construction and maintenance of these facilities would
be borne by CF Industries.
Community Services and Facilities
Housing
The proposed phosphate mine will not create a need for an increase in
residential building activity because relocation of a significant number
of phosphate employees for CF's proposed project is not expected. In
general, as the entire phosphate industry moves southward into Hardee
and DeSoto Counties, some family relocations will occur because of
generally increased commuting distances. These relocations and any net
migration into the county will be accommodated by currently available
vacant dwellings or by small-scale construction of new housing units.
At the present time, the vacancy rate in Hardee County is approximately
305 units (5 percent). Of the 305 available units, 158 are rental
units.
Schools
Because the number of relocations of phosphate construction and
operations employees and their families is expected to be insignificant,
-------
Che Hardee County school system will not be affected by the proposed
phosphate complex. If minor relocations were to occur, the capacity of
existing school facilities would generally be adequate to receive
additional students. The only exception would be Wauchula and Zolfo
Springs Elementary Schools.
Fire Protection
The proposed phosphate complex will provide its own fire lines and
control equipment and will train personnel for emergency situations.
Should a fire on-site become a threat, assistance could be provided from
municipal fire departments or volunteer stations located throughout the
county. With no direct population and resultant housing increase
expected in the county due to construction or operation employment, fire
protection presently provided by the municipalities will not be burdened
by the proposed project.
Police Protection
The proposed phosphate project will have little impact on public law
enforcement services. The mine and beneficiation plant will have its
own security system to keep unauthorized personnel out of specific areas
and to avoid public injury. Fences will enclose the plant operations,
and inspection checks of dams and pipelines will occur under security
enforcement procedures. Additional public enforcement services will not
be necessary because no increase in population is expected as a result
of the proposed project.
Medical and Health Services
First aid services will be provided through a dispensary on-site. The
project site will be equipped with an emergency vehicle to transport
persons needing additional medical treatment to local hospitals. At the
present time, health facilities are adequate for the county.
3-261
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Recreation
The proposed phosphate mine will have no impact on recreational
facilities because the area being mined is not included as part of, or
adjacent to, recreational areas in the county. Also, the mine will not
be in viewing distance of county recreational areas.
Public Utilities
The proposed phosphate mine will utilize approximately 21.73 million
gallons per day (MGD) of both surface water and ground water deep-well
pumping to supply the plant with potable and process water. Four wells
will supply the mining facilities. These will be located in the Lower
Floridan Aquifer. Three wells will provide nonpotable water for plant
processing. The fourth well will provide domestic potable water which
would be treated on-site. The water supply to the plant will not be
connected to the potable water supply of the incorporated
municipalities. As a result of independent water supply and the
expected minor relocations of employees, the proposed project will not
burden existing water supply systems in the county.
Public sewage treatment facilities will not be affected by mine opera-
tions because the mine will provide for secondary sewage treatment
on-site. The facilities will treat sanitary discharges and the effluent
from the beneficiation plant. When treated, the wastewater will be
incorporated into the recirculating process water system as a water
conservation feature. The municipal treatment facilities will not be
affected because the minor relocation of phosphate employees will not
create the need for additional treatment capacity.
All solid waste produced by the plant support facilities and a small
amount produced by the beneficiation plant will be disposed in an
on-site landfill. The debris produced by the beneficiation process will
be discarded in the clay settling ponds. Because all solid waste will
be disposed of on-site and only minor employee relocations are expected,
there will be no impact on the county solid waste management system.
3-262
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Florida Power Corporation (FPC) will provide electric utility service
for the proposed raining operations. The highest estimated requirement
for mine operations is 38 MW. Service will be provided from a 69kv
substation south of the site on Vandolah Road. The mine will be on a
Rate Schedule 1ST 1-Interruptable General Service, Time of Use. This
service allows FPC to curtail power service during critical load periods
(see Section 2.3.9). If a brown-out situation occurs, it would be
possible for CF Industries to obtain power from Florida Power
Corporation through alternate sources (for example, Florida Power and
Light and Tampa Electric Company) because of the grid system set up by
the electric companies in Florida.
Public Finance
The proposed phosphate mine is located within the unincorporated area of
Hardee County, and all site and capital improvements will be taxed by
the County Tax Assessor's office. Table 3.8.2-6 presents assessed
property value, capital improvements values, and property tax revenues
generated from these assessments. The combined property and capital
improvements will be assessed at a value of approximately $117 million
(1984 dollars); $1.1 million (1984 dollars) in tax revenues will be
generated from this assessment. Capital improvement assessments will
increase an additional $5 million (1984 dollars) in year 8 of mine
operations when the second dragline becomes operational; property tax
revenues will correspondingly increase at that time approximately 4.3
percent to $1.2 million (1984 dollars).
The tax revenues generated from the assessed property value and capital
improvements is equal to approximately 50 percent of the revenues
generated by the county in fiscal year 1982-1983 (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1978). Because of increased assessments and revenue,
it is probable that the mi11age rates will be decreased creating an
indirect economic benefit to all property owners in Hardee County.
3-263
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Table 3.8.2-6. Assessed Value and Tax Revenue Generated by the Proposed Mine ($l,000's)
Years
Assessed Property Assessed Capital Total Assessed
Value* Improvements Value Value
Annual
County Revenue
Generated!
1-7
8-27
$59,976
$59,976
$57,000
$62,000
$116,976
$121,976
$1,U3
$1,161
* Assunes $4,000.OO/acre mine site.
t 1984 millage rate totalling 9.518.
Sources: Hardee County Tax Appraiser, 1984
CF Industries, 1984
ESE, 1984
3-264
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The proposed mine will generate two types of public expenditures: public
facilities operations/maintenance and administrative services. These
are considered indirect expenditures and will not be greatly affected by
the new mine because there will be no substantial employee relocations
to generate additional expenditures.
In addition to ad valorem taxes, additional public revenues that will be
generated by the proposed phosphate complex will come from the 5 percent
sales tax on electricity, gasoline, leased equipment, etc. and from the
10.56 percent severance tax on phosphate rock mined. Approximately $4
million annually will be generated from severance taxes. Not only do
the counties benefit from the severance tax, but monies from the tax are
also used to support the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research (FIPR)
and the Conservation and Recreation Lands trust fund.
Cultural Resources
Historical and archaeological resources are considered to be an
important part of cultural heritage and are protected by the National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Presidential Executive Order 11593,
"Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment," and the
"Procedures for the Protection bf Historic and Cultural Properties."
These laws protect known sites and properties against possible adverse
impacts and protect resources which are eligible for listing in the
National Register of Historic Places. In addition, if there are areas
of potentially unknown resources, surveys of these areas may be required
to locate new sites and determine their significance.
An archaeological survey was required for the proposed phosphate mine
because of the potential for cultural resources to occur on the
property. The survey revealed six sites containing archaeological
resources (one a concentration of lithic scatter and five being
artificial mounds, three of these mounds contained both ceramics and
lithic components.
3-265
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Land clearing and grubbing activities associated with mining would
destroy these sites between years 12 and 24 of the proposed mining
operation schedule. These sites were not determined to be of National
Register quality. However, the Florida Division of Historic Resources
(DHR) recommends further systematic testing of the impacted sites prior
to the onset of mining activities in the vicinity of the sites. This
additional testing would be conducted by a professional archaeologist in
such a manner that the results could be reviewed and approved by DHR
prior to mining the site(s). Therefore, destruction of these sites does
not constitute an adverse impact and mitigation is not required.
If, during the mining process, an area containing evidence of
archaeological or historical resources is uncovered, mining activity
should be suspended in the area, and a professional archaeologist would
be retained to verify the site and determine its significance. If the
material is determined to be of archaeological significance, proper
protective measures would be taken to preserve the site or the resources
would be removed by a professional archaeologist after appropriate
coordination with DHR. If the area is determined to have no significant
data, mining would continue.
Visual Resources
Hardee County is predominantly rural with agriculture being the main
economic activity throughout the county. The county is relatively flat
with relief created by streams that traverse the county in various
directions. The topography at the mine site is slightly rolling, with
small tributaries that feed into Payne Creek to the north. Vegetation
is a mixture of marshes, grassland, pine and oak woods. Citrus groves
are located along the northern periphery of the site, surrounding Fort
Green Springs. The mine site is directly accessible by SR 62 and CR 663
to the north, and Fort Green-Ona Road that bisects the property linking
SR 62 with SR 64.
3-266
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Major construction activities planned are the construction of the
beneficiation plant, assembly of the draglines, building of the slurry
matrix pipeline, and erection of the dams to retain the waste clay
suspension. The beneficiation plant will be located on land at approxi-
mately 130 feet above ground level (AGL) and will be located 0.5 miles
south of SR 62 and west of Fort Green-Ona Road. The plant will not be
visible from the junction of SR 62 and CR 663 because of the stands of
trees that are present adjacent to the mine boundary. However, the
plant will be viewed occasionally along SR 62 and Fort Green-Ona Road
because of breaks in wooded areas. As more vegetation is removed for
mining purposes, the beneficiation plant will become visible from
additional areas and distances.
During some periods of the mining schedule, the draglines will be highly
visible along the local transportation routes. Because of the height of
the draglines, the tops of the structures will be visible from several
viewpoints over the top of vegetation. At present, the initial dragline
that has recently been constructed on-site is partially obscured from
view because of the existing vegetation. Continual removal of
vegetation for mining will allow dragline operations to become highly
visible from SR 62 and Fort Green-Ona Road.
The construction of the slurry matrix pipeline will occur only a few
feet above ground level. The pipeline will not be visible until mining
occurs along the northern boundary (SR 62) and Fort Green-Ona Road. The
berms that will be constructed around the beneficiation plant and in the
mined areas for the waste clay suspension will be seeded to prevent soil
erosion and leakage. The berms will rise several feet above the
surface, obscuring the view of the mines. Sand tailings piles and
reclamation of the mined areas will be visible from the transportation
routes. Progress of reclamation will be noticeable as the barren land
3-267
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Because of the short time span between mining and reclamation, overall
visual resources will not be significantly degraded. Phosphate mining
is a common occurrence in the region and the disturbed landscape is
routinely observed by residents throughout the eastern portion of the
region. Also, there is very little traffic activity along the immediate
transportation routes. Therefore, few persons will be in constant
visual contact with the mine. The continual reclamation of land that
has previously been mined will also keep the degree of change to a
minimum. Persons that will be in continual visual contact with the
disturbed landscape will be primarily phosphate employees. Impacts on
visual resources are considered to be minimal.
3.8.2.2 THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE
The no action alternative would result in several negative impacts to
Hardee County and residents of west central Florida. Revenue earned by
Hardee County through ad valorem taxation of real property would be lost
without mining activity and associated capital facility improvements.
Local and regional businesses would also be deprived of a portion of
CF's annual expenditures for goods and services. State sales tax
revenue would also decrease from a loss of estimated mine expenditures.
Both local and regional residents would have less of an opportunity for
employment under the no action alternative. Current unemployment rates
for phosphate industry classifications indicate surplus labor throughout
the region.
Other socioeconomic variables would not be affected by the no-action
alternative. Population and housing trends would continue at historic
rates. Land use patterns would remain similar to existing levels of
agricultural activity. The demand for community services and
facilities, including transportation networks, would not increase at an
accelerated rate over historic trends. In addition, archaeological
resources would not be affected.
3-268
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs.
1975. Preprint: Preliminary Findings Radon Daughter Levels in
Structures Constructed on Reclaimed Florida Phosphate Land.
Washington, D.C.
3-275
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement: Central Florida Phosphate Industry Areawide Impact
Assessment Program. Atlanta, Georgia.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Draft Areawide
Environmental Impact Statement—Central Florida Phosphate Industry
Areawide Impact Assessment Program. 11 Volumes. Atlanta, Georgie.
EPA 904/9-78-006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Final Areawide
Environmental Impact Statement. Central Florida Phosphate
Industry. EPA 904/9-78-026a, Vol. 3.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Enviroraental Impact
Statement, Estech General Chemicals Corporation, Duette Mine,
Manatee County, Florida; Resource Document: Radiation.
EPA 904/9-79-0449.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement, Supplemental Information Document, Volume 1, Farmland
Industries, Inc. Phosphate Mine, Hardee County, Florida. Prepared
by Woodward-Clyde Consultants. Clifton, New Jersey. U.S. EPA,
Region IV. Atlanta, Georgia.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 1981. Draft Environmental
Impact Statement: Farmland Industries, Inc. Phosphate Mine,
Hardee County, Florida. EPA 904/9-81-072A.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 1981. Draft Environmental
Impact Statement: Mississippi Chemical Corporation Hardee County
Phosphate Mine, Hardee County, Florida. EPA 904/9-81-058a.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1981. Draft
Environmental Impact Statement: Mobil Chemical Company South Fort
Meade Mine, Polk County, Florida. Prepared by: Engineering
Science, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1983a. National Interim Primry
Drinking Water Regulations. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40,
Part 141, pp. 230-274.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1983b. National Secondary
Drinking Water Regulations, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels.
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 143.3, p. 293.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and Threatened
Species of the Southeastern United States, Region 4, Atlanta
(Notebook).
3-276
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U.S. Forest Service. 1970. Endangered, Rare, and Uncommon Wildflowers
Found in the Southern National Forests. USDA Forest Service,
Southern Region. Atlanta, Georgia.
U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1979. Interim Soil Survey Report, Maps
and Interpretations. Hardee County, Florida.
U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1980. Personal Communication.
Wauchula, Florida.
University of South Florida Herbarium. 1982. Tampa, Florida.
Vernon, R.O. 1951. Geology of Citrus and Levy Counties, Florida.
Florida Geological Survey. Tallahassee, Florida. Geological
Bulletin No. 33.
Wauchula, City of, Department of Water and Sewer. 1982. Personal
Communication. Wauchula, Florida.
Wauchula, City of, Fire Department. 1981. Personal Communication.
Wauchula, Florida.
Wauchula, City of, Fire Department. 1986. Personal Communication.
Wauchual, Florida.
White, W.A. 1970. The Geomorphology of the Florida Peninsula. Bureau
of Geology, Division of Interior Resources, Florida Department of
Natural Resources. Tallahassee, Florida. Geological Bulletin
No. 51.
White, W.A. 1972. The Geomorphology of the Florida Peninsula. Florida
Burea of Geology Bulletin No. 51.
Williams, E.G., Golden, J.C., Jr., Roessler, C.E., and Clark, U. 1965.
Background Radiation in Florida. Florida State Board of Health,
Tallahassee, Florida.
Wilson, W.E: 1975. Ground Water Resources of DeSoto and Hardee
Counties, Florida. U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report
75-428. Tallahassee, Florida.
Wilson, W.E. 1977. Ground Water Resources of DeSoto and Hardee
Counties, Florida. U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida.
Report of Investiations No. 83.
Windham, S.T. 1974. Correspondence to Various Phosphate Companies
Containing Results of Sampling Program in Mid-1974. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Eastern Environmental Radiation
Facility, Montgomery, Alabama.
3-277
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Wood, Lewis N., Jr. 1976. An Archaeological and Hisotircal Survey of
the CF Mining Corporation Property in Northwestern Hardee County,
Florida. University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology.
Tampa, Florida.
Wunderlin, R.P. 1982. Personal Communication. Professor of Biology,
Department of Biology, University of South Florida.
Zellars-Williams, Inc. 1978. Evaluation of the Phosphate deposits of
Florida using the minerals availability system. Prepared for U.S.
Bureau of Mines, Contract No. J0377000. Lakeland, Florida.
Zolfo Springs, City of, Department of Water and Sewer. 1982. Personal
Communication. Zolfo Springs, Florida.
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4.0 SHORT-TERM USE VERSUS LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
The proposed mining and processing of phosphate matrix from the Hardee
Phosphate Complex II mine site involves the progressive use of
14,925 acres during an expected 27-year mine life. Approximately 69
acres of the 14,994-acre site would be left undisturbed from mining
under the proposed CF project action. Current productivity of the site
includes pasture, limited agricultural uses, wildlife, and water. The
following discussion of short-term use versus long-term productivity is
arranged by environmental discipline groups.
4.1 METEOROLOGY, AIR QUALITY, AND NOISE
4.1.1 SHORT-TERM
As a result of the plant construction, mining, beneficiation and
transshipment of phosphate rock, emissions of gases and particulates
would be increased. Emission sources would include the beneficiation
plant (e.g., flotation reagents); internal combustion engines
(e.g., earthmovers); land clearing operations (e.g., wind-blown dust);
and dust particles from increased vehicle traffic, mining, and
processing operations. Noise levels would increase in the immediate
vicinity of active land clearing, mining, and reclamation operations,
near the beneficiation plant, and near the railroad spur and roadway
systems into the plant. At times, these emissions and noise levels may
disturb adjacent land uses and nearby wildlife and disrupt existing
wildlife usage patterns.
4.1.2 LONG-TERM
Since mining and processing will continue for 27 years and reclamation
activities an additional 8 years thereafter, the short-term effects
generated by these activities may also be viewed as long-term. At the
conclusion of the mining and reclamation operations, project-generated
emissions and noise would cease.
4-1
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4.2 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
4.2.1 SHORT-TERM
Soils and surface geology will be totally disrupted over the 14,925
acres. Agricultural productivity in the short term will be increasingly
diminished over the life of the mine until reclamation activities "catch
up" and overtake acreages under mining.
4.2.2 LONG-TERM
The reclaimed sand/clay mix areas would have certain improved agronomic
properties compared to the existing soils characteristic to the site.
The high nutrient availability and enhanced moisture and nutrient
retention capacity of the reclaimed soils would improve the agricultural
productivity of the site. The reduced structural stability of the
reclaimed sand/clay mix areas may preclude certain intensive uses over
the long terra. In addition, the physical properties of the shallow,
non-artesian aquifer will be substantially altered by the proposed sand/
clay reclamation.
4.3 RADIATION
4.3.1 SHORT-TERM
Increased levels of radioactivity would result during mining. These
short-term exposure levels would not present significant problems to the
workers or the environment.
4.3.2 LONG-TERM
Radon gas emissions from the reclaimed areas would continue at low
concentrations for a significant time into the future.
4.4 GROUND WATER
4.4.1 SHORT-TERM
Ground water withdrawal for matrix processing would create a cone of
depression in the Lower Floridan Aquifer; however, this drawdown is not
expected to have a significant offsite impact. Withdrawals and pit
seepage of water from the surficial aquifer during active mining periods
would slightly reduce the baseflow contributions to adjacent streams.
4-2
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4.4.2 LONG-TERM
The proposed sand/clay reclamation of the site would alter the physical
characteristics of ground water flow in the surficial aquifer. The
reclaimed areas will have higher water retention capacities and lower
vertical and horizontal transmissivities. Resultant long-term effects
would be to reduce recharge locally and to reduce base seepage to area
streams.
4.5 SURFACE WATER
4.5.1 SHORT-TERM
The raining/processing of phosphate matrix at the CF site will result in
the disturbance of existing surface water flow patterns, water quality,
and water quantity. Flood flows and low flows of all creeks downstream
of the site would be altered by land form changes, stream severance,-
diversions, and rerouting by artificial structures.
Discharges of excess water from the recirculating water system will
degrade the quality of the receiving waters (primarily Shirtail and
Doe). Water discharged from this system is likely to have higher micro
nutrient levels (e.g., calcium, magnesium) than the receiving waters,
and contain increased concentrations of other undesirable constituents
(e.g., dissolved solids, silica, fluoride, radium-226).
4.5.2 LONG-TERM
Some minor.alterations of surface runoff quality and peak flow
characteristics would be observed after reclamation. The clay content
of the reclaimed sand/clay mix areas would cause increases in the total
runoff quantitites and the peak flows expected after precipitation.
Additional areas with agricultural vegetation would also increase peak
runoff flows. Soil characteristics and stability would increase the
potential for erosion and resultant turbidity. Long-term changes in
land use would result in reduced water quality. Reclaimed marsh areas
and shallow pools would provide water storage.
4-3
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After reclamation, water quality of the streams would be primarily
influenced by pollutants carried in the runoff. The site would be
reclaimed predominantly to agricultural and silvicultural uses. In
addition, the streams and adjacent wetlands would be restored and would
accumulate surface runoff from surrounding upland areas, trap much of
the sediment, and filter much of the excess nutrients. As the reclaimed
streams mature, the channels would form natural meanders. The water
quality found within the mature reclaimed streams should be similar to
that presently found in the streams.
4.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.6.1 SHORT-TERM
Development of the CF mine site would result in the destruction of
14,925 acres of terrestrial and wetland habitat. Most of the mobile
vertebrate species are expected to be displaced to unaffected areas as
mining gradually progresses. Some individuals of sensitive species such
as the indigo snake and gopher tortoise and less mobile vertebrates
(shrews, mice) could be lost.
4.6.2 LONG-TERM
Approximately 56 percent of the existing site is currently managed for
cattle or produce. Reclamation plans propose the use of a majority
(67 percent) of the site for agriculture, which represents a 21 percent
increase in agricultural use on the reclaimed site which represents a
21 percent increase in agricultural use on the reclaimed site. Such
areas would not provide all of the habitat requirements for the species
which now inhabit the site; thus, a long-term loss in the wildlife
productivity of these areas would occur. Additional changes in habitat,
such as replacing relatively undisturbed freshwater swamp, freshwater
marsh and forested stream channesl with reclaimed wetlands would occur.
The reclaimed wetlands may or may not provide an adequate habitat and
cover for avian, aquatic, and terrestrial organisms. The addition of
lakes to the CF mine site are expected to increase the density of
certain animals in the region (e.g., ducks, fish, alligators). It
should be noted that impacts to wildlife associated with uplands would
most probably be a consequence of future agricultural development even
without mining.
4-4
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4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS
4.7.1 SHORT-TERM
The mining/processing of phosphate matrix at the CF site wilL result in
increased employment and income levels in Hardee County and the
seven-county region. Associated with this employment increase will be
an increase in the population of Hardee County. This increase would
result in increased demands for housing and services. Tax revenues
generated by the project would more than pay for the increased services
required to meet existing levels.
Mining will destroy six regionally significant archaeological sites
present on the property. The loss will be mitigated by salvage
excavation so that their scientific value will be preserved through
proper analysis and recording of findings.
Mining of the CF site would also have an impact on aesthetics. The
clearing of existing vegetative cover and post-mining condition of the
land would reduce the aesthetic values of the site during the
short-term. However, the land features associated with its current
aesthetic value are not considered unique to the area.
4.7.2 LONG-TERM
The CF project will help support long-terra economic growth within Hardee
County. CF is not the only phosphate mining company within Hardee
County. If the CF project and other similar mines are permitted to
operate in the county, population levels, income levels, and tax
revenues should increase significantly over present levels. It is also
probable that such development would bring additional employment in
related industries (e.g., pumping supplies, etc.).
4-5
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5.0 IRREVERSIBLE OR IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES
This section presents a discussion of those resources that would be
consumed, depleted, permanently removed, destroyed or irreversibly
altered by the proposed mining operation on CF Industries' Hardee
Complex II site.
5.1 DEPLETION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
The extent of recoverable U.S. phosphate reserves has been estimated at
2.2 billion metric tons (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1979). World
reserves of phosphate rock are estimated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to
be about 27 billion metric tons, but may be much larger (e.g., in 1971
the British Sulphur Corp. estimated world reserves of all grades to be
130 billion metric tons). The estimated current annual world phosphate
rock production is about 120 million metric tons. The U.S., USSR, and
Morocco are by far the largest producers of phosphate rock, accounting
for 41, 26, and 15 percent of world production, respectively. Morocco,
however, is the leader in identified reserves with 66.7 percent of the
world's supply, with the U.S. and USSR accounting for only 8.1 and
3.3 percent of the identified reserves, respectively.
The Bone Valley formation of central Florida is the source of most of
the U.S. production, accounting for about 75 percent of total U.S.
production (which approached 50 million metric tons in 1978).
Two projections of U.S. phosphate rock production have been made—one by
the U.S. Bureau of Mines and one by Chase Econometric Associates (U.S.
General Accounting Office, 1979). The Chase forecast indicates that
domestic production will increase to 112 million short tons by 2025, but
fails to identify the source of these reserves. The U.S. Bureau of
Mines, on the other hand, predicted that U.S. production would peak in
1985, and then decline. Because the U.S. Bureau of Mines has not
identified any future potential reserves, their forecast predicts that
high grade reserves will be virtually exhausted by 2010.
5-1
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The phosphate rock product recoverable during the 27-year life of the
proposed mine would amount to 97.0 million short tons. While this
represents an irreversible and irretrievable loss of reserves, data are
not available to evaluate this loss with respect to future domestic
needs and availability.
Additional resources commitments will be required as a result of the
consumption of oil, gas, electrical power, and various reagent
materials.
5.2 LANDFORM CHANGES
The mining and phosphate ore beneficiation process at CF Industries
would result in an irreversibly altered landform. Natural soil profiles
would be destroyed, and existing vegetation would have to be cleared.
In addition, the storage of waste sand/clay mix would result in the
creation, after subsidence, of disposal areas approximately 2 feet
higher than original grade.
The mining of phosphate matrix in the final years of the mine plan would
result in the formation of Iands-and-lakes terrain in several upland
areas. The land use of the reclaimed site would be mostly improved
pasture, rather than the pine flatwoods/palmetto range which now
predominates.
5.3 COMMITMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
At an average pumping rate of 7.85 mgd, water will be pumped from the
ground water under the authorization of the SWFWMD Consumptive Use
Permit. CF Industries plans for the total volume of water withdrawn
from the Floridan Aquifer over the 27-year life of the mine to be
77.4 billion gallons.
5-2
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The disruption of streams during raining activities, the impoundment of
water, the discharge of excess water, and the reclamation of the mine
site will have resultant changes in water quality within downstream
segments.
5.4 ENERGY
The annual energy usage for all purposes is expected to be approximately
200,000 MWh during raining years 1 through 7; 350,000 MWh during mining
years 8 through 24; and 150,000 MWh during mining years 25 through 27.
The total energy use of the 27-year life of the project will be about
7.8 million MWh or about 80 kWh per ton of phosphate rock produced. It
is estimated that an average 400 gal/day of gasoline and 100 gal/day of
diesel fuel will also be used.
5.5 AESTHETICS
If CF Industries' reclamation plan is successful, the resulting
landscape could be visually acceptable. This man-made landscape would
be entirely different from that which now occurs. However, future
generations are likely to accept the new landscape as the characteristic
landscape.
Permitting of the CF Industries' project will also contribute to the
evolution of the existing environment of this area in Hardee County to
semi-industrial. Existing life styles, with their emphasis on
agriculture, may be radically altered as such changes occur.
5.6 FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT
Existing fish and wildlife habitats on 14,925 acres of the 14,994 acres
comprising the proposed CF mine site would be disturbed during the
operation of the mine. Therefore, approximately 69 acres of hardwood
swamp and marsh habitat will be preserved and protected from the adverse
effects of mining. The changes in wildlife habitat acreage due to the
proposed action are identified in the following table:
5-3
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Fish and Wildlife
Habitat Types
Row Crops
Field Crops
Improved Pasture
Orange Grove
Palmetto Prairie
Pine Flat woods
Other Hardwoods
Lakes
Freshwater Swamp
Freshwater Marsh
TOTAL
Existing
(Acres)
13.1
44.1
1,310.3
2.6
6,957.2
732.7
2,354.0
0
1,240.4
2,339.6
14,994.0
Proposed
Disturbance
(Acres)
13.1
44.1
1,310.3
2.6
6,957.2
732.7
2,354.0
0
1,195.3
2,315.7
14,925.0
Post-
Reclamation
(Acres)
0
0
6,659
0
0
1,500
1,900
1,055
1,410
2,470
14,994
Change
(Acres)
-13.1
-44.1
+5,348.7
-2.6
-6,957.2
+767.3
-454
+1,055
+169.6
+130.4
0
As indicated in the table, a large portion of habitat types removed by
mining are scheduled to be replaced through reclamation. These habitats
will be altered and recreated in sequential sections for a 27-year
period during the proposed life of the mine and reclamation program.
Wildlife populations will temporarily change during the mine life with a
net decrease in species densities and diversities. The future quality
of fish and wildlife populations on the CF mine site will ultimately
depend upon the successful recolonization of reclaimed habitats.
Approximately 5,288.9 additional acres would be committed to agricultur-
al use after reclamation is completed. The additional 313.3 acres of
reclaimed pine and hardwood forest would also be used for agricultural
purposes (i.e., timber production and cattle management). The managed
reclaimed upland forests and pastureland would have marginal value as
wildlife habitat. Wetland habitat would be reproportioned, with an
additional 169.6 acres of hardwood swamp and 130.4 acres of additional
freshwater marsh. Wildlife usage of reclaimed wetlands will depend upon
the quality of the restored resource. Currently, the ability to restore
functional values of large scale freshwater marsh and hardwood swamp has
not been adequately demonstrated. Lakes will also be created on the
reclaimed mine land. Except for a few stock ponds, no permanent surface
5-4
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water features presently exist on the CF mine site. Therefore, this
additional aquatic resource will increase the sites' capacity to support
invertebrates, fish, alligators and waterfowl. Lakes will provide
habitat for largemouth bass, bluegills, and other sunfish species which
can be exploited as recreational fisheries. A few threatened vertebrate
species such as the American alligator are expected to utilize reclaimed
habitats. However, most of the threatened and/or special concern
animals present on the CF mine site will be lost due to the proposed
action of mining (e.g., indigo snake, gopher tortoise).
It also should be noted that except for the phosphate pits (lakes)
associated with mining, the majority of upland forest habitat would
probably be converted for an agricultural use even without the
intervention of mining operations. Therefore, wildlife populations
associated with upland forests on the CF mine site are expected to be
impacted by future agricultural development regardless of phosphate
mining.
5.7 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
There are no significant historical sites on the proposed mine site.
However, there are six regionally significant archaeological sites. The
excavation of overburden and phosphate ore from these sites would not
destroy the contents of these sites since artifacts will be recovered
prior to mining by salvage excavation. Mining could remove previously
undiscovered archaeological sites, unless their presence is noticed
during the mining process. Their destruction would be an irreversible
loss of future scientific interpretation.
5.8 REFERENCES
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1979. Phosphates: A Case Study of a
Valuable, Depleting Mineral in America. Report by the Comptroller
General to the Congress, EMD-80-21.
5-5
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6.0 COMPARISON OF PROPOSED ACTIVITY WITH AREAWIDE
EIS RECOMMENDATIONS
The Final Areawide Environmental Impact Statement for the Central
Florida Phosphate Industry published by EPA in November 1978, evaluated
the impact of various alternatives for phosphate mining in central
Florida. The EPA recommendations represent a scenario of phosphate
development determined to be as compatible as practicable with other
desired and intended land uses. These recommendations provide a
decision-making tool for consideration for all new phosphate mines in
central Florida. The following discussion compares CF Industries'
proposed action with the Areawide EIS recommendations for mining and
beneficiation.
6.1 MINING AND BENEFICIATION REQUIREMENTS
6.1.1 ELIMINATE THE ROCK-DRYING PROCESSING AT BENEFICIATION PLANTS AND
TRANSPORT WET ROCK TO CHEMICAL PLANTS.
CF Industries' proposed project does not include a rock dryer. All rock
would be transported from the project site in a wet condition.
6.1.2 MEET STATE OF FLORIDA AND LOCAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR ANY
DISCHARGES
Pursuant to Section 401 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as
amended (33 USC 1251), the State of Florida issues certification to each
applicant for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit. All recent NPDES permits issued by the state for phosphate
mining facilities have been certified subject to the following
conditions:
• The applicant must comply with all applicable requirements of
Chapter 403, Florida Statutes, and Chapter 17 series, Florida
Administrative Code (FAC).
• Issuance of certification does not constitute state certification
of any future land alteration activities which require other
6-1
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Federal permits pursuant to Section 404 of P.L. 92-500, as
amended, nor does it constitute approval or disapproval of any
future land alteration activities conducted in waters of the
state which require separate department permit(s) pursuant to
Section 17-4.28, FAC.
• In accordance with Section 17-6.01(2)(a)2a.D., FAC, the following
effluent limitations apply to all discharges designated as
possibly containing contaminated runoff, process generated
wastewater, or mine dewatering discharges from the mining and
beneficiation of phosphate rock.
If the above requirements are met, the discharge from this facility will
comply with Sections 301, 302, and 303 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended.
This certification must indicate that the terms and conditions of the
NPDES permit will result in compliance with Sections 301, 302, and 303
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. The state mav
impose, as additional requirements, applicable state law or regulations
related to water quality standards.
6.1.3 ELIMINATE CONVENTIONAL ABOVEGROUND SLIME-DISPOSAL AREAS
The elimination of conventional aboveground clay disposal areas is
recommended by the Areawide EIS. To meet this recommendation, the
Areawide EIS encouraged the use of waste clays, or a mixture of sand
tailings and waste clays, in reclamation. At the same time, the need
for an initial aboveground storage area and for retaining dikes around
sand/clay mix areas was recognized. The Areawide EIS also noted that if
the percentage of waste clay at a mine exceeds the proportionate amount
that can be utilized, the incremental amounts beyond that which can be
handled by new clay dewatering methods may be placed in a holding pond
for reclamation after adequate settling (i.e., conventional settling).
6-2
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CF Industries' proposed project conforms with this recommendation. CF
Industries has committed in their mining plan to use a sand/clay mix in
land reclamation and thereby reduce the need for traditional, separate
disposal areas. The initial 760-acre initial clay settling area planned
by CF Industries will receive all clay wastes generated before the
sand/clay mix procedure becomes operational. Clays stored here will
eventually be used in designated sand/clay disposal areas. These
disposal areas are designed to receive sand/clay mix over previously
mined lands to allow final fill elevations that consolidate to within
approximately 2 to 3 feet above the original average premining
elevations. During the last 3 mining years, 563 acres of the initial
settling area will be mined and reclaimed. At the conclusion of all
mining activities, the mix technique will be used to remove the clays in
the remaining section by mixing with stored sand tailings, and the dam
walls will be contoured to near natural grade.
6.1.4 MEET SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONSUMPTIVE USE PERMIT REQUIREMENTS
The Areawide EIS recommends that any new source mine and beneficiation
plant meet the Southwest Florida Water Management District's (SWFWMD)
Consumptive Use Permit (CUP) requirements. CF Industries is obligated
by the terms and conditions of their SWFWMD CUP approved and issued in
April 1976 and renewed (SWFWMD CUP No. 203669) on January 6, 1982.
Should CF Industries fail to comply with all of the conditions set forth
in the permit, the permit would automatically become void.
6.1.5 PROVIDE STORAGE THAT ALLOWS RECIRCULATION OF WATER RECOVERED FROM
SLIMES
The Areawide EIS recommends that a new source mine provide storage that
allows recirculation of water recovered from clays. The water recircu-
lation system for CF Industries' proposed mining and beneficiation
facility would provide for containment and recycling of approximately
93.5 mgd, so that a discharge should be required only during oeriods of
heavy rainfall. Over 90 percent of the water to be used in this project
6-3
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will be supplied from the recirculation system, and less than 5 percent
will come from freshwater sources (to meet flotation process demands).
6.1.6 USE CONNECTOR WELLS
The Areawide EIS recommends the use of connector wells. CF Industries
does not propose to use connector wells to recharge the Floridan Aquifer
with ground water from the surficial aquifer, nor was the use of
connector wells made a condition of CF Industries' Consumptive Use
Permit.
The use of connector wells has been precluded from CF's proposal action
since, at some locations, an adequate head differential between the
lower surficial aquifer and the deeper aquifers does not exist.
However, connector wells are potentially feasible, from a technical
prospective, to discharge water from the upper surficial aquifer to the
deeper aquifers. The use of connector wells would decrease the net
property discharge by whatever amount the connector wells drained from
the advancing mine area. If this amount equaled the estimated rate of
surficial aquifer water into the mine pit (gpm), the average annual
discharge could be reduced by 0.14 mgd.
Connector wells could partially mitigate the lowered head which would
occur in the upper Floridan aquifer as a result of pumping for mine pit
dewatering by replenishing a portion of the process water pumped from
the Floridan Aquifer with water from the surficial aquifer. However,
the use of connector wells would provide the potential for contamination
of the higher quality water of deep aquifers with lower quality water
from the surficial aquifer. Connector wells would also dispose of
surficial aquifer water which could otherwise be used in place of deep
aquifer water as makeup water to the recirculation water system during
water-shortage periods.
6-4
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6.1.7 ADDRESS PROPOSED REGULATIONS REGARDING RADIATION LEVELS TO BE
PUBLISHED BY EPA AND PROJECTED BY MINING AND RECLAMATION PLANS
FOR NEW SOURCE MINES BASED ON TEST BORINGS OF MATERIAL TO RE
ENCOUNTERED, AND DEVELOP A RECLAMATION PLAN THAT CONSIDERS
RADIATION OF SPOIL MATERIAL AND REDUCES AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE THE
AMOUNT OF RADIONUCLIDE-BEARING MATERIAL LEFT WITHIN 3 TO 4 FEET
OF THE SURFACE
Three land use scenarios are most probable for the proposed mine after
reclamation: (1) construction of private or commercial developments,
(2) farmland, or (3) natural systems. Any radiation-related impacts to
human beings would potentially be greatest in developed areas. Should
buildings, such as residences, be located on the reclaimed areas of the
proposed mine site, indoor radon and radon progeny concentrations would
occur at higher levels in these buildings than would be found in
adjacent outdoor areas. Roessler et_ a\_. (1978) proposed three equations
to predict indoor Ra-progeny WL standards for dwellings on reclaimed
mined lands. The equations used , Rn-flux, and soil-Ra concentrations
to calculate indoor WL. The WLs predicted from these equations were
found to be poorly correlated to actual measured indoor WLs. Due to
these poor correlations, the most current (January 1985) proposed
environmental radiation standards regulations will depend on actual
measured indoor WLs in dwellings built on reclaimed mined lands. The
proposed standards include gamma radiation in dwellings of 20 uR/hr and
an annual average radon decay product concentration of 0.02 WL
(including background). Dwellings that do not meet the standards will
not be approved for occupancy.
The indoor WL equations can still be used to compare estimated indoor
radon WL to background conditions, with an understanding of the possi-
bility of extreme variability of these estimates.
The sand/clay mix land forms are not as suitable as the overburden areas
for residential development. The indoor WL (as calculated from radon
flux values) is predicted to be as high as 0.023 WL for the sand/clay
mix areas. If the dwellings were built with a 2-foot thick topsoil cao
over the sand/clay mix, the estimated indoor WL would be reduced to
0.021. The overburden land forms are more desirable building sites and
6-5
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are estimated to have an indoor WL of 0.011 on overburden in land-and-
lakes or on overburden fill areas. Sand tailings fill land forms,
capped with 2 feet of topsoil, are estimated to have a WL of 0.017.
6.1.8 MEET COUNTY AND STATE RECLAMATION REQUIREMENTS AND INCLUDE AN
INVENTORY OF TYPES OF WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE AREA TO RE MINED
AND THE AREA IMMEDIATELY SURROUNDING IT
CF Industries' proposed Hardee Phosphate Complex II mine is defined in
Section 380.06, Florida Statutes, as a Development of Regional Impact
(DRI). In accordance with Florida regulations for DRIs, CF Industries
submitted an Application for Development Approval, including a Mining
and Reclamation Master Plan, for review and approval by both Hardee
County and the State of Florida. On June 30, 1976, Hardee County issued
a Development Order to CF Industries for the proposed project. A
Mineral Extraction Permit and zoning variance aporoval were also granted
to CF Industries by Hardee County on June 30, 1976.
An inventory of the types of wildlife habitat found in the area to be
mined by CF Industries and in the adjacent surrounding area has been
conducted and is included within this Environmental Impact Statement.
6.1.9 THE MINING AND RECLAMATION PLAN WILL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE
PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF HABITAT SO SELECTED SPECIES OF
WILDLIFE WILL BE ADEQUATELY PROTECTED DURING MINING AND
RECLAMATION
CF's mining plan calls for 80-acre parcels of land to be sequentially
cleared in preparation of dragline mining. Approximately 14,925 acres
would be altered and reclaimed during the life of the proposed Hardee
Phosphate Complex II mine. Mining is expected to require approximatelv
27 years. Reclamation of all mined lands will be completed within
8 years after mining ends. CF's proposed reclamation plan would restore
the 14,925 acres to various land use and cover categories. A
6-6
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significant percentage of the restored land cover types could
potentially be utilized as wildlife habitat.
Table 6.1.9-1 indicates the net effect of reclamation on the extent of
the general vegetation associations. As indicated in Table 6.1.9-1, in
addition to improved pasture, the proposed reclamation plan will
increase the amount of potential wildlife habitat on the mine site in
the form of pine flatwoods and other hardwoods (13.7 percent), fresh-
water swamp (10.1 percent), freshwater marsh (5.6 percent) and lakes
(100 percent). The reclaimed land forms will be scattered throughout
the mine site, and all forested and non-forested habitats will be
planted with native plant species.
Among the animal species that would be adversely affected by the project
is the Eastern Indigo snake listed as a threatened species by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). To assess the impact which the
project will have on this species' population, consultation procedures
are being implemented with the USFWS (see Section 7.0 Coordination).
The USFWS will be providing EPA with a biological opinion regarding the
effects of the project on endangered and threatened species. Based on
site investigations, it is felt that the proposed project is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or adversely
modify habitat essential for their existence. However, if listed
species are identified, any mitigating measures recommended by USFWS
will be incorporated as conditions to the NPDES permit.
6.1.10 PROTECT OR RESTORE WETLANDS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE CORPS
OF ENGINEERS, SECTION 404, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT,
PURSUANT TO 404(b) GUIDELINES (40 CFR 230)
Federal jurisdiction over wetlands is based primarily on Section 404 of
the Clean Water Act of 1977 (33 USC, 1344), formerly known as the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, in which wetlands are defined,
their uses and values described, and a basis for regulation presented.
6-7
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Table 6.1.9-1. Existing and Post-Reclamation Land Use
Land
Code*
211
212
213
231
321
411
422
520
621
641
Use
Type
Row Crops
Field Crops
Improved
Pasture
Orange Grove
Palmetto
Prairie
Pine
Flat woods
Other
Hardwoods
Lakes
Freshwater
Swamp
Freshwater
Marsh
TOTAL
Existing
Acres iJT
13.1 0.09
44.1 0.29
1310.3 8.74
2.6 0.02
6957.2 46.40
732.7 4.89
2354.8 15.70
—
1239.9 8.27
2339.3 15.60
14994 100.00
Proposed Post-
Disturbance Reclamation
Acres % Acres
13.1 0.09
44.1 0.30
1310.3 8.78 6659
2.6 0.02
6957.2 46.61
732.7 4.91 1500
2354.8 15.78 1900
1055
1194.8 8.00 1410
2315.4 15.51 2470
14925 100.00 14,994
%
—
—
44.41
—
—
10.00
12.67
7.04
9.40
16.47
99.99
* Based on Florida Land Use and Cover Classificaton System, 1976.
t Less than 100 percent, due to rounding.
Source: CF Industries, 1984.
6-8
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Subsequently, vegetation lists were developed to assist in defining
wetlands (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1978), and a functional and
physical approach to wetland classification has been developed (Cowardin
et^ al_. , 1977). Reppert et_ al_., (1979) provide a technical concept and
procedure for evaluation of wetlands based on the requirements of the
Clean Water Act. The procedure emphasizes ecosystem functional criteria
and structural characteristics rather than the presence of certain
species as criteria. This provides a basin-wide assessment among widely
varying wetland types and allows an evaluation of a particular site as a
unit within a large system.
In the Final Areawide Environmental Impact Statement for the Central
Florida Phosphate Industry (EPA, 1978), the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency established a wetlands categorization system to serve
as a guideline for regulating the mining and reclamation of wetlands.
This system entailed the assignment of wetlands on new source mine sites
into one of three categories:
Category 1: Preserve and Protect—Wetlands that must be preserved and
protected without disruption. Wetlands within and contiguous to rivers
and streams having an average annual flow exceeding 5 cubic feet per
second as well as other specific wetlands determined to serve essential
environmental functions, including water quality. (These are wetlands
that provide an essential synergistic support to the ecosystem and that
would have an unacceptable adverse impact if they were altered,
modified, or destroyed.) This generally includes cypress swamps, swamp
forests, wet prairies, and certain freshwater marshes.
Category 2: Mine and Restore Equivalent Acreage—Wetlands that should
be restored as wetlands to perform useful wetland functions. This also
includes certain isolated noncategory wetlands that serve a primary
function or several minor functions that may be maintained through
proper restoration.
6-9
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Category 3: Mine With No Restoration of Wetlands—Wetlands that would
not have to be restored as wetlands. These are isolated and normally
intermittent in nature, have less significant hydrological functions
than Category 2, and minimal life-support value.
CF Industries' proposed reclamation plan will result in an increase in
post-mining wetland acreage:
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
TOTAL
Acres
Existing
766
2,264
550
3,580
Acres
Disturbed
697
2,264
550
3,511
Acres
Protected
by CF
69
0
0
69
Percent
Protected
9
0
0
2
Acres
Reclaimed
697
2,264
850
3,811
The disturbance of Category 1 wetlands by CF has not been approved by
EPA. Mining of these wetland areas will not be allowed until CF has
demonstrated the ability to restore the functional integrity and value
of these onsite wetlands. After CF provides a demonstrated successful
restoration program, EPA will reevaluate its position on mining these
Category 1 areas.
CF's reclamation plan would preserve 69 acres of wetlands and ultimately
increase the amount of wetland acreage on the mined site through
restoration operations by approximately 300 acres.
6.1.11 MAKE EFFORTS TO PRESERVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORICAL SITES
THROUGH AVOIDANCE OR MITIGATE BY SALVAGE EXCAVATION PERFORMED BY
A PROFESSIONALLY COMPETENT AGENCY ANY SITES DEEMED SIGNIFICANT
BY THE FLORIDA DIVISION OF ARCHIVES. HISTORY, AND RECORDS
MANAGEMENT. IF MITIGATION IS CHOSEN, THE RESULTING REPORT
SHOULD BE SUBMITTED TO THAT STATE AGENCY FOR EXAMINATION AND
COMMENT
An archaeological and historical survey of the proposed CF Industries
site was conducted in 1976, and the results were submitted to the
6-10
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Florida Department of State, Division of Historic Resources (formerly
the Division of Archives, History, and Records Management). It is the
opinion of that agency that six regionally significant archaeological
sites (SHrlO and SHrll are no longer on mine property) be subjected to
further systematic testing. A professional archaeologist will perform
salvage excavation, and a report will be submitted to the Division of
Historic Resources for review and acceptance of conclusions prior to
mining of these archaeological resources.
6.2 REFERENCES
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golef, and E.T. LaRue. 1977.
Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United
States. Operational Draft, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Florida Department of Rehabilitation Services. 1978. Study of Radon
Daughter Concentrations in Structures in Polk and Hillsborough
Counties.
Reppert, R.T., W. Sigleo, E. Stakhiv, L. Messman, and D. Meyers. 1979.
Wetland Values: Concepts and Methods for Wetland Evaluation. IWR
Research Report 79-R1. U.S. Army Engr. Inst. for Water. Res.
Kingman Bid., Ft. Belvoir, Va.
Roessler, C.E., Wethington, J.A., and Bolch, W.E. 1978. Radioactivitv
of Lands and Associated Structures. Fourth Semiannual Technical
Report Submitted to Florida Phosphate Council by University of
Florida College of Engineering.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1978. Preliminary Guide to Wetlands of
Peninsular Florida. Major Associations and Communities Identified.
Technical Report Y-28-2. Environmental Effects Lab., Vicksburg,
Miss.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Final Environmental Impact
Statement for the Central Florida Phosphate Industry.
EPA 904/9-78-026a.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979a. Draft Environmental
Impact Statement, Estech General Chemicals Corporation, Duette
Mine. EPA 904/9-79-044.
6-11
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979b. Indoor Radiation Exposure
due to Radium-226 in Florida Phosphate Lands. Office of Radiation
Programs, Washington, D.C. EPA 520/4-78-013.
6-12
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7.0 COORDINATION
7.1 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT COORDINATION LIST
The following federal, state, and local agencies; public officials;
organizations; and interest groups have been requested to comment on
this impact statement.
7.1.1 FEDERAL AGENCIES
• Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
• Bureau of Mines
• Coast Guard
• Corps of Engineers
• Council on Environmental Quality
• Department of Agriculture
• Department of Commerce
• Department of Education
• Department of the Interior
• Department of Transportation
• Department of Health and Human
Services
• Department of Housing and Urban
Development
• Department of Energy
• Federal Highway Administration
• Fish and Wildlife Service
• Food and Drug Administration
• Forest Service
• Geological Survey
• National Park Service
• Economic Development
Administration
• Public Health Service
7.1.2 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS
• Honorable Lawton Chiles
United States Senate
Honorable D. Robert Graham
United States Senate
• Honorable Andy P. Ireland
U.S. House of Representatives
7.1.3 STATE
• Honorable Robert Martinez,
Governor
• Toby Holland, State Representative
• Marlene Woodson, State Senator
• Coastal Coordinating Council
• Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Regulation
Commission
Department of State
7-1
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• Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services
• Department of Community Affairs
• Geological Survey
• Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
• Department of Administration
• Department of Commerce
• Department of Health and
Rehabilitative Services
• Bureau of Intergovernmental
Relations
• Department of Environmental
Regulation
• Department of Transportation
7.1.4 LOCAL AND REGIONAL
• Hillsborough County Commission
• Polk County Commission
• Manatee County Commission
• DeSoto County Commission
• Hardee County Commission
• Hardee County Building & Zoning
Department
• Tampa Bay Regional Planning
Council
• Central Florida Regional
Planning Council
• Southwest Florida Water
Management District
7.1.5 INTEREST GROUPS
• The Fertilizer Institute
• Florida Phosphate Council
• Florida Audubon Society
• Florida Sierra Club
• Manasota 88
• Florida Defenders of the
Environment
• Izaak Walton League of
America
• Florida Wildlife Federation
7.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING
On May 29, 1981, EPA published a Notice of Intent to prepare an EIS for
the proposed project which at that time included plans for a chemical
fertilizer plant. A scoping meeting for the project was held by EPA in
Wauchula, Florida, on July 13, 1981. It should be noted that among the
issues discussed at the scoping meeting were CF's initial plans for a
chemical fertilizer plant on the project site. Such plans for the
chemical plant have now been abandoned.
As a result of these efforts to foster public participation, comments
regarding the project have been solicited and received by EPA during the
interviewing period leading to the publication of this Draft EIS.
7-2
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7.3 CONSULTATION WITH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
EPA has performed all consultation procedures in accordance with the
requirements of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended. On February 19, 1982, EPA requested the Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) to provide a list of threatened and endangered species
that may be present onsite. On February 25, 1982, FWS provided a list
of species that could occur in the area of CF's proposed new mine. On
December 3, 1986, FWS was provided a biological assessment of the
proposed construction, operations, and associated activities; the
impacts of such actions on listed species and their habitats; and the
proposed efforts to be taken to eliminate, reduce, or mitigate any
adverse effects. On December 11, 1986, FWS commented that this informa-
tion "adequately addresses endangered species concerns." EPA determined
that the issuance of an NPDES permit for the proposed project may effect
certain listed species and on March 4, 1987, officially requested that
Section 7 consultation procedures with FWS be implemented. On March 26,
1987, FWS responded to this request by providing a Biological Opinion
regarding the effects of the proposed project on threatened and
endangered species (FWS, 1987).
FWS stated that, in their opinion, "the endangered and threatened
species occurring on the CF site are the wood stork and the eastern
indigo snake...No direct harm to wood storks is expected from the mining
operations, but wood storks will be temporarily displaced during mining.
Extensive areas of feeding habitat will be temporarily lost during
mining and in the initial stages of reclamation...Based on our review of
the reclamation plan suitable feeding habitat will be created and
available for wood stork feeding."
FWS did find, however, that a "long-term impact of the proposed project
will be a reduction in available eastern indigo snake habitat. This
permanent loss of habitat will reduce the potential for complete
recolonization of the site by eastern indigo snakes...An acceptable
relocation program for snakes could eliminate some of these
problems.. ."
7-3
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Based on FWS's review of the project, their Biological Opinion stated
that "this project is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of the eastern indigo snake or wood stork." FWS did recommend, however,
that EPA require an acceptable relocation program for eastern indigo
snakes. This program is presented as a project mitigation measure in
Section 2.11.5.2. FWS also recomended that all relocation activities
conducted as part of this mitigation program be coordinated with the
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission and should follow an
accepted and approved eastern indigo snake relocation protocol.
7.4 CONSULTATION WITH THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER
EPA has conducted all the consultation requirements established by
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. In 1976
the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) of the Florida Department
of State, Division of Historic Resources (DHR) (formerly, the Division
of Archives, History and Records Management) was provided a description
of the proposed project and a research report entitled "An Archaeo-
logical and Historical Survey of the CF Mining Corporation Property in
Northwestern Hardee County, Florida." This report was submitted
pursuant to the procedures for consultation and comment promulgated by
the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in 35 CFR 800. DHR (1986)
determined that the survey established the location of all regionally
significant sites. DHR recommended that regionally significant sites be
subjected to systematic testing by a professional archaeologist prior to
the onset of any mining activities in the immediate vicinities of the
sites if mining could not be avoided. CF Industries should retain a
professional archaeologist to perform salvage excavation on the
regionally significant sites with enough lead time that the field work
and results could be reviewed by SHPO and the conclusions accepted prior
to mining within the immediate vicinity of these sites.
7-4
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7.5 COORDINATION WITH THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Some of the wetlands on the CF site fall under the regulatory
jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) by Section 404,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA). For CF to accomplish the
proposed action in those wetland areas onsite, a Section 404 permit
would be required.
In 1981, EPA, COE, and CF Industries executed a joint Memorandum of
Understanding which established EPA as the lead agency and COE as a
cooperating agency in the preparation of this EIS. COE was provided the
opportunity for review and comment on the Plan of Study and on all work
performed by the third-party consultant, including the Preliminary Draft
EIS.
7.6 REFERENCES
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Correspondence from David J.
Wesley to Patricia A. Brooks dated March 26, 1987.
Division of Historic Resources, Florida Department of State. 1986.
Correspondence from George Percy, Chief, Bureau of Historic
Preservation, to Richard Zwolak, dated October 23, 1986.
7-5
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8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS
This Draft EIS for the proposed CF Industries phosphate mining and
beneficiation project was prepared for EPA by Environmental Science and
Engineering, Inc. (ESE-Tampa and Gainesville, Florida) and Reynolds,
Smith and Hills (RS&H-Tampa, Florida) using the Third Party EIS
preparation method. The names and qualifications of the ESE/RS&H staff
responsible for the preparation of this EIS are presented in Table 8-1.
An independent evaluation of all information presented in this EIS was
also performed by the following EPA officials:
Name
Robert B. Howard
A. Jean Tolman/Patricia A. Brooks
Andrea E. Zimmer
Louis Nagler
Doyle T. Brittain
Richard Boone
Gail D. Mitchell
H. Richard Payne
Andrea E. Zimmer
John T. Marlar
William L. Kruczynski
Delbert B. Hicks
Responsibility
Chief, NEPA Compliance Section
EIS Project Officer
NPDES Permit Coordinator
Air Quality/Noise
Air Quality/Noise
Geology and Ground Water
Geology and Ground Water
Radiation
Surface Water
Surface Water
Terrestrial Ecology
Aquatic Ecology
For information on the material presented in this Draft Environmental
Impact Statement, contact Robert B. Howard at (404) 347-3776
(FTS/257-3776).
8-1
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Table 8-1. Nanes, Qualifications and Responsibilities of Persons who are Primarily
Responsible fbr Preparing the CF Industries, Inc. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement
Name
Responsibility
Qualifications
Jack D. Doolittle
Project Director
J. Ibnald Ratliff
Project Manager
Clay A. Alans
Project Coordinator
David A. Buff
Air, Meteorology
Michael J. Geden
Geology
Robert G. Gregory
Ground Water
B.A. Economics; Vice President,
Ehvironnental Science and
Engineering, Inc.; 14 years
experience in the management of
interdisciplinary projects
including Environmental Impact
Statements.
M.S. Planning; Vice President,
Reynolds, ftiith and Hills, Inc.;
16 years experience in the
direction and managanent of
interdisciplinary environmental
studies and permit compliance
prograns.
M.S. Efcology/ZDology; Associate
Vice President, Ehvironnental
Science and Engineering, Inc.;
15 years experience in biologi-
cal studies and management of
interdisciplinary projects,
including permit applications.
M.E. Environmental Engineering,
Environmental Science and
Engineering, Inc.*; 15 years
experience in environnental
studies, including meteorology,
air quality, and impact
studies.
B.S. Earth Science; Site Geo-
logist, Environmental Science
and Engineering, Inc.; 5 years
experience in geophys cal
investigation, geologic struc-
ture and process, geonorpholcgy,
and field sanpling.
M.S. Geology; Project Geologist,
Ehvironnental Science and
Engineering, Inc.; 8 years
experience in hydrology, geo-
hydrology, and impact studies.
8-2
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Table 8*1. Danes, Qualifications and Responsibilities of Persons wto are Primarily
Responsible for Preparing the CF Industries, Inc. Draft Environnental Impact
Statement (Continued, Page 2 of 2)
Nane
Responsibility
Qualifications
Gregory Gensheimer
Radiation
Gary H. Tburtellotte
Aquatic Ecology
Anthony N. Arcuri
Terrestrial Ecology
Warren Pandorf
Surface Water
Richard A. Zwolak
Socioeconcmics
Annette Ball
Editor
Ph.D. Soil Science; Soil
Scientist, Environnental Science
and Engineering, Inc.; 6 years
experience in soil contamination
studies and risk assessments.
Ecologist, Environmental Science
and Engineering, Inc.; 7 years
experience in the assessment of
mining impacts on aquatic
cotmunities.
M.S. Botany; Head, Department of
Ecological Services; 8 years
experience in field surveys,
wetland and wildlife impact
statments, and biological
systems evaluations for permit
applications.
Department Ifead Water Resources
Engineering; Environnental
Science and Engineering, Inc.; 7
years experience in conducting
surface and ground water
baseline monitoring studies for
environmental studies.
M.A. Geography; Ifead,
Environnental Planning
Department; Reynolds, 9nith and
Hills, Inc.; 8 years experience
in assessing impacts on
transportation, housing, labor/
employment, recreation, and
public services and government
finances.
BFA Communications; Manager,
Document Production, Reynolds,
Smth and Hills, Inc.; 5 years
experience in coordination and
editing documentation for
environmental studies.
*Mr. Buff is currently employed at KBN Engineering and Applied Science, Inc.,
Gainesville, Florida.
8-3
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9.0 INDEX
Aesthetics: 3-233, 3-266, 5-3
Air Quality: 3-1, 3-4, 4-1
Alternatives
EPA's Preferred: 2-123
Matrix Processing: 2-1, 2-31, 2-44
Matrix Transport: 2-1, 2-49, 2-50
No Action: 2-118, 3-12, 3-32, 3-58, 3-103, 3-150
Plant Siting: 2-1, 2-52
Product Transport: 2-1, 2-108
Reclamation: 2-1, 2-32, 2-83
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal: 2-1, 2-32, 2-71
Water Management: 2-1, 2-56
Wetlands Preservation: 2-1, 2-105
Agricultural Resources: 3-221
Aquatic Ecology: 2-113, 3-151
Aquifers
Floridan: 2-69, 3-66, 3-83
Secondary Artesian: 3-83
Surficial: 2-66, 3-65, 3-144
Connector Wells: 2-66, 3-144, 6-4
Conventional Sand/Clay Disposal: 2-74
Coordination: 7-1
Endangered and Threatened Species: 3-166, 3-186, 3-188, 3-197
Energy: 5-3
Geology: 2-110, 3-13, 4-2
Ground Water
Quality: 3-72, 3-91, 3-135, 4-2
Quantity: 3-59, 3-92, 3-135, 4-2
Historical and Archaeological Resources: 5-5, 6-10
Human Resources
Community Services: 3-227, 3-260
Land Use: 3-220, 3-241
Transportation: 3-224, 3-243
9-1
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Hydrology: 2-110
Matrix Processing: 2-31, 2-44, 3-9, 3-51, 3-88, 3-133, 3-171, 3-202
Matrix Transport: 2-31, 2-38, 2-50, 3-9, 3-88, 3-133, 3-170, 3-202,
6-1
Meteorology: 3-1, 4-1
Mining: 2-29, 2-34, 2-37, 3-7, 3-129, 3-166, 3-190, 6-1
Mitigation Measures: 2-110
No Action Alternative: 2-118, 3-12, 3-32, 3-58, 3-103, 3-150, 3-179,
3-215, 3-268
Noise: 3-1, 3-6, 4-1
Plant Siting: 2-1, 2-52, 3-25, 3-135, 3-171
Process Water Sources
Ground Water Withdrawal: 2-59, 3-172, 3-202
Surface Water: 2-60, 3-172, 3-202
Product Transport: 2-108, 3-11, 3-179, 3-214
Proposed Action
Matrix Processing: 2-44, 3-9, 3-51, 3-88, 3-133, 3-171, 3-202
Matrix Transport: 2-31, 2-38, 2-43, 2-50, 3-9, 3-88, 3-133, 3-170,
3-202
Mining: 2-29, 2-34, 2-37, 3-7, 3-23, 3-129, 3-166, 3-190
Mitigation Measures: 2-110
Product Transport: 2-108, 3-11, 3-179, 3-214
Reclamation: 2-32, 2-83, 3-10, 3-31, 3-57, 3-100, 3-102, 3-147,
3-175, 3-206, 6-2
Plant Siting: 2-52, 3-171
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal: 2-32, 2-71, 3-26, 3-53, 3-97, 3-145,
3-174
Water Management: 2-32, 2-56, 3-91, 3-135, 3-202
Wetlands Preservation: 2-105, 3-96, 3-149, 3-178, 6-8
Radiation: 2-110, 3-33, 4-2, 6-4
Reclamation: 2-83, 2-103, 3-31, 3-100, 3-102, 3-147, 3-175, 3-206, 6-2
Recommended Action: 2-123
9-2
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Rivers, Creeks, and Streams
Brushy Creek: 3-105, 3-116, 3-120, 3-129, 3-151, 3-181
Coon's Bay: 3-105, 3-120, 3-121, 3-151, 3-181
Doe Branch: 3-105, 3-120, 3-121, 3-126, 3-130, 3-133, 3-136,
3-138, 3-143, 3-146, 3-151, 3-169, 3-181
Gum Swamp Branch: 3-111, 3-121, 3-122, 3-126, 3-151, 3-181
Mickey Branch: 3-105, 3-121, 3-122, 3-126, 3-151, 3-181
Hog Branch: 3-152, 3-151, 3-181
Horse Creek: 2-5, 3-105, 3-108, 3-111, 3-116, 3-121, 3-122, 3-129,
3-151, 3-168, 3-181
Lettis Creek: 3-105, 3-116, 3-120, 3-151, 3-181
Payne Creek: 3-105, 3-114, 3-120, 3-121, 3-122, 3-127, 3-129,
3-131, 3-136, 3-151, 3-173, 3-181
Peace River: 3-105, 3-114, 3-151, 3-181
Plunder Creek: 3-105, 3-121, 3-130, 3-133, 3-151, 3-169, 3-181
Shirttail Branch: 3-105, 3-120, 3-126, 3-130, 3-133, 3-136, 3-138,
3-143, 3-146, 3-151, 3-181
Troublesome Creek: 3-105, 3-127, 3-129, 3-151, 3-181
Sand/Clay Cap: 2-76, 2-101
Sand/Clay Mixing: 2-72
Socioeconomics: 2-116, 2-217, 4-5
Soils: 3-13, 3-18, 4-2, 5-2
Surface Water
Quality: 2-111, 3-93, 3-96, 3-111, 3-128, 3-131, 3-133, 3-134,
3-135, 3-136, 3-140, 3-144, 3-146, 3-147, 3-148, 3-149, 3-150,
4-3
Quantity: 3-93, 3-96, 3-105, 3-129, 3-133, 3-135, 3-136, 3-143,
3-144, 3-145, 3-147, 3-148, 3-149, 3-150, 4-3
Terrestrial Ecology
Vegetation: 2-111, 3-181, 4-4, 5-2
Wildlife: 2-113, 3-181, 4-4, 5-3, 6-5, 6-6
Waste Sand and Clay Disposal: 2-71, 3-26, 3-97, 3-145, 3-174
Water Management
Process Water Sources: 2-58, 3-91, 3-135, 3-172, 3-202
Discharge: 2-62, 2-121, 3-136, 3-172, 3-203, 6-1
Wetlands: 2-65, 2-83, 2-93, 2-105, 3-96, 3-143, 3-149, 3-173, 3-178,
3-193, 6-8
9-3
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APPENDIX A
DRAFT NPDES PERMIT FOR THE CF INDUSTRIES, INC.
HARDEE COUNTY, FLORIDA, PROJECT
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Pennit No: FL0040177
I UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION IV
345 COURTLAND STREET
ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30365
AUTHORIZATION TO DISCHARGE UNDER THE
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
In compliance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act, as amended
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq; the "Act"),
C. F. Mining Corporation
Post Office Box 1549
Wauchula, Florida 33873
is authorized to discharge from a facility located at
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
Section 20, 29, and 30;
Township 33 South, Range 24 East
Hardee County, Florida
to receiving waters named
Outfall 001 - Shirttail Branch
Outfall 002 - Doe Branch
Outfall 003 - Payne Creek
in accordance with effluent limitations, monitoring requirements and other
conditions set forth in Parts I, II, III, and IV hereof. The permit consists
of this cover sheet, Part I 11 pages, Part II 15 pages, and Part III 7
pages, Part IV 2 pages, Table 1 1 page, and Table 2 6 pages.
This permit shall become effective on
This permit and the authorization to discharge shall expire at midnight
Date Signed Bruce R. Barrett, Director
Water Management Division
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Page 1-1
Permit No.
FL0040177
PART I
A. EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
1. During the period beginning on the effective date of this permit and lasting through the term
of this permit, the permittee is authorized to discharge trom outtall(s) serial number(s) 001,
process generated and mine dewatering discharges from the mining and beneficiation of phosphate
rock.
Such discharges shall be limited and monitored by the permittee as specified below:
i
•J
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Part I.A. continued, Outfall 001:
Page 1-2
Permit No. FL0040177
EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTIC
kg/day
Daily Avg
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(e) —
Total Sulfate (e) —
DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS
(Ibs/day)
Daily Max
Other Units (Specify)
Daily Avg Daily Max
MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Measurement Sample
Frequency Type
I/Week
I/Week
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
2. The pH shall not be less than 6.0 standard units nor greater than 9.0 standard units and shall be monitored
I/Week during discharge with a grab sample.
3. The Biological Integrity Standard, Chapter 17-3.121(7), Florida Administrative Code, shall not be violated
by the facility's discharge of wastewater. Within sixty (60) days after the effective date of the permit,
the permittee shall submit to EPA a plan of study to establish a program sufficient to demonstrate compliance
with the Biological Integrity Standard.
The plan of study shall include sufficient monitoring stations for Shirttail Creek and an appropriate back-
ground station; a rationale for station selection; and a format for sampling. Such sampling shall be
conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 17-3.121(7) and acceptable biological field
investigation practices. The plan of study shall also include a sampling program for pertinent chemical
parameters, to include artmonia-nitrogen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and temperature at a minimum.
4. There shall be no discharge of floating solids or visible foam in other than trace amounts.
5. Samples taken in compliance with the monitoring requirements specified above shall be taken at the
following location(s): nearest accessible point after final treatment but prior to actual discharge or
mixing with the receiving streams.
6. Any requirements specified in the attached state certification supersede any less stringent requirements
listed above. Other conditions of the certification requiring submission of data or documents, not
identified in Part I of this permit, shall also be conditions of this permit and subject to the reporting
schedule of Part III A.
Notes:
a. Total phosphorus shall be for monitoring and reporting only, except as provided in Part III-B.
(Continued on next page)
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Page 1-3
Permit No. FL0040177
Part I.A.. continued, Outfall 001;
Notes, continued
b. Monitoring for combined radium 226 and 228 is required only if the value
for gross alpha particle activity, including radium 226 but excluding
radon and uranium, is greater than 15 pCi/1.
c. Monitoring for specific conductance, unionized ammonia, and dissolved
oxygen shall be discontinued after fifteen (15) months of sampling,
unless the results of monitoring demonstrate that monitoring for some
or all of these parameters should be continued and EPA notifies the
permittee of such in writing. However, after nine (9) months of sampling,
the permittee may request that monitoring for some or all of these
parameters be discontinued. If the monitoring results to that date
clearly demonstrate compliance, then monitoring for the corresponding
parameters(s) may be discontinued upon receipt of written approval from
EPA.
d. The maximum concentration of unionized ammonia in the effluent shall not
exceed the value listed in Table 1 (attached) for the appropriate pH
and temperature.
The effluent limitation for unionized ammonia shall be calculated as
follows:
Grab samples for pH and temperature shall be taken simultaneously with
the ammonia sample. Unionized ammonia shall be calculated in accordance
with Table 2 (attached). The calculated concentration of unionized
ammonia in the effluent shall not exceed the value listed in Table 1
tor the appropriate pH and temperature. The measured values for pH,
temperature, and ammonia; the calculated unionized ammonia concentration
from Table 1; and, the appropriate effluent limitation from Table 2
shall all be reported in the monthly discharge monitoring report (DMR).
e. Monitoring and reporting for total kjeldahl nitrogen and total sulfate
will be continued for a period of one year.
A-5
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Page 1-4
Permit No. FL0040177
PART I
A. EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
1. During the period beginning on the ettective date of this permit and lasting through the term
of this permit, the permittee is authorized to discharge trom outfall(s) serial number(s) 002,
process generated and mine dewatering discharges tran the mining and beneficiation ot phosphate
rock.
Such discharges shall be limited and monitored by the permittee as specified below:
EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTIC
ky/day
Daily Avg
Flow, M3/day (MGD)
Total non-volatile,
non-tilterable residue —
Total non-tilterable
residue —
Total Phosphorus
(as P) (a)
Fluorides —
Gross alpha particle
activity including
radium 226, but excluding
radon and uranium —
Combined radium 226
ana 228 (b)
Specific Conductance (c) —
Ammonia (unionized) (c)(d) —
Dissolved Oxygen (c) —
DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS
(Ibs/day)
Daily Max
Other Units (Specify)
Daily Avg Daily Max
12 my/1
30 ntj/1
MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Measurement Sample
Frequency Type
(During Discharge)
Continuous Recorder
2b my/1
6U my/1
10 my/I
15 pCi/1
I/Week
I/Week
I/Week
I/Week
I/Month
5 [Ci/1 I/Month
1275 micrcmhos I/Week
cm
I/Week
5.0 my/1 (min.) I/Week
24-Hr, Composite
24-Hr, Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
Grab
Grab
(Continued on next paye)
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Page 1-5
Permit No. FL0040177
Part I.A. continued, Outfall 002:
EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTIC DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
kg/day (Ibs/day)other Units (Specify) Measurement Sample
Daily Avg Daily Max Daily Avg Daily Max Frequency Type
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(e) - _ _ - I/Week 24-Hr. Composite
Total Sulfate (e) - - - l/*eek 24-Hr. Coiposzte
2. The pH shall not be less than 6.0 standard units nor greater than 9.0 standard units and shall be monitored
1/Vveek during discharge with a grab sample.
3 The Biological Integrity Standard, Chapter 17-3.121(7), Florida Administrative Code, shall not be violated
by the facility's discharge of wastewater. Within sixty (60) days after the effective date of the permit,
the permittee shall submit to EPA a plan of study to establish a program sufficient to demonstrate compliance
with the Biological Integrity Standard.
The plan of study shall include sufficient monitoring stations for Doe Branch and an appropriate back-
ground station; a rationale for station selection; and a format for sampling. Such sampling shall be
conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 17-3.121(7) and acceptable biological field
investigation practices. The plan of study shall also include a sampling program for pertinent chemical
parameters, to include annonia-nitrogen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and temperature at a minimum.
4. There shall be no discharge of floating solids or visible foam in other than trace amounts.
5. Samples taken in compliance with the monitoring requirements specified above shall be taken at the
following location(s): nearest accessible point after final treatment but prior to actual discharge or
mixing with the receiving streams.
6. Any requirements specified in the attached state certification supersede any less stringent requirements
listed above. Other conditions of the certification requiring submission of data or documents, not
identified in Part I of this permit, shall also be conditions of this permit and subject to the reporting
schedule of Part III A.
Notes:
a. Total phosphorus shall be for monitoring and reporting only, except as provided in Part III-B.
(Continued on next page)
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Page 1-6
Permit No. FL0040177
Part I.A. continued, Outfall 002;
Notes, continued
b. Monitoring for combined radium 226 and 228 is required only if the value
for gross alpha particle activity, including radium 226 but excluding
radon and uranium, is greater than 15 pCi/1.
c. Monitoring for specific conductance, unionized ammonia, and dissolved
oxygen shall be discontinued after fifteen (15) months of sampling,
unless the results of monitoring demonstrate that monitoring for some
or all of these parameters should be continued and EPA notifies the
permittee of such in writing. However, after nine (9) months of sampling,
the permittee may request that monitoring for seme or all of these
parameters be discontinued. If the monitoring results to that date
clearly demonstrate compliance, then monitoring for the corresponding
parameters(s) may be discontinued upon receipt of written approval from
EPA.
d. The maximum concentration of unionized ammonia in the effluent shall not
exceed the value listed in Table 1 (attached) for the appropriate pH
and temperature.
The effluent limitation for unionized ammonia shall be calculated as
follows:
Grab samples for pH and temperature shall be taken simultaneously with
the ammonia sample. Unionized ammonia shall be calculated in accordance
with Table 2 (attached). The calculated concentration of unionized
ammonia in the effluent shall not exceed the value listed in Table 1
for the appropriate pH and temperature. The measured values for pH,
temperature, and ammonia; the calculated unionized ammonia concentration
from Table 1; and, the appropriate effluent limitation from Table 2
shall all be reported in the monthly discharge monitoring report (EMR).
e. Monitoring and reporting for total kjeldahl nitrogen and total sulfate
will be continued for a period of one year.
A-8
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Page 1-7
Permit No. FL0040177
PART I
A. EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND MONITORING REQUIREMtNTS
1. During the period beginning on the effective date of this permit and lasting through the term
of this permit, the permittee is authorized to discharge from outtall(s) serial number(s) 003,
process generated and mine dewateriny discharges from the mining and beneficiation of phosphate
rock.
Such discharges shall be limited and monitored by the permittee as specified below:
EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTIC DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS
kg/day (Ibs/day)
Daily Avg Daily Max
Other Units (Specify)
Daily Avg Daily Max
Flow, M3/day (MGD)
Ibtal non-volatile,
non-filterable residue
Total non-filterable
res idue
Total Phosphorus
(as P) (a)
Fluorides
Gross alpha particle
activity including
radium 226, but excluding
radon and uranium
Combined radium 226
and 228 (b)
Specific Conductance (c)
Ammonia (unionized) (c)(d)
Dissolved oxygen (c)
12 ny/1
30 mg/1
MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Measurement Sample
Frequency Type
(During Discharge)
Continuous Recorder
2b mg/1
60 my/1
10 my/I
15 pCi/1
5 pCi/1
1/Vveek
I/Week
1/Vveek
I/Week
I/Month
I/Month
1275 micrcmhos I/Week
cm
I/Week
5.0 ny/1 (min.) 1/Vveek
24-Hr. Composite
24-hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
24-Hr. Composite
Grab
Grab
(Continued on next page)
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Page 1-8
Permit No. FL0040177
Part I.A. continued. Outfall 003:
EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTIC DISCHARGE LIMITATIONS MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
kg/day (Ibs/day)Other Units (Specify) MeasurementSample
Daily Avg Daily Max Daily Avg Daily Max Frequency Tvoe
~~ ~~~ ~~~~
Total sulfate (e) - - __ __ 1/Week
2" ?AG Pu f1*11 "^ ^ lGSS than 6'° standard units nor greater than 9.0 standard units and shall be monitored
1/Vveek during discharge with a grab sample. ^teu
3. The Biological Integrity Standard, Chapter 17-3.121(7), Florida Administrative Code, shall not be violated
by the facility s discharge of wastewater. Within sixty (60) days after the effective date of the permit
the permittee shall submit to EPA a plan of study to establish a program sufficient to demonstrate compliance
> with the Biological Integrity Standard.
o
The plan of study shall include sufficient monitoring stations for Payne Creek and an appropriate back-
ground station; a rationale for station selection; and a format for sampling. Such sampling shall be
conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 17-3.121(7) and acceptable biological field
investigation practices. The plan of study shall also include a sampling program for pertinent chemical
parameters, to include antnonia-nitrcgen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and temperature at a minimum.
4. There shall be no discharge of floating solids or visible foam in other than trace amounts.
5. Samples taken in compliance with the monitoring requirements specified above shall be taken at the
following location(s): nearest accessible point after final treatment but prior to actual discharqe or
mixing with the receiving streams.
6. Any requirements specified in the attached state certification supersede any less stringent requirements
listed above. Other conditions of the certification requiring submission of data or documents, not
identified in Part I of this permit, shall also be conditions of this permit and subject to the reporting
schedule of Part III A. t^ v
Notes:
a. Total phosphorus shall be tor monitoring and reporting only, except as provided in Part Ill-b.
(Continued on next page)
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Page 1-9
Permit No. FL0040177
Part I.A. continued, Outfall 003;
Notes, continued
b. Monitoring for combined radium 226 and 228 is required only if the value
for gross alpha particle activity, including radium 226 but excluding
radon and uranium, is greater than 15 pCi/1.
c. Monitoring for specific conductance, unionized ammonia, and dissolved
oxygen shall be discontinued after fifteen (15) months of sampling,
unles$ the results of monitoring demonstrate that monitoring for some
or all of these parameters should be continued and EPA notifies the
permittee of such in writing. However, after nine (9) months of sampling,
the permittee may request that monitoring for some or all of these
parameters be discontinued. If the monitoring results to that date
clearly demonstrate compliance, then monitoring for the corresponding
parameters(s) may be discontinued upon receipt of written approval from
EPA.
d. The maximum concentration of unionized ammonia in the effluent shall not
exceed the value listed in Table 1 (attached) for the appropriate pH
and temperature.
The effluent limitation for unionized ammonia shall be calculated as
follows:
Grab samples for pH and temperature shall be taken simultaneously with
the ammonia sample. Unionized ammonia shall be calculated in accordance
with Table 2 (attached). The calculated concentration of unionized
aninonia in the effluent shall not exceed the value listed in Table 1
for the appropriate pH and temperature. The measured values for pH,
temperature, and ammonia; the calculated unionized ammonia concentration
from Table 1; and, the appropriate effluent limitation from Table 2
shall all be reported in the monthly discharge monitoring report (CMR).
e. Monitoring and reporting for total kjeldahl nitrogen and total sulfate
will be continued for a period of one year.
A-ll
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Part I
Page 1-10
Permit No. FL0040177
2. DEFINITIONS
A. For Mine Discharges
(a) The term "mine dewatering" shall mean any water that is impounded or that collects
in the mine and is pumped, drained, or otherwise removed from the mine through the
efforts of the mine operator. However, if a mine is also used for the treatment of
process generated wastewater, discharges of commingled water from the mine shall be
deemed discharges of process generated wastewater.
(b) The term "mine" shall mean an area of land, surface or underground, actively used
for or resulting from the extraction of a mineral from natural deposits.
(c) The term "process generated wastewater" shall mean any wastewater used in the
slurry transport of mined material, air emissions control, or processing exclusive
of mining. The term shall also include any other water which becomes commingled
with such wastewater in a pit, pond, lagoon, mine, or other facility used for
settling or treatment of such wastewater.
(d) The term "total non-filterable residue (total suspended solids)" shall mean those
solids which are retained by an approved filter and dried to a constant weight at
103° to 105° C as described at page 94 of the 14th edition of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
(e) The term "non-filterable, non-volatile residue (fixed solids)" shall mean those
solids which represent the difference between the total non-filterable residue and
the total volatile residue determined in accordance with the test methods specified
at page 95 of the 14th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater.
(f) The term "total phosphorus" shall mean the total phosphorus in an unfiltered sample
measured in milligrams per liter using the manual or automated ascorbic acid method
following persulfate digestion as referenced at pages 476, 481, and 624 of the 14th
edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater or measured
in accordance with a comparable analytical method approved by EPA and DER.
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Part I
Page 1-11
Permit No. FL0040177
B. SCHEDULE OF COMPLIANCE
1. The permittee shall achieve compliance with the effluent limitations
specified for discharges in accordance with the following schedule:
Operational Level Attained Effective Date of the Permit
No later than 14 calendar days following a date identified in the
above schedule of compliance, the permittee shall submit either a
report of progress or/ in the case of specific actions being required
by identified dates, a written notice of compliance or
noncompliance. In the latter case, the notice shall include the
cause of noncompliance, any remedial actions taken, and the
probability of meeting the next scheduled requirement.
A-13
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Part XX
Page XI-1
PART XX
STANDARD CONDITIONS FOR NPDES PEWITS
SECTION A. GENERAL OONDITIOHS
1. Duty to Comply
The permittee Bust comply with all conditions of this permit. Any permit
noncompliance constitutes • violation of the Clean Water Act and is grounds
for enforcement action; for permit termination, revocation and reissuance, or
modification; or for denial of a permit renewal application.
2. Penalties for Violations of Permit Conditions
Any person who violates a permit condition is subject to a civil penalty not
to exceed $10,000 per day of such violation. Any person vbo willfully or
negligently violates permit conditions is subject to a fine of not less than
§2,500 nor more than $25/000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment for not
•ore than 1 year, or both.
3. Duty to Mitigate
The permittee shall take all reasonable steps to minimize or prevent any
discharge in violation of this permit which has a reasonable likelihood of
adversely affecting human health or the environment.
4. Permit Modification
After notice and opportunity for • bearing, this permit may be modified,
terminated or revoked for cause (as described in 40 OTR 122.62 et seq)
including, but not limited to, the following:
a. Violaticr. of any terms or conditions of this permit)
b. Obtainit.3 this permit by misrepresentation or failure to disclose
fully all relevant facts;
c. A change in any conditions that requires either temporary
interruption or elimination of the permitted discharge; or
d. Information newly acquired by the Agency indicating the discharge
poses a threat to human health or welfare.
A-15
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Part II
Page ZI-2
If the permittee believes that any past or planned activity would be cause for
Modification or revocation and reissuance under 40 CFR 122.62, the permittee
Bust report such information to the Permit Issuing Authority. The submittal
of a new application may be required of the permittee. Hie filing of a
request by the permittee for a permit modification, revocation and reissuance,
or termination, or a notification of planned changes or anticipated
nonconpliance, does not stay any permit condition.
5. Itoxic Pollutanta
Notwithstanding Paragraph A-4, above, if a toxic effluent standard or
prohibition (including any schedule of compliance specified in such effluent
standard or prohibition) is established under Section 307(a) of the Act for a
toxic pollutant which is present in the discharge and such standard or
prohibition is acre stringent than any limitation for such pollutant in this
permit, this permit shall be modified or revoked and reissued to conform to
the toxic effluent standard or prohibition and the permittee so notified.
Hie permittee shall comply with effluent standards or prohibitions established
under Section 307(a) of the Clean Water Act for toxic pollutants within the
time provided in the regulations that establish those standards or
prohibitions, even if the permit has not yet been modified to incorporate the
requirement.
6. Civil and Criminal Liability
Accept as provided in permit conditions on •Bypassing* Section B, Paragraph
B-3, nothing in this permit shall be construed to relieve the permittee from
civil or criminal penalties for nonconpliance.
7. Oil and Hatardous Substance Liability
Nothing in this permit shall be construed to preclude the institution of any
legal action or relieve the permittee fron any responsibilities, liabilities,
or penalties to which the permittee is or may be subject under Section 311 of
the Act.
8. State Laws
Nothing in this permit shall be construed to preclude the institution of any
legal action or relieve the permittee from any responsibilities, liabilities,
or penalties established pursuant to any applicable State law or regulation
under authority preserved by Section 510 of the Act.
9. Property Rights
The issuance of this permit does not convey any property rights of any tort,
or any exclusive privileges, nor does it authorize any injury to private
property or any invasion of personal rights, nor any infringement of Federal,
State or local laws or regulations.
A-16
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Part XX
Page II-3
10. Onshore or Offshore Construction
This permit does not authorise or approve the construction of any onshore or
offshore physical structures or facilities or the undertaking of any work in
any waters of the Ohited States.
11. Severability
The provision* of this pernit are severable, and if any provision of this
permit, or the application of any provision of this permit to any
circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision to other
circumstances, and the remainder of this permit, shall not be affected thereby.
12. Duty to Provide Information
The permittee shall furnish to the Permit Issuing Authority, within a
reasonable time, any Information which the Permit Issuing Authority may
request to determine whether cause exists for modifying, revoking and
reissuing, or terminating this permit or to determine compliance with this
permit. The permittee shall also furnish to the Permit Issuing Authority upon
request, copies of records required to be kept by this permit.
SECTION B. OPERATION AWD MAINTENANCE OF POLLUTION ODNTROIfi
1. Proper Operation and Maintenance
The permittee shall at all times properly operate and maintain all facilities
and systems of treatment and control (and related appurtenances) which are
installed or used by the permittee to achieve compliance with the conditions
of this permit. Proper operation and maintenance also includes adequate
laboratory controls and appropriate quality assurance procedures. This
provision requires the operation of back-up or auxiliary facilities or similar
systems which are installed by a permittee only when the operation is
necessary to achieve compliance with the conditions of the permit.
2. Meed to Halt or Reduce not a Defense
It shall not be a defense for a permittee in an enforcement action that it
would have been necessary to halt or reduce the permitted activity in order to
maintain compliance with the condition of this permit.
3. Bypass of Treatment Facilities
a. Definitions
(1) "Bypass* metni tht intentional diveriion of waste streams from
•ny portion of a treatment facility, which is not a designed or
established operating mode for the facility.
A-17
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Part II
Page 11-4
(2) "Severe property damage" Beans substantial physical damage to
property* damage to the treatment facilities which causes them
to become inoperable, or substantial and permanent loss of
natural resources which can reasonably be expected to occur in
the absence of a bypass. Severe property danage does not mean
economic loss caused by delays in production.
b. Bypass not exceeding limitations.
The permittee may allow any bypass to occur which does not cause
effluent limitations to be exceeded, but only If it also is for
essential maintenance to assure efficient operation. These bypasses
are not subject to the provisions of Paragraphs c. and d. of this
section.
c. Itotice
(1) Anticipated bypass. If the permittee knows in advance of the
need for a bypass, it shall submit prior notice, if possible at
least ten days before the date of the bypass; including an
evaluation of the anticipated quality and effect of the bypass.
(2) Chanticipated bypass. The permittee shall submit notice of an
unanticipated bypass as required in Section D, Paragraph D-8
(24-hour notice).
d. Prohibition of bypass.
(1) Bypass is prohibited and the Permit Issuing Authority may take
enforcement action against a permittee for bypass, unless:
(a) Bypass was unavoidable to prevent loss of life, personal
injury, or severe property damage;
(b) There were no feasible alternatives to the bypass, such as
the use of auxiliary treatment facilities, retention of
untreated wastes, or maintenance during normal periods of
equipment downtime. This condition is not satisfied if
adequate back-up equipment should have been installed in
the exercise of reasonable engineering judgment to prevent
a bypass which occurred during normal periods of equipment
downtime or preventive maintenance; and
(c) The permittee submitted notices as required under Paragraph
c. of this section.
(2) The Permit Issuing Authority may approve an anticipated bypass,
after considering its adverse effects, if the Permit Issuing
Authority determines that it will meet the three conditions
listed above in Paragraph d.(l) of this section.
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Part II
Page II-5
4. Opsets
•Cpset" Beans an exceptional incident in which there in unintentional and
teaporary nonconpliance with technology based permit effluent limitations
because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the permittee. An
upset does not include noncoopliance to the extent caused by operational
error* improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment
facilities, lack of preventive maintenance, or careless or improper
operation. An upset constitutes an affirmative defense to an action
brought for non-compliance with such technology based permit limitation if
the requirements of 40 CFR 122. 41 (n) (3) are met.
5. Removed Substances
This permit does not authorize discharge of solids, sludge, filter backwash,
or other pollutants removed in the course of treatment or control of
wastewaters to waters of the United States unless specifically limited in Part
1.
SECTPN C. MONITORING AND RECORDS
1. Bepresentative Sampling
Samples and measurements taken as required herein shall be representative of
the volume and nature of the monitored discharge. All samples shall be taken
at the monitoring points specified in this permit and, unless otherwise
specified, before the effluent joins or is diluted by any other wastestream,
body of water, or substance. Monitoring points shall not be changed without
notification to and the approval of the Permit Issuing Authority.
2. Plow Measurements
Appropriate flow measurement devices and methods consistent with accepted
scientific practices shall be selected and used to insure the accuracy and
reliability of measurements of the volume of monitored discharges. Ibe
devices shall be installed, calibrated and maintained to insure that the
accuracy of the measurements are consistent with the accepted capability of
that type of device. Devices selected shall be capable of measuring flows
with a maximum deviation of less than + 10% from the true discharge rates
throughout the range of expected discharge volumes. Once-through condenser
cooling water flow which is monitored by pump logs, or pump hour meters as
specified In Part I of this permit and based on the manufacturer's pump curves
shall not be subject to this requirement. Guidance in selection,
installation, calibration and operation of acceptable flow measurement devices
can be obtained from the following references:
1. "A Guide of Methods and Standards for the Measurement of Water Flow*,
U.S. Department of Comae rce, National Bureau of Standards, N3S
Special Publication 421, May 1975, 97 pp. (Available from the O.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Order by SO
catalog No. C13.10i421.)
2. "Water Measurement Manual", U.S. Department -of Interior, Bureau of
Reclamation, Second Mition, Revised Reprint, 1974, 327 pp.
(Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C 20402. Order by catalog No. 127.19/2iW29/2, stock No. S/N
24003-0027.)
A-19
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Part II
Page II-6
(3) "now Measurement in Open Channels and Closed Conduits', U.S.
Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, .IBS Special
Publication 484, October 1977, 982 pp. (Available in paper copy or
Microfiche from National Technical Information Service (KTE),
Springfield, VA 22151. Order by NT IS Mo. PB-273 535/SST.)
(4) "KPDES Compliance Flow Measurement Manual", 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water Enforcement, Publication MCD-77,
September 1981, 135 pp. (Available from the General Services
Administration (8BRC), Centralized Mailing Lists Services, Building
41, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CD 80225.)
3. Monitoring Procedures
Monitoring Bust be conducted according to test procedures approved under 40
CFR Part 136, unless other test procedures have been specified in this permit.
4. Penalties for Tampering
The Clean Mater Act provides that any person who falsifies, tampers with, or
knowingly renders inaccurate, any monitoring device or method required to be
maintained under this permit shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of
not more than f 10,000 per violation, or by imprisonment for not more than 6
months per violation, or by both.
5. Retention of Records
The permittee shall retain records of all monitoring information, including
all calibration and maintenance records and all original strip chart
recordings for continuous monitoring instrumentation, copies of all reports
required by this permit, and records of all data used to complete the
application for this permit, for a period of at least 3 years from the date of
the sample, measurement, report or application. This period may be extended
by the Permit Issuing Authority at any time.
6. Record Contents
Records of monitoring information shall include:
a. Die date, exact place, and time of saapling or measurements;
b. The individual(s) who performed the sampling or measurements;
c. The date(s) analyses were performed;
d. The individual(s) who performed the analyses;
e. The analytical techniques or methods used; and
f. The results of such analyses.
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Part II
Page XI-7
7. Inspection and Ritry
The permittee shall allow the Permit Issuing Authority, or an authorized
representative, upon the presentation of credentials and other documents as
•ay be required by law, to:
a. Biter upon the permittee's premises where a regulated facility or
activity is located or conducted, or where records Bust be kept under
the conditions of this permit;
b. Have access to and copy, at reasonable tines, any records that Bust
be kept under the conditions of this permit»
C. Inspect at reasonable time any facilities, equipment (including
monitoring and control equipment), practices, or operations regulated
or required under this permit} and
d. Sample or monitor at reasonable times, for the purposes of assuring
permit compliance or as otherwise authorited by the Clean Mater Act,
any substances or parameters at any location.
SECT K>N D. REPORTING
1. Change in Discharge
The permittee shall give notice to the Permit Issuing Authority as soon as
possible of any planned physical alterations or additions to the permitted
facility, fotice is required only whent
a. The alteration or addition to a permitted facility may meet one of
the criteria for determining whether a facility is a new source; or
b. The alteration or addition could significantly change the nature or
increase the quantity of pollutants discharged. This notification
applies to pollutants which are subject neither to effluent
lieitations in the permit, nor to notification requirements under
Section D, Paragraph D-lO(a).
2. Anticipated Non compliance
The permittee shall give advance notice to the Permit Issuing Authority of any
planned change in the permitted facility or activity which may result in
noncompliance with permit requirements. Any maintenance of facilities, which
Bight necessitate unavoidable interruption of operation and degradation of
effluent quality, shall be scheduled during noncritical water quality periods
and carried out in a Banner approved by the Permit Issuing Authority.
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Part II
Page II-8
3. Transfer of Ownership or Control
A permit Bay be automatically transferred to another party if:
a. The permittee notifies the Pernit Issuing Authority of the proposed
transfer at least 30 days in advance of the proposed transfer date;
b. The notice includes a written agreement between the existing and new
permittees containing a specific date for transfer of permit
responsibility, coverage, and liability between them; and
c. The Permit Issuing Authority does not notify the existing permittee
of bis or her intent to modify or revoke and reissue the permit. If
this notice is not received, the transfer is effective on the date
specified in the agreement mentioned in paragraph b.
4. Monitoring Reports
See Part III of this permit.
5. Additional Monitoring by the Permittee
If the permittee monitors any pollutant more frequently than required by this
permit, using test procedures approved under 40 C7R 136 or as specified in
this permit, the results of this monitoring shall be included in the
calculation and reporting of the data submitted in the Discharge Monitoring
Report (CKR). Such increased frequency shall also be Indicated.
6. Averaging of Measurements
Calculations for limitations which require averaging of measurements shall
utilise an arithmetic mean unless otherwise specified by the Permit Issuing
Authority in the permit.
7. Compliance Schedules
Reports of compliance or noncompliance with, or any progress reports on,
interim and final requirements contained in any compliance schedule of this
permit shall be submitted no later than 14 days following each schedule date.
Any reports of noncompliance shall include the cause of noncompliance, any
remedial actions taken, and the probability of meeting the next scheduled
requirement.
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Part IX
Page XI-9
8. T*enty-ft>ur Hour Reporting
The permittee shall orally report any noncompliance which may endanger health
or the environment, within 24 hours from the time the permittee becoaes aware
of the circumstances. A written submission shall also be provided within 5
days of the time the permittee becoaes aware of the circumstances. The
written submission shall contain a description of the noncompliance and its
cause, the period of noncompliance, including exact dates and times; and if
the noncompl iance has not been corrected, the anticipated time it is expected
to continue, and steps taken or planned to reduce, eliminate, and prevent
reoccurrence of the noncompliance. The Permit Issuing Authority may verbally
waive the written report, on a case-by-case basis, when the oral report is
made.
The following violations shall be included in the 24 hour report when they
might endanger health or the environment:
a. AD unanticipated bypass which exceeds any effluent limitation in the
permit.
b. Any upset which exceeds any effluent limitation In the permit.
9. Other Npnconpliance
The permittee shall report in narrative fora, all instances of noncompliance
not previously reported under Section D, Paragraphs D-2, D-4, D-7, and D-8 at
the time monitoring reports are submitted. The reports shall contain the
information listed in Paragraph D-8.
10- Changes in Discharges of toxic Substances
The permittee shall notify the Permit Issuing Authority as soon as it knows or
has reason to believe:
a. That any activity has occurred or will occur which would result in
the discharge, on a routine or frequent basis, of any toxic
substance (a) (listed at 40 CFR 122, Appendix D, Table XX and XXI)
which is not limited in the permit, If that discharge will exceed the
highest of the following "notification levels":
(1) One hundred micrograns per liter (100 ug/1)t
(2) Two hundred micrograms per liter (200 ug/1) for acrolein and
acrylonitrile; five hundred micrograma per liter (500 ug/1) for
2,4-dinitrophenol and for 2-aethyl-4,6-dinitrophenol; and one
milligram per liter (1 mg/1) for antimony; or
(3) Five (5) times the maxinun concentration value reported for that
pollutant (8) in the permit application.
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Part II
Page 11-10
b. That any activity baa occurred or will occur which would result in
any discharge, on a non-routine or infrequent basis, of a toxic
pollutant (listed at 40 CFR 122, Appendix D. Table II and III) which
is not limited in the perait, if that discharge will exceed the
highest of the following •notification levels"s
(1) Five hundred micrograns per liter (500 ug/1);
(2) Che milligram per liter (1 mg/1) for antimony; or
(3) Ten (10) tines the maximum concentration value reported for that
pollutant (a) in the permit application.
11. Duty to Reapply
If the permittee wishes to continue an activity regulated by this permit after
the expiration date of this permit, the permittee Bust apply for and obtain a
new permit. The application should be submitted at least 180 days before the
expiration date of this permit. The Permit Issuing Authority may grant
permission to submit an application less than 180 days in advance but not
later than the permit expiration date.
Nhere EPA is the Permit Issuing Authority, the terms and conditions of this
permit are automatically continued in accordance with 40 CFR 122.6, only where
the permittee has submitted a timely and sufficient application for a renewal
permit and the Permit Issuing Authority is unable through no fault of the
permittee to issue a new permit before the expiration date.
12. Signatory Requirements
All applications, reports, or information submitted to the Permit Issuing
Authority shall be signed and certified.
a. All permit applications shall be signed as follows:
(1) For a corporation! by a responsible corporate officer. For
the purpose of this Section, a responsible corporate officer
means: (1) a president, secretary, treasurer or vice president
of the corporation in charge of a principal business function,
or any other person who performs similar policy - or
decision-caking functions for the corporation, or (2) the
manager of one or more manufacturing production or operating
facilities ••ploying more than 250 persons or having gross
annual sales or expenditures exceeding 25 million (in second
quarter I960 dollars), if authority to sign documents has been
assigned or delegated to the manager in accordance with
corporate procedures.
(2) For a partnership or sole proprietorship: by a general partner
or the proprietor, respectively» or
(3) For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public agency: by
tithtr • principal executive officer or ranking tltcttd official.
b. All reports required by the permit and other information requested by
the Permit Issuing Authority shall be signed by a person described
above or by a duly authorised representative of that person. A
person is a duly authorised representative only if:
A-24
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Part II
Page 11-11
(1) fl»e authorization is Bade in writing by a per»on described above;
(2) The authorisation specifies cither an individual or a position
having responsibility for the overall operation of the regulated
facility or activity, such as the position of plant manager,
operator of a well or a well field, superintendent, position of
equivalent responsibility, or an individual or position having
overall responsibility for environmental Batters for the
company. (A duly authorized representative Bay thus be cither a
named individual or any individual occupying a named position.);
and
(3) The written authorization is submitted to the Permit Issuing
Authority.
c. Certification. Any person signing a document under paragraphs (a) or
(b) of this section shall Bake the following certification:
•I certify under penalty of law that this document and all
attachments verc prepared under the direction or supervision in
accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified
personnel properly gather and evaluate the information
submitted. Based on By inquiry of the person or persons who
Banage the system, or those persons directly responsible for
gathering the information, the information submitted is* to the
best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate, and complete.
I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting
false information, including the possibility of fine and
imprisonment for knowing violations."
13. Availability of Reports
fccept for data determined to be confidential under 40 CFR Part 2, all reports
prepared in accordance with the tens of this permit shall be available for
public inspection at the offices of the Permit Issuing Authority. Aa required
by the Act, permit applications, permits and effluent data shall not be
considered confidential.
14. Penalties for Falsification of Reports
The Clean Hater Act provides that any person who knowingly Bakes any false
statement, representation, or certification in any record or other document
submitted or required to be maintained under this permit, including monitoring
reports or reports of compliance or noncompliance shall, upon conviction, be
punished by a fine of not more than 110,000 per violation, or by imprisonment
for not acre than 6 months per violation, or by both.
SECTION E. DEFINITIONS
1. Permit Issuing Authority
The Regional Administrator of EPA Region XV or his designee, unless at some
time in the future the State receives authority to administer the HIDES
program and assumes jurisdiction over the permit; at which time, the Director
of the State program receiving authorization becomes the issuing authority.
A-25
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Part II
Page 11-12
2. Act
•Act" ceans the Clean Hater Act (formerly referred to as the Federal Hater
Pollution Control Act) Public Law 92-500, as amended by Public Law 95-217 and
Public Law 95-576, 33 D.5.C. 1251 et seq.
3. Mas s /Cay Measurements
a. ttie "average Monthly discharge" is defined as the total suss of all
daily discharges saapled and/or »easured during a calendar month on
which daily discharges are sampled and Measured, divided by the
nuBber of daily discharges saapled and/or Measured during such
Month. It is therefore, an arithmetic Mean found by adding the
weights of the pollutant found each day of the Month and then
dividing this sun by the nunber of days the tests were reported. The
limitation is identified as "Daily Average" or "Monthly Average" in
Part I of the permit and the average Monthly discharge value is
reported in the " Average" colusn under "Quantity" on the Discharge
Monitoring Report (EUR) .
b. The "average weekly discharge" is defined as the total Mass of all
daily discharges sampled and/or Measured during the calendar week on
which daily discharges are sampled and Measured, divided by the
nuMber of daily discharges sampled and/or Measured during such week.
It is, therefore, an arithmetic mean found by adding the weights of
pollutants found each day of the week and then dividing this BUB by
the number of days the tests were reported. H»is limitation is
identified as "Weekly Average" in Part I of the permit and the
average weekly discharge value is reported in the ^taximum" column
under "Quantity" on the EKR.
c. Ihe "maxiMun daily discharge" is the total Mass (weight) of a
pollutant discharged during a calendar day. If only one sample is
taken during any calendar day the weight of pollutant calculated from
it is the "Maximum daily discharge". This limitation is identified
as "Daily Maximum", in Part I of the permit and the highest such
value recorded during the reporting period is reported in the
" column under "Quantity" on the EMR.
d. The "average annual discharge" is defined as the total Mass of all
daily discharges sampled and/or Measured during the calendar year on
which daily discharges are sampled and Measured, divided by the
nunber of daily discharges sampled and/or measured during such year.
It is, therefore, an arithmetic mean found by adding the weights of
pollutants found each day of the year and then dividing this SUB by
the number of days the tests were reported. Ibis limitation is
defined as "Annual Average" in Part I of the permit and the average
annual discharge value is reported in the "Average" column under
"Quantity" on the »R, Tht CKR for this report shall tt submitted in
January for the previous reporting calendar year.
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Part II
Page 11-13
4. Concentration Measurements
a. The "average monthly concentration", other than for fecal col i form
bacteria, is the SUB of the concentrations of all daily discharges
•ajnpled and/or Measured during a calendar month on which daily
discharges are sampled and measured, divided by the number of daily
discharges sampled and/or measured during such month (arithmetic mean
of the daily concentration values). The dally concentration value is
equal to the concentration of a composite sample or in the case of
grab samples is the arithmetic mean (weighted by flow value) of all
the samples collected during that calendar day. The average monthly
count for fecal col if or » bacteria Is the geometric mean of the counts
for samples collected during a calendar month. This limitation is
identified as "Monthly Average" or "Daily Average" under "Other
limits" in Part I of the permit and the average monthly concentration
value is reported under the "Average" column under "Quality" on the
b. She "average weekly concentration % other than for fecal ooliform
bacteria, is the sum of the concentrations of all daily discharges
sampled and/or measured during a calendar week on which daily
discharges are sampled and measured divided by the number of daily
discharges sampled and/or measured during such week (arithmetic mean
of the daily concentration values). The daily concentration value is
equal to the concentration of a composite sample or in the case of
grab samples is the arithmetic mean (weighted by flow value) of all
the samples collected during that calendar day. The average weekly
count for fecal coll form bacteria is the geometric mean of the counts
for samples collected during a calendar week. Tbis limitation is
identified as "Weekly Average" under "Other Units' in Part I of the
permit and the average weekly concentration value is reported under
the "Maximum" column under "Quality" on the D1R.
c. The Maximum daily concentration" is the concentration of a pollutant
discharge during a calendar day. It is identified as "Daily Maximum"
under "Other Limits" in Part I of the permit and the highest such
value recorded during the reporting period is reported under the
•Maximum" column under "Quality" on the OMR.
d. The "average annual concentration ", other than for fecal col i form
bacteria, is the sum of the concentrations of all daily discharges
sampled and/or measured during a calendar year en which daily
discharges are sampled and measured divided by the number of daily
discharges sampled and/or Measured during such year (arithmetic mean
of the daily concentration values). The daily concentration value is
equal to the concentration of a composite sample or in the case of
grab samples is the arithmetic mean (weighted by flow value) of all
the samples collected during that calendar day. The average yearly
count for fecal ooliform bacteria is the geometric mean of the counts
A-27
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Part II
Page 11-14
for samples collected during a calendar year. This limitation is Identified
as 'Annual Average" under "Other Limits" in Part I of the permit and the
average annual concentration value is reported under the 'Average* column
under "Quality" on the EMR. ttie EKR for this report shall be submitted in
January for the previous reporting year.
5. Other Measurements
a. the effluent flow expressed as M3/day (MGD) is the 24 hour average
flow averaged monthly. It is the arithmetic mean of the total daily
flows recorded during the calendar month. Where monitoring
requirements for flow are specified in Part I of the permit the flow
rate values are reported in the "Average" column under 'Quantity" on
the CMR.
b. An 'instantaneous flow measurement* is a measure of flow taken at the
time of sampling, when both the sample and flow will be
representative of the total discharge.
c. Where monitoring requirements for pH, dissolved oxygen or fecal
coliform bacteria are specified in Part I of the permit, the values
are generally reported in the "Quality or Concentration* column on
the EKR.
6. "types of Samples
a. Composite Sample: A 'composite sample* is a combination of not less
than 8 influent or effluent portions, of at least 100 ml, collected
over the full time period specified in Part I.A. 7&e composite
sample must be flow proportioned by either time interval between each
aliquot or by volume as it relates to effluent flow at the time of
sampling or total flow since collection of the previous aliquot.
Aliguots may be collected manually or automatically.
b. Grab Sample: A "grab sample* is a single influent or effluent
portion which is not a composite sample. The sample(s) shall be
collected at the period (s) most representative of the total discharge.
7. Calculation of Means
a. Arithmetic Mean: The arithmetic mean of any set of values is the
summation of the Individual values divided by the number of
individual values.
b. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of any set of values is the Xth
root of the product of the individual values where M is equal to the
number of individual values. The geometric mean is equivalent to the
antilog of the arithmetic s*an of the logarithms of the individual
values. For purposes of calculating the geometric mean, values of
tero (0) shall be considered to be one (1).
A-28
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Part II
Page 11-15
c. Weighted by Flow Value: Weighted by flow value Beans the summation
of each concentration tines its respective flow divided by the
•summation of the respective flows.
8. Calendar Day
A calendar day is defined as the period fron Midnight of one day until
•idnight of the next day. Bow ever, for purposes of this permit, any
consecutive 24-hour period that reasonably represents the calendar day may be
used for sampling.
9. Batardous Substance
A hacardous substance means any substance designated under 40 CFR Part 116
pursuant to Section 311 of the Clean Water Act.
10. toxic Pollutant
A toxic pollutant is any pollutant listed as toxic under Section 307(a)(1) of
the Clean Water Act.
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PART III
Page III-1
Permit Mo. FL0040177
PART III
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
A. Reporting of Monitoring Results
Monitoring results obtained each calendar month must be summarized for
that month and reported on a Discharge Monitoring Report Form (EPA No.
3320-1), postmarked no later than the 28th day of the month following the
completed calender month. (For example, data for January shall be
submitted by February 28.) Duplicate signed copies of these, and all
other reports required by Section D of Part II, Reporting Requirements,
shall be submitted to the Permit Issuing Authority at the following
addresses:
Environmental Protection Agency Florida Dept. of Environmental Regulation
Region IV Southwest District
Facilities Performance Branch 4520 Live Oak Fair Boulevard
Water Management Division Tampa, Florida 33610-7347
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
B. if monitoring data show total phosphorus levels exceed 3 mg/1 monthly
average for more than one 30-day period per calendar year, the
discharger, upon written notification by EPA or the Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation (DER), shall prepare and file within 120 days
(unless the time is extended by the requesting agency) a study consisting
of the following: (1) a chronology of at least one year's discharge
data; (2) an assessment of the cause and origin of the phosphorus
constituent of the discharge; (3) a description of the discharger's
current 'maintenance, operation and management practices directly related
to the control of phosphorus; (4) an evaluation of the environmental
significance of the phosphorus levels; and (5) an identity of reasonable
methods to abate, to the extent practicable, the influx of phosphorus
into the discharge. Upon receipt of the report the requesting agency may
require the applicant to publish a public notice in a newspaper of
general circulation in the the affected area which states that the report
was received and where it is available for public inspection. The
requesting agency shall evaluate the report and may amend the
discharger's permit (pursuant to 40 CFR 122.62 or 122.63) to reflect
additional requirements (subject to administrative and judicial review),
including the implementation of cost-effective management practices or
technological advances v/hich reduce or eliminate the phosphorus in the
discharge to the maximum extent practicable.
A-31
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Part III
Page II1-2
Permit No. FL0040177
C. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Requirements
The site specific Environmental Impact Statement for the CF Industries,
Inc. Hardee Phosphate Complex II lists specific mining and management
alternatives. The EPA selected preferred alternatives to minimize the
impact on the environment. As a condition for the NPDES permit
application, CF shall comply with the preferred alternatives listed in
the EIS and the EIS shall become a technical reference for the issued
NPDES permit.
The below listed requirements, conditions and limitations were reccrmended
in the CF Industries, Inc. Hardee Phosphate Complex II Environmental
Impact Statement, and are hereby incorporated into National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System Permit No. FL0040177 in accordance with 40
CFR 122.44 (d)(9).
1. CF shall pile overburden such that the volume available for below-
ground waste disposal is maximized.
2. CF shall use "toe spoiling" to reduce the radioactivity of reclaimed
surface soils.
3. CF shall restrict mining along the preserved portion of Horse Creek
to only one side of the stream channel at a given time.
4. CF shall protect upstream wetland areas and use as a seed source
to recolonize the disturbed downstream unit after mining ot a stream
segment is complete and restoration begins.
5. CF shall use the best available scientific information to reestablish
the desired surficial zone in restoration areas and habitat-specific
topsoil and root mass to the extent feasible.
6. CF shall design a productive littoral zone in newly created lake
systems to enhance habitat values and water quality.
7. CF shall implement a program prior to conmencement of mining and
approved by both the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
and the US Fish and Wildlife Service to reduce impact on the
eastern indigo snake, a threatened species which occurs on the
site. A copy of the approved program shall be sent to EPA.
8. CF shall control fugitive emissions by reducing premine land
clearing during the dry season and by utilization of approved
dust control techniques on internal access roadways.
9. CF shall develop and implement a program, acceptable to the SHPO,
to minimize loss of cultural/historical artifacts and sites.
10. CF shall assure the quality of the surficial aquifer in the
vicinity of the sand-clay mix disposal areas and CF shall
monitor both the surface and ground water quality to assess
A-32
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Part III
Page III-3
Permit No. FL0040177
the impacts of mining and reclamation by compliance with specific
permit conditions of the Florida Department of Natural Resources
(FDNR) (reclamation plan approval), Florida Department of Environ-
mental Regulation (FDER) (groundwater rules compliance) and SWFWMD
-------
CENTRAL FLORIDA LAND PEBBLE
PHOSPHATE DISTRICT
EXISTING NORTH MINE
| HAROEE PHOSPHATE COMPLEX I
* ;fM»M» "•-•
HARDEE PHOSPHATE,"
;rCOMPLEX I '
Figure 1.1.1-1
GENERAL LOCATION OF CENTRAL FLORIDA .PHOSPHATE
DISTRICT AND THE CF INDUSTRIES EXISTING MINE
AND PLANNED AAINE EXPANSION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
-------
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WETLAND CATEGORIES:
HUH CATEOOBY I - PROTECTED
I I CATEOOdY II - MINE t HESTORE WETLANDS
•I CATEGORY III - MINE WITH NO RESTORATION
TO WETLANDS
r-^^, 25-YEAR FLOOOPLAIN OF
N\N MAINSTEM STREAM
-. HYDROLOGIC CONNECTION
__- DRAINAGE BASIN BOUNDARY
WETLANDS DELINEATION MAP - WESTERN PORTION
SOURCE: ESf. 1WJ. DAHC • MOOAE. 't7T
U.S. Emmonmentil ProtKtion Ajencr. Rejion IV
Drift Emironmentil Imp«c1 Statement
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex
-------
;
BRANCH
/TROUBLESOME CREEK Nx
S
WETLAND '•ATEQORIES:
BTO1 CATI-MBVI- PROTECTED
I I CATtoonrn- MINE 1 RESTOBE WETLANDS
HI CATEOonv in - MINE WITH NO RESTORATION
TO WETLANDS
JS-YEAR FLOOOPLAIN OF
MAINSTEM STREAM
HVDROLOGIC CONNECTION
— DRAINAGE BASIN BOUNDARY
WETLANDS DELINEATION MAP - EASTERN PORTION
US. En»iroonwntnl Ptoteclion Agencv. R»gian IV
Or»*t En»ironm^ntBl Imptcl Stltemtnt
CF INDUSTRIES
Hardee Phosphate Complex II
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Page III-7
Permit No. FL0040177
ALTEJIKATT:
NFDES OUTFALL
WEIR
003
PLANT SITE
;
NPDES
OUTFALL WEIR
001
OUTFALL
CONTROL
STRUCTURE
INITIAL
SETTLING
AREA
COMPARTMENT
,f NPDES
— - -
-------
Bart IV
Page iv-l
Permit No. FL0040177
PART IV
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CONDITIONS
SECTION A. GENERAL CONDITIONS
1. BMP Plan
For purposes of this part, the terms "pollutant" or "pollutants" refer to
any substance listed as toxic under Section 307(a)(l) of the Clean Water
Act, oil, as defined in Section 311(a)(l) of the Act, and any substance
listed as hazardous under Section 311 of the Act. The permittee shall
develop and implement a Best Management Practices (BMP) plan which
prevents, or minimizes the potential for, the release of pollutants from
ancillary activities, including material storage areas; plant site runoff;
in-plant transfer, process and material handling areas; loading and
unloading operations, and sludge and waste disposal areas, to the waters
of the United States through plant site runoff; spillage or leaks; sludge
or waste disposal; or drainage from raw material storage.
2. Implementation
The plan shall be developed within six months after the effective date of
this permit and shall be implemented as soon as practicable but not later
than 18 months after the effective date of this permit condition unless a
later date is specified by the Director.
3. General Requirements
The BMP plan shall:
a. Be documented in narrative form, and shall include any necessary plot
plans, drawings or maps.
b. Establish specific objectives for the control of pollutants.
(1) Each facility component or system shall be examined for its
potential for causing a release of significant amounts of
pollutants to waters of the United States due to equipment
failure, improper operation, natural phenomena such as rain or
snowfall, etc.
(2) Where experience indicates a reasonable potential for equipment
failure (e.g., a tank overflow or leakage), natural condition
(e.g., precipitation), or other circumstances to result in
significant amounts of pollutants reaching surface waters, the
plan should include a prediction of the direction, rate of flow,
and total quantity of pollutants which could be discharged from
the facility as a result of each condition or circumstance.
A-39
-------
art IV
Page IV-2
Permit No. FL0040177
c. Establish specific best management practices to meet the objectives
identified under paragraph b of this section, addressing each
component or system capable of causing a release of significant
amounts of pollutants to the waters of the United States, and
identifying specific preventative or remedial measures to be
implemented.
d. Include any special conditions established in Section B of this part.
e. Be reviewed by plant engineering staff and the plant manager.
4. Documentation
The permittee shall maintain the BMP plan at the facility and shall make
the plan available to the permit issuing authority upon request.
5. BMP Plan Modification
The permittee shall amend the BMP plan whenever there is a change in the
facility or change in the operation of the facility which materially
increases the potential for the ancillary activities to result in a
discharge of significant amounts of pollutants.
6. Modification for Ineffectiveness
If the BMP plan proves to be ineffective in achieving the general
objective of preventing the release of significant amounts of pollutants
to surface waters and the specific objectives and requirements under
paragraphs b and c of Section 3, the permit shall be subject to
modification pursuant to 40 CFR 122.62 or 122.63 to incorporate revised
BMP requirements. Any such permit modification shall be subject to review
in accordance with the procedures for evidentiary hearings set forth in 40
CFR Part 124.
SECTION B. SPECIAL CONDITIONS
NONE.
-------
TABLE 1
UNIONIZED AMMONIA (ing/1 NH3j
PH 0 C 5 C 10 C 15 C 20 C 25 C 30 C
6.50 0.0007 0.0009 0.0013 0.0019 0.0026 0.0026 0 0026
6.75 0.0012 0.0017 0.0023 0.0033 0.0047 0,0047 0.0047
7.00 0.0021 0.0029 0.0042 0.0059 0.0083 0.0083 0 0083
I'll °-°037 °-°°52 °-0074 °-0105 °-0148 0.0148 0.0148
7-50 0.0066 0.0093 0.0132 0.0186 0.02 0 02 0 02
7-75 0-0109 0.0153 0.02 0.02 0.02 O.'o2 0*02
8-°0 0.0126 0.0177 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 02 0 02
8-25 0.0126 0.0177 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 o'o2
8.50 0.0126 0.0177 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 02 o'o2
8>75 0.0126 0.0177 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 02 o'o2
9.00 0.0126 0.0177 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 02 o'o2
-------
Table 2
Percent Un-1on S 5.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7J
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.T
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
5.7
9.8
9.9
.0.0
.00827
.0104
.0131
.0165
.0208
.0261
.0329
.0414
.0521
.0656
.0826
.104
.131
.165
.207
.261
.328
.413
.519
.652
.820
1.03
1.29
1.62
2.0J
2.55
3.19
3.98
4.96
6.16
7.64
5.43
n.e
14.2
17.:
20.7
-a g
29!3
34. J
39. f
45.3
.00862
.0109
.0137
.0172
.0217
.0273
.0343
.0432
.0544
.0685
.0862
.108
.136
.172
.216
.272
.342
.430
.541
.680
.855
1.07
1.35
1.69
2.12
2.65
3.32
4.14
5.16
6.41
7.94
9.79
12.0
14.7
17.8
21.4
25.6
30.2
35.2
40.7
46.3
.00899
.0113
.0143
.0179
.0226
.0284
.0358
.0451
.0567
.0714
.0893
.113
.142
.179
.225
.284
.357
.449
.564
.709
.891
1.12
1.41
1.76
2.21
2.77
3.46
4.31
5.37
6.67
8.25
IS. 2
12.5
15.2
18.4
22.1
26.4
31.1
36.2
41.7
47.3
.00937
.0118
.0149
.0187
.0235
.0296
.0373
.0470
.0591
.0744
.0937
.118
'.187
.235
.296
.372
.468
.588
.739
.929
1.17
1.46
1.84
2,30
2.88
3.60
4.49
5.59
6.93
8.57
10.6
12.9
15.8
19.1
22.9
27.2
32. C
37. Z
42.7
48.4
.00977
.0123
.0155
.0195
.0245
.0309
.0389
.0490
.0616
.0776
.0977
.123
.155
.195
.245
,308
.388
.488
.613
.770
.968
1.22
1.53
1.91
2.40
3.00
3.75
4.67
5.81
7.20
8.90
n.o
13.4
16.3
19.7
23.5
28.3
32.9
38.1
43.7
49.4
.0102
.0128
.0161
.0203
.0256
.0322
.0405
.0510
.0642
.0808
.102
.128
.161
.203
.255
.321
.404
.508
.639
.803
1.01
1.27
1.59
1.99
2.49
3.12
3.90
e!c4
7.49
9.24
11.4
13.9
16.9
20.4
24.4
28.9
33.8
39.1
44.7
50.5
.0106
.0134
.0168
.0212
.0267
.0336
.0422
.0532
.0669
.0843
.106
.133
.168
.211
.266
.335
.421
.529
.665
.836
1.05
1.32
1.65
2.07
2.60
3.25
4.06
5.05
6.28
7.78
9.60
11.8
14.4
17.5
21.1
25.1
29.7
34.7
40.1
45.8
51.5
.0111
.0139
.0175
.0221
.0278
.0350
.0440
.0554
.0697
.0878
.110
.139
.175
.220
.277
.349
.438
.551
.693
.871
1.09
1.37
1.72
2.16
2.70
3.38
4.22
5.25
6.52
e.oa
9.96
12.2
14.9
18.1
21.7
25.9
30.6
35.7
41.1
46.3
52.5
.0115
.0145
.0183
.0230
.0289
.0364
.0459
.0577
.0727
.0915
.115
.145
.182
.229
.289
.363
.457
.574
.722
.907
1.14
1.43
1.79
2.25
2.81
3.52
4.39
5.46
6.78
8.39
10.3
12.7
15.4
18.7
22.4
26.7
31.4
36.6
42.1
47.8
53.5
.0120
.0151
.0190
.0239
.0301
.0379
.0478
.0601
.0757
.0953
.120
.151
.190
.239
.301
.378
.476
.598
.752
.944
1.19
1.49
1.87
2.34
2.93
3.66
4.56
5.67
7.04
8.70
10.7
13.1
16.0
19.3
23.2
27.5
32.3
37.6
43.1
48.6
54.6
.0125
.0157
.0198
.0249
.0314
.0395
.0497
.0626
.0788
.0992
.125
.157
.198
.249
.313
.394
.495
.623
.783
OP3
1.23
1.55
1.94
2.43
3.04
3.80
4.74
5.90
7.31
9.03
11.1
13.6
16.5
20.0
23.9
28.3
33.2
38.5
44.1
49.3
55.6
(continued)
A-
-------
(Table 2, confinued)
4
Percent Un-1on1red NH3 1n Aqueous Amonia Solutions
Temp«rature, *C
pH 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
a.i
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
w« *
9.0
9.1
f • •
9 2
» • fc
9.3
9 4
y • ^
9.5
9.6
9 7
7. '
9.8
9!9
1C.O
.0130
.0164
.0206
.0260
.0327
.0412
.0518
.0652
.0821
.103
.130
.164
.206
.259
.326
.410
.516
.648
.815
1.02
1.29
1.61
2.02
2.53
3.17
3.95
4.93
6.13
7.59
9.37
11.5
14.1
17.1
20.6
24.6
29.2
34.1
39.5
-5.1
50.8
" £
.0136
.0171
.0215
.0270
.0340
.0429
.0539
.0679
.0855
.108
.135
.170
.214
.270
.339
.427
.537
.675
.84*
1.07
1.34
1.68
2.10
2.63
3.29
4.11
5.12
6.36
7.88
9.72
11.9
14.6
17.7
21.3
25.4
30.0
35.1
40,5
46.1
51.9
57.6
.0141
.0178
.0224
.0282
.0354
.0446
.0562
.0707
.0890
.112
.141
.177
.223
.281
.353
.444
.559
.702
.883
1.11
1.39
1.75
2.19
2.74
3.42
4.27
5.32
6.61
8.18
10.1
12.4
15.1
18.3
22.0
26.2
30.9
36.0
41.4
47.1
52.9
58.5
.0147
.0185
.0233
.0293
.0369
.0464
.0585
.0736
.0926
.117
.147
.185-
.232
.292
.368
.462
.582
.731
.919
1.15
MS
1.82
2.28
2.85
3.56
4.44
5.53
6.86
8.48
10.5
12.8
15.6
18.9
22.7
27.0
31.7
36.9
42.4
48.1
53.9
59.5
.0153
.0192
.0242
.0305
.0384
.0483
.0608
.0766
.0964
.121
.153
.192
.242
.304
.383
.481
.605
.760
.955
1.20
1.51
1.89
2.37
2.96
3.70
4.61
5.74
7.12
8.80
10.8
13.3
16.1
19.5
23.4
27.7
32.6
37.8
43.4
49.1
54.8
60.5
.0159
.0200
.0252
.0317
.0400
.0503
.0633
.0797
.100
.126
.159
.200
.252
.316
.398
.501
.629
.791
.994
1.25
1.57
1.96
2.46
3.08
3.84
4.79
5.96
7.39
9.12
11.2
13.7
16.7
20.1
24.1
28.6
33.5
38.8
« « •
* ". ^
£s!s
si ••
.0166
.0208
.0262
.0330
.0416
.0523
.0659
.0829
.104
.131
.165
.208
.262
.329
.414
.521
.655
.823
1.03
1.30
1.63
2.04
2.56
3.20
3.99
4.97
6.18
7.66
9.46
11.6
14.2 '
17.2
20.8
24.8
29.4
34.4
39.7
45.3
51.1
56.8
62.3
.0172
.0217
.0273
.0344
.0432
.0544
.0685
.0862
.109
.137
.172
.216
.272
.342
.431
.542
.681
.856
1.07
1.35
1.69
2.12
2.66
3.32
4.15
5.16
6.42
7.95
9.80
12.0
14.7
17.8
21.4
25.6
30.2
35.3
40.7
46.3
52.1
57.6
£3.3
.0179
.0225
.0284
.0357
.0450
.0566
.0713
.0897
.113
.142
.179
.225
.283
.356
.448
.563
.708
.890
1.12
1.40
1.76
2.21
2.76
3.45
4.31
5.36
6.66
8.24
10.2
12.5
15.2
18.4
22.1
26.3
31.0
36.2
41.6
47.3
53.1
58.7
64.2
.0186
.0235
.0295
.0372
.0468
.0589
.0741
.0933
.117
.148
.186
.234
.294
.370
.466
.586
.736
.925
1.16
f.46
1.83
2.29
2.87
3.58
4.47
5.56
6.91
8.54
10.5
12.9
15.7
19.0
22.8
27.1
31.9
37.1
42.6
48.3
54.9
59.7
65.1
(continued)
A-1J3
-------
(Table 2, continued)
Percent Un-ionized NH. in Aqueous Armenia Solutions
Temperature, "C
pH 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 U.5 15.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
3.6
c|c
3.9
.0194
.0244
.0307
.0386
.0487
.0612
.0771
.0970
.122
.154
.193
.243
.306
.385
.484
.609
.766
.962
1.21
1.52
1.90
2.38
2.98
3.72
4.64
5.77
7.16
8.85
10.9
13.3
16.2
19.6
23.5
27.9
32.7
38.0
43.5
49.3
£5.0
tO.6
£6.0
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
S
7
9
11
13
16
20
24
23
33
3P
4J
S.'
; ^
61
,0201
.0254
.0319
.0402
.0506
.0637
.0801
.101
.127
.160
.201
.253
.318
.400
.504
.633
.796
.00
.26
.58
.97
.47
.09
.86
.82
.99
.42
.17
.3
.8
.S
.2
.2
.7
.6
.9
.5
.*"
:
• t ^
.0209
.0264
.0332
.0418
.0526
.0662
.0833
.105
.132
.166
.209
.263
.331
.416
.523
.658
.827
1.04
1.30
1.64
2.05
2.57
3.21
4.01
5.00
6.21
7.70
9.50
11.7
14.3
17.3
2C.9
24.9
29.5
34.5
39. S
45.5
51.2
£6.9
62.5
67.7
.0218
.0274
.0345
.0434
.0547
.0688
.0866
.109
.137
.173
.217
.273
.344
.433
.544
.684
.359
1.08
1.36
1.70
2.13
2.67
3.34
4.16
5.19
6.44
7.98
9.S4
12.1
14.7
17.9
21.5
25.7
30.:
35.4
4C.fi
46.4
s:.:
63^4
cr',5
.0226
.0285
.0358
.0451
.0568
.0715
.0900
.113
.143
.179
.226
.284
.357
.449
.565
.710
.893
1.12
Ml
1.77
2.21
2.77
3.46
4.32
5.38
6.68
8.26
10.2
12.5
15.2
18.5
22*2
26.4
31.1
36.2
41.7
47.4
53.1
58.9
64.3
69.3
.0235
.0296
.0373
.0469
.0590
.0743
.0935
.118
.148
.186
.235
.295
.371
.467
.587
.738
.927
1.16
1.46
1.83
2.30
2.87
3.59
4.48
5.58
6.92
9.56
10.5
12.?
15.7
19.0
22.3
27.1
31.9
37.1
42.6
4
-------
(Table 2, continued)
Percent Un-lonired NH 1n Aqueous Ammonia Solutions
Temperature, *C
PH 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0
6.0
6*
.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.S
9.9
10.0
.0284 .029!
5 .0301
5 .0318
.0358 .0372 .0386 .0401
.0451 .0468 .0486 .0504
.0567 .0589 .0611
.071^
» .074
1 .076!
1 .0635
» .0799
.0898 .0933 .0968 .101
.113
.142
.179
.225
.284
.357
.449
.564
.709
.891
1.12
1.41
1.76
2.21
2.77
3.46
4.31
5.37
6.67
8.25
10.2
12.5
15.2
18.4
22.1
26.4
31.1
36.2
41.7
47.3
53.1
58.8
£J.2
69.3
74.0
.117
.148
.186
.234
.294
.370
.466
.586
.736
.925
1.16
1.46
1.83
2.29
2.87
3.58
4.47
5.56
6.91
8.54
10.5
12.9
15.7
19.0
22.8
27.1
31.9
37.1
42.6
4R.3
£4.0
55.7
£5.1
v • •
*a. 7
.122
.153
.193
.243
.306
.384
.483
.608
.764
.960
1.21
1.51
1.90
2.38
2.97
3.72
4.63
5.76
7.15
8.84
10.9
13.3
16.2
19.6
23.5
27.8
32.7
38.0
43.5
49.2
55.C
60.6
65.9
70.9
75.4
.127
.159
.200
.252
.317
.399
.502
.631
.793
.996
1.25
1.57
1.97
2.47
3.08
3.85
4.80
5.97
7.40
9.14
11.2
13.8
16.7
20.2
24.1
28.6
33.5
38.8
44.4
50.2
55.9
61.5
66.8
71.7
76.1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
6
7
9
11
14
.0330 .0343 .0356 .0369 .0383 .0397
.0416 .0431 .0448 .046L
5 .0482
1 -Q5DO
.0523 .0543 .0564 .0585 .0607 .0629
.0659 .0684 .070!
J .0736 .0763
.0829 .0860 .0893 .0921
.104
.131
.165
.208
.262
.329
.414
.521
.655
.823
.03
.30
.63
.04
.56
.20
.99
.98
.18
.66
.46
.6
.2
17.2
20.8
24.8
29.4
34.4
39.7
45.4
51.1
56.8
62.3
67.6
72.4
76.3
.108
.136
.172
.216
.272
.342
.430
.540
.679
.854
1.07
1.35
1.69
2.12
2.65
3.31
4.14
5.15
6.40
7.93
9.78
12.0
14.7
17.8
21.4
25.5
30.1
35.2
40.6
46.3
52.0
57.7
63.2
68.4
73.1
77.4
.112
.141
.178
.224
.282
.355
.446
.561
.705
.886
1.11
1.40
1.75
2.20
2.75
3.44
4.29
5.34
6.63
8.20
10.1
12.4
15.1
18.3
22.0
26.2
30.9
36.1
41.5
47.2
52.9
58.6
64.1
69.2
73.9
78.1
.117
.147
.185
.232
.292
.368
.463
.582
.731
.919
1.15
1.45
1.82
2.28
2.85
3.56
4.44
5.53
6.86
8.49
10.5
12.8
15.6
18.9
22.7
27.0
31.7
36.9
42.4
48.1
53.9
59.5
64.9
70.0
74.6
78.7
5 .0961
.121
.152
.192
.241
.303
.381
.480
.603
.758
.953
1.20
1.50
1.88
2.36
2.95
3.69
4.60
5.72
7.10
8.77
10.8
13.2
16.1
19.5
23.3
27.7
32.5
37.8
43.3
49.0
54.8
60.4
65.7
70.7
75.3
79.3
1 .0792
.0997
.125
.158
.199
.250
.315
.396
.498
.626
.786
.988
1.24
1.56
1.95
2.44
3.06
3.82
4.76
5.92
7.34
9.07
11.2
13.7
16.6
20.0
24.0
28.4
33,3
38.6
44.2
49. S
55.7
61.3
56.5
71.5
75 9
79.9
(continuec)
A_l|5
-------
(Table 2, continued)
Percent Unionized NH. 1n Aqueous Armenia Solutions
Temperature, *C
pH 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0
6.0 .0412 .0427 .0443 .0459 .0476 .0493 .0511 .0530 .0549 .0569
6.1 .0518 .0538 .0557 .0578 .0599 .0621 .0644 .0667 .0691 .0716
6.2 .0653 .0677 .0702 .0727 .0754 .0782 .0810 .0839 .0870 .0901
6.3 .0821 .0852 .0883 .0916 .0949 .0984 .102 .106 ,109 .113
6.4 .103 .107 .111 .115 .119 .124 .128 .133 .138 .43
6.5 .130 .135 .140 .145 .150 .156 .162 .167 .173 .180
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0
.164
.206
.259
.326
.410
.516
.649
.815
1.02
1.29
1.61
2.02
2.53
3.17
3.96
4.93
6.13
7.60
9.38
11.5
14.1
17.1
20.6
24.7
29.2
34.2
39.5
45.1
5C.9
56.6
62.1
67.4
72.2
76.6
8C.5
.170
.214
.269
.338
.425
.535
.673
.845
1.06
1.33
1.67
2.10
2.63
3.28
4.10
5.10
6.34
7.86
9.69
11.9
14.5
17.6
21.2
25.3
29.9
35.0
40.4
46.0
51.8
57.5
63.0
68.2
72.9
77.2
81.0
.176
.222
.279
.351
.441
.555
.697
.876
1.10
1.38
1.73
2.17
2.72
3.40
4.24
5.28
6.56
8.12
10.0
12.3
15.0
18.2
21.8
26.0
30.7
35.8
41.2
46.9
52.7
58.3
63.8
68.9
73.7
77.9
81.6
.183
.230
.289
.364
.457
.575
.723
.908
1.14
1.43
1.80
"77EF
3.5Z
4.39
5.47
6.79
8.39
10.3
12.7
15.5
18.7
22.5
26.7
31.5
36.6
42.1
47.8
53.6
59.2
64.6
69.7
74.3
78.4
82.1
.189
.238
.300
.377
.474
.596
.749
.941
1.18
1.48
1.86
2.33
2.92
3.64
4.55
5.66
7.02
8.68
10.7
13.1
15.9
19.3
23.1
27.4
32.3
37.5
43.0
48.7
54.5
60.1
65.5
7C.5
75.0
79.1
82.6
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
1.
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
11.
13.
16.
19.
23.
28.
33.
38.
43.
49.
55.
60.
66.
71.
75.
79.
83.
196
247
310
390
491
617
776
975
22
54
93
41
02
77
70
85
25
96
0
5
4
8
7
2
0
3
9
6
4
9
3
2
7
7
2
.203
.256
.322
.405
.509
.640
.804
1.01
1.27
1.59
2.00
2.50
3.13
3.90
4.87
6.05
7.50
9.26
11.4
13.9
16.9
20.4
24.4
28.9
33.8
39.2
44.8
50.5
56.2
61.8
67.1
71.9
76.3
80.3
83.6
.211
.265
.333
.419
.527
.663
.833
1.05
1.31
1.65
2.07
2.59
3.24
4.04
5.03
6.26
7.75
9.56
11.7
14.4
17.4
21.0
25.1
29.6
34.6
40.0
45.7
51.4
57.1
62.6
67.8
72.7
77.0
B0.8
84.1
.218
.275
.345
.434
.546
.687
.863
1.08
1.36
t.71
2.14
2.68
3.35
4.18
5.21
6.47
8.01
9.88
12.1
14.8
17.9
21.6
25.7
30.4
35.5
40.9
46.5
52.3
ss.c
63.5
68.6
73.-
77.5
81.-
84.:
.226
.284
.358
.450
.566
.711
.894
1.12
1.41
1.^77
2.22
2.77
3.47
4.33
5.38
6.69
8.27
10.2
12.5
15.3
18.5
Z2.2
26.4
31.1
36.3
41.7
47.4
53.2
53.9
64.3
69.4
74.0
'8.2
51.9
55.1
-------
(Table 2, continued)
Percent Un-lonized NH- in Aqueous Amnonla Solutions
Temperature, "C
pH 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 2r.£ 30.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
•7,5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
e.4
8.5
£.6
8.7
e.e
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.C
9.;
ic.e
.0589
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
10.
12.
15.
19.
22.
27.
31.
37.
•*2.
-a.
:4.
59.
55.
"?"*
' -• •
™ •
~ •
; ^
3 . •
0742
0933
117
148
186
234
295
371
466
586
737
926
16
46
83
^
29
87
59
47
57
91
54
5
9
7
C
8
*
1
9
1
6
i
0
7
1
1
7
•
i
t
.0610
.0768
.0967
.122
.153
.193
.242
.305
.384
.483
.607
.763
.958
1.20
1.51
1.89
2.37
2.97
3.71
4.63
5.75
7.14
3.82
',0.9
13.3
16.2
19.6
23.4
27.8
32.7
37.9
43.5
49.2
54. 9
ec.s
65. S
7C. 8
75.4
52.3
i?.?
.0632
.0796
.100
.126
.159
.200
.251
.316
.397
.500
.628
.790
.992
1.25
1.56
1.96
2.46
3.07
3.84
4.78
5.95
7.37
9.11
11.2
13.7
16.7
20.1
24.1
28.5
33.4
38.7
44.3
50.1
55.8
61.4
56.7
71.6
76.0
eo.o
33.4
?6.3
.0654
.0824
.104
.130
.164
.207
.260
.327
.411
.517
.651
.818
1.03
1.29
1.62
2.03
2.54
3.18
3.97
4.94
6.15
7.62
9.40
11.6
14.1
17.2
20.7
24.7
29.2
34.2
39.6
45.2
50.9
56.6
62.2
67.4
72.3
76.6
30.5
63.9
36.3
.0678
.0853
.107
.135
.170
.214
.269
.339
.426
.536
.674
.846
1.06
1.33
1.67
2.10
2.63
3.29
4.10
5.11
6.35
7.87
9.70
11.9
14.6
17.7
21.3
25.4
30.3
35.0
40.4
46.1
51.8
57.5
53.0
68.2
73.0
77.3
81. 1
34.3
37.1
.0701
.0883
.111
.140
.176
.221
.279
.351
.441
.554
.697
.876
1.10
1.38
1.73
2.17
2.72
3.40
4.24
5.28
6.56
8.12
10.0
12.3
15.0
18.2
21.8
26.0
30.7
35.8
41.2
46.9
32.7
58.3
63.8
68.9
73.6
77.9
SI. 6
S4.8
27.5
.0726
.0914
.115
.145
.182
.229
.289
.363
.456
.574
.722
.907
1.14
1.43
1.79
2.25
2.81
3.51
4.38
5.46
6.78
8.38
10.3
12.7
15.4
18.7
22.4
26.7
31.4
36.6
42.1
47.8
53.5
59.2
64.6
69.7
74.3
78.5
82.1
35.2
37.9
.0752
.0946
.119
.150
.189
.237
.299
.376
.472
.594
.747
.938
1.18
1.48
1.85
2.32
2.91
3.63
4.53
5.64
7.00
8.65
10.7
13.0
15.9
19.2
23.0
27.4
32.2
37.4
42.9
48.6
54.4
60.0
65.4
70.4
75.0
79.0
32. 6
35.7
68.3
.0778
.0979
.123
.155
.195
.246
.309
.389
.489
.615
.772
.970
1.22
1.53
1.92
2.40
3.01
3.75
4.68
5.82
7.22
8.92
11.0
13.4
16.4
19.8
23.7
28.1
32.9
38.2
43.8
49.5
55.2
60.8
66.2
71.1
75.6
79.6
83.1
36.1
88.6
.0805
.101
.128
.160
.202
.254
.320
.402
.506
.636
.799
1.00
1.26
1.58
1.98
2.48
3.11
3. 88
4.84
6.01
7.4w
9.21
11.3
13.8
16.8
20.3
24.3
28.8
33.7
39.0
44.6
50.4
56.1
61,6
66.9
71.8
76.2
8C.1
33.6
86.5
89,0
. fit.
A-4 7
*U. S. Government Printing Office 1988: 533-375/60670
------- |