DRAFT
                                                                    3/19/33

       He vised Section 0 of VmbienC Water Quality Criteria for Copper

                             AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY*



Introduce ion

     Copoer, which occurs in natural waters primarily as the divalent cupric

ion in free and complex foras (Callahan, et al. 1979), is a minor nutrient

for both planes and animals at low concentrations but is toxic to aquatic

life ac v-.onc-ir.tnci.on3 only sllgitly higher.  Concentrations of  I co 10 ig/1

are usually reported cor unpolluted.surface waters in the United States

(Soyle, 1979), but concentrations in. the vicinity of municipal and  industrial

outfalls, particularly from smelting, refining, or metal plating industries,

aay be mutch higher (Hutchinson, 1979).

     A two volume review of various aspects of "Capper in the Environment"

(Nrlagu, 1979) contains several chapters on the effects of copper on both

freshwater and saltwater species.  Reviews by Black, et al. (1976)  and Spear

and Pierce (19793) sunaarize aost of che available data on aquatic  toxicology

of copper through 1979.  These reviews  fora the scientific basis for Canadian

environmental quality criteria for copper.  Spear and Pierce  (1979a)

confirned that acute toxiclty to several families of freshwater  fish was

Inversely related to water hardness, and that the relationship was

              by an exponential equation as used later in chis document.
*An understanding of the Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water

Quality Criteria for the Protection nf Aquatic Life and  Its  Uses  (Stephan, et

al. 1983) is r-ecessary la crier to underatrttul the  foliowia^  -.axt,  cables, and

calculations.

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These authors also cnoroughly reviewed other effects  of  water  quality  on


copoer coxt.ci.ty..


     McKLi (I1???) and Sir^e .ind Bl.ick (1979) auranarvzed  the  current  state  of


knowledge on the effects of copper on the embryo  and  larval  stages of  aquatic


animals.  Phillips and Russo (1973) and Stokes  (1979) have summarized  the


available Information on the accumulation of copper  cesidues oy  aquatic


organisms.  Where applicable, data from original  sources cited by the  above


reviews have been incorporated  in Tables 1-6 in this  document.


     'The  toxiclty of copper  to  aquatic life has been  shown to  be related


primarily to activity of  the cuprlc (Cu2+)  ion, and  possibly to  some of


the  hydroxy complexes (Andrew,  ec al. 1977; Chakoumakoa, et  al.  1979;  Howarth


and  Sprague, 1978).  The  cuprlc  Ion is highly  reactive and forms moderate  to


strong complexes and precipitates with many  inorganic and organic


constituents of  natural  waters,  e.g., carbonate,  phosphate,  amino acids  ana


humates,  and  Is  readily  absorbed  on surfaces of suspended solids.  The


proportion  of  copper  present  as the  free  cuprlc ion is generally low and aay


be  less  than  1 percent  in eutrophic waters  where  complexation predominates.


Various  copper complexes and  precipitates  appear  to be largely nontaxic  ar.c


tend to  reduce toxicity  attributable  to  copper (Andrew,  1976).  7Vii3 ^reacly


complicates the interpretation and  application of available  toxicity data,


because  the proportion of free cupric Ion present is highly  variable and is
                             •

difficult :o  ae.sdure  except under special laboratory conditions.  Few


toxicity data  have  been  reported using •aeasurements other than total or


dissolved copper.


      Because a majority of the reported  test results (Tables  1 and 2) have


been conducted with waters having relatively low  complexing  capacities,  the


criteria derived herein may be at or below ambient total copper

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                                                                                 3
i-^.jtfutr it i.mi in -.•>•«« luf n.t- w-icers oc  Che  UiiituU  states.   Seasonally and




Locally, coxiclty In chese waters aay be  mitigated  by che presence of



^curaily occurring chelating, complexing,  and  precipitating agents.   In




addition, removal from the water column .nay be  rapid due to  settling  of




solids and normal growth of the .nore resistant  aquatic organisms.   The




various forms of copper are in dynamic equilibrium  and any change in  chemical




conditions, e.g., pH, could rapidly alcer the proportion of  the various forms




present and,  therefore, toxicity.



     In most  natural waters,  alkalinity and ?H  Increase with water hardness




and the relative influence of these parameters  on toxicity is not easily




determined.   Because  increasing  calcium hardness and associated carbonate




alkalinity aie both known  to  reduce the acute toxicLty oc copper, expression




of  the  criteria  as a  function of hardness allows adjustment for these water




quality effec-.s.  This results  in a auch  better fit with the available




toxicity  data,  I.e.,  the criteria are  higher  at high hardness to reflect



calcium antagonism and carbonate complication.   Some data on the relationship




of  toxicity  to  other  factors, i.e.,  temperature, pH, alkalinity, size of




organism,  and total organic carbon,  are  available for a liaised number of




 species and  will be discussed later.



      Most insoluble  forms  of  -aost metals  probably are not toxic, but some




 possibly  can become  toxic  und'ar  natural  conditions and precipitates of some




aetals  apparently  are toxic (Mount,  1966; Chapman, et al. Manuscript; Bradley




 and Sprague,  Manuscript).   3eeause  of  the variety of the foras of copper and




 lack of definitive information  about  their relacive  toxicities, no available




 analytical measurement  is  known to  be  Ldaj.1 for expressing aquatic life




 criteria for copper,  but  active copper ioperationally defined ay acidifying




 che aqueous  sample to pH  •= •'*  wit",  nitric  acid and then measuring the

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ronrt*nrr if •• «ui  if  - i>;v'"r  !"if  i'-t '"•••• ' MI .mijli •« 0 .'§ "i .T n'miir m.- lilii-i ,  i •.




probably che o-s3t  .ivaLlatLe aejnurdiaent.   Previous aquatic Life criteria for




copper r.U.S. EPA,  1980}  were  specified In terms of cocal recoverable copper




('J.5. EPA, 1979),  hut  this measurement nay be coo rigorous in some




situations.  It  is expected that  neasureraent of active copper and total




recoverable copper would have produced the same results  In all tests used to




derive criteria  and would produce the same results on most samples from




surface  waters and effluents.  Where the  two measurements produce iifferent




insults  on samples of  surface waters or effluents, aeasureaent of active




copper (as defined above) should  be the more appropriate measurement.




      Measurement of active copper is compatible wlch all of tne data used to




derive criteria  because test  results were not used if it was likely  that they




vould have aeen  different if  they had been reported in terns of active




poorer.   For  example,  results reported in terms oc dissolved copper  were not




aaed  if  the concentration of  precipitated copper was significant.  On samples




  .  labient water this  nethod  is Intended  to measure all forms of copper chat




 >ri toxic  to  aquatic life or can be readily converted to toxic corns  under




 -j:aral  conditions.  in addition, this method  is incer-decl co exclude  severs".




 :.—,a,  such as  copper  that is part of minerals, clays, and sand or  is




 jrrongly sorbed  co particulate -natter, that are not toxic and are not likely




 .j  become toxic  unaar  natural conditions.  Although this aethod (and  sany




  :-iars)  will aeasure soluble, complsxcd  forms  of copper, such as the EDTA




camolex  of copper, tnat probably have  low toxiclties to aquatic life,




 :-.rcentrations of these forms probably are negligible in ambient water.




Measurement of active copper does  not  require  immediate analysis in  the field




 .ind does not require special etfort or equipment.  This is also the  least




 rigorous of the neasureienta (a) which are compatible with the available

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Cn<. t».i> Lu.j U  ti il.ii.t wLLhvjut u-i l ui; hypothec leal  >-xcr.ipu I-ic iuiia -irui (b) for




which i.c is agnail/ accepc^hlc  to assume  Chat  no hara will result from




•ne.isured or calculated concuntrit ions  in  ambient vacar  chat are below




national criteria-




     Active copper should also  be a  useful  measurement  for monitoring




effluents, and dilution of effluent  with  receiving wstar before measurement




should demonstrate whether Che  receiving  vater can decrease the concentration




of active copper because of sorptian.   Measurement of botn a^cive copper and




total recoverable copper  in ambient  
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water.  The -aajoric/  or  rests  conducted  sir.ce  about  1970  have been




flow-through cases with  -aeasureraents  of  both toral and  dissolved copper.  All




oE the v ilues  Ln T.ible I are  cor cotal  copper,  excepc  that  che values




obtained by Howarth and  Sprague (1978)  were based on dissolved copper.  These




are included in Table I  because ChakoumaScos, ec al.  (1979)  showed chat at low




hardness in this water .il^ost  all of  che copper .is dissolved.  Values




obtained by Howarcn and  Sprague (19/3)  in hard wacer are  :a Taole 6.




      Acute  tests by Cairns,  ec al. (1973) (Table 6)  indicate chac daphnida




ara aore rest?tane  :o copper  at low than ac  high temperatures.  Because such




data  were  not  available  cor  other species or  for longer tests, no generaliza-




tion's could be  Bade  for  criteria derivation.   Chakouaakca,  et al. (1979) and




itowarth and Spcague  (1978)  (Tables I  and 6)  have reported that larger (10 to




30 3)  rainbow  trouc  are  approximately 2.5 to  3.0 tiaes aore  resistant co




copper rhan ^uvaii.las.   T'-.XJ factor t* obviously a  source of variation  in




Table 1.   however,  ns-ir: iciest -.ic.i  r.ra availaole  for other species  co allow




adjustment of  test  rasjlcs or on vnicrt :o base criteria.   An additional




uornplicatir.g  fac:or  ia t^.a general Lack of '^aowiddse o;  cr.a  range or




j.-»r.stclvi:y of vr.r-.ous life scagea of ,aosc it\vartaora:a  species, or  tr.e




afcecta on susce^cioilicy of scarvacion and other stresses unaer natural




junditions.



      Lind, ec  al.  ('-Jar.uscrlpt)  ("able 1) and Brown,  et al. (1974) (Taoie 6)




have  shown quancicacive relationships between  che acute  toxicity of  copper




and  naturally occurring organic  chelae ing agents.  Although  these




relationships have been demonstrated for only  a few species  (Dap'nnia




sulioaria, fathead ni^now, and  rainbow  trout),  the effects  shown  should  be




5encrali=able chroagn chemical  eifects  JT cupric ion activity  and




 bioavailabillty.  T.ind, et al.  (Manuscript) measured the coxicity of copper

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Co Paphnia puliiarla  isi .1 varle: •  of snrsace waters arji  round  chat  total



111^.in 11  i  ti linn { I'm')  1-1  t '11,11.-  '•'•iiiDfLitiic sari ili 11* :b-ju imr Joeus ,  wlLl




values varying iopcoxlmacai/  30-:^ld ovar che range o£ TOG  cov.-jred.   Siailar




results were obtained with  the  fachead minnow.  This wcjla  indicate  that




criteria should  be adjusted upward for surface waters wicn  TCC significaatly




above the 2 to 3 ig/1 usual'.? found in C'ne waters used for  eaxicicy  tests.




Results obtained by Lind, <»c  al. •'Hanuac.'ipt) In waters 
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higher than chose of Wellborn  (I9ft<3)  .in

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          oii -it"  trie  i'diitliu  uyiLi-r  aiul '>LHB -nuotiei ara  :r»c  suac




          animal  species  cashed  -«-tch LC.O values of  5.3 ani  3.3  -ig/1




respectively (Table  3).   Differences Ir. Ufa-stage se.i;. .--/i:-.* vith the




Pacific oyster  is 'clearly evident because the adults of  this species studied




in a flow-through  test  had an LC50 of 5fiO -ig/l; which  is  two orders of




magnitude greater  than  the eabryca.  ZJ..ilet (1377) denotis: :a=ad  that copper




toxlcicy was temperature  dependent with "he bivalve  nollusc, 'r.-ti arenarla.




Copoer  :o:iiclty to Mya  arsiirta  varied Ci-.ordi.-.g  to  ;-.e  aesso-.-l temperature,




being at Lea-t  LOO times  -aora c  -ic ac 22"C than at  t*"Z.   The calatxoid




copepocs, Acactia  tor.sa ar.d Acar-ta clauai, were  the aosc ^er.sLri'/e




crustacean  species tested with LC50s of '.7-55 jg/1 and 52 jj/l respectively.




Sosnowski,  et  al.  (1979)  showed  chat  tha sensitivity of  fidld populations of




A.  tsnsd to copper was  strongly  correlated wi:h population density and food




ration  (Table  6),  whereas cultured A. ra.^sa maair'escad a raaro-.ucibie




toxicological  response  to copper (Tabls ".) through 3i:: ^snarations (Sosnowski




and  Gentile, 1978).  Life-stage sensitivity differences _:i.Jo  occurred with




crustaceans as evidenced" by th" *cute values  fnr  '.iisti" --u".-•   -: ".^O ug/1




(McLeese,  L974) and 48 ug/1 for  the  larvae (Johnson  anc Ge:;tili, 1979).  The




range  oc crustacean sensitivity to copoer  is  further higr.ll;T:ad by che




larvae of  the  green crab, Carcinus aaenua, whose  LC50  o; oOC  u^/l  is  the




highest of  all reported acute '.-slues.  Adult  Ne-q-.l-.cs  arsr.jcao-^ortata had a




 range  of acute values from 77 15/1  to 200  ug/1  (Pescn  and ";or-;3a,  1973) and




adult  Merela diversicolor ^cusa ''alues ranged frrsa 200 to -30 .•-:/i over1 a




 salinity range of 5 to 34 3/kg respectively (Jonag,  et al.  !?"«;.




      \cute  toxiclty of co??nr -° sal ewe tar  fishes ranged •::•:-. 2l .-VI -or




sumiaar dlounaor, Parali.:V""/s dcr.-atus,  --.ryes -.o ;10  ~'I  "•: •  che Florida




 posapano, T.-achinotus caro'.t^ua.  The  rer-.-Ats  of the  *cut2 casts on the

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vjiniii 'ox ot ..uin.iu-i  ""I wlnliT  1 liiuu.i. i  uol c  iiaoil  In  '. tin--  i  •»-> nuo -mtii. ..ia *.k




these species apparently are  not  resistant  to  copper  and  because other acute




values are not available for  these  species.




     Studies on  the effect of  salinity on the  toxicity  of copper indicate




that ic is more  toxic to adult pompano at 10 g/kg  than  at 30 g/fcg (3irdsong




and Avavit, 1971).  Other species of saltwater fish were  tested for




sensitivity to copper, but  the experimental conditions  were not suitable for




inclusion  in either the  acute or  chronic tables; consequently, these data




were placed  Ln Table 6.  Also, a  number  of anadromous species, such as coho




salmon, have been  exposed  to  copper in fresh water.  These data were utilized




in  deriving  the  freshwater,  but not the  saltwater,  criterion.




     Of the  seventeen saltwater families for which acute values ara




available,  the"~FaoTTy Mean  Acute  Values  ranged from 600 ug/1  for Portunidae




to  5.3  ig/1  for  Mytilidae  for a factor of over 100.  A saltwater Final Acute




Value  of  6.417  ug/1 was  obtained for copper using  the Family  Mean Acute




Values  in Table  3 and  the  calculation procedure described  in  the Guidelines.




The iaportant  species  blue missel has an LC50  of 5.3 ug/1, but  it was  not




daterained in  a  flow-through  test In which che concentrations were measured.




7-e Species teari Acute Value  for the Pacific oystar  Ls 7.30)
 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals



      Chronic toxic Icy cests have been conducted on copper witn  several




 freshwater invertebrate and fish species (Table 2).  Life-cycle test  results




 are available for two snails, Daphnia uagna at three hardnesses,  an amphipod,




 brook, trout, bluntnose minnow,  fathead minnow at  four hardnesses,  and the




 bluegill.  tarly life-stage testa have been conducted with  several additional




 fiah species.  Results of  six life-cycle tests with daphnids  are listed in

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Taole 6, because the copper concentrations  were not -neasureo during Che



,,..,,  i.  \ |  [ | ,.., ifr !<• I r il wtlii  I li«  fnl licrtit  .nlini. .w taf i-i 11 >HI rnniliuTi-il  (11 .1




stream water of /arlable 'iu.il Ley (Brungs,  et iL.  1976).   This result  Is also




Included In Table  »», because  the dilution  water cor che cest was obtained




downstream  of a sewage  treatment plant and contained varying, high




concentrations of  organic material,  phosphates, etc.  The chronic values




range  from  a  low of  3.9  ug/1  for early life-stage tests with brook  trout  in




soft water  to 39.0 ug/1  for  the fathead minnow in the variable water  quality




tests  (Table  6).   Values cor  invertebrate  species nearly overlap those  for




fish with a range  of 6.1 to  49  ,ig/l.  The  range of chronic  toxicities for the




tested species appears  to  be narrower than for acute toxicity, even at




constant water hardnesses.   In  contrast wich acute toxicity, none of  the




invertebrate  families or salsnonids appear to be consistently more sensitive




 co copper  than wara  wa:er  species.  Chronic values for sairaonids, in  fact,




overlap those for both cyprinids and centrarchids.




      The  available data concerning che effect of hardness on the chronic




 coxicicy of copper is somewhat   Inconclusive.   If  the data point  for the




 variable water  quality test of   Srungs, et al.  (1976) s.3  Deluded, chere is  a




 weak regression of chronic values on hardness  for  the  fathead  minnow  (r»0.76,




 P=0.10).   However, the slope is such  lower  (0.54)  than tne  pooled slope for




 acute values.  The relationship to  hardness  is also  complicated  by  the




 variations in TOC, phosphate, ate., between  the  test waters.   The soft  test




 water of Mount and Stephan (1969) was aade  by  an  approximately ten-fold




 dilution of a hard spriag water, and  lively  contained auch  lower TOC, etc.,




 than  any of  the other teats.  The  test wacer sf  Srungs,  et  al. (1976) ranged




 from  3.6-12  ag TOC/1 and 0.5-6.5 rag ?0i,/l  (as  ?)  during  rhe chronic teats.

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la chronic cescs wicn ])• ma%na. Winner, ec al. (1977), Winner  and  Farrell



(1976), and SLeslager and Chrlstensen (1972) obeatned values ranging  from  10




to 49 jg/1 depending on che cype of food used In the tests.  Chapman,  et al.




(Manuscript) found that copper was nose toxic in hard water, apparently




because daphnids ingested suspended copper precipitate along with  food




participates.



     The only saltwater chronic value available is  for the mysid,  Mysidopsis




bahia (Table 2).  The chronic  toxicity of copper to this  saltwater




Lp.vercebrace wns .letenlned In a  flow-through life-cycle  exposure  In  which




che concentrations of copper were ueasured by atomic absorption  spectroscopy.




The appearance  of embryos  In the  brood sac was delayed for 6 to  8  days at  77




ig/1 and 140 -ig/1, respectively.  The number of spawns recorded  at 77 -ug/1




was significantly (P<0.05)  fewer  than-at—38.5 -ig/1.  The  number  of spawns  at




24 and  38  ug/1  was not  significantly different from the control.  Brood size




was significantly (P<0.05)  reduced  at 77  ug/1 but  not at  lower




concentrations, and  no  effects on growth  were detected at any  of the  copper




concentrations.  3ased  upon reproductive  data, adverse effects were observed




at 77  jg/1,  but not  at  38  -ig/1,  resulting in  a chronic value of  54 ug/1.




Using  the  acute value  of  131 ug/1,  the  acute-chronic  ratio for this species




is 3.4.



      Acute-chronic  ratios for  copper  (Table 2) vary widely and apparently




depend  on  the  acute  sensitivity  of  the  species.   The  highest  ratios (38 and



156)  are for two of  the more  resistant  species:   the  bluegill  and the snail,




Campeloma decisum,  ard the correlation  coefficient (r)  for logarithms of the




ratio and acute value is 0.94.  Within species  the ratios also vary with



water quality.   For  example,  the ratios  for the  fathead  minnow  in soft water




are  5.4 .nnd 5.8, and In hard water .ire 17 and 20.   The  ratio  for  che  variable

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w.-iLkir (..-. .-r I".-' iii[.i"«".'« " "•"•  'ir./O  ti'fitJ of BI..HVI.-. .  -i .il.  (!'i7h)




Erota IA  co >2-iO, dapanaing on  ;oe  .icuta value jsed.  Viiues  for three tests




with D.  nagr.a ranged from 1.2  to 7.3,  but did not  shot* a consistent  pattern




with hardness.



     The basis  for  the variation In acute-chronic  ratios appears to  be the




dependence  of the acute value  on precipitation of  copper at  high




concentrations  in tests  ..'ith resistant ipecias, and in high  hardness, high




alkalinity  waters with all  speci-s.  Lrtcause the chronic  cests i'sr these same




species  and wacers  are genera!!:' conducted  at concentrations below the




solubility  limit of the  common hydroxy-c irboaates, the  ratio is increased




when  precipitation  occurs In the acute tests.




      Choice oc  a most  reasonable acute-chronic  ratio for  use in criteria




derivation is somewhat  of a comproaise,  and should consider  the chemical




aspects of species  sensitivity ind w^ctr quality  noted acove.  For axaaple,




 inclusion of Che ratio for  the  insensitive  bluegill does  not seem reasonable




 if the  Final Acute-Chronic  ratio  is to be used  with the ?inal  .Acute  Value




 vr.ich aoproxiaates the acute values of sensitive species,  because daphnids




 and ^arjnarias ara  the acutely sensitive  species,  acute values  for these




 species largely determines  the  Final  Acute  Value (ar.a hardness  curve)  for




 copoer.  Tnus the  available acuca-chronic ratios  for these species  should  be




 used to calculate  the Final AcuL-i-Chro-iic: Ratio.  The family nean ratio  for




 dapnnids is 2.55 and for ganraarlas is 3.30.  Thus  the Final  Acute-Chronic




 Ratio based on  these tvo faalli.sa Is  2.90  (Table 3), ana  the  Final  Chronic



 Value - e(0.905(ln(hardness)]-l.7S5).




      Using an  experimentally  caujrainec  at..Jte-chronic ratio  «-r th  the Final




 Acute  Equation  rests on  cne rsj.-'-ively ar.croven assunptiou  tnat tha




 relac-.onship of acuce toxi=ity  UJ hardness also appiias cc  c'.ironic  affects.

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                                                                               /v-
This .tpproach dliu ..aauines chrft 4 iIngle /icuLe-clironLc racl.o ( i.t derived




earlier) Is applicable over a wide range of species and water  qualities.  As




shewn earlier, the ratios for copper (Table 2), vary widely wirh species




sensitivity and water quality.  Nevertheless, use of a ratio of 2.90  seems




appropriate because  it depends on acute-chronic ratios obtained for the raost




sensitive'species.   Also, an  Increase of the freshwater chronic criteria with




hardness appears prudent at this cine and Is not contraindicated by any of




the available data.









Toxlclty to Aquatic  Plants




     Copper has been widely used as an alglcide and herbicide  for  nuisance




aquatic plants.  Although It  Is known is an  inhibitor of  photosynthesis and




plant growth,  toxiclty data on  Individual species (Table  4; see also  Stokes




1979, and  Spear and  Pierce, 1979a) are not numerous.  The relationship of




toxicity to water  chemistry and  the  Importance of the culture  medium  on




toxicity has  only  recently been  recognized (Gachter, et al. 1973).  Copper




concentrations froa  I to 3,000  ug/1  have been shown to  inhibit growth of




various plant species.   Several  of the values are near or below the chronic




values  for fish  and  Invertebrate  species, but most are auch higher.   Mo Final




Plane Value can  be obtained because  none of  che plane values were  based on




•neasured concentrations.




     Data  are available  on  the  toxiclty of copper in salt water  to two




species of macroalgae and eight  species of microalgae.  A copper




concentration of  100 ug/1 caused a  fifty-percent decrease in  photosynthesis




in  the  giant  kelp, Macrocystis  pyrefera (Clendennlng and  North, 1959).




Growth  reduction in  the  red alga. Campla parvula, occurred  in  both the




tetrasporophyte  and  female  plants exposed  to copper concentrations of 4.6  and

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    .g/1 (5t=ieLe and Thursby, 1983).  Microaigae were  equally  sensitive to




      .   7V>«> growth rates of Thalassiosira pseudonana  ar.a  3cri?psieila




faeroense were reduced by 50% afcer exposure co 5.0  ig/1  for  three  and five




days respectively.  Thus saltwater plant species show  similar  sensitivity to




copper as animal species.









Sloaccumulation




     Sioconcentration factors (EC?) ranged from zero  for  tne  bluagill to




2,000 for cne alga, Chloralla ragularia (Table 5).   Because copper  is a




required elenent  for aniaal  nutrition, the significance, of copper residues




has aoc been established, and few  tests have been  run  for  the  purpose of




determining BC?s.




     Copper is an  essential  element la the respiratory pigments of  some




saltvacer  invertebrates, especially crustaceans,  and  planes  have enzymes




wnich contain copper and are necessary for photosynthesis.  However, copper




Is  3lso bloconcencrated  In  excess  of  any known needs  by several saltwater




species (Taole  5).  The  polychaete worm, Keanchas  arenacaoder.tata,




Dtoccr-cencracad copper  2,550 times (?esch and Morgan,  197S),  wnereas in a




series  of  -aeasurements  wtth algae  by  Riley and Xoch (1971) che highest




reportad 3C?  was  617  for Heteromastix longifillla.  The highest 3C7s for




copoer  are those  for  the bivalve molluscs.   Shuster and Pringle (1969) found




that  che eastern  oyster  could concentrate copper  28,200 times during a




140-day continuous exposure to  50  ug/1.  Even  though the  tissue of the oyster




became  bluish-green In  color,  lorcalitias were only slightly  higher than in




 the controls.  This amount  of copper  is  not  known to be haraful to man, but




 cher.e have been Instances  recorded that  oysters  have been unmarketable




because of trielr  green  3opearan.ee  due to high  copper content.

-------
     Because no -^axi-num  permissible  tissue concentration  exists,  neither  a.




freshwater nor a  saltwater  Final  Residue Value can  be  calculated.









Other Data




     Many of che  daca  In Table ft  are  acute values  for  durations  other chan 96




hours with che same species  reported  In Table 1, vith  some  exposures  lasting




up to 30 days.  Acute  values for  cest durations  less  than 96  hours are




available for several  species not shown in Table 1, and these species have




approximately the same sensitivities  to copper as  species in  the  same




families listed in Table 1.  For example, Anderson,  et  al. (1980)  report  a




10-day value for  the midge,  Tanytarsus dissinilia,  of  16.3  ug/1,  in soft




water.  This compares  with  the 96-hr  LC50 of 30 -ig/1  for  Chironomus,  at  a




hardness of  50 mg/1 (Rehwoldt, et al. 1973).  Reported LCSOs  at  200 hrs  for




chinook salmon and rainbow  trout  (Chapman, 1978) differ only  slightly from




96-hr LCSOs  reported  for these same  species  In th--  same water.




     Many of the  other acute tests in Table  6 were  conducted  in  dilution




waters which were known  to  contain materials which  would  significantly reduce




the  toxiclty of copper.  These reductions were different  from those caused by




hardness, but not enough data exist  to account for  these  ir. the  derivation of




che  criteria.  For example,  Lind, et  al. (Manuscript)  conducted  cests with




Daphnia pulicaria and  the  fathead alnnow in  waters  with concentrations of IOC




ranging up to 34  nig/1.   Similarly, Gee Icier,  et al.  (1976) and 3rungs, et  al.




(1976) conducted  tests with many  species in  stream  water  which contained  a




large amount of effluent from a  sewage treatment plant.   Wallen,  et al.




(1957) tested mosquitofish  in a  turbid pond  water.  Until chemical




measurements which correlate well with the toxicity of copper in a wide




variety of waters are  identified  and  widely  used,  results of  tests in unusual

-------
                                                                               17
dilution waters, sue.-. a:» cr-.ose in Tabla 5, will  noc  oe very useful cor




dert.-i".& Jac-er  ,-.1.11 icy cnrana.




     Table 6 .also includes reajlcs cf physiological  rests, e.g.,  reduced




growth, appetite, change Ln blood parameters,  stamina, etc., where a




statistically definea enaaotnt was attained  for  a. fixed concentration-time




relationship.  These were  Included In Table  6, because they could not be




directly interpreted cor aerv/dCion or" criteria.   Of these, only avoidance




behavior cf  rainoow  trouc  fry  f J.". ag/1 at i hr)  (Joiner,  1976),  appeared to




be  substantially lower  Chan otr.e"-  icuca and  chronic  effects listed in Tables




1 or  2.  Ccckler, ec al. ^1975)  also mention avoidance or  copper at 120 ug/1




as  a  significant factor  in their studies  on  scraaa populations.  It is not




understood  now  these rasuita could be trans-tatdd lato criteria, however,




especially  in view of  the  paucity of available data  and the nuaber of poorly




understood  factors involved  in application of the results.- e.g.,  accliaation,




mixing zones, species  specificity, etc.




      Vaiwood and Seanisn (1973)  studied  the  effect of copper on growth of




 rainbow trou= ac cirf-jrar.s pHs.  Hetric*.  et al. (L979) and .
-------
L'rused Dae a




     Conner has  prob.ibly been  Che  .nose  widely  studied  'aecal  in  terras  oc  Its




cuxic df:ei:cs -in  i-iuicic  jrigi-ils-as.   Several hundred  papers  ha/e  been




DubLished on various  physiological effects, effects of water  quality  an




toxlcLty, and copper  uptake  by organs and  organisms under various  conditions.




Only a  few of these publications have been mentioned  herein  because  those




aspects have been thoroughly reviewed by Chapman,  ee  al.  (1963),  Black,  et




al. (1976), Thompson, et al. (1972),  Phillips  and  Russo (1978),  Spear and




Pierce  (1979 a),  Hodson, et al. (1979),  and Stokes  (1979).  Waiwood (1980),




Lett, et  al. (1976),  Ferreira (1978), and  Ozoh and Jacobson  (1979)




investigated effects  of copper on  various  physiological parameters of aquatic




aniaals,  but do  not contain  any interpretable  concentration-tine




relationsnlps useful  for deriving  criteria,  de March (1979)  and Wong, et  al.




(i.977)  presented no useful data on copper.




     Papers by  Maloney  and Palmer  (1956),  van  der  Berg (1979),  Fllbin and




Hough (1979), Guy and Kean (1980), Sakajiaa, et al. (1979),  Prey,  et  al.




 (1973),  Sunda and Lewis (1978),  Giullard,  at al. (1978).  Wageaann and Barice




 (1978),  Borgmann (1981),  and Swallow,  et  al. (1978)  report  on studies of




 -7.irt.ous  aspects  of copper coraplexatlon  on  uptake,  growth inhibition,  or




 coxicity to  various algae  and plankton.  Most  of these report data en




 relative effects, usually in artificial media  and  do  not contain useable




 coxicological data  for  surface waters.




     Mclntosh  and Kevern (1974), Flnlayson and Ashuckian (1979), Taylor




 (1978),  Labat  (1977), and McKnighc (1981)  reported the results of various




 field  studies  with  poorly defined or experimentally confounded exposure




 conditions.   Papers  by Baudoln and Scoppa (1974),  Dodge and Theis (1979),




 Vs-ma., .et .Al.  (1940)  , -Furmanska (1979), Evans  (1980), and Murameto (1980)

-------
                                                                                   /y
COnC.tln  Ci.'>  • '- >i  <=•;, "•" ' 'i.-Ji- :  ' '  -in: J i ' •»  »•• -»ll..w i-i' =i :irol -»l Inn in" r IK»




or che expciura  ve.-2 :oo sr.ort  ind/or concancrac'-oas  coo  high for meaningful




results  co ha.-a  oaen icca ..i=d .  £hcnsr=an '/i-97'"- «ii«l  not  report useable




results,  and 3«r'iovic-?3p:vic dr.i  ?opo"t- (1977a,b) used quest icnabla dilution




waters.   High  control mortalities  occurred in ill  except  one tast reported  by




Sauter,  ec al.  (1976).   Mar.y ^ao^fs,  sucn as those by Karoe (L972), Sauard,




at al. (1975),  Soice ar.^ "ocpev '1375'-, w.ijon ar.a Pecronio (L973), ciestinga




(1976),  Mishra  2-c  ^-Ir.ajrar-.  - '. -80} ,  .:  9a.-.= .  dC  al. (1980). could  not  be




used  because cr.ey or.iy -o-.t.'in jnong tha sore




 sensitive species zrz drn.irM.-i,  T-nds,  -• '.-I'jfls . and snails  'mic'i fora the




 aajor  food-webs  far bo:h  t.--i-  .:  a col  .--'acdr ."loaes.  Co-icen^r^cuns of

-------
 , ,|i|>,-1  11 ( !j i 1 t .1  I im-ir  iini'i I I I vi-  ••! - HI I HUM  Ln  n«> f I  . il e-i  iii- nit 1 /  -v 1 I -. ill '.. r




zoove those cnronlcally  toxic  to  most  fish  and Invertebrate  species.




     Chronic values  are  available for  eleven freshwater  species,  ranging  from




a low of 3.373 -ig/1  for  brook  crout  to 60.36 ug/1  for  northern pike.   Fish




and Invertebrate  species seem  to  be  about equally  sensitive  to the chronic




toxicity of copper.   The two most sensitive species,  bluntnose minnow and £.




paeudolianea, are both  Important  food  organisms.




     Copper  coxlclty has been  tested on a wide range  of  plant species, with




results approximating those for animals.  Complexlng  effects of the test




media and a  lack  of  good analytical  data make  Interpretation and application




of  these results  difficult.  Protection of animal species, however, appears




to  offer adequate protection of plants as well.  Copper does not appear to




bioconcentrate  very much in the edible portion of freshwater aquatic




species.



     The  acute  toxicity of copper to saltwater animals ranges  from 5.8 ug/1




 for the  blue mussel to 600 ug/1 for the green crab.  A. chronic life-cycle




 cast  has  been conducted with a mysid, and  adverse affects were observed at 77




 jg/1 but  not at 33  Jg/1, which resulted  in  an acute-chronic  ratio of  3.346.




 Several  saltwater aigal soecies have been  tested, and effects  were observed




 between 5 and 100 'ig/1.  Oysters can bloaccuaulate copper up  to 28,200 times,




 and become bluish-green, apparently without significant mortality.  In




 Long-term exposures, the bay scallop was killed at 5 ag/1.









 National Criteria




      To protect  freshwater  aquatic  life and its uses, in each  30  consecutive




 days:   (a) the average  concentration  (in >ig/l) of active copper




 (o -eratlonally defined  as  the  copper  chat  passes  through  a  0.45 urn aembrane

-------
t ! 1 I i-i   i' i i-i I In-  !.ii!i|il«-  ! i  <• l.i I i Iml '•-) ,nl - 'i \. I ' li u 11 r I•   ii1 ' .; j  .lutu III IMI I



exceed  cne  .luraericAL  value  i'.ve-i  ay eC0.905[ l.H harJnesg) j-L. 785).  ,b)




the aaximxai concencratiott (in ig/1) srculd not exceed  che  numerical value



given by e(0-905lln(hardn«ss)]-!.413);  and ^) the concencracion (in




Ug/1) oay be between  e(0-905[la(hardness)]-!.785) and




e(0.905(hardness)]-1.413) for u= co 95 hours.  For exaupie,  ac




hardnesses  of  30,  LOO,  *rd  200 =j/l a.z OiCOj =he  cricar^on average




concentrations  of  active  copper a.ca 5.r. II, ano  20 ^g/1 arja whs criterion




maximum concentrations  are 8.*.  16, and 29 -.1,3/1.




     To protect saltwater aquacic Life snd its uses,  in eacn JO consecutive




days:   (3)  ihe  average  concentration of active copper should not exceed 2.0




•ig/1; (a)  che maxicnua concentration should not exceed 3.2  ig/1: and (c) the




concentration -nay be between 2.0 and 3.2 ug/I  for up  to 96 hours.

-------
ol .
1u oi|ua1lc iwil»ats
S.i>ocl«S Mulhoil*
Chutilcal
llariliiosb
(IMI/I a&
LC50
or EC50
Spucfus Mtton
AcuTa Valua
^/l)*"* Ratsratico
FRESI1WATLR SKCIES
Cc.lHdr,
PlilloJIdd dCuMcoroli
Hot liar,
I'lil lodlna dcutlcornls
Kctllur,
I'M lodlna acutlcornls
Worm,
1 timbr Iculus varliiQiitus
lubf field norm,
I iranodrl lus hotfmelstur i
Worm,
i-lois sp.
Snail,
r.owpttlcuna Joel Sum
Sndll (adult),
Aii.nl co la sp.
Snail,
Gyrdulus clrcumvtrldtus
Snail,
Physd hotdfostroptid
Sndll .
Pliysa IntfKjra
Asiatic clam,
Corblcula flumlritia
Asldlic clam,
Cur li leu Id llumlnua
Cldilucurau,
Diiphnld nugnj
s,
R,
R,
S,
s,
s,
FT,
s,
s,
s,
n.
s,
n.
s.
M
U
U
U
U
H
H
H
U
U
M
U
U
U
Co|.(iur
sul lulu
sul late
Copper
sul fi>ur
Sul fdlu
bul tdlo
Coi>pui
suit dlo
Cup(>ui
Sill tdtu
iul Idlu
Sul Into
40
ai
30
100
50
35-55
50
100
100
64
64
226
IbO
/DO
1 , IJO
102
90
1,700
900
loo
69
39
40
49.0
200
Bulkenu, ot al . I97/
Bulkemd, ot dl . 19/4
•jo/. 2 Bulfconu, el dl. IV74
218.2 Ualley & Liu. I'JDU
54.47 Wurtz & Brld.jOi, l%l
'JU.OO Kuhuoldt, at dl . 1973
I.H70 Arthur & Loondid, 1970
900.0 Rahvoldt, et a). 1973
57.66 Hurt! & Brld'joi, 1961
36. B5 Murt/ & Brldjus. 1901
42.90 Arthur ft Looruird, 1971-
Rodgors, et al. I960
35.41 Rodgurs, ut al . I9UO
Cabejszek & StdSiak,
I960
                                                                            V

-------
lublo I,  (Continued)


Snoclus
CljUocoran,
Oapluila maijna
CliiJocoran,
Ddpniiu mjtjna

Oaplinlo magna
Clddoceran,
Ouplifiid HidCjna
Cl jdtxordn ,
[ 1. 1 lilll Cl '.U.|ild
Cl >).-.< urofi,
lidj iiM .> M.ijna
CldlOCUl .III,
CL. Incur. in,
llj, !iH 1 d kdij^Q
C 1 uoocoran.
Uaplinld mjyna
Cladocuriin,
Ojpimla pulex
ClaJocoran,
O.iplinla |iul 1 car la
Clc locuran,
Dnpn.il > pul Icarlu

Pi .t«. -b » .-. . 1 1 1 1 r r.t" 1 A


' .tiissi'
R, U
s. u

C II
-•. u
s, u

S, M

b. M
S, M
S. M
S, U

s, u

s. n
b, K
S M



Cl-.-ilcdl.
Cx.ppoc
chlor Idu
Coppur
chlur Idu

chlor Ida
Copper
chlor No
Coppdl
i.lilui Ido
Coppur
chlor Ido
Cop p or
clilorldo
Coppor
chlor Ida
Coppar
Sill fdtO
Uippor
SUl fillU
-
-


Itardiidss LCV) Species Modit
(«g/l AS or EC50 Acuto Valuo
CeCOv) ' ("o/D** ("jj/D***
45.3 9.B
99 60

99 30

120 12.7

yi 26

10") 30
lOb 38
20/ 69
45 10 17.55

45 10 11.00

4b M.4
40 9.06
4li 7.24



Rclurunc.u
Hlu&lngur &
Chrlstunsan, 19/2
Adoiikj & Du9root-Vdii
ilji, 1972

.Vluina & lleyrool-Vaii
Zljl, 1972
And or ion, I94B

Chjpman, ut dl .
1 diiusi-r p
Ctiopiujn, ot al .
Manuscript
Chdpmdn , et dl .
Manuscript
Chap.-idii. ot al .
Manuscript
Cdlrns, et al. 197U

Cdlrns, ot dl. I97b

I I lid, Ot dl .
Manuscript
Llnd, tit cil .
Manuscript
Llnd, or dl .
Manuscript
                                                                                                                                           y,
                                                                                                                                            VjJ

-------
Cladoceran,
Ddphnld pullcarld
Clddoceran,
Oaphnla pul (car la
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla pul 1 car la
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla pul lean a
Clddoceran,
Oaphnla pul Icarla
Scud,
Gdininnrus psoudol Iroridiius
Scud,
Gdunarus sp.
Crayl Ish,
Orconectes rust Icus
DuniseU ly,
Onldentltled
Stonefly,
Acronourla lycorlas
CadJIstly,
Unidentified
Cli 1 roriomus sp.
Amur lean eel ,
Aiiijullla roilrato
Amur lean oul,
Method*
S, M
S, M
S, M
S. M
S, M
n, M
S, M
FT, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S. M
S, H
it. ilnass
(iuj/1 AS
44
45
95
145
245
Cop|>ur 35-55
50
Cojipur ' 100- 125
!>ulldlO
50
Coppor 40
sulfata
50
(ill I'd to
ICV)
or EC50
10.8
9.3
I7.fl
23.7
27.3
20
910
3,000
4,600
fl.300
6.200
3U
6,400
6,000
Spocles Haon
Acut« Valuo
i "ij/ 1 ) " ' R ft* eranca
Llnd, bt al.
Manuscript
LloJ, ui di .
Llnd, et jl .
Manuscr Ipi
Liml. of ol.
Manuscrlpl
9.390 Llnd, et ol.
22.00 Arthur & Leufidrd, 'V
910.0 RehKoldt, «i cii . li .
1,446 HuUiChinjn, IOL.7
4,600 RehHoldl, at al . 1475
10,160 Marnlck & Dell, l%i
6,200 RehHOldt, at al . ISi7J
30.00 ReliMOldi, et dl . IT:
Rolivtoldt, ot dl. IV"
HeliHoUt, ui di . >/".
Arxjul Ha  rostratd

-------
t.  (Continued)
Spo-llkS
^riiur Icon oo 1
(Mack ool stage) ,
*ngul 1 la rostrate
Amor lean eol
(glass eol stage),
Angul 1 Id rostral a
Coho salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (adult),
Onc-orhynrtuis klsutch
Coho salmon (yearling),
Oncorhyiidius klsutch
Coho salmon (yearling),
OiiL.ir hyfi^liui klsutch
Coho salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Sockuy salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus narka
bockcy salmon (smolt),
Omui hynchus nerka
bcckoy salmon « Ingorl Irig) ,
OncorhyiikhuS nerka
Seemly •--! Imon ( ( 1 n jor 1 1 mj) ,
Oiu~crliyiii:luis nttrka
Scckxy -...ilmun ( f Ihjjurl Ing) ,
Oncoi hynchus norka
Chinook salmon (aluvln),
Oncorhynchus tshaxytsclia
Chinook salmon (sMlm-up),
Uncorhi/nchus tshawvtsclia
H-llvuja
S, U
S. II
FT, M
M, M
FT, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
R. M
R, It
R, M
R, M
K, M
FT, M
FT, H
ClKJlllC/ll
Coppur
sul lato
Coppur
si.lfdlu
Coppur
chlor Ido
Coppcir
chloi Ida
Coppor
chlor Ido
Copper
chlorldu
Coppur
chlorldu
Cuppar
chlorluo
chlor Ido
chloi ido
Clilui Ido
chl.jr Ido
Copper
chlor Ido
Coppur
chlorldu
Coppur
i.hl»: I.Jo
Hjrdnoss
(luj/l oa
CaCO^)
40-40
40-48
70
23
23
89- 99
89-99
89-99
3b-46
36-46
36-4o
36-46
36-46
23
23
LC50
or EC50
3,200
2,540
46
28-38
42.9
74
70
60
240
103
~UQ
210
240
26
19
Spoclus Mean
Acute Valua
_(^g/l)««J1

4,301
~
~
~
-
"
56.94
-
-
-
-
232.0
-
                                                                                                  Raforenca_

                                                                                                  Hlnton & Evursolu,
                                                                                                  1979
                                                                                                  nlnton i Eversole,
                                                                                                  1978
                                                                                                  Chapman & Stevens,
                                                                                                  1978

                                                                                                  Chdpman, 1975


                                                                                                  Chapman, 1975


                                                                                                  lorz 4 McPhurson. I97b


                                                                                                  Lor/ & McPhert.oii, 1976


                                                                                                  Lor/ & McPhors.00, 1976


                                                                                                  Davis  & Shand,  1978


                                                                                                  Davis  & Sliand,  197U


                                                                                                  Davis  & Shand,  1978


                                                                                                  Davis  & Shanil,  197B


                                                                                                  Davis  & Sliaiid,  19/U


                                                                                                  Chapman,  1975,  197H


                                                                                                  Chapman,  1975.  1978
                                                                                                                                     Xi

-------

Spaclns
Chinook salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus tshaaytschd
Chinook salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus tshaxytuctia
Chinook salmon (Juvunlla),
Oncorhynchus tsho««yt>cho
Chinook salnon.
Oncorhynchus tshawytsclia
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshaxytsclia
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshavytschd
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshanytscha
Cutthroat trout,
Salrao clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Sdlmo clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Salino clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Sdlmo clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Sal no clarkl
Cutthroat trout.
Salwo clarkl
Cutthroat trout.
Salmu clarkl
Cut throat trout ,
^rtlmn ddrkl

Mafhod*
FT, M

n, M

FT, M

FT, M

FT, M.

FT, »

FT, M

FT, M
n, M
FT, M
FT, M
Ff, M

FT, M

FT, M

Fr, M


Chemical
Coppur
chlor Ido
Coppur
chlor (do
Coppur
chlor lilu
-

-

-

-

Ooppur
chlor Ido
Copper
chlor (do
Coppur
chlor Ida
Coppur
chlor Ido
Copper
cliloi Ido
Copptr
ch 1 or 1 du
Cup pur
cli lor Ido
Coppor
chlurldo
Mardimss
(nu/1 as
CaCO^)
23

23

25

13

46

182

359

205
70
ia
204
83

31

160

74

LCW Specie* Nuan
or ECV) Acute Va]u»
("g/ll" '" """" ""*
36

26

3J. 1

10

22

85

130

36;
166
36.8
232
162

73.6

91

44.4

I Of 11" nei«r»»c»
Chapman, iy/5, I'J.'O

Chapman, 1975, i'J76

Chapman, 1VU/

Chapman & Mi.Ci i : ,' ,
1977

Chapman LMcCr.,!?,
1977

Chapman & McCrady,
1977

39.48 Chapman & McCraly.
1977

Chakounakos, ul al .
1979
Chakoumakob , at al .
1979
Chakoumdkos, at al.
1979
Chakoumdkos, el al .
1979
Chakoumakob , t>l dl .
IQ7O
1 * ty
Chakoumdkos , tit al .
IO7Q
i » ty
Chakounakob, ut al .
I979
Chakoiun.iKo^ , ul al .
id 7Q
ly 17

-------
Tab I a I.  (Continued)
SIMI.US
Ciifiluodt trout,
Sdhi-j cldrkl
Rainbow trout.
SiilniR <}
Coppur
sul fulo
Coppor
sulKitu
Sill Idlt.
Dipp»r
!>ulfato
Coppur
sul (utu
Coppur
sul tut o
llurdnoss
20
30
31
31
30
101
101
102
101
99
IOU
100
9U
LC50 Spoclos Mean
or tC50 Acute Value
("a/I)"" ("y/l)tBS
l'j.7 67.10
19.9
2,2.4
23.9
30
30
176
40
33.1
30.7
46.3
47.9
4U.I
81.1
85.9
Refer 
-------
UI.I.. 1 '• -•' •'•1L'»J
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
RdlnLow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rdlnbow trout,
Salino yalrdnorl
Rdlnbow trout,
Salmo yalrdnorl
Rdlnbow trout.
Sdlmo ijcilrdnar 1
Hathod*
n, M
ff, M
FT, M
FT, M
n, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, H
FI, M
FT, M
FT. M
n, M
FI, M
FT, M
Ciifcnlcal
Coppor
&ul lite
Coppor
sul fain
Coppor
Sul Idto
Cop pur
Sul idtti
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
chlor Ide
Cop par
chloride
Coppor
chlurldu
Copper
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
cti 1 or 1 du
Cup pur
clilorldu
Hardness
(coj/l as
370
366
371
361
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
LCSO Species Huan
or EC50 Acut* Value
("il/U" ("g/D*"* Reference
23'j - Howarth 4 Spi
1978
70 - Howarth & Spi
1976
82 2 - Howartli 4 bpr
1976
29B - Howarth & Sp>
1976
1^9 - ChiikoumakuS,
1979
85 3 - • Chakoumakos,
1979
0) 3 - ChakoumakOb,
1979
103 - Chakounidkos.
1979
274 - Chakoumakos,
1979.
126 - Chakoumakos,
1979
221 - ChdkoumakO!>,
1979
16) - Chakoum jkos ,
1979
1^7 - Chakounidkos,
1979
JI4 - ChaKoumaKos,
1979

.,„,..
i! i ^^» •
tlj Jl» »
'*J , ^O ,
a- jl
iit dl
a- a\
oi al
et al
t»t dl
ui al
ul dl
ol dl

-------
 I able 1.  (Continued)
Spec 1 as

Rdln(>OM trout,
Sol mo galrdrmri
        trout (olovln),
      gjlrarurl
Rainbow  trout (swim-up),
SoImo golrdnorI

Rainbow  trout (parr),
Sdlmo galmnerl

Rainbow  trout (smolt).
Salmo galrdnarl

Rainbow  tiout (oJult),
bo lino i
Rainbow trout (fry),
Sdlmo golrdnorl

Rainbow trout,
Solmo galrUuerI

Rainbow trout,
Sdlmo ijulrdnorl
Kdlnbow trout,
bdliuo tjalrdiiuri

Rainbow trout,
Solmo QdlrOnorl

At I antIc salmon,
Solmo so Inr

At laiil ic S.ilmon,
Salmo salar

Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
Method"
"/
n.
fi.
rr.
nr.
FT.
n.
FT,
FT,
n.
s.
FT.
i,
n,
H
H
M
M
M
H
H
H
H
M
M
H
M
M
Cliu.ilcol
Coppo.
cliloi Idu
dilor Idu
Coppoi
chlorldo
Coppor
cdlorldo
C.ippur
ch lor Idu
Coppor
chlorldo
Coppor
nitrate
Copper
sul fate
Copper
suit ate
Cojipur
SilllotO
Coppui'
sul loto
Copper
sul iolo
-
-
dnuss
/I US
f*?iL
19-1
23
23
23
«
42
-
125
125
125
290
ft)
0-10
14
LC50 Spue 1 us Moon
or EC50 Acute Valuo
243
20
17
18
29
57
253
200
190
210
890 42.82
40
125
32 IU7.3
Roferanco
ChaKoiirildkin, ul
1979
Chdpnion, 19/t., 1
Chapman, 19/5, 1
Chapman, 1975, 1
Chapman, 1975,
Cuapinari, I97ti, (
& Stuvuns, 1974
Hale. 1977
Spear, 1977
bpuar, 1977
Spoor. 19V/
Cdlamar 1 & Morel
1975
Sprajuo, 1964
Wilson, 1972
Sprayuo & Ramso'
                                                                                                         1965
                                                                                                                                            V.

-------
fob)*.
             N'x»i.-li.'_-.Ji
liardnasi LCW> Spoclas Mean

Spuclus
Urook trout,
Sdlvallnub tonttnal Ib
Chlsalmouth,
Acruchullu!> alutacuus
Central stonarol lor.
Campos tartd anomaluni
Uoldf Ish,
Curdssltis auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Cuwuon carp.
CyprlniiS carplo
Common carf..
Cyprlnus carplo
Common corp <7B-I95 mj) ,
Cyprlnus carplo
Common carp (?0dO-36JO mg),
Cyprlnus carplo
Striped shiner,
Hotropts chrysocophdlus
Striped slil nor.
llolropls cnrysocophdlit!>
Bluntnoso mlnnox.
Plmujjfiolos notatus
Ulunlnosu nlnnow,
Plmaplialas nulalus


Mulliod*
",

".

n,

s.

Fl.

i.

s.

s.

s.

FT,

H,

FT,

Fl.

H

M

M

U

M

H

H

U

u

H

H

M

H


Ctiujlcal
Gowur
sul lalo
Cuppor
chlur Ida
GUM**
Sul IdlO
Cnp|ior
trUl i <*1t*
Copt.u.-
suUittu
Coppur
nitrate
.

Coppvr
sul tdtu
Copuor
Sul tdtu
Coppar
sultdlu
Coppor
sul ta1a
Coppor
sul Ute
Coppor
Sul Id tO
(IMJ/I dl

45

M-Sb

VOO

20

52

51

bi

144-168

144-160

200

200

200

700

or ECM Acuto Valu«
IV"'"
100

("9/I)*1* Refarurca

110.0 HcKIm 4 bunolt , 19JI


Ui 133.4 AiKlrob & Carton, 1VOO

29U

36

300

810""

SOO""

117. 5

530.0

790

1.900

290

260


62.71 Gttckler,

Pickering
I9b6
1 ?\>v

B1 dl. 19/b

& Hendurson,

)».6 Tsal iHcKoo, I9UO

RahMOldt,

Ruhnotdt,

DeshmuKh
i ODn
1 VoO
64.24 Dashnukh
1900
Geckler,

349.4 Guckler,

Gack 1 ar ,

Gacklar,


at dl. I9M

at dl. 19/2

& Mar at ha,

& Mara the,

el dl . 1976

t»t al. 1976

at dl. 1976

at at. 1976


-------
Table I.  (Continued)

Sp&cl&s
Olunlno&a minnow.
(' iinaplidlor. notdtus
Uluntnosu minnow.
Pimaplidlas notdtus
Bluntriosa minnow,
Plmuphdlus notatus
Blunt nos a niinnow.
Plmephalas notatus
Bluntnose minnow,
Plmapnalos notatus
Olurifnosa minnow,
u)Rit.|.lldleS HOtdttlS
Fdthudd minnow.
PI nuptial as prone las
Fdtbojd minnow,
Plioaphalos promelas
Fatliodd minnow.
Plmophdlos promuldS
Fathoad minnow,
PlmophiilQb promo las
FalhOdd minnow.
Plmuplioloi, promo las
Fatliuad minnow.
Plmeplidlai prunalas
Fdlhaad minnow,
1J uiiuptijloc, pronialas
Fatliuad minnow,
Plmuplidlos proinOldS

Moil.ua-
F(, M

FT. M

FT, M

n, M

FT, M

n, M

n, M

FT, M

FT, H

n, M

S, U

S, U

S, U

b, U


Chtmlcol
Coppur
bul tolo
topper
sul fdtu
Coppur
sul fata
Coppor
sullala
Copper
sulfatu
Cnppur
sul fdtu
Coppar
sul Idte
Coppui t
sul Idlo
-

-

Coppur
sul tdte
Coppor
sul fat<>
Coppui*
sul idfu
Coppot
sul Idlu
Uu}/l ito
CoCO^l
200

200

200

194

194

194

202

202

200

45

360

360

20

20

LC50
or EC50

260

200

340

210

220

270

460

490

790

200

1,760

1,140

25

23

Spec 1 us Moan
Acute Valuo
(•jj/|)»« Reference.
dock lor, al al. 1976

Geckler, ot al. 1976

Guckl«r, at dl . 1976

Horning & Nelhulsel,
IQ7Q
1 31 If
Horning A Nulholsel ,
1Q7Q
1 7 IV
75.94 Horning i Nolhoisel ,
IO7Q
I w ty
Pickering, at al . 1977

Pickering, at al . 1977

Andrew, 1976

Andruw, 1976

Plckorlruj & Hondar son,
i n££
1966
Plckarlmj & hondorson,
1 QAA
1 TOO
Pickering & Hondorsou,
1966
Plckorlng & Hondori»on,
1 QAA
1 TOO

-------
ToUU  i,   fCoAHnii«J
Spec las
FdtliudJ .nlnnoM.
Plmoplislei promolas
Fdthood nlnnOH,
Plnupnal«s promo las
Fathead minnow,
Plmophdles pronttlas
Fdthedd minnow,
Plnujphdlos promt) las
Fdthadd minnow,
Plrcephdle* pronoliis
Fathead minnow,
I'lmophdles promulds
fothedd minnow,
Plmoptiales promalds
Fathodil minnow,
f'lmophdles prunulas
Fdthudd minnow,
Plmephales promolas
Fathead minnow,
PUiephdles promeldS
Fdthbdd minnow,
Plmuphdles promelas
Northern si|uawtlsh,
Plyctiochttl kus orogonunsl s
(ilacknose dace,
Khlnlclithys atratulus
Hathod* ClHrfilcal
S,
S.
s,
Fl,
S,
n.
fi ,
Fl.
n,
FT,
Fl,
F>.
Fl.
U
U
U
M
U
M
H
M
M
H
M
M
M
Coppor
SUlfdtu
Coppw
iultatu
Coppor
sul tdta
Cap par
suhata
Copper
sul fdta
Coppur
sulldtu
Copper
sul tdte
Coppur
sul tdtu
-
-
-
Coppur
cUlorldu
Coppur
sul (dta
MarJnabS
tohj/l ait
.CuCO^t
20
20
200
200
31
il
200
200
4U
45
46
52-56
200
IC50
or ECM
Cg/D"
21
22
tx
470
64
75
44'J
4W
1)4
121
86.5
ID
i20
Sp«cl«$ Moan
Acute Valu*
("g/D*"1 Referanca
PlcKerlmj 1 Hotidui
1061)
PIcKoring & Kun.lur
1966
HouM.lteU
Mount , I'JW
Mount & St option, 1
Mount & Staphdn , 1
Cockier , tit ol . I'.
Gecklur, 01 ol . 1'^
Llnd. «t al.
Manuscript
Llnd, et al .
Manuscript
118.7 Llnd, «t al.
Manuscript
16.79 Andrus i Gorton, 1
91.26 Cockier, or al . I'J

-------
Teblo I.  (Continued)
Cru,
M^tln-J1 Clif.ii ICG!
Fl, M D'jp [n.(
sul tjto
n, M c.,in«.r
S.ll tj|>.
Fl, M Co[)H-<"
sul f Jto
n, M Coi^or
sul Itite
S, M Cuppur
niTi'dtu
S. M
S, U Coppui
S, U Copfjui-
sul laTu
S, U Cop|iO(
^ul lutj
Fl, II
Ff, M
S, U i..j,i|—i
(ntcj/l as
200
20/6
Urunys, «1 al . 19/i
Qruiijs, 01 dl . W/3
73.52 Gacklor. et dl. I9J6
Rahnoldt, et dl . 1971
7V2.9 Ref.KOldt, et dl . 1972
Joskl & Regu, I9UU
193. 1 Joskl & Kaga, 1900
Pickering & HanJufhOii,
I9C6
Cliynoutith, at ol. 19/6
ChyriOMOlti, ol ol . 19/6
Du^liniukli & Mui*4jlliu,
1 u ifl
:''."0l I Id ful It.ulatu

liopli/  (62.t) r.i(|),
IVu-:! I lu * t-i Iculdi.i
                                  S. U
                                                   .ml toij
                                                    .ul
                                                                      14 i-ll.ii
                                                                                                                                & Mjfdlliu.

-------
fob I a  I.  (Cmrtluuud)
Sp&clet
Guppy (340.5 ing),
Poecl 1 la reticulata
Guppy,
Poocllld retlculdta
Will re parch,
Morono dinar Icanus
White perch,
Morone anerlcanus
Striped bass,
Morone saxatll Is
Striped toss,
Morone saxdt Ills
Strlpod bass,
Morone saxat Ills
Striped bass ( larva),
Morone saxat Ills
Striped bass < tlngerl Ing) ,
Morone saxat Ills
Stripped bass (larva),
Morone saxat Ills
Strlpod bass ( f Ingerl Incj) ,
Morone saxatll Is
Pumpkin seed,
Lepomls glbbosufc
Pumpkin seed,
Loponls glbbosus
Punpklnseod,
Leponls glbbosus
M.lhoJ"
S, U
S. U
S, M
S, M
S, M
S. M
s, u
S, U
s. u
s, u
S, U .
S, H
S, H
n, M
fhcalcal
Copper
sul Idte
Coppor
Sul la to
Coppur
Cupper
nlti atu
Copper
sultdte
Copper
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Copper
suit dte
Coppur
suMdte
Coppar
nltrjtu
Coppur
sul Idte
liortlnosk LC50 Species Mwui
(iwj/l M or EC5O Acute Value
c»co\) cyi)'" eg/')""
t44-iaa 400.0
230 1.2JO 105.7
5i 6,200
55 6,400 5,876
53 4,300
55 4,000
35 620
34.5 50
34.5 50
34.5 25
34.5 38 *"•*
53 2,400"**
55 2.700****
125 1,240
Reference

Deshmukli & Mjralhu,
I960
Khdngarat, 1481
RehMOldt, or ol. I9n
Rehwoldt, ut oi . 1972
RahMOldt, at dl . 1971
Reh«oldt, et ol . 1972
Wellborn, I9o9
Hughes, 1973
Hughes, 1973
Hughes, I97J
Hughes, I97J
RehMOldt, et jl . 1971
Rohwoldt. et dl. 197i!
Spear. 19/7

-------
Table  1.   (CoatlniMd)-

S|>iw:l«*
Punpklnsoud,
L opera li glUiosus
PuiufiklnsuuJ,
Lapomli ijfbtXJSUi
Pumpk 1 nsuud ,
Luponils rjlbhosus
Pumpk 1 nsood ,
Lopuiits glubosus
PumpKlniood,
LQpunils gltibosus
Punitlk Inbuiul,
1. UfHl.il S Cjft.l.a&Ub
Bluojjlll,
Lcf.csnls mdcrochlrus
B 1 uuij lit,
Lopft ili tMcrochlrus
Blu-jlll,
L(J,.U,I] s iiijciuCHlrus
Bliid.jlll,
LopUili, nucroclilliiS
B 1 u J.j III,
i.°!f""I:l ^EC™hJ/!ii
Illuuilll.
1 i.-p.i.ulr. i,..-.< I i.jllli 115

H^tl
FI.

FT,

FT,

FT.

H,

Fr,

s.

s.

S,

n,

^,

»"».


!<£*
M

M

H

H

H

H

U

U

U

M

H

U


C!>c:.i1 ct 1
Copp.'
Sill t«td
Co,,f,or
sul (<>16
Coppur
sul fata
Copper
sol fiiio
Coi.por
Sll I 1 illO
4)r^l^|)|"
bill Into
Copier
sul (L td
C •!>! ..r
iiiU i(a
UarOntu.6 LCW
(uy/l M . or EC50
CaCO,J ("{I/I**11
125 I.JOO

)25 1,670

125 1,940

125 1,240

125 1,660

125 1,740

52 400

209 6EO

3t>5 1,020

45 t.100

^tw a, 100

^Uv) Hl.lOi)

Spec Us HMO
Acute Valuo
t"g/ll*" RBlornneo
bpoor, I9»V

Spuar, 1977

Spoor, 197/

Spoor, 197 /
.
Sptiar, 197;

66*. I Spoar, 19V7

Inglls A Oavls,

IDQ) Is & Odtlls,

InyHs & Dovls,

uuouit, iyiD

(kick lor, ut dl .

dock lor, ut at .















1972

1972

1V7J



!5Vo

19/0

1.11 U.,., III.
t O >«tj u I :• NuCI'OCh 11 u j

Qlub^lll,
         norrochlrus
liluu-jlil.
                                :.. ii
                                S, U
                                S, U
                                                ...ll 1. la
                                                                                 1,250
                                                                     20
                                                                                                               fi..oil
-------
(.tin 1.  «,
Spaclas
Btuogill,
Lopomls. macrochlrui
Bluoglll,
Lopomls nidcrocMru!,
Lupooils macrochlrus
Hluojill,
Lapouils macrochlrus
Rainbow darter.
Etheo&ttxna caoruloum
OraiKjuthroat dartur,
Ethoobtoma spoctabllu
Mcuomblque tllapld,
Tllapla mos&amblca
Polychaata worm,
Phyllodoca maculdtd
Polychaato norm,
Noanthes aranacciodantdta
Polycnaata worm,
NoanthOb aranacaotiontatd
Polychaute norm,
Hurols dlverslcolor
Polychaata norm,
Morels Jlvorslcoloi
Polychauta Moroi ,
NuroU d Ivors (color
Polychautu worm.
Kathod*
S, U
Kr, M
M, H
n, M
n, M
FT, M
s. u
s. u
FT, M
n, M
S, U
s. u
S. U
S. u
(imj/l 01
ChuMlcal C(£0i>
sulldto
SultdtO
Cop|>ur 21-5'J
ch lor Ido
clitorlilu
n ii\r\
Copjxjr *uu
sul tdtu
Coppur 200
iUl IdfU
Coppor 115
bul tdtO
SALTWATER SPECIES
Coppor
sul fatu
Coppor
nllratu
Copper
nltfdta
Coppur
!>ul fa to
sul lato
Cuppur
sul (jlo
IC50
or EC50
IV D"
10.200
2,400
1,000
1. 000
320
850
1,500
120
77
200
200
44)
480
410
Cpoclas Moan
Acute Value
("g/l>"* FUtaranc*
P Ickor Iruj & Huiului ^i>i
1966
Tlionipbun, ol al .
1980
1,069 Cairns, uf dl . ISal
91.26 GecKler, et dl . I97t>
242.4 Gackler, at dl . 1976
705. 9 Qurashl & Saksuond.
1980
120 McLusky & Phi II lp&,
1975
Pasch & Morgan. 1918
124.1 Pasch & Morgan. 1978
Jones, at al . IV76
Jonus, at al. 19/6
Jonab. at al. I'J/b
ibi.U Jonoi, ol dl . 19/b
Noruls dlvorslcolur
                                              bul fjftl

-------
TabId I.  (Contlnuud)
Black aba 1 QUO,
Ha II otls crachurod II
Rad aha lone,
Hal lot Is rutascons
Hud abalone (larva),
Hal lot Is rufescens
61 no mussel (embryo),
Mytllus odulls
Pacific oystar (unbryo) ,
Croisostrea glgas
Pacific oyster (embryo),
Cra-.scstroa glgas
Pacific oystar (adult),
Crjssostrea cjlgas
Eat; torn oyster lanoryo) ,
Cr«s,so&troa virgin lea
Soft-shall clam.
Copupod ,
Psuudodl apt onus coronbtus
Copupod,
Eurytunora atflnls
Copupod,
Acartla clausl
Acartla tonsa
Copupod,
Acartla toiiia
s,
b.
s,
s.
s.
s.
FT.
s.
5,
s.
s,
s.
U
U
U
U
U
U
H
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
CbutflC.1
Copper
bul fata
Cop|ior
sul fata
Coppur
sulfato
Copp'or
sul fate
Coppur
sul tata
Copf-or
iul f alu
Copper
sul fatu
Coppur
chloride*
Copper
ctilorldu
Coppur
chloride
Coppur
ctilurldo
Copuor
chloride
Coppur
ch lor Ida
Cupnor
Harutess LC50 Species Itean
(lugXl bS or £050 Acute Valu*
Cuco^) (•jj/o" *%"?""_ 52li£?L1?*
M 50 Martin, et al. 1V7.
65 Mart Id, at al . 197
U4 86.08 Martin, et al . IvT

b.fl 5.B Martin, at ol . IW
S.3 - Martin, at al . 1901
H.5 - Cocjllanoso 4 M
-------
T«tl» I.
Specie*                      Method*
Copapod,                      S, U
Acartla tonsa

Mysld,                       rT, M
Hysldopsls bah I a

Mysld,                       FT, M
Mysldopsls blgoloni

American  lobster (larva),     S, U
Homdrus amorlcanus

American  lobster (oJult),     S. U
Hotaarus amerleanus

Dungeness crab (larva),       S, U
Cancer magltter

Green crab (larva),           S, U
Care Inus ma anus

Atlantic sllverslde          FT. M
(larva),
Monldla menIdI a

Florida pompano,              S, U
Tracnlnotus carolInus

Florida pompano.              S. U
TrdChlnotus carolInus

Florida pojtpano,              S, U
Trachlnotus carol Inus

Summer flounder (embryo),    Fl, M
Porallcnthys den lotus

Winter flounder (umbryo),    FT, M
PsuudopIeuronect es
                                             Cop pur
                                            clilorldo

                                             Cup pur
                                             nltrote

                                             Copper
                                             iiHrafo

                                             Coppor
                                             nltratu

                                             Copper
                                             sutfdle

                                             Copper
                                             sulfate

                                             Coppur
                                             sutldtu

                                             Copper
                                             nltrote
                                             Coppur
                                             suit ate

                                             Copper
                                             sul late

                                             Coppor
                                             sul fate

                                             Coppur
                                            chlorldu

                                             Coppur
                                             nltratu
klordne»t
(ua/i «•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
VJC50 S|*clos Moan
or ECU Acute Value
" CV"""
31
181
141
48
100
49
£00
136 (?)"•
360
380
510
28 (i)"«
129 (9)"«
»'«
161
141
-
69.28
49
600
136
-
-
411.7
28
129
Reference
So&nowskl & G<
1918
Gentile, et a
Gentile, I9U2
Johnson & Gen
1979
McL«ese, 1974
Martin, »t al
Connor, 1972
Cardln, 1932
Bird song & Av
1971
Blrdsong & Av
1971
Blrd&ong & Av
1971
C«rd1n, 1982
Cord In, 1962
                                                                                                                                        UJ

-------
Tat, I a 1.  (Contlnuod)
*    S = static, FT = flow- through, R  =  rofioi/al,  U = unmoosurod, M =
••   rtusult* aro twprvssoa es coppur,  not  as thu  cKunlc.il.
*"  Fros/i-at&r Spoclus Ho on Acut» Valuui  aru  Ciiltulatod lor a harjnois ot W mrj/l using  Tho  pooled
 rv
•"• Hot us«d In calculation ot Spec IDS  Moan Aculo Value.
•••"•No Spaclos Moan Acute Valuo calculdtod  (sati  taxt).
        of covdrljncti anals of  tro^fiujtor  &:u1u fox Icily vs. hardnosi:
     Phllodlna acutlcornls;  slop^ » 0.57,  r  =  O.J4,  n =  3
     Daphnla iMgna;  slopa = 1.34, r = 0.60,  n  =  10
     Puphnla pull car I a:  slopo =» 0.70, r -  0.9«,  n =  8
     Coho salmon:  slope = 0.35. r = 0.89,  n  =  6.
     Chinook salmon:  slopo => 0.63, r = 0.90,  it =  9
     Cutthroat trout:  slopo = O.U8, r = 0.70,  n -  9
     Rainbow trout:  slopa > 0.69, r = 0.7'J,  n  = 38
     Fothoad minnow:  slopa = 1.25, r => 0.97, n -  19
     Gappy:  slopo = I. IB. r= 0.8U. n= 7
     Bluuylll:  slopo =• 0.60, r - 0.56. n =  13
                 Slope - 0.905, P > 
-------
                                                                           to
                                                                       as
                                               Ctiualcol
Lien Its     Chronic Voluo
/•„/!«••       f»n/ll»»
                                                                                                                Rvforenc*
I-RESIIUATEK SPECIES
Snail,
Campuioirm doc 1 sum
Snail,
Physo Integra
Cldducar^rt,
Daplinla magna
Cladocoran,
Daphn 1 a aagnii
Clddocoran,
0«phi)la nd^na
Scud.
Geimarus psaudol Iranaoub
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshaiiytsclid
ftolnbotf trout,
Sdlno galrdnurl
Bronn, trout,
Sdlno truttd
Brook trout,
Salvallnus lontlnalli
Brook trout,
Sdlvellnus (ontlnalls
Brook trout,
Salvallnus fontlnolls
Lake trout.
LC
LC
LC
L>:
LC
LC
ELS
as
ELS
LC
ELS
£LS
ELS
Sul tdto
v>ul tatu
Coppur
chlorliJu
Loppur
Chlorldd
Coppor
cliloi luo
Cop pur
sul fata
Coppur
chloride
iul lalo
iul tatu
Copper
Sill IdtO
Coppor
bill td tO
Coppw
buMdtu
35-!>5 8-14.8
ii-Si 8-14.8
51 11.4-16.3
104 20-43
211 7.2-12.6
45 4.0-b
23 <7.4""
4b.4 U.4-SI.7
45.4 22.0-43.2
45 9.5-17.4
45.4 22.3-43.5
37.5 5-5
45.4 22.0-42.3
10.88
10.88
13.63
29.3;
9.525
6.066
<7.4
19.01
30.83
12.86
31.15
3.873
30.51
Arthur & Loon ji ,),
1970
Arthur & Loon.ii -i ,
1970
Chapman, at ^1 .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Artfiur i Leunar I.
1970
Chapman, I97t>, I-J.1.
McKtm, at al. 1978
McKltn, at al. 1978
McKltn & Hanoi 1 . 19P
McKIm, at al , I97B
Sautor, at al . I9/O
McKIm, «f al. iy/U
Siilvellncis namaycush
                                                bitl (dte

-------
Toblo 2.   (Continued)
                                                                Iii>rdii6ss
                                                                (wo/1 05      Limits      Chronic Vblu*
Speclub

Northern pike,
E'jC.«>  lucius
           cnlnnoM,
Plmuphdlos notdtus

Fathead minnow,
PI niupha I es pronielas

Fathead minnow,
Plnmphalus promelas

fdtnctdd minnow,
Plinopndlus promalas
        minnow,
Pliiiopnulus  pr&i.aldh

Whl to  sucker,
         j!.  co.nii.orson I
Uluofjll I.
Lepomls macrochlrus
Mysld,
            Udhla
ELS


LC






LC


LC



Lib



ELS



LC






LC
Coppur
sullutu
,
Sul (dtu
Copper
sulfata
Coppor
bul falo
Copper
sul f 
-------
    I.   -.•.o/.tlru^t)
                                                        Acute-Chronic Ratios
HarJnass
(00/1 AS
Sp«cl*s CaO>\)
Sndll, 35-55
Culuna doc (sum
Snail, 35-55
Physa Integra
C 1 odoctiran , il-52
Ddphnla raagna
Clddoceran, 104-105
Cladoceran, 207-21 1
Oaphnla magna
Scud. 35-55
Gcnnorus pseudol Imnueus
Cfiinook salmon, 23-25
Brook trout t *5
Salvellnus tontlndlls
Bluntnosa mlnnoti, 194
Plmophalos notatus
FothuaU nlnnov, I9B-200
Ptmoptiales profnolas
Fathudd minnow, 30-31
Plnioplialos protnoUs
Fathodd nlnnoM, 200
fetbouii mlMtCM, 45-40
U 1 tifrj III, 45
Lepornls macroclilrub
Mysld,
HysliJopsis bdtiU

ALirtM Valu* Chronic Value
1*3/1) ("g/D Hatlo
1,700
39
26
30
69
20
33.1
100
233.3*
470
75
465"
107. e»
1,100
10.86 156.2
10. W 3.585
)3.63 1.908
29.32 1.023
9.525 7.244
6.066 3.297
<7.4 >4.473
12.96 7.776
B.79A 26.52
21.67 21.49
13.97 5.369
27.71 16.76
16. 'j3 5.81ft
28.9S 37.96
54.09 3.346
/Vltl*-'t»r:c  muui of thrua v,
             *--n of  tvo

-------
5.  Sb-n-..-y ut  du?i. In TubU:, I und 2 on txalo uid chronic to^lcMy of cuppgr to tootle animals
   Famil
   fore Iclilliy lilao
   Cooriaijr (onlJae
         II Idao
   Vlvlparldao
26      Hurl





25





24






23






22






21





20





19      BUhynlldou





18      Conlrorchluau












17      Cyprlnodoiitldou






16      ClcltlldciO
hually M.**n
Acute Viluj
C-u/ll"
Spuclus
Species Moan
Acuta Valiw
Spectus N«*aa
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
FKCSilHATUt SHFCIEb
10,160
0.200
4,600
4,301
1,870
1,446
900.0
841.9
79?.9
70i.9
Stono'f ly,
Acrojiourlii lycorlds
Coddlsily,
Unldantlllod
Mhlto punch,
Moronii amorlcanus
DaniSdM ly,
Unidentified
An or Icon eel,
Ant)ull Id rostroTa
Snail,
Cam|ioloira dec 1 sum
Croytlstt,
Orconoctos rustlcus
Sndll,
Ainnlcola sp.
Punpklnsodd,
Luprtnlb jlbbobUS
ElluoglU,
Lo(>oirili nuicrochlrus
Ouodod kllllflsh,
Fundulub dlaphonus
Mozdniblqud tllapld.
10,160
6,200
5,1*76
4,600
4,30!
i.a/o
1,446
900.0
663.1
1,009
792.9
705.9
-
                                              Tilapla mossamtilcq

-------
T. ita V
Rank* Foally
15 "nllodlnldue
14 >.,iTiU-fc:u< Idae
12 J'ooclllldae
1 1 ''^ffiHldf tddO
10 Cyprlnldixj
Fbdlly Kaon Sp*cl«. Mun Spiles Mom
Acut* Voloo Acut* Velu* Acute-Chronic
("g/ll" Speclas ("9/1 )" Ratio
567.2 UotHur.
Pl\i luJIna acuHcornls
2iB.2 itoim.
Luml/rlculus vor ItitjaTus
146.7 Hol'HKi* dorter,
LthuLisloind cuoruluuin
UratHja throat dartur,
CTIiuostoma spoctabl le
142.9 HoSMultof Ish,
Gambusla atMnls
Cupi>/,
Poocl Ma ret leu laid
141.5 r)cua.
Ganinarus psaudol Imnaoui
Scud.
Ganunarus sp.
95.22 Chlsalmouth,
Acrochollus alutaceus
Contra) stoneroller,
CdiHpciilwna anomalum
GolOMih.
CsrdSilus aural us
Common carp,
Cyfrinus corpJo
Strlpuil shiner,
Notcoplb chryiocoph
-------
Table 3.
KM**
          Ictdlurldau
         flanorbldao
> Value;
90. 00
7i.S2
S7.68
Spool us
FdthOiKl mlnnurf,
PI nuptial as proinolai
Ptycdoch&l Ins oroyononsl
Oldcknosd Jdcu,
Rhlnlchthys atratulub
Crtiuk diub,
Sunotlljs atroflidCulatus
Morm,
Ndls S|>.
r-jlju Million,
Ojicorhyjichus Klsutch
Sockijye sdlaon,
Oiicorhynclus norkd
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tsliawytscha
CutlhroAt trout,
Sdlmo cidrkll
Rainbow trout,
ialmo Qdlrdnurl
Atlantic salmon.
Sal mo Solar
brook trout,
Sal vul l»us lontlndlls
Brown Imt 1 hudd,
Ictdlurus nobulosus
Sndll,
Spue IBS Httan
Acute Voluw
na.7
16. )'i
b
91.26
oa.4)
90.00
56.94
?42.0
67.10
42,62
110. 0
7J.52
57.68
Sp«cl«s (toan
fccute-Clironlc
Ratio
X.41J
                                                  Gyrdulus  clrcwn&trlatus

-------
fable ~J,   (<-. .-I  !'i  •«!
Rank* Fo-lly
5 Tub! f IcIJatt
4 Physldau
3 forblcul Idao
2 (;ti 1 roriooi 1 ddo
17 PortunJdaa
16 Ttjfflorldao
Acutu Value
("Q/|)M Spoclas
54.47 Worm,
L IwnoJr 1 lui hoi tmol s>ier I
54.85 Snail,
Physa hutorobtropiia
Snail,
PhySa Intotjro
35.41 Viatic cldin,
30.00 Mldje,
Chlrononus sp.
12.19 ClaUocerdd,
DophnU ruiynj
Cladocerdn,
Odphcild pulux
Clddoceran,
Daplmla pull car IB
SALTWATER SPECIES
600 Grewi crab,
Ctfcliius mdonus
526 Copopod.
Eurylwnora of finis
411.7 Florida pouipjno.
Acuto Value
C9/D"
51.47
16.85
42.90
35.41
10.00
17. tt
11.00
9.390
600
5216
411.7
Sp*cl«b Ntan
Acuta-Chron 1 c
Ratio
-
                                                                       caroHnui,

-------
Table 3.   }Continued)
Rank*      Ko.nl ly



  14
  13      Hysldau
  12       P»t»uOi'JIn;icoo(loi!lotrt
Pulychaotu worm, 363.8
Nor alb dlvursicolor
Hy&ld, I6l
My<>ldo|>bls bah Ifi
t'ysid. Ml
Mystdopsls blgtilowl
Copapod, I3&
Psuudodldptonus coronal ub
Atlantic si IvorslJe, 1 46
Munldla mould la
Winter flounder, 129
Pseudop 1 ourofioctes
ai.ar] Cufiu's
PolychaoTo worm, 170
Phyllodoce* roaculdta
/vuurlciin lohstor, 69
NOHmnus dinurlconus
black dUd 10110. X)
Hal lot li, crathdrodl 1
RoU atxilonu, 6A.08
tljl lot l& ruloiconb
DUIIIJUIIOSS crdb, 49
Cancer magi star
Copopod . 52
AcarTlu cluuil
Co|iup6d. 30.72
Acartla loiibd
Species Kuan
Aculc. -Chronic
Rftllo
3.346
                                                                                                                                     NJ

-------
Table 3.
Rank* F tally
4 Mylildo
3 Oitreldae
2 Uothldao
1 Mytllldoo
Foully Mean SfMclu M~n Spwl«» HMH
AcuU Valu» Acut* Valu* Ac«t«-Clira«iic
Cg/l>" Sp*cl*s ("a/D" K»H«
39 Soft-shell clam. »
Mya drtmarla
51.61 Pacific oyster, '.807
Crasiostrea gligas
tastor n oystor , 120
Crasiostraa vlrglnlca
/U 'jumtior flounder, ?8
Parollclithys dentotub
5.6 Ulue rausiol, 5.8
Mytllus odulls

         from mo it rail^tanl to most  ionsltlvo  bdstxl  on  family  Hoon Acute Volua.
             Family Mean Acuto Valuui  an) Species Mean Acute  Values are for a hardnoss of 50 013/1.
Fresh oater
     Final Acuto Value = 16.7B V1    -  (slope x ln(50)l
                                          ' 2.127 - (0.905 x  3.912) -  -1.413
     Criterion Maximum Concuiiti dtlon - o10'9051 '" ln(5.7Ub) - ((slope x In (50) I
                                       = 1.755 - (0.905 x 3.912) - -1.785
     Final Chronic Valu* = 0«0.'JC5I ln( hordnoss) 1-I.7U5)
Salt mter
     Final Acutu Voluu = 6.417 V
     Criterion Haxlmun Coticot.lration =  (u.417 V> /2  » 3.208 "n/l
          Aculo-Chronlc Katlo = 3.2  (ioj  tuxt)
     Fhidt Chronic Valuu -  (6.417  V" / *•* 3 2-005 V

-------
TdLIu
'uxlclly of co|ip»r to fti|untlc plant:,


                         Kbstilt


                 SPLCIES
Mijo,
Anobdufid ( lOS-dquJ
h\fja,
Anabaeno varlabl 1 Is
Alga.
Anacyslls nldulans
Alga,
Cli 1 ainy Jcxicnas sp.
A(.i Ib
AlQd,
Cyclolulla nvno<]lilrtl,
33 (lays
50 % growth
reduction
Growth
raducrlon
Crawl li
Inhibition
402 growth
reduction
200
100
100
8.000
1
100
20
6.
200
100-21
8,000
5,000
300
                                               Rafarenco



                                               Yuung A  Ll&k,  19/2


                                               Young  &  Llsk,  1972


                                               roung  &  Llsk.  197?


                                               Cairns,  et  al. 19/0
                                               Wl urn-Anderson,  1970
                                                      ii-N I el van &
                                               Kornp- til Olson,  1970
                                                1977

                                        6.3     Gachter,  ot  dl.
                                                1973

                                                Young & Llsk,  1972
                                                ftosko & KocMIn,
                                                1977
                                                Hutchlnson,  1976

                                                Cairns,  ot al.  1978


                                                Young & Llsk,  1912
                                                Stokes 4
                                                Hutchlnson,  1976

-------
i.i.itf  I.   (ix.:.! I.
SpbClMS
Alijd,
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Algao,
MIxuJ culture
Ul uu grtion alyao,
Mlxod cul turn
Oldton,
Nltj&chla llnojrls
Diatom,
NltiSChld paled
Duckwoud,
Lomna minor
Macrophyte,
Elodod canddunsls
Eurasian wjTorml 1 lol 1 ,
Myrtophyl lura splcdluin
Gruun alga,
SulundStrum Cdprlcornulum
Greon alga,
Selonaitrura caprlcornutuiu
Uluu dlga,
Mlcrocyslls auruqlno^d
Croon alga,
SconoOusnuis quailrlcaudu
Al
(pltot0;>yiitliusls
Hitsult
Cg/l)
8.000
5
2i
795-6 Ib
5
119
150
250
50
85
30
1,100
100
Reference
Cairns, et al . 1978
Eldur & nor no, 1978
Stuoman-Nlulsun i
Brunn-Ldurson, 1976
Acadony o( Natural
Scloncos, I9t>0;
Patrick, ot al. 1968
Steemdn-Nlslstin &
Hlun»- Anderson, 1970
Wai bridge, 1977
Brown S Rattlgan,
1979
Stanley, 1974
Bartlett. at al .
1974
Chrlstonstm, et at. 1979
Brlngmann, I97t>,
Brlnynann & Kuhn,
I97b, !9VUa,b
8rlnijinann & Kuhn, I977a,
1978a,b, 1979. I960b
Clondonnlng &
North, 1959

-------
Tab I a 4.  (Continued)
Result
Spaclus
Alga,
Thalabbloslra psuudoiiaiia
Alga,
Amphldlnlufit car tor 1
Alga,
01 Ibthod IbCus. luloub
Alga,
Skolotonuma coslatuni
Alga,
Nltschld Cloitur lum
A 1 n^
ni ga ,
Scr Ippblol la faoroofibu
Alga.
Hrorocontriuii in learn,
Alga,
Gymnodlnliim splunOuns
Rod alga.
Champ la parvula
Kod alga.
Champ la parvula
Hod alga.
Champ la parvula
Rod alga.
Champ la parvuln
Alga.
fdl or hi 1 i '.,1 |.|iiijUi|.ln.ra
Effact
72 -hr EC50
(giowth rale)
14-day FCW
(growth rato)'
14-day EC50
(growth ratu)
14-day ECiO
(growth ratu)
96- hr EC50
(growth ratal
fTSO

(grokth rate)
5-day EC50
(growth rato)
5-.lay LC50
(growth ratu)
Roducod totrasporo-
phyle growth
Roducod totrabpor-
dngla production
Itoducod fmiialo
growth
StO|,pUd SOXUdl
roproduct Ion
21 -day WjQ
(coll volunu)

5

<50

<50

50

33

5


10

20

3.6-4.6

7.B-I3.3

3.9-4.7

4.7-7.3

70 .

Reference

frlckion, 1972

tr IcKson, ut al .
19/0
Erlckson, ot al .
1970
Er Ickbon. ot al .
1970
Rosko & Kdchl In,
I97'j
Saltulldh, 1970


Sallullah, 1978

Mltullah, I97B

Stool o & Thursby
1983
Stool o & Thursby
1983
Stoulb & Thursby
1983
Sloulo & Thursby
1983
Chr Islonsuii, et
1979

-------
i;>jt., j.
Alga,
Chlorolla roi)ularls

Stonefly,
Pteronarcys call torn lea

Fathaad mlnno* (larva),
Plnmphdla!.' proms)as

Bluaglll.
lepomls ntdcroclilrus
Alga,
Dunallollu prlmolecta

Alga,
Dunallalla turtlolecta

Alga,
Chlamydomonas sp.

Alga,
Chlorolla sallna

Alga,
Sllchococcus bad liar Is

Alga,
Homlselnls vlroscans
Alga,
           brunuscuns
Alga,
Ollsthodlbcus  lutuus

Alga,
Asturtonajla Japonlca
                                 ... .,»->«-.: i. .  ,i  • ..i  .  bf -HI'''•- •••  .'"• -•••

                                              l)u. miou    blo-ont untrarion
                               HuiClo
                                                Mays!
                                                                Factor
                                                                               H«t«r«nc«
FRESHWATER SPECIES
20 hrs 2.000
14 203
30 290
660 1.0
SAllkAUK SPECIES
2S 1W
25 16U"
25 135'
25 74"
SaKaguchl, et
1977
Nohrlng, 1976
Llnd, et al.
Manuscript
Btinolt, 1975
Rlley & Roth,
Rlley & Roth,
Rlley & Roth,
Rlley & Roth,
al.



1971
1971
1971
1971
                                                  25


                                                  25


                                                  25


                                                  25


                                                  25
                                                                   271'
                                                                    182"
Rlley & Koth,  1971


Rlley 4 Roth,  1971


Rlley & Roth,  1971


HI ley & Roth.  1971


Rlley & Roth,  1971

-------
Table 5.  (Continued)
Spec Ies
Alga,
Phaoodaclylum trI cornut urn
                               Tissue
                                              Duration    Bloconcmtratlon
                                               (d*ws)          Fector         Reference
Monochrybl:. lutherl

Alga.
Pseudopudlncil la pyrltormls

Alga.
iletercMiastlx longHI 11 Is

Alga.
Mlcrumonni> st|iiaindta

Alga.
Tetramlmls totrathalo

Polyi.naote worm,
ClrrItorml a splrabracha

Polychaoto worm,
Phyllodoce maculata

Polychdete worm,
Moanthos arenacaodontdta

Polychautu worm,
Morals dlvorslcolor

Polychdotu worm,
E ud I!»t y 11 a vancouvar j

bay  scdllop,
Argopuclan Irradlani.

Bay  scallop,
Argopacfon Irradldiis

Eastern oystor,
Crasaoslrod vlrglnlca

Eastern oyster,
Crasbostrea vlrglnlca
•
25
25
25
25
?5
25
24
21
28
24
33
112
112
140
140
323 •
,30.
85"
617"
279-
205.
250"
1.750'
2.550*
203"
1.006
J.J10
4.160
28.200
20.700
Rlley & Roth. 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
HI ley & Roth, 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
HI ley & Roth, 1971
Ml lanov Icli, et al .
1976
Mclusky & Phillips.
1975
Pesch & Morgan. 1978
Jones, et al . 1976
Young, ot dl . 1979
Zarooglan, 1982
larooglan, 1982
Shustor & Prlngle,
1969
Shuiter & Prlngle,
                                                                               1969

-------
                                              Duration    Bloooncantratlcn
Spocles                        7I sain*          (Jaya)          ^tor         Kaloranca

Quahog clan,                      -              70                88         Shuster  4 Prlngla,
Hercuridr I a nmrconor la                                                         1»OO

Sott-sh«ll cl««,                  -              li             3.^0         Shostor  IPrlngl..
Mya arenarla                                                                  I96a

Blu»«isbi.l.                      -              >«                *         Phillip*.  1976
Mytllus edulls
'Blocuncuntrdtlon tact orb lidva boon convurtwl Iran Ory xelght to n«t weight  basis.

-------
     Teblo 6.  Oihcr  data  cm
oi copper on aquatic organise:-.





              Result
                                                               Reference
Groan alga,
Sconedesirms quadrlcauda
Alga,
Cladophora glonierata
Diatom,
Coroonals placentula
Bacteria,
E setter Ich la col 1
Uactorld,
Psbudoinuniis put Ida
Protozoan,
Entoslpnon sulcatom
Protozoan,
Microrogma heturostoma
Proto/oan,
Chllnnoiias paramocluni
Proto/oan,
Uronomd parduez 1
Worm,
Aeoloboma hoadloyl
Snail (unbryo),
Amnlcola sp.
Snai 1 .
FHESIIWATCR SPECIES
96 hi b Incipient
Inhibition
12 mos Suppressed
growth
12 nios Suppressed
growth
Incipient
Inhibition
16 lirs Incipient
Inhibition
72 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
20 lirs Incipient
Inhibit Ion
40 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
20 hfb Incipient
Inhibition
40 hrs LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(20 C)
(25 C)
96 lirs I.C50
46 hr» LC50
I50«
120
120
80
30
110
50
3,200
140
2,600
2,300
2.000
1,650
1.000
9.300
860
Brlngmann & \uhn, I9'j9a,b
Weber & McHarlamJ, I9UI
Wubur & HcForland. I9UI
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959a
Brlngmann 1 Kuhn, 1976,
I977a, 1979, 1980b
Brlngmann, 1978;
Brlngmann & Kuhn. 1979.
!9QOb
L'rlngmann & Kuhn, 1959b.
Brlngmann, et al. 1900
Brlngnuinn & Kuhn, I900u
Cairns, et al. 1978
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
Cairns, et al. 1976
11voscons

-------
Table 6,  iU.i ",
Result
Species
^•^••••m««»
Snail,
LynviUd onuiry 1 iml a
Sodll.
Nltrocrls sp.


Cladocaron,
Cerlodaplmld retlculota
Cladocaran,
Oaphnla drnl> Igua
Clddocaran,
Dapluila drub Igua
Clodocaran,
baphnla raagna
Clddoceriin,
Daphnla cnagnd
Clddocardn,
Oaphnla mognd


Cladocaran,
Dophnlo uiagno
Cladoct»r C)
48 f.i'i LC50 Hud)

/2 hrs LCiO (UJ)

I M.I cyclu RuJucoJ productivity

40 n fi LCiU ( fud)

LI to cycle Aaducud productivity
4B hrs LC10 ( 5 C)
110 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
llfu cycle RoOucul numbor of
young producud
72 his LCiO dud)




Llto eye lo RaduCud productivity

("9/1^
300

3,000
2,400
If\f\f\
j UUU
300
210
17

67.7

49

60

27.7
90
70
4w
7
10

B6.5
88. 6
05
81.5
BI.4
85.3
49

Reference
Call fib. at dl. 1976

Cdlrns, at dl. 1978



Mount & Mor berg,
Manuscript
Winner 4 Forrell,
1976
Winner & farrall ,
1976
Bltislmjar &
Cur 1 s rensun , 1972
Bloslnijer &
Chrlstansen, 1972
Cairns, er al. 1978



Adtma & OoSroot Van
ZIJI, 1972
Hlnnor & Farrall,
1976



Winner & Farrel 1 ,
1976

-------
Totlo 6.   (Continued)
SpecIas
                            Duratloo
                                              Etfoct
                                                             Result
                                                             ("a/I)     Reter«nc«
Cladocwdn,
Daphnla majna
Cladocoran,
Daphnla matjnd
Clddocoran,
Daphnla nvijitj
CladocoTdii,
Daphnla magna
CIddocarori,
Daphnld magna
Clddocufdii (3-5 days),
Daphnld niaijnd
Cladocttfdn,
Daphnld magna
Cladocwdn,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla parvula
Cladoceran,
Daphnla parvuld
Cladocaran.
Oaphnid pulux
Clddocoran,
Daphnla pulux
Cladocuran,
Daphnla pulux
Cladocuran,
Daphnla put ax
Llfo cycle
LI fa cycle
29 hrs
48 In S
24 urs
7? hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
~U hrs
LI tu cycle
li hrs
Llfu cycle
40 tirs
40 hrs
Roduced productivity
Roduced numbor of
young produced
Hod Ian survival tlmu
EC50
LC50
LC50 (10 C>
(15 C)
(25 Cl
(30 C)
EC 50
( In.iiobl Illation)
LCiO (lod)
LC50 lloJ)
RoducGj productivity
LC50 (fud)
Koilucod productivity
LCbU < 5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(25 0
LC50 (fall
H^BHV^
26.2
10
12.7
100*
80
61
70
21
9.3
70
SO
56
57
72
49
54
86
49
70
60
20
5.6
56
«lnnt»r, at dl . 1977
Mlniior, at al. 1977
Andre*, et dl . 1977
ft InjiiMnu & Kuhll,
I959a,b
Brlnymann & Kuhn, 1977
BfdglnsKly 4 She her ban.
Da II aver e & Gorbl , 1901
Hjunl & (torbarg,
Hanuscr 1 pt
Mlnnor & Farral 1,
1976
Wlnnur & Farr«tl 1,
1976
itlnnor & Farral 1,
1976
Winner i farrel 1.
1976
Cairns, at dl . 1978
Mount & Norbert),
Manuscript
                                                                                                                       Nj

-------
      I..  id-tit I!.*.
Spec! us
Cladocoran,
Oaphnld pull car la
Cladocdran,
Slmocoptialus vutulus
Scud.
Gaiundrus laclatus
Scud,
Gdinmarus lacustrls
Mayfly,
Clooon dlptorun
Mayfly,
Ephuniorel Id subvarld
Mayfly,
Epfiomorul la grand Is
Stonuf ly,
Pleronarcys calltornlcd
Cadcllsfly,
Hydropsycha batten 1
Mldgc.,
Tanytarsui dlsslrallU
Crayfish,
Duration Effect
40 hrs LOW (rOC=!4 ni.yt)
(TOC=13 mcj/l)
(TOC--I3 miyi)
(TOC-2B n^/l)
(TOC^34 mg/l)

-------
Tablo 6.  (Continued)

Specie* Duration
Kol 1 foi , 48 hrs
Plillodlnd acuTlcornls


Coho bdlinon. ^6 hrb
Oncorhyrichus kisutch

Coho salmon, 30 (lays
Oncorhynchus klsutcli
Coho sdluon, '2 hr!>
Oncornynchus kisutch







Suckeyu SdlrnGn, 24 hrs
Oucorliynclitis norkd

Chinook solmufl, 5 days
Oncorhyuchus Ishduytixtu
Chinook salmon, 26 days
Oncorliyiicliub tshdwylscli<:
Chinook salmun (alo^ln), 200 hrb
Oncorliynrhui tshawytscha
Clilnook sdlioon JbMliii-up) , 200 hrs
Oncorhvnclius tsliujytbcliii

Effect
LC50 (5 C)
(10 0
mf* \
L)
(20 C)
(25 C)
RuducuJ survival
uhon transforrctd
LCbO

LC50








Significant chamja
In cortlcostdrlod
(iitross)
LL50

Roducod survival nid
aroxth of sac fry
LCiO
LCIO
LC1Q
LCIO
R«sult
(VI)
1,300
1,200
I IV)
1,1 J*J
1.000
9V)
30
360

280
J70
440
4i>0
4UO
780
510
520
480
04
178

21

20
15
19
14

Roferonc*
Cairns, at al . 1978



Lor/ & McPhorson,
1976
Holland, at at. I960

Holland, at dl. I960








Donaldson & Dye, 1975
Ibl land, at al . I960

liizel & Melth. 1970

Qxiptnjn, 1978

Chapmiin, 1978


-------
TaLlt>
Speclfts Duration
OM'iooK salrnon (parr), 200 hrs
Oncorhyiichus t&haxytsclu
Chinook salmon (smolt), 20U hr:,
Oncorhyiichus tshawytscha
Chinook i
OncorhyuchuSi tsdawyt sclia
Rainbow trout , 96 hi s
Sal no ijitlrilnorl
Rainbow trout, 2 hrs
Salmo galrdnerl
Ralnbuw trout, / day^
SaUio yoli dnor 1
Rainbow trout, 21 dayb
Sol mo (jalrdnurl
Rainbow trout, 10 days
Salmo yalrdnurl
RdlnbOM trout, 7 days
Salmo (jalrdnsrl
RalnLo* trout (alevlnl, 200 hrs
Salnio galrdiiurl
Rainbow trout . 200* hrb
Salmo galrdnurl
Rainbow trout (parr), 200 hr->
Salmo {jalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (smolt). 200 hrs
Salno Odlrdnurl
F
£«l»ct (
LC10
Lf.lO
L-..0
Ouprussod olfactory
rubponsu
.C'X)
Mud larj por tod of
Daprossed 1 boding
rato arid yrowth
Mod Ian porlod of
survival
LC50
LC10
LC50
LC10
LCbO
I.CIO
LP50
ICIO
losult
v>
30
17
26
18
190
516"
III"
8
44
40
75
44
26
19
17
9
15
a
21
7
RetWMiC*
Qiapman, 19/8
Chj|xran, 1978
Hoi land, I9b0
tbwarth & Sprajuo,
I-J78
Mara, ut a|. 1976
Lloyd, 1961
Grand a, 1966
Lett, at dl. 1976
Lloyd, 1961
Chapman, 1978
Chapman, 1978
Qiaixnan, 1978
Chapman, 1978

-------
Tab!a 6.  (Continued)
Spoclus

Rainbow  trout  (iinolT),
Sdlmo IO Jays     Threshold LC50

                               14 days     LC50


                                I hr       Avoidance bohavlor
?4 f.rs      LCaO   (5 C)
                  (15 C)
                  (30 C)

'Jo hrs      LCM
                               40 hr:,      LC50 (fluid)
                               28 days     EC50 (douth and
                                           du(onnlty)
                              80 mln


                              96 hrs


                              24 hrs


                              Ti nrs
                                           Avoidance
                                           Ihr uphold

                                           LCbO
                                           (JC^O
                                           LC50
                              >\j days      Thrusnold LC50
                                                                Result
                                                                           Rttturunc*
                                                                   102"   FO.JOIS & bpraguo,
                                                                    94«"   1977
                                                                   870
                                                                           1971

                                                                     O.I   Folnidr. 19/0
                                                      & Marchttttl,
                                                                   950
                                                                   430
                                                                   ISO
                                                                                  , ol  dl.  1978,
                                                                           Smith & Hu.it li,  1979
RaInbox  trout,
Sdlmo
                                           Avoidance
                                           throshold
                                                                250-6BO    Lott. ot  dl.  1976
                                                                    70     Cal <*n
-------
Spades
Rdlnbow trout,
Sdliw) yalrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo giilrdiidrl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo ijolrdner 1
Rainbow trout,
Salmo yalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo ijalrdnerl
Atlantic salmon,
Salrno salar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo !>alar
Atlantic sdlmon.
Sal no balar
Brown 1rout,
Salmo trutta
Brook trout ,
Salvetlnus fontlnalls
Brook trout,
Salvul Iriub, fontlual li
BrooK trout,
Salvt.1 In us iontliidl Is
Lonufln dote.
Duration
4b lu-s
46 lu-s
U hrs
4B hrs
7 days
1 days
21 days
2J-3U hrs
21 days
24 t.rs
21 days
337 day»
9b lirs
tffvct
LC!>G
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Incipient luthal
luvul
Incipient lethal
luvol
HtldldO burvlvdl
tlnw
Mud Ion survival
time
Mod Ian survival
flaw
Significant change
In cough rate
Significant chamjus
In bl«od chemistry
Significant changes
In blcoJ chunlstry
LCW
Result
Cg/l)
500
150
1,100
270
46
32
40
50
45
9
23
17.4
OoO"
R«f«ri»Ace
brown, 1966
brown & Hal ton, 1970
Co(>e, I9o6
Lloyd, I%1
ttorbort & Vandyke,
1964
Sproijua, 1964
Sprogue & Ramsay,
1905
Grande. 1966
Zltko & Carson, 1976
Grandd, 1966
Urununond, at al . 1973
McKIm, ot al. 1970
McKIm, at al . 1970
Lewis. I97U
Agrosla chrysogablur

-------
Table 6.  (Continued)
Species
Central btonurollor,
Cdnipos tonia anoma 1 urn
Goldfish,
Car ass 1 us auratus
Goldflbh (unbryo. larva),
CardbSlub aiirdtus
Cannon carp (unbryo),
Cyprlnus carplo
Goldun shlnur,
Notcinlyonlus crysoloucab
StrlpuJ bhl nor,
Nolroplb chrysocephalob
Strlpod shlnw,
Notroplb chrysocophdles
BluiitiiobO minnow,
Plrcuphalos not a tub
Bluntno&a minnow,
Plinbphales notatus
Fathead minnow,
Plmophalob prc.nuloi
Fathead minnow,
Plmophdles prunjldb
FathOdd minnow,
Plmuphalos promolas
Fathudd mlnnox.
Duration
96 lies
24 lifb
7 dayi
72 hrs
24 lirb
96 hrs
96 lirb
4U hrs
96 lirb
96 hrb
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
Etfocl
LCtX) (high UGH)
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
EC50 (dodth dfid
deformity)
Proven ted
notching
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LCW) (high BUD)
Oocredso blood
ovmol arlly
LC50 (21 t«btb)
(high 1300)
LC50 (6 tusts)
(high UOO)
LC50 (21 tdsts)
(high BOO)
LCtt (36 tttsts)
(high BOU)
LC50 (7 tests)
(nljh Ba))
LC50
Kesult
(VI)
1,400
2,700
2,900
1,510
5.1-00
700
3)0
230
270
0.400
I6.0CO
3.400
4,000
5,000
2,500
750-
21,000
1,100-
20,000
1,hlO-
21,000
<650-
23,000
740-
13,000
390 •
                                                                          Reference

                                                                          Cocklor, el  dl.  I97o
                                                                           Cairns,  el  dl.  I97B,
                                                                           Smith  &  llodtli,  1979
                                                                           Blryo,  1978,  Blrgu &
                                                                           Black,  1979

                                                                           Hlldebrand  & Cushman,
                                                                           1975

                                                                           Cairns,  et  dl.  I97U,
                                                                           brnllh & lludth,  1979
                                                                           UxKI-r.  ot dl. 1976
                                                                           Lewis & Leuls, 1971


                                                                           Gecklor, at al. 1976


                                                                           Gcckler, ot al. 1976


                                                                           Brungs, «t al. 1976


                                                                           Cock I or, at dl. 1976


                                                                           Gecklcr, ot dl. 1976


                                                                           Curtis diid Ward, I9UI
Plniuphdlub pronmlas

-------
lit It' f',    ll>-r..ttSH-. t.'l
Su«cl«s
Fat hod J minnow,
Plmuptmlbb |jrorould»
Fathodd minnow,
Plmefjtiolus pr omul as
Crouk chub,
Sornotllui atrouwcu lotus
Broxn bu 1 1 head ,
Idol urns nubulosus
Channel cdtilsti,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
Ictdlurus punctdlus
Ch aim i>l catfish,
Ictolurus punclatus
Channel cattish,
Ictdlurus punctdtus
Channel cattish,
Ictdlurus punctatus
FldgtlUi,
Jorddnelld tlorldaa
Mosqul loll bh,
G
(15 0
(30 C)
IncrtMSud
albinism
£C50 (dudth and
deformity)
LCM
LC»
LCt>0
IC50 tul.jh
turLldlly)
LCbO
LC'JO
(high UOO)
Rusult
436
516
l.SBb
1,129
550
1,001
->.OSO
2.i3t>
Wj-120
11,500
1,100
11,000
?,iOO
3.700
2,600
3,100
0.5
6,620
1,200"
I.270"
660"
75,000
1.250
4,300
5.900
2, UOO
Refwenctt
Llnd, ut dl .
Mdiiuscr Ipl
ilruiujs, ut dl. 1976
Gocklur, ut dl. 1976
Cockier, ut al. 1976
Luwls & Lunls, 1971
Cdlrns, at dl. 1970,
Smith & twatli. 1979
Hostarman « Blrge,
I97B
Blrge & Black. 1979
HI c hoy diid liosaboom,
1978
Fajuls & Sprague.
1977
Mdllou, 
-------
Table 6.  (Continued)
Spoclus

Johitity Jar tor,
Etnooslund  nlgrum

Oranyotlirodt  ddrtur.
Rock bdbs.
Amblopl Itp'j  rupui.li la

BluuglII,
Lopomls moicrot.liIrus

Bluojl II,
        nuciochlrui
Lopomli nidcrochlrtii
Bluuglll,
Lepooilb mucroclilrus

Ulufejlll,
Lepotnli. uidcrocli I rus

Bluojlll,
Lopual^ macrochlrus

Bluoglll.
Lopuiils macrochlrus
Blutujll 1,
Lupomls injcrochlrus

Larganoutli  bass
(cmibr yc,  liirvd),
Ml crop terns sulu>oldus
Lorgunioulli
Mlcropturus sdlnioldus

Laopard  frog
(embryo,  larva),
Rdna p I p I ens

Dufbtlcm
96 In i

% hr 3



% l,r-.

l-3b hi :.
48 lirs
24 hrb


9('i hrs

14 days

96 hri
90 hi b
tW mlh

6 d.iyij

24 hr:.

6 days


Effect
icw
(high BOO)
LC50
(high DUO


LCbO
(hlgli roC)
M toruJ oxygon
LCW)
LCbO (!> C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LC50
(higit ua»
LC50

LC50
LC50
Avolddiico
throshoM
CC50 (duatu and
do funnily)
At toe ted opur-
cular ihytlun
CC50 (dadtn and
deformity)
R«iult
("9/[)
6,800

9,800
7,900
5.400
5,800
1.432

300
2.000
2, WO
2,ioO
3,820
16,000
17.000
2,500"
3.700-"
740
1,600
8.400

6,560

48

IX)


R«t«r4
Tun, bull, ut dl. 1954
BI
-------
Tftbltt 6.  tCuutlnu-J)
                                                               Result
                             Durutluii
                                               EMiict
M^MH^nM.
Narrotf-inoiit'iiKl toad
(oubryo, larva),
Ga&tropnVyno euro II nans Is
Ainvrlcaii toad,
Buto aiEurlcaniis
Fowl or's toad
(uiflbryo, larva),
Buto tcMlurl
Southern gray troo lioj
(embryo, larva),
Hyla clirysobcul Ib
Marbled salauidiidor
(onbryo, larva),
Ambystoma opacun
Alga,
Lanlnarla liyperborld
Hydrold,
Campanularld floxuosa
Hydrold,
Campaiiu 1 ar 1 a < 1 bxuosu
Hydrold,
Plilal Idlura sp.
Ctttnopttora,
PlfturobTdchla pilous
Ctanophora,
Mnuiilopsli mccrodyl
Rot 1 tor.
Brachlonus pllcatllls.
Polyclidoto worm.
7 days tC^O (iluath and
dutormlty)
60 mln AvolJanca
Ihrttitiold
7 mln t050 (doath and
dofurmlty)
7 mln CC'jU (dudtti and
B do/i tCt>0 (doath and
dotormlty)
SALfMATEH SPECIES
28 days Growth ducredso
11 days Growth rat a
Inhibition
En/yino Inhibition
24 hrs I.C50
24 lir* LC50
24 hrb I.CW
24 hrb LCbO
26 Jays LCSO
40
100
20,900
40
770
50"
10-13
1.43
36
ii
100
40
Ulrye. 1W6. Blnje &
LilaCk, 19/9
Uldck & HI rye. 1980
illrgu & Black, 1979
Dlnje t BldCk, 1979
Ulrye. at al. 1976,
Ulrgu & Black, 1979
Hopkhii & Kaln, 1971
Stubbing, 1976 1971
Moore & Stabbing,
1976
Kuave, at dl. 1976
Ruuvo. at al. 19/6
1976
Raove. at al . 1976
Reuvo, et dl. 1976
Mllanovlch. at al.
IOTA
Clrrlfonnla splranbroclud

-------
Table 6.  (Contlmiwl)
Spocles
Polycttauto Mong,
Phyilodoce maculota
Polychaoto worm.
Pol yclkiolo warm,
Nodnthut» drdMdCcodon tat j
Larvdl anno) Ids.,
Mixed speclos
Black abalono,
Hdllotlb cracliurodll
Rod aLidlonu.
Hdllotib rulo'iCens
Cliannitled wliiilk,
Busycon canal leu la turn
Mud bn
-------
      6.  U**uttlr.u«.j)
SpftClbk
           clam,
My a mmior la

Cufuioo Pad I Ic  lltlluiiuck,
Protothaca, stiiiiilnud
Undlnula vulQarls

CupepGd.
Euchcjuta aarlna

Copepud,
Hotrldla paclHca

Copopod,
Loblducera  scottl

Copapod,
Acartla clausl

Copopod,
Acurtla tonso

Copopod,
Acnrtla tonsa

Copopod (nauplll).
Mixed spades

Ainph I pod,
A/npoltscd dtxJtta

Eufihous.1 Id,
Euphaii&lit pacl flea

Amur Icon  lobstor,
        
Our tit tun
7 days
1 7 duyi
24 hri
24 hrs
24 hri
24 hrs
2 dayi
6 days
24 hrs
24 tirs
7 days
24 lira
13 Jjyi

LOi'l
LCil)
LC5U
LCbCJ
LC50
UC.O
LCSO
LC5U
LCbO
LC5U
LC50
1050
LC50
                                                tfUd
                                                                     35     eisler, 1977


                                                                     59     Haas I gad I. I960


                                                                    192     Kuuvu, ttl at.  1976


                                                                    1B8     Heuvo, t»1 dl.  1976


                                                                    t7b     Roave, at ol.  1976


                                                                    132     Ruovo, et al.  1976
                                                                  34-82     Horaltou-
                                                                            ApObtolopoulou,  1978

                                                                   s-73     So&noMSkl,  at  aI.
                                                                            1979

                                                                 104-311    Rjuve. of al.  1976
                                                                     90     Rouvtt, t»t  al.  1976
                                                                     8(3     Scott,  1982
                                                                  14-30     Reave,  al  al.  1976
                                                                                      1974

-------
Tablu 6.  (Continued)
Sec IPS '
Sea urchin,
Arbocla puncluldta

Sod urchin,
PardCuntrotui  livldus
ArroM noun,
Atlantic uiiinhddun,
Ocuvourtla  tyrantuib

Pacific tiorrlnj  (embryo),
Clupoj haruigus  pal las)
Pacific tiarrlmj  (lurva),
CI upua >iui onjuS  pa Has I
         huloroclltui
Fundulus hoturoclltus

Atlaiitlc sllvorsldo,
Hun I d I a niunldla

PlnMsh,
Lagodon rluuaboldbs

Spot.
Lelostoimis xanthurus
Atlantic
Hlcfojiogculas  undu^j^atii^

Hliitur  MOUIIJor,
Psuudopluuronocto!.
amoricanus
 4 (Id/a



24 l.rj


14 dayi


 6 Jays
21 days.


 4 (Jays


 4 Jays


14 days


14 days


14 days


14 duy>
                 £tffect

            5UJ docraose  In
            Spunn mot 11Ity
                                                       ot
                                                  ot plutudl
                                           Idl vein

                                           LCtO


                                           LC50


                                           Incipient LC50


                                           Incipient LC50
                                           III itopjtholcy leal
                                           luslcn^

                                           Cnzyma Inhibition
                                           MlstopdtliolcglCdl
                                           lesions

                                           LCMJ
                                           LCM
                                           LCSO
                                           Hlstopdlliolcxjlcdl
                                           lesloi^s
Rasu 11
|*g/»     Raferonc»

   MX)     Youny  & Nulbon.  1974


  10-20     boujlb,  I96S



 4J--160    Kuevu, at al.  1976


   610     Engol. ot al.  1976


    3)     Rico  & Harrison, 1976


   900     Klce  & Harrison, I97U
  <500     Gardnor  & La Roche,
           197)

   600     Jack!«,,  197a
  <500     Gordnur  & LaRocho,
            1973

    150     EiKjal, «t al. 1976
    160      Uujol,  at al. 1976


    210      tn.jal,  ot al. 1976


    IbO      Dokur,  1969
* In rlvur wdtur.

            coppar;  no othur (nojsuranont reporttxl.

-------
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3r'
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-------
                                                                                  £J
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-------
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-------
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Inglis, A. and S.L. Davis.  1972.  Effaces or wacer hardness on  Che  coxiclcy of




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          ,  3.S.  |9rt|.  Oipl.itintr ij>t»nc F.DTA Hf»c re*1"1"  rho  rnxii iiv .«f . ii





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     , J.M.  jml 1>.\.  rtfuo i i .   I'J/l.   )•. i tec (.4 oc  luii»j -Lei .it  expoaui r*s  L«J cooper on




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                                                                                   r i
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                                                                               jr
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                                                                               f 3
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^Lc'
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Rehwoldt, H.. , 
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