Progress Evaluation Meeting
Volume 1
In the matter of pollution of the
interstate waters of the Grand Calumet River,
Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake,
Lake Michigan and their tributaries
Wednesday, March 15, 1967
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
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160-
001
IVN
DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Conference
In the Matter of:
Progress Meeting in the Matter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan
and Their Tributaries
Wednesday, March 15, 1967
Chicago, Illinois
VOLUME I
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1 -2
INDEX
PAGE:
OPENING STATEMENT
By Mr. Stein
STATEMENT OPi
H. W. Poston 11
Grover W. Cook 17
R. J. Bowden 38
Dwlght G. Ballinger 232
Dr. John B. Nicosia 297
A. Martin Katz 316
Perry E. Miller 333
James W. Kirkpatrick 399
John R. Brough ^59
Herbert J. Dunsmore 490
C. W. Klassen 513
John E. Egan 532
Vinton W. Bacon 533
CLOSING STATEMENT
By Mr. Stein
AFTERNOON SESSION 333
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Progress Meeting In the Matter of Pollution of
the Interstate Waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and
their Tributaries, convened at the New Federal Building,
Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois, at 9:^5 a.m., Wednesday,
March 15, 1967.
PRESIDING:
Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner
for Enforcement, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the
Interior
CONFEREES:
Mr. Blueher Poole, Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board
Mr. Clarence W. Klassen, Illinois State
Sanitary Water Board
John E. Egan, Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
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CONFEREEES (Continued);
H. W. Poston, Acting Regional Director, Great
Lakes Region, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of the Interior,
Chicago, Illinois
PARTICIPANTS;
Grover W. Cook, Chief, Enforcement Section,
Great Lakes Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Department of the Interior, Chicago, Illinois
Robert J. Bowden, Acting Director, Calumet
Area Post Action Surveillance Project, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the Interior, Chicago,
Illinois
Dwight G. Ballinger, Supervisory Chemist, -
Consultant to Technical Committee, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the Interior, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Dr. John B. Nicosia, Mayor of the City of
East Chicago, Indiana
A. Martin Katz, Mayor of the City of Gary,
Indiana
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3-B
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Perry E. Miller, Assistant Director, Division
of Sanitary Engineering, Indiana State Board of Health,
Indianapolis, Indiana
James W. Klrkpatrick, Manager, Indiana Harbor
Works of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago,
Indiana.
John R. Brough, Director of Air and Water
Control, Inland Steel Company, East Chicago, Indiana
Herbert J. Dunsmore, Assistant to Administra-
tive Vice President, Engineering, United States Steel
Corporation.
Vinton W. Bacon, General Superintendent, The
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois.
C. Fred Gurnhatn, Professor and Department
Chairman, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois.
Cornel A. Leahu, Superintendent, East Chicago
Sanitary District, East Chicago, Indiana.
Michael J. Nealon, Public Accountant and Real
Estate Broker, Gary, Indiana
J. E. Egan, Conferee and President, Metropoli-
tan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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3-B-l
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Clarence W. Klassen, Illinois State Sanitary
Water Board.
H. W. Poston, Acting Regional Director,
Great Lakes Region, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of the Interior, Chicago, Illinois.
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
A. Anrold, League of Women Voters, 1124 Noyes,
Evanston, Illinois
Thomas Atchlson, Chief Utilities, Post Engineers,
Ft. Sheridan, Bldg. 119, Port Sheridan, Illinois
Robert J. Austin, Coordinator on Waste Disposal,
American Oil Company, 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois 60680
Richard V. Backley, Attorney - Office of the
Solicitor, Department of the Interior, 1915 Quinn Street,
Arlington, Virginia
J. S. Baum, Air & Water Conservation Coordinator,
Cities Service Oil Company, P. 0. Box #300, Tulsa, Oklahoma
74102
Mrs. Richard Bentley, Local Water Resources
Chemist, League of Women Voters, 1421 Lake Road, Lake
Forest, Illinois
Orvllle V. Bergren, Secretary, Illinois Manu-
facturers1 Association, 200 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois 60604
Mrs. Russell Borgings, Jr., Chairman, Lake Michigan
Inter-League Group, League of Women Voters, 1120 Chestnut
Avenue, Wllmette, Illinois 60091
Carl Broman, Assistant Superintendent of Utilities,
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, Indiana Harbor Works, East
Chicago, Indiana
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
G. 0. Bunch, Works Chemist, Union Carbide Corp-
oration, P. 0. Box #750, Whiting, Indiana
J. T. Burke, Product Manager, Nalco Chemical
Company, 180 North Michigan, Chicago, Illinois 60601
J. Roland Carr, Regional Editor, Engineering News
Record, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611
John T. Carroll, Regional Manager - Marketing
Government, Worthlngton Corporation, 4020 West Glenlake
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60137
D. S. Caverly, General Manager, Ontario Water
Resources Commission, 801 Bay Street, Toronto 5* Ontario,
Canada
Blng C. Chin, Chief, Permits & Stat. Br., Opera-
tions Division, Corps of Engineers, 219 South Dearborn
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604
Daniel W. Chorowlckl, Aquatic Sample Collector,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819
Pershlng Road, Chicago, Illinois
A. J. Cochrane, Assistant to Vice President, Young-
stown Sheet & Tube Company, 69 West Washington Street,
Chicago, Illinois
F. L. Coventry, Superintendent, Gary Sanitary
District, Box #388, Gary, Indiana
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE:
William Degutls, Monitor Technician, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819 West Pershing
Road, Chicago, Illinois
Hennlng Etclund, Senior Sanitary Engineer, United
States Public Health Service, 433 West Van Buren Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60607
Mrs. Eraellne Ensweller, South County Council &
Property Owners Association of Little Calumet River, 3409
Burr Street, Gary, Indiana
Paul Ettlngton, Manager, Industrial Sales, Kaiser
Engineers Inc., 228 North LaSalle, Chicago, Illinois,
Donald Ewen, President, South Lake County Stream
and Pollution Control Council, Inc., 3490 Grant Street, Gary,
Indiana
Charles L. Plrdo, Assistant Chief Chemist, Ameri-
can Maize Products Company, 113th & Indianapolis Blvd.,
Hammond, Indiana
E. D. Foohtman, Manager, IIT Research Institute,
10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616
Doris Fortier, League of Women Voters, l6l Granada
Vista, Crystal Lake, Illinois
Frederic D. Fuller, Chief Chemist, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1819 West Pershing Road,
Chicago, Illinois
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3-F
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
Diane P. Gavel, Chemist, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, 1819 West Pershlng Road, Chicago,
Illinois
Edwin E. Geldrelch, Research Microblologist,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati
Water Research Laboratory* W6 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45226
H. H. Gersteln, Consulting Engineer, Department of
Water and Sewers, 5528 Hyde Park Boulevard, Chicago, Illi-
nois 60637
George Gookstetter, Superintendent, Air & Water
Management, Republic Steel Corporation, 11600 Burley Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois 60617
Mrs. Gilbert Goodfriend, League of Women Voters,
67 East Madison, Chicago, Illinois
William J. Gossom, Chicago Bridge & Iron Company,
901 West 22nd Street, Oak Brook, Illinois 60523
W. M. Graham, Chief Engineer, American Maize
Products Company, Roby, Indiana
James P. Gravenstreter, General Supervisor, Power
& Fuel Engineer, U. S. Steel Corporation, Gary Sheet & Tin
Works, Gary, Indiana
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE!
Mrs. Jack Gruenenfelder, Chairman, Water Resources
Committee, League of Women Voters, 4223 Maryland Street,
Gary, Indiana
C. Fred Gurnham, Professor & Department Chairman/
Consultant, Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of
Environmental Engineering, Chicago, Illinois 60616
Frank E. Hall, Assistant Chief, Enforcement,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 33 East
Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Dan Hartman, Supt. Services, National Steel Cor-
poration, Portage, Indiana
I. J, Helbing, Sanitary Engineering Graduate
Student, Purdue University, Civil Engineering Building, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Michael Hey1In, Bureau Head, Chemical & Engineer-
ing News, 36 South Wabash, Chicago, Illinois 60603
Robert A. Hirshfield, Hydraulic Engineering,
Commonwealth Edison, 72 West Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois
J. M. Howard, Assistant Chief Engineer, Inland
Steel Company, 3210 Watling Street, East Chicago, Indiana
John D. Ingraham, Technical Representative, Nalco
Chemical Company, 180 North Michigan, Chicago, Illinois
George E. Jackson, Research Chemist, Cities Ser-
vice Oil Company, Box #7l8* East Chicago, Indiana
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3-H
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
James W. Jardine, Commissipner, Department of
Water and Sewers, Room 403, City Hall, Chicago, Illinois 60602
Clark N. Johnson, Lake County Water Pollution
Council, Route 1, Hobart, Indiana
Mrs. Eileen Johnston, League of Women Voters,
505 Maple Avenue, Wilmette, Illinois
John E. Klnney, Sanitary Engineering Consultant,
1910 Cambridge Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan
R. G. Klssell, Jr. Graduate Student in Sanitary
Engineering, Purdue University, Civil Engineering Building,
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
P. V. Knopp, Civil Engineer, Engineering-Science,
Incorporated, 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606
Leslie T. Kozlowskl, Secretary* Federal Water
Pollution Control Administratipn, 33 East Congress Parkway,
Chicago, Illinois 60605
L. S. Kreger, Chief, Operations, Corps of Engineers,
219 South Dearborn, Chicago, Illinois
Robert P. Laslo, Sales Engineer, Graver Water
Cond., 111 West Jackson, Chicago, Illinois
Cornel A. Leahu, Superintendent, East Chicago
Sanitary District, 152 & Indianapolis Boulevard, East
Chicago, Indiana
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3-1
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE!
Benn J. Leland, Sanitary Engineer, Illinois Sani-
tary Water Board, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illi-
nois 60612
Leroy Soaroe, Chief Mlcrobiologlst, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1819 West Pershlng Road,
Chicago, Illinois
Paul Levin, Engineering Specialist, General Amer-
ican Research Division, 7449 North Natchez, Nlles, Illinois
Ervln Lewis, News Reporter, WBBM Radio, 630
McClurg Ct., Chicago, Illinois 60611
Francis S. Lorenz, Director, Department of Public
Works & Buildings, Room 1010, Marina City Office Building,
300 North State Street, Chicago, Illinois 6o6lO
H. R. Macdonald, Plant Manager, Lever Brothers
Company, 1200 Calumet Avenue, Hammond, Indiana
Gerald Marks, Trustee, Metropolitan Sanitary Dis-
trict of Greater Chicago, 100 East Erie, Chicago, Illinois
60611
Donald E. Matschke, General Chairman, Cook County
Clean Streams Committee, 536 North Harlem Avenue, River
Forest, Illinois
Glenn Metoalfe, Supervisor of Sanitation, Chicago
Park District, 425 East l4th Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois
60605
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
James 0. McDonald, Chief, Construction Grants,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 33 East
Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Charles D. Mitchell,District Engineer, Illinois
Division of Waterways, Room 1010, Marina City Office Build-
ing, 300 North State Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610
Mrs. Donald A. R. Morrison, State Water Resources
Chairman, League of Women Voters, 62 East Madison Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60603
D. B. Morton, Sanitary Engineer, Illinois Sanitary
Water Board, Room 6l6, State Office Building, Springfield,
Illinois 62702
Mike J. Nealon, Public Accountant/Real Estate
Broker, 368 Flllmore Street, Gary, Indiana 46402
Jay Newbern, Reporter, NBC News, Merchandise Mart,
Chicago, Illinois
John W. Noerenberg, Consoer, Townsend & Associates,
Cons. Engineer. - Hammond Sanitary District, 360 East Grand
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
Dr. Gene Ossello, Vice President, Chicago So.
Chamber of Commerce, 10831 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois 60628
Mrs. Georgette Ossello, Secretary (Congressman Ed-
ward Derlvinski), 2441 Vermont, Blue Island, Illinois
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3-K
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
George A. Paulik, Plant Chemist, M T Chemicals,
415 East 151st Street, East Chicago, Indiana
Richard A. Pavia, Assistant Commissioner, Depart-
ment of Water & Sewers, Room 403, City Hall, Chicago,
Illinois
James J. Pavlovloh, Water & Air Pollution Chemist,
American Maize Prod. Co., 112th Indianapolis Boulevard,
Hammond, Indiana
Donald Pebworth, Research Assistant to Professor
Julian Juergensmeyer, Indiana University School of Lav;,
School of Law, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
Carylysle Pembertln, Jr., Sanitary Engineer,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 33 East
Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois
Herbert L. Plowman, Jr., Chief Chemist, Gary-
Hobart Water Corporation, 650 Madison Street, Gary, Indiana
F. Carr Price, Consultant, Progress Engineering,
Inc., 1005 West End Avenue, Chicago Heights, Illinois
R. W. Richards, Manager, Chicago Office, Stanley
Consultants, Inc., 208 South LaSalle, Chicago, Illinois
Ronald E. Riemer, Graduate Student, Sanitary
Engineering, Purdue University, 7-4 Poss Ade Drive, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47906
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE!
Clifford Rlsley, Jr., Director of Labs, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819 West Pershlng
Road, Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Samuel Rome, Water Resource Chairman, League
of Women Voters, 1421 Forest Avenue, River Forest, Illinois
60305
Gus Rose, Reporter, Hammond Times, 417 Fayette
Street, Hammond, Indiana
Irwin Rosenak, Chief Engineer, Inland Steel Company,
3210 Watllng Street, East Chicago, Indiana
William J. Santina, Assistant of the Engineering
Division, United States Army Engineer District, Chicago,
219 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604
Roger G. Seaman, Administrative Assistant to
President Egan, Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, 10O East Erie, Chicago, Illinois
R. J. Silvestrinl, Mkt, Mgr., Dresser Clark, Olean,
New York
Alan Slingo, Sanitary Engineer, Department of the
Navy, Midwest Division, Naval Facilities, Building 1-A, Great
Lakes, Illinois 60088
Joseph V. Slovick, Hydraulic Tech., Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1819 West Pershing Road,
Chicago, Illinois
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3-M
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
W. C. Soudriette, Plant Manager, Cities Service
Oil Company, 4900 Cline Avenue, East Chicago, Indiana
Charles M. Squarcy, Assistant to Vice President,
Steel Manufacturing, Inland Steel Company, 3210 Watling
Street, East Chicago, Indiana 46312
W. A. Thiel, Engineer, LaSalle Steel Company,
1412 150th Street, Hammond, Indiana
R. L. Toering, General Superintendent, Fuel &
Steam Engineering, U. S. Steel, 1 North Broadway, Gary,
Indlana
M. Austin True, Head, Utilities Engineering Branch,
Department of the Nary, Midwest Division, Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, Building 1-A, Great Lakes, Illinois
Arthur W. Tuemler, Assistant to Works Chief
Engineer, U. S. Steel Corporation, 3426 East 89th Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60617
Ralph H. Tutein, Sales Engineer, Yeomans Brothers
Company, 510 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois
James C. Vaughn, Engr. Water Puriflcator, Depart-
ment of Water & Sewers, 1000 East Ohio Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60611
G. Vlglin, Editor, Commerce Clearing House,
4025 Petersen Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
Fred A. Voege, Assistant General Manager, Ontario
Water Resources Commission, 801 Bay Street, Toronto 5, On-
tario, Canada
Thomas Voges, Supervising Chemist, Water and
Waste Treatment, Inland Steel Company, 3210 Watllng Street,
East Chicago, Indiana
Rob Warden, Science Writer, Chicago,Daily News,
Chicago* Illinois
R. V. Well, Assistant Manager Engineering, Sin-
clair Refining Company, 410 East Sibley Boulevard, Harvey,
Illinois
Glenn R. Wentinfc, Graduate Student, Sanitary En-
gineering, Purdue University, New Civil Engineering Building,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
George B. Wesler, Chief, Project & Basin Planning
Branch, Engineering Division, U. S. Army Engineer District,
Chicago, 219 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604
Roger S. Whitworth, Assistant Chief Chemist,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819 West
Pershing Road, Chicago, Illinois
Charles R. Williams, Sales Representative, Worth-
ington Corporation, 4020 West Glenlake Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois
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OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
James W. Williams, Chemical Engineer, Corn Products
Company, Post Office Box #3^5* Argo, Illinois
John D. Wolszon, Associate Professor of Sanitary
Engineering, Purdue University, Civil Engineering Building,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
Charles L. Woody, Assistant to Manufacturing Super-
intendant, Lever Brothers Company, 1200 Calumet Avenue,
Hammond, Indlana
Thomas Houser, representing U. S. Senator Charles
H. Percy of Illinois
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
PROCEEDINGS
OPENING STATEMENT
BY
MR. MURRAY STEIN
MR. STEIN: May we convene?
This is a meeting of the conferees representing
the States of Indiana and Illinois, the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago, and the U. S. Department of the
Interior. The purpose of this meeting is to evaluate progress
toward pollution control in the waters covered by the con-
ference in the matter of pollution of the interstate waters
of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet
River, Lake Michigan, and their tributaries.
The first conference session was held, under the
provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, on
March 2-9, 1965. A technical session of the conference was
held on January 4-5, 1966. The conferees then met in executive
session on January 31 and February 1, 1966, and the conclu-
sions of the conferees were announced at a public meeting on
February 2, 1966.
I think the bare facts of what was done scarcely
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
give the nature of the work that went into this, or the kind
of problems that were faced.
The participants in the conference recognize
what happened. We did have a report on the southern end of
Lake Michigan prepared by the Federal Government in coopera-
tion with the States concerned and the Sanitary Districts.
This report was very comprehensive and based on years of
study and analyses. We got the views of all the parties
concerned put on the record, and we had discussions between
the parties and tried to arrive at a conclusion that everyone
could agree to.
The Technical Committee represented what I would
consider the top technical staff of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration and Agency, the City of Chicago,
the Sanitary District, Illinois and Indiana, and representa-
tives of the steel industry and of the petroleum industry.
They met, I think, for a period of nine months to develop
requirements and criteria to govern the character and nature
of the quality of these waters.
When we look at the committee, I think it is fair
to say that I don't think if you scoured the country you
would have gotten a more distinguished Technical Committee
together to work on the problems.
We did come up with some hard and definite
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
conclusions. These conclusions were put forward and adopted
by the conferees. The conclusions are available, If you want
to read them.
As one of the reporters said, what was produced
was a little telephone book, and that Is about right, If you
want to look at It this way. There is quite a list of
numbers and various constituents which could be pollutants
and areas covered, and, like everything else, when you work
out the numbers, you come out with the final conclusion. The
answer looks simple, but it took a tremendous amount of work
to get this done.
I think again we should be proud of what is being
done here, because to my mind this Is democracy in action
in Federal-State-local-industri.al relationships coming into
play. We have shown that if we work carefully, and through
the democratic process, we can arrive at a solution that all
parties can adhere to.
We came to recognize In working this out that the
problem of water pollution control was so big and so complex
that the old conceptual notions of Federal-State-local-
industrial-municipal rights in a situation almost became
antiquated in dealing with the pollution problems. The Job
is so big that unless we all work together on this, we are
not going to get this Job done.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
One of the things we realized as we were develop-
ing this Job, and also on the basis of past experience —
because looking at the table here I think in large part most
of the people at this table are old colleagues who have been
associated with each other for a decade or two at least, and
there is a vast amount of experience on how things get done
in water pollution control — was to have periodic meetings
such as this, checking up on the problem.
I think all of us have found that in tne past,
necessarily, we have had to give realistic time schedules for
a clean-up. When such a schedule spreads over a period of
two, three, four years or more, unless you have a periodic
check-up, you are apt to get some slippage and the program
Is apt to fail.
In addition to that, I think we all recognize that
In water pollution control, we, at least at this head table
here, represent public agencies, doing public business in a
public manner, and you people are entitled to know Just how
well we are doing it, or if everyone is doing It, so that you
can see if we are on the track to clean up the waters, and
how soon we will clean them up.
The parties to this meeting are the Indiana Stream
Pollution Control Board, the Illinois State Sanitary Water
Board, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago,
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
and the U. S. Department of the Interior. Participation
in this meeting will be open to representatives of these
agencies, their invitees, and such persons as Inform me that
they wish to present statements.
The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board is
being represented by Mr. Blucher Poole, and he is accompanied
by Mr. Perry Miller. Mr. Miller was one of the representatives
on that famous Technical Committee.
The Illinois State Sanitary Water Board is being
represented by Mr. Clarence Klassen, accompanied by Mr. Douglas
Morton.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago is being represented by Mr. John E. Egan, who is
accompanied by Mr. Vinton W. Bacon.
The Federal conferee is Mr. H. W. Poston, who is
Director for this region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration of the Department of the Interior.
My name is Murray Stein and I am from headquarters
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and the
representative of Secretary Udall.
At the previous conference sessions the conferees
have adopted water quality criteria, programs of remedial
action, and time schedules. This meeting is being held to
review progress toward compliance with the time schedule
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
set by the conferees at the January 31-February 1, 1966,
meeting. That schedule called for preliminary plans by
December 1966, final plans by June 1967, and completion of
construction by December 1968. In addition, the technical
committee will report on progress being made toward coordina-
tion of laboratory techniques and procedures, and the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration will submit a report
on current water quality conditions in the conference area.
Now a word about the procedures governing the
conduct of this meeting. The State and Federal representa-
tives will be called upon to make statements, and they may
call upon participants whom they have invited to the meeting.
In addition, we may call upon any other interested individuals.
At the conclusion of each statement, the conferees will be
given an opportunity to comment or ask questions, and at the
conclusion of the conferees' comments or questions I may ask
a question or two.
A verbatim transcript will be made of the conference
by Mr. Al Zimmer. Mr. Zimmer is making this transcript for
the purpose of aiding us in preparing a summary of this
meeting, and also providing a complete record of what is said
here. We will make copies of the summary and transcript avail-
able to the agencies represented here. We have found that,
generally, for the purpose of maintaining relationships within
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
the States, that the people who wish summaries and
transcripts should request them through their water pollution
control agency rather than come directly to the Federal
Government. The reason for this Is that when the conference
has been concluded, we would prefer that the people who are
Interested In the problem follow their normal relations In
dealing with the State or city governments rather than the
Federal Government on these matters. This has worked success-
fully In the past, and we will be most pleased to make this
material available to these agencies for distribution.
We are in a courtroom, as you know, and this
carries with It certain obligations.
1. We have no public address system, so please
speak up.
2. Absolutely no smoking, and this includes the
adjacent rooms, if you get into them. The Judges are very
strict about this, and I guess for you, you can be ejected.
However, for me, maybe the penalty is a little more stringent,
since under the Federal Rules I am an officer of the court,
so we are going to be sure there is absolutely no smoking
here.
At the present time, I would like to say that we
have a representative of Congressman Edward J. Derwinskl in
the room, Mrs. Georgette Ossello.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
Mrs. Ossello, would you stand for one moment,
please?
MRS. OSSELLO: Thank you.
MR. STEIN: We did have word, though I am not sure,
that Senator Percy might have a representative here. Is he
in the room?
MR. HOUSER: Yes; Tom Houser representing Senator
Percy.
MR. STEIN: Thank you very much, sir.
With that, we will turn to Mr. Poston for the
Federal presentation.
By the way, anyone other than conferees, who wishes
to make a statement, please come to the lectern and announce
your name and affiliation before you make the statement for the
purpose of the record.
In addition, if you have any extra copies of your
statement, please give them to the reporter before you start.
Mr. Poston?
STATEMENT OP H. W. POSTON, CONFEREE AND
ACTING REGIONAL DIRECTOR, GREAT LAKES
REGION, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
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H. W. Poston
MR. POSTON: Thank you, Mr. Stein.
Fellow Conferees, Ladles and Gentlemen:
We are here today to evaluate the progress toward
pollution control In the waters of the Calumet area and part
of Lake Michigan. Two years have elapsed since the first
session of the conference adjourned and attention was focused
on the serious situation in the Calumet area. I am optimistic
today, much more so than I was two years ago, that these
waters can be cleaned up and that they can be kept clean.
My optimism is based on two things that have happened in this
two-year period: First, we have had momentous Federal and
State legislation, on the Federal level the Water Quality Act
of 1965 and the Clean Waters Restoration Act of 1966; second,
we have seen a marked change in public opinion and there is
now overwhelming public sentiment in support of clean water.
Let me elaborate briefly on these points. The
requirement establishing water quality standards on interstate
waters throughout the country was brought about by the Water
Quality Act of 1965. This represents a major departure in
water pollution control.
In taking this unprecedented step the Congress
said, in effect, that water pollution in this country has gone
far enough. The time has come to call a halt. From here on
there are going to be standards of quality for all major lakes
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H. W. Poston
and streams of this country, and those standards are going
to be enforced. This task is now at a crucial stage, and we
in the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration are
doing everything we can to help the States carry out the
letter and spirit of the law. There is much at stake and
time is running out. The purpose of the Water Quality
Standards Provision is both preventive and curative. Reduced
to fundamentals, the object is to preserve those waters that
are still clean and to restore to acceptable levels of clean-
liness those waters that have become polluted.
The enactment of the Clean Waters Restoration Act
of 1966 marked the beginning of a new offensive in America's
war on pollution. This landmark legislation makes it quite
clear that the Federal Government is prepared to do more than
it ever did before to win the battle for clean water. At the
same time, the Federal law calls for a comparable all-out
effort by the States, by the local municipalities, and by
American industry. Although the solution to pollution is not
merely opening the flood gates of the Federal Treasury, much
greater Federal financial assistance is now available than
has ever been before.
The amendment of 1966 contained authorization for
Federal grants for research and development. Under the com-
bined sewer program, over $8 million in grants has been
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H. W. Poston
awarded to cities for projects they proposed and helped
finance to demonstrate new methods of coping with this prob-
lem. Fourteen cities and local government districts were
awarded grants for demonstration and research projects on
advanced waste treatment processes.. East Chicago, Indiana,
has received grants under the combined sewer program and also
under the advanced waste treatment program.
There Is also authorization under the 1966 amend-
ment for doubling the amounts of monies given to the State
water pollution control agencies for furtherance of their
programs. These program grants are to be utilized by the
State agencies for the extension of their programs.
The new amendment Included new provisions relative
to the section dealing with grants for construction of
municipal waste treatment plants. The dollar limitation on
the amount of Federal funds in the project will,be removed
on June 30 and the limitations will then be on a straight per-
centage basis of the total eligible project cost. The new
amendment authorizes a maximum appropriation of $450 million
for next year and gradually increases the annual authoriza-
tion until 1971. The exact amounts that will be available
each year are determined when Congress rules on the Federal
Budget.
One other indication that the Federal Government
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15
H. W. Poston
means business and Intends to do Its share in the cleanup
is supported by the regulations governing tax credit for
construction of industrial water pollution control facilities.
Water pollution abatement works have been exempt from the
suspension of the investment tax credit if certain conditions
are satisfied. This means that under certain conditions,
industries can deduct up to seven percent of the cost of new
waste treatment plant construction from its income tax lia-
bility, notwithstanding the general suspension of the Invest-
ment tax credit. This is certainly an additional incentive
for industries to move ahead now in this cleanup program.
Already, some firms have sought information concerning the
procedures to be followed.
The second significant change, that of the change
in public awareness, has simply been a general raising of the
sights as to what can and should be done. People In this
area have come to realize that something must be done now to
protect and improve their heritage of clean water. I think
it can be said that the people are now taking the lead in
water pollution control. Public debate no longer centers on
whether or not we can afford the cost of waste treatment; the
question is now, "How soon can the job be done?" Prom the
articles and the accounts of meetings that I have seen, I
am convinced that the citizens of this country and their
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16
H. W. Poston
leaders want action now to restore the quality of the waters
to an acceptable level of quality and then make sure that
they are kept clean.
Most of the problems that existed two years ago
still exist today, but many of the problems are on the way
toward corrective action. Maximum cooperation and strict
adherence to the conference area-wide cleanup by December
of 1968 will be required to correct the existing pollution
problems. Many cities and industries have already initiated
actions recommended at earlier sessions of this conference.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is vitally
interested in seeing that the waters of the Calumet area,
the entire Great Lakes Basin and other basins throughout the
country are restored and protected for the future.
I believe that we as conferees, meeting here today,
have a great opportunity to map the strategy for victory in this
war against water pollution in this area. We have been given
the tactical weapons to do this. We have strengthened Federal,
and in many instances State legislation, and more is in the
offing; and, lastly, we have enthusiastic public support.
That is why I said at the outset I am optimistic that these
waters can be cleaned up at an early date, and kept clean.
In regard to the status of compliance of Federal
installations with the recommendations of this conference, I
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17
H. W. Poston
have asked Mr. Grover Cook, Chief Enforcement Officer of
the Great Lakes Region, to give us a report on this, and we
will hear from Mr. Grover Cook at this time.
STATEMENT OP GROVER W. COOK, CHIEF, EN-
FORCEMENT SECTION, GREAT LAKES REGION,
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MR. COOK: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies and
Gentlemen:
I am Gover Cook, Chief, Enforcement Section of
the Great Lakes Region, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration.
I would like to discuss the progress that has been
made since our last meeting.
The United States Coast Guard has developed and
installed a package secondary sewage treatment plant of the
extended aeration type with effluent chlorlnation at its
Indiana Harbor Light Station.
The Defense Material Supply Depot which is located
on Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana, discharges all sanitary
wastes to septic tank and tile drain field systems. Industrial
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18
G. W. Cook
wastes from this facility consists of cooling waters result-
Ing from air-conditioning and dehumidiflcation equipment
used in conjunction with the warehouse facilities. The
waste disposal facilities at this Installation are adequate
and in conformance with the requirements of the conference
summary.
The Naval Reserve Training Center in Gary, Indiana,
discharges approximately 870 gallons per day of sanitary
wastes to a septic tank and tile drain field system; and the
T. J. O'Brien Lock and Dam also discharges sanitary wastes
generated by the two or three persons at the lock to a
septic tank and drain field system.
There are four Nike sites in the conference area
which are still under the control of the Federal Government.
Several other sites have been phased out. All four of the
active Nike sites in the conference area have secondary
sewage treatment facilities. However, Site 45 is the only
site which provided effluent chlorination. Fifth U. S. Army
was directed by its command, Continental Army Command, on June
30, 1966, to provide chlorination facilities at the Nike site
in the conference area as soon as possible.
The Fifth Army representative has indicated that the
remaining three installations have been delayed pending an
evaluation of the facilities recently installed at Site
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19
G. W. Cook
Adequate effluent chlorlnatlon facilities are expected to be
in operation by September 1967.
However, we Just received a communication this
morning from the Department of the Army, that states as
follows:
'"Site C-45, Gary, Indiana.
"The sand filter bed was rebuilt under a
recent contract and a chlorine contact tank and
drip-feed method of chlorination installed. The
new filter bed did not operate properly due to
type of sand used. The contractor was requested
to replace the sand under the terms of the con-
tract and he has advised that the existing sand
will be removed and new sand installed approximately
30 March 1967. The sample of new sand submitted
has been approved by this headquarters as complying
with the specifications and will again be checked
during installation. The system will be in proper
operation in April 1967.
"Sites C-32, Porter, Indiana; C-46, Munster,
Indiana; and C-**7> Wheeler, Indiana.
"Chlorine contact tanks and drip-feed method
of chlorination will be installed in the sewage
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20
G. W. Cook
systems on these sites scheduled as follows:
"a. Designs to be completed in April 1967.
b. Bids for Installation to be requested in
May 1967.
c. Construction to be accomplished in June 1967."
Then they discuss the kind of laboratory operations
that they will perform routinely on these sites.
In the prepared statement, I had a statement that
a representative of the Fifth Army would be here to explain
why these facilities are not in compliance, but I think this
letter explains it fully. I am informed that the representa-
tive of the Fifth Army is not present.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Cook, will you read that entire
letter, please?
MR. COOK: I read the letter, Mr. Stein.
Completely?
MR. STEIN: Yes, please.
MR. COOK: I read everything except the following
sentence --
MR. STEIN: Why don't you put it in context?
MR. COOK: All right.
This is addressed the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, 33 East Congress Parkway, Chicago,
Illinois, Attention: Mr. William Riley.
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21
G. W. Cook
"Dear Sir:
"In accordance with your request, the following
information is furnished regarding the Army NIKE
Sites Sewage Systems in Indiana:
"Site C-^45, Gary, Indiana.
"The sand filter bed was rebuilt under a
recent contract and a chlorine contact tank and
drip-feed method of chlorination installed. The
new filter bed did not operate properly due to
type of sand used. The contractor was requested
to replace the sand under the terms of the contract
and he has advised that the existing sand will be
removed and new sand Installed approximately 30
March 1967. The sample of new sand submitted has
been approved by this headquarters as complying
with the specifications and will again be checked
during installation. The system will be in proper
operation in April 1967.
"Sites C-32, Porter, Indiana; C-U6, Munster,
Indiana, and C-^7* Wheeler, Indiana.
"Chlorine contact tanks and drip feed method
of chlorination will be installed in the sewage
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22
G. W. Cook
"systems on these sites scheduled as follows:
"a. Designs to be completed In April 1967.
b. Bids for Installation to be requested In
May 1967.
c. Construction to be accomplished In June 1967.
"Upon the completion of the Installation of the
chlorlnatlon systems, testing will be accomplished
as follows:
"a. Biochemical oxygen demand on Influent and
effluent - twice monthly.
b. Settleable solids on Influent and effluent -
once weekly.
c. Chlorine residual - twice weekly.
"Sincerely yours,
/S/ WILLIAM P. BANNISTER
LTC, CE
Post Engineer."
That is the end of the letter.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
MR. COOK: To continue, in regard to federally
operated vessels, only one Army Corps of Engineers tug
frequents the Calumet Conference Area at the present time.
This tug, which is operating in the Calumet River, has been
fitted with a macerator/chlorinator, as are all Corps of
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23
G. W. Cook
Engineers vessels and floating plants, which include dredges,
tugs, derricks, etc., in Lake Michigan in accordance with
directives from the Office of the Chief, Corps of Engineers.
Considerable attention has been given to the
subject of the disposal of dredged material since the
conferees last met, and the Department of the Army and the
Department of the Interior have reached an agreement on a
program and plan for attacking the problem of the disposition
of polluted material dredged from harbors on the Great Lakes.
I would like to enter into the record the news release which
fully describes the agreement and only briefly summarize the
provisions today,
I would like to enter into the record at this
time, Mr. Chairman, the news release which was recently
issued by the Corps of Engineers and the Department of the
Interior, and have it included in the record, if we could.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, that will be done.
MR. COOK: Then I would like to summarize what
that news release and agreement stated.
(The news release referred to is as follows:
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NEWS RELEASE
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G. W. Cook
DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
DEPARTMENT OP THE ARMY
For Release March 1, 1967
JOINT PUBLIC STATEMENT BY THE DEPARTMENTS OP
THE INTERIOR AND ARMY REGARDING DREDGING ON
THE GREAT LAKES
Th,e Department of the Army and the Department of
the Interior have reached agreement on a program and plan
for attacking the problem of the disposition of polluted
material dredged from harbors on the Great Lakes. The agree-
ment covers an interim program, effective immediately for
calendar year 196?, and a permanent plan of action to be
implemented as rapidly as alternate procedures can be
developed, tested and funded. The Federal agencies charged
with carrying out the agreement are the Corps of Engineers
for the Department of the Army, and the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration (PWPCA) for the Department of the
Interior.
By acts of Congress, the Corps of Engineers is
responsible for improvement and maintenance of the waterways
of the United States in the interest of navigation. These
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25
0. W. Cook
waterways are life-lines of America's growth, industrial
might and prosperity and their proper maintenance is an
exceedingly important responsibility of the Corps. The
Corps of Engineers recognizes that considerable time will be
required before complete treatment of municipal and industrial
waste will prevent the introduction of pollutants to the
waterways. During this time a means must be found to keep
the waterways open. Doing so involves dredging of polluted
material. The Corps is therefore studying alternate pro-
cedures for the disposal of the polluted dredging resulting
from these Industrial and municipal wastes.
The Department of the Interior (FWPCA) by
Congressional acts has the responsibility to enhance quality
and value of all water resources and to carry out, in coopera-
tion with State and local governments, a national program
aimed at the prevention, control and abatement of water pollu-
tion. Additionally, by Executive Order No. 11288, the
Department of the Interior shall provide technical advice
and assistance to heads of other Departments, who are to
provide leadership in the nationwide effort to improve water
quality through prevention, control and abatement of water
pollution from Federal Government activities.
The two agencies agree that Joint effort is
required for the development of acceptable alternative disposal
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26
G. W. Cook
means with the ultimate objective of providing leadership
in the nationwide effort to improve water quality through
prevention, control and abatement of water pollution by
Federal water resources projects.
In order to maintain navigation, the Corps of
Engineers will proceed with dredging in calendar year 1967
on 64 of the 108 channel and harbor projects in the Great
Lakes. A list of these 6^ projects is given at the end of
this release. While some of these projects are seriously
contaminated, disruption of local and national economies
would result if dredging were to be deferred this year; and
alternate disposal methods cannot be developed and funded in
time. Detailed observation and measurement of the polluting
characteristics will be Jointly conducted by the two agencies
during the dredging operations. These observations will in-
clude water and material sampling at the dredging site
before and after dredging operations and selected sampling
en route and at disposal areas with the objective of evaluat-
ing the effects of the operations. The analysis of the
samples will be done by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. These studies will serve to guide plans for
alternate methods thereafter.
For the longer range permanent plan, the Corps
of Engineers will initiate a pilot program for experimentation
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27
G. W. Cook
In March 1967* An amount of $1 million has been made
available for this program during fiscal year 1967, and the
President's budget includes $5 million for continuation of
the program during fiscal year 1968. The purpose of this
program is to develop, with the aid of consultants, the most
practicable methods for management of pollution problems
related to dredging operations on the Great Lakes that will
be consistent with the objectives of cleaning up our rivers
and lakes. The Department of the Interior is in agreement
with the pilot program and will participate in it. The pilot
program will investigate all alternate disposal methods, such
as along-shore diked areas, disposal at some distance inland
from the shore, and treatment methods, and evaluate pollution
abatement results.
Five localities have been selected for Institution
of the pilot program. The Green Bay project, where scheduled
disposal in an away-from-shore land site will permit develop-
ment of acceptable means of treating the polluted drainage
from such an area; the Cleveland project, which has a high
pollution index and where a favorable opportunity exists for
field experimentation with the dike types; Toledo; and
Detroit's River Rouge, where existing near-shore diked areas
are in use and where the Toledo site represents an intermedi-
ate pollution Index; and Great Sodus Bay, where there is a
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28
G. W. Cook
low pollution Index. In the Chicago area, the use of on-
shore disposal areas shows great promise and such areas are
being actively explored in connection with the forthcoming
maintenance dredging on the Calumet River. The work at
these selected areas in 1967 will provide a full-scale test
of ways for filtering the liquids draining back into the lake
from such areas, as well as confining the solids.
When acceptable alternate methods of dredge dis-
posal have been agreed upon, and at the earliest possible
time, the Corps will take appropriate budgetary action to
secure the necessary funds. This may require substantial
funds programmed over a period of several years.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
will contribute to the pilot study effort by providing leader-
ship in the development and implementation of an effective
program for measuring the pollutional effects of the materials
to be dredged. Skilled personnel, as well as fixed and mobile
laboratory facilities of that agency, will be made available
to analyze these materials for chemical, biological, physical
and other characteristics and thus determine the effectiveness
of the various methods proposed.
In carrying forward the nationwide Pederal-State-
local program to prevent, control and abate pollution in our
rivers, lakes and coastal waters, the Department of the
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29
G. W. Cook
Interior will further utilize all of its resources and
powers in the support of measures which prevent pollution
at the source. By June 30, 1967, the States will submit
quality standards and plans for their implementation for
approval by the Secretary of the Interior. As State plans
of implementation get underway., it la expected that the
quantity of polluting materials from municipal, industrial
and other sources deposited in navigable waters will be
drastically reduced. Thus, the pollutlonal effects of
dredging will be reduced in direct ratio to the success of
the nationwide control effort and improved methods of spoil
disposal.
The agreement announced today reflects the deter-
mination of the two agencies to present an example of what
the Federal Government must do to help preserve the incom-
parable values of the Great Lakes water resources.
Estimated Dredging Requirement - Calendar Year 1967
Lake Ontario
Projects: Rochester Harbor, N.Y., Oswego Harbor, N.Y.;
Great Sodus Bay Harbor, N. Y.; Little Sodus Bay
Harbor, N.Y.
Lake Superior
Projects: Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. & Wis.;
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30
G. W. Cook
Ontonagon Harbor, Mich.; Big Bay Harbor, Mich.;
Cornucopia Harbor, Wis.; Grand Traverse Harbor,
Mich.; Keweenaw Waterway, Mich.; Presque Isle
Harbor, Mich.; Whltefish Point Harbor, Mich.;
Little Lake Harbor, Mich.
Lake Michigan
Projects: Calumet Harbor and River, 111. & Ind.;
Indiana Harbor, Ind.; Green Bay Harbor, Wis.;
Two Rivers Harbor, Wis.; Kenosha Harbor, Wis.;
Muskegon Harbor, Mich.; Ludlngton Harbor, Mich.;
Frankfort Harbor, Mich.; St. Joseph Harbor, Mich.;
Grand Harbor, Mich.; Manistee Harbor, Mich.;
Waukegan Harbor, 111.; Michigan City Harbor, Ind.;
Manltowoc Harbor, Wis.; Sturgeon Bay & Lake
Michigan Ship Canal, Wis.; Menominee Harbor,
Mich. & Wis.; Holland Harbor, Mich.; New Buffalo
Harbor, Mich.; Racine Harbor, Wis.; Port
Washington Harbor, Wis.; Kewaunee Harbor, Wis.;
Pentwater Harbor, Mich.; Saugatuck Harbor, Mich.;
South Haven Harbor, Mich.; Charlevoix Harbor,
Mich.; Sheboygan Harbor, Wis.; Milwaukee Harbor,
Wis.; Maitowoc Harbor, Wis.; White lake Harbor,
Mich.
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31
G. W. Cook
Lake Erie
Projects: Cleveland Harbor, Ohio; Toledo Harbor,
Ohio; Loraln Harbor, Ohio; Sandusky Harbor,
Ohio; Fairport Harbor, Ohio; Ashtabula Harbor,
Ohio; Black Rock Channel & Tonawanda Harbor,.N.Y.;
Conneaut Harbor, Ohio; Huron Harbor, Ohio; Erie
Harbor, Pa.; Monroe Harbor, Mich.; Rocky River
Harbor, Ohio; Dunkirk Harbor, N.Y.; Holies Harbor,
Mich.
A decision respecting Buffalo Harbor will be made at a
later date.
Lake Huron & Connecting Channels
Projects: Channels in Lake St. Clalr, Mich.; Detroit
River, Mich.; St. Clair River, Mich.; Saginaw
River, Mich.; Rouge River, Mich.; Alpena Harbor,
Mich.; Cheboygan Harbor, Mich.; AuSable Harbor,
Mich. )
* * *
MR. COOK: The agreement covers an Interim program
effective immediately for calendar year 1967, and a permanent
plan of action to be Implemented as rapidly as alternate
procedures can be developed, tested and funded. The Federal
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32
G. W. Cook
agencies charged with carrying out the agreement are the
Corps of Engineers for the Department of the Army and the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) for
the Department of the Interior.
In order to maintain navigation, the Corps of
Engineers will proceed with dredging in calendar year 1967
on 6M of the 108 channel and harbor projects in the Great
Lakes. While some of these projects are seriously contaminated,
disruption of local and national economies would result if
dredging were to be deferred this year; and alternate disposal
methods cannot be developed and funded in time. Detailed
observation and measurement of the pollution characteristics
will be Jointly conducted by the two agencies during the
dredging operations. These observations will Include water
and material sampling of the dredging site before and after
dredging operations and selected sampling en route and at
disposal areas with the objective of evaluating the effects
of the operations. The analysis of the samples will be done
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
These studies will serve to guide plans for alternate methods
thereafter.
For the longer range permanent plan, the Corps of
Engineers has initiated a pilot program of experimentation.
The purpose of this program is to develop, with the aid of
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33
G. W. Cook
consultants, the most practicable methods for management
of pollution problems related to dredging operations on the
Great Lakes that will be consistent with the objectives of
cleaning up our rivers and lakes. The Department of the
Interior is in agreement with the pilot program and will
participate in it. The pilot program will Investigate all
alternate disposal methods, such as along-shore diked areas,
disposal at some distance Inland from the shore, and treat-
ment methods, and evaluate pollution abatement results.
Five localities have been selected for institution
of the pilot program. In the Chicago area, the use of on-
shore disposal areas shows great promise and such areas are
being actively explored in connection with the forthcoming
maintenance dredging on the Calumet River. The work at these
selected areas in 1967 will provide a full-scale test of ways
for filtering the liquids draining back into the lake from
such areas, as well as confining the solids.
When acceptable alternate methods of dredge dis-
posal have been agreed upon, and at the earliest possible
time, the Corps will take appropriate budgetary action to
secure the necessary funds. This may require substantial
funds programmed over a period of several years.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
will contribute to the pilot study effort by providing
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G. W. Cook
leadership In the development and Implementation of an
effective program for measuring the pollutlonal effects of
the materials to be dredged. Skilled personnel, as well as
fixed and mobile laboratory facilities of that agency, will
be made available to analyze these materials for chemical,
biological, physical and other characteristics and thus
determine the effectiveness of the various methods proposed.
In carrying forward the nationwide Federal-State-
local program to prevent, control and abate pollution in our
rivers, lakes and coastal waters, the Department of the
Interior will further utilize all of its resources and powers
in the support of measures which prevent pollution at the
source. By June 30, 1967, the States will submit quality
standards and plans for their implementation for approval
by the Secretary of the Interior. As State plans for
implementation get underway, it is expected that the quantity
of polluting materials from municipal, industrial and other
sources deposited in navigable waters will be reduced in
direct ratio to the success of the nationwide control effort
and improved methods of spoil disposal.
The agreement between the Department of the Army
and the Department of the Interior reflects the determination
of two agencies to present an example of what the Federal
Government must do to help preserve the incomparable values
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35
G. W. Cook
of the Great Lakes water resources.
In closing I would like to mention to the
conferees that at the July 28, 1966, meeting of the con-
ferees you may recall It was suggested that an evaluation
of bacteriological sampling and laboratory procedures was to
be evaluated. This was done on August 16-18, 1966, by Mr.
Edwin £. Geldreich, a specialist with the PWPCA research
laboratory In Cincinnati.
I would also like to call to the conferees'
attention and to the public the samples that are on the
desk in front.
These are samples that were taken from Indiana
Harbor on February 14, 1967, at the request of the State of
Indiana, and determinations were run for the percentage of
organic materials in these samples .
In the course of this, the chemist extracted the
oils from this, and the little vials that sit in front of
the larger Jars — the larger Jars contain the dried dredge
material, and actually the wet amount would be about twice
as much as in the Jars, but these are dried, and the oil was
extracted by several means, using several solvents. The
oily material is in the small vials in front. I invite you
to inspect this at the intermission, if you so desire.
Thank you.
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36
0. W. Cook
MR. STEIN: Just a moment, Mr. Cook. The floor
is open for comments and questions, and I have one right
there on your exhibit.
How much of that material did you use to get a
vial of oil?
MR. COOK: There is 100 grams in several of these
— I think most of them -- of dried sludge. This would be
about probably 200 to 250 grams of wet sludge as it came from
the river.
MR. STEIN: And that is comparable to one vial
of oil?
MR. COOK: That's right. Yes.
MR. STEIN: All right.
MR. COOK: About 2 percent, I think, is oil in
that bottom sample, on the average.
MR. STEIN: Are there any comments or questions?
MR. KLASSEN: I was Just wondering, Mr. Cook, can
you identify on the map where those samples were taken?
MR. COOK: Yes, I think I can. If I am wrong,
I hope somebody will correct me.
It would be right here in the Indiana Harbor
turning basin (Indicating). I think that is right.
Mr. Poole, probably you can correct it.
MR. POOLE: That is about right. Maybe a few were
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37
G. W. Cook
down to the south.
MR. POSTON: Mr. Bowden Is here, the man who
collected then.
MR. STEIN: Some people have asked about the pro-
cedure that we use at these conferences. Generally speaking,
we do not stand on ceremony, but we get the man who does the
work to provide the answer.
Mr. Bowden, can you do that?
MR. BOWDEN: Three of the samples were taken In
the canal, approximately here, here and here (indicating).
The fourth was taken right at the mouth of the canal, where
this large black dot is (indicating), and three others were
taken in the turning basin here, here and here (indicating).
This is the area that was indicated on the map,
that was going to be dredged.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response. )
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much, Mr. Cook.
Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: We have Mr. Bob Bowden here today,
who will give us a report on the surveillance program that
has been carried on. Mr. Bowden is in charge of the activity,
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38
R. J. Bowden
STATEMENT OP ROBERT J. BOWDEN, ACTING
DIRECTOR, CALUMET AREA POST ACTION
SURVEILLANCE PROJECT, FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, DEPART-
MENT OP THE INTERIOR, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MR. BOWDEN: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies and
Gentlemen:
I am Robert J. Bowden, Acting Director of the
Calumet Area Post Action Surveillance Project. This project
was organized, at the request of the States of Illinois and
Indiana, in order to assist them in the monitoring of the
Calumet area. Its basic function is to determine the quality
and changes in quality of the various waters of the enforce-
ment area and to report its findings to the States and to
the conferees so that they may evaluate the progress that has
been made.
My statement is a summary of two reports on the
water quality in the Calumet area. The first covers the six-
month period from January 1966 to June 1966 and Includes a
special section on the beaches which covers the entire 1966
bathing season. The second report covers the final six months
of 1966 and includes a comparison with the criteria that have
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39
R. J. Bowden
been adopted for the area.
I would like to have each of these reports
entered Into the record In Its entirety.
MR. STEIN: These reports will be entered into the
record as read, without objection.
MR. BOWDEN: These reports are based on data from
a weekly sampling program at 17 points throughout the area.
This data has been supplied on a regular basis to the two
States and the Metropolitan Sanitary District. The report
on the beached is based on a twice-weekly sampling program
that was carried out at seven beaches during the bathing
season. These beaches include Rainbow Beach in Chicago, two
Calumet Park Beaches, also in Chicago; Hammond Beach, Whiting
Beach, East Chicago Beach and the Hammond, Indiana, Beach on
Wolf lake.
The Chicago beaches sampled met the criteria
more often in 1966 than they did in 1965, but when they were
polluted, the pollution was Just as bad as it was in 1965.
The beaches in Indiana, being closer to Indiana Harbor, did
not meet the criteria as often as the Chicago beaches.
The Wolf Lake Beach was not subjected to serious
pollution and met the criteria 91 percent of the time during
the 1966 season.
The most serious source of lake pollution in the
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R. J. Bowden
area is the Indiana Harbor and the streams which flow into
it, the Grand Calumet River by way of the Indiana Harbor
Canal. This drainage system was sampled at six points] one
at the Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge over the Grand Calumet
River, which is Just downstream from the U. S. Steel complex
at Gary, Indiana; another at 151st Street on the Indiana
Harbor Canal, at Dickey Road on the Canal at the mouth of
the Canal, and two points out in the harbor itself.
All of these stations show the same water quality
trends. The bacterial counts were approximately one order
of magnitude lower during 1966 than during 1965. The con-
centration of industrial pollution indicators, such as phenols,
cyanide, sulphate and iron, were all higher, indicating that
more industrial wastes are being discharged than previously.
The Little Calumet River was sampled at Wentworth
Avenue, which is near the State line. The water quality of
this stream has improved greatly since 1963 but it still does
not meet the criteria established for it by the conferees.
The western portion of the Grand Calumet River
was also sampled near where it crosses the State line. Most
of the flow in this stream is effluent from the Hammond
Sewage Treatment Plant and several industries. Before July
1966, the stream was heavily polluted with an average coliform
count of 1.5 million per 100 ml. There was a considerable
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R. J. Bowden
improvement between July and November 1966, the average
coliform count during the period being 258,000 per 100 ml
or 1/8 of the previous level. In December 1966, however,
the coliform counts returned to their previous levels. Other
water quality indicators such as nitrogen, iron, phenols
and solids followed a similar pattern.
Even in its improved condition the stream did not
meet the established criteria.
Wolf Lake is a high quality body of water that is
located on the State line. The lake is used extensively for
fishing and all types of water recreation. .It has been
sampled at two points; One on a causeway across the lake at
the State line and the other in the lake outlet stream at
Carondolet Avenue.
The only serious pollution problem found has been
periodic detergent spills which cause foam on the lake and
restrict its use as a recreational area.
The criteria were met except for pH, ammonia
nitrogen and MBAS, which is a measurement of detergents In
the water.
Calumet Harbor has been sampled at three places,
on the harbor and two at the mouth of the Calumet River.
The natural flow of the river has been reversed so that water
flows from the harbor into the river. For this reason the
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42
R. J. Bowden
water quality in the harbor is good. The only major problem
is discoloration of the water near the river mouth by iron
discharged from the United States Steel Company's South
Works.
The four remaining sampling points are water in-
takes located in the southern end of Lake Michigan. These
include the Gary-Hobart Water Intake, the East Chicago Water
Intake, the Hammond Water Intake and Dunne Crib, which is an
intake for the City of Chicago's South District Filtration
Plant.
The waters at Qary-Hbbart and Dunne Crib are of
high quality and meet the criteria except for ammonia nitrogen,
The criteria call for an annual average of not more than 0.02
mg/1 and a single daily value of not more than 0.05 mg/1.
The annual average at both points was 0.07 mg/1 with a maximum
of 0.28 mg/1 at Gary West and 0.23 at Dunne Crib. Dunne Crib
is somewhat protected from pollution from Indiana Harbor by
the Calumet Harbor breakwater arid Gary-Hobart intake is
located far enough away so that it is not severely affected
by pollution from the harbor.
The Hammond water intake is most often affected
by pollution from the harbor and the East Chicago Intake
can be affected if the wind is from a westerly direction.
At East Chicago the criteria for total phosphates, iron,
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43
R. J. Bowden
cyanide, phenols, pH, ammonia nitrogen and color were not
met. At Hammond the criteria for total phosphate, iron,
dissolved solids, phenols, pH, ammonia, nitrogen and threshold
odor were not met.
It Is concluded that:
1. The water quality In the Little Calumet
River at the State line has greatly Improved
since 1963 and progress on domestic pollution is
still being made. The stream is still polluted
and does not meet the recommended criteria.
2. The water quality in the Grand Calumet
River at the State line improved considerably
during the period July 1966 to November 1966,
but deteriorated badly in December 1966. At no
time did the stream meet the recommended criteria.
3. The bacterial quality of the Grand
Calumet-Indiana Harbor Canal System has improved
since 1965 due to chlorlnatlon by municipalities
and sewer separation by Industries.
4. Industrial pollution of the Grand
Calumet-Indiana Harbor System has become more
severe since the 1965 conference, as evidenced
by increased concentrations of iron, phenol,
cyanides and other water quality parameters
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44
R. J. Bowden
indicative of industrial waste.
5. Wolf Lake is a relatively clean body
of water which meets the recommended criteria
except for ammonia, pH and MBAS. Occasional
detergent spills are the only significant pollu-
tion problem.
6. The water quality of municipal intakes
in the inner harbor basins (Hammond and East
Chicago) meets some of the criteria, however,
because of wastes from Indiana Harbor, does not
meet the criteria for phosphates, iron, phenols
and dissolved solids.
7. The water quality at municipal intakes
in open Lake Michigan waters (Dunne Crib and
Gary West) meets the recommended criteria except
for ammonia and pH.
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R. J. Bowden
(The following material was submitted by Mr,
Robert J. Bowden:
STATUS REPORT ON THE
CALUMET AREA POST ACTION SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE PERIOD
JANUARY THROUGH JUNE 1966.
ILLINOIS-INDIANA
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois
October 1966
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R. J. Bowden
PERSONNEL
Raymond E. Johnson
Project Director until Sept. 23, 1966
Robert J. Bowden
Sanitary Engineer
Acting Director after Sept. 23, 1966
David E. Vaughn
Sanitary Engineer until Aug. 23, 1966
Harold A. Bond
Microblologist until Sept. 2, 1966
Diane P. Gavel
Chemist
Anne Byrne
Microbiologist after Sept. 19, 1966
Joseph V. Slovick
Aquatic Sampler - Hydraulic Technician
William J. Degutls
Aquatic Sampler - Monitor Technician
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17
R. J. Bowden
Daniel Chorowickl
Aquatic Sampler
Lillian Ehlert
Secretary
INTRODUCTION
Part I of this report presents an evaluation
of the progress made toward improved water quality in the
Calumet Area as of June 30, 1966. This evaluation is based
on the results of the sampling program of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration Calumet Area Post Action
Surveillance Project. The waters reported on Include the
Grand Calumet River, the Indiana Harbor Canal, Indiana Harbor,
the Little Calumet River, Wolf Lake and its outlet and Calumet
Harbor.
Part II is an evaluation of the bacteriological
quality of eight beaches on Lake Michigan and one on Wolf Lake
which are located within the study area. This evaluation
covers the entire 1966 bathing season and is based on the
surveillance project's own sampling program, data provided by
the Chicago Park District and data provided by the Indiana
Board of Health.
Part III is a report on the status of the sur-
veillance project and its future prospectus.
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R. J. Bowden
The cooperation provided by the Indiana Stream
Pollution Control Board, the Illinois Sanitary Water Board,
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, the
United States Coast Guard and others in supplying valuable
information and facilities is gratefully acknowledged.
Background
Authority and Organization
A conference on pollution of the interstate
waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River,
Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their tributaries,
called by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
under the provisions of Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act (33 USC 466 et seq.) was held in Chicago,
Illinois, March 2-9, 1965.
Paragraph No. 14 of the Conclusions and Recommenda-
tions of the Conferees for this conference provided that
"Surveillance will be the primary responsibility of the
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
will make available a resident technical group and visiting
groups of experts which will assist the State agencies and
-------
R. J. Bowden
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago at
such time as requested by them."
The State of Indiana, on April 6, 1965* and the
State of Illinois, on April 16, 1965* requested an extensive
sampling program by the Federal Government to monitor the
quality in the Calumet Area. The Metropolitan Sanitary
District has not formally requested a sampling program, but
has requested laboratory assistance in the analysis of
samples they have collected and In special studies they have
conducted on chlorination of the effluent from their sewage
treatment plant. The Calumet Area Surveillance Project was
organized in the latter part of June 1965 to fulfill the
requirements of paragraph No. 14 and the requests of the
States.
On January 1, 1966, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was created within the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare and incorporated the sur-
veillance project.
On May 10, 1966, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was transferred from the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare to the U. S. Department
of the Interior.
Purpose and Scope
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50
R. J. Bowden
The purpose of the Calumet Area Surveillance
Project Is to assess the progress In the abatement of pollu-
tion In the conference area In cooperation with appropriate
State and local agencies. This is being accomplished through
a sampling program to monitor the water quality at various
locations within the conference area and a series of elec-
tronic water quality monitors to continuously monitor the
water quality at selected key points in the basin. Stream
flow measurements are being made so that laboratory analyses
in milligrams per liter can be converted to pounds per day.
The information obtained through Federal, State and local
sampling programs and the Information furnished by the
industries to the State or other responsible agencies on the
quality and quantity of their waste flows are evaluated.
Reports are prepared and presented 'to the conferees
and reconvened conferences on the current water quality and
the progress toward abatement of the pollution.
Description of Area
The Calumet area is a flat plain located at the
southern end of Lake Michigan and includes the Calumet-Little
Calumet River system, the Grand Calumet-Indiana Harbor Canal
system, Wolf Lake and its outlet. It Includes approximately
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51
R. J. Bowden
sq. miles and forms a part of the Continental Divide
between the Mississippi River Basin and the Great Lakes-
St. Lawrence River Basin. Approximately 60# of the area
drains to Lake Michigan and the remaining 40# drains to the
Mississippi River by way of the Illinois River. Despite
this fact, the area is not well drained. There are large,
marshy, low-lying areas which are subject to flooding during
and after heavy rainfalls. The streams are sluggish and
meandering except where they have been artificially main-
tained and/or supplemented by industrial or municipal waste
flows.
The Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet Rivers
both traverse the Divide. On the Grand Calumet the Divide
is normally located at the Hammond, Indiana, sewage treatment
plant outfall. Approximately two-thirds of the effluent
flows west into the Calumet River in Illinois and one-third
flows east to the Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake Michigan.
Rainfall and lake level conditions can cause the Divide to
shift to either the east or the west.
The location of the Divide on the Little Calumet
River is not definite and varies over a distance of several
miles in the vicinity of Highland, Indiana. The western
portion flows to the Cal-Sag Channel in Illinois, which
connects the system to the Illinois River. The eastern
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MICHIG A N
CALUMET AREA SURVEILANCE PROJECT
SCALE IN MILES
LOCATION MAP
CALUMET AREA
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATEN POLLUTION CONTROL ADM'.N.
Greqt Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
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53
R. J. Bowden
portion flows to Lake Michigan by way of Burns Ditch, which
discharges to the lake near Ogden Dunes, Indiana.
Flow in the Calumet River is controlled by the
O'Brien Lock and is directed from Lake Michigan to the
Cal-Sag Channel except during periods of heavy flooding or
unusually low lake levels.
The Indiana Harbor Canal, which was completed
in 1903, connects the Grand Calumet River to Lake Michigan.
The Grand Calumet River east of the Hammond Sewage Treatment
Plant outfall is tributary to Lake Michigan through the canal.
Wolf Lake is located on the Illinois-Indiana
State line between Chicago, Illinois, and Hammond, Indiana.
The original outlet from Wolf Lake to Lake Michigan has been
blocked and an outlet to the Calumet River in Chicago has
been constructed. The City of Hammond maintains a park
which occupies most of the Indiana shoreline of the lake.
This park and the lake are extensively used for recreation.
The Illinois portion of the lake is a part of the Wolf Lake
Conservation Area.
Cities and Industries
The major population centers in the area are
East Chicago, Gary, Hammond and Whiting, in Indiana; and
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R. J. Bowden
Calumet City, Chicago Heights and a part of the south side
of Chicago In Illinois. The area is highly industrialized.
There are ten major steel mills including the United States
Steel Corporation's Gary Works, Gary Sheet and Tin Mill,
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, and Inland Steel Company
in Indiana and United States Steel's South Works, the
Wisconsin Steel Company, the Interlake Iron Corporation, the
Republic Steel Corporation and the Acme Steel Company in
Illinois. There are five petroleum refineries including
the American Oil Company, the Cities Service Petroleum
Company, the Mobil Oil Company, and the Sinclair Refining
Company, in Indiana, and the Clark Oil and Refining Company
in Illinois. Other industries Include Lever Brothers,
Union Carbide Chemical, I. E. DuPont, M. &,T. Chemicals,
American Maize and a large number of smaller concerns.
These Industries are located in three major
groups. One group is concentrated along the Calumet River
in Illinois. Another is along the Indiana Harbor Canal and
the third is in Gary, Indiana, and discharges to the head-
waters of the Grand Calumet River. These three groups make
the Calumet Area one of the most Important Industrial centers
in the Nation.
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55
R. J. Bowden
DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS
Stream and Harbor Sampling Program
During the period January to June 1966, thirteen
stream and harbor stations were sampled on a weekly basis
for chemical and microbiological quality determinations.
Nine of these were sampled during the entire period. The
remaining four are lake stations that require a boat for
sampling. These were not sampled until March 31, 1966, due
to Ice and Inclement weather on the lake. The results of this
program are presented In Part I of this report.
Beach Sampling Program
Sampling on seven beaches In the area was Initi-
ated on May 31, 1966, and continued on a twice weekly basis
until September 15, 1966. Six of these beaches are located
on Lake Michigan and one on Wolf Lake. Five of the beaches
were sampled at their mid-points In water approximately four
feet deep. Two beaches, Rainbow Beach and Calumet Inner
Beach, were sampled at two points each at the one-third
points. Samples were collected on Tuesday and Thursday of
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56
R. J. Bowden
each week and analyzed for total conforms, fecal collforms
and fecal streptococci. This program was coordinated with
the beach sampling programs of the Chicago Park District and
the Indiana State Board of Health and data was distributed
freely among the agencies. The results of the beach
sampling program for the 1966 season are presented in Part
II of this report.
m
Hydraulic Measurements Prograi
No gauging stations are maintained by the U. S.
Geological Survey in the Grand Calumet-Indiana Harbor Canal
drainage system. Therefore, six continuous water level
recorders have been installed on these streams. The streams
are being gauged at these stations so that rating curves can
be developed for each station. The stage vs. discharge
relationship in the lower reaches of the Indiana Harbor
Canal is seriously distorted by fluctuations in the lake
level. For this reason no stage recorders have been installed
in this area. Special flow area and velocity studies are
planned in order to determine the effect of the numerous
industrial outlets in the area.
Information provided by the U. S. Geological
Survey and the Metropolitan Sanitary District will be used
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57
R. J. Bowden
as the basis for flow calculations on the Little Calumet
River, the Calumet River and Wolf Lake Outlet.
The purpose of this program is to develop flow
data for all of the sampling stations in the surveillance
area except for those located in Lake Michigan.
Automatic Monitoring Program
Many operations of the industries in the basin
require discharge of wastes on a batch basis, and wastes
from these tanks may be dumped at any time of the day, week,
or month, depending on the needs of the industry. These
discharges and accidental spills of oil or other pollutants
could pass into Lake Michigan or down the Illinois River
unobserved by a once-a-week sampling program.
During November 1965 an automatic water quality
monitoring station was installed in Indiana Harbor at the
East Breakwall Inner Light. This installation continuously
records the dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and tempera-
ture of the water flowing past this point into Lake Michigan,
A complete report on this Installation was given In the
report covering the period June through November 1965.
A second monitor was Installed during August 1966
to measure the same parameters at the mouth of the Calumet
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58
R. J. Bowden
River. This monitor replaces the semi-portable, temporary
monitor that had been located there during 1965. A complete
report on this new installation will be presented in the
report for the June-December 1966 period. It is planned to
mount the semi-portable monitor in a boat and use it for
profile studies of the various streams in the area. This
procedure should be of value in pinpointing specific sources
of wastes in the area.
An automatic sampling device will be Installed
on each monitor as soon as it becomes available. This device
will automatically collect a sample when one or more of the
parameters being monitored exceed certain limits.
Next year it is planned to install two additional
monitors and a central control station to which all the data
will be continuously telemetered. One monitor will be
located at Wentworth Avenue on the Little Calumet River and
will monitor the quality of the water flowing across the
State line at this point. The other will be located on the
Grand Calumet River below the industrial complex at Gary,
Indiana. This will monitor pollutants discharged to the
headwaters of the stream and 'may enable warnings to be given
to downstream uses of the approaching pollution. Eventually
a network of six monitors is planned for the area. This
network will be coordinated with the monitoring systems of
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59
R. J. Bowden
the States of Indiana and Illinois and of the Metropolitan
Sanitary District.
Biological Surveying Program
The kinds and numbers of aquatic plants and
animals inhabiting a particular body of water and the stream
or lake bottom beneath it, reflect the quality of the water
that prevails in the area. Some organisms are capable of
withstanding polluted conditions and will multiply rapidly
when competition from other less tolerant organisms is
eliminated. These pollution-tolerant organisms Include
sludgeworma, bloodworms, leeches, blue-green algae and
pulmonate snails. In an unpolluted environment the number
of these organisms is restricted by competition from other
species but when the other species are killed off by pollu-
tion they multiply rapidly. Therefore, the continuous or
sudden introduction of toxic wastes, settleable solids or
oxygen-consuming materials alters the composition of the
benthic population. A balanced population is not restored
immediately upon the return of optimum water quality because
of the lengths of the life cycles of those organisms which
vary from weeks to years. This fact makes it possible to
detect slugs of pollution that have passed through a sampling
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60
R. J. Bowden
station.
Fifteen substrate samples of the Dendy type were
made and used in the waters of the Calumet Area during
October through November 1965 on an experimental basis. The
results obtained from these samples have been compared with
the more standard dredge samples that were taken at the same
time. The results of this experiment are presented as an
appendix to this report. Further experimentation with this
sampling method is planned next spring.
Conclusions
1. The water quality in the Little Calumet River
at the State line has been improved considerably since 1963
but still does not meet the proposed criteria. There has
been no significant change in water quality since 1965.
2. The microbiological quality of the Grand
Calumet River-Indiana Harbor Canal system has been improved
considerably since 1965 due to separation of industrial and
sanitary wastes. It is still not at an acceptable level,
however.
3. The industrial pollution problem of this
system has not improved since 1965 and has, if anything,
become slightly worse. This is due to the fact that the
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61
R. J. Bowden
Industrial waste treatment facilities of most of the
Industries have not been completed and production in the area
has Increased.
J*. Wolf Lake is a relatively clean body of
water. The only pollution problem of any significance is
occasional spills of MBAS from Lever Brothers Company and
possibly batches of cyanide from an unknown source. Most of
the water quality criteria for this lake are being met.
5. The beaches in 1966 met the criteria for
bathing beaches a greater percentage of the time in 1966
than in 1965, but when they were polluted the pollution was
Just as bad in 1966 as it was in 1965.
PART I - WATER QUALITY
Stream and Harbor Sampling
Thirteen stream and harbor stations were sampled
for bacteriological and chemical quality during the first
six months of 1966. Samples were collected once each week
except that stations requiring a boat could not be sampled
during severe weather. All stream stations were sampled at
mid-stream except for Stations 6 and 11, which were sampled
at the water quality monitor intake. The samples for
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62
R. J. Bowden
bacteriological analysis were taken at a depth of 6 Inches
to 1 foot. The samples for chemical analysis were taken at
mid-depth or 10 feet in the case of navigable channels.
All of the samples were immediately preserved and/
or iced where required in accordance with procedure estab-
lished in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 12th Edition, 1965." Laboratory analysis on
samples subject to deterioration was initiated on the same
day they were collected.
Bacteriological analyses were performed in
accordance with "Standard Methods." Total coliform, fecal
coliform and fecal streptococci counts were made on each
sample. The results of these analyses are presented in
Figures 1-1 through 1-6. All values in Figures 1-1 through
1-6 and in the following discussion are the number of
organisms per 100 ml.
Chemical analyses were performed in accordance
with methods agreed upon at the Calumet Area Enforcement
Laboratory Directors' Meeting held on April 29* 1965. The
six laboratory conferees discussed the methods to be used
by all laboratories concerned with the Calumet Area Sur-
veillance activities.
Grand Calumet River at Pennsylvania R. R. Bridge (Station l)
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63
R. J. Bowden
This station is located upstream of the Gary
Sewage Treatment Plant where the bulk of the flow is industrial
waste from the United States Steel Company's complex at Gary,
Indiana, which has waste discharges located approximately
two miles upstream.
The nearest station for flow data is located
four-tenths of a mile downstream at Industrial Avenue. This
station is below the outfall of the Gary Sewage Treatment
Plant} therefore another station, approximately one mile up-
stream at Bridge Street, has been gauged. The Pennsylvania
R. R. bridge is not suitable for a gauging station. Flows at
the Pennsylvania R. R. bridge should be somewhat higher than
at Bridge Street because .there is one tributary which drains
an area north of the river between them. The average of seven
gauglngs at Bridge Street between October 1965 and June 1966
is 652 cfs.
As shown in Figures 1-2, I-*4 and 1-6, the bacterial
counts for January-June 1966 have dropped considerably from
the levels of June-November 1965. Total conforms varied
from 130,000 to 100 with an average of 22,500 and a median of
6,000. All of these values, while still high, are less than
10# of their 1965 levels. Fecal conforms varied from *JO,000
to less than 10, with an average of 5,700 and a median of 1,900,
These values are also about 1Q# of their 1965 levels. Fecal
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64
R. J. Bowden
streptococci showed a similar but less dramatic decrease,
varying from 4,000 to 10, with an average of 740 and a median
of 410, which are all less than 50# of their 1965 levels.
The fact that the 1966 data includes such cold
months as January, February and March, while the 1965 data
covers June through November, is responsible for a part of
this drop.
The fact that a large amount of cooling water is
discharged to the stream tends to minimize this effect, how-
ever. The minimum temperature during 1966 was 10°C.
The major part of this decrease is due to the
separation and diversion of sanitary wastes from the U. S.
Steel complex at Gary to the Gary sewage treatment plant.
Although there has been a considerable improvement in the
bacteriological quality of the stream, it still does not meet
the recommended criteria for the Grand Calumet River, which
calls for a maximum total coliform count of 5*000, except
during periods of high runoff.
Further evidence of the reduction in domestic
pollution is the increase in the dissolved oxygen which is
shown in Table 1-1. The maximum DO increased from 6.0 mg/1
in 1965 to 9.0 mg/1 in 1966, and the median increased from
3.7 mg/1 to 5.8 mg/1. Although a part of this difference
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65
R. J. Bowden
is due to the colder season covered by the 1966 data, some
of It must be attributed to the reduction in sewage pollu-
tion. The effect of the cooling water and the fact that
there was no corresponding rise In BOD support this view.
There is still a serious industrial waste problem
at this site. The median pH of 6.9 remained the same In both
1965 and 1966. On June 3* 1966, however, the pH was 3.60
and the sulphates concentration was 200 mg/1, compared with
a normal range of 50 mg/1 to 70 mg/1. This data indicates
that spent pickling liquor was discharged from one or more
of the upstream steel mills. A deep well injection disposal
system for this waste was due to go into operation during
July 1966. It is hoped that this will eliminate discharges of
this nature.
Phenol rose from a mean of 28 ug/1 to a mean of
126 ug^l. Some of this Increase probably is due to the
effect of the colder weather which tends to reduce their rate
of degradation, but in view of the large amount of cooling
water which tends to maintain the temperature, it must be
assumed that much of this Increase Is due to an increased
amount of phenol being discharged to the stream. One sample
in June 1965 contained 11.8 ugVl phenols and five June 1966
samples averaged 45.4 ug/'l. Suspended solids also Increased
appreciably from an average of 44 mg/1 in 1965 to an average
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66
R. J. Bowden
of 247 mg/1 In 1966. Cyanides appear to have increased from
an average of 0.03 mg/1 to 0.32 mg/1, but the 1963 data for
cyanides is undoubtedly too low. During December 1965 the
analysis for cyanide was changed in order to eliminate inter-
ference which was caused by other pollutants.
Oil has been reported on the surface each time
the station has been sampled since the beginning of the sur-
veillance, in spite of the fact that an oil skimmer is located
a few feet upstream from the sampling point.
The reasons for these increases in industrial
waste are not clear, but it is noted that a new basic oxygen
steel shop was opened during December 1965.
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CHICAGO
i jll (monitor)
-12
6?
TABLE I - I
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
GRAND CALUMET RIVER
STATION I
PENN. R.R. GC 336.6
Parameter
PH
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
NH3-N
i*02-N03 N
Org-N
Total PO^
Total Sol.
Total Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Chlorides
MBAS
mg/1
n
t!
n
n
it
n
ii
P0i+
ii
ug/l
mg/1
n
ti
ii
(i
June 1965-Nov.l965
Max Min Mean Msdian
7-2
6.0
17
59
186
3-7
7.5
7-3
0.93
0.32
23
100
0.19
70
365
-
-
4.
l.
5-
7-
1
1
7
9
29
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0
0.
26
87
32
06
10
00
7
00
170
-
-
6.7
3.6
9.8
32
56
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.28
0.08
7.9
28
0.03
44
245
-
-
6.
3-
8.
9
7
5
39
Jan. 1966 -June
Max Min Mean
8.0
9.00
16
49 200
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
6.
22
0.
59
6
4.4
69 H.3
6 1.2
24
06
6
01
235
-
-
Conductivity umho/cm -
Temperature
°C
31
15
24.6
26
0.58
0.41
48
320
0.63
025
380
40
0.28
765
28
3.6
2.50
2.4
21
37
1.5
0.18
0.0
0.11
0.02
3-2
18
0.00
30
205
14
0.07
308
10
6.8
5.83
8.6
28
66
2.4
0.89
0.40
0.26
0.19
9-7
126
0.32
67
247
20
0.14
399
16
1966
Median
6.9
5.80
8.6
27
56
2.4
0.55
0.4o
0.23
0.17
5-8
129
0.39
68
235
18
0.12
380
16
1965 data based on 19 samples except for: cyanide(l7); susp.solids(10); dis.
solids(9).
1966 data based on 26 samples except for: chlorides(19); ABS( 19); conductivity(19),
-------
68
R. J. Bowden
Indiana Harbor Canal at 15lat St. (Station 2)
This station was established In order to determine
the quality of the water In the canal where It Is formed by
the two portions of the Grand Calumet River. This station
Is affected by effluent from the Gary, Hammond and East
Chicago sewage treatment plants as well as the effluent from
a number of Industries on the Grand Calumet River. The Gary
and East Chicago sewage treatment plants are chlorinating
their effluent at present.
The total coliform count varied from 6,000 to
270,000, with an average of 55,000 and a median of 46,000.
These values are considerably below the June-November 1965
values which averaged 1,500,000, with a maximum of 4,300,000
and a minimum of 33,000, but are still very high and indicate
considerable sewage pollution.
The fecal coliform count varied from 500 to
150,000, with an average of 16,500 and a median of 6,800.
The fecal streptococci count varied from 50 to 16,000, with
an average of 2,810 and a median of 1,200. Each of these
parameters are lower than they were In 1965, but they still
indicate that a serious pollution problem still exists.
The counts at this station are considerably higher
than the counts at the Pennsylvania R. R. bridge (Station l).
-------
69
R. J. Bow den,
This could be due to flow from the Hammond sewage treatment
plant or flow from the Industries on the Grand Calumet River.
The reduction in the counts between the 1965
data and the 1966 data is probably due to a combination of
colder weather in 1966 and a reduction in domestic pollution
by the industries. This station is also affected by cooling
water discharges which reduce the effect of the colder
weather. The minimum water temperature during 1966 was 10°C.
The continuation of the sewer separation programs
by the industries and the completion of chlorinating facili-
ties by the sewage treatment plants should bring a consider-
able improvement in the microbiological quality of the stream
at this station.
The level of industrial pollution appears to be
rising. The average sulphates concentration rose from 56 mg/1
in 1965 to 88 mg/1 in 1966; the average iron concentration
rose from 2.4 mg/1 to 5.5 mg/1* the average cyanide concentra-
tion rose from 0.03 mg/1 to 0.19 mg/1; the average suspended
solids content rose from 30 mg/1 to 61 mg/1; and the average
phenol concentration rose from 19 ug/'l to 107 ug^l.
The maximum sulphate concentration of 138 mg/1
occurred on June 3, 1966, and can be traced to discharge of
spent pickling liquor from the steel complex at Gary, Indiana.
The pH at this station had risen to 6.5 from the 3.6, found
-------
70
R. J. Bowden
at Station 1, but la still the minimum pH found at Station 2.
Much of the acid was probably neutralized by effluent from the
Gary sewage treatment plant, which is located Just below
Station 1. Evidence of this slug of pickling liquor was also
found at the next downstream station at Dickey Road, where
the sulphate concentration was 122 mg/1, which is the maximum,
and the pH was 6.6, which is below the average of 6.9.
This increase in the level of industrial pollution
is due to the increased production in the area. Many of the
industries are due to submit plans for additional waste treat-
ment facilities to the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board
by December 1, 1966.
-------
71
CHICAGO
TABLE 1-2
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL
STATION 2
151st. STREET IHC 331.9
T.
^(monitor)
Lake Michigan
Parameter
pH
Conductivity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02-N03 N
Org-N
Total POjj.
Sol. POjj.
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Temperature
June
Max
7-3
umho/cm —
mg/1 5.0
n 22
11 65
" 71
tl
"
" 4.0
" 2.2
" 4.3
" 4.6
11 0.64
" 5-7
ug/l 4l
mg/1 0.17
11 59
11 640
°C 27
1965 -Nov.
Min Mean
6.7
—
2.1
4.4
7-7
50
—
—
0.77
0.23
0.30
0.52
0.19
0.78
9
0.00
16
240
13
7.0
--
3.6
7-9
29
56
--
--
1.8
1.2
1.5
1-3
0.49
2.4
19
0.03
30
315
20.6
1965
Median
7.1
—
3,8
7-3
14
56
--
—
2.3
1.1
1.3
0.81
0.48
1.6
15
0.00
27
280
20
Jan.
Max
7-9
530
B.I
22
60
138
70
0.61
4.7
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.32
17
228
0.44
110
375
26
1966 -June 1966
Min Mean Median
6.5
430
0.20
4.9
18
74
29
0.16
2.4
0.21
0.00
0.32
0.19
1.8
23
0.00
23
250
5
7.0
473
5-07
8.9
29
88
36
0.29
3.4
0.80
0.6
0.82
0.58
5-5
107
0.19
61
295
15
7.0
480
5.60
7.6
28
87
32
0.29
3-3
0.80
0.7
0.75
0.50
4.4
ill
O.l6
59
295
15
1965 data based on 9 samples.
1966 data based on 26 samples except for: Nfo, NOIf
(19); ABS(19) and chlorides(19).
Org-N(25); conductivity
-------
72
R. J. Bowden
Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road (Station 3)
This station is located two and a half miles down-
stream from 151st Street (Station 2) and is the last highway
bridge across the canal before it discharges into Indiana
Harbor.
The trends evident at the two upstream stations
are repeated at this station. The bacteriological counts are
lows in 1966, the dissolved oxygen highs, and the industrial
pollution greater.
The total coliform counts varied from 13*000 to
^M0,000, with an average of 116,000 and a median of 96,000.
As indicated on Figure 1-2, these values are considerably
lower than the June-November 1965 counts, but they are still
high and indicate severe pollution.
The fecal coliform count varied from 2,600 to
370,000, with an average of 71*000 and a median of 39*000.
The fecal streptococci varied from 3*10 to 52,000, with an
average of l6,7*»0, and a median of 5*300. Both of these para-
meters are high, but are considerably lower than in 1965* as
shown in Figures I-J* and 1-6.
This improvement is due to the separation programs
started by several industries to separate sanitary wastes
and send them to municipal sewage treatment plants. The
-------
73
R. J. fiowden
counts at^ Dickey Road are only slightly higher than those
at 151st Street. This indicates that, although the sewage
pollution contributed by the industries between the two
stations has been reduced, it is still enough to make up for
the normal die-off between the two stations. The average dis-
solved oxygen rose from 0.5 mg/1 to 3.10 mg/1, although two
zero readings were found during June 1966 and all the
readings during June 1966 were extremely low. It is evident
that there has been some decrease in sewage pollution.
The average sulphates concentration increased from
65 mg/1 in 1965 to 80 mg/1 In 1966; the average iron concentra-
tion Increased from 2.1(0 mg/1 to 3.16 mg/lj the average
phenol concentration increased from 20 ug//l to 1O2 ug^l;
and the average suspended solids content Increased from 14
mg/1 to 25 mg/1. It is noted that, as at the other stations,
the rise in phenols is magnified by the cold weather, but
this effect is minimized by the cooling water discharged to
the stream. The minimum water temperature at this station
during 1966 was 9°C. The average cyanide appears to have
Increased from O.OO mg/1 to 0.13 mg/1, but the 1965 data is
too low due to interference with the chemical analysis.
The concentration of sulphates, iron, phenols,
cyanide and suspended solids decrease toward downstream.
It must be pointed out, however, that the total flow Increases
-------
R. J. Bowden
considerably as you go down stream. The estimated average
flow at Station 1 Is 650 cfs; at Station 2 it Is 955 cfs, and
at Dickey Road It Is approximately 1,000 cfs. This additional
dilution water, the natural deterioration of phenols and
cyanides and the settling to the bottom of suspended solids
and iron, are responsible for this apparent improvement in
quality of downstream waters.
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE 1-3 75
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL
STATION 3
DICKEY ROAD IHC 334.6
T.
(Jfrnonitor)
Lake Michigan
Parameter
PH
June
Max
7-3
1965-Nov. 1965
Min Mean Median
6.3
7.0
7.0
Conductivity umho/cm
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
NBAS
NH3-N
NCg-NO^ N
Org-N
Total POl;
Sol. P0|^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Temperature
1965 data based
1966 data based
conductivity( 19)
mg/1
n
"
11
M
"
n
n
n
n
ii
ug/1
mg/1
ti
11
°c
on 19
on 26
2.9
11
48
77
—
—
3-1
3-5
3.8
0.91
0.57
3.8
42
0.00
23
340
29
samples
samples
0.0
3.5
0.0
46
—
—
l.l
0.31
0.08
0.24
0.01
0.88
1
0.00
6
240
13
0.3
6.3
23
65
—
—
2.3
1.1
1.9
0.57
0.26
2.4
20
0.00
14
260
23.0
except for:
except for
0.0
5.5
20
66
—
—
2.4
1.1
2.1
0.53
0.29
2.2
20
0.00
12
300
25
Jan. 1966 -June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
8.0
615
6.70
9-0
33
122
44
0.35
6.7
2.8
2.4
0.73
0.54
9.0
483
0.56
84
385
27
6.4
400
0.00
2.2
12
59
22
0.17
2.6
0.15
0.3
0.26
0.11
0.99
l£
0.00
6
220
9
cyanide (lB) and susp
chlorides(l9); ABS(l9)
6.9
501
3. 10
5-1
22
80
29
0.24
3.7
0.84
0.7
0.47
0.32
3.16
102
0.13
25
31*
15
7.0
505
4.10
5.3
22
78
29
0.24
3.6
0.75
0.6
0.46
0.29
2.3
6l
0.13
19
310
14
. solids (lO).
and
-------
76
R. J. Bowden
Indiana Harbor (Stations 4, 5 and 6)
Indiana Harbor was sampled at three points
during January-June 1966. Station 4 Is located at the mouth
of the Indiana Harbor Canal* upstream of the Inland Steel
and Youngstown Sheet and Tube turning basins. Station 5 Is
located Immediately downstream of the turning basins and
downstream from all Industrial outfalls to the harbor. The
average dry weather flow to Lake Michigan past this station Is
2,7OO cfs, but under certain wind and lake level conditions
lake water Is backed up Into the harbor for short periods of
time. Station 6 Is located at the east breakwall Inner light
which Is about 150 feet from Station 5 and contains a water
quality monitoring station. Station 6 was established during
January 1966 to correlate the monitoring program with the
sampling program.
Stations 4 and 5 are boat stations and cannot be
sampled in rough weather. During 1966 they were not sampled
until March 31, 1966; therefore the data at these stations
is affected less by the colder months.
The trends established at the upstream stations
are evident at these stations. At Station 4 the total coli-
form count varied from 5,100 to 77,000, with an average of
28,000 and a median at 15,000. These values are approximately
-------
77
R. J. Bowden
one-tenth of their level In June-November 1965. This Indi-
cates that progress has been made by the industries In
separating the Industrial and domestic wastes. The remaining
high levels of these counts indicate that a problem still
exists. Figures 1-4 and 1-6 show that the fecal coliform and
fecal streptococci are at the same level as in 1965. The
fact that total conforms decreased while fecal conforms
and fecal streptococci remained the same, indicates that the
remaining pollution is fresh and may be caused by passing or
moored vessels.
At Station 5 the total coliform count varied from
13,000 to 140,000 with an average of 66,000 and a median of
66,000. As indicated in Figure 1-2, these values are at the
same level as they w6re in June-November 1965. The fecal
coliform counts varied from 19,000 to 1,600 with an average
of 8,900 and a median of 8,700. Figure 1-6 indicates that
these values are considerably higher than in 1965. The
fecal streptococci counts varied from 1,100 to 32, with an
average of 279 and a median of 220. Figure 1-4 indicates
that these values are in the same range as in 1965, but that
the average is somewhat lower.
At Station 6, near the monitor, the total coliform
count varied from 330,000 to 1,000, with an average of 34,000
and a median of 15,000. The fecal coliform varied from
-------
78
R. J. Bowden
5,800 to less than 10, with an average of 1,929 and a mean
of 1,700. The fecal streptococci varied from 1,600 to 15,
with an average of 355 and a median of 190. As shown in
Figures 1-2 and 1-6, the average median and minimum counts
for total and fecal coliform are significantly lower than
the counts at Station 5, which is only 150 feet away. Station
6 was sampled during the entire period from January to June,
whereas Station 5 was only sampled from April to June because
it is a boat station. Thus a comparison of the data from
these two stations gives some indication of the effect of
the colder months on the bacteriological data. It is
interesting to note that the fecal streptococci counts were
not affected nearly as much by the colder weather. This
phenomenon has been noted throughout all of the data collected
by the Project.
The counts in the harbor are all lower than those
at Dickey Road (Station 3). This is partially due to the
fact that there is a much greater dilution factor in the
harbor. The estimated flow at Station 5 is 2,700 cfs versus
1,000 cfs at Dickey Road. There is still a considerable
amount of bacteriological pollution being discharged to
Lake Michigan in close proximity to several water supply
intakes and bathing beaches. The improvement in the sanitary
condition of the canal is not as dramatic at Stations 4 and
-------
79
R. J. Bowden
5 as It Is at the upstream stations. At Station 4 the average
dissolved oxygen Increased slightly from 3.4 mg/1 In 1965 to
3.74 mg/1 in 1966, and total coliform is the only bacterial
count that showed a significant decrease. At Station 5 the
dissolved oxygen rose slightly, but the bacterial counts were
higher in 1966 than in 1965. The sanitary conditions at these
stations are undoubtedly affected by vessel pollution.
At Station 4 the average sulphate concentration
rose from 51 mg/1 in 1965 to 65 mg/1 in 1966, and the phenols
rose from an average of 12 ug/i in 1965 to 18 ug/i in 1966.
Cyanide appears to have risen from an average of 0.00 mg/1
to 0.07 mg/1, but interference with the analysis affected the
1965 data. The average concentration of iron at Station 4
remained the same, but is considerably higher at Station 4
than at Station 3, which indicates that a considerable amount
of iron is being discharged to the canal between these two
stations.
Station 6, which was not sampled in 1965j is
located about 300 feet from Station 5. A comparison of
Tables 1-5 and 1-6 indicates that there is no significant
difference in the data between these two stations except that
the dissolved oxygen is higher at Station 6. This is probably
due to the turbulence around the structure and the large
-------
80
R. J. Bowen
growths of algae on the structure. Station 6 was sampled
during January, February and March, while Station 5 was
not. This, of course, increased the average DO, but the
average DO at Station 6 from March 31, 1966, through June
29, 1966, was 5.89 mg/1, which is still higher than the 4.63
mg/1 found at Station 5.
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE 1-4 81
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF V/ATER
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL
STATION 4
INNER LIGHTS |HC 335.7
•™L.
-^
Parameter
PH
Conductivity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NHo-N
N02-N03 U
Org-N
Total PO]^
Sol. PO^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solias
Dis. Solids
Temperature
J JT
^
June
Max
7.3
umho/cm --
mg/1 5-9
9.1
" 67
62
"
MM
1.4
0.74
1.7
0.23
0.10
5.0
ug/1 21
mg/1 0.01
105
255
°c 25
^^
1965 -Nov. 1<
Min Mean
6.9
—
2.4
2.8
0.0
34
—
—
0.75
0.29
0.30
0.08
0.03
2.1
6
0.00
10
215
17
7.1
--
3.4
4.8
20
51
—
• —
l.l
0.42
1.1
0.16
0.06
3.1
12
0.00
36
240
21.8
J^Sr*
I
?65
Median
7.1
—
2.4
3-7
9-3
54
--
—
1.1
—
1-3
0.15
0.06
2.6
9
0.00
13
250
22
Jan
Max
8.0
460
5-2
5.0
IB
84
30
0.25
5-6
0.55
0.9
0.27
0.19
4.9
26
0.25
81
305
24
. 1966-June
Min Mean
6.8
385
2.05
2.4
11
23
21
0.07
2.2
0.11
0.0
0.09
0.06
1.5
11
0.00
11
230
12
7.1
419
3-74
3.8
13
65
25
0.17
3-2
0.31
0.4
0,18
0.14
3.0
18
0.07
21
263
18
1966
Median
7.0
420
3-60
4.1
15
70
25
0.17
3.0
0.30
0.4
0.20
0.15
3.0
IB
0.07
16
265
19
1965 data based on 6 samples except for:
1966 data based on 32 samples except for
susp. solids(4) and dis.solids(s).
NH3, N03, and Org-N (ll).
-------
CHICAGO
if:I (monitor)
•12
82
TABLE 1-5
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
INDIANA HARBOR
STATION 5
OUTER LIGHTS IHC 336.2
^(monitor)
Lake Michigan
Parameter
pH
June
Max
7-3
1965-Nov.
Min Mean
6.9
7.1
1965
Median
7.1
Conductivity umho/cm
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
NO/>fN03 N
Org.-N
Total PO^
Sol. P0]^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Turbidity
Temperature
1965 data based
1966 data based
mg/1
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
ug/1
mg/1
"
"
units
°C
6.1
13
67
54
— •
—
1.4
0.59
1.4
0.21
0.12
3.0
7
0.01
13
255
—
26
1-9
2.3
8.4
32
—
--
0.26
0.10
0.1O
0.06
0.03
1.3
0
0.00
3.0
230
--
17
on 6 samples except
on 12 samples.
4.2
4.5
20
45
—
—
0.89
0.42
0.73
O.lA
0.07
1-9
4
0.00
5.0
175
--
22.2
for:
4.2
3.0
8.6
50
—
—
0.73
0.44
0.71
0.15
0.07
1.7
3
0.00
5.0
235
—
21
Jan
Max
7.9
420
6.65
5-5
27
81
26
0.21
4.4
0.45
0.8
0.19
0.11
5.6
19
0.19
3.7
280
11.2
23
susp. solids (4)
. 1966-June 1966
Min Mean Median
6.8
350
3.05
2.0
8
45
16
0.10
1.5
0.12
0.00
0.08
0.00
1-3
5.4
0.01
9.0
205
1.8
12
and dis
7.0
384
4.63
3-3
13.3
62
22
0.14
2.4
0.29
0.2
0.12
0.07
3-0
10.4
0.05
14.8
240
6.3
17
. solids
7.0
385
4.80
3.5
13
62
23
0.14
2.4
0.32
0.2
0.14
0.08
3.1
10.0
0.02
13
235
6.2
17
(3).
-------
CHICAGO
i J[ I (monitor)
12
83
TABLE 1-6
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
INDIANA HARBOR
STATION 6
EAST BREAKWALL INNER LIGHT IHC 336.25
(monitor) WATER QUALITY MONITORING STA.
Lake Michigan
Parameter
pH
Conductivity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-H
NOg-lK^ H
Org.-N
Total P0]^
Sol. PO^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Temperature
June 1965-Hov. 1965
Max Miu Mean Median
umho/an
mg/1
ii
it
H
"
it
11
"
11
ii
"
"
ug/1
mg/1
"
"
°C
Jan.
Max
8.0
46o
8.0
5.6
37
77
32
•35
2.8
0.70
2.1
0.34
0.30
8.1
^5
0.20
46
265
19
1966-June 1966
Min Mean Median
6.6
320
2.80
1.7
4.0
&
OX)
.08
0.19
0.12
0.2
0.08
0.03
1.3
1.4
0.00
8
200
6
7-07
372
6.50
3.4
12.0
59
21
.15
1.9
0.42
0.6
0.14
0.09
3-1
15.6
0.08
17
239
02
7.0
385
7.1
3.6
11.0
66
22
•15
1.9
0.40
0.5
0.13
0.08
3-0
14
0.07
15
240
02
Station not sampled during 1965.
1966 data based on 26 samples except for: chlorides(19); ABS(19).
-------
84
ft. J. Bowden
Grand Calumet River at Indiana Harbor Belt R. R. Bridge
(Station 7)
This station is located in Illinois Just across
the Illinois-Indiana State line and is designed to measure
the amount of pollution crossing the State line. This
station is one of the control points established by the
Calumet Area Technical Committee.
The bulk of the dry weather flow in this stream
is made up of effluent from the Hammond Sewage Treatment
Plant and industrial effluent from one steel company and
several smaller companies.
The stream at this point is grossly polluted.
The twenty-six samples collected by the Surveillance Project
during the period of this report had a maximum total coli-
form count of 5,300,000, a minimum of 28,000, a mean of
970,000, and a median of 590,000. As can be seen in Figure
1-1, these values compare closely to the values for June-
November 1965. Figures 1-3 and 1-5 Indicate that fecal
coliform and fecal streptococci are considerably higher in
1966. The maximum fecal streptococci rose to 530,000, with
a minimum of 500, a mean of 35,000, and a median of 12,000.
The fecal coliform ranged from 1,000 to 620,000, with a mean
of 106,000 and a median of 63,000. The mean and median for
both fecal streptococci and fecal coliform rose considerably
-------
85
R. J. Bowden
from their June-November 1965 levels. This Increase is
significant because the colder months of January, February
and March would normally cause a decrease.
The chemical data presented in Table No. 1-7
indicates an average chloride content of 8? mg/1, an average
sulphate content of 187 mg/1, an average ammonia content
of 14.7 mg/1, an average total phosphate content of 7*67
mg/1, and an average dissolved solids content of 688 mg/1.
All of these parameters are considerably above the recommended
criteria and are normally found in raw or partially treated
sewage.
The industries above this station probably
contribute a considerable quantity of the sulphates found
at the station, but the other parameters such as Iron, phenol
and cyanide, which are normally associated with the steel
industry, are not high. The primary source of the pollution
at this point appears to be the sewage treatment plant at
Hammond.
-------
CHICAGO
L.
86
TABLE 1-7
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
GRAND CALUMET RIVER
STATION 7
INDIANA HARBOR BELT R.R. BRIDGE GC 3283
£ (monitor)
Lake Michigan
Parameter
PH
Conductivity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
NOglK^ N
Org-N
Total POj^
Sol. PO^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dls. Solids
Turbidity
Temperature
umho/cm
mg/1
"
"
"
"
n
"
"
"
n
"
"
ug/1
mg/1
"
11
units
oc
1965 data based on 9
1966 data based on 26
ABS(19).
June
Max
7.2
—
5-4
20
1O8
282
—
—
7.8
13
3.7
12
9.2
17
46
0.12
155
705
—
21
samples.
samples
1965-Hov. 1965
Min Mean Median
6.5
—
0.0
4.6
16
52
—
--
1.2
1.2
0.05
5.4
1.3
0.27
4
0.00
7
58
--
6
7-0
—
2.7
11
47
179
—
—
2.9
5-3
0.90
7-7
5.2
2.8
18
0.02
38
480
—
15-9
except for
7.0
—
2.7
7-3
26
179
—
—
2.4
4.6
1.8
6.9
5.5
0.82
16
0.00
20
540
—
17
Jan
Max
8.2
1150
6.4
104
224
280
2Bo
1.8
12
15
6.6
16.0
10.1
7.9
90
0.05
no
770
19.5
23
. 1966-June
Min Mean
6.8
410
0.00
3.2
25
76
22
• 15
0.55
1.1
0.6
0.90
0.3
0.6
3-1
0.00
5
270
1.8
3
7.24
922
4.00
26.4
67
187
87
•70
4.72
6.3
2.4
7.67
2.9
2.13
24.4
.0096
38
668
6.2
n
: turbidity(l9); calorides(l9)
1966
Median
7.2
1020
"4.2
21
56
192
85
.63
3.9
6.4
1.9
7.0
2.0
1-3
19
.01
28
700
5.1
9
•
t
-------
87
R. J. Bowden
Little Calumet River at Wentworth Avenue gtation 8)
The Wentworth Avenue station was established
to monitor the wastes In the Little Calumet River flowing
from Indiana to Illinois. The station lb located approxi-
mately one-half mile downstream from the State line and is
one of the control points established by the Calumet Area
Technical Committee. The closest gauging station for flow
data is a United States Geological Survey station located
about one mile upstream at Hohtnan Avenue. There are no sig-
nificant sources of flow between the two stations.
As reported in the report covering the oerlod
June-November 1965 considerable progress has been made on
this stream since the Great Lakes Illinois River Basin Project
sampled it in 1963. The twenty samples taken by the GLIRB
Project during August and September of 1963 indicated severe
pollution from domestic sewage, with an average total coll-
form count of 1,600,OOO and a minimum of 130,000. The
average value for fecal streptococci during this period was
80,000, with a minimum of 19,000. In 1965 the average total
coliform count was 800,000, with a maximum of 3,500,000 and
a minimum of 20,000. The average fecal streptococci had
been reduced to 6,300, with a maximum of 150,000 and a
minimum of 13,000.
-------
88
R. J. Bowden
The data for the first six months of 1966 is
somewhat lower. As indicated in Figure 1-1, the total coli-
fortn ranged from 13,000 to 2,200,000, with an average of
330,000 and a median of 110,000. This reduction is probably
due to the lower counts during the colder months of January,
February and March, and it does not appear that the quality
of the water has changed substantially since 1965.
Table 1-8 indicates the average dissolved oxygen
in January-June 1966 was 6.4 mg/1, compared with 1.8 mg/1
for June-November.1965. The DO for June 1966, however, was
below 2.0 mg/1, and is comparable to the DO for June 1965.
Therefore, this apparent improvement in DO is probably the
result of the cold weather samples. Table 1-8 further shows
that BOD and COD decreased somewhat, but sulphates Increased.
Ammonia and organic nitrogen both decreased slightly, while ni-
trates increased. Total phosphates and soluble phosphates
decreased slightly, while phenols increased. The increase
in phenols is also due to the colder months, since it is not
degraded as rapidly at lower temperatures. The suspended
solids decreased while the dissolved solids increased.
The stream at this point is not as grossly
polluted as it was in 1963, but it still does not meet the
criteria recommended by the technical committee. The Improve-
ment is due to the diversion of sewage from Griffith and
-------
89
R. J. Bowden
Highland to the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant. The remain-
Ing problems are due to some industrial pollution, combined
sewer overflows and storm sewer outfalls. The combined
sewer overflows are probably the cause of the high bacteria
counts still found at this station on several occasions.
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE 1-8 9o
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER
STATION 8
WENTWORTH AVE LC 332.2
6 (monitor)
Lake Michigan
Parameter
pH
Conductivity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02-H03 N
Org-N
Total POjj.
Sol. PO^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Turbidity
Temperature
June 1965-Hov. 1955
Max Mln Mean Median
umho/cm
mg/1
n
n
n
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
11
ug/1
mg/1
"
"
units
°C
1965 data based on 19
dissolved solids(lO).
1966 data based on 25
chlorides(l9), ABS(l9)
8.8
--
5-0
35
79
310
--
--
3.7
l*.l*
8.6
14
9-7
3.8
38
.12
705
6i*o
—
21*
samples
samples
7.1
—
0.0
3-9
5.9
57
--
—
0.1*2
o.oi*
0.13
1.5
0.51
0.1*5
0
0.00
17
110
--
k
except
except
7.4
—
1.8
13
45
172
—
--
2.1
1.3
3.2
5-3
3.4
1-5
8
7.3
—
1.5
10
51
170
—
—
2.1
0.72
2.8
4.5
3.6
1.2
6
0.01 0.00
175
470
—
1*1
505
—
16.2 IB
for
for
Jan. 1966-June 1906
Max Mln Mean Median
8.0
1220
11,0
16
89
300
55
.76
3.1
4.3
2.95
6.9
3-1
3.1
39
.02
980
860
1X>3
23
7.0
1*25
0.2
3-9
20
101
17
.15
•35
.12
0.8
.22
0.0
.1*4
.24
.00
13
255
1.2
0
7-5
808
6.1*
8.2
45
T QrT
Ifl |
1*1
.28
1.1*
1.7
1.7
3-5
l.l*
1.0
12.1*
.005
89
595
15.6
8
7.5
765
7.3
7.8
39
1BO
44
.25
l.l*
1.8
l.l*
3-0
1.1
.91
9-3
.00
32
570
9.0
7
cyanide (IT); susp. solids ( 10);
turbidity (25); conductivity (IB)
-------
91
R. J. Bowden
Wolf Lake and Outlet (Stations 9 and 10)
Wolf Lake, which Is located on the Indiana-
Illinois State line, has been sampled at two points. Station
9 Is directly on the State line, which runs along a causeway
that bisects the lake. This station monitors the quality of
the water crossing the State line, and has been established
as a control point by the Calumet Area Technical Committee.
Station 10 is located on the Wolf Lake outlet at Carondolet
Avenue about 3,OOO feet downstream from Wolf Lake and monitors
the quality of the water leaving the lake.
The quality of the water at Station 9 is good and
meets the recommended criteria in most respects. During the
first six months of 1966 the total coliform count ranged
from 4 to 1,300, with an average of 116 and a median of 50.
The fecal coliform counts ranged from less than 1 to 660,
with an average of 38 and a median of 6. The fecal strepto-
cocci varied from less than 1 to 50, with an average of 12
and a median of less than 10. Figures 1-2 and 1-4 show that
the total coliform and fecal streptococci are lower than in
June-November 1965, while the fecal coliform remained the
same. The 1966 data is biased by the cold months, the
temperature being zero degrees centigrade for over a month.
The data indicates no significant change in quality since
-------
92
R. J. Bowden
1965.
The criteria for ammonia are not met but the
maximum value was 0.36 mg/1, which does not indicate a
serious problem. The ammonia content appears to have increased
slightly since 1965, but the 1965 data is based on only two
samples and is not affected by the colder temperatures which
inhibit the microbiological action that breaks down ammonia.
The nitrates and organic nitrogen which are products of that
microbiological action decreased slightly in the 1966 data.
The only pollution problem which is evident at this
station is MBAS. MBAS concentrations vary from a maximum of
0.19 mg/1 to 0.10 mg/1, with an average of 0.12 mg/1 and a
median of 0.11 mg/1. These values are considerably above the
recommended criteria and foam has been noted on the lake on
several occasions. On two occasions during August of 1966
our beach sampler reported that the lake was covered with
foam and all recreational uses were suspended.
The detergents originate at the Lever Brothers
Company. In general, these wastes do not inhibit the use of
the lake, which is widely used for swimming, boating, fishing
and water skiing, but on occasion an acute problem Is caused
by spills or accidental discharges which prevent all use of
the lake, and could possibly affect the fish population of
the lake if the foam persisted for an extended period.
-------
93
R. J. Bowden
On January 26, 1966, 0.35 mg/1 of cyanide was
found at Station 9. The source of this cyanide is not known.
It Is possible that this is an erroneous finding since no
cyanide was detected In the other 25 samples taken at this
point, and none was found in the outlet at Station 10 on that
date. Cyanides were detected at Station 10 on four occasions
but never more than 0.02 mg/1. It is possible that occasional
discharges are coming from one of the industries on the lake.
The water quality at Station 10 is generally the
same as at Station 9. The sulphates and phenols are some-
what higher and the solids content is slightly increased,
but all of the other parameters are almost equal. The solids
content would normally be higher in a small stream running
through an area of dense vegetation than in an open lake, but
the reasons for the Increased phenols and sulphates are not
clear.
-------
CHICAGO
ijll (monitor)
^
L
TABLE 1-9
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
WOLF LAKE
STATION 9
CULVERT ON INDIANA-ILLINOIS STATE LINE
(monitor) IRS 330.2
Lake Michigan
Parameter
pH
Conductlvity-
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH^-N
N0£-N03 IT
Org-N
Total P0ij.
Sol. POj^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Turbidity
Temperature
umho/cm
mg/1
"
"
"
M
II
II
II
II
II
"
II
ug/1
mg/1
"
"
units
°c
June
Max
8.2
--
11.0
5.5
23
60
—
—
0.26
0.40
0.94
0.15
0.00
0.38
20
0.00
51
265
—
—
1965-Nov. 1965
Mln Mean Median
8.1
—
10.0
3.7
22
46
—
--
0.07
0.38
0.82
0.11
0.00
0.28
1
0.00
2.4
255
—
—
Jan
Max
9.8
460
15
7.8
26
69
38
.19
.56
1.2
1.19
.34
.07
.56
19
• 35
48
320
4.2
24
. 1966 -June
Mln Mean
7-5
350
7-70
1.9
10
45
27
.10
.02
.03
.51
.04
.00
.04
.14
.00
4
1BO
0.5
0
8.1
414
1966
Median
8.0
400
11.04 11.2
3-9
18
55
31
.12
.28
.38
.76
.11
.02
.24
3.05
.01
13
268
2.3
8
3-7
18
55
30
.11
.30
.30
•71
.08
.02
.22
2
.00
9
265
2.1
5
1965 data based on 2 samples.
1966 data based on 26 samples except for sol.phosphate(25)', conductivity(19)
turbidity(19); ABS(l9); chlorides(l9).
-------
CHICAGO
I fit (monitor)
12
TABLE I- 10 95
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
WOLF LAKE CHANNEL
STATION 10
CARONOOLET AVE IRS 328.9
1
(monitor)
Lake Michigan
^
Parameter
PH
Conductivity ui
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
HHo-N
NCg-HOj N
Org-H
Total PO^
Sol. POj^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Temperature
1965 data based
1966 data based
ABS(19).
^
June
Max
8.4
auOf cm
ng/1 9.9
2.4
20
" 55
ii
"
0.21
0.25
" 0.83
0.11
0.06
0.37
ug/1 7
mg/1 0.00
20
ls
1
1965-Nov. 1965
Mln Mean Median
8.2
«
8.0
1.9
12
^5
—
~
0.12
0.23
0.61
0.09
0.01
0.22
0
0.00
17
" 280 270
°c
on 2 samples.
on 26 samples
—
j
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Mln Mean Median
8.8 7.9 8.47
545 370 463
14.0 5.9 10.6
5.0 1.9 3.1
26 12 18
92 69 77
37 30 3^
.24 .09 .13
0.67 0.1D 0.27
0.67 o.io 0.37
1.11 0.35 0.70
0.27 0.03 0.07
0.24 0.00 0.03
0.77 0.05 0.23
15 1.4 6.8
0.02 0.00 0.002
65 2 25
315 220 289
25 0 8
8.5
460
11.4
3-3
IB
77
35
.12
0.28
0.34
0.62
0.06
0.02
0.23
8.0
0.00
24
295
5
except for: conduct! vity( 19); chlorldes(l9);
OPO 8OI—482—7
-------
96
R. J. Bowden
Calumet Harbor (Stations 11, 12 and 13)
There are three sampling stations located at
Calumet Harbor. Station 11 la located at the mouth of the
Grand Calumet River Immediately adjacent to the north pier-
head light. This station was established during January
1966 In order to correlate the sampling program with a water
quality monitor which Is located In the pierhead light
structure.
Station 12 Is located at the mouth of the Grand
Calumet River at midstream. The purpose of this station Is
to monitor the quality of the water entering the river from
the harbor.
Station 13 Is located In mid-harbor, approximately
3,500 feet from the mouth of the river. This station monitors
the quality of the water flowing in from Lake Michigan to the
river. Stations 12 and 13 require a boat for sampling and,
therefore, can be sampled only when the weather permits.
The operation of the O'Brien Lock tends to isolate
the area by reversing the predominant flow of the river so
that water flows from the lake to the river most of the time.
For this reason the bulk of the pollution in the harbor and
at the river mouth originates in the immediate area.
As shown- in Figure 1-1, the average and median
-------
97
R. J. Bowden
total coliform counts for both the river mouth and the harbor
were somewhat lower during the first six months of 1Q66 than
during June-November 1Q65. The 1^66 data is biased by the
low values found during the cold months. The values for
April, May and June of 1366 compare with the values of August
and September of 1965 to indicate that there has been no
significant change in the amount of microbiological pollution
in the area.
One of the twenty-five samples taken at Station 11
showed considerably higher counts total and fecal conforms
than the remaining samples. These values (30,000 total coli-
forms and 18,000 fecal conforms on April 2Q, 1Q66) were not
included in the six-month average values and are shown
separately on Figures 1-1 and 1-5. The high fecal coliform
count indicates that the pollution was animal or human in
origin. The field notes indicate that a boat passed while the
sample was being taken. A sample taken 10 minutes earlier
at Station 12, which is approximately 150 feet from Station
11, gave normal counts. These facts indicate that the pollu-
tion probably was a result of the passing vessel. This,
along with a similar Incident discussed in the previous
report, emphasizes the need for control of vessel pollution.
Since the primary flow at Calumet Harbor is from
Lake Michigan to the river, the level of microbiological
-------
98
R. J. Bowden
pollution Is much lower than at Indiana Harbor. The pollu-
tion that does exist is local in origin and is probably due
primarily to vessels using the harbor and the river. Tables
1-11 and 1-12 show that the chemical quality of the water
at Station 11 and Station 12 is very similar. The dissolved
oxygen and the suspended solids are somewhat higher near the
monitor. This phenomenon, which also occurred at the Indiana
Harbor Monitor, is explained by the turbulence caused by the
structure. In addition, the phenol content is considerably
higher near the monitor. This may be due to outfalls from
the U. S. Steel Corporation which are located nearby and often
cause the water to be discolored along the bank of the stream.
Since the primary flow is from the lake, the
general quality of the water at each of these stations is
good. Tables 1-12 and 1-13 show that there has been no sig-
nificant change in the quality of the water since June-
November 1965. Station 13 is in mid-harbor and represents
the quality of the water coming from the lake. The increases
in iron, phenol and suspended solids content between Stations
11 and 12 and Station 13 indicate the effect of the U. S.
Steel outfalls on the harbor.
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE I - II 99
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
CALUMET RIVER
STATION II
NORTH PIERHEAD LIGHT CR 333.45
(monitor)WATER QUALITY MONITORING STA.
June 1965-Nov. 0965
Parameter Max Min Mean Median
PH
Conductivity umho/cm
DO mg/1
BOD
COD "
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
MBAS "
NH3-N
K02-W03-N
Org-N " "
Total PO^ "
Sol. PO^ "
Iron "
Phenol ug/1
Cyanide mg/1
Susp. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
Temperature °C
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
8.3 l.h 7.8
330 203 298
14.1 k.2 10.1
k.9 0.9 2.5
36 0.7 9-5
35 21 2T
16 10 32
.22 .03 .07
0.72 0.21 0.49
0.32 0.09 0.20
0.70 0.05 0.3^
0.90 O.OU 0.17
0.78 o.oo 0.11
8.6 0.09 2.1
15 0.6 2.9
0.13 0.00 0.02
85 8 29
21X> 3£0 182
19 0 7
7.8
300
lO.l*
2.2
8.8
27
32
.05
0.1*6
0.22
0.31
0.09
O.CA
1.1
2.7
0.01
23
1B5
6
Station not sampled during 1965.
1966 data "based on 25 samples except for: KHo, NCU,
Chlorides(l9), ABS(l9).
)3 and Org-N(24)
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE I-12
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF V/ATER
CALUMET RIVER
STATION 12
NORTH PIERHEAD LIGHTS CR333.4
"T.
6(monifor)
Lako Michigan
\ Cat.
HAMMOND
Parameter
June 1965-Nov. 1965
Max Min Msan tfedlan
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
PH
8.0
7.8
7-9
7.9
Conductivity umho/cm
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02-N03 N
Org N "
Total POjj.
Sol. POj^
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Alkalinity ag/1
Temperature
1965 data "based
1966 data "based
mg/1
ii
n
u
it
it
n
u
n
u
n
M
ug/1
mg/1
"
"
CaCo3
QC
on 11
on 13
9.4
3.7
74
26
«
—
0.39
0.41
0.60
0.25
0.23
2.3
8
0.01
76
280
—
22
samples
samples
7.1
1.0
0.9
19
— •
--
0.16
O.IT
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.23
0
0.00
2
160
—
11
except
except
8.1
1.8
17
24
—
—
0.24
0.28
0.27
0.12
0.08
0.98
2
0.00
22
195
—
16.6
for:
for:
8.1
1.5
8.9
24
—
—
0.22
0.28
0.29
0.80
0.05
0.72
1
0.00
IB
1B5
—
18
8.1
330
11.1
5-5
IB
30
16
.10
0.68
0.35
3.23
0.13
0.09
1.8
12
0.12
53
235
U.7
19
7-5
285
5.40
1.0
1.6
IB
9
.03
0.35
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.55
0.0
0.00
4
175
no
4
7.86
300
8.46
2.8
10.4
25
12
.06
0.50
0.20
0.56
0.08
0.04
1.10
1-9
0.01
20
192
113
n
7.9
295
7.85
2.2
10
25
12
.05
0.50
0.21
0.33
0.08
O.o4
1.1O
0.6
0.01
17
1B5
113
11
susp. solids(8) and dis. solids(7).
chlorides (12) and ABS(l2).
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE I-13
~— CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
j[l (monitor) CALUMET HARBOR
STATION 13
MID CHANNEL CR 334.0
^(monitor)
Lake Michigan
Parameter
Alkalinity
PH
June 1965-Nov.
Max Min Mean
— •
8.0
—
7.7
—
7.9
1965
Median
—
7.9
Conductivity umho/cm
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
NBAS
NH3-N
NOg-NO, N
Org N
Total P0i|.
Sol. PO],.
Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Susp. Solids
Dis. Solids
Turbidity
Temperature
1965 data based
1966 data based
mg/1
"
n
IT
II
M
II
II
II
"
II
II
ug/1
mg/1
n
ii
units
oc
10
2.1
26
37
—
—
0.27
0.53
0.51
0.78
0.29
1.8
3
0.01
17
195
—
22
on 10 samples
on 12 samples
7.0
1.0
0.0
19
—
—
0.10
0.-17
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.09
0
0.00
1
155
—
10
except
except
8.5
1.5
9.0
25
_ _
--
0.19
0.27
0.26
0.15
0.08
0.52
1
0.00
8
175
—
16.2
for:
for:
8.3
1.6
5-9
24
--
—
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.06
o.o4
O.lfl
0
0.00
6
170
—
IB
Jan
Max
121
8.1
310
12.2
4.8
16
26
14
.09
0.48
0.35
0.56
0.10
0.05
2.1
5.3
0.01
46
210
8.8
18
susp. solids (7)
turbidity(lO).
. 1966-June 1966
Min Mean Median
107
7.4
270
7.3
1.3
3-0
IB
8
.03
0.24
0.08
0.10
0.04
0.00
0.29
0.0
0.00
3
170
1.3
5
and dis.
113
7.8
293
9.2
2.6
9-.2
24
11
.05
0.33
0.18
0.37
0.06
0.02
0.66
1-3
.002
12
190
2.6
12
Ill
7.8
300
9-3
2.3
10
25
11
.04
0.33
0.16
0.39
0.06
0.02
0.48
0.0
0.00
9
185
3.4
14
solids(6).
-------
10,000,000-
l.OOO.OOO-
100,000-
^ 10,000-
1
i
w
a 1,000 •
0
lOOr
10-
(14)
(12) T
!
« 1
'- 1
i •
! T
x
-L
Columet R
Mouth
30000
4/29/66
Calumet Hbr.
Monitor
(91
i (u
1 "™
9
<
JL
•i
Ccilumet
i
l
Hbr.
TV
j
I ^jL
I ^^A
j
•L J_
Wentworth Ave.
/
IT
tt
i
j_
INDIANA Hbr.
Belt R.R
J
102
LEGEND
.966 Ootfl
(16) No o» Timet
Max
Mean
Median
Min.
~T
i
A
6
i
1963 1
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN a MEDIAN
U.S DEPARTMENT" OF THE !NTER!OH
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
FIGURE l-\
-------
1,000,000 -
.
lOO.OOO-
10,000-
e
_
> ,,000-
CO
IOO-
o-
(2
<«
T
1
•»
.ate
I
0
1
J_ ^
-L
Wolf Lake
(5)
6 1
•
|
_L
Indiana Hb
(26)
i
ndiana Hto
(5)
^p
A
v
LT
Indiana Hbr
2,700,000
;'
Dickey Rd
6
4,300,000
T
i
AI
(26)
ISI*1 St.
~~
V' (26)
II
Jit
Penn. R.R
M
103
Channel State Line Outer Lt. Monitor Inner Lt.
LEGEND
Max.
Mean
Median
Min.
i
1966 Data 1965 Data
(16) NO. of Times (16)
Sampled
OPO 801-482—«
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN B MEDIAN
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
-------
lo.ooopoo-
1,000,000-
100,000-
-• 10,000
8
uooo-
100-
10
140,000
8/18/65
*
(13)
•
(13)
i
I
Columet R Columet Hbr.
Mouth Monitor
Calumet Hbr. Wentworth Ave. INDIANA Hbr.
B«lt R.R.
H
1966 Data
(16) Ma of
LEGEND
Mo*
Mean
Median
Min.
I
6
1965 Data
(16)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 8 MEDIAN
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago, Illinois
FIGURE 1-3
-------
I.OOO.OOO-
105
Mean
Median
I
I
6
i
Min.
1966 Data 1965 Data
(16) NO. of Time* (16)
Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 8 MEDIAN
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
FIGURE 1-4
-------
io,ooopoo-
-
1,000 ,000-:
"
100,000 1
-
_• 10,000-:
E :
|
i
Z 1,000 -
o ;
100-
101
T
(10)
,
1
1
1
1
i"
i
*
(8,000
V29/66
u
«
s>
»
(i
Tl
i
9
p
r
r
(13) (29)
i
A
| ^
!
_L
T|
j
} f
Y
_i_
•-
106
Columet R Columet Hbr. Calumet Hbr. Wentworth Ave. INDIANA Hbr
Mouth
Monitor
RR.
LEGEND
Max
Mean
Median
Min
1966 Data
(16) No of THTIM
A
Y
I960 Data
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN d MEDIAN
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL V/ATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
FIGURE 1-5
-------
1,000,000-
100,000 -:
0,000-:
E
8
H
ipoo-
100 T
10
O
Wolf Lake
16)
Wolf Lake
Indiana Hbr
Indiana Hbr
Chonnel State Line Outer Lt. Monitor
(3)
(12)
f
Indiono Hbr
(12) (26)
RR
107
Median
Min.
1966 Data 1966 Data
(16) NO. of Times 06)
Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN a MEDIAN
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
FIGURE 1-6
-------
108
R. J. Bowden
PART II - BEACH SAMPLING PROGRAM
Microbiological information is based on sampling
of Lake Michigan beaches in the Calumet Area between May 31
and September 15, 1966. Samples collected by the Surveillance
Project were processed in the GLIRBP Laboratories by means of
the membrane filter (MP) method to determine total conform,
fecal coliform and fecal streptococci.
Seven Lake Michigan beaches in the Calumet Area
were sampled during the 1966 bathing season. The beaches
sampled were Rainbow, Calumet Park Inner and Calumet Park
Outer, in Illinois. Rainbow beach was sampled at 75th Place
and 77th Place and Calumet Park Inner beach at 99th and 100th
Streets. Hammond, Whiting, E. Chicago and Wolf Lake at 121st
Street were the Indiana beaches sampled. Wolf Lake was not
included In the beach sampling program during the 1965 season.
Procedure
Samples were obtained in four feet of water at
elbow depth, approximately 18" below the surface. The samples
were immediately stored in an ice chest until processed at
the laboratory. The sampler recorded the following informa-
tion at the time of collecting the sample: number of bathers
-------
109
R. J. Bowden
within a one hundred foot radius; air temperature, water
temperature, wind speed and direction; cloud cover and
weather conditions; and surf conditions. All samples were
processed on the same day that they were taken.
The laboratory methods followed are in accordance
with the procedure established in "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater" (12th Ed.). Fecal coli-
form determinations were made by the MP method, using M-FC
broth base (Difco) with Rosolic acid as an indicator. This
method was developed by Geldreich et al. at the Robert A.
Taft Sanitary Engineering Center (Geldreich et al. '65,
J.A.W.W.A., 57: 2: 208-214, Feb ),
Data Analyses
Comparisons of the 1965 and 1966 data for total
coliform, fecal streptococci and fecal coliform densities
are shown graphically for each beach in Figures II-l, II-2
and II-3. It should be noted that a greater number of samples
were collected and analyzed in 1966 than in 1965.
The maximum, minimum, arithmetic mean and median
densities for total coliform at Rainbow and E. Chicago
beaches are approximately the same as in 1965 (Figure II-l).
Calumet Park Inner and Outer beaches show slightly lower
-------
110
R. J. Bowden
counts for total coliform in 1966, while Hammond and Whiting
beaches are markedly higher. The maximum values as shown
in Figure 1 indicate that Hammond and Whiting beaches are
subject to periods of extremely heavy pollution.
Fecal streptococci are an Indication of possible
contamination of the water from domestic sewage. Fecal
streptococci densities for 1965 and 1966 are compared
graphically in Figure II-2. The maximum and mean counts for
the beaches at Calumet Park Outer, Hammond, Whiting and E.
Chicago are considerably higher than in 1965* indicating
that the beaches are subject to contamination from domestic
wastes.
The beaches were sampled 27-29 times during the
1966 season for fecal coliform counts. Figure II-3 shows a
graphic comparison of the 1965 and 1966 findings. It should
be noted that there were only four samples in 1965 and that
these were at the end of the season, when temperatures were
lower and beach usage less. The maximum and mean fecal
coliform counts are higher in 1966 at every sampling point.
Thirty-three percent of the samples collected at Hammond and
22# of the Whiting beach samples had counts of more than
10,000 fecal coliform per 100 ml.
Wolf Lake at 121st was not sampled in the 1965
season, but was sampled 32 times in 1966. The total coliform
-------
Ill
R. J. Bowden
counts ranged from a maximum of *l,400 to a minimum of 6,
with the median 230 and the mean 525. Fecal streptococci
counts ranged from less than 1 to 380, with the mean 32 and
the median 10. Twenty-seven samples for fecal coliform
determinations ranged from 2 to 1,100, with the mean 79 and
the median 10. These values indicate that the lake is rela-
tively free of pollution and most of the bacteria probably
originate with the bathers using the beach.
The criteria for determining satisfactory water
quality for bathing at the beaches in the Calumet Area are:
a. The water quality is satisfactory If MF
conforms are less than 1,000 and NF fecal
streptococci are less than 100.
b. The water quality Is satisfactory if MF
conforms are between 1,000 and 5,000 and
MF fecal streptococci are less than 20.
These standards have been applied to the data
collected at the beaches in the Calumet Area for the 1966
swimming season. Table II-l gives the number and percent of
times water quality at beaches did not meet the criteria.
-------
R. J. Bowden
112
TABLE II-l
1965
1966
No. of
times
criteria
Beach not met
Rainbow 75th 10
77th
Calumet Outer 9
Calumet Inner 99th 15
100th
Hammond 16
Whiting 10
E. Chicago 11
Wolf Lake
% of
time
criteria
not met
74
57
91
100
60
61
_
No. of
times
criteria
not met
10
13
16
14
12
24
24
16
3
% of
time
criteria
not met
32*
42#
51*
43*
37*
75*
77*
5C*
9*
From this table it is clear that the beaches
were somewhat cleaner in 1966 than they were In 1965* but
that significant pollution still exists, especially at the
Hammond and Whiting beaches, which met the criteria less than
one-quarter of the time.
Figures II-l, II-2 and II-3 indicate that fecal
coliform and fecal streptococci did not decline as much as the
-------
113
R. J. Bowden
total collform counts and that on certain days there were
extremely high counts at several beaches. This indicates
that much of the pollution is animal in origin and fairly
fresh. It may have originated from bathers using the beaches
or from boats and offshore shipping.
No correlation was found between the collform
counts and rainfall which would cause local drainage and
possible outflows from combined sewers. It must be noted,
however, that the 1966 bathing season was unusually dry and,
therefore, this study Is not conclusive.
It was noted that 75# of the high counts occurred
when the. wind had an easterly component. This is probably due
to the higher wave action', which is associated with easterly
winds. The waves tend to stir up the bottom.
-------
KXJ-;
.
-
>00-
X)0—
100-
«o-
T
Q
0
j.
M
e
(
.
-
1)
1
.
75th
I
^
•
77th
RAINBOW
C
(16)
T
0 '
•
J_
1)
1
'
Middle
OUTER
(M)
T
f s
' '
6
X
(2?)
i
i
99IH
c
(
,
2)
i
,
lOOth
INNER -PARK
cje)
i
P
O
-L
-------
115
10,000-
•
•
1,000-
i 100-
8
X
^
i
8
10-
V
„
0
M
V
|
1
75 Ih
c
1
1
77th
RAINBOW
\
^
i
i
i
Q
1)
I
*
J
i
i
Vv
L
Middle
OUTER
V
1
1
^
,-"•
M
»)q
i
2)
1
i
99th
€
i
V
>
"
lOOth
INNER - PARK
CALUMET
^
G
56)
i
T
(
fA
1
9
>
Middle
HAMMOND
e
i
(ifi)
^* i
,s
V
1
1 •
Middle
WHINING
1
(J
|)
j
Y
^
v
^
i
I
1
i
I
1
I
1
a
i
Middle
E
^ ^^ ^
CHICAGO
s~
(16)
T Mot
A
Y
A
LEGEND
No. Of Timti Som»l«d
V
A Mm
1965 Data
Median
(16)
T
4
•
*
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
M«an
Median
1966 Oota
flEACH SAMPLING -FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 8 MEDIAN
JUNE - SEPT. 1966
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POL LUT ION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.lllinois
FIGURE H-2
-------
10,000-
-
•
1,000-
.
:
- 100-
E
§
j
iO
fc
»
(29)
1
4
p
I
M
i
>
75th
14,000
(27)
1
1
1
77th
RAINBOW
(4)
Q
i
-L
I
Middle
OUTER
(4)
i
i
I
i
9
_L
M
<2
(
i
9)
>
,
99th
30,000
•
(i
{
)
1
iOOth
INNER -PARK
73,000
T
1
'»
(3)
1
(27)
Middle
HAMMOND
(4)
O
1
J.
00,000
i
Middle
WHITING
-------
117
R. J. Bowden
PART III - AUTOMATIC MONITORING
Description of Facilities
At present there are two automatic water quality
monitoring stations in operation, one at Calumet Harbor and
one at Indiana Harbor. These instruments, manufactured by
the Schneider Instrument Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, consist
of three main elements: the flow cells, the electronic cir-
cuitry and the data recorder.
A flow cell consists of a tapered cylindrical
chamber through which water from the river is continuously
pumped. Electrochemical probes which are capable of detecting
changes in the chemical properties of the water can be inserted
into the cell. These probles send an electric signal to the
electronic circuitry portion of the monitor, where it is
amplified, modified, displayed on a galvanometer and sent to
the data recording section of the monitor.
Each monitor has eight flow cells so that it is
capable of handling a minimum of eight parameters. Some para-
meters such as temperature can be put in the same flow cell
with another parameter, so that the flow cells can handle
more than eight parameters.
-------
118
R. J. Bowden
The electronics section of the monitor consists
of separate circuits for each parameter. Each of these cir-
cuits includes several potentiometers and a galvanometer
which can be calibrated to show the value of the parameter at
all times. Compensation circuits are Included so that para-
meters that are dependent upon other parameters can be
measured on a uniform basis. For example, the conductivity
parameter has a temperature compensation circuit so that the
conductivity Is always recorded as 25°C conductivity. The
electronics section has eight cubicles so that It is limited
to eight parameters. An additional section would be required
to accommodate more than eight parameters.
The recorder section takes signals from the
electronic circuits, converts them into mechanical energy and
prints the data on a chart which is moving at the rate of one
inch per hour. The value of each parameter Is recorded once
every 6 minutes. The recorder has twelve channels and there-
fore has the capacity to handle twelve parameters.
At present four parameters are being measured at
each monitor. These Include temperature, specific conductivity,
pH and dissolved oxygen. These are being measured primarily
because they are the ones for which reliable probes have been
developed. Probes are being developed for sulphates and
chlorides. These will be added to each monitor as soon as
-------
119
R. J. Bowden
they become available.
Evaluation of Results
At its present stage of development the automatic
monitoring program is not producing up to its full potential.
There are two basic reasons for this; one is that the para-
meters being measured are not the critical pollution parameters
in the area, and the second is that, at present, the data is
not presented in a form that permits immediate investigation
of significant variations in the parameters being measured.
Except for some initial problems, the monitors have
demonstrated their ability to operate reliably and continu-
ously over a considerable period of time with a minimum of
maintenance. As indicated in Figures III-l through III-4,
the data has a reasonable range and is in reasonable agreement
with the results of our weekly sampling program. Much of the
variation from the weekly sampling results can be explained
by the fact that the samples were not taken at exactly the
same point or depth as the monitor Intake. In the future,
weekly samples for full laboratory analysis will be taken
directly from the flow cells in the monitor.
The purpose of continuous monitoring is not to
establish water quality. A weekly sampling program is more
-------
120
R. J. Bowden
suitable for this purpose because of the great number of
analyses that can be run In the laboratory. The primary
purpose of the monitor Is to give immediate Indication and
warning of changes In the water quality so that action can be
taken to determine the cause of the change and so that down-
stream users can be warned If necessary. Due to tie fact
that the data is stored on a chart and is not immediately
available unless the monitor is attended at all times, this
utilization has not been realized.
Proposed Improvements
The addition of the ferric iron and sulphates
parameters should provide a more direct measurement of the
industrial pollution that is predominant in the area.
A central station to which all monitors will tele-
meter their data is planned. The data will be continuously
displayed so that any deviations in water quality could be
Instantly detected and investigated. In addition, each
monitor will be equipped with an automatic sampler which will
take a sample if any parameter exceeds certain limits and will
flash a warning in the central station.
Eventually there will be a network of six monitors
in the area. The central station will receive the data from
-------
121
R. J. Bowden
each of these stations, display it and store it in a computer
for analysis. This will give the project the ability to
detect and immediately react to changes in water quality in
the area.
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
•EMPERATURE v». TIME
WEEKLY AVERAGES
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL MONITOR DATA
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chieago.lllinois
9 12 15
TIME (WEEKS OF 1966)
ro
ro
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
pH vs. TIME
WEEKLY AVERAGES
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL MONITOR DATA
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POL LUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
MAY |
I I I I I LI I I.I 1 I I ill I.
APR.
[' I 111 II J I I 1 I I I. I I
I I .
12 15
TIME (WEEKS OF 1966)
-------
450
w
O
400
350
o
o
§
900
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CONDUCTIVITY vs. TIME
WEEKLY AVERAGES
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL MONITOR DATA
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
,
250
9 12 15
TIME (WEEKS OF 1966)
ro
-t-
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PKOJECT
o
m 2-
N
DISSOLVED OXYGEN *«. TJME
WEEKLY AVERAGES
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL MONITOR *DATA
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMiN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
0.
1
' y * * I '
9 12 15
TIME (WEEKS OF 1966)
i8
21
-------
126
R. J. Bowden
ADDENDUM
COMPARISON ON USE OP DENDY SAMPLERS AND OTHER BOTTOM SAMPLERS
by
H. J. Fisher
Chief Biologist
During November 1965, samples were collected at the
same stations with the Bendy sampler and the Petersen dredge
or the Eckman dredge by personnel of the Calumet Area Sur-
veillance Project. The Dendy sampler used plates representing
sand, sawdust, or shell substrate. All samples were presented
to the biological laboratory of Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basins project for analysis.
Identification of organisms found in each sample
was completed during the summer of 1965. Results are shown in
the table at the end of this report.
Discussion
The purpose of this brief study was to determine
the correlation, if any, between the effectiveness of sampling
macroorganisms by the Dendy sampler with that of regular
-------
127
R. J. Bowden
bottom samplers, that is, the Eckman dredge and the Petersen
dredge.
Reference to the table indicates tha t there was
little correlation between the number of individuals and
species collected by the Dendy sampler, set at sites above the
bottom, with those collected by the Eckman or Petersen dredge
from the bottom. In most samples, the numbers of individuals
and species collected by either of the latter two samplers
exceeded those collected by the Dendy sampler.
Only those samples collected on the bottom by Dendy
compare somewhat with bottom samples collected by the other
bottom samplers at the same station.
The numbers of the tubiflcidae, pollution tolerant
worms, collected by the Eckman or Petersen dredge far exceeded
those collected by the Dendy sampler on the bottom at the
following stations: Grand Calumet and Indianapolis Boulevard
and Grand Calumet and Industrial Highway. Only at the Calumet
River Bridge Street Station did the number of tubificidae
collected by the Dendy sampler on the bottom exceed the numbers
of these sludge worms taken by the regular bottom samplers.
-------
RESULTS OF BENDT SAMPLES COMPARED TO BOTTOM SAMPLES
Location
Calumet River
006th St.
Little Calumet River
Ashland Avenue
Little Calumet
Wentworth Avenue
Calumet River
Torrence Avenue
Grand Calumet and
Indianapolis Blvd.
Grand Calumet and
Indiana Harbor Belt
Grand Calumet and
Industrial Hwy.
Type of
Bendy
1. Sawdust'
2. Sand
Sawdust
1. Sawdust
2. Sand
1. Sand
2. Sawdust
1. Sand
2. Sawdust-shells
3. Sawdust
Shell
R.R.
1. Sawdust-shell
2. Sand
Depth of
Dendy
Sampler
27' above
bottom
4' above
bottom
I1 above
bottom
17 'above
bottom
on bottom
8" above
bottom
on bottom
Type of No. of Organisms in
Organisms Organisms Bottom Samples
No organisms found
fygaptera
No organisms found
1. Tendipedidae
2. Tubificidae
Zendipedidae
1. Tubificidae
2. No organisms found
1. Physa
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
2. Lyanea
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
3. Tubificidae
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
1. Physa
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
2. Tubificidae
^
1
-
38
1
28
kQ
-
10
16
18
27
36
9
183
368
1
1
266
2
310
Hirudlnea
Oligochaeta
Tubificidae
Tubificidae
Tubificidae
Nematoda
Tendipedidae
Oligochaeta
Physa
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
Tendipedidae
Tubificidae
No. of
Organisms
2
3
364
6976
275
1
35
602
k
323
2
1094
55
5
968
ro
CD
-------
129
R. J. Bowden
It ie the writer's opinion that the numbers of
individuals and the numbers of species of aquatic organisms
collected above the bottom by the Dendy sampler did not
compare closely with those taken by either the Eckman or
Petersen dredge hauls from the bottom in the present study.
Although a closer correlation between the results of the
methods was noted on samples taken from the bottom, more com-
paring tests should be made between the Dendy sampler on the
bottom with the Eckman or Petersen dredge hauls in order to
obtain more reliable comparable results.
It is the writer's opinion that accurate conclusions
cannot be made from the one sampling conducted in this study.
Comment by Peggy Harris, Biologist
"Dendy samples leave organisms, such as blood worms,
in their natural state of color; however, oligochaetes have
the tendency to become clear and jelly-like in consistency and
to cling to the plates."
-------
RESULTS OF DENDY. SAMPLES COMPARED TO BOTTOM SAMPLES
Location
Wolf Lake Channel and
Corondolet Ave.
][ndla.nft Harbor Canal
151st Street
Grand Calumet River
Bridge Street
Little Calumet River
New York Central Bridge
Calumet River at
Indiana Avenue
Calumet River
Type of
Dendy
1. Sand
2. Sawdust
1. Sawdust
2. Sand
1. Sand
2. Sawdust
1. Sand
2. Sawdust
1. Sand
2. Sawdust
Sawdust
Depth of
Dendy Type of No. of Organisms in No. of
Sampler Organisms Organisms Bottom Samples Organisms
I1 above 1.
bottom 2 .
I1 above 1.
bottom 2 •
on bottom 1*
2.
1A» above 1.
"bottom
2.
14' above 1.
bottom 2.
No
Siraulidae
No organisms
Tubificidae
Tubificidae
Tubificidae
No organisms
Tendipedidae
Odonata
Tubificidae
No organisms found
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
organisms found
125
31
6
179
-
13
1
3
_
6
2
Pontaporeia
Isopoda
Physa
Gyraulus
Hirudinea
Gloss iphonia
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
Simulldae
Grapheme roptera
Trlchoptera
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
Tubificidae
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
Hirudinea
Tubificidae
Tendipedidae
Tubificidae
12
1
1
2
5
2
1*2
67
101
2
1
232
2
13
654
2
If
ll£l
17
2h
130th Street
GPO 8O1—4B2-3
U)
O
-------
131
R. J. Bowden
STATUS REPORT ON THE
CALUMET AREA POST ACTION SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE PERIOD
JULY THROUGH DECEMBER 1966
ILLINOIS-INDIANA
U.S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois
February 196?
-------
132
R. J. Bowden
PERSONNEL
Raymond E. Johnson
Project Director until Sept. 23, 1966
Robert J. Bowden
Sanitary Engineer
Acting Director after Sept. 23, 1966
David E. Vaughn
Sanitary Engineer until Aug. 23, 1966
Harold A. Bond
Microblologist until Sept. 2, 1966
Diane P. Gavel
Chemist
Anne Byrne
Microblologist after Sept. 19, 1966
Joseph V. Slovick
Aquatic Sampler - Hydraulics Technician
William J. Degutis
Aquatic Sampler - Monitor Technician
Daniel Chorowlckl
Aquat ic Sample r
Lillian Ehlert
Secretary
-------
133
R. J. Bowden
INTRODUCTION
This report presents an evaluation of the progress
made toward Improved water quality In the Calumet area as
of December 31, 1966. This evaluation is based on the re-
sults of the sampling programs of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration's Calumet Area Post Action
Surveillance Project. The waters reported on include the
Grand Calumet River, the Indiana Harbor Canal, Indiana
Harbor, the Little Calumet River, Wolf Lake and its outlet
and Calumet Harbor.
The cooperation provided by the Indiana Stream
Pollution Control Board, the Illinois Sanitary Water Board,
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, the
United States Coast Guard, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and
others In supplying valuable information and facilities is
gratefully acknowledged.
-------
R. J. Bowden
BACKGROUND
Authority and Organization
A conference on pollution of the interstate
waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River,
Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their tributaries,
called by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
under the provisions of Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act (33 USC U66 et. seq. ) was held in Chicago,
Illinois, March 2-9, 1965.
Paragraph Np. 1^ of the Conclusions and Recom-
mendations of the Conferees for this conference provided that
"Surveillance will be the primary responsibility of the
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
will make available a resident technical group and visiting
groups of experts which will assist the State agencies and
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago at
such time as requested by them."
The State of Indiana, on April 6, 1965, and the
State of Illinois, on April 16, 1965, requested an extensive
-------
135
R. J. Bowden
sampling program by the Federal Government to monitor the
water quality in the Calumet area. The Metropolitan Sanitary
District has not formally requested a sampling program,
but has requested laboratory assistance in the analysis
of samples they have collected and in special studies they
have conducted on chlorination of the effluent from their
sewage treatment plant. The Calumet Area Surveillance
Project was organized in the latter part of June 1965 to
fulfill the requirements of paragraph No. 14 and the re-
quests of the States.
On January 1, 1966, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was created within the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare and incorporated the
surveillance project.
On May 10, 1966, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was transferred from the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare to the U. S. Department
of the Interior.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of the Calumet Area Surveillance
Project is to assess the progress in the abatement of pol-
-------
136
R. J. Bowden
lutlon in the conference area in cooperation with appropriate
State and local agencies. This is being accomplished
through a sampling program to monitor the water quality
at various locations within the conference area and a
series of electronic water quality monitors to continuously
monitor the water quality at selected key points in the
basin. Streamflow measurements are being made so that
laboratory analyses in milligrams per liter can be con-
verted to pounds per day. The Information obtained through
Federal, State and local sampling programs and the informa-
tion furnished by the industries to the State or other
responsible agencies on the quality and quantity of their
waste flows are evaluated.
Reports are prepared and presented to the
conferees and reconvened conferences on the current water
quality and the progress toward abatement of the pollution.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
The Calumet area is a flat plain located at the
southern end of Lake Michigan and Includes the Calumet-
Little Calumet River system, the Grand Calumet-Indiana
Harbor Canal system, Wolf Lake and its outlet. It Includes
approximately 742 square miles and forms a part of the
-------
137
R. J. Bowden
continental divide between the Mississippi River Basin
and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Approxi-
mately 60 percent of the area drains to Lake Michigan and
the remaining 40 percent drains to the Mississippi River
by way of the Illinois River. Despite this fact, the area
is not well drained. There are large, marshy, low-lying
areas which are subject to flooding during and after heavy
rainfalls. The streams are sluggish and meandering except
where they have been artificially maintained and/or sup-
plemented by industrial or municipal waste flows.
The Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet Rivers
both traverse the divide. On the Grand Calumet the divide
is normally located at the Hammond, Indiana sewage treatment
plant outfall. Approximately two-thirds of the effluent
flows west into the Calumet River in Illinois and one-third
flows east to the Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake Michigan.
Rainfall and lake level conditions can cause the divide to
shift to either the east or the west.
The location of the divide on the Little Calumet
River is not definite and varies over a distance of several
miles in the vicinity of Highland, Indiana. The western
portion flows to the Cal-Sag Channel in Illinois which
connects the system to the Illinois River. The eastern
portion flows to Lake Michigan by way of Burns Ditch which
-------
138
R. J. Bowden
discharges to the lake near Ogden Dunes, Indiana.
Flow In the Calumet River Is controlled by the
O'Brien Lock and Is directed from Lake Michigan to the
Cal-Sag Channel except during periods of heavy flooding
or unusually low lake levels.
The Indiana Harbor Canal which was completed in
1903 connects the Grand Calumet River to Lake Michigan.
The Grand Calumet River east of the Hammond Sewage Treatment
Plant outfall Is tributary to Lake Michigan through the
canal.
Wolf Lake is located on the Illinois-Indiana
State line between Chicago, Illinois, and Hammond, Indiana.
The original outlet from Wolf Lake to Lake Michigan has
been blocked and an outlet to the Calumet River in Chicago
has been constructed. The City of Hammond maintains a
park which occupies most of the Indiana shoreline of the
lake. This park and the lake are extensively used for
recreation. The Illinois portion of the lake is a part of
the Wolf Lake Conservation Area.
Cities and Industries
The major population centers in the area are
-------
139
R. J. Bowden
East Chicagoj Gary, Hammond and Whiting, In Indiana; and
Calumet City, Chicago Heights and a part of the south side
of Chicago In Illinois. The area is highly industrialized.
There are ten major steel mills including the United States
Steel Corporation's Gary Works, Gary Sheet and Tin Mill,
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, and Inland Steel
Company in Indiana and United States Steel's South Works,
the Wisconsin Steel Company, the Interlake Iron Corporation,
the Republic Steel Corporation and the Acme Steel Company
in Illinois. There are five petroleum refineries including
the American Oil Company, the Cities Service Petroleum
Company, the Mobil Oil Company, and the Sinclair Refining
Company, in Indiana,-and the Clark Oil and Refining Co., in
Illinois. Other industries include Lever Brothers, Union
Carbide Chemical, I. E. Du Pont, M. & T. Chemicals, American
Maize, and a large number of smaller concerns.
These industries are located in three major
groups. One group is concentrated along the Calumet River
in Illinois. Another is along the Indiana Harbor Canal, and
the third is in Gary, Indiana, and discharges to the head-
waters of the Grand Calumet River. These three groups make
the Calumet Area one of the most important industrial
centers in the Nation.
-------
MICHIGAN
CHIGA N
— L A K
•
Pertir Chtltirtoii
CALUMET AREA SURVEILANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
CALUMET AREA
US.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMI*J
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
-------
R. J. Bowden
DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS
Stream and Harbor Sampling Programs
During the period July to December 1966 seventeen
stream, harbor and water Intake stations were sampled on a
weekly basis for chemical and microbiological quality.
Thirteen of these were sampled during the entire period.
The remaining four are lake stations that require a boat
for sampling. These were not sampled after October 27, 1966,
due to Ice and Inclement weather on the lake. The results
of this program are the basis for this report.
Beach Sampling Program
Sampling on seven beaches in the area was
initiated on May 31, 1966, and continued on a twice weekly
basis until September 15, 1966. Six of these beaches are
located on Lake Michigan and one on Wolf Lake. Five of
the beaches were sampled at their mid-points in water
approximately four feet deep. Two beaches, Rainbow Beach
and Calumet Inner Beach, were sampled at two points each
at the one-third points. Samples were collected on
-------
R. J. Bowden
Tuesday and Thursday of each week and analyzed for total
coliformsj fecal conforms and fecal streptococci. This
program was coordinated with -the beach sampling programs
of the Chicago Park District and the Indiana State Board of
Health and data was distributed freely among the agencies.
The results of the beach sampling program for the 1966
season were presented in the progress report covering the
period January to June 1966.
Hydraulic Measurements Program
No gaging stations are maintained by the U. S.
Geological Survey in the Grand Calumet-Indiana Harbor Canal
drainage system. Therefore, six continuous water level
recorders have been installed on these streams. The
streams are being gaged at these stations so that rating
curves can be developed for each station. The stage vs.
discharge relationship in the Indiana Harbor Canal and
eastern portion of the Grand Calumet River is seriously
distorted by fluctuations in the level of Lake Michigan.
Special flow area, velocity and stream slope studies are
being made in order to develop flow data for these streams.
Information provided by the U. S. Geological
Survey and the Metropolitan Sanitary District will be used
-------
1*3
R. J. Bowden
as the basis for flow calculations on the Little Calumet
River, the Calumet River and Wolf Lake Outlet.
The purpose of this program IB to develop flow
data for all of the sampling stations In the surveillance
area except for those located In Lake Michigan.
Automatic Monitoring Program
Many operations of the Industries In the basin
require discharge of wastes on a batch basis, and wastes
from these tanks may be dumped at any time of the day,
week, or month, depending on the needs of the Industry.
These discharges and accidental spills of oil or other
pollutants could pass Into Lake Michigan or down the
Illinois River unobserved by a once-a-week sampling program.
During November 1965 an automatic water quality
monitoring station was Installed In Indiana Harbor at the
East Breakwall Inner Light. This Installation continuously
records the dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and tempera-
ture of the water flowing past this point Into Lake Michigan,
A complete report on this Installation was given In the
report covering the period June through November 1965.
A second monitor was Installed during August
1966 to measure the same parameters at the mouth of the
-------
R. J. Bowden
Calumet River. This monitor replaces the semi-portable,
temporary monitor that had been located there during 1965.
A complete report on this new installation is included as
an appendix to this report. It is planned to mount the
semi-portable monitor in a boat and use it for profile
studies of the various streams in the area. This procedure
should be of value in pinpointing specific sources of
wastes in the area.
An automatic sampling device will be installed
on each monitor as soon as It becomes available. This
device will automatically collect a sample when one or
more of the parameters being monitored exceed certain
limits.
This year it is planned to Install two additional
monitors and a central control station to which all the
data will be continuously telemetered. One monitor will
be located at Wentworth Avenue on the Little Calumet River
and will monitor the quality of the water flowing across
the State line at this point. The other will be located
on the Grand Calumet River below the industrial complex at
Gary, Indiana. This will monitor pollutants discharged to
the headwaters of the stream and may enable warnings to be
given to downstream uses of the approaching pollution.
-------
R. J. Bowden
Eventually a network of six monitors is planned for the
area.
Biological Surveying Program
The kinds and numbers of aquatic plants and
animals inhabiting a particular body of water and the
stream of lake bottom beneath it, reflect the quality of
the water that prevails in the area. Some organisms are
capable of withstanding polluted conditions and will multi-
ply rapidly when competition from other less tolerant
organisms is eliminated. These pollution tolerant organisms
include sludgeworms, bloodworms, leeches, blue-green algae
and pulmonate snails. In an unpolluted environment the
number of these organisms is restricted by competition from
other species, but when the other species are killed off
by pollution they multiply rapidly. Therefore, the con-
tinuous or sudden Introduction of toxic wastes, settleable
solids, or oxygen consuming materials alters the composition
of the benthic population. A balanced population is not
restored immediately upon the return of optimum water
quality because of the lengths of the life cycles of those
organisms which vary from weeks to years. This fact makes
it possible to detect slugs of pollution that have passed
-------
R. J. Bowden
through a sampling station.
Fifteen substrate samples of the Dendy type
were made and used in the waters of the Calumet area
during October through November 1965 on an experimental
basis. The results obtained from these samples have been
compared with the more standard dredge samples that were
taken at the same time. The results of this experiment
are not conclusive. Further experimentation with this
sampling method is planned next spring.
During July 1966 a biological survey was made
of the Calumet and portions of the Little Calumet River
and bottom muds were sampled in the Calumet River and the
Indiana Harbor Canal to determine the quality of the
material dredged from these streams. The results of
these surveys are presented as a part of this report.
July - December 1966 Calumet Area Report
CONCLUSIONS
1. The water quality in the Little Calumet River
at the State line has greatly improved since 1963, and
progress on domestic pollution is still being made. The
stream is still polluted and does not meet the recommended
-------
14?
R. J. Bowden
criteria.
2. The water quality in the Grand Calumet River
at the State line Improved considerably during the period
July 1966 to November 1966, but deteriorated badly in
December 1966. At no time did the stream meet the recom-
mended criteria.
3. The bacterial quality of the Grand Calumet -
Indiana Harbor system has improved since 1965 due to
chlorination by municipalities an£ sewer separation by
industries.
4. Industrial pollution of the Grand Calumet -
Indiana Harbor system has become more severe since the 1965
conference as evidenced by increased concentrations of
iron, phenol, cyanides and other water quality parameters
indicative of Industrial waste.
5. Wolf Lake is a relatively clean body of
water which meets the recommended criteria except for
ammonia, pH and NBAS. Occasional detergent spills are the
only significant pollution problem.
6. The water quality of municipal intakes in
the inner harbor basins (Hammond and East Chicago) meets
some of the criteria; however, because of wastes from
Indiana Harbor, does not meet the criteria for phosphates,
iron, phenols and dissolved solids.
-------
R. J. Bowden
7. The water quality at municipal intakes in
open Lake Michigan waters (Dunne Crib and Gary West) meets
the recommended criteria except for ammonia and pH.
SPECIAL ADDENDUM
On January 17, 1967, the superintendent of the
East Chicago Water Filtration Plant (Station 15) reported
that his plant experienced a severe taste and odor problem
on the previous weekend. He further stated that taste and
odor problems have occurred on several weekends in the
past. This was confirmed by the superintendent of the
Hammond Water Filtration Plant who stated that he always
has taste and odor problems but that they are more severe
on weekends.
In order to investigate this problem, special
sampling runs were made on Friday, January 20, 1967*
Saturday, January 21, and Sunday, January 22. The Indiana
Harbor Canal was sampled at 151st Street (Station 2) and
Dickey Road (Station 3). Indiana Harbor was sampled at
the monitor (Station 6) and the East Chicago and Hammond
water intakes (Stations 15 and 16) were sampled for phenols
and cyanides. The following tables are the results of this
sampling :
-------
1-49
R. J. Bowden
Frldav, January 20, 1967
Station
2
3
6
15
16
Water
Temp.°C
10
9
14
0
0
Wind Direction Cyanide
mg/1
south 0.22
" 0.21
11 0.29
" 0.01
11 none found
Phenol
ug/1
135
183
216
3
2
Saturday, January 21, 1967
2
3
6
15
16
Sunday,
2
3
6
15
16
10
10
9
1
1
January
11
11
9
1
1
ii
ti
ti
it
southwest
22, 1967
calm
south
ii
ii
ii
0.15
0.20
0.32
none found
0.02
0.23
0.12
0.3^
none found
0.02
161
192
138
2
29
135
60
185
1
16
-------
150
R. J. Bowden
It is evident that wind induced currents directed
the pollution away from the East Chicago intake toward the
Hammond intake. The Saturday and Sunday phenols at the
Hammond Intake were far higher than we had found during
almost six months of sampling on week days.
Phenols at 151st Street and Dickey Road were
high but not higher than weekly values during the winter
months. The phenols at the monitor in Indiana Harbor were
higher than normal.
Cyanides were not higher than the weekly samples
but were considerably above tolerable limits.
In addition to these data a very large amount of
floating oil was observed at all stations on Sunday.
These data indicate that large amounts of phenol
were discharged Into Indiana Harbor or the Indiana Harbor
Canal below Dickey Road during Friday or early on Saturday
morning. This fact, and the reported weekend problems with
taste and odors, strongly suggest that the Inland Steel
Company or the Youngs town Sheet and Tube Company, or both,
are the source or sources.
WATER QUALITY
Stream, Harbor and water Intake Sampling
-------
lo
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
Stations 1,283
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lilinois
M I c h i g a n
STA. 3-DICKEY ROAD BRIDGE
(IHC 334.6)
STA. 2-15(51 ST. BRIDGE
(IHC 331.9)
STA. I -PENNA. R.R. BRiDGE
(GC 336.4)
-------
152
R. J. Bowden
Thirteen stream and harbor stations were sampled
for bacteriological and chemical quality during the last
six months of 1966. Four water Intakes located in Lake
Michigan and designated as control points by the technical
committee, have been sampled since August 3, 1966. Samples
were collected once each week except that stations requiring
a boat could not be sampled during severe weather. All
stream stations were sampled at mid-stream except for the
monitor stations, NOB. 6 and 11, which were sampled at the
water quality monitor Intake. The samples for bacteriological
analysis were taken at a depth of 6 inches to 1 foot. The
samples for chemical analysis were taken at mid-depth or
10 feet in the case of navigable channels. All water in-
take samples were taken from the raw water tap at the
filtration plant.
All samples were Immediately preserved and/or
iced where required in accordance with procedures established
in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater,
12th Edition, 1965." Laboratory analysis on samples subject
to deterioration was initiated on the same day they were
collected.
Bacteriological analyses were performed in
accordance with "Standard Methods." Total collform, fecal
collform and fecal streptococci counts were made on each
-------
153
R. J. Bowden
sample. The results of these analyses are presented in
bar graphs for each station. All values on these bar
graphs and in the following discussion are the number of
organisms per 100 ml.
Chemical analyses were performed in accordance
with methods agreed upon at the Calumet Area Enforcement Lab-
oratory Directors' Meeting held on April 29, 1965.
Station 1 - Grand Calumet River at Pennsylvania R. R. Bridge
This station is located upstream of the Gary
Sewage Treatment Plant where the bulk of the flow is from
the United States Steel Company's complex at Gary, Indiana-,
located approximately two miles upstream.
The data (Table 1) Indicate that the trends
reported in the January to June 1966 report have continued.
Progress has been made toward abating the domestic pollu-
tion problem but the industrial waste problem is becoming
more severe.
The Microbiological Water Quality graphs on Page
14 indicate that the average and median conforms were
higher during the last half of 1966 than during the first
half, probably because the average water temperature was
-------
CHICAGO
pir
I Jll (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station I
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
T.
154
1 )Naof samples
-Max.
Mm.
"*•
KDi
™
lOi
•
•
•
rol
•
to2
C
c
Q
*
•
1
) '
<
I <
5)
1
'
)
9 n~:
^
»
-
•
101
•
4
•
•
10'
JUUY-OEC. %5 JAN.- JUNE %6 JUtT-OEC. '66
TOTAL COLIFORMS
"i
I
(
(
**
»4-:
4
>
) (
(
9
u
i
) ^
?'
loi
"
-
.oi
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10'
JUt_t-OEC.'6S JAN.-JUNe'66 JULV-DEtie
FECAL STREP.
5
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1
c
oe
0
CO
Ul
r*
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JULY-DEC %5 JAM-JUNE '66 JULY-DEC. 66
FECAL COLIFORMS
-------
TABLE 1
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 1 - GRAND CALUMET RIVER AT PENNSYLVANIA R.R. BRIDGE-GC 336.6
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
AllnLl-fp-t-hw
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
NOg+N03-N
Org. N
Sol POlt
Total PQ^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
July 1965-Dec. 1965
Max Min Mean Median
°C 29 12 21.8 21
7-5 4.1 - 6.9
umho/cm - - - -
mg/1 - - - -
8.7 1.1 4.6 4.3
17.0 5.7 9.98 8.4
152 7.9 te.2 31
" 1S6 32 60 52
11 ...
" ...
3.70 0.87 1.53 1.45
" 3.65 0.32 0.897 0.68
3-71 0.06 l.W 0.65
0.33 0.00 0.10 0.08
1.2 0.10 0.36 0.29
29.0 2.2 8.78 6.15
11 0.80 0.00 0.12 0.02
" 130 26 1*6.55 te
364 170 225.77 225
\jfc/l 392 10.0 79.14 30.0
Data based on 19 samples
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
28 10 16 16
8.0 3.6 - 6.9
765 308 399 380
... .
9.00 2.50 5-83 5-80
16 2.4 8.6 8.6
43 21 28 27
200 37 66 56
40 14 20 18
0.28 0.07 0.14 0.12
4.4 1.5 2.4 2.4
11.3 0.18 0.89 0.55
1.2 0.0 0.40 0.40
0.41 0.02 0.19 0.17
0.58 0.11 0.26 0.23
48 3.2 9.7 5.8
0.63 0.00 0.32 0.39
125 30 67 68
380 205 247 235
320 IS 126 129
Data based on 26 samples
July 1966-Dec. 1966
Max Min Mean Median
32 10 22.4 24
7-1 6.5 - 6.8
580 345 392 375
122 80 100 101
***** ^r*f rtrtvv Jtftfmm
8.85 2.10 4.83 4.80
15 3.0 8.03 7-9
55 14 33 33
71 39 53.8 54
27 10 14.8 17
.22 .08 .136 .13
4.20 .88 2.08 1.7
0.90 0.09 0.52 0.55
1.1 0.1 0.5 0.4
0.40 0.01 0.05 0.03
0.86 0.13 0.32 0.27
40 2.6 JL6.5 1A
0.58 0.01 0.22 0.20
195 29 74 62
294 109 226 230
254 7.6 53.2 43
Data based on 26 samples
U1
\J1
-------
156
R. J. Bowden
l6°C during the first six months and 22.4°C during the
last six months. This was also true for all of the other
stations.
Median and average total coliform and fecal
streptococci counts from July-December 1966 were approxi-
mately one-tenth of their levels during the same period
in 1965. This, combined with the fact that the water
temperatures were slightly higher in 1966, Indicates that
the improvement noted in our previous report has been
continued.
On July 28, 1966, there was one very high total
coliform count of 2,100,000 per 100 ml. The maximum fecal
coliform count also occurred on that date. The high counts
must have resulted from an accidental spill or overflow to
the stream because they do not represent the general
quality of the stream.
Although an improvement has been made, the micro-
biological pollution of the stream Is still too great to
meet any reasonable criteria that may be established for
the stream.
Data in Table 1 "Chemical Quality of Water"
Clearly indicate the increased levels of industrial waste
pol.'tlon. The rise in water temperature since 1965 Is
-able to the use of more cooling water,. Other water
-------
157
R. J. Bowden
quality Indices affected by wastes from steel mills show
considerable increases. Total iron increased from an
average of 8.78 mg/1 in 1965 to 16.5 mg/1 in 1966. Cyanides
rose from 0.12 mg/1 to 0.22 mg/1 and the median phenol value
rose from 30.0 ugVl to 43 ugVl. It should be noted in the
July-December 1965 data the mean phenol value was affected
by one unusually high value. Suspended and dissolved solids
also increased. Oil has been reported on the surface at
every sampling.
Sulphates, which is an Indicator of spent pickle
liquor, did not increase. This may be the result of the
deep well injection system that has been built by the steel
companies for the disposal of this waste. No large slugs
of spent pickling liquor such as the one reported on June
3, 1966, were detected during the last half of 1966.
Station 2 - Indiana Harbor Canal at 151st St.
This station was established In order to determine
the quality of the water in the canal where it is formed by
the two portions of the Grand Calumet River. The stream
at this point is affected by effluent from the Gary, Hammond
and East Chicago sewage treatment plants as well as effluents
from a number of industries on the Grand Calumet River. The
-------
158
R. J. Bowden
Gary and East Chicago sewage treatment plants are chlorinating
their effluent at present.
The trends noted in the report on January-June
1966, and at Station 1, continue to be evident at this
station. A comparison of the microbiological bar graphs
for Stations 1 and 2 shows that the patterns are the same
but the level of pollution is higher. Once again the
increase over the first half of 1966 is attributed to the
temperature differential and a considerable improvement in
quality over January-June 1965 is evident. The higher
level of microbiological pollution is due to the sewage
treatment plants that affect Station 2.
The pattern of increasing industrial pollution is
also the same with one exception. Cyanides originating
upstream of Station 1 would be expected to degrade con-
siderably before reaching Station 2. This was not the case
in 1965. It is likely that there was a source of cyanide
between the two stations. In 1966, however, the cyanides
at Station 2 were considerably lower than at Station 1,
which may indicate that cyanide from that source has been
abated.
Samples from this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
are average values for the last six months of 1966:
-------
CHICAGO
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 2
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicogo,IIIinois
Michigan
151- ST. BRIDGE
159
No, of Samples
Max.
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FECAL COLIFORMS
IT
-------
TABLE 2
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 2 - INDIANA HARBOR CANAL - 1?1ST ST.-IHC 331.9
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH,-N
j
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total POj,
^f
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
July JS&5-Dec.
Max Mln Mean
°C 27
7.3
umho/cm -
ng/1
7.7
13.0
n 3^8
028
11
••
4.0
11 2.20
4.30
0.84
4.60
15.0
0.53
136
640
ug/1 308.0
Data
Ui Q ^
j^* B K
6.3
-
• «*
2.1 4.4
4.4 9*0
7.7 M.7
50 70
-
.
0.77 2.45
0.23 1.13
0.30 1.17
0.11 0.49
0.52 1.26
0.78 4.55
0.00 0.11
10 41.3
240 297
9.0 71.2
"based on 15
W
Median
1B.5
7.0
-
-
4.6
U..O
39-5
66
-
_
2.8
1.10
0.90
0.46
1.15
1.50
0.20
34
270
25
samples
Jan. 3g&
Max Mln
26
7.9
530
-
8.1
22
60
138
70
0.61
4.7
1.5
1.3
1.32
2.0
17
0.44
no
375
228
Data
5
6.5
430
-
0.20
^•9
IB
74
29
0.16
2.4
0.21
0.00
0.19
0.32
1.8
0.00
23
250
23
"based
5 -June
Mean
15
-
VT3
-
5.07
8.9
29
88
36
0.29
3.1*
0.80
0.6
0.58
0.82
5-5
0.19
61
295
107
on 26
i960
Median
15
7.0
480
-
5.60
7.6
28
87
32
0.29
3.3
0.80
0.7
0.50
0.75
4.4
0.16
59
295
111
samples
JU
Max
31
7.2
550
156
7.15
14
59
99
40
0.30
5-1
1.70
5-0
0.81
2.8
29
0.20
l£2
300
263
Data
SjfW
Mln
10
6.3
385
84
0.85
5.2
17
50
16
0.13
1.6
0.08
0.1
O.lJO
0.56
2.8
O.o4
7
160
15
based
b-Dao. 1;
Mean
22.0
m
456
111.7
3.69
8.94
34.6
72.8
25
0.21
3-6
0.73
0.87
0.42
1.44
32.3
0.10
60.8
256.8
47.0
?&0
Median
22.0
6.9
450
105
3.65
8.7
33
73
25
0.22
3-1
0.65
0.6
0.40
1.3
12
0.09
55
260
32
on 26 samples
ON
O
-------
161
R. J. Bowden
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1
0.07
0.07 "
4.6
0.27 "
0.14
0.03 "
less than 0.001 "
1.17 "
18
Copper
Chromium
Potassium
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Arsenic
Zinc
Sodium
Station 3 - Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road
This station Is located two and a half miles
downstream from 151st St. (Station 2) and Is the last high-
way bridge across the canal before It discharges Into
Indiana Harbor.
The trends In water quality noted at the two up-
stream stations also occurred at this station. The bacterial
counts were lower In 1966, the dissolved oxygen higher and
Industrial pollution more evident.
The decline In sewage pollution reported In the
January-June 1966 report Is confirmed by the July-December
data. DO Increased despite the fact that the median
-------
CHICAGO
pir
Jll (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 3
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
L
^(monitor)
ic^^e Michigan
DICKEY RD. BRIDGE
162
No. of Samples
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v TOTAL COLIFORMS
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-------
TABLE 3
CHEMICAL QUALHy OP WATER
STATION 3 - INDIANA HARBOR CANAL AT DICKEJT POAD-3HC 334.6
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
NOg+NOj-N
Org. N
Sol PO^.
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
SUB. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
July 1965-Dec. 1965
Max Mln Mean Median
°C 29 11 20 21.5
7.3 6.3 - 7-0
umho/cm -
mg/1 . . . -
6.40 0.00 1.82 0.25
11.0 3-5 6.25 5.7
11 1^7.00 o.oo 33.95 27.3
" 96.00 45.60 70.64 7^
11 .
11 .
3.40 1.10 2.48 2.65
3.50 0.31 1.15 1.05
11 5.40 0.08 1.68 1.05
0.86 0.04 0.29 0.285
1.10 0.24 0.59 0.55
4.90 0.88 2.35 2.05
0.29 0.00 0.03 0.00
11 41.0 6.5 15.94 15.0
" 360.0 240.0 291.4 290
ug/1 232.0 1.2 39-0 20.0
Data based on 26 samples
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Mln Mean Median
27 9 15 14
8.0 6.4 - 7.0
615 'tOO 501 505
mm mm mm mm
6.70 o.oo 3.10 4. 10
9.0 2.2 5-1 5-3
33 12 22 22
122 59 80 78
44 22 29 29
0.35 0.17 0.24 0.24
6.7 2.6 3.7 3-6
2.8 0.15 0.84 0.75
2.4 0.3 0.7 0.6
0.54 0.11 0.32 0.29
0.73 0.26 0.47 0.46
9.0 0.99 3.16 2.3
0.56 0.00 0.13 0.13
84 6 25 19
385 220 314 310
483 16 102 61
Data based on 26 samples
July 1966-Dec. 1966
. Max Mln Mean Median
31 8 21.1 25
7.1 6.7 — 6.9
800 410 495 470
122 65 104 111
7.20 0.00 2.04 1.55
18 2.5 5-9 5-0
47 15 24.6 24
100 6l 75 81
47 22 30.6 30
0.55 0.17 0.34 0.30
5.8 1.5 3.4 3.2
2.40 0.20 0.71 0.65
4.5 0.2 0.9 0.7
0.50 0.08 0.22 0.22
1.3 0.05 .75 0.73
7.7 1.6 3.1 2.9
0.27 0.01 0.07 0.04
64 4 23 21
336 141 272.7 280
235 10 35 24
Data based on 26 samples
ro
H
O\
U)
-------
164
R. J. Bowden
temperature increased from 21.5°C to 25? C. The graph
"Microbiological Water Quality-Station 3" on Page 162
reveals lower collform counts in 1966 but this reduction
is not as sharp as the reduction at the two upstream
stations.
Although some improvement has been made, DO was
often zero during July, August and September 1966, and
gassing was noted on several occasions.
The industrial waste parameters follow the
pattern established at the upstream stations; significantly
higher total Iron, cyanide, suspended solids and phenols.
The sulphates also Increased from a median of 74 in July-
December 1965 to a median of 8l In July-December 1966.
Samples for this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
are average values for the last six months of 1966:
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1
Copper 0.08 "
Chromium 0.04 "
Potassium 4.5 "
Manganese 0.22 "
Lead 0.06 "
Nickel 0.03 "
Arsenic less than 0.001 "
-------
165
R. J. Bowden
Zinc 0.63 "
Sodium 21
Stations 4, 5 and 6 - Indiana Harbor
Indiana Harbor was sampled at three points during
1966. Station 4 is located at the mouth of the Indiana
Harbor Canal, upstream of the Inland Steel and Youngstown
Sheet and Tube turning basins. Station 5 is located im-
mediately downstream of the turning basins and downstream
from all industrial outfalls to the harbor. The average
dry weather flow to Lake Michigan past this station is
2700 cfs, but under certain wind and lake level conditions
lake water is backed up Into the harbor for short periods
of time. Station 6 Is located at the east breakwall inner
light which is about 150 feet from Station 5 and contains
a water quality monitoring station. Station 6 was estab-
lished to correlate the monitoring program with the sampling
program.
Stations 4 and 5 are boat stations and cannot be
sampled in rough weather. During 1966 they were sampled
between March 31, 1966, and October 27, 1966. Therefore,
the data at these stations is less affected by the colder
months.
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
Stations 4,586
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMlNi
Great Lakes Region CMcago.lllinois
M i c h i g a n
TA. 6-INDIANA HARBOR MONITOR
(IHC 336.25)
STA. 5-INDIANA HARBOR OUTER
LIGHTS (IHC 336.2)
STA. 4-CANAL MOUTH PIERHEAD
LIGHTS (IHC 335,7)
-------
167
R. J. Bowden
The trends observed at the upstream stations
were also apparent at these stations. At Station 4, the
collform counts, graphed on Page 25, were higher during
the last six months of 1966, probably because of the higher
average tempetature. The average temperature during
January-June 1966 was l8°C, and 24.5°C during the July-
December period. The counts for all three bacterial
parameters were lower In the last half of 1966 than In the
last half of 1965.
At Stations 5 and 6 the microbiological quality
improved since the first half of 1966. The graphs on
Pages 26 and 27 show lower counts In spite of the higher
water temperatures during the last half of the year. It
appears that discharges of sewage directly to Indiana
Harbor have been reduced.
Industrial wastes did not follow a like pattern.
As they have in all the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor
Canal stations, these parameters have shown a steady in-
crease. Tables 4 and 5 show Increased concentrations of
ammonia nitrogen, total and soluble phosphates, iron,
cyanide, suspended solids and phenols. December 1966
values for phenols and cyanide were very high at Station 6.
Higher water temperatures in 1966 than in 1965 may be the
result of more cooling water being discharged to the
-------
168
R. J, Bowden
streams. This In itself is not serious but the higher
temperatures should result in lower phenols, cyanides
and ammonia concentrations because high temperature speeds
the decomposition of these compounds. The fact that the
concentrations went up when they should have gone down
indicates increased discharges to the canal and harbor.
Station 7 - Grand Calumet River at Indiana Harbor Belt
Railroad Bridge
This station is located in Illinois near the
Illinois-Indiana State line and was established to measure
the amount of pollution crossing the State line. This is
one of the water quality control points established by the
Calumet Area Technical Committee.
Most of the dry weather flow in this stream is
effluent from the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant and
Industrial effluent from one steel mill and several smaller
Industries.
Between July and November 1966 the microbiological
quality of the stream was improved. Total coliforms
averaged 258,000 per 100 ml. Fecal streptococci averaged
2400 per 100 ml and fecal coliforms averaged 48,000 per
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Stotion 4
III (monitor)
U.& DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
Michigan
PIERHEAD LIGHTS (CANAL MOUTH)
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Max.
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CHICAGO
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CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 5
U.& DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
T.
^(monitor)
I5 L ake Michigan
INDIANA HARBOR OUTER LIGHTS
170
( )No. of Samples
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-------
CHICAGO
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 6
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
L
(5 (monitor)
.f,Loke Michigan
INDIANA HARBOR MONITOR
171
>No. of Samples
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TOTAL COLIFORMS
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-------
TABLE 4
CHEMICAL QUALITY1 OF WATER
STATION 4 - INDIANA HARBOR CANAL AT PIERHEAD LIGBTS-3HC 335.7
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02+N03-N
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total POij.
Iron
Cyanide
Sue, Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
oc
unho/cm
mg/1
it
»
ii
M
n
H
ii
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
ug/1
units
Aug
Max
26
7.3
-
-
6.6
9.1
126
62
-
-
1.90
0.74
1.74
0.10
0.29
5.00
0.01
107
253
42
-
Data
, 1965-Dec. 1965
Min Mean Median
11
6.8
-
-
2.36
2.8
0
34
-
-
0.75
0.29
0.30
0.03
0.08
2.00
0.00
n
215
5.55
-
"based
20.8
_
-
-
3.81
4.7
37.5
52
-
-
1.21
0.42
0.94
0.06
0,18
2.92
0.001
30.8
238
l£.4
-
23
7.1
-
-
3-50
3.9
9-3
55
-
.
1.14
0.38
0.50
0.06
0.17
2.55
0.00
13
235
13
-
on 7 samples
Apr. 1966-June
Max Min Mean
24
8.0
460
-
5-2
5-0
IS
84
30
0.25
5.6
0.55
0.9
0.19
0.27
4.9
0.25
81
305
26
-
Data
^
6.8
385
-
2.05
2.4
11
23
21
0.07
2.2
0.11
0.0
0.06
0.09
1.5
0.00
11
230
n
-
based on
18
-
419
-
3.74
3.8
13
65
25
0.17
3.2
0.31
0.4
0.14
0.18
3.0
0.07
21
263
18
-
1966
Median
19
7.0
420
-
3.60
4.1
15
70
25
0.17
3.0
0.30
0.4
0.15
0.20
3.0
0.07
16
265
18
-
12 samples
JuOy 1966-Oct, 1966
Max Min Mean Median
29 15
7.4 6.8
430 301
1X39 51
7.20 0.90
7.0 2.8
58 6
75 36
23 10
0.25 0.10
3.8 0.8
0.80 0.17
1.4 0.2
0.11 0.04
0.45 0.19
44 1.2
0.09 0.02
37 7
268 130
84 5
3.4 2.5
Data based
24.5 26
7.1
370 370
90.5 98.0
3-43 3.15
4.06 3.7
19.9 16
52.8 50
19.9 22
0.176 0.18
2.17 2.1
0.43 0.39
0.53 0.5
0.07 0.07
0.27 0.23
5.49 2.5
o.o4 0.03
16.9 15
207 210
18.4 9
-
on 15 samples
• •
-------
TABLE 5
CHEMICAL QUALEH OP WATER
STATION 5 - INDIANA HARBOR AT INKER BREAKWALL LIGHTS-JHC 33$.
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02+N03"N
Ors. N
Sol P0l|.
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
°C
unho/cm
mg/1
IT
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
t
II
II
II
II
ug/1
units
Aug.
Max
26.0
7.3
-
-
6.8
13.0
121.0
56
_
-
1.90
0.59
1.38
0.12
0.31
2.96
0.19
13
254
23
-
Data
1965-Dec. 1965
Min Mean Ifedian
10
6.8
-
-
1.85
2.3
8.4
32
„
-
0.38
0.26
0.10
0.03
0.06
1.25
0.00
3-0
230
0
-
based
20.4
-
-
-
4.58
4.4
37.0
47
_
-
1.04
0.42
0.69
0.07
0.17
1.93
0.03
7.9
237
6.4
M
21
7.1
-
-
5.45
3.0
8.6
50
M
-
0.88
0.44
0.61
0.07
0.16
1.80
0.01
8.0
240
4.9
-
on 7 samples
Apr. 1966-June
Max Min Mean
23 32
7.9 6.8
teo 350
-
6.65 3-05
5.5 2.0
27 8
81 45
26 16
0.21 0.10
4.4 1.5
0.45 0.12
0.8 0.00
0.11 0.00
0.19 0.08
5.6 1.3
0.19 o.oi
3.7 9-0
280 205
19 5-4
11.2 1.8
Data based
17
-
384
-
4.63
3-3
13-3
62
22
O.lA
2.4
0.29
0.2
0.07
0.12
3.0
0.05
14.8
240
10.4
6.3
on 12
1966
Ifedian
17
7.0
385
-
4.80
3.5
13
62
23
O.lA
2.4
0.32
0.2
0.08
0.14
3.1
0.02
13
235
10.0
6.2
samples
July 1966-Oct.
Max Min Mean
29 17
7-3 6.6
4oo 330
94 72
6.00 0.85
4.4 2.2
28 6
76 41
25 16
0.21 0.09
2.9 1.2
5.0 0.14
1.5 0.0
0.10 0.03
0.37 0.09
3.8 1.3
0.14 0.01
210 1
379 175
41 3
13.0 1.6
Data based
24.2
-
364
87
3-17
3.0
15.2
50.5
21.4
0.15
1.88
0.68
0.37
0.055
O.lB
2.37
0.043
41
228
10.4
5.0
on 15
1966
Median
26
7.0
365
89
3.10
2.9
13
1*8
21
0.14
1.8
0.35
0.3
0.05
0.20
2.2
0.03
13
208
7
4.2
sample c
-------
TABLE 6
CHEMICAL QUALITY OP WATER
STATION 6 - INDIANA HARBOR AT EAST BREAKWALL INNER LIGHT
(WATER QUALITY MONITOR STATIONj-IHC 336.25
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
u> MBAS
NH3-N
N02+N03'K
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total POj^
Iron
Cyanide
Sxis. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
July 1965-Dec. 1965
Max Min Mean Median
oc
umho/cm
mg/1
IT
11
II
II
II
II
NOT SAMPLED IN 1965
11
n
"
«
n
n
"
"
USA
units
Jan, 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
19 6 12 12
8.0 6.6 - 7.0-
1*60 320 372 385
.
8.0 2.80 6.50 7.1
5.6 1.7 3«k 3.6
37 i*.o 12.0 n.o
77 3k 59 66
32 10 21 22
.35 .08 .15 .15
2.8 0.19 1.9 1-9
0.70 0.12 0.1*2 O.kO
2.1 0.2 0.6 0.5
0.30 0.03 0.09 0.08
0.3k 0.08 O.Ik 0.13
8.1 1.3 3-1 3.0
0.20 0.00 0.08 0.07
k6 8 17 15
265 200 239 2kO
k5 l.k 15.6 Ik
.
Data "based on 26 samples
July 1966-Doc, 1966
Max Min Mean Median
29 9 19.9 21
7.7 6.7 - 7.0
k70 310 372 360
111 79 93 93
8.05 1.15 5-32 5.90
13.0 1.2 k.09 3-3
72 5 19-8 15
70 22 k3.6 k5
33 9 20.8 21
0.30 0.05 0.15 o.ik
2.5 .6 1.5 l.k
.80 .IX) .k7 .k5
2.70 .0 .57 -ko
0.10 0.01 0.05 0.06
1.1*0 .08 0.25 0.19
15.0 l.l 3.72 2.5
0.35 0.00 o 07 0.03
119 .7 26.2 15
266 128 211 215
1*22. 2. 27.0 7
55.0 1.6 17.8 16.5
Data based on 25 samples
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
Stations 788
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMINi
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
Mlchtg a n
STA. 7 - INDIANA HARBOR BELT R.R.
BRIDGE (GC 328.5)
STA. 8 - WENTWORTH AVE. BRIDGE
-------
176
R. J. Bowden
100 ml. The graph "Mlorobiologioal Water Quality Station 7"
shows that these counts are far lower than they were during
1965 or January-December 1966. During December 1966,
however, the bacterial counts were much higher. Total
coliforms averaged 1,440,000 per 100 ml, fecal streptococci
averaged 46,700 per 100 ml and fecal collform averaged
410,000 per 100 ml. The graph shows that these averages
are equal to or higher than the averages of 1965 and
January to June 1966. This Improvement followed by a
regression back to previous pollution levels was probably
due to chlorlnation which was discontinued in December.
Table 7 indicates that there has been some improve-
ment for some of the chemical parameters. However, organic
nitrogen, total Iron, phenols, suspended solids and dis-
solved solids all increased sharply in December.
Although some progress was made since 1965* most
of the recommended criteria were not met. The median BOD
of 6.2 mg/1 remained the same as in 1965 but the maximum
of 89 mg/1 was far above the criteria which calls for a
maximum of 10 mg/1.
Dissolved oxygen did not change substantially
since 1965 but many readings were below the minimum of 1.0
mg/1.
-------
CHICAGO
• *17
II (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 7
U.& DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.lllinois
L.
Stmonitor)
.fe Michigan
177
* 'No. of Samples
"Max.
Mean
•INDIANA HARBOR ,
BELT R.R. BRIDGED |
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TOTAL COLIFORMS
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SCPT.-OEC. '65 JAN -JUNE '66 JULY-DEC. '66
FECAL STREP.
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FECAL COLIFORMS
33
-------
TABLE 7
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF HATER
STATION 7 - GRAND CALUMET RIVER AT INDIANA HARBOR BELT R.R. BRIDGE GC 328.5
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02+N03-N
Org. N
Sol POli
Total POi^
Iron
Cyanide
Sue. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
Sep.
Max
°C 21
7.4
uriho/cm
mg/1
8.0
24.0
155
282
»
»
11.0
11 13.00
4.60
11.0
14.0
" 17.00
.32
155
750
ug/1 45.5
units
Data
1965-Dec. 1965
Min Mean Median
5
6.5
.
.
0.0
3.5
15
52
—
M
1.2
1.2
.05
1.25
3.3
.27
0.0
7
3B5
4.
-
based
13.4
-
.
_
4.12
8.3
56.4
174
—
B
4.6
5.0
1.70
5.9
8.2
2.01
.01
27.4
606
15.4
on 18
16
7.2
b
_
'4.7
6.1
52
190
_
_
3.2
3.8
1.60
5.9
7.9
0.80
0.0
18
660
13
samples
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
23
8.2
1150
-
6.4
104
224
280
180
1.8
12
15
6.6
10.1
16.0
7-9
0.05
LLO
770
90
19-5
Data
3
6.8
410
-
0.00
3.2
25
76
22
.15
0.55
1.1
0.6
0.3
0.90
0.6
0.0
5
270
3.1
1,8
based
n
-
922
-
4.00
26.4
67
187
87
.70
4.72
6.3
2.4
2.9
7.67
2.13
.0096
38
668
24.4
6.2
9
7.2
1020
-
4.2
21
56
192
85
.63
3.9
6.4
1.9
2.0
7.0
1.3
.01
28
700
19
5-1
on 26 samples
July 1966-Dec.
Max Min Mean
28 5
7.3 7.0
1500 690
253 321
9.6 .5
89.0 2.6
114 13
205 115
150 52
1.14 0.54
13.0 0.3
14.0 1.6
11.9 0.5
16.0 0.7
17.0 4.3
3. IX) 0.26
0.04 0.00
51 4
740 90
66.0 3.0
30.0 1.0
Data based
17.0
-
975
l&l
4.32
13-3
47.6
169
77
0.74
3-7
6.4
2.1
8.9
ix).9
0.73
0.01
15.8
560
12.3
4.74
1966
Median
17
7.2
940
170
3.65
6.2
41
174
78
0.70
2.4
5.0
1.1
8.4
11.0
0.49
0.01
13
590
8.0
2.2
on 25 samples
-J
00
-------
179
R. J. Bowden
COD was reduced from a median of 52 mg/1 in 1965
to 41 mg/1 in 1966 and sulphates from 190 mg/1 to 174 mg/1.
The average chlorides content of 77 mg/1 was only
slightly above the permitted 75 mg/1 and the maximum of
125 mg/1 was violated only once in the last six months of
1966.
MBAS was far above the criteria. The minimum
value of 0.54 mg/1 is above the recommended maximum of 0.5
mg/1.
Ammonia nitrogen Improved since 1965* dropping
from an average of 4.6 mg/1 to 3.7 mg/1, but the maximum
limit of 5.0 mg/1 was exceeded several times, especially
in December.
Total and soluble phosphates both increased
since 1965; soluble phosphate from an average of 5.9 mg/1
to 8.9 mg/1 and total phosphate from an average of 8.2 mg/1
to 10.9 mg/1. A c-rlterlon for phosphate has not yet been
recommended.
Total Iron decreased substantially but cyanide
was detected more often in 1966 than in 1965.
Suspended and dissolved solids both decreased
but dissolved solids were above the recommended maximum
of 500 mg/1.
-------
180
R. J. Bowden
The phenolic content decreased to an average of
12.3 fag/1 in 1966, but the maximum allowable of 20 ug/1
was exceeded in all three December 1966 samples.
Floating oil, sludge banks and gas bubbles were
frequently reported at this station.
The water quality of the stream had shown con-
siderable improvement during 1966 and several parameters
were approaching their criteria levels until December when
concentrations rose sharply.
The samples for this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
are average values for the last six months of 1966:
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1
Copper 0.03 "
Potassium 9.3 "
Chrome less than 0.005 "
Manganese 0.09 "
Lead less than 0.005 "
Nickel 0.01 "
Arsenic less than 0.001 "
Zinc 0.04 "
Sodium 79
-------
CHICAGO
«•••»—»•——
pi?
I'll (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 8
U.S DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
a.
^(monitor)
.^e Michigan
VYVENTWORTH AVE. \
BRIDGE
{ ) No-of Samples
Mean
Median
Min.
181
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JULY-DEC %3 JAN.- JUNE fcs JULY-DEC. '66
TOTAL COLIFORMS
I06_
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JULY -DEC. *S5 JAN.-JUNE'6S JULY-DEC. '65
FECAL STREP.
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FECAL COLIFORMS
-------
TABLE 8
CHEMICAL QUALm: OF WATER
STATION 8 - LITTLE CALUMET RIVER AT WENTWORTH AVE.-LC 332.3
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
MH3-N
JN02+N03-N
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total P0l|
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
°C
unuio/cin
ng/l
M
IF
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
vg/1
unit
July
Max
24
8.8
-
9.80
35.0
151.0
31X>
OT
-
3.70
5.40
6.23
9-71
14.28
3.80
.IB
704
770
59.0
-
1965-Dec. 1965
Mln Mean Median
0
7.1
-
0.00
3.9
5-9
57
-
-
.30
.04
.13
.26
1.10
0.45
0.0
10
109
0.0
-
Data based
13.3
—
-
3.32
10.9
50.9
175
-
-
1.96
1.68
2.58
3.07
4.60
1.26
0.012
105-5
565
10.9
-
17
7.4
-
3. IX)
8.1
51
175
-
-
2.05
1.40
1.60
2.90
4.30
0.91
0.0
30
637
7.9
-
on 25 samples
Jan. 1966-June
Max Mln Mean
23 0
8.0 7.0
J220 te5
-
11.0 0.2
16 3.9
89 20
300 101
55 17
.76 .15
3.1 -35
4.3 .12
2.95 0.8
3.1 O.o
6.9 .22
3.1 .44
.02 .00
980 13
860 255
39 .24
103 1.2
Data based
8
808
-
6.4
8.2
45
157
41
.28
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.4
3-5
1.0
.005
89
595
12.4
15.6
1966
Median
7
7.5
765
-
7.3
7.8
39
180
44
.25
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.1
3.0
•91
.00
32
570
9-3
9-0
on 25 samples
July 1966-Dec.
Max Min Mean
30
8.1
1300
307
9.60
17.0
72
325
80
0.86
6.0
9.3
7.2
9.9
11.0
2.30
0.66
320
907
65.0
80.0
Data
1 13.9
6.9 -
430 1025
65 220
o.io 3.49
5-0 9.5
19 45.7
100 216
IB 52.3
0.28 0.45
0.3 2.57
0.1X) 1.62
0.3 1.78
0.6 5.5
1.8 6.3
0.38 0.75
o.oo 0.3
1966
Median
1A
7.5
1100
2te
2.50
8.5
50
205
54
0.42
2.4
0.60
1.5
5-7
6.4
0.63
0.00
5 38.1 18
194 652
1.0 9.6
1.0 8.7
based on 25
741
6.1
4.0
samples
00
ro
-------
183
R. J. Bowden
Station 8 - Little Calumet River at Wentworth Avenue
The Wentworth Avenue Station was established to
monitor the wastes in the Little Calumet River flowing from
Indiana to Illinois. The station is located approximately
one half mile downstream from the State line and is one
of the control points established by the Calumet Area
Technical Committee.
Improvement in microbiological quality reported
in the January-June 1966 report has continued. The graph
on Page 36 shows that the coliform and fecal streptococci
counts were slightly lower during the last half of 1966.
This slight decrease is significant because an Increase
would normally be expected due to the higher temperatures.
The average temperature during January-June 1966 was 8°C
and during July-December 1966 it was 13.9°c. There were
still several total coliform counts over 1,000,000 per 10O
ml, however, and all the counts were higher than the maximum
bacterial criteria. Overflows from combined sewers are
still a severe problem.
The chemical data reveal no clear trend. Some
are higher, some are lower than in the preceding six
months. Most do not meet the recommended criteria. The
criteria for water temperature and pH were met. The
-------
184
R. J. Bowden
dissolved oxygen is far below the minimum level called for
by the criteria. The average BOD and COD both decreased
slightly since 1965, as did suspended solids, iron and
phenols. Sulphates, ammonia, phosphates, cyanide and
dissolved solids all increased appreciably, however.
The recommended criterion for BOD calls for a
maximum of 10.0 mg/1. This was exceeded on several occa-
sions, especially during July and August.
The maximum of 0.5 mg/1 for NBAS was also exceeded
several times.
The criterion for ammonia nitrogen (maximum 1.5
mg/1) was exceeded on most of the samples.
The criterion for cyanides (maximum 0.025 mg/1)
was generally met, except for one occasion when 0.66 mg/1
was found.
The criterion for phenolic compounds (maximum 20
ug^l) was also generally met, except for one sample.
The criteria call for the stream to be sub-
stantially free of floating solids, sludge banks and
visibly floating oil. Floating oil and solids have been
frequently observed and gas bubbles indicate the presence
of sludge banks.
Samples for this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
are average values for the last six months of 1966:
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
Stations 9 a 10
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
M f c h i g a a
STA. 10 - CARONDALET AVE. BRIDGE
(IRS 328.9)
STA. 9 - CULVERT IN CAUSWAY
(IRS 330.2)
olumet
Warbor
-------
CHICAGO
'17
I III (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 9
U.& DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
-CULVERT ON CAUSWAY
u
( i No.of Samples
-Ma*.
Mean
I Median
Min.
ot_
•
m
101
•
-
•
101
•
•
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10°
101
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-
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10°
OCt-OEC. %5 JAM-JUNE fee JULY-DEC. '66
x TOTAL COLIFORMS
l°4-
A
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(
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101
—
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OCT.- DEC. '69 JAN.- JUNE '66 giK.Y-OeC.%6
FECAL STREP.
u
(29
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JULY -DEC. 185 JAN.- JUNE «6 JULY- DEC. '66
FECAL COLIFORMS
186
41
-------
:CAROIMDALET AVE. BRIDGE
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 10
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
^{monitor)
ict-oke Michigan
187
( ) No. of Samples
T Max.
O Mean
u
OMedion
* Win.
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OCT. -DEC. fcS JAM- JUNE '66 JULY-DEC. '66
TOTAL COLIFORMS
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OCT. -DEC. '65 JAN.- JUNE 66 JULY -DEC. '66
FECAL STREP.
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12
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JULY -DEC t5 JAM- JUNE '66 JULY- DEC. fee
FECAL COLIFORMS
-------
TABLE 9
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 9 - WOLF LAKE AT CULVERT ON DDIAHA-ILLIIIOTS STATE LHJE-IBS 330.2
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NHq-N
j
Org. N
SolKfy
Total POh
^r
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
Oct.
Max
°C 15
8.2
urnho/cm •
mg/1
15.0
5.5
60
»
»
0.38
0.86
1.00
" 0.29
0.30
0.97
11 0.01
51
" 285
ug/1 20
units
Data
Min
0
7.7
-
10.0
1.2
6.4
46
.
_
0.07
0.38
0.45
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.00
2
255
0.00
-
based
Dec. 1965
Mean Median
4.1
-
-
-
12.6
3.2
50
_
.
0.24
0.58
0.69
0.10
0.13
0.28
0.00
11
264
4.2
-
on 11
1
7.9
-
13.0
3.4
23
50
.
_
0.22
0.55
0.68
0.09
0.12
0.23
0.00
9
265
4
-
samples
Jan. 1966-June
Max Min Mean
24
9.8
460
-
15
7.8
26
69
38
.19
.56
1.2
1.3$
.07
.34
.56
.35
48
320
19
4.2
Data
0
7.5
350
-
7.70
1.9
10
45
27
.LO
.02
.03
•51
.00
.04
.04
.00
4
3JBO
.14
0.5
based
8
-
414
-
1966
Median
5
8.0
400
-
n.o4 11.2
3-9
18
55
31
.12
.28
.38
.76
.02
.11
.24
.01
13
268
3-7
18
55
30
.11
.30
.30
.71
.02
.08
.22
.00
9
265
3-05 2
2,3
on 26
2.1
samples
July 1966-Dec. 1966
Max Mia Mean Median
29 o
8.9 7.4
500 335
450 92
14,20 7.10
11.0 1.6
55 15
61 37
34 20
0.19 0.09
0.54 0.03
0.99 O.W
2.00 0.55
0.29 0.05
0.48 0.08
0.74 0.05
0.03 o.oo
31 4
275 184
IB 0
12.0 1.3
Data based
13
-
391
156
10.53
5.6
32.5
46.6
26.8
0.14
0.22
0.34
1.20
0.14
0.20
0.25
0.001
15.3
230
3.4
4.2
12
8.1
385
111
10.52
6.0
30
46
27
O.lA
0.20
0.26
1.10
0.14
0.19
0.24
0.00
14
225
3
4.0
on 26 samples
s
00
00
-------
TABLE 10
CHEMICAL QUALTTf OF WATER
STATION 10 - WOLF LAKE CHANNEL AT CARONDOLET AVE.-IRS 328.9
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH.-N
N02+K03"N
Org. N
Sol POl^
Total POj^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Oct
Max
°c 16
8.6
XODuO/ CS1 **
ng/1
13
2.6
138
72
n _
"
0.33
0.60
0.83
11 0.24
0.49
0.37
. 1965-Dec.
Min Mean
1
8.1
-
_
8.0
1.7
0.8
45
-
-
0.06
0.12
0.44
0.02
0.05
0.04
4.6
-
-
.
11.4
2.2
31.6
63.6
-
•i
0.20
0.30
0.58
0.09
0.13
0.20
1965
Median
3
8.4
-
_
12.0
2.1
20
66
-
-
0.21
0.26
0.55
0.05
0.08
0.22
" None found
24
305
ug/1 8
Data
2
245
0
"based
13
281
3.6
on 11
15
280
3
samples
Jan. 1966- June
Max Min Mean
25 o
8.8 7.9
545 370
-
14.0 5.9
5.0 1.9
26 12
92 69
37 30
.24 .09
0.67 o.io
0.67 o.io
1.11 0.35
0.24 0.00
0.27 0.03
0.77 0.05
0.02 0.00
65 2
315 220
15 1.4
Data "based
8
-
463
-
10.6
3.1
18
77
34
.13
0.27
0.37
0.70
0.03
0.07
0.23
1966
Median
5
8.5
460
-
11.4
3-3
18
77
35
.12
0.26
0.34
0.62
0.02
0.06
0.23
0.002 0.00
25
289
6.8
24
295
8.0
on 26 samples
Ju
Max
28
8.7
520
121
13.30
7.6
38
82
42
0.20
0.41
0.63
1.05
0.11
0.15
0.27
0.01
58
343
20.0
Jy 1566-Dec.
Min Mean
0
8.0
350
83
5-95
2.0
11
52
26
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.28
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.00
3
172
1.0
Data "based
14
-
440
104
9-35
3.0
25.6
68.4
33.7
0.13
0.18
0.23
0.69
0.07
0.09
0.15
0.00
16.2
258
5.4
1966
Median
13
8.4
445
102
9.70
2.8
27
68
32
0.13
0.18
0.21
0.74
0.07
0.09
0.15
0.00
14
260
3.5
on 26 samples
-------
190
R. J. Bowden
Cadmium less than 0.005
0.07
6.8
0.06
0.23
0.02
0.20
less than 0.001
0.03
68
Copper
Potassium
Chrome
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Arsenic
Zinc
Sodium
mg/1
Stations 9 and 10 - Wolf Lake and Outlet
Wolf Lake, which is located on the Indiana-Illinois
State line, has been sampled at two points. Station 9 is
directly on the State line which runs along a causeway that
bisects the lake. This station monitors the quality of the
water crossing the State line and has been established as a
control point by the Calumet Area Technical Committee.
Station 10 is located on the Wolf Lake outlet at Carondolet
Avenue about 3,000 feet downstream from Wolf Lake and
monitors the quality of the water leaving the lake.
The quality of the water in Wolf Lake and its
outlet is good. At Station 9 the recommended criteria for
-------
191
R. J. Bowden
total conforms and fecal streptococci were met approximately
95 percent of the time during 1966. Runoff is the probable
cause of the higher counts. On two of the three occasions
they were not met; it was either raining at or shortly
before the time of sampling. The microbiological water
quality graph for Station 9 on Page 186 shows that there
was no change In the counts last year. The lower coliform
counts in January-June 1966 can be attributed to lower
water temperatures during this period. Dissolved oxygen
in the lake was more than sufficient and the BOD was low.
Floating suds were observed periodically on Wolf
Lake. On two occasions the problem was so severe as to
prevent recreational use of the lake. Probable cause of
these conditions is discharges of detergent from Lever
Brothers Company. Concentrations of MBAS and phosphates
were considerably above the recommended levels and reflect
this problem. A maximum of 0.05 mg/1 MBAS and an average
of not more than 0.02 mg/1 are recommended. Table 9 shows
that the values were several times higher and appear to
have Increased. The Increase in average MBAS concentra-
tion from 0.12 mg/1 in January-June 1966 to 0.14 mg/1 in
July-December 1966 is significant because the higher
temperatures in the July-December period should have
caused more biological breakdown of MBAS and therefore
-------
192
R. J. Bowden
lower counts. A similar comment can be made on the
phosphate levels which rose from an average of 0.11 mg/1
In the first half of 1966 to an average of 0.-20 mg/1 In
the second half. In addition, the July-December 1966
phosphates were higher than for the corresponding period
In 1965.
Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen In the lake
were also above the recommended criteria. These concentra-
tions have not changed since 1965. The ammonia may be
due to runoff from the area around the lake. This high
nitrogen content, when combined with the phosphates from
the detergents discharged to the lake, could cause algal
blooms and accelerate the process of eutrophlcatlon In the
lake.
There has been no repetition of the cyanide
contamination discussed In the previous report, but traces
are still found occasionally in both the lake and its
outlet.
In the lake outlet stream at Station 10, con-
centrations of DO, BOD, COD, ammonia, and phosphates were
lower than in the lake — probably due to stabilization
reactions in the lake and the stream.
Both the phenols and the sulphates were con-
sistently higher in the outlet than in the lake. The
-------
193
R. J. Bowden
reason for this Is not understood since there is no known
source of waste between the two stations. The microbiolog-
ical quality of the water at Station 10 was good but the
total conforms increased since 1965. Further investiga-
tions of these findings are planned.
Stations 11, 12 and 13 - Calumet Harbor
There are three sampling stations located at
Calumet Harbor. Station 11 is located at the mouth of
the Grand Calumet River immediately adjacent to the north
pierhead light. The purpose of this station is to cor-
relate the sampling program with a water quality monitor
which is located in the pierhead light structure.
Station 12 is located at the mouth of the Grand
Calumet River at midstream. The purpose of this station
is to monitor the quality of the water entering the river
from the harbor.
Station 13 is located in mid-harbor approximately
3,500 feet from the mouth of the river. This station
monitors the quality of the water flowing In from Lake
Michigan to the river. Stations 12 and 13 require a boat
for sampling and therefore can be sampled only when weather
permits.
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
Stations II, 12 ft 13
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago,lllinois
M i c h i g a n
STA. 13-CALUMET HARBOR
(CR 334.0)
STA. 11 - CALUMET HARBOR MONITOR
(CR 333.45)
STA. 12-CALUMET RIVER MOUTH
(CR 333.4)
-------
CALUMET HARBOR MONITOR
CHICAGO
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station II
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.Illinois
(3 (monitor)
.gZ.flA'* Michigan
195
( ) No. of Samples.
T" Max.
Mean
Jo T
-1- QMedion
L I Min.
1 1
I04_
.
*
4/»/B6
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10°
JULY-DEC %5 JA*-JUNEfe6 JULY-DEC. '66
TOTAL COLIFORMS
»s-
•
•
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'
q
q
SAMPLED
1-
0
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I01
JULY-OEC.'65 JAN.-JUNE66 JULY-DEC.66
FECAL STREP.
4/29/66
te
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JULY-DEC *5 JAN.-JUNE '66 JULY-OEC. 06
FECAL COLIFORMS
•ol
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10
-------
CHICAGO
CALUMET RIVER MOUTH
*I7
I jl I (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 12
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
6(monitor)
.-Lake Michigan
196
( )No. of Samples
TMax.
OMeon
Q)
Min.
05_
-
•
•oi
«
«
•
—
•
•
lOi
10
ioi
—
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5 c
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ioL
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10°
AUG. -DEC. '65 JAM-JUNE 1B6 JULY-DEC. '66
v TOTAL COLIFORMS
»*_
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Aua-OEC.*65 JAN.-JUNE 66 JULY-OEC/66
FECAL STREP.
k '
C
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>
)
JULY-OEC %3 JAN.- JUNE '66 JULY- DEC. '66
FECAL COLIFORMS
-------
CALUMET HARBOR
CHICAGO
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 13
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
L
.6(monitor)
.-Loke Michigan
197
1*
( )No. of Samples
Ma
Min.
°1
-
"
wi
•
1
•
-
J
•
•
toL
-
-
in0
(i
<
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10°
AUG. -NOV%5 APR-JUNE "66 JULY- NOV. '66
v TOTAL COLIFORM3
Dl
*
11/7/66
™~-
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-
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(i
(
(
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07)
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10°
AUG. -NOV. '63 APR.-JVINE'SB JULY-NOV.%6
FECAL STREP.
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JULY -DEC. %5 AP(<,-JUNE '66 JULY-NOV. %S
FECAL COLIFORMS
-------
TABLE
CHEMICAL QUALTIY OF WATER
STATION 11 - CALUMET RIVER AT NORTH PIERHEAD LK2ST-CR 333.1*5
(WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATION)
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MRAS
NH3-N
NOj+NOg-N
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total POij.
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dls. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
July 1965-Dec. 1965
Max Min Mean Median
°C
utnho/cm
B>6/1
11
it
"
n NOT SAMPLES} IN 1965
n
"
n
it
n
"
"
"
11
"
ug/1
units
Jan. 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
19 0 7 6
8.3 7.4 - 7.8
330 203 298 300
. -
14.1 4.2 10.1 10.4
4.9 0.9 2.5 2.2
36 0.7 9.5 8.8
35 21 27 27
16 IX) 12 12
.22 .03 .07 .05
0.72 0.21 0.49 0.46
0.32 0.09 0.20 0.22
0.70 0.05 0.34 0.31
0.78 o.oo o.ii o.o4
0.90 0.04 0.17 0.09
8.6 0.09 2.1 1.1
0.13 0.00 0.02 0.01
85 8 29 23
210 l£0 182 185
15 0.6 2.9 2.7
.
Data based on 25 samples
July 1966-Dec. 1966
Max Min Mean Median
26 1 15.3 15
8.1 7.3 - 7-9
4lX) 250 313 300
133 88 1X)6 1O6
12.65 ^.85 8. IX) 7-70
5.6 l.l 2.6 2.5
42 5 16 15
38 l£ 26.4 28
25 9 11.8 10
0.14 0.02 0.08 0.08
1.10 0.12 0.35 0.29
.70 .09 .24 .19
0.64 0.03 0.31 0.29
0.79 0.01 0.07 0.04
1.10 0.04 O.lB 0.10
97-00 .69 13.2 2.1
0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
191 3 41 20
211 80 172 177
19.0 0.0 4.0 2
90.0 .6 35.0 12.5
Data based on 26 samples
• f
\3\
H
00
-------
SABLE 12
STATION 12 - CAUJMET RIVER AT MOUTH - PIERHEAD LICTTS-CR 333.4
Parameter
Water Temp.
Conductivity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MJBAS
MH3-N
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
oc
umho/cm
ing/1
H
ir
»
II
n
ii
n
n
n
II
n
n
ri
Ug/1.
Aug.--1965-Dec. 1965 Jan. 1966-June 1966 July 1966-Dec. 1966
Max Min Mean Median Max Min Mean Median Max Min Mean Median
22 3 13.6 14 19 4 11 11 24 2 17.7 21
8.0 7-5 - 7-9 8;1 7-5 - 7.9 8.0 7.2 - 7.8
330 285 300 295 330 285 304 300
117 ruo us 113 211 93 113 109
6.78 13-00 8.80 8.50 n.l 5-40 8.1»6 7.85 12.40 1.60 7.55 7.30
3-7 1.0 1.92 2.2 5.5 1.0 2.8 2.2 28 0.4 3.87 2.1
120 0.9 28.7 12 18 1.6 10.4 10 39 12 14.4 6
26 17 23 23 30 3£ 25 25 32 16 24.2 25
l£ 9 12 12 18 9 10.7 10
.10 .03 .06 .05 0.12 0.03 0.07 0.07
0.39 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.68 0.35 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.08 0.30 0.31
0.41 0.17 0.23 0.27 0-35 0.09 0.20 0.21 0.50 0.09 0.27 0.26
0.60 0.04 0.24 0.29 3-23 0.07 0.56 0.33 0.52 0.01 0.27 0.28
0.23 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.04
0.25 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.23 0.04 0.09 0.07
2.30 0.24 0.84 0.72 1.8 0.55 1.10 1.10 7.1 0.44 1.72 1.2
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
76 2.0 19.6 IB 53 4 20 17 88 6 21.8 12
280 1AO 180 170 235 175 192 185 200 155 179 170
8.2 0.00 2.31 2.0 12 0.0 1.9 0.6 50 2.1 2
Data based on 15 samples Data based on 13 samples Data based on 20 samples
-------
TABIE 13
STATION 13
CHEMICAL QUALTK OF WATER
CALUMET HARBOR AT MZD-CHANHEL-CR 33^.0
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH,-N
3
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total POh
*T
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Phenol
Turbidity
Aug. 1965-Nov. 1965
Max Min Mean Median
°C 22 7 15 15
8.0 7.7 - 7.9
umho/cm ... -
ing/1 ...
" 11.0 6.95 8.81* 9.00
" 2.1 1.0 1.5 1.6
120 0.0 18.6 7.6
37.0 19 21*. 8 21*
it ... .
11 ...
" 0.27 0.1X) 0.19 0.20
11 0.53 0.17 0.26 0.21*
" 0.51 0.03 0.25 0.22
0.29 0.02 0.07 0.05
0.78 0.02 O.ll* 0.09
1.82 0.09 0.1*6 0.21
" 0.01 0.0 0.001 0.00
11 19.0 1.0 9-3 8.0
" 195 150 170 170
ug/1 8.0 0.0 1.35 0.9
units ...
Data "based on 12 samples
Apr. 1966-June 1966
Max Min Mean Median
18 5 12 11*
8.1 7.1* - 7.8
310 270 293 300
121 107 UL3 HI
12.2 7-3 9.2 9-3
1*.8 1.3 2.6 2.3
16 3.0 9.2 10
26 18 2l* 25
ll* 8 11 11
.09 .03 .05 -Ol*
0.1*8 0.21* 0.33 0.33
0.35 0.08 O.lB 0.16
0.56 0.10 0.37 0.39
0.05 0.00 0.02 0.02
0.10 O.O1* 0.06 0.06
2.1 0.29 0.66 0.1*8
0.01 0.00 .002 0.00
1*6 3 32 9
210 170 190 l£5
5.3 o.o 1.3 o.o
8.8 1.3 2.6 3.1*
Data based on 12 samples
July l$66-Nov. 1966
Max Min Mean Median
21* 7 19.1 22
8.0 7.6 - 7.8
315 275 298 295
212 96 115 m
11.1*0 6.20 8.11 7.65
3.1* 1.0 2.1 2.0
22 2 12.7 ll*
33 16 23.7 25
12 9 10 K)
0.11 0.02 0.06 0.06
0.1*7 O.Ol* 0.25 0.21*
0.38 O.Ol* 0.19 0.19
0.37 0.06 0.22 0.23
0.07 0.01 0.03 0.03
0.08 O.Ol* 0.06 0.06
1.80 0.12 0.50 0.1*7
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
23 2 9 7
185 126 l£7 167
11 0 2.1* 2
19.9 0.6 2.8 1.6
Data based on 17 samples
vn
O)
ro
o
o
-------
201
R. J. Bowden
Operation of the O'Brien Lock tends to Isolate
the area by reversing the natural flow of the river, so
that water flows from the lake to the river most of the
time. For this reason most of the pollution in the harbor and
at the river mouth originates in the immediate area.
The graphs on preceding pages show that the level
of microbiological pollution was slightly less than in
1965. The higher counts in the last half of 1966 were due
to the higher temperatures during the period. This area
was not designated as a control point by the Technical
Committee but the criteria for inner harbor basins could
reasonably be applied.
The criteria for total collform (maximum 5000
per 100 ml and average 2000 per 100 ml) were generally met
at all three stations.
The criterion for fecal streptococci (maximum
100 per 100 ml) was not met approximately one third of the
time at each station. High fecal collform counts also
occurred. On several occasions there were high fecal coll-
form to total coliform ratios. This indicates that the
pollution is fresh, of animal origin and local in nature.
A large number of ships and boats use the harbor.
Since flow is usually from the harbor to the
river, industrial pollution In the harbor is not severe.
-------
202
R. J. Bowden
At Station 13, which Is out In the harbor, all of the
chemical criteria except pH and ammonia nitrogen were
met.
The criteria for phosphates and Iron were not
met at the two stations in the river mouth; as Table 11
Indicates, there were high concentrations of Iron at
Station 11. Iron from U.S. Steel outfalls to the harbor
often discolored the entire area. This also created high
turbidity. A comparison of the 1965 data with the July-
December 1966 data reveals no significant changes except
that ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher In 1966
and phosphate concentrations were lower.
Except for the severe discoloration of the water
around Station 11 by Iron, pollution is less severe In
Calumet Harbor than In Indiana Harbor.
Station 14 - Gary West Water Intake
The Gary West Water Intake is one of the control
points designated by the Calumet Area Technical Committee
for open Lake Michigan water. It was originally intended
that the water filtration plant at which the samples are
collected should perform the analyses at the raw water
-------
•STA. 17-DUNNE CRIB WATER
INTAKE (LM 536.4)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
Stations (4,15,16 a 17
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN:
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
STA.I6-HAMMOND WATER
INTAKE {LM 527.2)
alumat
arbor
M i e h i g a a
STA. 15-EAST CHICAGO WATER
INTAKE (LM 516.9)
Lake
Calu mat
STA.14-GARY WEST WATER
INTAKE (LM 512.2)
HAMMOND
-------
CHICAGO
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 14
U.& DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lokes Region Chicogo.Illinois
L.
/^(monitor)
\*t-oke Michigan
GARY WEST
WATER INTAKE
204
No. of Samples
Max.
Mean
Median
Min.
I'm
..*
T !
1 1
1
1
1
(
o ! S C
UJ ^
_l -1
5. Q.
en I w
1
t 1-
2 °
•
p
K)L
.
—
•
>
)
I
•
•
toL
-
10°
JULY-DEC '65 JAM-JUNE '66 *UC.-OEC'66
TOTAL COLIFORMS
-
toL
•
-
o S iol
ui u :
_j
a! i 5.
1 1 < :
<0 OT CM)
1- »-
0 0
iol
o
} J
JULY - DEC *6S JAN.-JUNe'«S AUC. -DEC/66
FECAL STREP.
q
o o
LU UJ
-J — '
a Q-
2 3S
»- t- <
0 0
Z 2
(
1
>
)
JULY -DEC *5 J4N.-JUNE '66 AO6. -OEC/SS
FECAL COLIFORMS
101
toL
10'
-------
205
TABUS 14
CHEMICAL QUALITY OP WATER
STATION 14 - GAKf WEST WATER FII/FRATIOm MTAKE-IM 512.2
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH^-N )
HOg+NO^-Njto-t
Org. N )
Sol P04
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease
Phenol
Turbidity
Color
°C
umbo/cm
mg/1
n
n
n
ti
n
n
IT
;.N "
n
n
n
ti
11
it
ir
it
ir
Ug/1
units
n
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9.0 7.7
-
-
8.1-8.4
-
-
- 8O$ Eat. 90^ sat. -
-
-
50
15
0.20
0.05*
0.4*-
-
0.04*
0.30
0.025
-
200
1.3
-
-
23
8
0.05
O.O2*
-
-
0.03*
0.15
-
l£2
1.0
Free from floating oil
3.0*
No contrast
1.0*
with
natural appearance
15
8
5
•*
•tentative
Aug. 1966-Dec.
Max Min Mean
22
8.1
325
113
14.80
2.O
21
37
11
0.13
0.28
0.54
0.46
.05
0.24
3.9
0.01
149
215
0.40
4.8
5.0
49
20
60
Data
1 13-1
7.1 -
260 295
90 103-7
4.9 9*55
0.1 1,4
2 10.5
16 22.9
8 9-6
0.02 0.06
0.01 .07
0.05 0.24
0.01 0.21
.01 .035
0.02 .073
0.05 0.63
0.00 0.00
3 21.5
112 l£8
0.12 0.21
0.0 1.0
0.00 1.45
.6 9-7
0 4.45
1.5 5.86
based on 22
1966
Median
13
7-7
295
107
9.60
1.3
10
21
10
0.05
0.06
0.22
0.21
0.04
0.05
0.44
0.00
9
170
0.20
0-5
1.0
2.0
5.0
2.5
samples
57
-------
206
R. J. Bowden
intakes. It became evident that these plants did not have
the capacity for this undertaking and therefore the Calumet
Area Post Action Surveillance Project began sampling these
points during August 1966 in order to determine whether or
not the recommended criteria are being met.
The recommended criteria for microbiological
parameters have been plotted on the graph "Microbiological
Water Quality Station 14," on Page 2O4. The maximum for
total coliforms was not exceeded but the average of 258
per 100 ml was higher than the criteria permit (200 per 100
ml). The criteria for fecal streptococci were met on all
but one occasion.
Table 1^ compares the recommended criteria for
other parameters with the results of the sampling program.
Tne criteria for water temperature, dissolved oxygen,
sulphates, chlorides, MBAS, cyanide and fluorides were met.
The water at this point had a pH which was
considerably below the range of the criteria. The water
was of a high quality and the intake is remote from major
sources of pollution so that it should reflect the basic
characteristics of "natural" lake waters. The low alkalinity
at this point indicates that the recommended range of pH
recommended by the criteria cannot be met. It is believed
the pH criteria should be reviewed for possible revision.
-------
207
R. J. Bowden
The results Indicate that there was considerably
more ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen present than the
tentatively recommended criteria permit. This was also
true at Wolf Lake which is another high quality body of
water. Ammonia in water Is commonly regarded as an indica-
tion of local pollution since it is reduced to nitrate
and nitrite nitrogen in a relatively short time. But Gary
West Water Intake Is too remote from man-made pollution for
this to be the cause. It is believed that the Gary Water
Intake — as well as Chicago's Dunne Crib Intake, to be
discussed later — normally receive water whose quality is
essentially that of the main body of southern Lake Michigan.
This in no way alleviates the problem created at water
supply intakes when adverse wind and current conditions
bring periodic slugs of water containing high concentra-
tions of ammonia nitrogen. It is understood that the
Calumet Area Technical Committee is presenting a report
which will help to clarify the ammonia nitrogen picture.
There is also considerably more total phosphate
than the tentatively recommended criteria permit. The mean
concentration of 0.073 mg/1 is approximately 2.5 times the
tentative criterion of 0.03 mg/1. Data for the four water
intake stations reveals that the maximums are usually twice
-------
208
R. J. Bowden
or several times the means.
A severe storm occurred on November 29, 1966.
The effect of such a storm on the quality of the water
In the lake can be assessed from the results of the
November 30, 1966, sampling run. Many of the maxlmuras
at this and other water Intake stations occurred on this
date. Suspended solids and turbidity were very high In
comparison to their normal levels. The other maxlmums
give an Indication of the composition of the bottom muds
which were undoubtedly stirred up. These were organic
nitrogen, total phosphate, soluble phosphate and total
Iron. It Is Interesting to note that on this date no
phenols were found at any of the water Intake stations.
Station 15 - East Chicago Water Intake
The East Chicago Water Intake Is one of the
control points designated by the Calumet Area Technical
Committee for inner harbor basins. This Intake is located
Just east of Indiana Harbor and can be severely affected by
pollutants from the harbor when the wind Is from a westerly
direction.
The recommended criteria for inner harbor basins
are compared with the actual water quality on the following
-------
CHICAGO
pir
i Jll (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 15
US. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicaga,Illinois
^(monitor}
Michigan
EAST CHICAGO
WATER INTAKE
209
No. of Samples
Max.
Mean
Medion
Win.
*_
«•
loL
•
icd
ioi
10°
BL.
)
*
roL
|Q
10°
JULY-DEC '65 JAM- JUNE '66 *gS.-OEC.'6S
TOTAL COLIFORMS
10V
•^
K)5-
s
-------
HAMMOND WATER INTAKE
CHICAGO
psr
II (monitor)
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 16
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicogo,!llinois
^(monitor}
.~Loke Michigan
210
No. of Samples
Max.
Mean
_J
rt.
m*
loL
lOi
•
toL
-
10°
T
1
i
<
i
£
!i-
SHU
"1
o ^
a ^
5. 0-
,0--
J
) "l
3 ldL:
55 d
< i
CO CO
H
0 fe
2 Z
»I_
-
10°
JULY-DEC %S JAM- JUNE '66 *UG. -DEC/6S
TOTAL COLIFORMS
1
1
q
|
5
i<
8
K
0 -r fi
til bJ
i i _J
1 ' 1
CO CO
1
1- H
i'lS
1
mi
i
I03_
I0"
-
„
)
-
.0°
JULT-OEC. '65 JAN.- JUNE '«6 Au6. -DEC/S6
FECAL STREP.
j^
OMedion
I Win.
1
<
<
o o
LJ bJ
0. £L f
i i
to co
H H
i 1
l>
>
)
JULY -DEC. *S JAN.- JUNE *6 S «Ut -OEC/SS
FECAL COLIFORMS
60
-------
211
TABLE 15
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 15 - EAST CHICAGO WATER FILTRATION IKTAKE-LM 516.9
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
PH
Conductivity umho/cm
AUsalinity mg/1
DO
BOD "
COD "
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
MBAS
KH3-N
NC2+N03-N "
Org. N "
Sol POjj. "
Total POjj, "
Iron "
Cyanide "
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
Fluorides "
Oil & Grease
Phenol US/1
Turbidity units
Color "
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29. 4
9-0
-
-
-
-
-
75
30
0.30
7-5 8.0-8.5
_
...
65$ sat. 80$ sat. -
...
-
35
16
0.10
0.12* 0.05*
- -
-
-
...
_
-
o.io* 0.05*
0.30-
0.1
_
230
1-3
Free
5.0*
0.15
. .• .
187
1.0
from floating oil
2.O*
No contrast vith
natural appearance
15
20*
5
8*
•^tentative
Aug. 1966-Dec.
Max Min Mean
21
8.1
360
132
17.05
5-5
62
36
13
0.13
o.4o
0.60
1.19
0.07
1.00
22
O.2
464
211
0.28
4.2
7
160
50
100
Data
0
7.4
275
86
8.30
0.2
3
l£
8
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.00
2
77
0.14
0.0
0
0.6
0
1.5
cased
12.6
-
307
103
12.69
1.62
-i-3
24.9
10
0.07
0.14
0.25
0.29
0.04
0.12
1.48
0.00
37
154
0.20
0.9
1.5
15
7-9
14.7
on 22
1966
Median
13
7.7
300
105
13.00
1.6
11
24
10
0.06
0.14
0.27
0.21
0.04
0.06
0.35
0.00
32
165
0.19
0.5
1
2.0
5.0
5
samples
61
-------
212
TABLE 16
CHEMICAL QUALITY OP WATER
STATION l£ - HAMMOND WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 527-2
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
PH
Conductivity uoho/cm
Alialinity mg/1
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
MBAS "
NH3-N "
N02+N03-N "
Org. N "
Sol PO],. "
Total POjj. "
Iron "
Cyanide "
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
Fluorides "
Oil & Grease "
Phenol ug/1
Turbidity units
Color "
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9.0 7.5
-
-
65$ sat
-
.
75
30
0.30
0.12*
-
-
_ .
0.10*
0.30"
0.1
_
230
1.3
8.0-8.5
-
-
.80$ sat. -
-
-
35
16
0.10
0.05*
-
-
_
0.05*
0.15-
_
187
1.0
Free from floating oil
5.0*
No contrast
2.0*
with
natural appearance
20*
8*
•^tentative
Aug.
Max
22
7.9
320
119
13.35
3.6
32
38
13
0.12
0.38
0.76
0.73
0.06
0.32
5-9
0.01
202
275
0.24
5-4
6
180
15
150
Data
1966-Dec. 1966
Min Mean Median
0
7.2
275
88
5-70
0.9
4
13
9
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.00
2
87
0.16
0.0
0
0.6
0
3-5
based
13.0
-
303
102.7
9.48
1.72
13.4
24.9
10.3
0.07
0.18
0.32
0.29
O.o4
0.10
0.85
0.00
30.6
167
0.20
0.8
2.1
17.6
4.6
34
on 22
13
7.7
300
103
9.30
1.6
12
25
10
0.07
0.16
0.26
0.26
0.04
0.07
0.52
0.00
13
170
0.20
0.4
2
2.8
4
16
samples
62
-------
213
R. J. Bowden
pages. The criteria for water temperature, dissolved
oxygen, sulphates, chlorides, MBAS, dissolved solids and
fluorides were met during July-December 1966.
The pH of the water was outside the range of the
criteria; be Ing Considerably lower than the minimum limit
set (see previous discussion of pH criteria). A similar
situation exists at all four water intake stations.
This station was most severely affected by the
storm that took: place on November 29, 1966. November 30,
1966, was one of the two days on which the criteria for
total conforms was not met. The fecal streptococci count
was 5^0 per 100 ml, much higher than the next highest count
of 100 per 100 ml, which occurred during the next week.
The normal fecal streptococci count at this station was
less than 5 per 100 ml. This suggests that the lake bottom
In this area contained a considerable amount of man-made
sediment. Many of the maxlmums at this station were a
result of the storm. Concentration of BOD, COD, organic
nitrogen, total phosphate, total iron, turbidity, and
suspended solids were highest on November 30. Total Iron,
turbidity and suspended solids were far above their normal
levels and the data for subsequent weeks indicate that the
lake did not return to normal for more than a month. This
-------
214
R. J. Bowden
indicates that there is a considerable "bank" of material
at the bottom of thelake which can be stirred up by violent
weather.
Station 16 - Hammond Water Intake
The Hammond Water Intake is the other control
point designated by the Calumet Area Technical Committee
for inner harbor basins. This Intake is located west of
Indiana Harbor and Is often affected by wastes from the
harbor, especially when the wind is from the south or the
east.
This is the only water Intake station where the
microbiological criteria were seriously violated. The
total collform count was considerably above the maximum of
5000 per 100 ml on two occasions and the fecal streptococci
count was above 100 per 100 ml on three occasions.
The criteria for water temperature, dissolved
oxygen, sulphates, chlorides, MBAS, cyanide, fluorides and
color were met. As at the other water Intake stations the
criteria for pH and ammonia were not met. The criteria for
total phosphate, Iron, dissolved solids, phenols and
threshold odor were not met.
The effect of a major storm stirring up the lake
-------
215
R. J. Bowden
bottom is reflected by the data for November 30, 1966.
Organic nitrogen, total phosphate, total iron, turbidity
and suspended solids were all highest on this date.
Station 17 - Dunne Crib Water Intake
The Dunne Crib Water Intake, which supplies lake
water to the city of Chicago's South District Water Filtra-
tion Plant, is the second control point designated by the
Calumet Area Technical Committee for open lake water. This
intake is well isolated from man-made sources of pollution.
Its location outside of the Calumet Harbor breakwater shields
It from pollution originating in Indiana Harbor. The water
quality at this point is better than It Is at any of the
other water intake stations.
The criteria for water temperature, dissolved
oxygen, sulphates, chlorides, MBAS, cyanide, dissolved
solids, fluorides, phenol and color were met at this station.
The criteria for pH, ammonia nitrogen and threshold odor
were not met.
The criteria for total phosphate and total iron
were met except during and after the storm that took place
on November 29, 1966. Before this storm the levels of both
parameters were low enough to satisfy the criteria.
-------
DUNNE CRIB WATER INTAK
CHICAGO
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Station 17
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicoao.lllinois
^(monitor}
,ce Michigan
216
No. of Samples
Max.
Mean
Median
Min.
.
-
•
ioi
4
—
•
«
lv__
«
-
10°
KJL
ll ^
3
«
o^o «
UJ «*i
1 g
CO 03
I 1
•
p
loL
>
)
10°
4VILY-OEC %5 JAM- JUNE "66 «ua-O£C'66
[ TOTAL COLIFORMS
a 5 o
a! $ a!
< I <
CO S CO
tc
T
H-
O
Z
JVLT-OEC '65
z 3
1
"-
—
rii
•
lol
1 I0i
.0°
JAN.- JUNE '66 AU«. -DEC/66
FECAL STREP.
£ uj
1 i
(20)
i I
1
JULY-DEC 1sS JAN.-JUNE *66 «ut. -DEC. fee
FECAL COLIFORMS
-------
217
TABLE 17
CHEMICAL QUALIT* OP WATER
STATION 17 - SOUTH DISTRICT DUN11E CRIB WATER FILTRATION DJTAKE-LM 536.4
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
KH3-N )
NOg+NOo-Njtot
Org. N
Sol POij,
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease
Phenol
Turbidity
Color
°C
umho/cm
fflg/1
11
11
"
11
11
it
"
,.N "
11
n
n
n
n
n
ii
tt
n
ug/1
units
"
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9.0 7-7
-
-
8.1-8.4
-
_
80# sat. 9036 sat. -
-
-
50
15
0.20
0.05*
0.4*-
-
o.o4*
0.30
0.025
-
200
1.3
_
-
23
8
0.05
0.02*
-
0.03*
0.15-
_ «
162
1.0
Free from floating oil
3.0*
No contrast
1.0*
with
natural appearance
15
8
*tentative
5
4
Aug.
Max
23
8.1
330
114
16.30
1.6
18
32
12
0.12
0.23
0.67
0.33
0.06
0.21
3.9
0.01
135
196
0.30
6.7
3
160
IX)
35
Data
1966-Dec. 1966
Min Mean Median
3
7.6
260
88
6.05
0.2
2
13
8
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
1
37
0.16
0.0
0
0.6
0
2.5
based
14.7
_
292
103
12.17
0.91
9.6
22
9-3
0.05
0.07
0.22
0.19
0.03
0.06
0.47
0.00
17.3
157
0.20
0.9
0.6
13.0
3-6
8.3
on 22
15
7.8
290
104
13.20
1.0
8
23
9
0.05
0.05
0,20
0.20
0.03
0.05
0.19
0.00
7
160
0.20
0.7
0
2.7
3
6
samples
65
-------
218
R. J. Bowden
The microbiological quality of the water was
very good. The counts for total coliform and fecal strepto-
cocci were well within the recommended criteria.
BIOLOGICAL QUALITY
Biological field surveys have been made in the
Calumet area to -assess any biological changes that may take
place. Surveys were made during May 17-19* 1965, and during
July 20-25, 1966.
The biological condition of the Calumet area was
severely degraded. Pollution-intolerant organisms were not
found at any location in 1966, whereas previously some did
populate Mile Point LC 33^.9 (Station 8) on the Little
Calumet River.
The Calumet River from its confluence with the
Grand Calumet River to the Calumet Harbor was severely
degraded. Sludgeworms were the only organisms present.
Calumet Harbor bottom sediments contained fingernail clams,
but only a few were living. Sludgeworms were the only
organisms found in the Grand Calumet River.
The bottom sediments of the Indiana Harbor Canal
consisted of rock, rubble, petroleum wastes, and a black
oily organic ooze. Sludgeworms were the only benthic fauna
-------
219
R. J. Bowden
observed. Oil slicks covered the surface.
The attached table is a comparison of field ob-
servations. The first line of data for each station
represents the 1965 data and the second line the 1966 data,
The major differences in water conditions between the two
surveys were temperature and pH. The benthic fauna were
similar, with only the very pollution-tolerant organisms
being found. The differences noted could be attributed to
the later season at which the samples were taken.
There was no significant improvement in water
quality Indicated by the biological field observations.
-------
o\
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN!
Great Lakes Region Chicago.lllinois
M i c h i g a n
REGULAR SAMPLING
STATIONS
Lake
Calumet
* OTHER OBSERVED
LC J37.2 POINTS
X T Wolf
» \_
HAMMOND
-------
TABLE Ifl - CALUMET AHEA BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
Station
Number
1
2
3
S 5
8
13
Seechi
Depth
m
.25
.25
<.25
.3
1.5
.75
1.5
.2
<.25
2.5
1.0
Temp.
C°
21.3
32
22
32.0
21.5
31.0
17.0
29.0
19.0
20;0
16.0
23.0
W A T E
D.O.
mg/1
5.1*
2.0
3.0
1.6
3.0
3-5
5.*
k.2
8.8
U.2
8.9
8.0
B
Sat.
62
25
36
21
oK
|L
-------
222
R. J. Bowden
ADDENDUM
REPORT ON CALUMET HARBOR MONITOR INSTALLATION
On September 2, 1966, an automatic water quality
monitoring station was installed in the north pierhead
light structure at the mouth of the Calumet River. The pur-
pose of this station is to monitor the quality of water
entering the Calumet River from Calumet Harbor. At present
the parameters being monitored are pH, water temperature,
dissolved oxygen and conductivity. In the future it is
planned to monitor sulphates and ferric iron in order to
determine more directly the effect of wastes from the United
States Steel Corporation, South Works, which are discharged
to the harbor. Parametric systems for these parameters,
along with an automatic sample taker, are being developed
and will be installed when they become available. The auto-
matic water sampler will collect a sample when a parameter
exceeds a preset limit. These samples will be returned to
the laboratory for a more complete analysis.
The installation and operation of this facility
presented several unique problems. The only power available
was 440 volt, 25 cycle, furnished by the United States Steel
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223
R. J. Bowden
Corporation. This was converted to 120 volt, 60 cycle, by
a motor generator set which was installed in the structure.
The motor generator also provides heat which eliminates the
need for a heater during the winter but overheats the
structure during the summer. The summer temperature is
controlled by a forced air fan operated by a thermostat set
to turn the fan on when the inside temperature reaches 80°P.
The fan entirely replaces the air every two minutes. This
system has kept the ambient temperature within the range
specified for operation of the monitor.
In order to get a representative sample it was
necessary to locate the intake some distance out in the
channel. The Calumet River at this point is heavily used by
shipping of all types. It was recognized that any intake not
located on the bottom would be struck by vessels. Since
sampling on the bottom is not satisfactory, the normal sub-
mersible pump installation could not be used. The Intake
consists of a screen supported by floats on the end of a
flexible hose which is anchored to the bottom. The floats
keep the screen approximately 10 feet off the bottom and 15
feet below the surface. If a vessel hits the screen it will
simply push it down and do little or no damage. The pump is
a 1/2 HP centrifugal suction pump which is located in the
structure with the monitor.
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224
R. J. Bowden
During the winter large piles of ice form against
the side of the light structure along which the intake hose
runs. In order to protect the hose a heavy steel member
consisting of two 6" x 6" x 3/V angles welded to a 10"
channel was bolted to the wall and encloses the hose where
it is exposed to the ice. In order to keep ice from forming
inside the steel an air line with a 1/3 HP compressor con-
tinuously bubbles air inside the steel during the winter
months. All exposed portions of the intake line are encased
in redwood and insulated with styrofoam.
The monitor drains into a well located beneath
the light structure. The discharge from the monitor was
sufficient to cause the well to fill up and eventually flood
the structure. Therefore, a sump pump was installed in the
well which drains it when the water reaches a certain level.
-------
23
225
L ighthouse
Steel Ice Shield-
Monitor
CALUMET RIVER
Approximate
RiverBottom
-------
226
CALUMET HARBOR
Air Bubbler
To Intake Screen
Steel Ice Shield
bolted to wall
Redwood Cose with
Styrofoam Insulation
Lighthouse Wall
Storage
Shelves
Centrifugal Pump
BacKflow Valve
±HP Compressor
Plumbing
hydraulic
INTAKE LINE
|JL" Suction Hose
Fan mounted on door
cc
LJ
>
»-
Ul
5
<
o
SCALE: l"= 3'-0M
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
PLAN OF CALUMET
MONITOR INSTALLATION
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
-------
R. J. Bowden 227
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response. )
MR. STEIN: One clarification. What do you mean
by "an order of magnitude"?
MR. BOWDEN: An order of magnitude is one decimal
place. The reduction of an order of magnitude would be —
MR. STEIN: Ten times?
MR. BOWDEN: Ten times. That is correct.
MR. STEIN: In other words, in the part where you
talk about bacterial counts being approximately one order of
magnitude lower during 1966 than during 1965, that ten times
is a significant decrease?
MR. BOWDEN: Yes.
MR. STEIN: Are there any other comments or
questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you, Mr. Bowden.
MR. POSTON: We also have Mr. Dwight Ballinger
here, substituting for Mr. Kittrell, because of his illness,
who Is Chairman of the Technical Committee. He will give us
a brief report of the Technical Committee.
MR. STEIN: Just one moment, please.
Mr. Bowden, will you come back? I think Mr.
-------
228
R. J. Bowden
Klassen has a question.
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Bowden, let me refer you to the
last sentence on Page 3:
"The waters at Gary-Hobart and Dunne Crib are
of high quality and meet the criteria except
for ammonia nitrogen."
Does this ammonia nitrogen pertain to Gary-Hobart
and Dunne Crib, or Just the one?
MR. BOWDEN: Yes, the criteria for ammonia
nitrogen are not met at any of the lake Intakes.
MR. STEIN: While you are back, and as long as we
are doing this, I don't know that this is really clear here.
When you talk about the western portion of the
Grand Calumet River being improved between July and November
of 1966, and then refer to the fact that it went up in
December, do you mean it is up from December until the
present, or Just during December?
MR. BOWDEN: The condition of the waters at present
is the same as It was in December. In other words, it Is
seriously polluted. It is at the same level as it was last
year.
MR. STEIN: Do you have any notion as to why that
has happened, first a decrease and then an increase?
MR. BOWDEN: It is purely conjecture on my part,
-------
229
R. J. Bowden
but it ia probably due to the winter cessation of chlorina-
tion, or to the discharge of lagoons into the stream during
December 1966.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole?
MR. POOLE: I can't clarify it, Mr. Chairman, but
maybe Mr. Miller can. There is sewage getting away from the
Hammond Sanitary District. This would be my guess. There
are no lagoons. The Hammond chlorinatlon facilities are just
about ready for operation, but are not in yet.
Do you know of anything unusual that may have
started in December?
MR. MILLER: The only thing I would know would
be storm overflows during this period, which would be the
Calumet West, Just a storm overflow by the sewer system.
MR. STEIN: I think if this is a pattern and if
that is significant, we really should try to be able to figure
out the cause of this.
Mr. Klassen?
MR. KLASSEN: I have one other question, and it
is similar to my other question.
I refer to Paragraph No. 7 on Page 5. You say
the water quality does not meet the recommended criteria,
referring to ammonia and pH. Does the pH pertain also to the
Dunne Crib or Just to the Gary West?
MR. BOWDEN: No. The pH pertains to all four
-------
230
R. J. Bowden
water quality intakes.
MR. KLASSEN: You mean it does not? Is it above
or below the range here? Could you tell us?
MR. BOWDEN: The pH criteria for annual median
is somewhat below the criteria range. However, it 'is within
the range for daily median. The range for annual median is
somewhat below.
MR. POSTON: This is one of the things that we have
been looking into, as to what the significance of this means.
We have been looking into both the change of the quality in
the stream suddenly in December, and exactly what the change
in pH means.
The pH in itself isn't a bad level, but the fact
that it did change Indicates that something is happening here
that needs further investigation if we are to fully understand
the problem.
Is that about right?
MR. BOWDEN: Yes, sir.
MR. STEIN: All right. Thank you, Mr. Bowden.
MR. BOWDEN: Thank you, Mr. Stein.
MR. STEIN: Before the next man speaks, I would
like to Indicate that what we are seeing here in this type of
surveillance to the best of my knowledge is not prevalent in
many other parts of the country. I think in order to protect
-------
231
the waters here, we are going through the kind of checks
that have not been too frequent on a continuing basis here,
and, of course, as the reports come in, we are dealing with
this raw data that have to be evaluated. I think the kind
of protection that this approach and the scrutiny is providing
is probably as tight and as careful as we have anywhere in
the country on water pollution control.
I want you to understand this: This is probably
a pioneer in this respect. Because the water resource is
that valuable and that important, we Just have to do it, but
I think that should be taken in perspective.
MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, there is one thing that
occurred to me. That is, with reference to the pH of 7.7
which didn't quite meet the standards, many, many places
around the country would be very happy to have this kind of
water, but this is not typical of the water in Lake Michigan
and we want to maintain water quality in Lake Michigan at the
high level that it is now. Any change that we see has sig-
nificance. Even if it in itself is not bad, it is a an index
of change taking place, and we want to look into this very
carefully.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Ballinger?
-------
D. 0. Ballinger 232
STATEMENT OP DWIGHT 0. BALLINGER, SUPER-
VISORY CHEMIST, CONSULTANT TO TECHNICAL
COMMITTEE, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR,
CINCINNATI, OHIO
MR. BALLINGER: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies
and Gentlemen:
I am Dwight Ballinger, Supervisory Chemist,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
The Laboratory Directors of the Calumet Area-
Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference have completed a study
of the precision and accuracy of methods of analysis of
ammonia nitrogen in Lake Michigan waters. The report is here-
with submitted.
MR. STEIN: This report, without objection,
will be entered into the record as if read.
Do you have all the Laboratory Directors listed
in this report?
MR. BALLINGER: No, sir, I don't believe so.
MR. STEIN: I think we should have these for the
record, if this is a report of the Laboratory Directors.
MR. BALLINGER: Perhaps Mr. Scarce can supply that
-------
233
D. 0. Ballinger
Information.
MR. SCARCE: Yes, I can. The Laboratory Directors
are as follows:
American Oil - Robert Austin
Cities Service Oil Co. - George Jackson
City of Chicago, Bureau of Water - Carleton Duke
Qary-Hobart Water Corp. - Herb Plowman
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basin Project -
L. E. Scarce (chairman)
Indiana State Board of Health - Steven Kin
Inland Steel Co. - Thomas Voges
Lake Huron Program Office, GURBP - Ralph Christiansen
Lake Ontario Program Office, GLIRBP - William Fisher
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Metro Chicago -
Alfred Tenney
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center -
Dwight Ballinger.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
-------
234
D. G. Ballinger
( The following report was submitted by Dwight
G. Ballinger:
REPORT TO
THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
OP THE CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN
ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
ON
A STUDY OF PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF
LABORATORIES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS
OF AMMONIA NITROGEN IN LAKE MICHIGAN WATERS
BY
THE LABORATORY DIRECTORS OF THE
CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN
ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
JANUARY, 1967
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASINS PROJECT
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
-------
235
D. Q. Ballinger
A STUDY OP PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF LABORATORIES AND
METHODS OP ANALYSIS OP AMMONIA NITROGEN IN LAKE
MICHIGAN WATERS
A Report to the Technical Committee of the Calumet Area-
Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference
by
The Laboratory Directors of the Calumet Area-Lake Michigan
Enforcement Conference
I. INTRODUCTION
This is a report of comparison studies performed
by cooperating laboratories concerned with analysis of Lake
Michigan waters and stream waters in the Calumet Area of
Indiana and Illinois.
A series of comparison studies is to be made for
determinations of ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, phenol,
cyanide, and threshold odor. Part I presents the findings
from a series of five comparison studies on ammonia nitrogen
completed between September 9, 1965* and April 26, 1966.
-------
236
D. G. Ballinger
The objectives of the comparison studies are:
1. To determine the reliability (precision
and accuracy) of the analytical procedures as
normally used in the desired concentration range.
2. To determine if there is a change in the
accuracy of these procedures arising from departures
from prescribed analytical routine.
3. To determine the degree of variation
between the participating laboratories.
4. To find the sensitivity of the methods as
used.
5. To recommend necessary changes in procedures.
The laboratories participating in the ammonia
nitrogen study were:
1. American Oil Company
2. Cities Service Oil Company
3. City of Chicago, Bureau of Water, Dept. of
Water and Sewers
4. Gary-Hobart Water Corporation
5. Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
6. Indiana State Board of Health
7. Inland Steel Company
8. Lake Huron Program Office, OLIRBP
-------
237
D. 0. Ballinger
9. Lake Ontario Program Office, QLIRBP
10. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
11. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
II. PROCEDURES. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
This section of our report presents a brief
chronological commentary on the conditions, implied and
explicit, which obtained in the various Test Series. It is
Intended to provide background for assessment of the results
obtained in individual Series and also for comparison of any
or all Series. All results, excepting those of Series I,
are summarized in Tables 1 to 6 in the Appendix.
SERIES I. September 9, 1965
Number of samples analyzed: Pour: Raw Lake
Water, preserved and unpreserved, from Gary-Hobart
and from Chicago South District Filtration Plant.
Conditions: Samples stored at room temperature
hours.
Participating laboratories:
1. City of Chicago, Bureau of Water, Dept. of
Water and Sewers
-------
238
D. G. Ballinger
2. Gary-Hobart Water Corporation
3. Great lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
l|. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
There was no direct stipulation of the method
to be used in this Series. As it turned out, of the four
participating laboratories, no two used the same method.
The results, as reported, were widely divergent. Average
values from the four participating laboratories are shown
below in mg/1.
Chicago -- SDPP
Gary-Hobart
Unpreserved
O.O24
0.160
0.05
O.01
Preserved
0.082
0.200
0.09
0.02
Unpreserved
0.026
0.150
0.06
0.01
Preserved
0.110
0.260
0.06
0.02
These results revealed that the laboratories were
consistent within their own methods, but no two laboratories
agreed as to the concentration of ammonia found.
Because of the wide disagreement, the Technical
Committee, Calumet Area-Lake Michigan Enrorcement Conference,
-------
239
D. 0. Ballinger
requested that comparison studies be made by laboratories
concerned with Calumet Area surveillance. The QLIRBP
laboratory prepared a working draft of the proposed com-
parison studies. These were distributed to the Laboratory
Directors for review.
September 30, 1965
A meeting of the Calumet Area Laboratory Directors,
under the chairmanship of Mr. Clifford Rlaley, Jr., was held
to discuss and revise the proposed procedures for future
comparison studies. The members of the Technical Committee
of the Calumet Area-Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference
met with the Laboratory Directors during the first hour to
review the problem and offer their suggestions.
The Laboratory Directors agreed that Series II should
consist of ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, phenols, cyanide, and
odor standards and samples.
SERIES II. October 13, 1963
Number of samples for ammonia nitrogen:
Nine (5 synthetic)
(4 raw water)
-------
240
D. G. Ballinger
Additionally: phosphates - 10 samples
phenols -5 "
cyanide - 8 "
odor -5 "
Participating laboratories:
1. American Oil Company
2. City of Chicago, Bureau of Water, Dept. of
Water and Sewers
3. Oary-Hobart Water Corporation
4. Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
5. Indiana State Board of Health
6. Inland Steel Company
7. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
Analysis date: raw water 10/13/65; synthetic
10/14/65.
Conditions: Collection, preservation, and distribu-
tion procedures were standardized and time for analyses
synchronized. Forms were distributed for reporting results
in triplicate, wherever practicable. Deviations from the
above were to be duly recorded on the report forms.
Conditions were stipulated for distillation pro-
cedure as follows: The distillation method should be
-------
241
D. G. Balllnger
followed as described in Standard Methods for the Examina-
tion of Water and Wastewater, llth Edition, Pages 168-173
(1), with emphasis on the following points:
"1. The distillation apparatus should be steamed
out by placing 500 ml of distilled water and 10 ml of
phosphate buffer solution in the flask; steam out until the
distillate is free of ammonia.
2. Preserved samples and standards should be
adjusted to a pH of seven, using a pH meter prior to adding
the buffer solution.
3. Use a 500 ml sample of standard and distill
over approximately 250 ml, collecting the distillate in
O.OO2N sulfuric acid. The distillate is then concentrated
by evaporation on a hot plate. The resulting solution should
be made up to 100 ml and nesslerized. This gives a concentra-
tion factor of 5. Standards 4 and 5 need not be concentrated
by evaporation.
4. The method used to read the sample will be
indicated on the report."
The Sodium Phenate method was also outlined for
(2)
the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. However, the final paragraph
of these instructions read as follows: "Any method or
methods that are being used by any of the laboratories may
-------
242
D. 0. Ballinger
be employed in these analyses. The method used should be
spelled out for the purpose of interpreting the results."
At the November 29 meeting of the Laboratory
Directors, the following points were made in discussing the
results of the last comparison, Series II. Considerable
variation existed among the laboratories both in their pro-
cedure and in the results reported. Each laboratory, however
displayed good reproducibility within itself. Values
obtained by the Technicon method were Judged best, followed
in order by distillation and direct nesslerization. The
following excerpts from the November 29 meeting are pertinent
at this point:
"1. It appears that some of the laboratories
were not experienced at running analyses in the low
range (0.00-0.06 mg/l) desired and/or by the
prescribed methods. It also appears that too
much pressure was placed on the laboratories to
accomplish a large amount of work in a short period
of time. It was recommended that the study be con-
ducted again, at a more relaxed pace, and with a
fixed number of samples and standards for each run.
"2. An indispensable condition for conducting
a successful inter-laboratory study is skill and
familiarity with the method on the part of all
-------
243
D. G. Bellinger
"participants. The methods used, when applied to
the ION concentrations found In lake water, I.e. at
or near the maximum sensitivity of the method,
cannot be used successfully without a great deal of
skill and familiarity with the method on the part
of the Individual analyst. This was not the case
In this series of comparison studies.
"3. Identical copies of a detailed description
of all steps to be followed In this test procedure
for comparison studies should be provided to each
participant.
"4. One standard sample, plus a sample of Gary
raw water and Chicago raw water, Is enough for each
laboratory to check at one time.
"5. Although one laboratory used research
quality Instrumentation, the Spectronlc 20 Is con-
sidered to be good enough to give the desired
results."
Under the chairmanship of Mr. LeRoy Scarce, the
Laboratory Directors met February 17, 1966. Here It was
decided that future studies would be limited to one parameter
at a time. Ammonia nitrogen was selected for the next test
series using standard samples only.
-------
D. G. Bellinger
SERIES III. March H, 1Q66
Number of samples analyzed: Six (synthetic).
Participating laboratories:
1. American Oil Company
2. Cities Service Oil Company
3. City of Chicago, Bureau of Water, Dept. of
Water and Sewers
4. Qary-Hobart Water Corporation
5. Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
6. Indiana State Board of Health
7. Inland Steel Company
8. Lake Huron Program Office, GLIRBP
9. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
Analysis date: March 4, 1966.
Conditions: The following conditions were stipu-
lated by advance notice to the participating laboratories:
Distillation Method; Standard Methods, 12th Ed.,
pp. 186-193, with emphasis on the following points:
"Steaming out apparatus to ensure ammonia-free
conditions - same as in previous series.
"Adjustment to pH 6.6 prior to adding buffer -
-------
245
D. G. Ballinger
"previous series called for pH 7.0.
"Collection of distillate in O.O2N sulfuric
acid - previous series called for O.O02N sulfuric
acid.
"Concentration of distillate to 50 ml instead
of 100 ml - as required in previous series."
Procedure for AutoAnalyzer remained unchanged from
last Series.
March 17, 1966
Calumet Area Laboratory Directors met for the
purpose of reviewing the results obtained from the March 4
Test Series III. The results from Series III showed a sub-
stantial improvement over Series II. Prom a review of these
results, it was agreed that an additional study should be
made; it was requested and agreed that a prescribed procedure
for the ammonia nitrogen test be provided for use in future
comparison tests. This was done as requested, with particu-
lar emphasis on distillation of standards in preparing
calibration curve and volume of distillate.
SERIES IV. March 23, 1966
-------
D. G. Balllnger
Number of samples: Six.
Participating laboratories:
1. American Oil Company.
2. Cities Service Oil Company
3. City of Chicago, Bureau of Water, Dept. of
Water and Sewers
14. Gary-Hobart Water Corporation
5. Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
6. Indiana State Board of Health
7. Inland Steel Company
8. Lake Huron Program Office, GLIRBP
9. Lake Ontario Program Office, GLIRBP
10. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
11. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
Conditions: "All laboratories are to follow the
procedure exactly as outlined. For the first time conformity
in procedure is insisted upon."
April 21, 1966
Calumet Area Laboratory Directors met to review
latest results of Series IV. There were some laboratory
-------
247
D. G. Bellinger
difficulties which still presented a problem -- the obtain-
ing of ammonia-free water, ammonia background of laboratory,
collection of distillate in boric acid, and use of rubber
stoppers. It was agreed that one more comparison series be
carried out.
SERIES V. April 26, 1966
Number of samples: Four.
Participating laboratories:
1. American Oil Company
2. Cities Service Oil Company
3. City of Chicago, Bureau of Water, Dept of.
Water and Sewers
M. Gary-Hobart Water Corporation
5. Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
6. Indiana State Board of Health
7. Inland Steel Company
8. Lake Huron Program Office, GLIRBP
9. Lake Ontario Program Office, GLIRBP
10. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
11. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
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248
D. 0. Ballinger
Conditiona: The procedure to be followed was
the same as prescribed for the last series with no changes.
Points emphasized: collecting 300 ml of distillate and
distilling standards in preparation of a standard curve.
At the meeting of the Calumet Area Laboratory
Directors May 19, 1966, for the purpose of reviewing recent
comparison Series V for ammonia nitrogen, the Laboratory
Directors unanimously decided that further testing would be
of little value. Series V showed that when all laboratories
followed the same procedure, most of the laboratories ob-
tained an accuracy of X 0.02 mg/1, or better, in analyzing
standard samples containing 0.00 and O.Ofc mg/1 ammonia
nitrogen.
The subject of direct nesslerization was again
brought up and the opinion was expressed that this method
should not be entirely excluded from the future thinking of
the members of this group.
Problems which existed throughout the Series were
as follows:
Prom the beginning of the Series there was a
question of ammonia-free water and ammonia-free reagents
(buffer and sulfurlc acid). Ordinary distilled water was
found to contain significant amounts of ammonia. Redistilled
water, upon concentration, still contained some ammonia.
-------
249
D. 0. Ballinger
The best procedure for obtaining ammonia-free water was
found to be the addition of sulfurlc acid to the redistilla-
tion, If a carbon or ion-exchange column couldn't be
attached to the still. Once the ammonia-free water was
prepared, keeping it free from ammonia contamination was an
Important factor.
Clean glassware was imperative. Cleaning glass-
ware with chromic acid solution and then rinsing with ammonia-
free water was found to be the best preparation for glassware.
It was suggested that rubber stoppers be replaced
with special neoprene stoppers since ammonia does adsorb to
rubber.
This section on procedures Indicates that with
conformity of procedure, reliable results can be obtained.
The results of the above comparison series are
discussed and summarized in detail in the next section of
this report.
III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Distillation Method
As indicated In the preceding section, progressive
improvement in agreement of results from the individual
-------
250
D. 0. Ballinger
laboratories was realized in application of the distilla-
tion method. Uniform test procedures were not followed by
all laboratories for the first three series and results were
erratic. After uniform procedures were followed, the
results were more consistent and gave better indications of
the accuracy that can be achieved when the recommended pro-
cedure is carefully followed.
Tables la and Ib present individual laboratory
average results chronologically and anonymously. When
analyzing samples containing 0.00 mg/1 of ammonia nitrogen,
an accuracy of £ 0.04 mg/l (one standard deviation) was ob-
tained in Series II, whereas in a repeat analysis in the
last aeries, an accuracy of £ O.02 mg/1 was realized. The
same improvement was noted when analyzing standard samples
containing concentrations in the range of O.O2 to 0.05 mg/1.
In general, the average values indicate a slight tendency to
be on the high side in these determinations.
Even closer agreement was demonstrated when
analyzing Lake Michigan samples from the City of Chicago
and Oary-Hbbart water intakes, where a precision of C 0.04
mg/1 was obtained in October 1965 (Series II), and in April
1966 the precision had improved to - 0.01 mg/1.
Recoveries of known amounts of ammonia nitrogen by
the distillation process are shown In Table 3. The precision
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251
D. 0. Ballinger
and accuracy were in this instance, the same and was / 0.02
mg/1 for recoveries of 0.10 and 0.05 mg/1 ammonia from Lake
Michigan water. The precision and accuracy for recovery of
1.0 mg/1 ammonia nitrogen from river water (collected from
the Indiana Harbor Canal) was £ 0.29 mg/1.
AutoAnalyzer Method
Prom the inception of the studies, the AutoAnaly2er
method provided results demonstrating precision and accuracy
superior to those of the distillation method. These results
are shown in Tables 2, 5 and 6. precision and accuracy, in
terms of one standard deviation for standard and lake samples,
was most often t 0.01 mg/1. For the recoveries of the known
amounts (0.05, 0.10, and 1.0 mg/l) added to lake and river
water, the accuracy was / 0.01, £ 0.01, and £ 0.09 mg/1,
respectively.
Data Evaluation
Figures 1 through 7 summarize the results from
both methods in terns of deviation from the known amounts of
ammonia nitrogen. The range of deviation from known amount
and distribution of individual values are presented as percent
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252
D. G. Ballinger
of all determinations accruing from all participating
laboratories. The reliability of the method as used in the
various laboratories may, in this manner, be estimated.
Approximately 32 to 96% of all the distillation determina-
tions for standard samples ranging from 0.00 to 0.06 mg/1 are
within / 0.02 mg/1 (one standard deviation). It is to be
noted that a significant percentage of AutoAnalyzer deter-
minations showed no deviation at all from the known amounts
(60 to 90#).
Forty-nine to 67% of all distillation results were
within / 0.02 mg/1 for standard samples in the range of 0.11-
0.15 mg/1 ammonia nitrogen; 22-84# were within ^ O.O4 for
standard samples in the range of 0.30-0.38 mg/1 ammonia
nitrogen; and 45-6l# were within / 0.08 mg/1 for standard
samples containing 0.72-0.97 mg/1 ammonia nitrogen.
The findings are presented in further graphic
detail in Figures 9 through 1^, located in the Appendix in
the form of probability curves for each sample in the entire
study.
Laboratory Evaluation
Since the data are herein presented anonymously,
a direct comparison of laboratory performance in using the
distillation method is not possible. However, all
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253
D. 0. Ballinger
laboratories, of course, did not show equal performance.
As indicated In the Procedure Section, consistency of rela-
tive achievement was present at the beginning of these
comparisons. Most of the laboratories did demonstrate that,
with enough effort and special precautions, the data so
generated might be considered as Interchangeable If a standard
deviation of ^0.02 mg/1 is allowable.
A statement by Mr. Dwlght O. Ballinger, consultant
to the Laboratory Directors, Is quoted below:
"Adequate data is lacking on the precision and
accuracy of the ammonia nitrogen determination at
concentrations below 0.1 mg/1. Standard Methods,
Twelfth Edition (1965)* indicates a reproducibility
of 5# for the distillation procedure, but this
figure was obtained at concentrations found in
polluted waters.
"In a recent study, Dr. David Jenkins, University
of California, investigated ammonia nitrogen con-
centrations of approximately 0.03 mg/i in San
Francisco Bay waters. Dr. Jenkins found that the
standard deviation of the dlstillatlon-Nessler
procedure, using 10 replicate determinations of
the same sample, was I 0.005 mg/1. Experience in
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25*4
D. 0. Ballinger
"the Analytical Reference Service of the Taft
Center indicates that a comparison of results
between laboratories yields a deviation at least
three times greater than the deviation within the
single laboratory. Thus, an extrapolation of the
Jenkins data suggests an interlaboratory comparison
of approximately £ O.O2 mg/1 at the 0.03 mg/1
level.
"It should be noted that the University of
California studies were conducted with 10 replicate
determinations, in a very carefully controlled test.
The results obtained are probably superior to those
normally found in routine survey work.
"On the basis of the available information
on the precision and accuracy of the ammonia nitrogen
determination, it is my opinion that the values
reported by the average laboratory may be expected
to deviate from the true concentration by at least
(^0.02 mg/1 at ammonia nitrogen levels below 0.05
mg/1. However, in order to ensure the best possible
results, only those laboratories demonstrating
ability to meet this precision level should be
Included in a nutrient monitoring operation."
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255
D. G. Ballinger
In conclusion, this section on procedure shows that
good results can be attained In the distillation method
for ammonia nitrogen, especially at the low levels encountered
In Lake Michigan water, provided that: a great amount of
care In preparation and skill In technique are exercised,
and that there Is strict adherence to the method outlined In
Standard Methods with the modifications as described In the
Appendix of this report.
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. This study Indicated that an accuracy of ^0.02
rag/1, expressed as one standard deviation, can be achieved
when analyzing Lake Michigan open water, inshore, and harbor
samples by distillation. When samples from the above waters
are analyzed employing the AutoAnalyzer, an accuracy of
i 0.01 mg/1 can be achieved. The precision that can be ob-
tained by distillation is i o.Ol mg/1 (one standard deviation),
and when employing the AutoAnalyzer, the precision is better
than this value.
2. The above distillation results have been obtained
by modifying the method for ammonia nitrogen, as given In
Standard Methods, 12th Edition, to comply strictly with the
procedure as presented in the Appendix of this report.
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256
D. G. Ballinger
3. The AutoAnalyzer procedure was demonstrated to
be superior (more accurate with greater precision) to the
distillation procedure for the relatively uncontaminated
lake waters.
4. Of the 11 participating laboratories, the majority
was able to achieve the above accuracy using the distilla-
tion procedure. These results were not achieved on a routine
basis, but under conditions requiring extraordinary care and
precautions. Laboratories exposed to extreme air pollution
problems, and those small laboratories where all analyses
must be performed in one room, will most likely not be able
to obtain these accuracies at the concentrations under in-
vestigation.
5. The limit of detectabllity using the modified
distillation procedure, as presented herein for the detection
of ammonia nitrogen in Lake Michigan waters, appears to be
0.02 mg/1. With the AutoAnaiyzer, the limit appears to be
0.01 mg/1. It is possible that the sensitivity of the
distillation procedure can be improved. However, such a
possibility can be verified only through further applied
research.
6. Only those results from laboratories showing the
continuing capability to analyze at an accuracy of c 0.02
mg/1, or better, should be accepted in a monitoring operation
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257
D. G. Ballinger
when analyzing for ammonia nitrogen levels below 0.06 mg/1.
7. Historic data reporting ammonia nitrogen levels
below 0.1 mg/1 should be evaluated with extreme caution.
There appears to be no practical way to develop a correction
factor to apply to the latter data which would provide
acceptable correlations in the lower concentration ranges.
-------
Distillation
AutoAnalyzer
I00|—
m
.04 .06 .08
DEVIATION FROM KNOWN AMOUNT In mg/l
tcee NO
U-O.OO
S«r l«i 3 • 0.00
S«rl(» 31 • 0.02
.02
.04
CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN COMPARISON SAMPLES
Percent Distribution of All Ammonia Nitrogen Determinations, 0.00 and 0.02 mg/l
ro
oo
-------
o
I
ro
100 -
AutoAnolyzer
0.02
LEGEND
S.rl.i -Z'0.04 •—
Striti n.«0.09 l>
S»rl«l JE«0.05 O
Strlts HI=0.06
•-a
—O
I
O.04 0.06 0 08
DEVIATION FROM KNOWN AMOUNT In mg/l
O.iO
0.02
CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN COMPARISON SAMPLES
Percent Distribution of All Ammonia Nitrogen Determinations,0.04,0.05 and 0.06mg/l
0.04
ro
VJl
-------
Distillation
AutoAnalyzer
loor-
o
c
m
OJ
eo
uj 60
D
-z.
UJ
o
-------
lOOr-
m
10
UJ
<
z
UJ
£
SI
L C 6 E N D
11 = 030 •-
Strlti tn=0.38 O—
0.04
0.08 0.12 0.16
DEVIATION FROM KNOWN AMOUNT In mg/l
0.20
0.24
CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN COMPARISON SAMPLES
Percent Distribution of All Ammonia Nitrogen Determinations, 0.30 and 0.38 mg/l
ro
o\
-------
Distillation
AutoAnalyzer
1001-
80 -
ro
rn
en
LEGEND
m»0.72
Strict H « 0.75 O-
3«rle»
I
0.04
0,08 O.IE 0.16
DEVIATION FROM KNOWN AMOUNT In rog/l
O.EO
0.24
w
I
CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN COMPARISON SAMPLES
Percent Distribution of All Ammonia Nitrogen Determinations,0.72,0.75 and 0.97mg/l
0.02
0.04
ro
CT>
ro
VA
-------
Distillation
AutoAnalyzer
ioor-
to
UJ
5
<
».
o
UJ
UJ
a
O
o>
L E 0 E NO
StrUi X " 0.08 •—
S.rlt. XT- 0.10 O—
0.02
0.04
DEVIATION FROM KNOWN AMOUNT In mg/l
0.02
0.04
CALUMET AREA-LAKE MICHIGAN COMPARISON SAMPLES
Ammonia Nitrogen Recoveries from Spiked Lake Samples by Distillation and Auto Analyzer. 0.5 and 0.10 mg/l
ro
a\
-------
Distillation
AutoAnolyzer
lOOi-
-------
265
D. G. Ballinger
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 12th Edition, American Public Health Associa-
tion, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1965.
2. O'Brien, James E. and Piore, Janece. "Ammonia
Determination by Automatic Analysis." Wastes Engineering,
July 1962.
3. Jenkins, David. "A Study of Methods Suitable for
the Analysis and Preservation of Nitrogen Forms in an
Estuarlne Environment." SERL Report No. 65-13. U.S. Dept.
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Water Pollution Control
Administration, San Francisco, California, August 1965.
-------
266
D. G. Balllnger
APPENDIX
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURAL DETAILS FOR THE ANALYSIS OP AMMONIA
NITROGEN
Tbe sodium phenate method, using the AutoAnalyzer, is
recommended by the authors of this report for the analysis
of ammonia nitrogen, as are the methods found in the 12th
Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of water and
Wastewater, in particular the distlllatlon-nesslerlzatlon
method (pages 186 through 19^), with the modifications
presented herein.
1. AutoAnalyzer Procedure - Ammonia Nitrogen
Sodium Phenate Method:
Reagents:
1. Alkaline phenol solution: Dissolve 83 g phenol
in 200 ml of distilled water at room temperature
and add 180 ml of 5-N-sodium hydroxide solution
to the phenol solution. Make up the volume to
1OOO ml witn distilled water and store in an
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267
D. G. Ballinger
amber bottle; keep in refrigerator when not in
use. If the sodium phenate turns dark, discard
it.
2. Sodium hypochlorlte solution: 5# available
chlorine.
3. Sodium nitroprusside, O.O05#: Dissolve 1 g in
100 ml of distilled water. Dilute 5 ml of this
solution to 1000 ml with distilled water. Store
in refrigerator at 4°C.
4. Standards: Dissolve 3.819 g of ammonium chloride
in ammonia-free water, add 0.8 ml cone. HgSOij and
make up to 1000 ml. This solution contains 1 mg
of nitrogen per ml. Appropriate standards are
prepared by diluting this stock solution.
Procedure:
1. Set up the analytical system in accordance with
the attached flow diagram. Allow 30 minutes for
Instrument to warm up and establish a base line
using distilled water as the sample.
2. Filter turbid samples through a pledget of cotton
or membrane filter, discarding the first 10 ml
of filtrate.
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268
D. G. Bellinger
3. Arrange five standards, ranging from 0-0.75 tng/1,
and samples on the turntable with a single
distilled water wash between each sample and
standard.
4. There should be a set of standards placed in each
row.
5. Set the cycle time at two minutes and the sample
time at one minute and 59 seconds.
6. All readings made at a magnification of 2X when
the NH-^-N levels are very low, and IX at higher
levels.
2. Distillation Procedure - Ammonia Nitrogen
Of all the methods listed in Standard Methods, 12th
Edition, the distillation method is preferred for the deter-
mination of ammonia nitrogen, in trace or appreciable amounts,
especially when interferences of any nature are suspected.
The distillates may be titrated*or nesslerlzed.
* If titration is used, collect in boric acid as given in
Standard Methods, p. 191, Sec. 4.4 and p. 404, Sec. 4.3.
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269
D. G. Ballinger
Nesslerization of the distillate la the method of choice
for distillates containing 1 mg or less of ammonia nitrogen.
(In the absence of interfering substances, the direct
nesslerlzatlon method may be used but this method is reserved
for samples containing ammonia nitrogen in excess of 0.2
mg/1.)
Nesslerization Method:
Apparatus:
1. All-glass distilling apparatus with 800-2000 ml
capacity flask.
2. Spectrophotometer or filter photometer for use
at 425 mn» and providing a light path of 1 cm or
longer.
3. Nessler tubes 50 ml tall form.
Reagents:
All reagents prepared in ammonia-free distilled water.
1. Ammonia-free water may be prepared by redistilling
distilled water containing 1 ml of concentrated
sulfuric acid per liter, or as stated in Standard
Methods, p. 189.
2. Phosphate buffer solution, p. 189-190.
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270
D. Q. Balllnger
3. Stock ammonium solution, p. 190.
4. Standard ammonium solution, p. 190.
5. Neutralization reagent, l.ON sodium hydroxide,
P. 190.
6. Neutralization reagent l.ON sulfuric acid, p. 190.
7. Nessler reagent, p. 190.
8. Rochelle salt solution, p. 194.
9. Sulfuric acid O.O2N, p. 50.
10. Boric acid solution, p. 190.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of equipment: Add 500 ml of distilled
waterj 10 ml of phosphate buffer solution, and a
few boiling chips to a 800 ml flask. Steam out
the distillation apparatus until the distillate
shows no trace of ammonia, p. 190.
2. Sample preparation: Use 500 ml of sample.
Neutralize to a pH of about 6.6 using a pH meter
for the measurement. Add 10 ml of the phosphate
buffer, mix and check the pH which should now
be 7.4. If it is not, add another 10 ml of the
buffer solution and again check the pH, p. 190.
Distillation:
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271
D. G. Ballinger
Distill over 300 ml into a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask
containing 30 ml of O.O2N sulfuric acid for nesslerization
(or 50 ml 2.% boric acid if titratlon is used). Distill at
the rate of 6-10 ml/min. Loner the collected distillate
free of contact with the delivery tube, and continue distilla-
tion during the last minute or two to cleanse the condenser
and delivery tube.
Preliminary nesslerization:
Nesslerlze a 50 ml portion of the distillate to
determine if the concentration of ammonia in the distillate
is in the satisfactory reading range for the colorimetrie
equipment used. For example, for a Spectronlc 20 with a 1
inch cell, the satisfactory range is 0.10 to 1.4 mg/1. If
the concentration is below 0.10 mg/1, the ammonia in the
distillate should be concentrated by boiling. If the ammonia
nitrogen Is above 1.0 mg/1, the titrimetric method may be
employed for measuring the ammonia in the distillate, or by
nesslerization of a suitable aliquot.
Concentration of ammonia in the distillate:
Since the distillate is in the presence of acid
(O.O2N auIfuric acid) it may be boiled with no loss of ammonia
-------
272
D. G. Bellinger
1. Add boiling chips to the flask and boll on a
hot plate to a volume of about 100 or 50 ml
depending upon results from the preliminary
nesslerlzation.
2. If the concentration of ammonia is less than
0.10 nag/1, the sample should be concentrated by
evaporation. Transfer to 50 ml nessler tubes
and bring the volume up to the 50 ml mark with
ammonia-free water. The concentration factor in
this case is 500/50 or 10.
3. If the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the
distillate is in the satisfactory range (0.10 to
1.4 mg/1) the concentration factor is 500
300 / 50
or 1.43.
4. To each 50 ml sample or aliquot In the nessler
tubes, add 1.0 ml of nessler reagent and mix by
inverting the tube six times. Allow for color
development at least 10 minutes, but not more
than 20 minutes if the ammonia nitrogen is very
low, but in any event run the samples and the
standards the same length of time. Read at 425
my wavelength. The occasional formation of
cloudiness following nesslerlzation may be
-------
273
D. G. Ballinger
prevented by the use of two drops of Rochelle
salt solution (Standard Methods, p. 189).
Preparation of standard curve:
The standard curve should be prepared under the
same conditions as the samples. The blank (reagent
blank) and the appropriate aliquot of standards -
diluted to 500 ml each - are distilled In the same
manner as the samples. The 300 ml distillate and
50 ml of O.O2 N sulfurlc acid are brought up to the
500 ml volume before taking the 50 ml portion for
nesslerlzation. The phosphate buffer, Rochelle salt
solution, and nessler reagent are used as for the
samples.
3. Sample Preparation and Collection
Several NH^-N standards were prepared by the Great
Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project and Indiana State Board
of Health. Standards were prepared from anhydrous ammonium
chloride dried at 100°C and dissolved in ammonia-free water.
Ammonia-free water was prepared by redistilling distilled
water containing sulfurlc acid.
Lake samples were collected from the water Intakes
of the Gary-Hobart Water Corporation and Chicago's Central
-------
D. 0. Bellinger
District Filtration Plant. These samples were collected
In three five-gallon carboys and then blended In a small
drum or tank In order to obtain a homogeneous sample. One-
half gallon samples were drawn off for the 11 laboratories
and the remainder of the sample was spiked with the standard
NH^-N solution. A second set of 11 half-gallon samples were
drawn off for the participating laboratories.
River samples were collected from Indiana Harbor
Canal at 151st Street. These samples were collected and
prepared in the same manner as the lake samples. All samples
were preserved with O.8 ml of cone. H&SOJt per liter.
4. Analysis of Data
The data were analyzed according to the method of
least square to obtain one and two standard deviations. A
line of best fit was plotted on probability paper. The slope
of this line was based on one standard deviation: the mean
(or known) value, plus and minus 3*1 percent, plotted at 16
and 84 percent on the abscissa.
The standard deviations were plotted in relation
to the known amount of ammonia nitrogen, or in relation to
the mean, in the case of lake and river samples. The standard
deviations are indicated by broken lines and the known
-------
275
D. a. Ballinger
amounts or means are indicated by a solid line.
Probability curves like those shown in Figures
9-14 were prepared for each individual sample.
-------
|