DRAFT
3/19/33
He vised Section 0 of VmbienC Water Quality Criteria for Copper
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY*
Introduce ion
Copoer, which occurs in natural waters primarily as the divalent cupric
ion in free and complex foras (Callahan, et al. 1979), is a minor nutrient
for both planes and animals at low concentrations but is toxic to aquatic
life ac v-.onc-ir.tnci.on3 only sllgitly higher. Concentrations of I co 10 ig/1
are usually reported cor unpolluted.surface waters in the United States
(Soyle, 1979), but concentrations in. the vicinity of municipal and industrial
outfalls, particularly from smelting, refining, or metal plating industries,
aay be mutch higher (Hutchinson, 1979).
A two volume review of various aspects of "Capper in the Environment"
(Nrlagu, 1979) contains several chapters on the effects of copper on both
freshwater and saltwater species. Reviews by Black, et al. (1976) and Spear
and Pierce (19793) sunaarize aost of che available data on aquatic toxicology
of copper through 1979. These reviews fora the scientific basis for Canadian
environmental quality criteria for copper. Spear and Pierce (1979a)
confirned that acute toxiclty to several families of freshwater fish was
Inversely related to water hardness, and that the relationship was
by an exponential equation as used later in chis document.
*An understanding of the Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water
Quality Criteria for the Protection nf Aquatic Life and Its Uses (Stephan, et
al. 1983) is r-ecessary la crier to underatrttul the foliowia^ -.axt, cables, and
calculations.
-------
These authors also cnoroughly reviewed other effects of water quality on
copoer coxt.ci.ty..
McKLi (I1???) and Sir^e .ind Bl.ick (1979) auranarvzed the current state of
knowledge on the effects of copper on the embryo and larval stages of aquatic
animals. Phillips and Russo (1973) and Stokes (1979) have summarized the
available Information on the accumulation of copper cesidues oy aquatic
organisms. Where applicable, data from original sources cited by the above
reviews have been incorporated in Tables 1-6 in this document.
'The toxiclty of copper to aquatic life has been shown to be related
primarily to activity of the cuprlc (Cu2+) ion, and possibly to some of
the hydroxy complexes (Andrew, ec al. 1977; Chakoumakoa, et al. 1979; Howarth
and Sprague, 1978). The cuprlc Ion is highly reactive and forms moderate to
strong complexes and precipitates with many inorganic and organic
constituents of natural waters, e.g., carbonate, phosphate, amino acids ana
humates, and Is readily absorbed on surfaces of suspended solids. The
proportion of copper present as the free cuprlc ion is generally low and aay
be less than 1 percent in eutrophic waters where complexation predominates.
Various copper complexes and precipitates appear to be largely nontaxic ar.c
tend to reduce toxicity attributable to copper (Andrew, 1976). 7Vii3 ^reacly
complicates the interpretation and application of available toxicity data,
because the proportion of free cupric Ion present is highly variable and is
•
difficult :o ae.sdure except under special laboratory conditions. Few
toxicity data have been reported using •aeasurements other than total or
dissolved copper.
Because a majority of the reported test results (Tables 1 and 2) have
been conducted with waters having relatively low complexing capacities, the
criteria derived herein may be at or below ambient total copper
-------
3
i-^.jtfutr it i.mi in -.•>•«« luf n.t- w-icers oc Che UiiituU states. Seasonally and
Locally, coxiclty In chese waters aay be mitigated by che presence of
^curaily occurring chelating, complexing, and precipitating agents. In
addition, removal from the water column .nay be rapid due to settling of
solids and normal growth of the .nore resistant aquatic organisms. The
various forms of copper are in dynamic equilibrium and any change in chemical
conditions, e.g., pH, could rapidly alcer the proportion of the various forms
present and, therefore, toxicity.
In most natural waters, alkalinity and ?H Increase with water hardness
and the relative influence of these parameters on toxicity is not easily
determined. Because increasing calcium hardness and associated carbonate
alkalinity aie both known to reduce the acute toxicLty oc copper, expression
of the criteria as a function of hardness allows adjustment for these water
quality effec-.s. This results in a auch better fit with the available
toxicity data, I.e., the criteria are higher at high hardness to reflect
calcium antagonism and carbonate complication. Some data on the relationship
of toxicity to other factors, i.e., temperature, pH, alkalinity, size of
organism, and total organic carbon, are available for a liaised number of
species and will be discussed later.
Most insoluble forms of -aost metals probably are not toxic, but some
possibly can become toxic und'ar natural conditions and precipitates of some
aetals apparently are toxic (Mount, 1966; Chapman, et al. Manuscript; Bradley
and Sprague, Manuscript). 3eeause of the variety of the foras of copper and
lack of definitive information about their relacive toxicities, no available
analytical measurement is known to be Ldaj.1 for expressing aquatic life
criteria for copper, but active copper ioperationally defined ay acidifying
che aqueous sample to pH •= •'* wit", nitric acid and then measuring the
-------
ronrt*nrr if •• «ui if - i>;v'"r !"if i'-t '"•••• ' MI .mijli •« 0 .'§ "i .T n'miir m.- lilii-i , i •.
probably che o-s3t .ivaLlatLe aejnurdiaent. Previous aquatic Life criteria for
copper r.U.S. EPA, 1980} were specified In terms of cocal recoverable copper
('J.5. EPA, 1979), hut this measurement nay be coo rigorous in some
situations. It is expected that neasureraent of active copper and total
recoverable copper would have produced the same results In all tests used to
derive criteria and would produce the same results on most samples from
surface waters and effluents. Where the two measurements produce iifferent
insults on samples of surface waters or effluents, aeasureaent of active
copper (as defined above) should be the more appropriate measurement.
Measurement of active copper is compatible wlch all of tne data used to
derive criteria because test results were not used if it was likely that they
vould have aeen different if they had been reported in terns of active
poorer. For example, results reported in terms oc dissolved copper were not
aaed if the concentration of precipitated copper was significant. On samples
. labient water this nethod is Intended to measure all forms of copper chat
>ri toxic to aquatic life or can be readily converted to toxic corns under
-j:aral conditions. in addition, this method is incer-decl co exclude severs".
:.—,a, such as copper that is part of minerals, clays, and sand or is
jrrongly sorbed co particulate -natter, that are not toxic and are not likely
.j become toxic unaar natural conditions. Although this aethod (and sany
:-iars) will aeasure soluble, complsxcd forms of copper, such as the EDTA
camolex of copper, tnat probably have low toxiclties to aquatic life,
:-.rcentrations of these forms probably are negligible in ambient water.
Measurement of active copper does not require immediate analysis in the field
.ind does not require special etfort or equipment. This is also the least
rigorous of the neasureienta (a) which are compatible with the available
-------
Cn<. t».i> Lu.j U ti il.ii.t wLLhvjut u-i l ui; hypothec leal >-xcr.ipu I-ic iuiia -irui (b) for
which i.c is agnail/ accepc^hlc to assume Chat no hara will result from
•ne.isured or calculated concuntrit ions in ambient vacar chat are below
national criteria-
Active copper should also be a useful measurement for monitoring
effluents, and dilution of effluent with receiving wstar before measurement
should demonstrate whether Che receiving vater can decrease the concentration
of active copper because of sorptian. Measurement of botn a^cive copper and
total recoverable copper in ambient
-------
water. The -aajoric/ or rests conducted sir.ce about 1970 have been
flow-through cases with -aeasureraents of both toral and dissolved copper. All
oE the v ilues Ln T.ible I are cor cotal copper, excepc that che values
obtained by Howarth and Sprague (1978) were based on dissolved copper. These
are included in Table I because ChakoumaScos, ec al. (1979) showed chat at low
hardness in this water .il^ost all of che copper .is dissolved. Values
obtained by Howarcn and Sprague (19/3) in hard wacer are :a Taole 6.
Acute tests by Cairns, ec al. (1973) (Table 6) indicate chac daphnida
ara aore rest?tane :o copper at low than ac high temperatures. Because such
data were not available cor other species or for longer tests, no generaliza-
tion's could be Bade for criteria derivation. Chakouaakca, et al. (1979) and
itowarth and Spcague (1978) (Tables I and 6) have reported that larger (10 to
30 3) rainbow trouc are approximately 2.5 to 3.0 tiaes aore resistant co
copper rhan ^uvaii.las. T'-.XJ factor t* obviously a source of variation in
Table 1. however, ns-ir: iciest -.ic.i r.ra availaole for other species co allow
adjustment of test rasjlcs or on vnicrt :o base criteria. An additional
uornplicatir.g fac:or ia t^.a general Lack of '^aowiddse o; cr.a range or
j.-»r.stclvi:y of vr.r-.ous life scagea of ,aosc it\vartaora:a species, or tr.e
afcecta on susce^cioilicy of scarvacion and other stresses unaer natural
junditions.
Lind, ec al. ('-Jar.uscrlpt) ("able 1) and Brown, et al. (1974) (Taoie 6)
have shown quancicacive relationships between che acute toxicity of copper
and naturally occurring organic chelae ing agents. Although these
relationships have been demonstrated for only a few species (Dap'nnia
sulioaria, fathead ni^now, and rainbow trout), the effects shown should be
5encrali=able chroagn chemical eifects JT cupric ion activity and
bioavailabillty. T.ind, et al. (Manuscript) measured the coxicity of copper
-------
Co Paphnia puliiarla isi .1 varle: • of snrsace waters arji round chat total
111^.in 11 i ti linn { I'm') 1-1 t '11,11.- '•'•iiiDfLitiic sari ili 11* :b-ju imr Joeus , wlLl
values varying iopcoxlmacai/ 30-:^ld ovar che range o£ TOG cov.-jred. Siailar
results were obtained with the fachead minnow. This wcjla indicate that
criteria should be adjusted upward for surface waters wicn TCC significaatly
above the 2 to 3 ig/1 usual'.? found in C'ne waters used for eaxicicy tests.
Results obtained by Lind, <»c al. •'Hanuac.'ipt) In waters
-------
higher than chose of Wellborn (I9ft<3) .in
-------
oii -it" trie i'diitliu uyiLi-r aiul '>LHB -nuotiei ara :r»c suac
animal species cashed -«-tch LC.O values of 5.3 ani 3.3 -ig/1
respectively (Table 3). Differences Ir. Ufa-stage se.i;. .--/i:-.* vith the
Pacific oyster is 'clearly evident because the adults of this species studied
in a flow-through test had an LC50 of 5fiO -ig/l; which is two orders of
magnitude greater than the eabryca. ZJ..ilet (1377) denotis: :a=ad that copper
toxlcicy was temperature dependent with "he bivalve nollusc, 'r.-ti arenarla.
Copoer :o:iiclty to Mya arsiirta varied Ci-.ordi.-.g to ;-.e aesso-.-l temperature,
being at Lea-t LOO times -aora c -ic ac 22"C than at t*"Z. The calatxoid
copepocs, Acactia tor.sa ar.d Acar-ta clauai, were the aosc ^er.sLri'/e
crustacean species tested with LC50s of '.7-55 jg/1 and 52 jj/l respectively.
Sosnowski, et al. (1979) showed chat tha sensitivity of fidld populations of
A. tsnsd to copper was strongly correlated wi:h population density and food
ration (Table 6), whereas cultured A. ra.^sa maair'escad a raaro-.ucibie
toxicological response to copper (Tabls ".) through 3i:: ^snarations (Sosnowski
and Gentile, 1978). Life-stage sensitivity differences _:i.Jo occurred with
crustaceans as evidenced" by th" *cute values fnr '.iisti" --u".-• -: ".^O ug/1
(McLeese, L974) and 48 ug/1 for the larvae (Johnson anc Ge:;tili, 1979). The
range oc crustacean sensitivity to copoer is further higr.ll;T:ad by che
larvae of the green crab, Carcinus aaenua, whose LC50 o; oOC u^/l is the
highest of all reported acute '.-slues. Adult Ne-q-.l-.cs arsr.jcao-^ortata had a
range of acute values from 77 15/1 to 200 ug/1 (Pescn and ";or-;3a, 1973) and
adult Merela diversicolor ^cusa ''alues ranged frrsa 200 to -30 .•-:/i over1 a
salinity range of 5 to 34 3/kg respectively (Jonag, et al. !?"«;.
\cute toxiclty of co??nr -° sal ewe tar fishes ranged •::•:-. 2l .-VI -or
sumiaar dlounaor, Parali.:V""/s dcr.-atus, --.ryes -.o ;10 ~'I "•: • che Florida
posapano, T.-achinotus caro'.t^ua. The rer-.-Ats of the *cut2 casts on the
-------
vjiniii 'ox ot ..uin.iu-i ""I wlnliT 1 liiuu.i. i uol c iiaoil In '. tin-- i •»-> nuo -mtii. ..ia *.k
these species apparently are not resistant to copper and because other acute
values are not available for these species.
Studies on the effect of salinity on the toxicity of copper indicate
that ic is more toxic to adult pompano at 10 g/kg than at 30 g/fcg (3irdsong
and Avavit, 1971). Other species of saltwater fish were tested for
sensitivity to copper, but the experimental conditions were not suitable for
inclusion in either the acute or chronic tables; consequently, these data
were placed Ln Table 6. Also, a number of anadromous species, such as coho
salmon, have been exposed to copper in fresh water. These data were utilized
in deriving the freshwater, but not the saltwater, criterion.
Of the seventeen saltwater families for which acute values ara
available, the"~FaoTTy Mean Acute Values ranged from 600 ug/1 for Portunidae
to 5.3 ig/1 for Mytilidae for a factor of over 100. A saltwater Final Acute
Value of 6.417 ug/1 was obtained for copper using the Family Mean Acute
Values in Table 3 and the calculation procedure described in the Guidelines.
The iaportant species blue missel has an LC50 of 5.3 ug/1, but it was not
daterained in a flow-through test In which che concentrations were measured.
7-e Species teari Acute Value for the Pacific oystar Ls 7.30)
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
Chronic toxic Icy cests have been conducted on copper witn several
freshwater invertebrate and fish species (Table 2). Life-cycle test results
are available for two snails, Daphnia uagna at three hardnesses, an amphipod,
brook, trout, bluntnose minnow, fathead minnow at four hardnesses, and the
bluegill. tarly life-stage testa have been conducted with several additional
fiah species. Results of six life-cycle tests with daphnids are listed in
-------
Taole 6, because the copper concentrations were not -neasureo during Che
,,..,, i. \ | [ | ,.., ifr !<• I r il wtlii I li« fnl licrtit .nlini. .w taf i-i 11 >HI rnniliuTi-il (11 .1
stream water of /arlable 'iu.il Ley (Brungs, et iL. 1976). This result Is also
Included In Table »», because the dilution water cor che cest was obtained
downstream of a sewage treatment plant and contained varying, high
concentrations of organic material, phosphates, etc. The chronic values
range from a low of 3.9 ug/1 for early life-stage tests with brook trout in
soft water to 39.0 ug/1 for the fathead minnow in the variable water quality
tests (Table 6). Values cor invertebrate species nearly overlap those for
fish with a range of 6.1 to 49 ,ig/l. The range of chronic toxicities for the
tested species appears to be narrower than for acute toxicity, even at
constant water hardnesses. In contrast wich acute toxicity, none of the
invertebrate families or salsnonids appear to be consistently more sensitive
co copper than wara wa:er species. Chronic values for sairaonids, in fact,
overlap those for both cyprinids and centrarchids.
The available data concerning che effect of hardness on the chronic
coxicicy of copper is somewhat Inconclusive. If the data point for the
variable water quality test of Srungs, et al. (1976) s.3 Deluded, chere is a
weak regression of chronic values on hardness for the fathead minnow (r»0.76,
P=0.10). However, the slope is such lower (0.54) than tne pooled slope for
acute values. The relationship to hardness is also complicated by the
variations in TOC, phosphate, ate., between the test waters. The soft test
water of Mount and Stephan (1969) was aade by an approximately ten-fold
dilution of a hard spriag water, and lively contained auch lower TOC, etc.,
than any of the other teats. The test wacer sf Srungs, et al. (1976) ranged
from 3.6-12 ag TOC/1 and 0.5-6.5 rag ?0i,/l (as ?) during rhe chronic teats.
-------
la chronic cescs wicn ])• ma%na. Winner, ec al. (1977), Winner and Farrell
(1976), and SLeslager and Chrlstensen (1972) obeatned values ranging from 10
to 49 jg/1 depending on che cype of food used In the tests. Chapman, et al.
(Manuscript) found that copper was nose toxic in hard water, apparently
because daphnids ingested suspended copper precipitate along with food
participates.
The only saltwater chronic value available is for the mysid, Mysidopsis
bahia (Table 2). The chronic toxicity of copper to this saltwater
Lp.vercebrace wns .letenlned In a flow-through life-cycle exposure In which
che concentrations of copper were ueasured by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The appearance of embryos In the brood sac was delayed for 6 to 8 days at 77
ig/1 and 140 -ig/1, respectively. The number of spawns recorded at 77 -ug/1
was significantly (P<0.05) fewer than-at—38.5 -ig/1. The number of spawns at
24 and 38 ug/1 was not significantly different from the control. Brood size
was significantly (P<0.05) reduced at 77 ug/1 but not at lower
concentrations, and no effects on growth were detected at any of the copper
concentrations. 3ased upon reproductive data, adverse effects were observed
at 77 jg/1, but not at 38 -ig/1, resulting in a chronic value of 54 ug/1.
Using the acute value of 131 ug/1, the acute-chronic ratio for this species
is 3.4.
Acute-chronic ratios for copper (Table 2) vary widely and apparently
depend on the acute sensitivity of the species. The highest ratios (38 and
156) are for two of the more resistant species: the bluegill and the snail,
Campeloma decisum, ard the correlation coefficient (r) for logarithms of the
ratio and acute value is 0.94. Within species the ratios also vary with
water quality. For example, the ratios for the fathead minnow in soft water
are 5.4 .nnd 5.8, and In hard water .ire 17 and 20. The ratio for che variable
-------
w.-iLkir (..-. .-r I".-' iii[.i"«".'« " "•"• 'ir./O ti'fitJ of BI..HVI.-. . -i .il. (!'i7h)
Erota IA co >2-iO, dapanaing on ;oe .icuta value jsed. Viiues for three tests
with D. nagr.a ranged from 1.2 to 7.3, but did not shot* a consistent pattern
with hardness.
The basis for the variation In acute-chronic ratios appears to be the
dependence of the acute value on precipitation of copper at high
concentrations in tests ..'ith resistant ipecias, and in high hardness, high
alkalinity waters with all speci-s. Lrtcause the chronic cests i'sr these same
species and wacers are genera!!:' conducted at concentrations below the
solubility limit of the common hydroxy-c irboaates, the ratio is increased
when precipitation occurs In the acute tests.
Choice oc a most reasonable acute-chronic ratio for use in criteria
derivation is somewhat of a comproaise, and should consider the chemical
aspects of species sensitivity ind w^ctr quality noted acove. For axaaple,
inclusion of Che ratio for the insensitive bluegill does not seem reasonable
if the Final Acute-Chronic ratio is to be used with the ?inal .Acute Value
vr.ich aoproxiaates the acute values of sensitive species, because daphnids
and ^arjnarias ara the acutely sensitive species, acute values for these
species largely determines the Final Acute Value (ar.a hardness curve) for
copoer. Tnus the available acuca-chronic ratios for these species should be
used to calculate the Final AcuL-i-Chro-iic: Ratio. The family nean ratio for
dapnnids is 2.55 and for ganraarlas is 3.30. Thus the Final Acute-Chronic
Ratio based on these tvo faalli.sa Is 2.90 (Table 3), ana the Final Chronic
Value - e(0.905(ln(hardness)]-l.7S5).
Using an experimentally caujrainec at..Jte-chronic ratio «-r th the Final
Acute Equation rests on cne rsj.-'-ively ar.croven assunptiou tnat tha
relac-.onship of acuce toxi=ity UJ hardness also appiias cc c'.ironic affects.
-------
/v-
This .tpproach dliu ..aauines chrft 4 iIngle /icuLe-clironLc racl.o ( i.t derived
earlier) Is applicable over a wide range of species and water qualities. As
shewn earlier, the ratios for copper (Table 2), vary widely wirh species
sensitivity and water quality. Nevertheless, use of a ratio of 2.90 seems
appropriate because it depends on acute-chronic ratios obtained for the raost
sensitive'species. Also, an Increase of the freshwater chronic criteria with
hardness appears prudent at this cine and Is not contraindicated by any of
the available data.
Toxlclty to Aquatic Plants
Copper has been widely used as an alglcide and herbicide for nuisance
aquatic plants. Although It Is known is an inhibitor of photosynthesis and
plant growth, toxiclty data on Individual species (Table 4; see also Stokes
1979, and Spear and Pierce, 1979a) are not numerous. The relationship of
toxicity to water chemistry and the Importance of the culture medium on
toxicity has only recently been recognized (Gachter, et al. 1973). Copper
concentrations froa I to 3,000 ug/1 have been shown to inhibit growth of
various plant species. Several of the values are near or below the chronic
values for fish and Invertebrate species, but most are auch higher. Mo Final
Plane Value can be obtained because none of che plane values were based on
•neasured concentrations.
Data are available on the toxiclty of copper in salt water to two
species of macroalgae and eight species of microalgae. A copper
concentration of 100 ug/1 caused a fifty-percent decrease in photosynthesis
in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrefera (Clendennlng and North, 1959).
Growth reduction in the red alga. Campla parvula, occurred in both the
tetrasporophyte and female plants exposed to copper concentrations of 4.6 and
-------
.g/1 (5t=ieLe and Thursby, 1983). Microaigae were equally sensitive to
. 7V>«> growth rates of Thalassiosira pseudonana ar.a 3cri?psieila
faeroense were reduced by 50% afcer exposure co 5.0 ig/1 for three and five
days respectively. Thus saltwater plant species show similar sensitivity to
copper as animal species.
Sloaccumulation
Sioconcentration factors (EC?) ranged from zero for tne bluagill to
2,000 for cne alga, Chloralla ragularia (Table 5). Because copper is a
required elenent for aniaal nutrition, the significance, of copper residues
has aoc been established, and few tests have been run for the purpose of
determining BC?s.
Copper is an essential element la the respiratory pigments of some
saltvacer invertebrates, especially crustaceans, and planes have enzymes
wnich contain copper and are necessary for photosynthesis. However, copper
Is 3lso bloconcencrated In excess of any known needs by several saltwater
species (Taole 5). The polychaete worm, Keanchas arenacaoder.tata,
Dtoccr-cencracad copper 2,550 times (?esch and Morgan, 197S), wnereas in a
series of -aeasurements wtth algae by Riley and Xoch (1971) che highest
reportad 3C? was 617 for Heteromastix longifillla. The highest 3C7s for
copoer are those for the bivalve molluscs. Shuster and Pringle (1969) found
that che eastern oyster could concentrate copper 28,200 times during a
140-day continuous exposure to 50 ug/1. Even though the tissue of the oyster
became bluish-green In color, lorcalitias were only slightly higher than in
the controls. This amount of copper is not known to be haraful to man, but
cher.e have been Instances recorded that oysters have been unmarketable
because of trielr green 3opearan.ee due to high copper content.
-------
Because no -^axi-num permissible tissue concentration exists, neither a.
freshwater nor a saltwater Final Residue Value can be calculated.
Other Data
Many of che daca In Table ft are acute values for durations other chan 96
hours with che same species reported In Table 1, vith some exposures lasting
up to 30 days. Acute values for cest durations less than 96 hours are
available for several species not shown in Table 1, and these species have
approximately the same sensitivities to copper as species in the same
families listed in Table 1. For example, Anderson, et al. (1980) report a
10-day value for the midge, Tanytarsus dissinilia, of 16.3 ug/1, in soft
water. This compares with the 96-hr LC50 of 30 -ig/1 for Chironomus, at a
hardness of 50 mg/1 (Rehwoldt, et al. 1973). Reported LCSOs at 200 hrs for
chinook salmon and rainbow trout (Chapman, 1978) differ only slightly from
96-hr LCSOs reported for these same species In th-- same water.
Many of the other acute tests in Table 6 were conducted in dilution
waters which were known to contain materials which would significantly reduce
the toxiclty of copper. These reductions were different from those caused by
hardness, but not enough data exist to account for these ir. the derivation of
che criteria. For example, Lind, et al. (Manuscript) conducted cests with
Daphnia pulicaria and the fathead alnnow in waters with concentrations of IOC
ranging up to 34 nig/1. Similarly, Gee Icier, et al. (1976) and 3rungs, et al.
(1976) conducted tests with many species in stream water which contained a
large amount of effluent from a sewage treatment plant. Wallen, et al.
(1957) tested mosquitofish in a turbid pond water. Until chemical
measurements which correlate well with the toxicity of copper in a wide
variety of waters are identified and widely used, results of tests in unusual
-------
17
dilution waters, sue.-. a:» cr-.ose in Tabla 5, will noc oe very useful cor
dert.-i".& Jac-er ,-.1.11 icy cnrana.
Table 6 .also includes reajlcs cf physiological rests, e.g., reduced
growth, appetite, change Ln blood parameters, stamina, etc., where a
statistically definea enaaotnt was attained for a. fixed concentration-time
relationship. These were Included In Table 6, because they could not be
directly interpreted cor aerv/dCion or" criteria. Of these, only avoidance
behavior cf rainoow trouc fry f J.". ag/1 at i hr) (Joiner, 1976), appeared to
be substantially lower Chan otr.e"- icuca and chronic effects listed in Tables
1 or 2. Ccckler, ec al. ^1975) also mention avoidance or copper at 120 ug/1
as a significant factor in their studies on scraaa populations. It is not
understood now these rasuita could be trans-tatdd lato criteria, however,
especially in view of the paucity of available data and the nuaber of poorly
understood factors involved in application of the results.- e.g., accliaation,
mixing zones, species specificity, etc.
Vaiwood and Seanisn (1973) studied the effect of copper on growth of
rainbow trou= ac cirf-jrar.s pHs. Hetric*. et al. (L979) and .
-------
L'rused Dae a
Conner has prob.ibly been Che .nose widely studied 'aecal in terras oc Its
cuxic df:ei:cs -in i-iuicic jrigi-ils-as. Several hundred papers ha/e been
DubLished on various physiological effects, effects of water quality an
toxlcLty, and copper uptake by organs and organisms under various conditions.
Only a few of these publications have been mentioned herein because those
aspects have been thoroughly reviewed by Chapman, ee al. (1963), Black, et
al. (1976), Thompson, et al. (1972), Phillips and Russo (1978), Spear and
Pierce (1979 a), Hodson, et al. (1979), and Stokes (1979). Waiwood (1980),
Lett, et al. (1976), Ferreira (1978), and Ozoh and Jacobson (1979)
investigated effects of copper on various physiological parameters of aquatic
aniaals, but do not contain any interpretable concentration-tine
relationsnlps useful for deriving criteria, de March (1979) and Wong, et al.
(i.977) presented no useful data on copper.
Papers by Maloney and Palmer (1956), van der Berg (1979), Fllbin and
Hough (1979), Guy and Kean (1980), Sakajiaa, et al. (1979), Prey, et al.
(1973), Sunda and Lewis (1978), Giullard, at al. (1978). Wageaann and Barice
(1978), Borgmann (1981), and Swallow, et al. (1978) report on studies of
-7.irt.ous aspects of copper coraplexatlon on uptake, growth inhibition, or
coxicity to various algae and plankton. Most of these report data en
relative effects, usually in artificial media and do not contain useable
coxicological data for surface waters.
Mclntosh and Kevern (1974), Flnlayson and Ashuckian (1979), Taylor
(1978), Labat (1977), and McKnighc (1981) reported the results of various
field studies with poorly defined or experimentally confounded exposure
conditions. Papers by Baudoln and Scoppa (1974), Dodge and Theis (1979),
Vs-ma., .et .Al. (1940) , -Furmanska (1979), Evans (1980), and Murameto (1980)
-------
/y
COnC.tln Ci.'> • '- >i <=•;, "•" ' 'i.-Ji- : ' ' -in: J i ' •» »•• -»ll..w i-i' =i :irol -»l Inn in" r IK»
or che expciura ve.-2 :oo sr.ort ind/or concancrac'-oas coo high for meaningful
results co ha.-a oaen icca ..i=d . £hcnsr=an '/i-97'"- «ii«l not report useable
results, and 3«r'iovic-?3p:vic dr.i ?opo"t- (1977a,b) used quest icnabla dilution
waters. High control mortalities occurred in ill except one tast reported by
Sauter, ec al. (1976). Mar.y ^ao^fs, sucn as those by Karoe (L972), Sauard,
at al. (1975), Soice ar.^ "ocpev '1375'-, w.ijon ar.a Pecronio (L973), ciestinga
(1976), Mishra 2-c ^-Ir.ajrar-. - '. -80} , .: 9a.-.= . dC al. (1980). could not be
used because cr.ey or.iy -o-.t.'in jnong tha sore
sensitive species zrz drn.irM.-i, T-nds, -• '.-I'jfls . and snails 'mic'i fora the
aajor food-webs far bo:h t.--i- .: a col .--'acdr ."loaes. Co-icen^r^cuns of
-------
, ,|i|>,-1 11 ( !j i 1 t .1 I im-ir iini'i I I I vi- ••! - HI I HUM Ln n«> f I . il e-i iii- nit 1 / -v 1 I -. ill '.. r
zoove those cnronlcally toxic to most fish and Invertebrate species.
Chronic values are available for eleven freshwater species, ranging from
a low of 3.373 -ig/1 for brook crout to 60.36 ug/1 for northern pike. Fish
and Invertebrate species seem to be about equally sensitive to the chronic
toxicity of copper. The two most sensitive species, bluntnose minnow and £.
paeudolianea, are both Important food organisms.
Copper coxlclty has been tested on a wide range of plant species, with
results approximating those for animals. Complexlng effects of the test
media and a lack of good analytical data make Interpretation and application
of these results difficult. Protection of animal species, however, appears
to offer adequate protection of plants as well. Copper does not appear to
bioconcentrate very much in the edible portion of freshwater aquatic
species.
The acute toxicity of copper to saltwater animals ranges from 5.8 ug/1
for the blue mussel to 600 ug/1 for the green crab. A. chronic life-cycle
cast has been conducted with a mysid, and adverse affects were observed at 77
jg/1 but not at 33 Jg/1, which resulted in an acute-chronic ratio of 3.346.
Several saltwater aigal soecies have been tested, and effects were observed
between 5 and 100 'ig/1. Oysters can bloaccuaulate copper up to 28,200 times,
and become bluish-green, apparently without significant mortality. In
Long-term exposures, the bay scallop was killed at 5 ag/1.
National Criteria
To protect freshwater aquatic life and its uses, in each 30 consecutive
days: (a) the average concentration (in >ig/l) of active copper
(o -eratlonally defined as the copper chat passes through a 0.45 urn aembrane
-------
t ! 1 I i-i i' i i-i I In- !.ii!i|il«- ! i <• l.i I i Iml '•-) ,nl - 'i \. I ' li u 11 r I• ii1 ' .; j .lutu III IMI I
exceed cne .luraericAL value i'.ve-i ay eC0.905[ l.H harJnesg) j-L. 785). ,b)
the aaximxai concencratiott (in ig/1) srculd not exceed che numerical value
given by e(0-905lln(hardn«ss)]-!.413); and ^) the concencracion (in
Ug/1) oay be between e(0-905[la(hardness)]-!.785) and
e(0.905(hardness)]-1.413) for u= co 95 hours. For exaupie, ac
hardnesses of 30, LOO, *rd 200 =j/l a.z OiCOj =he cricar^on average
concentrations of active copper a.ca 5.r. II, ano 20 ^g/1 arja whs criterion
maximum concentrations are 8.*. 16, and 29 -.1,3/1.
To protect saltwater aquacic Life snd its uses, in eacn JO consecutive
days: (3) ihe average concentration of active copper should not exceed 2.0
•ig/1; (a) che maxicnua concentration should not exceed 3.2 ig/1: and (c) the
concentration -nay be between 2.0 and 3.2 ug/I for up to 96 hours.
-------
ol .
1u oi|ua1lc iwil»ats
S.i>ocl«S Mulhoil*
Chutilcal
llariliiosb
(IMI/I a&
LC50
or EC50
Spucfus Mtton
AcuTa Valua
^/l)*"* Ratsratico
FRESI1WATLR SKCIES
Cc.lHdr,
PlilloJIdd dCuMcoroli
Hot liar,
I'lil lodlna dcutlcornls
Kctllur,
I'M lodlna acutlcornls
Worm,
1 timbr Iculus varliiQiitus
lubf field norm,
I iranodrl lus hotfmelstur i
Worm,
i-lois sp.
Snail,
r.owpttlcuna Joel Sum
Sndll (adult),
Aii.nl co la sp.
Snail,
Gyrdulus clrcumvtrldtus
Snail,
Physd hotdfostroptid
Sndll .
Pliysa IntfKjra
Asiatic clam,
Corblcula flumlritia
Asldlic clam,
Cur li leu Id llumlnua
Cldilucurau,
Diiphnld nugnj
s,
R,
R,
S,
s,
s,
FT,
s,
s,
s,
n.
s,
n.
s.
M
U
U
U
U
H
H
H
U
U
M
U
U
U
Co|.(iur
sul lulu
sul late
Copper
sul fi>ur
Sul fdlu
bul tdlo
Coi>pui
suit dlo
Cup(>ui
Sill tdtu
iul Idlu
Sul Into
40
ai
30
100
50
35-55
50
100
100
64
64
226
IbO
/DO
1 , IJO
102
90
1,700
900
loo
69
39
40
49.0
200
Bulkenu, ot al . I97/
Bulkemd, ot dl . 19/4
•jo/. 2 Bulfconu, el dl. IV74
218.2 Ualley & Liu. I'JDU
54.47 Wurtz & Brld.jOi, l%l
'JU.OO Kuhuoldt, at dl . 1973
I.H70 Arthur & Loondid, 1970
900.0 Rahvoldt, et a). 1973
57.66 Hurt! & Brld'joi, 1961
36. B5 Murt/ & Brldjus. 1901
42.90 Arthur ft Looruird, 1971-
Rodgors, et al. I960
35.41 Rodgurs, ut al . I9UO
Cabejszek & StdSiak,
I960
V
-------
lublo I, (Continued)
Snoclus
CljUocoran,
Oapluila maijna
CliiJocoran,
Ddpniiu mjtjna
Oaplinlo magna
Clddoceran,
Ouplifiid HidCjna
Cl jdtxordn ,
[ 1. 1 lilll Cl '.U.|ild
Cl >).-.< urofi,
lidj iiM .> M.ijna
CldlOCUl .III,
CL. Incur. in,
llj, !iH 1 d kdij^Q
C 1 uoocoran.
Uaplinld mjyna
Cladocuriin,
Ojpimla pulex
ClaJocoran,
O.iplinla |iul 1 car la
Clc locuran,
Dnpn.il > pul Icarlu
Pi .t«. -b » .-. . 1 1 1 1 r r.t" 1 A
' .tiissi'
R, U
s. u
C II
-•. u
s, u
S, M
b. M
S, M
S. M
S, U
s, u
s. n
b, K
S M
Cl-.-ilcdl.
Cx.ppoc
chlor Idu
Coppur
chlur Idu
chlor Ida
Copper
chlor No
Coppdl
i.lilui Ido
Coppur
chlor Ido
Cop p or
clilorldo
Coppor
chlor Ida
Coppar
Sill fdtO
Uippor
SUl fillU
-
-
Itardiidss LCV) Species Modit
(«g/l AS or EC50 Acuto Valuo
CeCOv) ' ("o/D** ("jj/D***
45.3 9.B
99 60
99 30
120 12.7
yi 26
10") 30
lOb 38
20/ 69
45 10 17.55
45 10 11.00
4b M.4
40 9.06
4li 7.24
Rclurunc.u
Hlu&lngur &
Chrlstunsan, 19/2
Adoiikj & Du9root-Vdii
ilji, 1972
.Vluina & lleyrool-Vaii
Zljl, 1972
And or ion, I94B
Chjpman, ut dl .
1 diiusi-r p
Ctiopiujn, ot al .
Manuscript
Chdpmdn , et dl .
Manuscript
Chap.-idii. ot al .
Manuscript
Cdlrns, et al. 197U
Cdlrns, ot dl. I97b
I I lid, Ot dl .
Manuscript
Llnd, tit cil .
Manuscript
Llnd, or dl .
Manuscript
y,
VjJ
-------
Cladoceran,
Ddphnld pullcarld
Clddoceran,
Oaphnla pul (car la
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla pul 1 car la
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla pul lean a
Clddoceran,
Oaphnla pul Icarla
Scud,
Gdininnrus psoudol Iroridiius
Scud,
Gdunarus sp.
Crayl Ish,
Orconectes rust Icus
DuniseU ly,
Onldentltled
Stonefly,
Acronourla lycorlas
CadJIstly,
Unidentified
Cli 1 roriomus sp.
Amur lean eel ,
Aiiijullla roilrato
Amur lean oul,
Method*
S, M
S, M
S, M
S. M
S, M
n, M
S, M
FT, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
S. M
S, H
it. ilnass
(iuj/1 AS
44
45
95
145
245
Cop|>ur 35-55
50
Cojipur ' 100- 125
!>ulldlO
50
Coppor 40
sulfata
50
(ill I'd to
ICV)
or EC50
10.8
9.3
I7.fl
23.7
27.3
20
910
3,000
4,600
fl.300
6.200
3U
6,400
6,000
Spocles Haon
Acut« Valuo
i "ij/ 1 ) " ' R ft* eranca
Llnd, bt al.
Manuscript
LloJ, ui di .
Llnd, et jl .
Manuscr Ipi
Liml. of ol.
Manuscrlpl
9.390 Llnd, et ol.
22.00 Arthur & Leufidrd, 'V
910.0 RehKoldt, «i cii . li .
1,446 HuUiChinjn, IOL.7
4,600 RehHoldl, at al . 1475
10,160 Marnlck & Dell, l%i
6,200 RehHOldt, at al . ISi7J
30.00 ReliMOldi, et dl . IT:
Rolivtoldt, ot dl. IV"
HeliHoUt, ui di . >/".
Arxjul Ha rostratd
-------
t. (Continued)
Spo-llkS
^riiur Icon oo 1
(Mack ool stage) ,
*ngul 1 la rostrate
Amor lean eol
(glass eol stage),
Angul 1 Id rostral a
Coho salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (adult),
Onc-orhynrtuis klsutch
Coho salmon (yearling),
Oncorhyiidius klsutch
Coho salmon (yearling),
OiiL.ir hyfi^liui klsutch
Coho salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Sockuy salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus narka
bockcy salmon (smolt),
Omui hynchus nerka
bcckoy salmon « Ingorl Irig) ,
OncorhyiikhuS nerka
Seemly •--! Imon ( ( 1 n jor 1 1 mj) ,
Oiu~crliyiii:luis nttrka
Scckxy -...ilmun ( f Ihjjurl Ing) ,
Oncoi hynchus norka
Chinook salmon (aluvln),
Oncorhynchus tshaxytsclia
Chinook salmon (sMlm-up),
Uncorhi/nchus tshawvtsclia
H-llvuja
S, U
S. II
FT, M
M, M
FT, M
S, M
S, M
S, M
R. M
R, It
R, M
R, M
K, M
FT, M
FT, H
ClKJlllC/ll
Coppur
sul lato
Coppur
si.lfdlu
Coppur
chlor Ido
Coppcir
chloi Ida
Coppor
chlor Ido
Copper
chlorldu
Coppur
chlorldu
Cuppar
chlorluo
chlor Ido
chloi ido
Clilui Ido
chl.jr Ido
Copper
chlor Ido
Coppur
chlorldu
Coppur
i.hl»: I.Jo
Hjrdnoss
(luj/l oa
CaCO^)
40-40
40-48
70
23
23
89- 99
89-99
89-99
3b-46
36-46
36-4o
36-46
36-46
23
23
LC50
or EC50
3,200
2,540
46
28-38
42.9
74
70
60
240
103
~UQ
210
240
26
19
Spoclus Mean
Acute Valua
_(^g/l)««J1
4,301
~
~
~
-
"
56.94
-
-
-
-
232.0
-
Raforenca_
Hlnton & Evursolu,
1979
nlnton i Eversole,
1978
Chapman & Stevens,
1978
Chdpman, 1975
Chapman, 1975
lorz 4 McPhurson. I97b
Lor/ & McPhert.oii, 1976
Lor/ & McPhors.00, 1976
Davis & Shand, 1978
Davis & Sliand, 197U
Davis & Shand, 1978
Davis & Shanil, 197B
Davis & Sliaiid, 19/U
Chapman, 1975, 197H
Chapman, 1975. 1978
Xi
-------
Spaclns
Chinook salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus tshaaytschd
Chinook salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus tshaxytuctia
Chinook salmon (Juvunlla),
Oncorhynchus tsho««yt>cho
Chinook salnon.
Oncorhynchus tshawytsclia
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshaxytsclia
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshavytschd
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshanytscha
Cutthroat trout,
Salrao clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Sdlmo clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Salino clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Sdlmo clarkl
Cutthroat trout,
Sal no clarkl
Cutthroat trout.
Salwo clarkl
Cutthroat trout.
Salmu clarkl
Cut throat trout ,
^rtlmn ddrkl
Mafhod*
FT, M
n, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, M.
FT, »
FT, M
FT, M
n, M
FT, M
FT, M
Ff, M
FT, M
FT, M
Fr, M
Chemical
Coppur
chlor Ido
Coppur
chlor (do
Coppur
chlor lilu
-
-
-
-
Ooppur
chlor Ido
Copper
chlor (do
Coppur
chlor Ida
Coppur
chlor Ido
Copper
cliloi Ido
Copptr
ch 1 or 1 du
Cup pur
cli lor Ido
Coppor
chlurldo
Mardimss
(nu/1 as
CaCO^)
23
23
25
13
46
182
359
205
70
ia
204
83
31
160
74
LCW Specie* Nuan
or ECV) Acute Va]u»
("g/ll" '" """" ""*
36
26
3J. 1
10
22
85
130
36;
166
36.8
232
162
73.6
91
44.4
I Of 11" nei«r»»c»
Chapman, iy/5, I'J.'O
Chapman, 1975, i'J76
Chapman, 1VU/
Chapman & Mi.Ci i : ,' ,
1977
Chapman LMcCr.,!?,
1977
Chapman & McCrady,
1977
39.48 Chapman & McCraly.
1977
Chakounakos, ul al .
1979
Chakoumakob , at al .
1979
Chakoumdkos, at al.
1979
Chakoumdkos, el al .
1979
Chakoumakob , t>l dl .
IQ7O
1 * ty
Chakoumdkos , tit al .
IO7Q
i » ty
Chakounakob, ut al .
I979
Chakoiun.iKo^ , ul al .
id 7Q
ly 17
-------
Tab I a I. (Continued)
SIMI.US
Ciifiluodt trout,
Sdhi-j cldrkl
Rainbow trout.
SiilniR <}
Coppur
sul fulo
Coppor
sulKitu
Sill Idlt.
Dipp»r
!>ulfato
Coppur
sul (utu
Coppur
sul tut o
llurdnoss
20
30
31
31
30
101
101
102
101
99
IOU
100
9U
LC50 Spoclos Mean
or tC50 Acute Value
("a/I)"" ("y/l)tBS
l'j.7 67.10
19.9
2,2.4
23.9
30
30
176
40
33.1
30.7
46.3
47.9
4U.I
81.1
85.9
Refer
-------
UI.I.. 1 '• -•' •'•1L'»J
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salino galrdnerl
RdlnLow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rdlnbow trout,
Salino yalrdnorl
Rdlnbow trout,
Salmo yalrdnorl
Rdlnbow trout.
Sdlmo ijcilrdnar 1
Hathod*
n, M
ff, M
FT, M
FT, M
n, M
FT, M
FT, M
FT, H
FI, M
FT, M
FT. M
n, M
FI, M
FT, M
Ciifcnlcal
Coppor
&ul lite
Coppor
sul fain
Coppor
Sul Idto
Cop pur
Sul idtti
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
chlor Ide
Cop par
chloride
Coppor
chlurldu
Copper
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Coppor
cti 1 or 1 du
Cup pur
clilorldu
Hardness
(coj/l as
370
366
371
361
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
LCSO Species Huan
or EC50 Acut* Value
("il/U" ("g/D*"* Reference
23'j - Howarth 4 Spi
1978
70 - Howarth & Spi
1976
82 2 - Howartli 4 bpr
1976
29B - Howarth & Sp>
1976
1^9 - ChiikoumakuS,
1979
85 3 - • Chakoumakos,
1979
0) 3 - ChakoumakOb,
1979
103 - Chakounidkos.
1979
274 - Chakoumakos,
1979.
126 - Chakoumakos,
1979
221 - ChdkoumakO!>,
1979
16) - Chakoum jkos ,
1979
1^7 - Chakounidkos,
1979
JI4 - ChaKoumaKos,
1979
.,„,..
i! i ^^» •
tlj Jl» »
'*J , ^O ,
a- jl
iit dl
a- a\
oi al
et al
t»t dl
ui al
ul dl
ol dl
-------
I able 1. (Continued)
Spec 1 as
Rdln(>OM trout,
Sol mo galrdrmri
trout (olovln),
gjlrarurl
Rainbow trout (swim-up),
SoImo golrdnorI
Rainbow trout (parr),
Sdlmo galmnerl
Rainbow trout (smolt).
Salmo galrdnarl
Rainbow tiout (oJult),
bo lino i
Rainbow trout (fry),
Sdlmo golrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Solmo galrUuerI
Rainbow trout,
Sdlmo ijulrdnorl
Kdlnbow trout,
bdliuo tjalrdiiuri
Rainbow trout,
Solmo QdlrOnorl
At I antIc salmon,
Solmo so Inr
At laiil ic S.ilmon,
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
Method"
"/
n.
fi.
rr.
nr.
FT.
n.
FT,
FT,
n.
s.
FT.
i,
n,
H
H
M
M
M
H
H
H
H
M
M
H
M
M
Cliu.ilcol
Coppo.
cliloi Idu
dilor Idu
Coppoi
chlorldo
Coppor
cdlorldo
C.ippur
ch lor Idu
Coppor
chlorldo
Coppor
nitrate
Copper
sul fate
Copper
suit ate
Cojipur
SilllotO
Coppui'
sul loto
Copper
sul iolo
-
-
dnuss
/I US
f*?iL
19-1
23
23
23
«
42
-
125
125
125
290
ft)
0-10
14
LC50 Spue 1 us Moon
or EC50 Acute Valuo
243
20
17
18
29
57
253
200
190
210
890 42.82
40
125
32 IU7.3
Roferanco
ChaKoiirildkin, ul
1979
Chdpnion, 19/t., 1
Chapman, 19/5, 1
Chapman, 1975, 1
Chapman, 1975,
Cuapinari, I97ti, (
& Stuvuns, 1974
Hale. 1977
Spear, 1977
bpuar, 1977
Spoor. 19V/
Cdlamar 1 & Morel
1975
Sprajuo, 1964
Wilson, 1972
Sprayuo & Ramso'
1965
V.
-------
fob)*.
N'x»i.-li.'_-.Ji
liardnasi LCW> Spoclas Mean
Spuclus
Urook trout,
Sdlvallnub tonttnal Ib
Chlsalmouth,
Acruchullu!> alutacuus
Central stonarol lor.
Campos tartd anomaluni
Uoldf Ish,
Curdssltis auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Cuwuon carp.
CyprlniiS carplo
Common carf..
Cyprlnus carplo
Common corp <7B-I95 mj) ,
Cyprlnus carplo
Common carp (?0dO-36JO mg),
Cyprlnus carplo
Striped shiner,
Hotropts chrysocophdlus
Striped slil nor.
llolropls cnrysocophdlit!>
Bluntnoso mlnnox.
Plmujjfiolos notatus
Ulunlnosu nlnnow,
Plmaplialas nulalus
Mulliod*
",
".
n,
s.
Fl.
i.
s.
s.
s.
FT,
H,
FT,
Fl.
H
M
M
U
M
H
H
U
u
H
H
M
H
Ctiujlcal
Gowur
sul lalo
Cuppor
chlur Ida
GUM**
Sul IdlO
Cnp|ior
trUl i <*1t*
Copt.u.-
suUittu
Coppur
nitrate
.
Coppvr
sul tdtu
Copuor
Sul tdtu
Coppar
sultdlu
Coppor
sul ta1a
Coppor
sul Ute
Coppor
Sul Id tO
(IMJ/I dl
45
M-Sb
VOO
20
52
51
bi
144-168
144-160
200
200
200
700
or ECM Acuto Valu«
IV"'"
100
("9/I)*1* Refarurca
110.0 HcKIm 4 bunolt , 19JI
Ui 133.4 AiKlrob & Carton, 1VOO
29U
36
300
810""
SOO""
117. 5
530.0
790
1.900
290
260
62.71 Gttckler,
Pickering
I9b6
1 ?\>v
B1 dl. 19/b
& Hendurson,
)».6 Tsal iHcKoo, I9UO
RahMOldt,
Ruhnotdt,
DeshmuKh
i ODn
1 VoO
64.24 Dashnukh
1900
Geckler,
349.4 Guckler,
Gack 1 ar ,
Gacklar,
at dl. I9M
at dl. 19/2
& Mar at ha,
& Mara the,
el dl . 1976
t»t al. 1976
at dl. 1976
at at. 1976
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Sp&cl&s
Olunlno&a minnow.
(' iinaplidlor. notdtus
Uluntnosu minnow.
Pimaplidlas notdtus
Bluntriosa minnow,
Plmuphdlus notatus
Blunt nos a niinnow.
Plmephalas notatus
Bluntnose minnow,
Plmapnalos notatus
Olurifnosa minnow,
u)Rit.|.lldleS HOtdttlS
Fdthudd minnow.
PI nuptial as prone las
Fdtbojd minnow,
Plioaphalos promelas
Fatliodd minnow.
Plmophdlos promuldS
Fathoad minnow,
PlmophiilQb promo las
FalhOdd minnow.
Plmuplioloi, promo las
Fatliuad minnow.
Plmeplidlai prunalas
Fdlhaad minnow,
1J uiiuptijloc, pronialas
Fatliuad minnow,
Plmuplidlos proinOldS
Moil.ua-
F(, M
FT. M
FT, M
n, M
FT, M
n, M
n, M
FT, M
FT, H
n, M
S, U
S, U
S, U
b, U
Chtmlcol
Coppur
bul tolo
topper
sul fdtu
Coppur
sul fata
Coppor
sullala
Copper
sulfatu
Cnppur
sul fdtu
Coppar
sul Idte
Coppui t
sul Idlo
-
-
Coppur
sul tdte
Coppor
sul fat<>
Coppui*
sul idfu
Coppot
sul Idlu
Uu}/l ito
CoCO^l
200
200
200
194
194
194
202
202
200
45
360
360
20
20
LC50
or EC50
260
200
340
210
220
270
460
490
790
200
1,760
1,140
25
23
Spec 1 us Moan
Acute Valuo
(•jj/|)»« Reference.
dock lor, al al. 1976
Geckler, ot al. 1976
Guckl«r, at dl . 1976
Horning & Nelhulsel,
IQ7Q
1 31 If
Horning A Nulholsel ,
1Q7Q
1 7 IV
75.94 Horning i Nolhoisel ,
IO7Q
I w ty
Pickering, at al . 1977
Pickering, at al . 1977
Andrew, 1976
Andruw, 1976
Plckorlruj & Hondar son,
i n££
1966
Plckarlmj & hondorson,
1 QAA
1 TOO
Pickering & Hondorsou,
1966
Plckorlng & Hondori»on,
1 QAA
1 TOO
-------
ToUU i, fCoAHnii«J
Spec las
FdtliudJ .nlnnoM.
Plmoplislei promolas
Fdthood nlnnOH,
Plnupnal«s promo las
Fathead minnow,
Plmophdles pronttlas
Fdthedd minnow,
Plnujphdlos promt) las
Fdthadd minnow,
Plrcephdle* pronoliis
Fathead minnow,
I'lmophdles promulds
fothedd minnow,
Plmoptiales promalds
Fathodil minnow,
f'lmophdles prunulas
Fdthudd minnow,
Plmephales promolas
Fathead minnow,
PUiephdles promeldS
Fdthbdd minnow,
Plmuphdles promelas
Northern si|uawtlsh,
Plyctiochttl kus orogonunsl s
(ilacknose dace,
Khlnlclithys atratulus
Hathod* ClHrfilcal
S,
S.
s,
Fl,
S,
n.
fi ,
Fl.
n,
FT,
Fl,
F>.
Fl.
U
U
U
M
U
M
H
M
M
H
M
M
M
Coppor
SUlfdtu
Coppw
iultatu
Coppor
sul tdta
Cap par
suhata
Copper
sul fdta
Coppur
sulldtu
Copper
sul tdte
Coppur
sul tdtu
-
-
-
Coppur
cUlorldu
Coppur
sul (dta
MarJnabS
tohj/l ait
.CuCO^t
20
20
200
200
31
il
200
200
4U
45
46
52-56
200
IC50
or ECM
Cg/D"
21
22
tx
470
64
75
44'J
4W
1)4
121
86.5
ID
i20
Sp«cl«$ Moan
Acute Valu*
("g/D*"1 Referanca
PlcKerlmj 1 Hotidui
1061)
PIcKoring & Kun.lur
1966
HouM.lteU
Mount , I'JW
Mount & St option, 1
Mount & Staphdn , 1
Cockier , tit ol . I'.
Gecklur, 01 ol . 1'^
Llnd. «t al.
Manuscript
Llnd, et al .
Manuscript
118.7 Llnd, «t al.
Manuscript
16.79 Andrus i Gorton, 1
91.26 Cockier, or al . I'J
-------
Teblo I. (Continued)
Cru,
M^tln-J1 Clif.ii ICG!
Fl, M D'jp [n.(
sul tjto
n, M c.,in«.r
S.ll tj|>.
Fl, M Co[)H-<"
sul f Jto
n, M Coi^or
sul Itite
S, M Cuppur
niTi'dtu
S. M
S, U Coppui
S, U Copfjui-
sul laTu
S, U Cop|iO(
^ul lutj
Fl, II
Ff, M
S, U i..j,i|—i
(ntcj/l as
200
20/6
Urunys, «1 al . 19/i
Qruiijs, 01 dl . W/3
73.52 Gacklor. et dl. I9J6
Rahnoldt, et dl . 1971
7V2.9 Ref.KOldt, et dl . 1972
Joskl & Regu, I9UU
193. 1 Joskl & Kaga, 1900
Pickering & HanJufhOii,
I9C6
Cliynoutith, at ol. 19/6
ChyriOMOlti, ol ol . 19/6
Du^liniukli & Mui*4jlliu,
1 u ifl
:''."0l I Id ful It.ulatu
liopli/ (62.t) r.i(|),
IVu-:! I lu * t-i Iculdi.i
S. U
.ml toij
.ul
14 i-ll.ii
& Mjfdlliu.
-------
fob I a I. (Cmrtluuud)
Sp&clet
Guppy (340.5 ing),
Poecl 1 la reticulata
Guppy,
Poocllld retlculdta
Will re parch,
Morono dinar Icanus
White perch,
Morone anerlcanus
Striped bass,
Morone saxatll Is
Striped toss,
Morone saxdt Ills
Strlpod bass,
Morone saxat Ills
Striped bass ( larva),
Morone saxat Ills
Striped bass < tlngerl Ing) ,
Morone saxat Ills
Stripped bass (larva),
Morone saxat Ills
Strlpod bass ( f Ingerl Incj) ,
Morone saxatll Is
Pumpkin seed,
Lepomls glbbosufc
Pumpkin seed,
Loponls glbbosus
Punpklnseod,
Leponls glbbosus
M.lhoJ"
S, U
S. U
S, M
S, M
S, M
S. M
s, u
S, U
s. u
s, u
S, U .
S, H
S, H
n, M
fhcalcal
Copper
sul Idte
Coppor
Sul la to
Coppur
Cupper
nlti atu
Copper
sultdte
Copper
chloride
Coppor
chloride
Copper
suit dte
Coppur
suMdte
Coppar
nltrjtu
Coppur
sul Idte
liortlnosk LC50 Species Mwui
(iwj/l M or EC5O Acute Value
c»co\) cyi)'" eg/')""
t44-iaa 400.0
230 1.2JO 105.7
5i 6,200
55 6,400 5,876
53 4,300
55 4,000
35 620
34.5 50
34.5 50
34.5 25
34.5 38 *"•*
53 2,400"**
55 2.700****
125 1,240
Reference
Deshmukli & Mjralhu,
I960
Khdngarat, 1481
RehMOldt, or ol. I9n
Rehwoldt, ut oi . 1972
RahMOldt, at dl . 1971
Reh«oldt, et ol . 1972
Wellborn, I9o9
Hughes, 1973
Hughes, 1973
Hughes, I97J
Hughes, I97J
RehMOldt, et jl . 1971
Rohwoldt. et dl. 197i!
Spear. 19/7
-------
Table 1. (CoatlniMd)-
S|>iw:l«*
Punpklnsoud,
L opera li glUiosus
PuiufiklnsuuJ,
Lapomli ijfbtXJSUi
Pumpk 1 nsuud ,
Luponils rjlbhosus
Pumpk 1 nsood ,
Lopuiits glubosus
PumpKlniood,
LQpunils gltibosus
Punitlk Inbuiul,
1. UfHl.il S Cjft.l.a&Ub
Bluojjlll,
Lcf.csnls mdcrochlrus
B 1 uuij lit,
Lopft ili tMcrochlrus
Blu-jlll,
L(J,.U,I] s iiijciuCHlrus
Bliid.jlll,
LopUili, nucroclilliiS
B 1 u J.j III,
i.°!f""I:l ^EC™hJ/!ii
Illuuilll.
1 i.-p.i.ulr. i,..-.< I i.jllli 115
H^tl
FI.
FT,
FT,
FT.
H,
Fr,
s.
s.
S,
n,
^,
»"».
!<£*
M
M
H
H
H
H
U
U
U
M
H
U
C!>c:.i1 ct 1
Copp.'
Sill t«td
Co,,f,or
sul (<>16
Coppur
sul fata
Copper
sol fiiio
Coi.por
Sll I 1 illO
4)r^l^|)|"
bill Into
Copier
sul (L td
C •!>! ..r
iiiU i(a
UarOntu.6 LCW
(uy/l M . or EC50
CaCO,J ("{I/I**11
125 I.JOO
)25 1,670
125 1,940
125 1,240
125 1,660
125 1,740
52 400
209 6EO
3t>5 1,020
45 t.100
^tw a, 100
^Uv) Hl.lOi)
Spec Us HMO
Acute Valuo
t"g/ll*" RBlornneo
bpoor, I9»V
Spuar, 1977
Spoor, 197/
Spoor, 197 /
.
Sptiar, 197;
66*. I Spoar, 19V7
Inglls A Oavls,
IDQ) Is & Odtlls,
InyHs & Dovls,
uuouit, iyiD
(kick lor, ut dl .
dock lor, ut at .
1972
1972
1V7J
!5Vo
19/0
1.11 U.,., III.
t O >«tj u I :• NuCI'OCh 11 u j
Qlub^lll,
norrochlrus
liluu-jlil.
:.. ii
S, U
S, U
...ll 1. la
1,250
20
fi..oil
-------
(.tin 1. «,
Spaclas
Btuogill,
Lopomls. macrochlrui
Bluoglll,
Lopomls nidcrocMru!,
Lupooils macrochlrus
Hluojill,
Lapouils macrochlrus
Rainbow darter.
Etheo&ttxna caoruloum
OraiKjuthroat dartur,
Ethoobtoma spoctabllu
Mcuomblque tllapld,
Tllapla mos&amblca
Polychaata worm,
Phyllodoca maculdtd
Polychaato norm,
Noanthes aranacciodantdta
Polycnaata worm,
NoanthOb aranacaotiontatd
Polychaute norm,
Hurols dlverslcolor
Polychaata norm,
Morels Jlvorslcoloi
Polychauta Moroi ,
NuroU d Ivors (color
Polychautu worm.
Kathod*
S, U
Kr, M
M, H
n, M
n, M
FT, M
s. u
s. u
FT, M
n, M
S, U
s. u
S. U
S. u
(imj/l 01
ChuMlcal C(£0i>
sulldto
SultdtO
Cop|>ur 21-5'J
ch lor Ido
clitorlilu
n ii\r\
Copjxjr *uu
sul tdtu
Coppur 200
iUl IdfU
Coppor 115
bul tdtO
SALTWATER SPECIES
Coppor
sul fatu
Coppor
nllratu
Copper
nltfdta
Coppur
!>ul fa to
sul lato
Cuppur
sul (jlo
IC50
or EC50
IV D"
10.200
2,400
1,000
1. 000
320
850
1,500
120
77
200
200
44)
480
410
Cpoclas Moan
Acute Value
("g/l>"* FUtaranc*
P Ickor Iruj & Huiului ^i>i
1966
Tlionipbun, ol al .
1980
1,069 Cairns, uf dl . ISal
91.26 GecKler, et dl . I97t>
242.4 Gackler, at dl . 1976
705. 9 Qurashl & Saksuond.
1980
120 McLusky & Phi II lp&,
1975
Pasch & Morgan. 1918
124.1 Pasch & Morgan. 1978
Jones, at al . IV76
Jonus, at al. 19/6
Jonab. at al. I'J/b
ibi.U Jonoi, ol dl . 19/b
Noruls dlvorslcolur
bul fjftl
-------
TabId I. (Contlnuud)
Black aba 1 QUO,
Ha II otls crachurod II
Rad aha lone,
Hal lot Is rutascons
Hud abalone (larva),
Hal lot Is rufescens
61 no mussel (embryo),
Mytllus odulls
Pacific oystar (unbryo) ,
Croisostrea glgas
Pacific oyster (embryo),
Cra-.scstroa glgas
Pacific oystar (adult),
Crjssostrea cjlgas
Eat; torn oyster lanoryo) ,
Cr«s,so&troa virgin lea
Soft-shall clam.
Copupod ,
Psuudodl apt onus coronbtus
Copupod,
Eurytunora atflnls
Copupod,
Acartla clausl
Acartla tonsa
Copupod,
Acartla toiiia
s,
b.
s,
s.
s.
s.
FT.
s.
5,
s.
s,
s.
U
U
U
U
U
U
H
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
CbutflC.1
Copper
bul fata
Cop|ior
sul fata
Coppur
sulfato
Copp'or
sul fate
Coppur
sul tata
Copf-or
iul f alu
Copper
sul fatu
Coppur
chloride*
Copper
ctilorldu
Coppur
chloride
Coppur
ctilurldo
Copuor
chloride
Coppur
ch lor Ida
Cupnor
Harutess LC50 Species Itean
(lugXl bS or £050 Acute Valu*
Cuco^) (•jj/o" *%"?""_ 52li£?L1?*
M 50 Martin, et al. 1V7.
65 Mart Id, at al . 197
U4 86.08 Martin, et al . IvT
b.fl 5.B Martin, at ol . IW
S.3 - Martin, at al . 1901
H.5 - Cocjllanoso 4 M
-------
T«tl» I.
Specie* Method*
Copapod, S, U
Acartla tonsa
Mysld, rT, M
Hysldopsls bah I a
Mysld, FT, M
Mysldopsls blgoloni
American lobster (larva), S, U
Homdrus amorlcanus
American lobster (oJult), S. U
Hotaarus amerleanus
Dungeness crab (larva), S, U
Cancer magltter
Green crab (larva), S, U
Care Inus ma anus
Atlantic sllverslde FT. M
(larva),
Monldla menIdI a
Florida pompano, S, U
Tracnlnotus carolInus
Florida pompano. S. U
TrdChlnotus carolInus
Florida pojtpano, S, U
Trachlnotus carol Inus
Summer flounder (embryo), Fl, M
Porallcnthys den lotus
Winter flounder (umbryo), FT, M
PsuudopIeuronect es
Cop pur
clilorldo
Cup pur
nltrote
Copper
iiHrafo
Coppor
nltratu
Copper
sutfdle
Copper
sulfate
Coppur
sutldtu
Copper
nltrote
Coppur
suit ate
Copper
sul late
Coppor
sul fate
Coppur
chlorldu
Coppur
nltratu
klordne»t
(ua/i «•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
VJC50 S|*clos Moan
or ECU Acute Value
" CV"""
31
181
141
48
100
49
£00
136 (?)"•
360
380
510
28 (i)"«
129 (9)"«
»'«
161
141
-
69.28
49
600
136
-
-
411.7
28
129
Reference
So&nowskl & G<
1918
Gentile, et a
Gentile, I9U2
Johnson & Gen
1979
McL«ese, 1974
Martin, »t al
Connor, 1972
Cardln, 1932
Bird song & Av
1971
Blrdsong & Av
1971
Blrd&ong & Av
1971
C«rd1n, 1982
Cord In, 1962
UJ
-------
Tat, I a 1. (Contlnuod)
* S = static, FT = flow- through, R = rofioi/al, U = unmoosurod, M =
•• rtusult* aro twprvssoa es coppur, not as thu cKunlc.il.
*" Fros/i-at&r Spoclus Ho on Acut» Valuui aru Ciiltulatod lor a harjnois ot W mrj/l using Tho pooled
rv
•"• Hot us«d In calculation ot Spec IDS Moan Aculo Value.
•••"•No Spaclos Moan Acute Valuo calculdtod (sati taxt).
of covdrljncti anals of tro^fiujtor &:u1u fox Icily vs. hardnosi:
Phllodlna acutlcornls; slop^ » 0.57, r = O.J4, n = 3
Daphnla iMgna; slopa = 1.34, r = 0.60, n = 10
Puphnla pull car I a: slopo =» 0.70, r - 0.9«, n = 8
Coho salmon: slope = 0.35. r = 0.89, n = 6.
Chinook salmon: slopo => 0.63, r = 0.90, it = 9
Cutthroat trout: slopo = O.U8, r = 0.70, n - 9
Rainbow trout: slopa > 0.69, r = 0.7'J, n = 38
Fothoad minnow: slopa = 1.25, r => 0.97, n - 19
Gappy: slopo = I. IB. r= 0.8U. n= 7
Bluuylll: slopo =• 0.60, r - 0.56. n = 13
Slope - 0.905, P >
-------
to
as
Ctiualcol
Lien Its Chronic Voluo
/•„/!«•• f»n/ll»»
Rvforenc*
I-RESIIUATEK SPECIES
Snail,
Campuioirm doc 1 sum
Snail,
Physo Integra
Cldducar^rt,
Daplinla magna
Cladocoran,
Daphn 1 a aagnii
Clddocoran,
0«phi)la nd^na
Scud.
Geimarus psaudol Iranaoub
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshaiiytsclid
ftolnbotf trout,
Sdlno galrdnurl
Bronn, trout,
Sdlno truttd
Brook trout,
Salvallnus lontlnalli
Brook trout,
Sdlvellnus (ontlnalls
Brook trout,
Salvallnus fontlnolls
Lake trout.
LC
LC
LC
L>:
LC
LC
ELS
as
ELS
LC
ELS
£LS
ELS
Sul tdto
v>ul tatu
Coppur
chlorliJu
Loppur
Chlorldd
Coppor
cliloi luo
Cop pur
sul fata
Coppur
chloride
iul lalo
iul tatu
Copper
Sill IdtO
Coppor
bill td tO
Coppw
buMdtu
35-!>5 8-14.8
ii-Si 8-14.8
51 11.4-16.3
104 20-43
211 7.2-12.6
45 4.0-b
23 <7.4""
4b.4 U.4-SI.7
45.4 22.0-43.2
45 9.5-17.4
45.4 22.3-43.5
37.5 5-5
45.4 22.0-42.3
10.88
10.88
13.63
29.3;
9.525
6.066
<7.4
19.01
30.83
12.86
31.15
3.873
30.51
Arthur & Loon ji ,),
1970
Arthur & Loon.ii -i ,
1970
Chapman, at ^1 .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Artfiur i Leunar I.
1970
Chapman, I97t>, I-J.1.
McKtm, at al. 1978
McKltn, at al. 1978
McKltn & Hanoi 1 . 19P
McKIm, at al , I97B
Sautor, at al . I9/O
McKIm, «f al. iy/U
Siilvellncis namaycush
bitl (dte
-------
Toblo 2. (Continued)
Iii>rdii6ss
(wo/1 05 Limits Chronic Vblu*
Speclub
Northern pike,
E'jC.«> lucius
cnlnnoM,
Plmuphdlos notdtus
Fathead minnow,
PI niupha I es pronielas
Fathead minnow,
Plnmphalus promelas
fdtnctdd minnow,
Plinopndlus promalas
minnow,
Pliiiopnulus pr&i.aldh
Whl to sucker,
j!. co.nii.orson I
Uluofjll I.
Lepomls macrochlrus
Mysld,
Udhla
ELS
LC
LC
LC
Lib
ELS
LC
LC
Coppur
sullutu
,
Sul (dtu
Copper
sulfata
Coppor
bul falo
Copper
sul f
-------
I. -.•.o/.tlru^t)
Acute-Chronic Ratios
HarJnass
(00/1 AS
Sp«cl*s CaO>\)
Sndll, 35-55
Culuna doc (sum
Snail, 35-55
Physa Integra
C 1 odoctiran , il-52
Ddphnla raagna
Clddoceran, 104-105
Cladoceran, 207-21 1
Oaphnla magna
Scud. 35-55
Gcnnorus pseudol Imnueus
Cfiinook salmon, 23-25
Brook trout t *5
Salvellnus tontlndlls
Bluntnosa mlnnoti, 194
Plmophalos notatus
FothuaU nlnnov, I9B-200
Ptmoptiales profnolas
Fathudd minnow, 30-31
Plnioplialos protnoUs
Fathodd nlnnoM, 200
fetbouii mlMtCM, 45-40
U 1 tifrj III, 45
Lepornls macroclilrub
Mysld,
HysliJopsis bdtiU
ALirtM Valu* Chronic Value
1*3/1) ("g/D Hatlo
1,700
39
26
30
69
20
33.1
100
233.3*
470
75
465"
107. e»
1,100
10.86 156.2
10. W 3.585
)3.63 1.908
29.32 1.023
9.525 7.244
6.066 3.297
<7.4 >4.473
12.96 7.776
B.79A 26.52
21.67 21.49
13.97 5.369
27.71 16.76
16. 'j3 5.81ft
28.9S 37.96
54.09 3.346
/Vltl*-'t»r:c muui of thrua v,
*--n of tvo
-------
5. Sb-n-..-y ut du?i. In TubU:, I und 2 on txalo uid chronic to^lcMy of cuppgr to tootle animals
Famil
fore Iclilliy lilao
Cooriaijr (onlJae
II Idao
Vlvlparldao
26 Hurl
25
24
23
22
21
20
19 BUhynlldou
18 Conlrorchluau
17 Cyprlnodoiitldou
16 ClcltlldciO
hually M.**n
Acute Viluj
C-u/ll"
Spuclus
Species Moan
Acuta Valiw
Spectus N«*aa
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
FKCSilHATUt SHFCIEb
10,160
0.200
4,600
4,301
1,870
1,446
900.0
841.9
79?.9
70i.9
Stono'f ly,
Acrojiourlii lycorlds
Coddlsily,
Unldantlllod
Mhlto punch,
Moronii amorlcanus
DaniSdM ly,
Unidentified
An or Icon eel,
Ant)ull Id rostroTa
Snail,
Cam|ioloira dec 1 sum
Croytlstt,
Orconoctos rustlcus
Sndll,
Ainnlcola sp.
Punpklnsodd,
Luprtnlb jlbbobUS
ElluoglU,
Lo(>oirili nuicrochlrus
Ouodod kllllflsh,
Fundulub dlaphonus
Mozdniblqud tllapld.
10,160
6,200
5,1*76
4,600
4,30!
i.a/o
1,446
900.0
663.1
1,009
792.9
705.9
-
Tilapla mossamtilcq
-------
T. ita V
Rank* Foally
15 "nllodlnldue
14 >.,iTiU-fc:u< Idae
12 J'ooclllldae
1 1 ''^ffiHldf tddO
10 Cyprlnldixj
Fbdlly Kaon Sp*cl«. Mun Spiles Mom
Acut* Voloo Acut* Velu* Acute-Chronic
("g/ll" Speclas ("9/1 )" Ratio
567.2 UotHur.
Pl\i luJIna acuHcornls
2iB.2 itoim.
Luml/rlculus vor ItitjaTus
146.7 Hol'HKi* dorter,
LthuLisloind cuoruluuin
UratHja throat dartur,
CTIiuostoma spoctabl le
142.9 HoSMultof Ish,
Gambusla atMnls
Cupi>/,
Poocl Ma ret leu laid
141.5 r)cua.
Ganinarus psaudol Imnaoui
Scud.
Ganunarus sp.
95.22 Chlsalmouth,
Acrochollus alutaceus
Contra) stoneroller,
CdiHpciilwna anomalum
GolOMih.
CsrdSilus aural us
Common carp,
Cyfrinus corpJo
Strlpuil shiner,
Notcoplb chryiocoph
-------
Table 3.
KM**
Ictdlurldau
flanorbldao
> Value;
90. 00
7i.S2
S7.68
Spool us
FdthOiKl mlnnurf,
PI nuptial as proinolai
Ptycdoch&l Ins oroyononsl
Oldcknosd Jdcu,
Rhlnlchthys atratulub
Crtiuk diub,
Sunotlljs atroflidCulatus
Morm,
Ndls S|>.
r-jlju Million,
Ojicorhyjichus Klsutch
Sockijye sdlaon,
Oiicorhynclus norkd
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tsliawytscha
CutlhroAt trout,
Sdlmo cidrkll
Rainbow trout,
ialmo Qdlrdnurl
Atlantic salmon.
Sal mo Solar
brook trout,
Sal vul l»us lontlndlls
Brown Imt 1 hudd,
Ictdlurus nobulosus
Sndll,
Spue IBS Httan
Acute Voluw
na.7
16. )'i
b
91.26
oa.4)
90.00
56.94
?42.0
67.10
42,62
110. 0
7J.52
57.68
Sp«cl«s (toan
fccute-Clironlc
Ratio
X.41J
Gyrdulus clrcwn&trlatus
-------
fable ~J, (<-. .-I !'i •«!
Rank* Fo-lly
5 Tub! f IcIJatt
4 Physldau
3 forblcul Idao
2 (;ti 1 roriooi 1 ddo
17 PortunJdaa
16 Ttjfflorldao
Acutu Value
("Q/|)M Spoclas
54.47 Worm,
L IwnoJr 1 lui hoi tmol s>ier I
54.85 Snail,
Physa hutorobtropiia
Snail,
PhySa Intotjro
35.41 Viatic cldin,
30.00 Mldje,
Chlrononus sp.
12.19 ClaUocerdd,
DophnU ruiynj
Cladocerdn,
Odphcild pulux
Clddoceran,
Daplmla pull car IB
SALTWATER SPECIES
600 Grewi crab,
Ctfcliius mdonus
526 Copopod.
Eurylwnora of finis
411.7 Florida pouipjno.
Acuto Value
C9/D"
51.47
16.85
42.90
35.41
10.00
17. tt
11.00
9.390
600
5216
411.7
Sp*cl«b Ntan
Acuta-Chron 1 c
Ratio
-
caroHnui,
-------
Table 3. }Continued)
Rank* Ko.nl ly
14
13 Hysldau
12 P»t»uOi'JIn;icoo(loi!lotrt
Pulychaotu worm, 363.8
Nor alb dlvursicolor
Hy&ld, I6l
My<>ldo|>bls bah Ifi
t'ysid. Ml
Mystdopsls blgtilowl
Copapod, I3&
Psuudodldptonus coronal ub
Atlantic si IvorslJe, 1 46
Munldla mould la
Winter flounder, 129
Pseudop 1 ourofioctes
ai.ar] Cufiu's
PolychaoTo worm, 170
Phyllodoce* roaculdta
/vuurlciin lohstor, 69
NOHmnus dinurlconus
black dUd 10110. X)
Hal lot li, crathdrodl 1
RoU atxilonu, 6A.08
tljl lot l& ruloiconb
DUIIIJUIIOSS crdb, 49
Cancer magi star
Copopod . 52
AcarTlu cluuil
Co|iup6d. 30.72
Acartla loiibd
Species Kuan
Aculc. -Chronic
Rftllo
3.346
NJ
-------
Table 3.
Rank* F tally
4 Mylildo
3 Oitreldae
2 Uothldao
1 Mytllldoo
Foully Mean SfMclu M~n Spwl«» HMH
AcuU Valu» Acut* Valu* Ac«t«-Clira«iic
Cg/l>" Sp*cl*s ("a/D" K»H«
39 Soft-shell clam. »
Mya drtmarla
51.61 Pacific oyster, '.807
Crasiostrea gligas
tastor n oystor , 120
Crasiostraa vlrglnlca
/U 'jumtior flounder, ?8
Parollclithys dentotub
5.6 Ulue rausiol, 5.8
Mytllus odulls
from mo it rail^tanl to most ionsltlvo bdstxl on family Hoon Acute Volua.
Family Mean Acuto Valuui an) Species Mean Acute Values are for a hardnoss of 50 013/1.
Fresh oater
Final Acuto Value = 16.7B V1 - (slope x ln(50)l
' 2.127 - (0.905 x 3.912) - -1.413
Criterion Maximum Concuiiti dtlon - o10'9051 '" ln(5.7Ub) - ((slope x In (50) I
= 1.755 - (0.905 x 3.912) - -1.785
Final Chronic Valu* = 0«0.'JC5I ln( hordnoss) 1-I.7U5)
Salt mter
Final Acutu Voluu = 6.417 V
Criterion Haxlmun Coticot.lration = (u.417 V> /2 » 3.208 "n/l
Aculo-Chronlc Katlo = 3.2 (ioj tuxt)
Fhidt Chronic Valuu - (6.417 V" / *•* 3 2-005 V
-------
TdLIu
'uxlclly of co|ip»r to fti|untlc plant:,
Kbstilt
SPLCIES
Mijo,
Anobdufid ( lOS-dquJ
h\fja,
Anabaeno varlabl 1 Is
Alga.
Anacyslls nldulans
Alga,
Cli 1 ainy Jcxicnas sp.
A(.i Ib
AlQd,
Cyclolulla nvno<]lilrtl,
33 (lays
50 % growth
reduction
Growth
raducrlon
Crawl li
Inhibition
402 growth
reduction
200
100
100
8.000
1
100
20
6.
200
100-21
8,000
5,000
300
Rafarenco
Yuung A Ll&k, 19/2
Young & Llsk, 1972
roung & Llsk. 197?
Cairns, et al. 19/0
Wl urn-Anderson, 1970
ii-N I el van &
Kornp- til Olson, 1970
1977
6.3 Gachter, ot dl.
1973
Young & Llsk, 1972
ftosko & KocMIn,
1977
Hutchlnson, 1976
Cairns, ot al. 1978
Young & Llsk, 1912
Stokes 4
Hutchlnson, 1976
-------
i.i.itf I. (ix.:.! I.
SpbClMS
Alijd,
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Algao,
MIxuJ culture
Ul uu grtion alyao,
Mlxod cul turn
Oldton,
Nltj&chla llnojrls
Diatom,
NltiSChld paled
Duckwoud,
Lomna minor
Macrophyte,
Elodod canddunsls
Eurasian wjTorml 1 lol 1 ,
Myrtophyl lura splcdluin
Gruun alga,
SulundStrum Cdprlcornulum
Greon alga,
Selonaitrura caprlcornutuiu
Uluu dlga,
Mlcrocyslls auruqlno^d
Croon alga,
SconoOusnuis quailrlcaudu
Al
(pltot0;>yiitliusls
Hitsult
Cg/l)
8.000
5
2i
795-6 Ib
5
119
150
250
50
85
30
1,100
100
Reference
Cairns, et al . 1978
Eldur & nor no, 1978
Stuoman-Nlulsun i
Brunn-Ldurson, 1976
Acadony o( Natural
Scloncos, I9t>0;
Patrick, ot al. 1968
Steemdn-Nlslstin &
Hlun»- Anderson, 1970
Wai bridge, 1977
Brown S Rattlgan,
1979
Stanley, 1974
Bartlett. at al .
1974
Chrlstonstm, et at. 1979
Brlngmann, I97t>,
Brlnynann & Kuhn,
I97b, !9VUa,b
8rlnijinann & Kuhn, I977a,
1978a,b, 1979. I960b
Clondonnlng &
North, 1959
-------
Tab I a 4. (Continued)
Result
Spaclus
Alga,
Thalabbloslra psuudoiiaiia
Alga,
Amphldlnlufit car tor 1
Alga,
01 Ibthod IbCus. luloub
Alga,
Skolotonuma coslatuni
Alga,
Nltschld Cloitur lum
A 1 n^
ni ga ,
Scr Ippblol la faoroofibu
Alga.
Hrorocontriuii in learn,
Alga,
Gymnodlnliim splunOuns
Rod alga.
Champ la parvula
Kod alga.
Champ la parvula
Hod alga.
Champ la parvula
Rod alga.
Champ la parvuln
Alga.
fdl or hi 1 i '.,1 |.|iiijUi|.ln.ra
Effact
72 -hr EC50
(giowth rale)
14-day FCW
(growth rato)'
14-day EC50
(growth ratu)
14-day ECiO
(growth ratu)
96- hr EC50
(growth ratal
fTSO
(grokth rate)
5-day EC50
(growth rato)
5-.lay LC50
(growth ratu)
Roducod totrasporo-
phyle growth
Roducod totrabpor-
dngla production
Itoducod fmiialo
growth
StO|,pUd SOXUdl
roproduct Ion
21 -day WjQ
(coll volunu)
5
<50
<50
50
33
5
10
20
3.6-4.6
7.B-I3.3
3.9-4.7
4.7-7.3
70 .
Reference
frlckion, 1972
tr IcKson, ut al .
19/0
Erlckson, ot al .
1970
Er Ickbon. ot al .
1970
Rosko & Kdchl In,
I97'j
Saltulldh, 1970
Sallullah, 1978
Mltullah, I97B
Stool o & Thursby
1983
Stool o & Thursby
1983
Stoulb & Thursby
1983
Sloulo & Thursby
1983
Chr Islonsuii, et
1979
-------
i;>jt., j.
Alga,
Chlorolla roi)ularls
Stonefly,
Pteronarcys call torn lea
Fathaad mlnno* (larva),
Plnmphdla!.' proms)as
Bluaglll.
lepomls ntdcroclilrus
Alga,
Dunallollu prlmolecta
Alga,
Dunallalla turtlolecta
Alga,
Chlamydomonas sp.
Alga,
Chlorolla sallna
Alga,
Sllchococcus bad liar Is
Alga,
Homlselnls vlroscans
Alga,
brunuscuns
Alga,
Ollsthodlbcus lutuus
Alga,
Asturtonajla Japonlca
... .,»->«-.: i. . ,i • ..i . bf -HI'''•- ••• .'"• -•••
l)u. miou blo-ont untrarion
HuiClo
Mays!
Factor
H«t«r«nc«
FRESHWATER SPECIES
20 hrs 2.000
14 203
30 290
660 1.0
SAllkAUK SPECIES
2S 1W
25 16U"
25 135'
25 74"
SaKaguchl, et
1977
Nohrlng, 1976
Llnd, et al.
Manuscript
Btinolt, 1975
Rlley & Roth,
Rlley & Roth,
Rlley & Roth,
Rlley & Roth,
al.
1971
1971
1971
1971
25
25
25
25
25
271'
182"
Rlley & Koth, 1971
Rlley 4 Roth, 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
HI ley & Roth. 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
-------
Table 5. (Continued)
Spec Ies
Alga,
Phaoodaclylum trI cornut urn
Tissue
Duration Bloconcmtratlon
(d*ws) Fector Reference
Monochrybl:. lutherl
Alga.
Pseudopudlncil la pyrltormls
Alga.
iletercMiastlx longHI 11 Is
Alga.
Mlcrumonni> st|iiaindta
Alga.
Tetramlmls totrathalo
Polyi.naote worm,
ClrrItorml a splrabracha
Polychaoto worm,
Phyllodoce maculata
Polychdete worm,
Moanthos arenacaodontdta
Polychautu worm,
Morals dlvorslcolor
Polychdotu worm,
E ud I!»t y 11 a vancouvar j
bay scdllop,
Argopuclan Irradlani.
Bay scallop,
Argopacfon Irradldiis
Eastern oystor,
Crasaoslrod vlrglnlca
Eastern oyster,
Crasbostrea vlrglnlca
•
25
25
25
25
?5
25
24
21
28
24
33
112
112
140
140
323 •
,30.
85"
617"
279-
205.
250"
1.750'
2.550*
203"
1.006
J.J10
4.160
28.200
20.700
Rlley & Roth. 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
HI ley & Roth, 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
Rlley & Roth, 1971
HI ley & Roth, 1971
Ml lanov Icli, et al .
1976
Mclusky & Phillips.
1975
Pesch & Morgan. 1978
Jones, et al . 1976
Young, ot dl . 1979
Zarooglan, 1982
larooglan, 1982
Shustor & Prlngle,
1969
Shuiter & Prlngle,
1969
-------
Duration Bloooncantratlcn
Spocles 7I sain* (Jaya) ^tor Kaloranca
Quahog clan, - 70 88 Shuster 4 Prlngla,
Hercuridr I a nmrconor la 1»OO
Sott-sh«ll cl««, - li 3.^0 Shostor IPrlngl..
Mya arenarla I96a
Blu»«isbi.l. - >« * Phillip*. 1976
Mytllus edulls
'Blocuncuntrdtlon tact orb lidva boon convurtwl Iran Ory xelght to n«t weight basis.
-------
Teblo 6. Oihcr data cm
oi copper on aquatic organise:-.
Result
Reference
Groan alga,
Sconedesirms quadrlcauda
Alga,
Cladophora glonierata
Diatom,
Coroonals placentula
Bacteria,
E setter Ich la col 1
Uactorld,
Psbudoinuniis put Ida
Protozoan,
Entoslpnon sulcatom
Protozoan,
Microrogma heturostoma
Proto/oan,
Chllnnoiias paramocluni
Proto/oan,
Uronomd parduez 1
Worm,
Aeoloboma hoadloyl
Snail (unbryo),
Amnlcola sp.
Snai 1 .
FHESIIWATCR SPECIES
96 hi b Incipient
Inhibition
12 mos Suppressed
growth
12 nios Suppressed
growth
Incipient
Inhibition
16 lirs Incipient
Inhibition
72 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
20 lirs Incipient
Inhibit Ion
40 hrs Incipient
Inhibition
20 hfb Incipient
Inhibition
40 hrs LC50 (5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(20 C)
(25 C)
96 lirs I.C50
46 hr» LC50
I50«
120
120
80
30
110
50
3,200
140
2,600
2,300
2.000
1,650
1.000
9.300
860
Brlngmann & \uhn, I9'j9a,b
Weber & McHarlamJ, I9UI
Wubur & HcForland. I9UI
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959a
Brlngmann 1 Kuhn, 1976,
I977a, 1979, 1980b
Brlngmann, 1978;
Brlngmann & Kuhn. 1979.
!9QOb
L'rlngmann & Kuhn, 1959b.
Brlngmann, et al. 1900
Brlngnuinn & Kuhn, I900u
Cairns, et al. 1978
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
Cairns, et al. 1976
11voscons
-------
Table 6, iU.i ",
Result
Species
^•^••••m««»
Snail,
LynviUd onuiry 1 iml a
Sodll.
Nltrocrls sp.
Cladocaron,
Cerlodaplmld retlculota
Cladocaran,
Oaphnla drnl> Igua
Clddocaran,
Dapluila drub Igua
Clodocaran,
baphnla raagna
Clddoceriin,
Daphnla cnagnd
Clddocardn,
Oaphnla mognd
Cladocaran,
Dophnlo uiagno
Cladoct»r C)
48 f.i'i LC50 Hud)
/2 hrs LCiO (UJ)
I M.I cyclu RuJucoJ productivity
40 n fi LCiU ( fud)
LI to cycle Aaducud productivity
4B hrs LC10 ( 5 C)
110 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
llfu cycle RoOucul numbor of
young producud
72 his LCiO dud)
Llto eye lo RaduCud productivity
("9/1^
300
3,000
2,400
If\f\f\
j UUU
300
210
17
67.7
49
60
27.7
90
70
4w
7
10
B6.5
88. 6
05
81.5
BI.4
85.3
49
Reference
Call fib. at dl. 1976
Cdlrns, at dl. 1978
Mount & Mor berg,
Manuscript
Winner 4 Forrell,
1976
Winner & farrall ,
1976
Bltislmjar &
Cur 1 s rensun , 1972
Bloslnijer &
Chrlstansen, 1972
Cairns, er al. 1978
Adtma & OoSroot Van
ZIJI, 1972
Hlnnor & Farrall,
1976
Winner & Farrel 1 ,
1976
-------
Totlo 6. (Continued)
SpecIas
Duratloo
Etfoct
Result
("a/I) Reter«nc«
Cladocwdn,
Daphnla majna
Cladocoran,
Daphnla matjnd
Clddocoran,
Daphnla nvijitj
CladocoTdii,
Daphnla magna
CIddocarori,
Daphnld magna
Clddocufdii (3-5 days),
Daphnld niaijnd
Cladocttfdn,
Daphnld magna
Cladocwdn,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla parvula
Cladoceran,
Daphnla parvuld
Cladocaran.
Oaphnid pulux
Clddocoran,
Daphnla pulux
Cladocuran,
Daphnla pulux
Cladocuran,
Daphnla put ax
Llfo cycle
LI fa cycle
29 hrs
48 In S
24 urs
7? hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
~U hrs
LI tu cycle
li hrs
Llfu cycle
40 tirs
40 hrs
Roduced productivity
Roduced numbor of
young produced
Hod Ian survival tlmu
EC50
LC50
LC50 (10 C>
(15 C)
(25 Cl
(30 C)
EC 50
( In.iiobl Illation)
LCiO (lod)
LC50 lloJ)
RoducGj productivity
LC50 (fud)
Koilucod productivity
LCbU < 5 C)
(10 C)
(15 C)
(25 0
LC50 (fall
H^BHV^
26.2
10
12.7
100*
80
61
70
21
9.3
70
SO
56
57
72
49
54
86
49
70
60
20
5.6
56
«lnnt»r, at dl . 1977
Mlniior, at al. 1977
Andre*, et dl . 1977
ft InjiiMnu & Kuhll,
I959a,b
Brlnymann & Kuhn, 1977
BfdglnsKly 4 She her ban.
Da II aver e & Gorbl , 1901
Hjunl & (torbarg,
Hanuscr 1 pt
Mlnnor & Farral 1,
1976
Wlnnur & Farr«tl 1,
1976
itlnnor & Farral 1,
1976
Winner i farrel 1.
1976
Cairns, at dl . 1978
Mount & Norbert),
Manuscript
Nj
-------
I.. id-tit I!.*.
Spec! us
Cladocoran,
Oaphnld pull car la
Cladocdran,
Slmocoptialus vutulus
Scud.
Gaiundrus laclatus
Scud,
Gdinmarus lacustrls
Mayfly,
Clooon dlptorun
Mayfly,
Ephuniorel Id subvarld
Mayfly,
Epfiomorul la grand Is
Stonuf ly,
Pleronarcys calltornlcd
Cadcllsfly,
Hydropsycha batten 1
Mldgc.,
Tanytarsui dlsslrallU
Crayfish,
Duration Effect
40 hrs LOW (rOC=!4 ni.yt)
(TOC=13 mcj/l)
(TOC--I3 miyi)
(TOC-2B n^/l)
(TOC^34 mg/l)
-------
Tablo 6. (Continued)
Specie* Duration
Kol 1 foi , 48 hrs
Plillodlnd acuTlcornls
Coho bdlinon. ^6 hrb
Oncorhyrichus kisutch
Coho salmon, 30 (lays
Oncorhynchus klsutcli
Coho sdluon, '2 hr!>
Oncornynchus kisutch
Suckeyu SdlrnGn, 24 hrs
Oucorliynclitis norkd
Chinook solmufl, 5 days
Oncorhyuchus Ishduytixtu
Chinook salmon, 26 days
Oncorliyiicliub tshdwylscli<:
Chinook salmun (alo^ln), 200 hrb
Oncorliynrhui tshawytscha
Clilnook sdlioon JbMliii-up) , 200 hrs
Oncorhvnclius tsliujytbcliii
Effect
LC50 (5 C)
(10 0
mf* \
L)
(20 C)
(25 C)
RuducuJ survival
uhon transforrctd
LCbO
LC50
Significant chamja
In cortlcostdrlod
(iitross)
LL50
Roducod survival nid
aroxth of sac fry
LCiO
LCIO
LC1Q
LCIO
R«sult
(VI)
1,300
1,200
I IV)
1,1 J*J
1.000
9V)
30
360
280
J70
440
4i>0
4UO
780
510
520
480
04
178
21
20
15
19
14
Roferonc*
Cairns, at al . 1978
Lor/ & McPhorson,
1976
Holland, at at. I960
Holland, at dl. I960
Donaldson & Dye, 1975
Ibl land, at al . I960
liizel & Melth. 1970
Qxiptnjn, 1978
Chapmiin, 1978
-------
TaLlt>
Speclfts Duration
OM'iooK salrnon (parr), 200 hrs
Oncorhyiichus t&haxytsclu
Chinook salmon (smolt), 20U hr:,
Oncorhyiichus tshawytscha
Chinook i
OncorhyuchuSi tsdawyt sclia
Rainbow trout , 96 hi s
Sal no ijitlrilnorl
Rainbow trout, 2 hrs
Salmo galrdnerl
Ralnbuw trout, / day^
SaUio yoli dnor 1
Rainbow trout, 21 dayb
Sol mo (jalrdnurl
Rainbow trout, 10 days
Salmo yalrdnurl
RdlnbOM trout, 7 days
Salmo (jalrdnsrl
RalnLo* trout (alevlnl, 200 hrs
Salnio galrdiiurl
Rainbow trout . 200* hrb
Salmo galrdnurl
Rainbow trout (parr), 200 hr->
Salmo {jalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (smolt). 200 hrs
Salno Odlrdnurl
F
£«l»ct (
LC10
Lf.lO
L-..0
Ouprussod olfactory
rubponsu
.C'X)
Mud larj por tod of
Daprossed 1 boding
rato arid yrowth
Mod Ian porlod of
survival
LC50
LC10
LC50
LC10
LCbO
I.CIO
LP50
ICIO
losult
v>
30
17
26
18
190
516"
III"
8
44
40
75
44
26
19
17
9
15
a
21
7
RetWMiC*
Qiapman, 19/8
Chj|xran, 1978
Hoi land, I9b0
tbwarth & Sprajuo,
I-J78
Mara, ut a|. 1976
Lloyd, 1961
Grand a, 1966
Lett, at dl. 1976
Lloyd, 1961
Chapman, 1978
Chapman, 1978
Qiaixnan, 1978
Chapman, 1978
-------
Tab!a 6. (Continued)
Spoclus
Rainbow trout (iinolT),
Sdlmo IO Jays Threshold LC50
14 days LC50
I hr Avoidance bohavlor
?4 f.rs LCaO (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
'Jo hrs LCM
40 hr:, LC50 (fluid)
28 days EC50 (douth and
du(onnlty)
80 mln
96 hrs
24 hrs
Ti nrs
Avoidance
Ihr uphold
LCbO
(JC^O
LC50
>\j days Thrusnold LC50
Result
Rttturunc*
102" FO.JOIS & bpraguo,
94«" 1977
870
1971
O.I Folnidr. 19/0
& Marchttttl,
950
430
ISO
, ol dl. 1978,
Smith & Hu.it li, 1979
RaInbox trout,
Sdlmo
Avoidance
throshold
250-6BO Lott. ot dl. 1976
70 Cal <*n
-------
Spades
Rdlnbow trout,
Sdliw) yalrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo giilrdiidrl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo ijolrdner 1
Rainbow trout,
Salmo yalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo ijalrdnerl
Atlantic salmon,
Salrno salar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo !>alar
Atlantic sdlmon.
Sal no balar
Brown 1rout,
Salmo trutta
Brook trout ,
Salvetlnus fontlnalls
Brook trout,
Salvul Iriub, fontlual li
BrooK trout,
Salvt.1 In us iontliidl Is
Lonufln dote.
Duration
4b lu-s
46 lu-s
U hrs
4B hrs
7 days
1 days
21 days
2J-3U hrs
21 days
24 t.rs
21 days
337 day»
9b lirs
tffvct
LC!>G
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Incipient luthal
luvul
Incipient lethal
luvol
HtldldO burvlvdl
tlnw
Mud Ion survival
time
Mod Ian survival
flaw
Significant change
In cough rate
Significant chamjus
In bl«od chemistry
Significant changes
In blcoJ chunlstry
LCW
Result
Cg/l)
500
150
1,100
270
46
32
40
50
45
9
23
17.4
OoO"
R«f«ri»Ace
brown, 1966
brown & Hal ton, 1970
Co(>e, I9o6
Lloyd, I%1
ttorbort & Vandyke,
1964
Sproijua, 1964
Sprogue & Ramsay,
1905
Grande. 1966
Zltko & Carson, 1976
Grandd, 1966
Urununond, at al . 1973
McKIm, ot al. 1970
McKIm, at al . 1970
Lewis. I97U
Agrosla chrysogablur
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Central btonurollor,
Cdnipos tonia anoma 1 urn
Goldfish,
Car ass 1 us auratus
Goldflbh (unbryo. larva),
CardbSlub aiirdtus
Cannon carp (unbryo),
Cyprlnus carplo
Goldun shlnur,
Notcinlyonlus crysoloucab
StrlpuJ bhl nor,
Nolroplb chrysocephalob
Strlpod shlnw,
Notroplb chrysocophdles
BluiitiiobO minnow,
Plrcuphalos not a tub
Bluntno&a minnow,
Plinbphales notatus
Fathead minnow,
Plmophalob prc.nuloi
Fathead minnow,
Plmophdles prunjldb
FathOdd minnow,
Plmuphalos promolas
Fathudd mlnnox.
Duration
96 lies
24 lifb
7 dayi
72 hrs
24 lirb
96 hrs
96 lirb
4U hrs
96 lirb
96 hrb
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
Etfocl
LCtX) (high UGH)
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
EC50 (dodth dfid
deformity)
Proven ted
notching
LC50 (5 C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LCW) (high BUD)
Oocredso blood
ovmol arlly
LC50 (21 t«btb)
(high 1300)
LC50 (6 tusts)
(high UOO)
LC50 (21 tdsts)
(high BOO)
LCtt (36 tttsts)
(high BOU)
LC50 (7 tests)
(nljh Ba))
LC50
Kesult
(VI)
1,400
2,700
2,900
1,510
5.1-00
700
3)0
230
270
0.400
I6.0CO
3.400
4,000
5,000
2,500
750-
21,000
1,100-
20,000
1,hlO-
21,000
<650-
23,000
740-
13,000
390 •
Reference
Cocklor, el dl. I97o
Cairns, el dl. I97B,
Smith & llodtli, 1979
Blryo, 1978, Blrgu &
Black, 1979
Hlldebrand & Cushman,
1975
Cairns, et dl. I97U,
brnllh & lludth, 1979
UxKI-r. ot dl. 1976
Lewis & Leuls, 1971
Gecklor, at al. 1976
Gcckler, ot al. 1976
Brungs, «t al. 1976
Cock I or, at dl. 1976
Gecklcr, ot dl. 1976
Curtis diid Ward, I9UI
Plniuphdlub pronmlas
-------
lit It' f', ll>-r..ttSH-. t.'l
Su«cl«s
Fat hod J minnow,
Plmuptmlbb |jrorould»
Fathodd minnow,
Plmefjtiolus pr omul as
Crouk chub,
Sornotllui atrouwcu lotus
Broxn bu 1 1 head ,
Idol urns nubulosus
Channel cdtilsti,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
Ictdlurus punctdlus
Ch aim i>l catfish,
Ictolurus punclatus
Channel cattish,
Ictdlurus punctdtus
Channel cattish,
Ictdlurus punctatus
FldgtlUi,
Jorddnelld tlorldaa
Mosqul loll bh,
G
(15 0
(30 C)
IncrtMSud
albinism
£C50 (dudth and
deformity)
LCM
LC»
LCt>0
IC50 tul.jh
turLldlly)
LCbO
LC'JO
(high UOO)
Rusult
436
516
l.SBb
1,129
550
1,001
->.OSO
2.i3t>
Wj-120
11,500
1,100
11,000
?,iOO
3.700
2,600
3,100
0.5
6,620
1,200"
I.270"
660"
75,000
1.250
4,300
5.900
2, UOO
Refwenctt
Llnd, ut dl .
Mdiiuscr Ipl
ilruiujs, ut dl. 1976
Gocklur, ut dl. 1976
Cockier, ut al. 1976
Luwls & Lunls, 1971
Cdlrns, at dl. 1970,
Smith & twatli. 1979
Hostarman « Blrge,
I97B
Blrge & Black. 1979
HI c hoy diid liosaboom,
1978
Fajuls & Sprague.
1977
Mdllou,
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Spoclus
Johitity Jar tor,
Etnooslund nlgrum
Oranyotlirodt ddrtur.
Rock bdbs.
Amblopl Itp'j rupui.li la
BluuglII,
Lopomls moicrot.liIrus
Bluojl II,
nuciochlrui
Lopomli nidcrochlrtii
Bluuglll,
Lepooilb mucroclilrus
Ulufejlll,
Lepotnli. uidcrocli I rus
Bluojlll,
Lopual^ macrochlrus
Bluoglll.
Lopuiils macrochlrus
Blutujll 1,
Lupomls injcrochlrus
Larganoutli bass
(cmibr yc, liirvd),
Ml crop terns sulu>oldus
Lorgunioulli
Mlcropturus sdlnioldus
Laopard frog
(embryo, larva),
Rdna p I p I ens
Dufbtlcm
96 In i
% hr 3
% l,r-.
l-3b hi :.
48 lirs
24 hrb
9('i hrs
14 days
96 hri
90 hi b
tW mlh
6 d.iyij
24 hr:.
6 days
Effect
icw
(high BOO)
LC50
(high DUO
LCbO
(hlgli roC)
M toruJ oxygon
LCW)
LCbO (!> C)
(15 C)
(30 C)
LC50
(higit ua»
LC50
LC50
LC50
Avolddiico
throshoM
CC50 (duatu and
do funnily)
At toe ted opur-
cular ihytlun
CC50 (dadtn and
deformity)
R«iult
("9/[)
6,800
9,800
7,900
5.400
5,800
1.432
300
2.000
2, WO
2,ioO
3,820
16,000
17.000
2,500"
3.700-"
740
1,600
8.400
6,560
48
IX)
R«t«r4
Tun, bull, ut dl. 1954
BI
-------
Tftbltt 6. tCuutlnu-J)
Result
Durutluii
EMiict
M^MH^nM.
Narrotf-inoiit'iiKl toad
(oubryo, larva),
Ga&tropnVyno euro II nans Is
Ainvrlcaii toad,
Buto aiEurlcaniis
Fowl or's toad
(uiflbryo, larva),
Buto tcMlurl
Southern gray troo lioj
(embryo, larva),
Hyla clirysobcul Ib
Marbled salauidiidor
(onbryo, larva),
Ambystoma opacun
Alga,
Lanlnarla liyperborld
Hydrold,
Campanularld floxuosa
Hydrold,
Campaiiu 1 ar 1 a < 1 bxuosu
Hydrold,
Plilal Idlura sp.
Ctttnopttora,
PlfturobTdchla pilous
Ctanophora,
Mnuiilopsli mccrodyl
Rot 1 tor.
Brachlonus pllcatllls.
Polyclidoto worm.
7 days tC^O (iluath and
dutormlty)
60 mln AvolJanca
Ihrttitiold
7 mln t050 (doath and
dofurmlty)
7 mln CC'jU (dudtti and
B do/i tCt>0 (doath and
dotormlty)
SALfMATEH SPECIES
28 days Growth ducredso
11 days Growth rat a
Inhibition
En/yino Inhibition
24 hrs I.C50
24 lir* LC50
24 hrb I.CW
24 hrb LCbO
26 Jays LCSO
40
100
20,900
40
770
50"
10-13
1.43
36
ii
100
40
Ulrye. 1W6. Blnje &
LilaCk, 19/9
Uldck & HI rye. 1980
illrgu & Black, 1979
Dlnje t BldCk, 1979
Ulrye. at al. 1976,
Ulrgu & Black, 1979
Hopkhii & Kaln, 1971
Stubbing, 1976 1971
Moore & Stabbing,
1976
Kuave, at dl. 1976
Ruuvo. at al. 19/6
1976
Raove. at al . 1976
Reuvo, et dl. 1976
Mllanovlch. at al.
IOTA
Clrrlfonnla splranbroclud
-------
Table 6. (Contlmiwl)
Spocles
Polycttauto Mong,
Phyilodoce maculota
Polychaoto worm.
Pol yclkiolo warm,
Nodnthut» drdMdCcodon tat j
Larvdl anno) Ids.,
Mixed speclos
Black abalono,
Hdllotlb cracliurodll
Rod aLidlonu.
Hdllotib rulo'iCens
Cliannitled wliiilk,
Busycon canal leu la turn
Mud bn
-------
6. U**uttlr.u«.j)
SpftClbk
clam,
My a mmior la
Cufuioo Pad I Ic lltlluiiuck,
Protothaca, stiiiiilnud
Undlnula vulQarls
CupepGd.
Euchcjuta aarlna
Copepud,
Hotrldla paclHca
Copopod,
Loblducera scottl
Copapod,
Acartla clausl
Copopod,
Acurtla tonso
Copopod,
Acnrtla tonsa
Copopod (nauplll).
Mixed spades
Ainph I pod,
A/npoltscd dtxJtta
Eufihous.1 Id,
Euphaii&lit pacl flea
Amur Icon lobstor,
Our tit tun
7 days
1 7 duyi
24 hri
24 hrs
24 hri
24 hrs
2 dayi
6 days
24 hrs
24 tirs
7 days
24 lira
13 Jjyi
LOi'l
LCil)
LC5U
LCbCJ
LC50
UC.O
LCSO
LC5U
LCbO
LC5U
LC50
1050
LC50
tfUd
35 eisler, 1977
59 Haas I gad I. I960
192 Kuuvu, ttl at. 1976
1B8 Heuvo, t»1 dl. 1976
t7b Roave, at ol. 1976
132 Ruovo, et al. 1976
34-82 Horaltou-
ApObtolopoulou, 1978
s-73 So&noMSkl, at aI.
1979
104-311 Rjuve. of al. 1976
90 Rouvtt, t»t al. 1976
8(3 Scott, 1982
14-30 Reave, al al. 1976
1974
-------
Tablu 6. (Continued)
Sec IPS '
Sea urchin,
Arbocla puncluldta
Sod urchin,
PardCuntrotui livldus
ArroM noun,
Atlantic uiiinhddun,
Ocuvourtla tyrantuib
Pacific tiorrlnj (embryo),
Clupoj haruigus pal las)
Pacific tiarrlmj (lurva),
CI upua >iui onjuS pa Has I
huloroclltui
Fundulus hoturoclltus
Atlaiitlc sllvorsldo,
Hun I d I a niunldla
PlnMsh,
Lagodon rluuaboldbs
Spot.
Lelostoimis xanthurus
Atlantic
Hlcfojiogculas undu^j^atii^
Hliitur MOUIIJor,
Psuudopluuronocto!.
amoricanus
4 (Id/a
24 l.rj
14 dayi
6 Jays
21 days.
4 (Jays
4 Jays
14 days
14 days
14 days
14 duy>
£tffect
5UJ docraose In
Spunn mot 11Ity
ot
ot plutudl
Idl vein
LCtO
LC50
Incipient LC50
Incipient LC50
III itopjtholcy leal
luslcn^
Cnzyma Inhibition
MlstopdtliolcglCdl
lesions
LCMJ
LCM
LCSO
Hlstopdlliolcxjlcdl
lesloi^s
Rasu 11
|*g/» Raferonc»
MX) Youny & Nulbon. 1974
10-20 boujlb, I96S
4J--160 Kuevu, at al. 1976
610 Engol. ot al. 1976
3) Rico & Harrison, 1976
900 Klce & Harrison, I97U
<500 Gardnor & La Roche,
197)
600 Jack!«,, 197a
<500 Gordnur & LaRocho,
1973
150 EiKjal, «t al. 1976
160 Uujol, at al. 1976
210 tn.jal, ot al. 1976
IbO Dokur, 1969
* In rlvur wdtur.
coppar; no othur (nojsuranont reporttxl.
-------
REFERENCES
Academy of Natural Sciences. 1960. The sensitivity of aquatic life to certain
chemicals commonly found in industrial wastes. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Aaema, D.M.M. and A.M. Degroot-Van Zijl. 1972. The influence of copper on Che
water flea Daphnia aagna. TNO Nieuws. 27: 474.
•\nderson, B.C. i9w3. The apparent thresholds of toxicity to Daphnia aagna
for chlorides of various metals when added to Lake trie water. Trans. Am.
Fish. Soc. 78: 96.
Anderson, P.O. and P. A. Spear. 1980. Copper pharmacqkinet ics in fish gills - I
Nineties in pumokinseea sunfish, Lepomis- gi'obosus , of different body sizes.
Water Res. 14: 1101.
Anderson, ?.D. and P. A. Spear. 1980. Copper pharmacokinecics in fisn gills -
.1 Sody size relationships for accumulation and tolerance. Water les . 14:
.nderson, 1.L, et al. 1980. Survival and growth of Tanytarsus dissimilis
'Jh ironomiaae) exoosed to copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead. Arch. Environ.
C-rntara. Toxicol. 9: 329.
drew, R.W. 1976. Toxicity Relationships Co Copper Forms in Natural
W. '.era. In: R.W. Andrew, ec al. (eds.), Toxicity to Bioca of Metal Forms in
..urai Water. Int. Joint Co mm. , Windsor, Ontario, Canada. o. 127.
-------
7/
Andrew, R.W., ec al. 1977. Effects of inorganic coraplexing on toxicity of
copper co Daphnia magna. Wacer Res. 11: 309.
Andros. J.O. and R.R. Carton. 1980. Acute lethality of copper, cadmium, and
zinc to northern squawfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109: 235.
Arthur, J.W. and S.N. Leonard. 1970. Effects of copper on Gaoaarus pseudo-
limnaeous, Physa Integra, and Caopeloma dacisun in soft water. Jour. Fish.
Res. Board Can. 27: 1277.
Bailey, H.C. and D.H.U. Liu. 1980. Luabricalus variegatus, a benthic
ollgochaete, as a bioassay organism. la; J.G. Eaton, et al. (eds.), Aquatic
Toxicology, ASTM STP 707, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 205.
Baker, J.T.P. 1969. Histological and electron inicroscopical observations on
copper poisoning tn che winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes aaericanus). Jour.
Fish. Res. 3oara Can. 26: 2785.
Bartlett, L. , et al. 1974. Effects of copper, zinc, and cadmium on
Selanastrua capricornutuni. Water Res. 3: 179.
Baudouin, M.F. and ?. Scoppa. 1974. Acute toxiclty of various metals Co
freshwater zooplankton. Bull. Environ. Contarn. Toxicol. 12: 745.
Bellavere, C. and J. Gorbl. 1931. A comparative analysis of acute toxicity of
chromiua, copper, and cadniun to Oaphnia nagna, Bioraphalaria glabrata, and
Brachydenio rerio. Environ. Tech. Letters 2: 119.
-------
72
, i ; !). \ . ' 'I.' '• . • 'i i mi I. «•! ! ••• 1 .••( . >i(i|iar ail aui'v I v -i I , i i »wl ;• , tilil i r-
rr.-luce ton >r dio Muegill (Lapomla rcacrochlrus). Trans. Va. -L*,n. Soc. 104;
153.
Setzer, S.B. and P.P. Yevich. 1975- Copper toxicity In Busycon caaaliculatun
_L. 3iol. Bull. 148: 16.
3iesinger, K.E. and G.M. Chrlstensen. 1972. Effects of various metals on
survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnla aagna. Jour. Pish
'•rj. Soard Can. 29: 1691.
. sMsong, C.L. and J.W. Avavlt, Jr. 1971. Toxlclty of certain chemicals to
ji.-/«inile pompano. Prog. Fish-Cult. 33: 76.
1 rje, W.J. 1973. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash.
._: J.H. Thorp and J.W. Gibbons (eds.), Energy and Environmental Stress In
. .etc Systems. CONF-771114. National Technical Information Service,
.'. -ngfleld, Virginia. p. 219.
=, W.J. and J.A. 31ack. 1979. Effects of Copper on Eabryonic and Juvenile
.jt^.-.q of Aquatic Animals. In; J.O. Mrtagu (ed.), Copper In the Environment.
•'ar- II. Wiley, New York. p. 374.
jir^a, W.J. , et al. 1973. Embryo-larval bioassays on inorganic coal elements
-.r.d in situ blomonltorlng of coal-waste effluents. In; O.E. Samuel, et al.
(,2-i-..), Surface Mining and Fish/Wildlife Needs in the Eastern United States. P3
293 313. Nitional Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, p. 97.
-------
73
3irge, W.J., ec al. 1980. Aqua etc toxiclty tests on inorganic elements
occurring in oil shale. In: C. Gale (ed.), Oil Shale Symposium: Sampling,
Analysis and Quality Assurance. EPA-600/9-80-022. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VLrgiaia. p. 519.
Black, G.A.P. , ec al. 1976- Annotated list of copper concentrations found
harmful to aquatic organisms. Environ. Canada Fish and Marine Services Tech.
Rept. #603, 4-i p. Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Black, J.A. 1974. The effect of certain orgaic pollutants on copper toxicity
to fish (Lebistes reticulatus) . Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Black, J.A. and W.J. Birge. 1980. An avoidance response bioassay for aquatic
pollutants. PB 30-180490. National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia.
nn, M. 19R1. Decernlnat Ion of free metal Ion concentrations using
bioassays. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38: 999.
Bougis, P. 1965. Effect of copper on growth of the pluteus of the sea urchin
(Paracentrotus lividus). C.r. hebd. Seanc. Ac ad. Sci., Paris. 260: 2929.
Boyle, E.A. 1979. Copper In natural waters. In: J.O. Nriagu (ed.), Copper in
the Environment. Part I: Ecological Cycling. Wiley, New York. p. 77.
Bradley, R.W. ind J.B. Sprague. Manuscript. The Influence of pH, hardness, and
alkalinity on the acute toxiclty of zinc to rainbow trout, university of
Cuelph, Guelph, Ontario.
-------
,, is<: y. '• ' i cl ''. ilit Me; It i.: !''/'.. -XcitCo COXl.-liv .»i lit- ivy .mif.il . in
ric LT/or :ODT . .^s it J L t :"iirenc "OTperacures. HydrobLol. J. Li(6): 7^.
"r-1 ng*nar.n, G. 1975. Determination of the biologically harmful effecc of water
--•Hucants by means of the retardation of cell proliferation of the blue algae
i. irocystia. Gesundheits-Ing. 96: 238.
I.-ingaann, G. 1978. Determination of Che biological toxicity of water-bound
. ,b stances towards protozoa. I. Bacteriovoroua flagellates (aodel organism:
• ^siphon sulcatuai Stein). Z. Wasser Abwasser Forach. 11: 210.
•/.igmann, G. and R. Kuhn. I959"a. The toxic effects of waste water on aquatic
•-"erla, algae, and snail crustaceans. Gesundheits-Ing. 80: 115.
:' .-ig-.aann, G. and R. Kuhn. I959b. Water toxicology studies with protozoans as
• :3t organisms. Gesundhelca~Ing. 30: 239.
igTiann, G. and %. Kuhn. 1976. Comparative results of Che damaging effects
.. -itar pollutants against bacteria (Psaudononaa putida) and blae algae
• "ocyscls aerugi^.osa) . Gas-Wasserfach, Wassec-Abwasser 117: iLO.
3r . -Mnann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977 .1. Limiting values for the damaging action of
.' . - pollutants co bacteria (Pseudomonns putida) and green algae (Scenedesnus
^.-iricauda) In the cell multiplication Inhibition test. Z. Wasser Abwasser
7>:sch. 10: 87.
2r i -..^-nann, G. ,\nd R. Kuhn. I977b. Results of the damaging effect of water
jolt, ants on Daphnia raagna. Z. Unsser Abwasser Forsch. LO: 161.
-------
tr (.11431.11111, i.. tiuJ '< • i. ' LiaiCing >/alue-> :or tne -loxioud errdccs of
water pollutant vdteri.il Co blue algae (Mierocystis aeruginosa) and green algae
(jcanedesnus quadrlcauja) In cell propagation, innibition testa. Voa Vasser 50:
45.
.Brlngmann, G. and a. Kuhn. L978b. Testing of subacauces for their toxitlcy
chreshold: model organisms Microeyatis 'Diplocystij) aeruginosa-and Sceaedesiaua
quadricauda. Mice. Inc. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 21: 275.
Brlngmannp C. and ^. Xuhn. 1979. Comparison of toxic limiting concentrations
of w^er none Hin.r\aits' coward baccerl-j. algae, and protozoa in the cell-growth
inhibition test. Haustech. Bauphya. Uniweltcech. 100: 249.
Sringuann, G. and R. Kuhn. I980a. Determination of the harmful biological
effect of water pollutants on protozoa. II. Sacterlovorous dilates. Z. Waaser
Abwasser Forsch. 13: 26.
Bringmann, C. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toicity thresholds of
water pollutanca co bacteria., algae, and prororoa In che call nuireplication
inhibition test. Water Res. 14: 231.
Bringmann, G., ec al. 1980. Deceraination oE the biological damage from water
*
pollutants to protozoa. III. Saprozoic flagellates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch.
13: 170.
3r!
-------
3r'
-------
3ui'nc>tna, A.:,., «r .il. iQ77. l.ulfer sensitivity to o »miun.it Ions ->f lnor«anU-
oi ,>.(l'iii jut-,. 'luLl. '».! - Virginia Water Raaouc. Xea. Center, ftlacksburg,
Cabejszek, I. and M. Stasiak. 1960. Studies on the Influences of sane
mecals on water blocenosis employing Daphnia magna. Roznikl Pansc. Zakl.
Hig. Warsaw LI: 303.
Ca,irns, J. , Jr. and A. Scheier. 1968. A comparison of the coxiclcy of sorae
common Industrial vasce cotaponep.es tested Individually and c crab iced. Prog.
Fish-Cult. 30: 3.
Cairns, J. , ec al. 1976. Invertebrate response to theraal shock following
exposure to acutely sub-lethal concentrations of chemicals. Arch. Kydriobiol.
77: 164.
Cairns, J. , et al. 1978. Effects of temperature on aquatic organism sensi-
tivity co selected chemicals. Sull. 106, Virginia Kater Xesour. Res. Center,
Blacks burg, Virginia.
Cairns, J. , et al. 1980. Effects of a sublethal dose of copper aulfate on the
colonization rat* of freshwater protozoan communities. Am. Midland Natur. 104:
93.
Cairns, J. , et al. 1981. Effects of fluctuating, sublethal applications of
heavy metal solutions upon the §111 ventilation response of bluegllls (Lepomia
laacrochirus). EPA-6GO/3-81-003. N'actonal Technical Infomatlon Service,
Springfield, Virginia.
-------
C.-. L a o .1 r ••••?.= , -\.. aj al . lo?"*. Thp rnxicity of heaw m^cals LO pmbrvos of the
\iin f i > :i! .iv. i i-1 11 i-.'
-------
77
Chapman, G.\. L'J/ii. Toxlclttea or" cadmium, copper and *l«c co tour Juvenile
stages of chinook salmon and sceelhead. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. L07: 341.
Chapman, G.A. 1982. Letter to C.E. Stephan. U.S. EPA. Corvallis, Oregon.
December 6.
Chapman, G.A. and J.K. McCrady. 1977. Copper Toxicity: A Question of Fora.
In: R.A. Tubb (ed.), Recent Advances in Fish Toxicology. EPA-600/3-77-035.
Vaclonal Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, p. 132.
Chapman, G.A. and D.G. Stevens. 1978. Acute lethal levels of cadmium, copper
and zinc to adult male coho salmon and steelhead. Trans. An. Fish. Soc. 107:
837.
Chapman, G.A., et al. manuscript. Effects of water hardness on the toxlcity of
metals to Daphnia magna. U.S. EPA. Corvallis, Oregon.
Chapman, W.H., ec al. 1963. Concentration factors of chemical ele-nents in
edible aquatic organisms. UCR--50564. Lavrrence Liveraore Laboratory,
Livermore, California.
Christensen, E.R., et al. 1979. Effects of manganese, copper, and lead on
Selenascrum eapricornutum and Chlorella stigmatophora. Water Res. 13: 79.
Chynoweth, O.P., et al. 1976. Effect of Organic Pollutants on Copper Tox-
lcity to Fish. In: R.W. Andrew, et .al. (eds.), Toxlcity co Biota of Metal Forms
in Natural Water. Int. Joint Comm., Windsor, Ontario, Canada, p. 145.
-------
Clecidenning, K.A. and W.J. Worth. 1959. Effects of Wastes on the Giant ',
'Maerocystis pyrifera. In: E.A. Pearson, (ed.), Proc. 1st Int. Coat". Wasta
Disposal In the Ma'rine Environnent. Berkeley, California.
Cogiianese, ft. and M. Martin. 1981. Individual and interactive effects of
environmental stress on the embryonic development of the Pacific oyster,
Crassoatrea gigaa. Part t. Toxicicy of copper and silver. Marine Environ. Res.
5: 13.
Co.T.t_-.-, P.M. L972. Acute toxicity of heavy metal a co some aarine larvae. Mar,
Jcsil^t- Bull. 3: 190.
Ccpe, 0.3. 1966. Contamination of Che freshwater ecosystems by pesticides.
Jour. Appl. Ecol- 3'(Suppl.): 33.
"jrtij, M.W. and C.H. Ward. L98L. Aquatic coxicity of forty industrial
:rinicAls: casting m support o£ hazardous substance spill prevention
•M5j". ::ion. 'J. HydroL. 51: 359.
^•vii. ..C. and I.G. Shaud. 1973. 4cute and sublechal copper sensitivity,
growth and saltwater survival in young Babine Lake sockeye saLaon. ?ish. Mar.
= ;-rv. Tach. Reot. No. 347. Canada.
i«j March, 3.G.E. 1979. Survival of Hyallela azteca (Saussure) raised under
different laboratory conditions in a pH bioassay, with reference to copper
toxicl:y. Can. Fish Mar. Serv. Tech. Kept. No. 892. 6 pp.
-------
->. i. ma V.-i. M ir.it:!i*. 1980. Size r^Lacsa co
-------
,-. i. * !. s» r , '•*. ',•'''. \i.iitu Louie Li les .a -leLeicttja '.te.iv'' 'irt. i i 1 ti> cne larC
clan, Mya arer.aria. 3ulL. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. L7: 137.
SLder, J.F. ana A.J. Home. 1978. Copper cycles and CuSO^ algicidal
capacity in two California lakes. Environ. Manage. 2: 17.
Engel, D.W., et al. 1976. Effects of copper on marine eggs and larvae.
F.nvlrbn. Health Perspect. 17: 287.
Erlckson, S.J. 1972. Toxicity of copper to Thallasslosira pseudonona ia
unenrlched Inshore seauacor. Jour. Phycology. 84: 313.
Erlckson, S.J., et al. 1970. A screening technique for estlaating copper
toxicity co estuarlne phycoplanlteon. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 42, R
27C.
^vans, M.L. 1980. Copper accumulation In the crayfish (Orcoaectes ruscicua).
jail. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 916.
7arcelra, '<.. T.C. 1973. The effect ot cooper on frog skin.: Che rola of
-ulphydryl groups. 31ochlailca ec Slophyslca Acza. 510: 293.
.-erreira, K.T.C. , et al. 1979. The -nechanisn of action of Cu*-"1" on the frog
ukin. atochiaLca et Slophyslca 552: 341.
71lbln, D.J. and R.A. llough. 1979. The effects of excess copper sulfate on
•letaboLlam of the duck. week Lemna minor. Aquat. Botany 7: 79.
-------
Finlayson, Z.J. ana S.H. Ashuckian. 1979. Safe zinc ana copper levels from Che
Spring Creek drainage" for steelhead Crout in the Uoper Sacreraento River,
California. Calif. Fish Game 65: 30.
Fogels, A. and J.Z. Sprague. 1977. Comparative shore-term tolerance of
zebrafish, flatfish, and rainbow trout to five ooisons including potential
reference toxicants. Water Res. 11: 811.
Folraar, L.C. 1976. Overt avoidance reaction of rainbow trout fry to nine
herbicides. Bull. Environ. Cont. Toxicol. 15: 509.
Frey, R.A., et al. 1973. Copper-algae equilibria in complexing situations.
Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 52:-179.
Furmanska, M. 1979. Studies of the effect of copper, zinc and iron on the
biotic components of aquatic ecosystems. Polsk. Archi. Hydrobiologii 26: 213.
Gachter, R. , et al. 1973. Comolexing capacity of the nutrient medium and
its relation to innibition of algal photosynthesis by copper. Schweiz.
Zeits. fur Hydrol. 35: 252.
Gardner, G.R. and G. LaRoche. 1973. Copper induced lesions in astuarine
teleosts. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 363.
Geckler, J.R., et al. 1976. Validity of laboratory tests for predicting copper
toxicity in streams. EPA 600/3-76-116. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia.
-------
£J
ijontile, -i.M. i4n.>. Ifinor.iiuliini Li. l.ilm II. Urniln. "I..S. HPA. Nnplexat ion by phytoplankton exudates. Limnol. Oceanogr-. 23: 538.
r>. •, R.D. and A.R. Kean. 1980. Algae as a chemical soeciation monitor - 1
co^.aarison of algae growth and computer calculated spec iat ion. Water Res. !
r"1 1 .
"ale, J.G. 1977. Toxicity of metal raining wastes. Bull. Environ. Contain.
Tjtirol. 17: 66.
-------
Kara, T.„ ec al. 1976. Effaces of mercury and copoer on the olfactory re-
sponse in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnen. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:
1563.
Hazel, C.R. and S.J. Meith. 1970. Sioassay of .. Effects of copper on the coral-reef echinoid Echino-
cietra mathaei. Mar. Biot. 35: 155.
Hetnck, P.M., et al. 1979. Increased susceptibility of rainbow trout to IKN
virus after exposure to cooper. Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 198.
Hildebrand, S.G. and R.M. Cusnman. 1978. Toxicity of galiina and beryliun to
developing carp ei?^s (Cyprinus carpio) utilizing cooper as a reference.
Toxicol. Lett. 2: 91.
Hinton, M.J. and A.G. Eversole. 1978. Toxicity of ten commonly used chemicals
to American eels. Proc. \nn. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish. Wildl. Ag. 32: 599.
Hinton, M.J. and Sveraole. 1979. Toxicity of ten cnemicals commonly used in
aquaculcure Lo the black eel stage of the American eel. Proc. World Marical.
Soc. 10: 554.
-------
11...I ,.in . i1 v , .•( 11 . 1 '•'''. 1 .-\ i. i I v il lappet to n|ii 11 i • ii i -'I i ! ii I.I).
Nnagu lea.), Copper in the Environment, Part II: Health Effects. Wiley, New.
i-jr'<. p. 107.
Holland, G.A., ec al. 1960. Toxic effects of organic and inorganic pollu-
tants on young salmon and trout. State of Washington - Dep. Fish. Res.
Bull. 5: 223.
Hopkins, 3. and J.M. Kain. 1971. The effect of marine pollutants on Laminarea
hyperboria. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2: 75.
Horning, W.3. and f.W. Neiheisel. 1979. Chronic effect of copper on the
bluntnose minnow (.'Lmephal.es notatus Rafinesque) . Arch. Environ. Contain.
Toxicol. 3: 545.
Howarth, R.S. and J.B. Sprague. 1978. Copper lethality to rainbow trout in
waters of various hardness and pH. Water Res. 12: 455.
fiubschman, J.H. 1967. Effects of copper on the crayfish Orcaaectes rusticua
iGirard)-- I. Acute toxicity. Crustaceana 12: 33.
Hughes, J.S. 1973. Acute toxicity of thirty chemicals to striped bass
^Morone saxatilis). Presented at Western Assoc. State Game Fish. Comm.,
Salt Lake City, Utah.
u.utehinson, T.C. 1979. Copper contamination of ecosystems caused by smelter
-. tivitie*. In: J.O. Snagu (ed.), Copper in the Environment. Part I:
Ecological Cycling. Wiley, New York. p. 451.
-------
Inglis, A. and S.L. Davis. 1972. Effaces or wacer hardness on Che coxiclcy of
several organic and Inorganic herbicides Co fish. U.S. Bur. Sport. Fish. Vlldl.
Tech. Paper .¥67.
Jackim, E. 1973. Influence of lead and ocher metals on l-aainolevullnate
dehydrase activity. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 560.
Johnson, M.W. and J.H. Gentile. 1979. Acute coxicicy of cadmium, copper, and
mercury co larval American lobsc-jr Honsrus acericanus. Bull. Environ. Con cam.
Toxicol. 22: 258.
Jones, L.H., et al. 1976. Some effects of salinity on the toxicity of copper
per Co the polychaete Nereis diveriscolor. Estuarlne Coastal Mar. Sci. 4:
107. -
Joshi, A.G. and M.S. Sage. 1980. Acute toxicity of some pesticides acd a few
Inorganic salts co che raosquitofish Ganbusia affiais (Saird and Girard). Ind.
J. Exp. 3iol. 13: 435.
Judy, R.D. 1979. The acute toxicicy of copper co Ganmarus fasciatus say, a
freshwater amphipod. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 21: 219.
Karbe, L. 1972. Marine hydroiden als tescorganismen zur prufung der cox-
izicat von abwasserstoffen. Die wlrkung von schuemetallen auf kolonien von
Eirene viridula. Mar. 3iol. 12: 316.
-------
, 3.S. |9rt|. Oipl.itintr ij>t»nc F.DTA Hf»c re*1"1" rho rnxii iiv .«f . ii
ilall. CuiiciiL 'it. I . *>0. J-Ud .
>.ni.ttel, M.D. 1^81. Suscepc ibi Iicy of sceeihead trout Salmo gairdneri
Richardson to rodmouth infection Yersina rackeri following exposure to copper.
J. Fish. Disease 4: 33.
labat , R. , et al. 1977. Actions ecotoxico Logical action of some metals (Cu,
In, Pb, Cd) on freshwater fish in Che river Lot. Ann. Limnol. 13: 191.
Lett, P.P., et al. 1976. Effect of copper on some aspects of cne bioener-
genetics of rainbow trout. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 1335.
'Lewis, M. 1978. Acute coxicity of copoer, zinc, and manganese in single and
.nixed salt solutions to juvenile longfin dace, Agosia chrysogaster . Jour. Fisn
6.«l. 13: 695.
'-•iwis, S.D. and W.M. Lewis. 1971. The affect of zinc and copper on the or-
of blood serum of channel catfish, Ictalurus p-unccacus Raf., and ^o
, Motemigonius crysoleucas Mitchell. Trans. Am. Fisn. Soc . 100: 639.
Lind, D. , et al. Manuscript. Regional copper-nickel study: aquatic toxicology
s : jd y .
lloyd, R. 1961. The toxicicy of mixtures of zinc and copper sulphates to
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Ann. Appl. Biol. 49: 535.
-------
Lorz, rf.W. ana 3.?. McPherson. 1976. Effects of copper or zinc in fresh wacer
or che ad apeacion to sea wacer and ATPase activity and Che effects of copper on
tr, gacor •• J-5 cs.ii.'n of . ••'T -cil-_c' J^.^j. " jr i.j. OLJ^G Car. ;2: 2023.
Maclnnes, J.R.. and F.P. Thurberg. 1973. Effects of necals on che behavior
and oxygen consumption of che mud snail. Mar. PolluC. Bull. 4: 1895.
Majort, L. and F-. Petronio. 1973. Marine pollucion by metals and their ac-
cumulation by biological indicators (accumulation factor). Rev. Int. Oceanogr.
Med. Tomes XXXI.
Maloney, T.E. and C.M. Palmer. 1956. Toxicicy of six chemical compounds to
thirty cultures of algae. Water Sew. Works 103: 509.
Martin, M., at al. 1977. Copper toxicity experiments in relation to abalone
deaths observed in a power plant's cooling waters. Calif. Fish. Game. 63: 95.
Martin, M. , ec al. 1981. Toxicvcies of Cen metals to Crassoscrea gigas and
Hytilus edulis embryos ana Cancer raagister larvae. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12: 305.
Mclntosh, <\.W. and N.R. Kevern. 1974. Toxicity of copper Co zoo plankton. J.
Environ. Qual. 3: 166.
McKim, J.M. 1977. Evaluation of tests with early life stages of fish for
predicting long-term toxicity. J. 7i3h. Res. Board Can. 34: 1143.
-------
, J.M. jml 1>.\. rtfuo i i . I'J/l. )•. i tec (.4 oc luii»j -Lei .it expoaui r*s L«J cooper on
survival, growth, and reproduction of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) .
Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 38: 655.
Me Kim, J.M., at al . 1970. Changes in the bLood on brook trouC (Salveiinus
font inalis) after short-terra and long-term exposure to copper. Jour. Fish.
7es. Board Can. 27: I8fl3.
McXim, J.M., et al. 1973. Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of ^ignt
soecies of freshwater fish. - LI. Copper. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicoi. 19:
608.
Me Knight, 0. 1980. Chemical and biological processes controlling Che response
of a fresh water ecosystem to cooper stress: a field study of the CuSO^
creatment of Mill Pond reservoir, Burlington, Massachusetts. ?tnal Report NSF
Grant No. OCE7 7-09000.
McLaese, O.W. t97i. Toxicity of copper at two temperatures and three
salinities co Che American Lobster (Ho.-narus americanus) . Jour. Fish. Res.
Board Can. 31:
McLuskv, 0.3. and C.N.K. Phillips. 1975. Some effects of copper on the po
lychaete Phyllodoce maculata. EsLuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 3: 103.
Milanovich, P.P., et al. 1976. Uptake of copper by the polychaete Cim-
fonnia spirabranchia in the presence of dissolved yellow organic aatter of
natural origin. Estuarine Cca^tal Mar. Sci. 4: 585.
-------
r i
MtiirT T. <•- lilil ii . I". Mi •! 1 v 1 ''Ml' . Ilia .1 C C s» ( a , if liai.lnoao, -l 1 \almllr anil >'U
of test wacec oa the coxicicy of copper to rainbow trouc (Salmo gairdnari).
Water =1*3. 14: L29.
Mlnicucci, 0.0. L971. Flow effects tn aquatic bioaaaays the toacicity of
copper at various flow races co che guppy, Labiates reciculacus. Ph.D.
Thesis. Univ. of Michigan.
Mishra, 5. and A.it. Srivastava. 1930. The acute toxiclcy effects of copper on
che blood of a celeosc. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 4: 191.
Moore, M.M. and A.R.D. Stabbing. 1976. The quantitative cytocheaical effects
of three metal ions on the lysosomal hydrolase of a hydrold. Jour. Mar. Biol.
•Yssoc. 56: 995.
Moraitoir-Apostolopoulou. 1973. Acute toxicity of copper co a copepod.
Mar. Poll. Bull. 9: 273.
Morgan., M.S.C. 1979. Fish locotaocor behavior patterns as a aonitoriag tool.
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 51: 580.
Mount* D.I. 1966. The effect of total hardness and pa on acute toxicity of
zinc to fish. Air Water Pollut. Int. J. 10: 49.
Mount, D.I. 1968. Chronic toxicity of copper to fathead rainnows (Piaephales
promelas RafInesque). Water Res. 2: 215.
-------
jr
".•nut, I).'.. ii'-l !•' "'<>' ''• • -i " iii'iii . L3C . A seven -.! iv i I t <.•-._ •'!- > • I i-!ii«.iT l!i
toxicit/ test. U.S.. EPA. BuLuth, Minnesota.
-lount, D.I. and C.E. Stephan. 1969. Chronic toxicicy of copper co the fat-
head minnow (Pxmephales promeias) in soft water. Jour. Fish. Res. Soard
Can. 26: 2449.
••luramoto, S. l
-------
f 3
t)':i,t i, i i1'1; \ i •. ••) it i. ni. L'I oxvgen Lousiirr.oi i .>R 'w '>l u<-:\ \ I it i-tkiu^r-;: i->
sublethal treacmenc vith copper. Mater Res. 5: 321.
Otcazaki, R.K. 1976. Copper toxiciCy tn the Pacific oy3tet Crassostrea gigas .
Bull. Envir. Concara. Toxicol. 16: 658.
Ozoh, P.T.i. and C. J.icobson. 1979. ErabryotoxLcity and hatchability in Cichia
soma r\\ z,ro fast; LSI t.m (OutfTther) I'ags and Larvae briefly exposec EJ low concentra
t loiii of zinc and i_.>pper i«)ns . Pull. Environ. Contim. ToxicoL. 21: 782.
?anc , S.C., dt al. '. 9>>0. r.xi^icy of copper sulphas a and zinc sulpaatd to
fresn water telaosc Punt ins conchoniua (Ham.) vn hard water. Comp . Physiol.
EcoL. 5: 146.
Patrick., R. , ec al. 1968. The relative sensitivity of diatoms, snails, and
£iah Co cwency conmton constituents of industrLal wastes. ?Tog. ?i.sh-Cult . 30:
137.
Pesch, C.E. and D. *
-------
, D.J.ri. i9r&. Tha oo'imon -nusdel Mytilus adui is as an indicator o:
pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and cooper. I. Effects of environmental
variables on uotake of neta Is. Mar. Bio 1. 38: 59.
Pickering, Q.H. and C. Henderson. 1966. The acute coxicity of some heavy
-net a I s to different species of warravater fishes. Air Water Politic. Int.
Jour. 10: 453.
^Lc'
-------
Rehwoldt, H.. ,
-------
.-.^j. J.J. ind J.W. ^achlin. 1977. The efface of cadmium, copper, taercury,
... and lead on ceil aLviston, growth and chlorophyll a_ concenc of Che
; Chloraila vulgarts. 3ulL. Torrey Sot. Club. 104: 226.
^aifullah, S.M. L978. Inhibitory effects of copper on marine dinof lagellates
-.IT. 3iol. 44: 299.
, T., et al. 1977. Uptake of copper by Chlorella regularis. Nippon
• . Kag. Xalshi. 51: 497.
:ucer, S., ec al. 1976. Effects of exposure to heavy aetals in selected
• .'.ivacsr fish. Toxiclty of copper, cadmium, chromium and lead to eggs and
./ of seven fish species. EPA_600/3-76-105. National Technical Information
.. i:s, Sprisigf laid, Virginia.
, :rd, D. , ec al. 1975. Experimental studies on the effects of copper on a
. ... food cnain. Mar. 3iol. 29: 351.
;, D.M. and C.W. Major. L972. The effect of copper (II) on survival,
.:.-£Cion, and heart rate in the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
.. Bull. 143: 679.
T.L. and V.M. 3rown. 1974. The toricicy of some foms of copoer co
. i.bow crout. Water Res. 3: 377.
.erban, E.P. 1977. Toxicity of some heavy metals for Daphnia -nagna Strauss
".•net ion of temperature. Hydrobiol. J. 13(4): 75.
-------
4? "7
,1m I i . ' ;•: . it in.! '• II .• i 11 •{!••. 1'JHrt . I ! I I I i .i> r nn-l i i >.n •• .
cuanue .mi I 1 uic <•. 'roc. 1st '-ii-J-At 1 anc ic Ind. Waste Conf., Nov. 13-15, 1967.
Shuster, C.N., Jr. and B.H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the
American eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Proc. Mac I. Shellfish. Assoc.
59: 91.
Smith, M.J. and A.G. Heath. 1979. Acute toxicity of copper, chroraate, zinc,
and cyanide to freshwater fisn: effect of different temperatures. Bull.
Environ. Concam. Toxicol. 22. 113.
Solbe, J.F. and V.A. Cooper. 1976. Studies on the toxicity of copper sulfate
to stone loach Noemacheilas barbaculus (L.) in hard water. Water Res. 10: 523.
Sosnowski, S.L. and J.H. Ger.c:Le. 1978. Toxicological comparison of natural
and cultured populations of Ac arc La cor-.sa to cadmium, copper and mercury. Jour.
Fish. Res. Board Can. 35- 1366.
Sosnowsk.1, S.L., et al. I1*?**. The effect of nutrition on the response of fie I;
populations of the caianoid copepod Acartia tonsa to copper. Water Res. 13.
449.
Spear, P. 1977. Copper accumulation kinetics and lethal tolerance in relation
to fish size. M.S. Thesis. Concordi-i Univ., Montreal, Canada.
Spear, ?.A. and R.C. Pierce. I979a.. Copper in the aquatic environment:
Chemistry, distribution and tachnotogy. Satl. Res. Council of Canada ?ubl.
, Ottawa, Canada.
-------
iiio R.o:. ?,.erce. I979b. \n approach towards c:se coxicolcxrv or
• ' ' ," r • i • : ••• h* ii i r I I .li. !':<».. n -i \n-i. AquaC Ic Tox K it y Wiirkilii)", !l i:-i I I f.
Ontario, Car.aaa, N'ov. 7-9, 1978. ?isn. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 362. p. L30.
Sprague, J.3. 1964. Lethal concentrations of copper and zinc for young Ac-
i.ctacic salmon. Jour. Fish. Rea. Board Can. 21: 17.
, J.3. and 3. A. Ramsay. 1965. Lachal Levels of mixed copper-zinc
.tolucions for Juvenile salmon. Jour. Fish. Raa. Board Can. 22: 425.
, 5. A. I97fc. Toxlclty of heavy raetals and sales :o eurastan w.icer-
(Myriophyllun splcatua L.). \rch. Environ. Concam. Toxicol. 2: 331
Li. ebbing, A..R.O. 1976. The effects of low metal levels on a clonal hydroid.
••••••. Mar. 3iol. Assoc. 56: 977.
. -ir.la, R.L. and G.3. fhursby. 1983. A coxicity test using life scages of
____ apia parvuia ( Xhodophyta) . In: W.E. Bishop, et al . (eds.), Aquatic
. L^oiogy and Hazard Assessment: Si-cch SyTiposi'jra, ASTM ST? 302, American
.-.. .cty for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 73.
• emann-flielsen, i. and H. Bruun-Laursen. 1976. Effect of CuS04 on the
:'.. osyncheclc rate of phytoplanlcton Ln four Danish lakes. Oikos 27: 239.
. . naann-Nielsen, E. and L. tCarop-Nlelsen. 1970. Influence of deleterious
-'_ i-.-incrations of coprer on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidoaa. Physiol.
?U- .. 23: 828.
-------
Steeaiann-X le '.-.on, -.. ir.ii S. i'i*ii,i- \udersen. 197C. Copper ions is poison m se.i
1 IK! I it I • i- .Itw.K i i . 'I.n . HI ti I . :i. VI.
Stephan, C.E-, et al. 1983. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water
quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life and its uses. U.S. EPA.
Duluth, Minnesota. July 5.
Stokes, P.M. 1979. Copper accumulations in freshwater biota. In: J.O. Nriagu
(ed.). Copper in the Environment, Part I: Ecological Cycling. Wiley, New York.
p. 358.
Stokes, P. and T.C. Hutchinson. 1976. Copper Toxiclty to Phytoplankton, as
Affected by Organic Liganda, Other Cations and Inherent Tolerance of Algae to
Copper. In; R-W. Andrew, et al. (eds.), Toxictty to 3iota of Mecal Forms in
•Natural Water. Int. Joint Comoi., Windsor, Ontario, Canada, p. 1591.
Sunda, W.G. and J.M. Lewis. 1978. Effect of complexation by natural organic
ligands on the taxicity of copper to a unicellular alga, Monochrysis lasheri.
Llmnol. Oceanogr. 23: 870.
Swallow, K.C., et al. 1973. Potentioiaetric determination of copper
complexation by phytoplankton exudates. Lionoi. Oceanogr. 23: 538.
Tarzwell, C.M. and C. Henderson. I960. Toxlcity of less common metals to
fishes. Ind. Wastes. 5: 12.
Taylor, J.L. 1973. Toxicity of copper and zinc In cuo Arkansas screams to
mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Bios 49: 99.
-------
fi , \.i., >i', il. '.^.-ul. A<_uLe E.oxi.i.ity of zi.ic .tr-n.1
injt. ion LO '.tie buir-xiii (l.epomis ,aai roih i rua ) . bull. Knviron. Contain.
nl. :s 122.
Thompson. S . E . , HI .iL. 1972. Conceacrat i.on factors of the chesnical elements
edible .irjucic LV. orxanisms. UCRI.-S0564. Rev. 1. Lawrence Livernore Laboratory,
Liversiore, CsLi
Trama, F.3. 1954. The toxicity of copper to the oonanon bluegill (Lepomis
•aachrochirus Rafinesque). Noculae Matur. No. 257. ?. 1.
"•»ji, C.F. 1970. Survival, nvi>rL.i:n in? and lethal exposure Limes for tne pe«.
dace Setnot i L'JS Tiargaritus (Cope) exposed to copper solution. 3iochen. Phyaiol
I.
, C.F. ma J.A. Mc'
-------
10 1
U.S. HHA. 19/1). Mt-thoils fnr <-i\nm Lc n L .innL/aiu of watnr and wautva.
EPA-600/4-79-020. National Technical Information 'Service, Springfield,
Virginia.
U.S. EPA. 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for copper. EPA-«iO/4-30-036.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
U.S. EPA. 1982. Water Quality Standards Regulation. Federal Register. 47:
49234. October 19.
Van den Berg, C.M.C., et
-------
WaLbndge, C.7. 1977. A flow-through testing procedure with duclcweed, (Leana
mnor L.). i?A—iOO/' 3- 77- i03 . NaCLonaL Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia.
WaLlen, I.E., et al. 1957. Toxicity Co Gaabusia affinis of certain pure
chemicals in turbid waters. Sew. Ind. Wastes. 29: 695.
Warnick, S.L. and H.L. Bell. 1969. The acute toxicity of some heavy aecals
to different soecies of aquatic insects. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed.
41: 280.
Weber, C.I. and 3.H. McFarland. 1981. Effects of copper on the periphyton of
snail calcareous—s-treara. In: J.M. Bates and C.I. Weber (eds.), Ecological
Assessments of Effluent Impacts on Communities of Indigenous Aquatic Organist?-
ASUM ST? 730, American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Wellborn, T.L. 1969. The coxicic'y of nine therapeutic and herbicidal cora-
oounds to striped bass. Prog. Fish-Cult. 31: 27.
Westerman, A.G. and W.J. 3irge. 1978. Accelerated rate of albinism in chan •
catfish exposed to metals. Prog. Fish-Cult. 40: 143.
Wilson, I.C.H. 1972. Prediction of copper toxicity in receiving waters.
Jour. Fish Res. Board Can. 29: 1500.
-,t:mer, R.W. and M.P. Farrell. 1976. Acute and chronic toxicity oc coppe-
co tour species of Daphnia. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 1685.
-------
Ai'tilr-i , it.W., iiL .lL. lu/'/. i'.lleut OE food type on Iftt; .11-ut.c: .illil -j
coxicity of copper co D-aohaia ica^na. Freshwater SioL. 7: 343.
Wong, M.H., et al. 1977. The effects of zinc and copper sales on Cyprinua
carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Act a Anat . 99: 450.
Uurtz, C.B. and C.H. Bridges. 1961. ?reLiminary results from raacroinverCe-
brace bioasiays. Proc. Pa. Acad. ScL. 35: 51.
Young, L.G. and L. Nelson. 1974. The effect of heavy metal ions oa Che
mocility of sea urchin spermatozoa. BLol. Bull. 147: 236.
Young, %.G. and O.J. Lisle. 1972. Efface of copper and silver ions on
algae. Jour, Water PolluC". Control Fed. 44: 1643.
Young, J.S., et al. 1979. Effects of copper on the sabeLLia polychaete,
Hudistylia vancoveri: I. Concentration Litairs for caapdr accaaulition. Arch.
Environ. Contam. ToxicoL. 8: 97.
Zaroogian, G.E. and M. Johnson. 1983. Copper accumulatLon in the bay scallop,
Argooecten ir radians. Arch. Environ. Contara. Toxicol. 12: 127,
Zicfco, V, and tf.G. Caraon. 1^75. A se'jhanism of tnt> •i:rec:3 of vacer hardness
on the lethality of heavy metals to fiih. Chemosphere 5: 2?9.
------- |