904/9
79-029A
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region IV
345 Courtlantl Street NE
Atlanta, GA 30308
EPA-904/9-79-029a
February 1979
Air
Florida
Oxidant SIP Assistance
Phase I
Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions Inventory
ivironmental
JUN 1
UBRARY
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' ^
EPA-904/9-79-029a
. Repository Material
Permanent Collection
Florida Oxidant SIP Assistance
Phase I
Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions Inventory
US EPA
Headquarters and Chemical Libraries
EPA West pidg Room 3340
Mailcode 3404T
1301 Constitution Ave NW
,
202-566-0556
Pa«-ific- Environmental Services. Inc.
1930 14th Street
Santa Monica. California 90404
Project Manager: J. A. Trapasso, Jr.
Hutaunental
,
-tlUN 1 1983
LIBRARY
Contract No. 68-02-2536
Task Order No. 3
KI'A l'r«je<-t Officer: Ron Mcllenrx
Prepared for
t.S. KNMRONMKNTALPUOTKCTION
Repk.n IV
Air Programs Branch
Atlanta. Georgia 30308
February 1979
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to
report technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.
Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations—in limited
quantities—from the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information
Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., 1930 14th Street, Santa Monica,
California 90404, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2536. The
contents of this report are reproduced herein as received from Paci-
fic Environmental Services, Inc. The opinions, findings, and conclu-
sions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of
the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of company or product
names is not to be considered as an endorsement by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA 904/9-79-029a
ii
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The authors would like to express their gratitude to the following
PES staff members who made significant contributions throughout this
extensive study and in the preparation of the final document.
Jane 0. Baker
Cynthia A. Grover
Azir U. Haque
Ruth A. Hayles
Ronald B. Holliday
Kenneth D. Leslie
Thomas J. McCabe, Jr.
Jerry Moore
Patti S. O'Brien
Victoria R.M. Scott
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Project Background 1-1
1.2 Emissions Inventory 1-3
1.2.1 Approach and Rationale 1-3
1.2.2 Data Sources 1-5
1.2.3 Report Organization 1-6
2.0 DATA BASE AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 2-1
2.1 Area Description 2-1
2.2 Population Data 2-3
2.3 Employment Data 2-4
2.4 Land Use Data 2-5
2.5 Emissions Subject to Inventory 2-6
3.0 REACTIVITY ANALYSIS 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Combustion Reactivity Profiles 3-1
3.2.1 Mobile Sources, Exhaust 3-2
3.2.2 Aircraft 3-4
3.2.3 Fuel Combustion 3-5
4.0 METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND VOC EMISSION ESTIMATES . . 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.1.1 Point Source Visits and Evaluation .... 4-1
4.1.2 Identification and Evaluation of Evaporative
Area Sources 4-2
4.2 Petroleum Industry 4-4
4.2.1 Production and Refining 4-4
4.2.2 Ship and Barge Transfer of Gasoline and
Crude Oil 4-6
4.2.3 Gasoline Bulk Plants and Terminals .... 4-11
4.2.4 Service Stations 4-13
iv
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Section Page
4.2.5 Petroleum Storage 4-18
4.3 Industrial Processes 4-22
4.3.1 Base Year Analysis 4-23
4.3.2 Projections 4-24
4.4 Industrial Surface Coating 4-25
4.4.2 Projections 4-26
4.5 Nonindustrial Surface Coating 4-27
4.5.1 Trade Paints 4-27
4.6 Other Solvent Use 4-32
4.6.1 Degreasing, Graphic Arts, Adhesives, and
Other Solvent Uses 4-32
4.6.2 Drycleaning 4-36
4.6.3 Cutback Asphalt 4-42
4.7 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 4-46
4.7.1 Utilities 4-46
4.7.2 Other Fuel Combustion Sources 4-47
4.8 Solid Waste Disposal 4-57
4.8.1 Onsite Incineration 4-57
4.8.2 Open Burning 4-62
4.9 Mobile Sources 4-64
4.9.1 Highway Vehicles 4-64
4.9.2 Off-Highway Vehicles 4-66
4.9.3 Rail Emissions 4-97
4.9.4 Aircraft Emissions 4-99
4.9.5 Vessels 4-101
5.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5-1
5.1 Summary of Emissions 5-1
5.2 Emission Estimate Scheduling 5-6
5.3 Recommendations 5-7
APPENDIX A. Survey Questionnaire A-l
APPENDIX B. Sample Calculations for Open Burning .... B-l
APPENDIX C. Highway Vehicles Worksheets C-l
APPENDIX D. Airport Summary Tables D-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Florida Study Area (VOC Nonattainment Areas) 1-2
1-2 Sources of VOC Emissions 1-4
2-1 The Study Area 2-1
2-2 Population Data Figures 2-4
2-3 Construction and Industrial Employment Projections . . 2-6
2-4 Manufacturing and Commercial/Institutional Employment
Projections 2-7
3-1 Categorization of Organic Emissions 3-2
4-1 Estimated Ranges of Evaporative VOC Emissions Per
Employee Within Selected SIC Categories 4-3
4-2 TVOC Emission Factors for Ship and Barge Transfer of
Petroleum Products 4-7
4-3 VOC Emissions Estimates from the Ship and Barge
Transfer of Gasoline and Crude Oil, 1976 4-9
4-4 Projected VOC Emissions from Ship and Barge Transfer
of Gasoline and Crude Oil 4-10
4-5 Estimated Gasoline Bulk Plant and Terminal Throughputs
and VOC Emissions from Transfer Operations, 1977 . . . 4-12
4-6 Projected VOC Emissions from Transfer Operations at
Gasoline Bulk Plants and Terminals 4-13
4-7 Throughput and VOC Emissions Estimates from Gasoline
Service Stations, 1977 4-14
4-8 U.S. Gasoline Consumption Estimates and Projections . 4-16
4-9 Projected Gasoline Sales and Losses for Service
Stations 4-17
4-10 Meteorological Data Assumptions for July 4-19
4-11 Number of Major Petroleum Storage Facilities in the
Study Area 4-20
4-12 Default Values for Petroleum Vapor Pressures 4-20
4-13 Estimated VOC Emissions from Storage, 1977 4-21
4-14 Projected VOC Emissions from Petroleum Storage .... 4-22
4-15 Estimated VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes, 1977 4-23
4-16 Projected VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes . . 4-24
4-17 Estimated VOC Emissions from Industrial Surface
Coating, 1977 4-26
4-18 Projected VOC Emissions from Industrial Surface
Coating 4-27
4-19 Nationwide Trade Paint Type Distributions 4-29
4-20 Typical Solvents Used in Trade Paints 4-30
4-21 Estimated VOC Emissions from Trade Paints Nationwide . 4-31
4-22 Estimated VOC Emissions from Trade Paints by County . 4-33
4-23 Estimated Degreasing VOC Emissions Based on Population
and Manufacturing Employees, 1977 4-35
vi
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Table Page
4-24 Base Year and Projected VOC Emissions from Degreasing,
Graphic Arts, Adhesives, and Other Solvent Uses . . . 4-37
4-25 Drycleaning Facilities in Study Area, 1975 4-38
4-26 Typical Characteristics of Drycleaning Facilities . . 4-39
4-27 Base Year and Projected VOC Emissions from Drycleaning 4-41
4-28 1975 National Sales Breakdown of Cutback Asphalt and
TVOC Emission Factors 4-43
4-29 Cutback Asphalt Consumption by County, 1977 4-44
4-30 1977 Cutback Asphalt Consumption by Category, 1977 . . 4-44
4-31 Estimated VOC Emissions from Cutback Asphalt, 1977 . . 4-45
4-32 Major Power Generating Plants in the Study Area . . . 4-46
4-33 Base Year and Projected VOC Emissions from Power
Generating Plants 4-48
4-34 Florida Fuel Consumption Estimates, 1977 4-49
4-35 Estimated VOC Emissions from Fuel Combustion in
Florida, 1977 4-50
4-36 Fraction Distribution of the Residential Sector
Space-Heating Parameter 4-52
4-37 Estimated VOC Emissions from Residential Fuel
Combustion, 1977 4-52
4-38 Fraction Distribution of the Commercial-Institutional
Sector Space-Heating Parameter 4-54
4-39 Estimated VOC Emissions from Commercial and Institution-
al Fuel Combustion, 1977 4-54
4-40 Estimated VOC Emissions from Industrial Fuel Combustion,
1977 4-56
4-41 Growth Factors for Projected Fuel Usage 4-57
4-42 Base Year and Projected Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion VOC Emissions 4-58
4-43 TVOC Emission Factors for Incinerators 4-59
4-44 Estimated VOC Emissions from Incinerators, 1977 . . . 4-60
4-45 Base Year and Projected VOC Emissions Estimates
from Incinerators 4-61
4-46 Estimated VOC Emissions from Open Burning, 1975 . . . 4-63
4-47 Projected VOC Emissions from Open Burning 4-65
4-48 Local Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) Factors 4-66
4-49 Mobile 1 Emission Factors for Use in Hydrocarbon
Emission Inventory 4-67
4-50 Class II VOC Emissions from Highway Vehicles 4-68
4-51 1977, 1982, and 1987 Agricultural Equipment Totals . . 4-70
4-52 TVOC Emission Factors 4-70
4-53 Annual Usage Rates and Equipment Breakdowns 4-71
4-54 Annual TVOC Emission Factors 4-71
4-55 1977, 1982, and 1987 Estimates of VOC Emissions from
Agricultural Equipment 4-73
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Table Page
4-56 1977, 1982, and 1987 Estimated VOC Emissions from
Agricultural Equipment by Reactivity Class 4-74
4-57 Lawn and Garden Equipment 4-75
4-58 Estimated Nationwide Population of Lawn and Garden
Equipment, Excluding Snowthrowers 4-76
4-59 Estimated Numbers of Single-Unit Housing Structures
in the Study Area 4-77
4-60 Lawn and Garden Equipment Totals, 1977 4-78
4-61 TVOC Emission Factors for Lawn and Garden Equipment . 4-79
4-62 1977 Lawn and Garden Equipment Emissions by Reactivity
Class 4-80
4-63 Projected VOC Emissions from Lawn and Garden Equipment 4-81
4-64 National Industrial Equipment Population Estimates,
1974 4-81
4-65 TVOC Emission Factor for Industrial Equipment .... 4-83
4-66 Estimates of Industrial Equipment and VOC Emissions,
1974 4-83
4-67 Projected VOC Emissions from Industrial Equipment . . 4-85
4-68 National Heavy Construction Equipment Totals, 1973 . . 4-86
4-69 Heavy Construction Equipment Totals by County, 1973 . 4-86
4-70 Heavy Construction Equipment Fuel Use Distributions
and TVOC Emission Factors 4-88
4-71 Composite TVOC Emission Factors for Heavy Construction
Equipment 4-89
4-72 Estimated VOC Emissions from Heavy Construction
Equipment, 1973 4-89
4-73 Projected VOC Emissions from Heavy Construction
Equipment 4-91
4-74 Population and Off-Highway Use of Motorcycles, 1976 . 4-92
4-75 Estimated Percent Distributions of Motorcycles Used
Off-Highway by Engine Displacement and Type 4-93
4-76 Exhaust TVOC Emission Factors 4-93
4-77 Estimated Volume of Fuel Tanks 4-95
4-78 Estimated VOC Emissions from Off-Highway Motorcylces,
1976 4-97
4-79 Projected VOC Emissions from Off-Highway Motorcycles . 4-98
4-80 Estimated VOC Emissions from Railroad Operations,
1977, 1982, and 1987 4-100
4-81 Estimated VOC Emissions from Aircraft by Engine Type . 4-102
4-82 Estimated VOC Emissions from Aircraft, 1977, 1982,
and 1987 4-103
4-83 Fuel Oil Sales and In-Port Vessel Days (VDS)
Distribution for Florida, 1976 4-105
4-84 In-Port Vessel Days and In-Port Fuel Consumption, 1976 4-107
4-85 Underway Fuel Consumption, 1976 4-109
viii
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Table Page
4-86 TVOC Emission Factors for Ocean-Going Vessels . . . '4-109
4-87 Estimated VOC Emissions from Ocean-Going Vessels,
1976 4-110
4-88 Projected Cargo Tonnage and Annual Growth Rates for
Each in the Study Area 4-112
4-89 Projected VOC Emissions from Vessel Activity by
Reactivity Levels 4-113
4-90 Registered Inboard and Outboard Recreational Boats,
1977 4-114
4-91 Estimates of Fuel Consumption by Recreational Boats
and Resulting VOC Emissions, 1977 4-116
4-92 Projected VOC Emissions from Recreational Boating . . 4-117
5-1 County Summaries of Class II VOC Emissions, 1977 ... 5-2
5-2 County Summaries of Class II VOC Emissions, 1982 ... 5-3
5-3 County Summaries of Class II VOC Emissions, 1987 ... 5-4
5-4 Projected Stationary and Mobile Source Class II
VOC Emissions 5-5
IX
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
2-1 Geographic Location of Each County 2-2
4-1 Gasoline Marketing Operations and Emission Sources . . 4-5
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments require state and local
governments to develop revisions to the State Implementation Plan
(SIP) for all areas where the National Ambient Air Quality Stan-
dards (NAAQS) have not been attained (nonattainment areas). The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been mandated by
Congress to enforce the attainment and maintenance of these
NAAQS. In accordance with this mandate, the EPA has determined
that the SIP for Florida is inadequate for oxidants.
There are nine counties in Florida that are currently exceed-
ing the NAAQS for oxidants. Due to the formation process of oxi-
dants, the development of abatement strategies for these areas re-
quires a comprehensive base of information concerning the injec-
tion of volatile organic compounds (VOC) into the atmosphere.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. (PES) was contracted by
EPA Region IV to assist the State of Florida in compiling and ana-
lyzing data needed for oxidant control strategies. PES1 task was
divided into three phases.
Phase I
Prepare an extensive seasonalized VOC emissions inventory
for seven of Florida's nine oxidant nonattainment areas
for calendar year 1977
Forecast the base year (1977) emissions to reflect calen-
dar years 1982 and 1987
Phase II
Assist in the preparation of Reasonably Available Control
Technology (RACT) regulations for VOC point sources in all
nine counties. Point sources are defined in this study as
1-1
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having the potential to emit TOO tons or more of VOC .per
year.
• Determine RACT emission reduction estimates
• Analyze current air quality data
• Provide technical and editorial assistance in assembling the
total Florida SIP package. This subtask involves all pol-
lutant nonattainment areas.
Phase III
• Prepare an inspection/maintenance (I/M) program for seven
of the nine oxidant nonattainment counties in Florida
Table 1-1 presents the study area by county and by phase in-
volvement.
Table 1-1. FLORIDA STUDY AREA (VOC NONATTAINMENT AREAS)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Hillsbo rough
Leon
Orange
Palm Beach
Pinellas
AQCR
050
050
049
005
052
049
048
050
052
Metropolitan
Area
Fort Lauderdale
Miami
Jacksonville
Pensacola
Tampa Bay
Tallahassee
Orlando
West Palm Beach
Tampa Bay
Phase
Involvement
I, II, III
I, II, III
I, II, III
I® II
II, III
I? II
I, II, III
I, II, III
II, III
a County classified as rural nonattainment area; only
point sources are considered in this phase
1-2
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Phase I activities are discussed in the remainder of this report,
whereas Phases II and III are discussed in subsequent documents
(EPA 904/9-79-029b and EPA 904/9-79-029c, respectively).
1.2 EMISSIONS INVENTORY
An emissions inventory is a descriptive listing of air pol-
lutants that provides the basis from which pollutant reduction
strategies may be planned and evaluated. The present inventory
considers VOC emissions from both point and area sources in four
major categories: evaporative sources, fuel combustion, solid
waste disposal, and mobile sources. A complete source list is
presented in Table 1-2.
1.2.1 APPROACH AND RATIONALE
The PES project team initiated the VOC inventory by gathering
the necessary background information according to techniques out-
lined in EPA guideline documents (References 1 through 10). Rec-
ognized VOC emitting sources were classified according to the "Sum-
mary Format for VOC" reported in Reference 1 and outlined in Table
1-2, and were then further qualified into area and point sources
based on the criteria noted in Section 1.1.
For each specific VOC emitting activity, the chemical compo-
sition of the emissions was assessed to allow allocation into a
two-level photochemical reactivity scheme. As with the total VOC
(TVOC) emitted, the emissions in these classes were projected to
1982 and 1987, using accepted forecasting techniques, including
those described in the EPA guideline document "Projecting County
Emissions" (Reference 2). An attempt was also made to seasonalize
VOC emissions activities to more closely relate the inventory to
the oxidant season, which, for purposes of this study, was defined
as April through September.
1-3
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Table 1-2. SOURCES OF VOC EMISSIONS
I.
EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
A. Processing, storage, transportation, and marketing
petroleum products
1. Refinery fugitives
2. Miscellaneous refinery sources
3. OH and gas production fields
of
4. Natural gas and natural gasoline processing plants
5. Gasoline and crude oil storage
6. Snip and barge transfer of gasoline and crude
7. Bulk gasoline terminals
8. Gasoline bulk plants
9. Service station loading and unloading
oil
B. Industrial processes, surface coatings, and solvent use
11.
111.
IV.
1 . Processes
a. Organic chemical manufacture
b. Paint manufacture
c. Vegetable oil processing
d. Pharmaceutical manufacture
e. Plastic products manufacture
f . Rubber products manufacture
g. Textile polymers manufacture
2. Surface coatings
a. Large appliances
b. Magnet wire
c. Automobiles
d. Cans
e. Metal coils
f. Paper
g. Fabric
h. Metal furniture
1. Hood furniture
j. Flat wood products
k. Other metal products
1. Auto refinishing
3. Solvent use
a. Degress ing
b. Drycleatiing
c. Graphic arts
d. Mhesives
G. Architectural surface coatings
D. Cutback asphalt
FUEL COMBUSTION
SOLID HASTE DISPOSAL
A. Incineration
B. Open burning
MOBILE SOURCES
A. On-hlghway vehicles
B. Off-highway vehicles
C. Railroads
D. Aircraft
I. Vessels
1-4
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Finally, because of the project's stringent time constraints,
estimating techniques for point sources were employed in some
cases. Although the associated errors are thought to be rela-
tively minor, caution should be taken in using point source data.
For example, many lithographic printing facilities utilized an
oil-based ink known only by its trade name. The users were un-
aware of its solvent content and the supplier considered this in-
formation to be proprietary. Therefore, an average solvent con-
tent had to be developed and employed. Another example is the
many operations that have significant fugitive VOC emissions, such
as a beer company in the study area that has product spillage
losses during bottling and packaging operations. No time was al-
located for a thorough investigation of these activities, so en-
gineering estimates were made. Estimates were also made for those
sources that failed to submit complete data.
1.2.2 DATA SOURCES
Data needed for the emissions inventory were developed partly
from published literature and partly from sources engaged in ac-
tivities that might produce VOC emissions. In addition, a large
portion of the information was obtained directly from local,
state, and Federal agencies; those that were especially helpful
included:
Local Government
Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
Dade County Environmental Resources Management
Duval County Department of Health, Welfare, and Bio-
Environmental Services - Air Pollution Control
Palm Beach County Health Department
State of Florida
Department of Environmental Resources
Department of Transportation
1-5
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Department of Commerce
Department of Revenue
University of Florida, Bureau of Economic and Business
Research
State Energy Office
Federal Government
Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Information concerning specific point sources was gathered
through the use of questionnaires submitted to plant managers dur-
ing source visits. Addresses for these contacts were obtained
from existing point source inventories, augmented with information
from National Business Lists, Inc., the Directory of Florida Manu-
facturers (Reference 11), local telephone directories, and infor-
mation provided by local agencies.
1.2.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION
Four sections comprise the remainder of this report. A brief
description of their contents is as follows:
• Section 2.0 contains a description of the study area, along
with a discussion of general background information such as
population, employment, land use, and projections of
these activities.
• Section 3.0 contains an analysis of the photochemical reac-
tivity profiles applied to the various source categories.
• Section 4.0 includes a detailed discussion of the methodol-
ogies used for the base year and projection years for each
source category examined, complete with VOC emissions esti-
mates.
• Section 5.0 presents the results of the study and recom-
mendations for further evaluation.
1-6
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To simplify data manipulation and provide the reader with a
lucid view of the assessment procedures, most of the data contained
in this report have been rounded to three significant figures. In
some cases, it may appear that the data contained in various tables
and sections do not "add up," but this supposed inaccuracy is due
to the rounding process and does not affect the overall precision
of the study.
1-7
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2.0 DATA BASE AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
2.1 AREA DESCRIPTION
Seven counties are encompassed by this VOC inventory, and are
referred to collectively as "the study area" throughout this phase
of the work. Figure 2-1 shows the geographic location of each
county in the study area.
The seven counties, together with Hillsborough and Pine!las
(which are included in Phases II and III of this study), comprise
the major metropolitan areas of Florida. Table 2-1 illustrates
their distribution by Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) and Stan-
dard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).
Table 2-1. THE STUDY AREA
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Leon
Orange
Palm Beach
AQCR
050
050
049
005
049
048
050
SMSA
Ft. Lauderdale-Hollywood
Miami
Jacksonville9
Orlando
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton
a SMSA also includes Nassau, Baker, Clay, and St.
Johns Counties
SMSA also includes Seminole and Osceola Coun-
ties
Leon and Escambia Counties are not referred to in the remain-
der of this section because their assessment did not warrant use
of the belowmentioned data base items. However, Leon and Escambia
2-1
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Tampa-St. Petersburg
Figure 2-1. Geographic Location of Each County
2-2
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were examined for point sources, which are discussed in Section 4.0.
2.2 POPULATION DATA
PES made an assertive effort to obtain county base year pop-
ulation estimates and projections directly from the appropriate
local agencies. However, examination of the data received re-
vealed that these estimates were inconsistent. During a telephone
conference call between the project principals (Reference 1), it
was therefore agreed that PES would use the population estimates
called out in the 1977 Florida Statistical Abstract (Reference 2).
These population figures are shown in Table 2-2.
In several instances, the 1977-1982 and 1977-1987 population
growth factors reflected in Table 2-2 were used to project VOC
emissions; Table 2-2 should therefore be referred to throughout
Section 4.0.
2.3 EMPLOYMENT DATA
As with the population estimates, PES solicited county base
year employment estimates and projections from participating lo-
cal agencies, but for the most part, these estimates were obtained
from the State of Florida's Department of Commerce (References 3-7).
However, a difficulty arose in determining employment data for
Duval and Orange Counties. As pointed out in Table 2-1, the
Jacksonville and Orlando SMSAs, which contain Duval and Orange
Counties, respectively, also contain other counties not included
in this study. Consequently, in order to estimate county employ-
ment totals, it was necessary to assume that the ratio of county
to SMSA population reflects the ratio of county to SMSA employment.
This analytical technique can be expressed as:
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Table 2-2. POPULATION DATA FIGURES3
ro
Year
1970
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1980
1982
1985
1987
1990
Broward
County
620,100
722,700
769,400
828.200
876,300
884,900
914.900
945,800
1,026,000
1.097.000
1,212,900
1f 265, 700
1,349,200
Dade
County
1,267,800
1,342,500
1,373,600
1.413.100
1,438,000
1,449,300
1.462.600
1,476,100
1,525,500
1,556,000
1,602,800
1.672,500
1,782,900
Duval
County
528,900
545,000
558,800
570,400
578.300
579.700
584^800
590,000
608,900
620,200
637,500
691,800
782,100
Orange
County
344,300
385,000
408,400
424,000
424,600
420,600
427.700
434,900
460,400
481 ,200
514,200
536,500
571,900
Palm Beach
County
349,000
390,400
428,000
459,200
477,800
488,000
504.100
520,800
565,200
604,600
668,800
697,900
744,000
Florida
State
6,791,400
7,441,500
7,845,100
8,248.900
8,485,200
8,551,800
8,728.100
8.908,000
9,432,000
9,859,700
10,538,000
10,996,500
11,722,000
a Refer to Reference 2. The figures which are underlined are Interpolations.
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RE(SMSA)i
where
E . = total county employment in sector i (i=l, con-
struction; i=2, industrial; i=3, manufacturing;
i=4, commercial/institutional)
R = ratio of county to SMSA population
E(SMSA)i = tota1 SMSA emP1°ynient in sector i
Table 2-3 shows county construction and industrial employ-
ment figures, while Table 2-4 provides county totals for manufac-
turing and commercial/institutional employment.
2.4 LAND USE DATA
The data used to project county land use figures for 1982
and 1987 were obtained from local planning agencies (References
10-18), but in most cases, data were not supplied for the princi-
pal years of interest (1977, 1982, and 1987). Data for those
years were therefore generated by means of exponential interpo-
lation between two known and acceptable figures.
The projected increases in cropland harvested were used to
arrive at the county agricultural equipment projections for 1982
and 1987 shown in Table 4-55. The following assumptions were
made:
• Land use more accurately reflects the amount of agricul-
tural equipment in use than do earnings, since agricul-
tural employment tends to decrease as more acres fall
under mechanized crop production.
• Increases in the use of agricultural equipment will be
proportional to the projected increases in total acres
of cropland harvested.
2-5
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Table 2-3. CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS*
\vCounty
Year ^s.
1973
1974
1977
1978
1982
1985
1987
Construction Employment (SIC 16)
Browardb
6.430
6.510
6,770
6,850
rjW
7,450
7.630
Dadcc
4.950
5,090
5,530
5,680
6.250
6,710
7.040
Duva1d
4.480
4.660
4.720
4,730
4.820
4.890
4.930
Orange6
4.150
4J40
4.120
4,110
4.120
4.130
4.140
Palm Beachf
2.220
2,290
2,500
2,570
?j840
3,060
3.220
Industrial Employment
Browardb
106,660
116,840
120,210
133,210
143,920
151.520
Dadec
262,860
285,900
293,530
323.100
347,220
364.290
Ouva1d
83.590
8,6a_842
87 .890
92.120
95.420
97.690
Orange6
69,750
16.34J
78^640
8MJO
11.680
99.B40
Palm Beach'
63,150
70,600
73,100
82.490
90,320
95.950
ro
i
8 The figures which are underlined are Interpolations
Refer to Reference 3
c Refer to Reference 4
d Refer to Reference 5 and Equation 2-1
e Refer to Reference 6 and Equation 2-1
Refer to Reference 7
-------
Table 2-4. MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS'
^\i County
Year^^
1974
1975
1977
1978
1980
198?
1985
1987
Manufacturing Employment
B reward''
29,010
32,630
33,850
38,430
42.260
45.030
Dadec
93,160
104.080
107,700
121,610
133.210
141,550
Duvald
26,250
26,930
27,140
27^990
28^650
29.100
Orange6
21 ,«Q
23,330
23,980
26,090
27,790
28,980
Palm Beach'
20,870
22,930
23,620
26^190
28,300
29.800
Florida
State
369.0009
327. 7009
355,900"
381,860
439, 6001
506,070
625, 0-X)
719,600
Commercial and Institutional Employment''
Browardb
217.910
243,290
251.740
284,030
310,930
330.270
Dadec
511.220
561 .430
578.140
642^330
695.110
732^680
Duvald
U5J60
186,890
190.730
204j99>0
216.3HO
224.320
Orange6
133.730
153j680
160,200
182^320
ZOOjTOO
214.320
Palm Beach^
122,390
140.310
146.260
U8.790
187 .940
201.900
Florida
State
2.222.7009
2.279.900h
2.455.240
— *
2.347.4001
3^302^202
4,1 ?4,1 ?0,
4.782^900
The figures which are underlined are Interpolations
Refer to Reference 3
Refer to Reference 4
Refer to Reference 5 and Equation 2-1
Refer to Reference 6 and Equation 2-1
Refer to Reference 7
Refer to Reference 2
Refer to Reference 8
Incudes traTpo^atlon. co^nlcatlon. other utilities, wholesale, retail, finance. Insurance, real estate, services, and governmental
employment
-------
2.5 EMISSIONS SUBJECT TO INVENTORY
The volatile organic compounds (VOC) to be inventoried, al-
though commonly referred to as hydrocarbons, are not all hydro-
carbons in the strict chemical sense. When referred to as "total
hydrocarbons" (THC), various hydrocarbon derivatives containing
oxygen, chlorine, and other elements beside hydrogen and carbon
are included. For purposes of this study, TVOC is equivalent to
THC as defined above, with the following qualification.
A volatile organic compound is defined as "any compound of
carbon that has a vapor pressure greater than 0.1 millimeters of
mercury («0.002 psia) at standard conditions, excluding carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or
carbonates, and ammonium carbonate" (Reference 19).
The majority of VOC that are released into the atmosphere
ultimately engage in photochemical oxidant formation processes.
Some VOC are more reactive than others and therefore have a
quicker, more localized impact on air quality. For this reason,
VOC can be described by their propensity to undergo photochemical
reactions. There have been various reactivity schemes developed
that attempt to quantify this phenomenon. These schemes vary from
the relatively simple two-level system of methane/nonmethane to
more complex multiple-level schemes (References 20 and 21). As
specified in the task assignment for the project, PES employed
the two-level scheme described in Reference 22. This scheme is
discussed in Section 3.0.
2-8
-------
REFERENCE FOR SECTION 2.0
1. Telephone conference call with Ron McHenry, Region VI, EPA,
Marty Kahel, Steve Smallwood, Florida DER and Bill LaFroos,
Bill Mustard, Florida DOT, July 14, 1978
2. Florida Statistical Abstract 1977, Bureau of Economic and
Business Research College of Business Administration, Uni-
versity of Florida
3. Florida Employment Directions 1974-1985. Fort Lauderdale-
Hollywood SMSA
4. Florida Employment Directions 1974-1985, Miami SMSA
5. Florida Employment Directions 1974-1985, Jacksonville SMSA
6. Florida Employment Directions 1974-1985. Orlando SMSA
7. Florida Employment Directions 1974-1985, West Palm Beach-
Boca Raton SMSA
8. Economic Report of the Governor, 1977 Economic Forecast,
January 1977, (Reubin Askew)
9. Florida Employment^Directions 1970-1980, Florida Department
of Commerce, Division of Employment Security, Research and
Statistics, February 1976
10. Telephone communication with Louis E. Watson, Broward County
Agricultural Extension Director, July 27, 1978
11. Existing and future land use figures for Broward and Palm
Beach Counties, Environmental Protection Agency, July 24,
1978
12. Land Use Characteristics: 1960-1970. Metropolitan Dade Coun-
ty, Dade County Environmental Resources Management, July 5
and July 17, 1978
13. Telephone communication with Roge Mehta, Deputy Director of
Jacksonville Area Planning Board, July 27, 1978
14. Telephone communication with Harold Hill, Planner, Orange
County Planning Department, July 27, 1978
15. Orange County Land Use figures, Department of Environmental
Regulations, July 31, 1978
2-9
-------
16. Telephone communication with Gary Mines, Palm Beach County
Area Planning Board, July 26, 1978
17. Telephone communication with Clayton Hutchinson, Orange
County Agricultural Extension Office, July 26, 1978
18. Conmunication with William P. Stone, Broward County Agricul-
tural Extension Service, July 31, 1978
19. Regulatory Guidance for Control of Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions From 15 Categories of Stationary Sources, GCA/Tech-
nology Division, Bedford, MA. Prepared for the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL, under Contract No. 68-
02-2887, Work Assignment No. 3, April 1978
20. Trijonis, J.C. and Arledge, K.W., "Utility of Reactivity Cri-
teria in Organic Emission Control Strategies for Los Angeles,"
TRW Environmental Services, Redondo Beach, CA. Prepared for
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, under Contract No. 68-02-1735, December 1975
21. Pittis, J.N., "Keys to Photochemical Smog Control," Environ-
mental Science and Technology, Volume II, No. 5, May 1977
22. Workshop on Requirements for Nonattainment Area Plans, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, March 1978
2-10
-------
3.0 REACTIVITY ANALYSIS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
PES categorized the VOC emissions inventoried during this
study into a two-level photochemical reactivity scheme: nonre-
active and reactive, hereafter referred to as Class I and Class
II, respectively (Reference 1). Class I contains organic com-
pounds which EPA has exempted from control based on their inabil-
ity to engage in photochemical oxidant formation processes. As
pointed out in a recent EPA publication on nonattainment area
plans (Reference 2), the compounds encompassed by the Class I
reactivity level are methane, ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(methyl chloroform), and trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113).
All other VOC are categorized as Class II.
Throughout this inventory, all VOC emissions resulting from
the evaporation of organic products are considered to be 100 per-
cent Class II, unless otherwise indicated. On the other hand,
all VOC emissions originating from combustion activities required
generation of reactivity profiles based on fuel type consumed.
The following is a discussion of the methodologies employed by
PES in developing these profiles.
3.2 COMBUSTION REACTIVITY PROFILES
Table 3-1 categorizes the combustion sources inventoried in
this study by reactivity level, and should be referred to through-
out Section 3.2.
3-1
-------
Table 3-1. CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANIC EMISSIONS
Source of Emissions
A. Mobile Sources, Exhaust
1. Gasoline Powered
a. LDV Uncontrolled
b. LDV Controlled
c. ID Equipment
(1).2-stroke \
(2) 4-stroke 1
d. HDV Uncontrolled
e. HD Equipment
2. Diesel Powered
a. LDV )
b. LD Equipment \
c. HDV (
d. HD Equipment /
3. Aircraft
B. Jet (kerosene type fuels)
b. Piston
B. Fuel Combustion
1. Residual Oil
2. Distillate Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Coal
5. Waste Burning and Other Fires
Reactivity Level
(Weicht Percent)
Class 1
12
14
12
7
7
2
3
12
11
11
55
15
36
Class 11
BE
Be
BE
93
93
9£
97
BE
89
69
45
65
62
Reference
3,4
3,4
PES
6
6
6
E
6, PES
B
PES
6
PES
6
3.2.1 MOBILE SOURCES, EXHAUST
3.2.1.1 Gasoline Powered
3.2.1.1.1 Light-Duty Vehicles, Controlled and Uncontrolled
Reference 3 provides detailed exhaust VOC breakdowns for a
light-duty vehicle (LDV) under both controlled and uncontrolled
conditions. Unfortunately, the breakdowns exclude the oxygen-
ated species, e.g., aldehydes. This omission makes them inade-
quate for estimating the exhaust breakdown into the photochemi-
cal reactivity scheme. However, Reference 4 gives VOC exhaust
data by chemical category, including the oxygenated compounds
3-2
-------
(aldehydes) for a range of vehicles, but does not give a chemical
species breakdown. Therefore, both references were employed to
determine the classifications of exhaust VOC for controlled and
uncontrolled vehicles.
Methane was called out in Reference 4, while ethane was
left as part of the general category of total parrafins. Since
ethane is only 1 to 2 percent of the total nonoxygenated com-
pounds (Reference 3), little error was incurred when PES assumed
that Class I included only methane.
It bears mentioning that even though the reactivity profiles
for uncontrolled and controlled LDV appear to be similar, the av-
erage reduction in TVOC emissions for the uncontrolled vehicles is
73 percent. Another point worthy of discussion concerns unleaded
versus leaded gasoline. The authors of Reference 5 did an exhaust
VOC emissions study with three different automobiles using un-
leaded and leaded 91-octane gasoline. Their findings showed that
TVOC emissions were 8 percent higher with the leaded than with
unleaded fuel. However, they indicated that the presence or ab-
sence of lead in gasoline had no significant effect on the pro-
file of their seven-class reactivity scheme. It can be reason-
ably assumed that this also applies to the two-level reactivity
scheme used in the present inventory.
3.2.1.1.2 Light-Duty Equipment
Based on engineering and chemical judgment, PES assumed that
two- and four-stroke LD equipment have reactivity profiles simi-
lar to uncontrolled LDV.
3-3
-------
3.2.1.1.3 Uncontrolled Heavy-Duty Vehicles and Heavy-Duty
Equipment
The reactivity profiles for uncontrolled heavy-duty vehicles
(HDV) and HD equipment were extracted directly from Reference 6.
3.2.1.2 Diesel-Powered
The weight percentages for diesel-powered mobile sources
listed in Table 3-1 represent a composition of diesel engines.
Two- and four-stroke engines were considered at a variety of
loads and burning a variety of diesel fuels. It was therefore
assumed that this reactivity profile pertains to all diesel-
powered equipment, i.e., automobiles, trucks, and tractors.
3.2.2 AIRCRAFT
3.2.2.1 Jet
Data presented in Table 3-1 are assumed to be representative
of gas turbine engines in general, since it is known that the com-
position of exhaust VOC does not tend to vary substantially from
turbine to turbine (Reference 6), although the mass emission rate
does vary (Reference 7). The reactivity profile takes into ac-
count a typical landing-takeoff cycle (LTD), i.e., taxi-idle,
takeoff-climbout, and approach.
3.2.2.2 Piston
Since aircraft piston engines are fundamentally similar to
gasoline-powered automobile engines and burn similar fuel, it is
reasonable to assume that their reactivity profiles are also sim-
ilar. Because aircraft engines are not subject to emission con-
trols, the uncontrolled reactivity profile for automobiles is ap-
plied to this category.
3-4
-------
3.2.3 FUEL COMBUSTION
3.2.3.1 Residual Oil
This emission profile is based on an assessment of utility
boilers that burn residual oil. Utility boilers were selected
because approximately 95 percent of all residual oil combustion
occurs in boilers of this type (Reference 8). Reference 7 indi-
cates that powerplants and the industrial and commercial institu-
tional sectors have the same TVOC emission factor for their residual
oil boilers. Therefore, due to the lack of other evidence, it can
be inferred that all residual oil-burning boilers have the same
general VOC breakdown for their combustion gases. Thus the reacti-
vity profile shown in Table 3-1 can be reasonably applied to any
boiler that uses residual oil as a fuel.
3.2.3.2 Distillate Oil
No information on the reactivity profile of distillate oil
was available from outside sources, so the engineering judgement
of PIS personnel was used to conclude that the breakdown for
distillate oil is roughly comparable to that for residual oil.
3.2.3.3 Natural Gas
This reactivity profile was taken from Reference 6, Section
3.2.3 and is intended to be a working estimate of the combustion
of different types of organic fuels. References 9 and 10 both
suggest using this breakdown for natural gas, which seems reason-
able in light of the fact that incomplete combustion of natural
gas, which is primarily methane, results in such species as me-
thanol and formaldehyde (Class II).
3-5
-------
3.2.3.4 Coal
As in the situation with distiallate oil, the best engineer-
ing judgment of PES personnel was used to arrive at the reactivity
profile for coal.
3.2.3.5 Waste Burning and Other Fires
This reactivity profile is an estimation of the composition
of the VOC emitted by this diverse category, taken from Reference
6, Section 3.2.4.
3-6
-------
REFERENCE FOR SECTION 3.0
1. Federal Register, Volume 42, No. 131, July 8, 1977, 35314-
35316
2. Workshop on Requirements for Nonattalnment Area Plans, U.S.
EPA, March 1978
3. "1975 Ford Prototype, Detailed Hydrocarbon Emissions," re-
ceived from Frank Black, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, via Dr. (Catherine Wilson, PES
4. Black, F. "Proceedings of the International Conference on
Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control, Volume II,"
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 1977
5. Heuss, J.M., Nebel, G.J., and D'Alleva, B.A., "Effects of
Gasoline Aromatics and Lead Content on Exhaust Hydrocarbon
Reactivity," Environmental Science Technology. Volume 8,
No. 7, July 1974
6. Trijonis, J.C. and Arledge, K.W., "Utility of Reactivity
Criteria in Organic Emission Control Strategies for Los
Angeles," TRW Environmental Services, Redondo Beach,
California 90278. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711, under Con-
tract No. 68-02-1735, December 1975
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, and Supple-
ments 1-7, Second Edition. AP-42. OAQPS. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C.,
April 1977
8. Taback, H.J., Sonnichsen, T.W., Brunetz, N., and Stredler,
J.L., "An Organic Species Emission Inventory for Stationary
Sources in the Los Angeles Area—Methodology," KVB, Inc.,
Tustin, California 92680. Prepared for Emission Inventory/
Factor Workshop, Raleigh, N.C., September 13-15, 1977
9. "Stanislaus County Hydrocarbon Emission Inventory for 1975,
Report I: Analysis of the Problem," Air Quality Task Force,
Public Works Department, Modesto, California 95354. Prepared
for the Stanislaus County Air Quality Technical Committee as
a part of the Stanislaus County Air Quality Maintenance Plan,
October 1977
3-7
-------
10. "San Joaquin County Air Pollution Control District 1975 Emis-
sion Inventory: Draft Report," San Joaquin Local Health Dis-
trict, Stockton, California 95201, September 1977
3-8
-------
4.0 METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND VOC EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section of the report provides detailed descriptions of
the methodologies employed and the resulting VOC emissions esti-
mates by source category inventoried. The presentation format
adheres, in general, to that outlined in the "Summary Format for
VOC" reported in Reference 1 and illustrated in Table 1-1.
Methodology development was based upon three primary sources
of information, namely publications, governmental agencies, and
information received directly from potential VOC emitting com-
panies located in the study area. The latter source was relied
on extensively in estimating VOC emissions from point sources and
some of the larger area sources. Information extracted from pub-
lications and/or received from governmental agencies are addressed
in detail in the appropriate source category, thereby requiring no
further discussion at this point. However, since the acquisition
and analysis of data received from potential VOC emitting sources
represented a significant amount of effort, and since the results
are mentioned throughout this report, the following provides an
introductory discussion about the methodologies employed.
4.1.1 POINT SOURCE VISITS AND EVALUATION
As a starting point for this task, PES engineers prepared
lists of potential VOC point sources by examining existing agency
inventories (for the most part these inventories did not address
VOC sources). Lists were augmented with information from National
Business Lists, Inc., Directory of Florida Manufactures (Reference
2), local telephone directories, and from guidance provided by lo-
cal air pollution control agencies. As an additional aid in pre-
paring and prioritizing the lists, information reported in Refer-
ence 3 was used. This Reference identifies major Standard Indus-
4-1
-------
trial Classifications (SICs) associated with major VOC emitting
sources, along with emission estimates based on employee popula-
tion (refer to Table 4-1).
Because of stringent time constraints, a maximum 2 week data
gathering period was allowed for each county. For the relatively
small counties this proved to be sufficient time, but for large
counties, such as Dade and Duval, more time was required because
of the large number of potential point sources. Obviously, there
was not enough time for extensive data collection and engineering
analysis of each facility. Therefore, in some instances, gener-
alized assumptions were made to allow source assessments which
inadequate data would otherwise have prohibited.
Results of point source evaluations are presented in the ap-
propriate evaporative source/categories. Appendix A contains a
copy of the questionnaire that was used as a guide during facility
visits.
4.1.2 IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF EVAPORATIVE AREA SOURCES
The identification and evaluation of evaporative area sources
are difficult tasks in an emissions inventory. One of two ap-
proaches can be employed to resolve these difficulties: (1) iden-
tify and survey all potential sources, or (2) employ a generalized
estimating method. Because of resource availability, time require-
ments, and the difficulty of obtaining a respectable return rate
from a mail out survey, a generalized estimating approach was em-
ployed to determine most evaporative area source emissions.
Many large evaporative area sources were identified and eval-
uated during potential point source visits, as discussed earlier.
To determine emissions from the remaining area sources, information
from Reference 3 was again employed (refer to Table 4-1). Research
into the use of data from similar studies (References 4 and 5) did
4-2
-------
Table 4-1. ESTIMATED RANGES OF EVAPORATIVE VOC EMISSIONS
PER EMPLOYEE WITHIN SELECTED SIC CATEGORIES
General 2-Dicit
SIC Categories
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textiles
11 Annabel
LI Apparel
24 Lumber & Wood
25 Furniture t
fixtures
26 Paper
27 Printing
26 Chemicals
29 Petrol eutr.
3D Rubber ,
plastic
31 Leather
32 Stone, clay, etc.
33 Primary metal
34 Fabricated metal
35 Machinery
36 Electrical machinery
37 Transportation
equipment
38 Instruments
39 Miscellaneous
manufacturing
5171 Bulk terminals
Specific 4-Digit
SIC Categories
Alcoholic beverages (20E5)
Not surveyed
Coatings (2295), Non-*ovens
(2297), Dyeing (2231)
Hot surveyed
Finished product (2435),
(2492)
SIC: (2511). (2514), (2521)
(2522), (2542)
Baos, box (2643), (2651),
(2653), Coated papers
(2641)
Newspaper putli shine (2711)
COT. printino (2751),
(2754)
Oroaric cherical mfo. (2B21),
(2623). (2861), Chemical
coating (2EE1), Specialty
Cheir.icals (2842), Carbon
black (2E95)
All companies
Footwear (3021), Plastics
(3041). (3069)
Mfg. shoes (3149), Baas
(3161), Personal qoods
(3172), Leather refinishing
(3111)
Glass products (3221)
Treating (3398), Tubing
(3357)
Screws (3451-2), Metal
stampings (3469), Plating
(3471), Tool mfg. (3423),
(3429)
Industrial machines
Devices (3643), Semicond.
(3674)
Boats (3732), (3731),
Truck bodies (3711), 13. 14, 15)
Optical frames (3E32)
Precision Instruments (3825)
Jewelry (3914-15), Toys
(3944), Writino instr.
(3951, 53)
All surveyed as point sources
Eirission Range
(ton/yr/emsloyee)
0.075
.563 - .89
.024 - .07
.08 - .24
1.0 - 1.25
.08 - .5
.32 - .357
.11 - 2.12
.16 - .256
.13
.03 - .092
.10 - .267
.19 - .281
.03 - .048
.04 - .07
.11 - .855
.04 - .199
.07 - .259
4-3
-------
not warrant their use. Therefore, employee populations of the
SIC numbers presented in Table 4-1 were received from Reference 2
and Bureau of Census information (Reference 6) and applied to
average emission factors for each employee. Evaporative point
source data were deleted from this total, thereby resulting in
potential VOC emissions attributed to evaporative area sources.
VOC SIC numbers were then distinguished by source category, i.e.,
industrial surface coating, industrial processes, degreasing,
graphic arts, adhesives, etc. Each of these categories is dis-
cussed in subsequent sections. Although this approach is highly
speculative in nature, it provided a means of estimating emissions
in lieu of more substantive information.
4.2 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
The petroleum industry can be divided into three broad cate-
gories: (1) petroleum production (i.e., oil wells) and transpor-
tation, (2) petroleum refining, and (3) transportation and mar-
keting of finished petroleum products. A diagram depicting the
flow of gasoline, which is the major petroleum product of concern,
for these marketing operations and potential VOC emissions points
is illustrated in Figure 4-1. Data on the petroleum industry's
operations were collected by various means and are reported in
the remainder of this section.
4.2.1 PRODUCTION AND REFINING
There are three petroluem operations encompassed by this cate-
gory: petroleum refineries, oil and gas production fields, and
natural gas/gasoline processing plants. After a careful review of
the information sources to be discussed, none of these operations
were found to occur in the study area.
4-4
-------
fl(V
we
EMISSION
SOURCIS
I
ui UM
LOUD I KG RACK
TANKED TRUCK
STORAil TANK
(FIUD-RW!
LOADING RACK
TRUCK
STORAGE TAN*
TriBiport
•^•»t^ing
Tr«ntfer
Trtntport
•reatMng
Figure 4-1. Gasoline Marketing Operations and Emission Sources
4-5
-------
For the first activity, petroleum refineries, various source
directories were reviewed, discussions held and lists obtained
from local agencies, and the Oil and Gas Journal (Reference 7)
was reviewed. As noted in the "Annual Refining Survey" of the Oil
and Gas Journal, only one petroleum facility, (an asphalt plant)
not located in the subject counties, exists in Florida.
PES has developed an oil field model (Reference 8) to calcu-
late VOC emissions from oil and gas production. This model's data
base contains information on all oil fields in the United States,
and is capable of calculating emissions for four pollutants in-
cluding hydrocarbons. After a careful review of the data base, no
oil and gas fields were found in the subject counties.
The last activity that was not found in the subject counties
was natural gas and natural gasoline processing plants. As with
petroleum refineries, various source listings were reviewed and
local agencies were contacted, but no activities were found.
4.2.2 SHIP AND BARGE TRANSFER OF GASOLINE AND CRUDE OIL
4.2.2.1 Base Year Analysis
Due to the nature of the data available, the base year for
this section is 1976. Adjustment of the VOC emissions estimates
to reflect 1977 is discussed in Section 4.2.2.2.
The point of origin for the marketing of petroleum products
within a given area is the transportation phase of moving the
products from the petroleum refinery to petroleum storage termin-
als. Inasmuch as there are no refineries in or around the study
area and because the study area is primarily located along the
East coast of Florida, the major modes of transport of both gas-
oline and crude oil are ocean-going tanker and barge.
4-6
-------
VOC emissions associated with transport of this type are the
result of evaporative losses during loading/unloading operations
at marine terminals and of the transit losses between them. : Since
the study area ports are usually inbound to petroleum products,
the losses due to vessel loading are of no consequence and, there-
fore, were not considered in this study.
Transit losses occur when VOC vapors are expelled from pe-
troleum cargo tanks because of temperature and barometric changes.
The TVOC emission rates that are characteristic of these losses
were extracted from Reference 9 and are presented in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2. TVOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR SHIP AND
BARGE TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Petroleum
Product
Crude Oil
Gasoline
Transit3
1
3
Tanker u
Ballasting
.6
.8
a Expressed as pounds per week per
thousand gallons transported
Expressed as pounds per thousand
gallons of cargo capacity bal-
lasted
Because transit losses are computed in units of pounds per
week per thousand gallons transported, the losses had to be ad-
justed to the time each vessel normally spends within county lim-
its. At the time this report was prepared, PES was unable to ob-
tain the average vessel stay for the ports in question. Therefore,
as suggested by Reference 9, the average stay per vessel was as-
sumed to be 3 days.
4-7
-------
Table 4-3 reports the county throughputs for the petroleum
products under study and the resulting VOC emissions estimates
for transit losses based on the methodology described. These es-
timates are considered to be conservative because outbound vessels
are assumed not to have petroleum products aboard. However, there
are VOC emissions associated with the residual vapors left in the
empty cargo tanks, which partially compensate for this overestima-
tion.
The principal sources of losses that occur during unloading
operations are the actual unloading of the product and the process
of taking on ballast before leaving port.
During the unloading operation, the ships' manifolds are
connected to shore by means of cargo hoses or hydraulic arms.
Thus, the product is pumped directly from the cargo tank to on-
shore storage tanks. Since the transfer operation is essentially
a closed system, the resulting VOC emissions are considered to be
negligible.
Consequently, the major source of unloading emissions occur
when the empty vessel takes on ballast before leaving port. Dur-
ing unloading of petroleum liquids, the air that is drawn into
the emptying cargo tanks absorbs VOC evaporating from the liquid
and tank surfaces. Prior to departing, several tanks are filled
with sea water in order to maintain trim and stability while un-
derway. As the ballast enters the tanks, it generates losses by
displacing residual VOC vapors into the atmosphere through the
tanks' vents and ullage cap. For this reason, the emission rate
is dependent on the volume of ballast taken on. This fact is re-
flected in the TVOC emission factor reported in Table 4-2.
Vessels may ballast anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of cargo
capacity before leaving port. For the ports in question, the to-
tal annual capacity for all petroleum carrying vessels using the
4-8
-------
Table 4-3. VOC EMISSIONS ESTIMATES FROM THE SHIP AND BARGE TRANSFER
OF GASOLINE AND CRUDE OIL, 1976
I
VO
County
B reward
Dadeb
Duval
Orangec
Palm Beach
Throughput*
Crude
Oil
34.0
76.3
2,770
...
76.0
Gasoline
l,580,000b
2,710
781 ,000
_„
2,580
TVOC Emission Estimates
Transit Losses
Crude
Oil
NEC
NEC
NEC
...
NEG
Gasoline
1,020
2
502
---
NEG
Total
1,020
2
502
---
NEG
Unloading Losses
Crude
Oil
NEG
NEG
1
...
NEG
Gasol ine
632
1
312
---
NEG
Total
632
1
313
...
NEG
Grand
Total
1,650
3
815
---
NEG
a Expressed In thousands of gallons per year. Refer to Reference 10
b Data provided by Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
c No ports located in Orange County
d Expressed in tons per year and assumed to be 100 percent Class II
-------
ports is unknown. Therefore, for purposes of this study, it was
assumed that the total volume of gasoline and crude oil unloaded
equals the total volume of ballast taken on. Using this rationale,
the VOC emissions estimates for unloading operations are reported
in Table 4-3. These emissions estimates are assumed to be 100
percent Class II.
4.2.2.2 Projections
Information necessary to accurately project the 1976 VOC
emissions estimates to the inventory base year, 1977, and to the
projection years 1982 and 1987 is unavailable at the present time.
However, the draft report, Florida Water Port Systems Study (Ref-
erence 11), provided sufficient data on which to base the projec-
tions. This study supplies data on anticipated growth in the ton-
nage of cargo that will pass through Florida ports. PES adopted
these projections because petroleum products represent a substan-
tial proportion of the total cargo handled in the study area
ports. Section 4.9.5.1.2 described in detail the growth rates
extracted from this report, and Table 4-4 presents the results
of their application to the 1976 figures.
Table 4-4. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM SHIP AND
BARGE TRANSFER OF GASOLINE AND CRUDE OIL3
(ton/year)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
1,690
4
832
N/A
NEG
1982
1,880
4
923
N/A
NEG
1987
2,090
6
1,020
N/A
NEG
Assumed to be 100 percent Class II
4-10
-------
4.2.3 GASOLINE BULK PLANTS AND TERMINALS
4.2.3.1 Base Year Analysis
For purposes of this inventory, a gasoline terminal is defined
as having a gasoline throughput of 20 thousand gallons per day or
greater (Reference 12). At the terminal, gasoline is stored, trans-
ferred to tank trucks or rail cars, and subsequently delivered to
gasoline bulk plants (intermediate wholesale outlets). From bulk
plants, gasoline is transferred by tank trucks to service stations
(large retail outlets) and commercial accounts (refer to Figure
4-1).
The sources of VOC emissions at bulk plants and terminals are
storage and transfer operations. At bulk plants, transfer losses
occur during the loading/unloading of gasoline into/out of tank
trucks and rail cars. At gasoline terminals however, transfer
losses are assumed to occur during loading operations only because
most gasoline is received by pipeline from marine terminals (refer
to Section 4.2.2).
During transfer operations, emissions from loading racks,
tank trucks, and other handling processes occur. Loading racks
consist mainly of shutoff valves, meters, relief valves, bypass
plumbing, and loading arms.
Truck loading is accomplished by either topsplash fill or
submerged fill (bottom or submerged fill pipe) through hatches,
or by dry connections on top of trucks. Meetings with gasoline
bulk plant and terminal personnel in the study area and communi-
cation with local agency personnel, revealed that the loading of
truck or rail tanks is accomplished primarily by submerged fill,
i.e., by top-submerged or bottom loading. Vapor recovery was not
practiced in the study area during 1977. The CTG documents on
gasoline bulk plants and terminals (References 12 and 13) and
Reference 9 indicate that an appropriate emission factor for sub-
4-11
-------
merged filling is 5 pounds per 1,000 gallons of gasoline transferred.
Applying this emission factor to the total county 1977 gaso-
line throughput, derived from visits to the individual facilities
and local agencies, resulted in the values presented in Table 4-5.
These VOC emissions estimates are considered to be 100 percent
Class II (refer to Section 3.0).
Table 4-5. ESTIMATED GASOLINE BULK PLANT AND TERMINAL
THROUGHPUTS AND VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRANSFER
OPERATIONS, 1977
County
Broward
Dade
Ouval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
Gasoline
Throughput
(103 gal/yr)
365
0
840
0
0
NEG
VOC
Emissions8
1
0
2
0
0
NEG
Gasoline
Throughput
(10* gal/yr)
1,550
0
996
4
330
0
VOC
Emissions8
3,880
0
2,490
10
825
0
* Expressed in tons per year and assumed to be 100 percent Class II
The losses attributed to storage of gasoline at these facili-
ties are deferred to Section 4.2.5.
4.2.3.2 Projections
Information concerning projected throughputs for individual
gasoline bulk plants and terminals was either unavailable or in-
adequate. Therefore, the base year emissions were projected using
anticipated demand for gasoline nationwide. A detailed analysis
of gasoline marketing trends and the resulting growth factors is
presented in Section 4.2.4. Combining the growth factors with the
emission data in Table 4-5 yields the projected VOC emissions in
Table 4-6.
4-12
-------
Table 4-6. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRANSFER
OPERATIONS AT GASOLINE BULK PLANTS AND
TERMINALS3
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
1982
3,830
0
2,460
10
813
0
1987
3,620
0
2,320
9
768
0
Assumed to be 100 percent
Class II
4.2.4 SERVICE STATIONS
The primary retail gasoline distributor at the county level
is the service station. At service stations or other gasoline
retail outlets, e.g., auto repair garages and parking garages,
gasoline is delivered to underground storage tanks and subsequent-
ly transferred to vehicle fuel tanks.
Estimates of VOC emissions originating from service station-
type operations were based on the total gasoline throughput for
all operations in the county. Emissions were computed by applying
emission factors that represented typical processes (i.e., tank
loading, spillage, and so on) to the throughput totals.
4.2.4.1 Base Year Analysis
PES contacted all local agencies involved in the study, as
well as the Florida State Department of Revenue, in an effort to
4-13
-------
secure gasoline throughputs for each county in the study area.
After examining all data received, PES concluded that the Depart-
ment of Revenue's throughputs, which were based on gasoline sales,
were the most reliable (Reference 14). These county totals are
summarized in Table 4-7.
Table 4-7. THROUGHPUT AND VOC EMISSIONS ESTIMATES FROM
GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS, 1977
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Gasoline
Sales3
446,500
651 ,600
301 ,200
270,300
237,700
Total
1977 VOC
Emissions"
4,310
6,290
2,910
2,610
2,290
Stage I
Losses"
2,140
3,130
1,450
1,300
1,140
Stage II
Lossesb
2,170
3,160
1,460
1,310
1,150
Refer to Reference 14. Expressed in thousands of gallons
per year
Expressed in tons per year and assumed to be 100 percent
Class II
Vehicle refueling and underground tank loading are the major
sources of VOC emissions at service station-type operations.
Breathing losses from underground tanks and spillage during ve-
hicle refueling are other sources.
VOC emissions from refueling underground tanks are the result
of displacing gasoline vapor-laden air from the storage tanks into
the atmosphere. VOC emission rates for this operation are deter-
mined principally by type of fuel loading: splash filling, sub-
merged filling, or vapor recovery submerged filling. Reference 4
4-14
-------
noted that in the Tampa Bay Area (Hillsborough and Pinellas Coun-
ties), no vapor recovery system of any kind was currently in use.
It also revealed that 70 percent of the service stations were
equipped with submerged fill, while 30 percent were equipped with
splash fill. In the absence of other data, PES elected to apply
these characteristics directly to the counties in the study area.
Employing the VOC emission factors for submereged and splash fil-
ling (Reference 9, AP-42), with the 70:30 ratio, yielded a weight-
ed factor of 8.6 lb/1,000 gal throuhgput. The emission factor
that accounts for underground storage tank breathing losses (Ref-
erence 9) was added to this value, resulting in a combined factor
of 9.6 lb/1,000 gal throughput. This factor represents VOC emis-
sions resulting from service station loading (Stage I) activities.
Emissions from vehicle refueling, like those from loading
underground tanks, arise from displacement of VOC vapors during
tank loading and from evaporation of gasoline which has been
spilled or spit back during filling. Reference 9 estimated that
VOC emission rates for these sources, defined as service station
unloading losses (Stage II), were 9.0 and 0.7 lb/1,000 gal through-
put, respectively.
Combining the TVOC emission factors for Stage I and Stage II
activities with the county gasoline throughputs shown in Table
4-7 resulted in the county emission estimates also shown in Table
4-7. Finally, as described in Section 2.0, VOC emissions origin-
ating from gasoline marketing are considered to be 100 percent
Class II reactivity level.
4.2.4.2 Projections
Because of the rapid obsolescence of gasoline marketing fore-
casts, PES conducted an automated literature search of several
data bases in order to locate the most recent projections.
4-15
-------
Among the sources reviewed were government documents (Refer-
ences 15 and 16), industrial publications (References 17, 1&, and
19), and scientific publications (Reference 20). While these were
not used as primary references, they did aid in developing an over-
all view of gasoline supply and demand.
The source selected to project gasoline marketing emissions
was an Exxon publication entitled Energy Outlook, 1978-1990 (Ref-
erence 21). This study was the most recent projection of gasoline
consumption, and seemed to be a logical extension of earlier stud-
ies and recent events.
Table 4-8 illustrates estimates and projections of national
gasoline demand, along with rates of growth (decline). These
rates were used to project base year VOC emissions to 1982 and
1987, the results of which are given in Table 4-9.
Table 4-8. U.S. GASOLINE CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES
AND PROJECTIONS
Year
Millions of barrels per day
Rate of growth (1977-1982)
Rate of growth (1977-1987)
1977
7.2a
1980
7.3b
19B2
7.1C
1987
6.7C
1990
6.5"
Refer to Reference 19
Refer to Reference 21
c Interpolated values
4-16
-------
Table 4-9. PROJECTED GASOLINE SALES AND LOSSES FOR SERVICE STATIONS
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1982
Gasoline8
Sales
440,200
642,500
297,000
266,500
234,300
Stage I
Losses"
2,110
3,080
1,430
1,280
1,120
Stage II
Losses"
2,140
3,120
1,440
1,290
1,140
Total VOC
Emissions"
4,250
6,200
2,870
2,570
2,260
1987
Gasoline3
Sales
415,200
606,700
280,400
251 ,600
221,300
Stage I
Losses''
1,990
2,910
1,350
1,210
1,060
Stage II
Losses"
2,020
2,940
1,360
1,220
1,070
Total VOC
Emissions"
4,010
5,850
2,710
2,430
2,130
a Expressed In thousands of gallons per year
b Expressed 1n tons per year and assumed to be 100 percent Class II
-------
4.2.5 PETROLEUM STORAGE
4.2.5.1 Base Year Analysis
Emissions resulting from the storage of gasoline, excluding
gasoline service stations, and other petroleum products were esti-
mated by use of a PES utility computer program referred to as
TANK-1. TANK-1 employs the methodology described in Section 4.3
of Reference 9 (AP-42) to estimate breathing and working losses
from petroleum product storage tanks. The following is a brief
discussion of this program and the results it yielded. For a
more detailed discussion, the reader is referred to Reference 75.
In addition to tank throughput data, the equations utilized
by TANK-1 require three types of input parameters:
• Meteorological parameters
• Tank design parameters
• Petroleum liquid property parameters
If information for a particular tank parameter is missing,
the program resorts to a default value to allow all calculations
to be completed. The minimum data needed on each storage tank
for TANK-1 to perform the calculations are tank capacity, tank
roof type (floating or fixed), and petroleum product stored. It
is also of great importance whether or not a vapor recovery system
is present. PES was able to collect these data on each tank in
the study area, as well as detailed tank design parameters, pro-
duct parameters, and meteorological data, as a result of source
visits and access to agency files. In most cases, default values
were therefore not required.
Average meteorological conditions for July were used to calcu-
late seasonal VOC emissions. These conditions are shown in Table
4-10.
4-18
-------
Table 4-10. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ASSUMPTIONS FOR JULY
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Es cambia
Orange
Average Temperature
(°F)
81.5
81.5
82.1
82.0
82.1
Diurnal Temoerature
Change (°F)
10.6
10.6
19.0
16.0
19.0
Average Wind
Speed
7.5
7.5
8.0
7.7
8.0
To account for the variation in meteorological conditions through-
out Florida, the state was divided into meteorological districts,
the boundaries of which were selected so that the general method-
ology of each district was characterized by data recorded in that
district. Thus each emission calculation was performed using me-
teorological data that corresponded to the district in which the
specific tank was located.
As previously described, input for the tank design and petro-
leum liquid property parameters was obtained from the data com-
piled about each tank from source visits and access to agency files.
The number of bulk plants, terminals, and other significant storage
facilities found in the study are shown in Table 4-11. Where nec-
essary, the default values used for the tank design parameters were
based on tank design trends identified from TANK-Ts extensive data
files (refer to Reference 75). For the most part, the vapor pres-
sure data acquired from the sources were not considered reliable,
so all vapor pressures were taken from Reference 9 (AP-42). Table
4-12 lists vapor pressures that were used in the calculations for
some of the more common petroleum liquids.
4-19
-------
Table 4-11. NUMBER OF MAJOR PETROLEUM STORAGE FACILITIES
IN THE STUDY AREA
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
Terminal
15
0
13
3
1
0
Bulk Plant
1
0
1
0
0
— a
Other
2
8
6
2
2
— a
a Small tank farms located at Palm Beach International
Airport but assumed to have negligible emissions
Table 4-12. DEFAULT VALUES FOR PETROLEUM VAPOR
PRESSURES*
Petroleum Liquid
True Vapor Pressure (at 70°F)
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel fuel
Fuel oil No. 2 (distillate oil)
Fuel oil No. 6 (residual oil)
Commercial jet fuel
Military jet fuel
Naotha
6.2
.011
.009
.009
.00006
.011
1.6
4.3
Refer to Reference 9
4-20
-------
Table 4-13 shows the results of applying TANK-1. All storage
emissions associated with gasoline and crude oil are tabulated in
the column entitled "Gasoline and Crude Oil." Losses from the re-
maining products (distillate oil, jet fuel, and so on) are shown
in the column entitled "Other." It should be noted that TANK-1 is
not capable of handling variable space or pressure tanks. For the
few tanks of this type, VOC emissions were hand calculated accord-
ing to Reference 9 and are included in Table 4-1.
Although some petroleum storage materials contained a small
amount of Class I emissions such as crude oil, these were assumed
to be negligible compared to overall storage VOC emissions. Thus,
all VOC emissions from petroleum products were assumed to be Class II.
Table 4-13.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM STORAGE,
1977
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
Tank Storage Losses3
Gasoline and
Crude Oil
2,340
7
3,400
1,180
102
NEG
Other
401
241
900
522
8
64
Total
2,740
242
4,300
1,700
110
64
a Assumed to be 100 percent Class II
Small tank farms located at Palm Beach International
Airport. VOC emissions are considered to be negli-
gible
4-21
-------
4.2.5.2 Projections
Even though other materials are stored besides gasoline,
there is a lack of available projection information for each pe-
troleum material. Projected county storage emission totals were
therefore developed using the approach discussed for gasoline
growth in Section 4.2.3.3. The results of these projections are
presented in Table 4-14.
Table 4-14. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM
STORAGE
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
Total Petroleum Losses3
1982
2,700
245
4,240
1,680
108
63
1987
2,550
231
4,000
1,580
102
60
a Assumed to be 100 percent Class II
4.3 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Various facilities in the study area have a main operation
that can be defined as an industrial process. These industrial
processes include but are not limited to the manufacture of:
• Organic chemicals
• Paint
• Plastic products
4-22
-------
• Rubber products
• Textile polymers
All of these processes involve the use of organic solvents.
The VOC emissions from these processes are the result of solvent
evaporation, either deliberately, as in drying of finished fiber
in textile polymer manufacturing, or unintentionally, as in the
case of paint manufacturing.
4.3.1 BASE YEAR ANALYSIS
Table 4-15 summarizes the VOC emissions from all facilities
involved in industrial processes in the study area.
Table 4-15. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES, 1977*
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
Point Sources
52
374
1,350
1,900
219
0
Area Sources
168
796
362
.. b
95
43
Total
220
1,170
1,710
1,900
314
43
a All VOC emissions are considered to be 100 percent
Class II
k Area sources in Escambia County were not addressed
in this study
The point source estimates are the result of engineering
analysis on data that PES collected during facility visits (refer
4-23
-------
to Section 4.1.1). The area source estimates resulted from apply-
ing the manufacturing employee evaporative TVOC emission factors,
as discussed in Section 4.1.2.
4.3.2 PROJECTIONS
Area source industrial process VOC emissions were projected
by the percentage increase/decrease forecast for manufacturing
employment in the various counties (refer to Section 2.3). The
point sources were projected on a case-by-case basis using infor-
mation supplied by the appropriate facilities. These data are
summarized in Table 4-16.
Table 4-16. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES3
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
1982
275
1,400
1,740
1,930
291
49
1987
335
1,650
1,750
1,950
301
56
a All VOC emissions are con-
sidered to be 100 percent
Class II
Totals do not include area
sources
4-24
-------
4.4 INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Surface coating involves the application of decorative or
protective materials in liquid or powder form to any of a number
of substrates. These coatings normally include general solvent-
type paints, varnishes, lacquers, and water-thinned paints. Af-
ter application by one of a variety of methods, such as brushing,
rolling, spraying, dipping, and flow coating, the surface is air
and/or oven dried to remove the volatile solvents leaving the
coated surface. Powder-type coatings can be applied to a hot
surface or melted after application and caused to flow together.
Other coatings can be applied normally, then polymerized by cur-
ing thermally with infrared or electron beam curing systems.
Industrial surface coating is employed in manufacturing the
following products:
• Large appliances
• Magnet wire
• Automobiles
• Cans
• Metal coils
• Paper
• Fabric
• Metal furniture
• Wood furniture
• Flat wood products
• Other metal products
4.4.1 BASE YEAR ANALYSIS
Table 4-17 contains the base year emissions for industrial
surface coatings. These emissions are the result of (1) point
source visits by PES engineers and (2) the application of em-
ployee TVOC emission factors, as discussed in Section 4.1.
4-25
-------
Table 4-17. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
SURFACE COATING, 1977a
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambia
Orange
Palm Beach
Point Sources
0
196
683
0
368
26
Area Sources
1,420
1,732
857
b
470
385
Total
1,420
1,928
1,540
0
838
411
a All VOC emissions are considered to be 100 percent
Class II
k Area sources in Escambia County were not addressed
in this study
4.4.2 PROJECTIONS
Table 4-18 contains projected VOC estimates for industrial
surface coatings. As with industrial processes, these projec-
tions are the result of (1) projection information collected
from each point source and (2) application of projected manufac-
turing estimates in the various counties, as presented in Sec-
tion 2.3.
4-26
-------
Table 4-18.
PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
SURFACE COATING3
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Escambiab
Orange
Palm Beach
1982
1,700
2,210
1,530
—
928
494
1987
1,990
2,550
1,570
--
985
561
All VOC emissions are con-
sidered to be 100 percent
Class II
Totals do not include area
sources
4.5 NONINDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
4.5.1 TRADE PAINTS
Paints, stains, varnishes, and other protective or decorative
coatings sold to the public, paint contractors, institutions, and
other nonindustrial sources through retail outlets are commonly
referred to as trade paints. Trade paints include architectural
surface coatings (ASC), automotive refinishing (AR), and miscel-
laneous nonindustrial surface coatings (MSC).
The VOC emissions originating from trade paints can be at-
tributed to the quantities of paint used. Consequently, deter-
minations of the total weight of the organic compounds contained
in these coatings is equivalent to estimating VOC emissions from
this source category.
4-27
-------
4.5.1.1 National VOC Emissions Estimates
Data as to the quantity of trade paints consumed nationally
during 1977 were not available at the time this report was pre-
pared. However, U.S. Bureau of Census figures indicated that,
over the past few years, trade paint sales have fluctuated around
a relatively stable value (Reference 22). As a reasonable work-
ing estimate for 1977, the 1974 to 1976 national totals were
therefore averaged, yielding a value of 467 million gallons of
trade paint sold. This nationwide average was also used for
1982 and 1987, because all industry personnel contacted indica-
ted that trade paint sales are expected to remain fairly constant
in future years (Reference 23).
The types of trade paints (e.g., water-based) included in
the 1974 to 1976 Bureau of Census sales totals were not speci-
fied. In order to determine the paint type distribution, annual
reports prepared by the National Paint and Coatings Association
(NPCA) were consulted (Reference 22). NPCA queried 86 major
paint companies as to their paint sales during 1974, 1975, and
1976. Comparison of NPCA data with the Bureau of Census figures
suggested that the NPCA surveys covered a consistent cross-section
of the paint industry. It was therefore assumed that NPCA's ra-
tios of water to organic solvent-based paints sold during these
years represent reasonable working estimates.
Percentages of water and solvent-based trade paints for the
baseline and projection years were obtained by linear regression,
using NPCA's paint type distribution data for 1974 to 1976, yield-
ing a correlation coefficient of -0.9996. The results of this
analysis are presented in Table 4-19. Although the projected ra-
tios are believed to be the best available, future technology and/
or regulatory actions could alter these values.
4-28
-------
Table 4-19. NATIONWIDE TRADE PAINT TYPE DISTRIBUTIONS
(Percent)
Paint Type
Water-based
Organic solvent-based
1977
58.9
41.3
1982
68.9
31.1
1987
78.8
21.1
Thus, the total pounds of solvent contained in trade paints
nationwide, which is synonymous with the VOC emissions estimate
for this source category, can be expressed as:
= V
-------
gam'c solvents found in trade paints, along with their correspond-
ing densities (Reference 25). As a working estimate, the average
density of these solvents (7.21 Ib/gal) was used to represent the
various solvent species found in trade paints.
Table 4-20. TYPICAL SOLVENTS USED IN TRADE PAINTS
Solvent
n-Butyl Alcohol
Ethylene Glycol
Ethyl ene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether ("Cellosolve")
Menthyl Ethyl Ketone (MED)
Mineral Spirits
Toluene
Turpentine
VM & P Naptha
Xylol
Average
Density
(Ib/gal)
6.76
9.28
7.72
6.72
6.54
7.26
7.10
6.27
7.27
7.21
Using this information in Equation 1 yielded the nationwide
totals of organic solvents consumed via trade paints that are pre-
sented in Table 4-21. In effect, these figures represent the an-
nual total VOC emissions estimates for trade paints.
4-30
-------
Table 4-21.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRADE PAINTS
NATIONWIDE (xl()3 ton)
Year
1977
1982
1987
Total
403
318
235
Trade Paint Type
ASC
330
245
162
AR
52
52
52
MSC
21
21
21
As was pointed out in the beginning of this section, trade
paints include ASC, AR, and MSC. In order to estimate the dis-
tribution of these subcategories, the annual NPCA reports were
again consulted. Examination of the distribution data for 1974
through 1976 yielded an average ratio of 83.6 percent ASC, 11.7
percent AR, and 4.7 percent MSC. If it assumed that the ratio
can be applied to the baseline and projection years and that all
AR and MSC are organic solvent-based coatings, then Table 4-21
reports the distribution of trade paints by type nationwide.
4.5.1.2 County VOC Emissions Estimates
Apportioning of the annual nationwide VOC emissions estimates
from trade paints (refer to Table 4-21) to the county level was
based on the assumption that the per capita usage of trade paint
is reasonably constant across geographical areas. The NPCA indi-
cated that 21.0 percent of 1976 nationwide trade paint sales oc-
curred in the South Atlantic region, which includes Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virgina, West Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. For purposes of
this inventory, is was assumed that this value reflects 1977, and
the projection years as well.
4-31
-------
The VOC emissions originating from trade paints sold in each
county in the study area can be expressed as:
ECi = ENiFRPCR
where:
EC- = annual VOC emissions rate for trade paint type i in
the county
EN. = annual VOC emissions rate for trade paint type i in
1X1 the nation (refer to Table 4-21)
FD = fraction of E^- that NPCA allocated to the South
K Atlantic region (.210)
PCR = ratio of county to South Atlantic region population
Linear regression analysis of annual population data for
1960 through 1976 (Reference 26) yielded South Atlantic popula-
tion estimates for 1977, 1982, and 1987 of 34.6, 37.5, and 40.8
million, respectively. Using this information in Equation 2,
along with projected population estimates for the counties in
the study area, resulted in the VOC emissions estimates presented
in Table 4-22. Trade paint emissions are considered to be 100
percent Class II.
4.6 OTHER SOLVENT USE
4.6.1 DECREASING, GRAPHIC ARTS, ADHESIVES, AND OTHER SOLVENT
USES
The use of nonaqueous solvents to clean and remove soils
from metal surfaces which are to be electroplated, painted, re-
paired, Inspected, assembled, or further machined is termed sol-
vent metal cleaning or degreasing. A broad spectrum of organic
solvents are available, such as petroleum distillates, chlorin-
4-32
-------
Table 4-22. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRADE PAINTS BY COUNTYC
(ton/yr)
GO
County
Broward
Dade
Ouval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
Total
2,240
3,580
1,430
1,050
1,230
Trade Paint Type
ASC
1,830
2,930
1,170
857
1,010
AR
289
462
185
135
159
MSC
117
186
74
54
64
1982
Total
1,950
2,790
1,100
857
1,080
Trade Paint Type
ASC
?,500
2,150
851
660
830
AR
3)9
453
181
140
176
MSC
129
183
73
57
71
1987
Total
1,540
2,030
837
651
844
Trade Paint Type
ASC
1,060
1,400
577
447
582
AR
339
448
185
144
187
MSC
137
181
75
60
75
Assumed to be 100 percent Class II
-------
ated hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, and blends of these solvents.
Emissions originating from degreasing are the direct result of
solvent evaporation during cleaning operations and handling of
the solvents.
Graphic arts consist of five basic types of printing opera-
tions: letterpress, flexography, lithography, gravure, and screen
printing. The industry includes the printing of newspapers, books,
and magazines; floor and wall coverings; sheet metal; cans; and
fabrics. The organic solvent content of printing inks may range
from 1 to 70 percent, all of which is generally emitted directly
into the atmosphere during the drying process.
Adhesives are used for joining surfaces in the assembly and
construction of a large variety of products, such as pressure-
sensitive tapes and labels, rubber products, and automobiles.
Adhesives may be water-borne, organic solvent-borne, hot melt,
or high solids. The organic solvent content of adhesives can be
as high as 40 percent. As in graphic arts, virtually all of the
organic solvent used in adhesives is emitted to the atmosphere
when the adhesive dries.
The "other solvent users" classed under this heading are
those facilities that PES identified during source visits as
area sources that cannot be conveniently classified as de-
greasing, graphic arts, or adhesives operations.
4.6.1.1 Base Year Analysis
Base year point source emissions from degreasing, graphic
arts, and adhesive activities were identified from source visits
and subsequent evaluations. Area source emissions were developed,
as discussed in Section 4.1, except for degreasing activities.
Because degreasing solvents are utilized in a wide spectrum of
manufacturing operations, service stations, households, and so
4-34
-------
on, and because no SIC number specifically addresses degreasing
solvent consumption, an estimating approach was needed.
Two approaches were explored, both dependent upon national
consumption rates. A relatively recent estimate of national
degreasing VOC emissions is 770,000 tons per year (Reference 27).
It was assumed that each of the counties in the study area con-
tributed a proportional share to this national degreasing emis-
sions total. An allocating parameter was therefore required.
The first proportioning factor examined was based on population,
and the second on manufacturing employees. Table 4-23 shows the
results of applying these factors.
Table 4-23. ESTIMATED DEGREASING VOC EMISSIONS BASED ON
POPULATION AND MANUFACTURING EMPLOYEES, 1977a
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Population
3,230
5,170
2,070
1,510
1,780
Manufacturing
Estimates
1,290
4,110
1,060
921
905
3 Expressed as TVOC
Since the inventory was directed toward selection of the
more conservative (i.e., higher) estimate when in doubt as to
the validity of different approaches to the same task, emissions
based on population were used. Although these figures may ap-
pear high at first glance, they represent an average rate of 0.7
4-35
-------
gallons per person per year. However, as discussed in Section
5.0, the degreasing category needs to be explored in more detail.
It should also be noted that point source totals derived from
source visits were subtracted from these values to obtain area
source totals. Thus, the totals in Table 4-23 are a summary of
area and point sources.
Table 4-24 presents estimated base year VOC emissions (area
and point) from degreasing, graphic arts, adhesives, and other
solvent users. It was assumed that the reactivity distribution
for point sources, as identified from data collected during
source visits, was representative of the entire category.
4.6.1.2 Projections
Base year emissions were projected to 1982 and 1987 on the
basis of expected increases in manufacturing employment (refer
to Section 2.3). Projected emissions are reported in Table 4-24.
4.6.2 DRYCLEANING
4.6.2.1 Base Year Analysis
Fabric cleaning in an essentially nonaqueous solvent is re-
ferred to as drycleaning. There are two broad groups of organic
solvents used in the drycleaning industry: halogenated organic
compounds and petroleum solvents. The halogenated organic com-
pounds, principally perchlorethylene and trichlorotrifluoroethane,
are referred to as synthetic solvents. Petroleum solvents are
mixtures of compounds that are generally composed of approximately
one-third parrafins, two-thirds cycloparrafins, and a few percent
aromatics.
Essentially all of the drycleaning solvents consumed are
evaporated directly into the atmosphere. Therefore, determination
4-36
-------
Table 4-24. BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM DECREASING,
GRAPHIC ARTS, ADHESIVES, AND OTHER SOLVENT USES
(ton/yr)
GO
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
Class
I
646
1,030
414
302
356
Class
II
3,530
8,040
2,320
1,340
1,550
Total
4,180
9,070
2,730
1,640
1,910
1982
Class
I
761
1,200
430
338
407
Class
II
4.050
9,730
2,160
1,490
1,770
Total
4.810
10,900
2,590
1,830
2,180
Class
I
891
1,400
447
375
463
1907
Class
II
4,690
11,200
2,230
1,660
2,020
Total
5,580
12,600
2,680
2,030
2,480
-------
of the total solvent usage within a county will yield the VOC
emissions estimate for this source category.
Without conducting a complete survey (i.e., questionnaire
mailout to all companies within a subject area), the methods
available for estimating solvent usage were incomplete. PES
explored several methodologies in an effort to generate esti-
mates. The method finally selected as the most reasonable is
discussed in the following paragraphs.
The numbers of facilities in each county that were classi-
fied by SIC Codes 7215 ("Coin-Operated Laundries and Drycleaning"),
7216 ("Drycleaning Plants, Except Rug Cleaning"), and 7218 ("In-
dustrial Laundries") were extracted from Bureau of Census data
(Reference 6) and are summarized in Table 4-25. Even though
these data represent 1975, it was felt that they would yield
reasonable estimates that could then be projected to reflect 1977
estimates.
Table 4-25. DRYCLEANING FACILITIES IN STUDY AREA, 1975a
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
SIC Code
7215
49
101
56
32
37
7216
58
110
65
45
42
7218
3
10
3
5
2
Refer to Reference 6
4-38
-------
Each facility recorded was further distinguished by the types
of solvent used and the average throughput of fabric cleaned per
year (References 28 and 29). These data are reported in Table 4-26.
Table 4-26. TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DRYCLEANING FACILITIES
Facility
SIC 7215
SIC 7216
SIC 7218
Average
Throughput3
16
60
1,050
Solvent
Distribution13
Percent
94
6
75
23
2
50
50
Type
Perc
FC
Perc
Pet
FC
Perc
Pet
TVOC Emission
Factor0
110
4
no
230
4
no
230
a Expressed in units of thousands of pounds of fabric
cleaned per year (Reference 28)
Perc = Perchloroethylene, Pet = petroleum,
FC = fluorcarbon (Reference 29)
c Expressed in pounds per thousand pounds of fabric
processed (Reference 9)
EPA-recommended VOC emission factors (Reference 9) by type of
plant and solvent used (refer to Table 4-26) were employed to com-
pute emissions estimates from drycleaning in each county. The fol-
lowing equation was used to perform these calculations:
3
•E
(3)
4-39
-------
where
E = VOC emission rate in county
N. = total number of facilities in the county classified
1 as SIC Code i
Ti = average throughput of fabric processed in facility
type i
P.. = fraction of solvent used in plant type i that is
1J of type j
F.. = VOC emission factor for plant i using solvent
13 type j
Assuming that the per capita consumption of these solvents
within each county will remain fairly constant, VOC emissions
totals were projected to 1977 using population trends from 1975
to 1977. The totals are reported in Table 4-27. It should be
pointed out that the Duval Agency recently surveyed many of the
drycleaning establishments in Duval County and calculated a per
capita figure of 1.5 pounds. A followup investigation is planned
for gathering data on the remaining sources. The results are of
importance because the per capita estimate received from the ap-
proach described above resulted in a value of 1.8 pounds.
Finally, the reactivity profiles shown in Table 4-27 were de-
veloped by assuming that all drycleaning solvents are Class II ex-
cept for Freon 113, which is Class I.
4.6.2.2 Projections
As with the projections of VOC emissions from 1975 to 1977,
it was assumed that the per capita consumption of drycleaning
solvents will remain relatively constant through 1987, and that
no significant shift in percent distribution of solvent types will
occur. Population increases were applied (refer to Section 2.3),
and the results are presented in Table 4-27.
4-40
-------
Table 4-27. BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM DRYCLEANING
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
566
1,450
586
659
405
Class I
NEC
1
NEG
NEC
NEG
Class II
566
1,450
586
659
405
1982
TVOC
679
1,540
621
741
486
Class I
NEG
1
NEG
NEG
NEG
Class II
679
1,540
621
741
486
1987
TVOC
783
1,6bO
693
8?7
56?
Class I
NEG
1
NEG
NEG
NEG
Class II
783
1,650
693
8?7
56J
-------
4.6.3 CUTBACK ASPHALT
4.6.3.1 Base Year Analysis
Asphalt pavements and surfaces are composed of asphalt and
compacted aggregate. It is from the asphalt fraction that the
VOC emissions originate.
Asphalt cement and liquified asphalts are the two most com-
mon types of asphalts. Asphalt cement is the semisolid residue
from the distillation of crude oil, and therefore has little or
no VOC associated with it.
Liquified asphalts are categorized as either cutback or
emulsion. Cutback is asphalt cement that has been thinned, or
"cut back," with volatile petroleum products such as heavy re-
sidual oil, kerosene-type solvents, or heavy naphtha. Emulsions
are produced by combining asphalt cement and water with an emul-
sifying agent such as soap. Cutbacks emit VOC during the curing
process, whereas emulsions emit almost no VOC.
Cutback asphalt is divided into three broad categories
based on curing properties: slow cure or road oils (SC), medium
cure (MC), and rapid cure (RC). The 1975 national sales break-
down for these three categories and corresponding TVOC emission
factors are presented in Table 4-28.
4-42
-------
Table 4-28. 1975 NATIONAL SALES BREAKDOWN OF CUTBACK
ASPHALT AND TVOC EMISSION FACTORS9
Category
Rapid Cure (RC)
Medium Cure (MC)
Slow Cure (SC)
National Sales
Breakdown*)
26.5
49.3
24.2
Emission Factors^
.204
.209
.078
Refer to Reference 30
Expressed as percentage of total sold
c Expressed in tons of TVOC per ton of asphalt
Information as to the annual tonnage of cutback asphalt used
in the study area were received from both state and county agen-
cies, but the quality of the data varied considerably. Table 4-29
summarizes the state and county totals. Based on information
gathered by PES, it was assumed that the tonnage of asphalt con-
sumed in the county is the sum of totals reported by the
state and county agencies (which is also reflected in Table 4-29).
In most cases, the figures received by PES were given in terms of
gallons per year, so an average density of 7.8 Ib/gal (Reference
30) was used to convert to tons per year.
4-43
-------
Table 4-29. CUTBACK ASPHALT CONSUMPTION BY COUNTY, 1977
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Cutback Used
State Dataa
190
287
382
95
County Data
5,012C
22 ,000d
280b
0
Total
5,202
22,287
662
95
Reference 31
References 32 and 33
c Reference 34 (1976 figures assumed to reflect 1977)
Reference 35
Where the distribution of cutback asphalt was not indicated,
the national pattern was assumed (refer to Table 4-28). The re-
sultant breakdown is shown in Table 4-30.
Table 4-30. 1977 CUTBACK ASPHALT CONSUMPTION BY CATEGORY, 1977
(ton/yr)
County
Broward9
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Rapid Cure
5,060
5,910
175
25
Medium Cure
94
11,000
326
47
Slow Cure
46
5,400
160
23
Total
5,200
22,300
622
95
a Ratio provided by Broward County Environmental Quality
Control Board
4-44
-------
The breakdown shown in Table 4-30 was then applied to the
relevant emission factors, yielding the county cutback asphalt
emissions shown in Table 4-31. Due to the nature of the sol-
vents used to thin asphalt cement, these VOC emissions are 100
percent Class II.
Table 4-31.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM CUTBACK
ASPHALT, 1977
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dadeb
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
VOC Emissions3
481
401
3,922
116
17
a 100 percent Class II emissions
Refer to Reference 76
4.6.3.2 Projections
All of the agencies contacted were queried as to the future
use of cutback in their area, e.g., in road construction activi-
ties. It was generally agreed that such projections have a great
deal of uncertainty associated with them, but most agencies indi-
cated that cutback asphalt will be phased out with emulsified as-
phalt. However, no one was able to provide quantitative data
concerning the projection years. For these reasons, cutback as-
phalt VOC emissions were assumed to remain constant through 1987.
4-45
-------
4.7 STATIONARY SOURCE FUEL COMBUSTION
4.7.1 UTILITIES
There are nine significant electrical power plants currently
operating in the study area. Table 4-32 provides a list of these
utility plants.
Table 4-32. MAJOR POWER GENERATING PLANTS IN THE STUDY AREA
County
Utility
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Florida Power and Light - Lauderdale
Florida Power and Light - Port Everglades
Florida Power and Light - Turkey Point
Jacksonville Electric Authority - Kennedy
Jacksonville Electric Authority - Southside
Jacksonville Electric Authority - Northside
Orlando Utility
Reedy Creek
Florida Power and Light - Riviera
Since TVOC emission factors for electrical productions de-
pend on the amount and type of fuel burned, PES engineers visited
each of the major power companies to acquire necessary fuel data
and projection information on each power plant. Analysis of the
fuel data on each plant and application of the appropriate TVOC
emission factors from Reference 9, Tables 1.3-1 and 1.4-1, re-
sulted 1n the VOC emission estimates by reactivity class that
are presented in Table 4-33.
Projections were based on information reported in 10 year
study plans provided by the major power companies and/or on
4-46
-------
analysis of projected utility use in the State of Florida (Refer-
ences 38, 77, and 78). It should be noted that a number of-sites
in Florida, including a few in the study area, are currently un-
der consideration for construction of new power plants. However,
because these decisions have not yet been made, no plants were
projected for the study area. Also, it was assumed that the
ratio of fuel types burned will remain relatively constant. Al-
though these assumptions may change in the future, their impact
on this relatively small VOC emissions source category is not
expected to be significant. The results of these analyses are
presented in Table 4-33.
4.7.2 OTHER FUEL COMBUSTION SOURCES
Stationary fuel source combustion is divided into three sec-
tors: residential, commercial/institutional (C/I), and indus-
trial. These categories are further defined by the type of fuels
used, e.g., natural gas.
References 51 and 79 suggest estimating VOC emissions origin-
ating from these sources by apportioning Bureau of Mines' state
fuel totals to each county based on the distribution of correla-
tive variables (e.g., population). The level of effort associa-
ted with obtaining the necessary economic and demographic infor-
mation (e.g., number of hospital beds per county) is not in pro-
portion either with the low level of VOC emissions associated
with this source or with the relatively small differences that
result from using less sophisticated techniques. For these
reasons, PES elected to use modified forms of the simplified
methodologies described in Reference 39.
4-47
-------
Table 4-33.
BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM POWER
GENERATING PLANTS
(ton/yr)
I
4k
CO
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
146
117
216
78
55
Class I
23
13
24
9
18
Class II
123
104
192
69
37
1982
TVOC
184
160
304
78
68
Class I
29
17
33
9
22
Class II
155
143
271
69
46
TVOC
225
200
280
0
82
1987
Class 1
36
22
31
0
27
Class II
189
178
249
0
55
8 The Orlando utility will be shutting down operations before 1987
-------
4.7.2.1 Statewide VOC Emissions
After researching available fuel consumption data, PES de-
cided to use Florida State Energy Office (FSEO, Reference 38)
fuel consumption estimates. These estimates are prepared for
each fuel type and sector and are presented in Table 4-34.
Table 4-34. FLORIDA FUEL CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES, 1977a
Sector
Residential
Commercial/
Institutional
Industrial
Fuel Oils (104 bbl)
Residual
0
93.8
1,180
Distillate
212
652
345
Natural Gas
(109 cf)
17.7
41.6
72.3
Reference 38; excluding powerplants
VOC emissions estimates from the combustion of the fuels
shown in Table 4-34 can be expressed as:
(4)
where
E-. = annual state TVOC emission rate from fuel type i in
1J sector j
S.. = annual state consumption rate of fuel type i in
1J sector j
f. = TVOC emission factor for fuel type i
4-49
-------
The TVOC emission factor (f^) for both types of fuel oil in
all three sectors is 1 pound per thousand gallons of fuel con-
sumed (Reference 3). The TVOC emission factors for natural gas
combustion are 8 pounds per million cubic feet of gas consumed
in the residential and C/I sectors, and 3 pounds per million cubic
feet of gas consumed in the industrial sector (Reference 3).
The results of the calculations utilizing equation 4 are
shown in Table 4-35.
Table 4-35. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
IN FLORIDA, 1977a
(ton/yr)
Sector
Residential
C/I
Industrial
Fuel Oils
Residual
N/A
20
248
Distillate
45
137
72
Natural
Gas
71
166
108
Total
116
323
428
a Excluding powerplants
4.7.2.2 County VOC Emissions
4.7.2.2.1 Residential Sector
To generate a working estimate of emissions attributable to
residential fuel combustion, AEROS Volume II (Reference 39) sug-
gested apportioning the state fuel total to the county by the
number of dwelling units using that type of fuel. For the resi-
dential sector, dwelling units are defined as structures contain-
ing fewer than 20 units. The 1970 Census of Housing (Reference
40) is the most recent publication that provides adequate housing
4-50
-------
data for application of the AEROS methodology. Because of the
age of the census data and the dynamic nature of residential
housing, a methodology had to be developed that made optimum
use of the available data.
The following relationship summarizes the methodology that
PES used to estimate emissions from fuel combustion in the resi-
dential sector:
CRi = rlSRiPCSHCS + r2SRiPCS
where
CRi = annual VOC emissions rate from combustion of fuel
type i in the county's residential sector
r, = fraction of fuel type i used for space heating
(refer to Table 4-36)
SRi = annual VOC emissions rate from combustion of fuel
type i in the state's residential sector (refer
to Table 4-35)
PCS = ratio of county to state population
HC_ = ratio of county to state heating degree days
r« = fraction of fuel type i not used for space heating
(equal to 1 - r- )
In developing this methodology, it was assumed that the
county to state population ratio is a reasonable representation
of the dwelling unit ratio (as previously defined). In addition,
to compensate for the temperature gradients across the state, a
temperature-related parameter, HCS, was introduced. This param-
eter was applied only to fuel used for space heating. Table 4-36
shows PES' assumptions as to the impact of this parameter on each
fuel type.
4-51
-------
Table 4-36. FRACTION DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
SPACE-HEATING PARAMETER
Parameter
n
r2
Fuel Type
Distillate
Oil
1.00
0.00
Natural
Gas
0.20
0.80
The results of utilizing these data in equation 5, along with
the reactivity analysis are shown in Table 4-37. The totals for
the different VOC classes were estimated by multiplying the emis-
sions totals by the compositional fractions for each fuel type
from Table 3-1 and then summing.
Table 4-37.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL FUEL
COMBUSTION, 1977
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
TVOC
7
11
9
5
5
Class I
3
5
3
2
2
Class II
4
6
6
3
3
4.7.2.2.2 Commercial-Institutional Sector
Equation 6 summarizes the methodology used to estimate emis-
sions from fuel combustion in the commercial-institutional sector.
4-52
-------
CCi = ClSCiECSHCS + C2SCiECS
where
Cp- = annual VOC emissions rate from combustion of fuel
type i in the county's C/I sector
c, = fraction of fuel type i used for space heating
1 (refer to Table 4-38)
Sr.- = annual VOC emissions rate from combustion of fuel
type i in the state's C/I sector (refer to Table
4-35)
Erc. = ratio of county to state employment in the C/I
t:> sector
Hrc = ratio of county to state annual heating degree
b days
c2 = fraction of fuel type i not used for space heating
(equal to 1 - c,)
AEROS (Reference 39) recommended that state fuel totals for
this sector be apportioned to the counties according to population.
PES, however, preferred employment in this sector as an indicator
of fuel use distribution. (Equation 6 reflects this viewpoint.)
In addition, a "heating degree days" parameter was incorporated to
account for fuel allocated for space heating. The same reasoning
that was applied to the residential sector was used for this sector
as well. Table 4-38 presents PES' assumptions as to the impact of
the space-heating parameter on each fuel type.
4-53
-------
Table 4-38. FRACTION DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMERCIAL-
INSTITUTIONAL SECTOR SPACE-HEATING PARAMETER
Parameter
Cl
C2
Fuel Type
Residual
Oil
1.00
0.00
Distillate
Oil
1.00
0.00
Natural
Gas
0.50
0.50
The results of using these data in equation 6 are shown in
Table 4-39. The totals for the two VOC classes were generated
by multiplying the TVOC emission totals by the compositional
fraction for each fuel type indicated in Table 3-1 and then
s unuiing.
Table 4-39. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL FUEL COMBUSTION, 1977
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
TVOC
15
32
36
21
10
Class I
6
15
11
7
4
Class II
9
17
25
14
6
4.7.2.2.3 Industrial Sector
The state's industrial fuel totals were apportioned to the
counties in the study area by assuming that fuel use is propor-
tional to the number of manufacturing employees per county (SICs
4-54
-------
20 to 29). Applied to emissions, this allocating procedure can be
expressed as:
" SIijECS (7)
where
^lii = annua^ VOC emissions rate from combustion of fuel
type i in the county's industrial sector
ST.. = annual statewide VOC emissions rate from the
J combustion of fuel type i in the industrial
sector (refer to Table 4-35)
ECS = ratio of county to state employment in the
industrial sector
No parameter was included to account for space heating because
nearly all of the fuel consumed in this sector is used for
process operations.
Using the appropriate data in equation 7 yielded the annual
county emissions estimates given in Table 4-40. Again, the re-
activity profiles for the various fuel types from Table 3-1 were
applied to the TVOCs.
4-55
-------
Table 4-40.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL FUEL
COMBUSTION, 1977
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval3
Orange
Palm Beach
TVOC
40
126
651
28
1,195
Class I
10
28
243
7
445
Class II
30
98
408
21
750
Two sources, St. Regis Paper Company and
Alton Box Board Co., burn a considerable
amount of wood/bark in their boilers.
Reference 2 emission factors were applied.
TVOC for both facilities equaled 619 tons
A significant amount of bagasse is uti-
lized as fuel for sugar cane production.
Total fuel consumption was derived from
source information and Reference 2 emis-
sion factors applied. Fuel burning oc-
curs October through February. TVOC for
the year equaled 1,167 tons
4.7.2.3 Projections
Projections of VOC emissions from fuel combustion sources,
exclusive of utilities, were made according to predicted fuel
usage for each of the sectors by FSEO (Reference 38). FSEO
reports projections for 1978, 1980, 1985, and 1990. Therefore
a linear interpretation was employed for 1982 and 1987 values.
The resultant projection factors by fuel type and sector are
shown in Table 4-41. Projected VOC emissions are presented in
Table 4-42, along with a breakdown by reactivity class.
4-56
-------
Table 4-41. GROWTH FACTORS FOR PROJECTED FUEL USAGE6
Fuel Type
Distillate Oil
Residual Oil
Natural Gas
Residential
1982
.173
N/A
.286
1987
.320
N/A
.605
Commercial/
Institutional
1982
.119
.289
.252
1987
.286
.442
.463
Industrial
1982
.480
.200
.020
1987
.799
.304
-.012
Developed from Reference 38
4.8 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Solid waste disposal includes two sources, onsite incineration
and open burning. The first approach that was explored to deter-
mine VOC emissions attributed to these sources was dependent on the
availability and completeness of state or local agency solid waste
permit files. However, this information was not complete for any
county, so PES based its approaches on other available data sup-
plied by local air pollution control agencies and other agencies
in the study area (Reference 41 through 49).
4.8.1 ONSITE INCINERATION
4.8.1.1 Base Year Analysis
Incineration of solid waste is more common in some counties
of the study area than others, and is prohibited in Broward County
(Reference 41). Where it is common, many types of incinerators
are used, e.g., municipal, industrial, and pathological. Pollution
control devices installed on the incinerators vary. Some counties
require controls like afterburners and multiple chambers, which
considerably reduce the quantity of emissions released into the
4-57
-------
Table 4-42. BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED STATIONARY SOURCE FUEL COMBUSTION
VOC EMISSIONS3
(ton/yr)
in
oo
County
Broward
Dade
Duval6
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
62
169
696
54
1,210
Class 1
19
48
257
16
451
Class II
43
121
439
38
759
1982
TVOC
259
365
1,020
142
1,300
Class I
52
74
294
28
485
Class 11
207
291
722
114
811
1987
TVOC
310
427
1,000
73
1,320
Class I
62
83
297
22
493
Class 11
248
344
708
51
824
8 Excluding powerplants
b The VOC emissions resulting from the point sources Indicated 1n Table 4-40 were projected based on Infor-
mation collected during source visits
-------
atmosphere. Other counties have no control requirements at all.
Consequently, the methods used to determine VOC emissions from
incineration of solid waste varied from county to county, depend-
ing upon on the information available.
The number of incinerators in each county, types of controls,
and yearly throughput were needed to calculate the emissions for
each county. Data collected by PES were incomplete, so for some
counties, the values needed were calculated by making the follow-
ing assumptions:
• The amount of solid waste incinerated in a county varied
yearly as the population in that county varied.
• EPA-recommended emission factors were used (Reference 9).
• Incinerators specified as having multiple chambers or
afterburners, and those for which pollution controls are
unknown, were categorized as "Industrial/Commercial Mul-
tiple Chamber," with an emission factor of 3 Ib/ton (re-
fer to Table 4-43).
Table 4-43.
TVOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR INCINERATORS
(Ib/ton burned)
Incinerator Type
Emission Factor
(Ib/ton)
Municipal
Multiple chamber, uncontrolled
Industrial/commercial
Multiple chamber
Single chamber
Flue-fed (modified)
Domestic single chamber
Without primary burner
With primary burner
Sludge (after scrubber)
1.5
3
15
3
100
2
1
4-59
-------
Combining the information gathered by PES with the appropri-
ate TVOC emission factors from Table 4-43 resulted in the TVOC
emission estimates shown in Table 4-44, which also includes the
total tonnage of solid waste incinerated in each county.
Table 4-44. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS, 1977
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Solid Waste
Incinerated
(Ton/Yr)
143,866a
86,331b
3,907C
27,219d
e
VOC Emissions
(Ton/Yr)
108
73
4
18
19
Personal communication from Mr. Gary D. Carlson, Broward
County Environmental Quality Control Board, June 27, 1978
Personal communication with Mr. Robert Johns, Environmental
Resources Management, Metropolitan Dade County, August 1, 1978
c Projection based on 1976 information supplied by the Depart-
ment of Environmental Regulations, June 30, 1978
Personal communication with Mr. Charles M. Collins, Depart-
ment of Environmental Regulations, Air and Solid Waste
Engineering, August 7, 1978
e Information supplied by the Palm Beach County Air Pollution
Control Division of Environmental Science and Engineering,
June 28, 1978. Did not include the amount of solid waste
incinerated. The calculated VOC emissions, however, were
given
4.8.1.2 Projections
Projections from 1977 to 1982 and 1987 were generated from
base year data and projected population increases in each county.
(Refer to Table 4-45.) The reactivity profile for "Waste Burning
4-60
-------
Table 4-45. BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS ESTIMATES FROM INCINERATORS
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Oadc
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
108
73
4
18
19
Class I
41
28
a
7
7
Class II
67
45
2
11
12
1982
TVOC
__a
80
5
20
23
Class I
a
30
2
8
9
Class II
a
50
3
12
14
1987
TVOC
__a
86
5
23
26
Class I
__a
33
2
9
10
Class II
__a
53
3
14
16
8 Incineration Is prohibited 1n Broward County (Reference 41). Data shows that the Fort tauderdale
incinerator was still operating 1n 1977. The Incinerator will not be used in subsequent years
-------
and Other Fires" from Table 3-1 was used to generate the totals
in the various VOC classes.
4.8.2 OPEN BURNING
4.8.2.1 Base Year Analysis
County and state regulations limit the types of open burning
allowed in each county. Information on the burning allowed as
well as estimates of the amount burned in a given year were ob-
tained from appropriate state and county governmental agencies
(References 41 through 49).
The types of controlled open burning that are allowed vary
from county to county and include foliage burns to help prevent
wildfires, land clearing, agricultural fires, and other miscel-
laneous fires requiring permits. Open burning of municipal re-
fuse is not allowed in any of the counties. For purposes of
this inventory, uncontrolled open burning includes forest fires
(wildfires), dumpsite fires (accidental burning of refuse mater-
ial by spontaneous combustion or by other means), illegal dump-
ster fires, and structural fires.
There were differences in the terminology used by each county
in reporting open burning activities. These differences caused
some difficulty in interpreting what the activity included. For
example, the term "legal fires" included prescribed burning in
some cases and land clearing in others.
Estimates of VOC emissions from the various open burning
categories are presented in Table 4-46. To generate the totals
in the two VOC classes, the reactivity profile for "Waste Burn-
ing and Other Fires" from Table 3-1 was used. Appendix B contains
example calculations.
4-62
-------
Table 4-46.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM OPEN BURNING, 1975
(ton/yr)
Source
Forest Fires
Wildfires
Prescribed burning
Agricultural
Sugar field
Brush
Land Clearing
Legal fires
Dump sites
Dumpsters
Structural
Total
Class I
Class II
County
Broward
115
781
--
—
--
--
--
—
28
924
352
572
Dade
1,390
665
--
145
--
--
106
--
597
2,903
1,100
1,800
Duval
368
650
--
23
—
--
--
4
189
1,434
546
888
Orange
1.140
.. a
—
—
—
1,820
—
—
174
3,134
1,190
1,944
Palm Beach
950
.. a
11,200
—
1,620
—
—
—
206
13,976
5,310
8.666
Could not be deternined from the data made available by the State of
Florida Division of Forestry, August 21, 1978. Assumed to be included
in other open burning activities, i.e., legal fires, land clearing
Concerning the data in Table 4-46, is should be noted that
Broward County supplied calculated emissions utilizing assump-
tions that differed from those of the other subject counties (re-
fer to Appendix B). For Dade County, 1976 estimates were provided,
so it was necessary to make projections for 1977, based on land use
and population changes. In Duval County, only the number of brush
and dumpster fires were available, with no method of determining
acres or pounds burned (Reference 44). It was therefore necessary
to make some assumptions based on other data for Duval County to
determine VOC emissions (refer to Appendix B).
For structural fires, it was assumed that an average of four
structural fires per thousand people occur annually (Reference 50).
4-63
-------
Reference 50 recommends applying the TVOC emission factor for open
burning of municipal solid waste to structural fires. This emis-
sion factor, taken from Reference 3, is 30 pounds per ton of ma-
terial burned. Combining this information yielded a TVOC emission
factor of 204 pounds per structural fire. Utilizing this emission
factor with the estimated number of structural fires resulted in
the VOC emissions estimates shown in Table 4-46. However, Broward
County calculations were completed by county personnel using dif-
ferent emission factor assumptions (refer to Appendix B).
Finally, due to incomplete data, agricultural burning was re-
ported only for Palm Beach County. EPA has changed the fuel load-
ing factor and emission factors to specifically depict Florida
sugarcane conditions (Reference 52). Refer to Appendix B for cal-
culations.
4.8.2.2 Projections
Projections from 1977 to 1982 and 1987 were generated from the
base year data, projected land use changes, and projected population
increases (refer to Section 2.0). The projected emissions are pre-
sented in Table 4-47.
4.9 MOBILE SOURCES
4.9.1 HIGHWAY VEHICLES (Methodology Description Provided by FOOT)
In order to obtain highway vehicle emissions, the adopted or
accepted MPO vehicle miles of travel (VMT) for the base year and
plan year were "straight line" interpolated to provide VMT for
1977, 1982, and 1987. To expand these numbers to annual totals,
a factor of 320 was applied. Local traffic was also added, as
shown in Table 4-48. The standard vehicle mix for urban travel
was input to MOBILE 1; the average of 19.6 mph was used for vehi-
cle speed, and an average statewide temperature of 75°F was applied.
4-64
-------
Table 4-47. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM OPEN BURNING
(ton/yr)
en
en
Source
Forest fires
Wildfires
Prescribed burning
Agricultural
Sugar field
Brush
Land clearing
Legal fires
Dumps Ites
Dumpsters
Structural
Total
Class I
Class II
County/Year
B reward
1982
115a
781 •
**
--
--
--
—
—
33
929
353
576
1987
115*
781 a
„.
..
—
—
«••
—
38
934
355
579
Dade
1982
1,300
623
•> w
136
--
—
113
..
635
2,807
1,067
1,740
1987
1,250
598
...»
131
--
--
121
—
682
2,782
1,057
1,725
Ouval
1982
338
780
__
24
—
--
—
5
253
1,400
532
868
1987
310
715
• *
27
--
--
--
5
282
1,339
509
830
Orange
1982
1,110
• «
—
--
1,680
—
--
196
2,988
1,135
1,853
1987
1,096
__
—
—
1,560
--
--
219
2.869
1,090
1,779
Palm Beach
1982
925
ll,200b
--
1,400
—
—
—
247
13,772
5,233
8,539
1987
882
ll,200b
--
1,220
--
--
--
285
13,587
5,163
8,424
a Information on future land use for Broward County supplied by EPA July 24, 1978 Indicated no Increase In the
following land use categories: parks and recreation, and undeveloped. It was assumed that forested acreage
was Included In these categories. Therefore, emissions from controlled and uncontrolled forest fires remained
constant
b Data provided by Palm Beach County APCO
-------
The nonmethane MOBILE 1 emission factors are presented in Table
4-49. These factors were applied to the VMT, and hydrocarbon
emissions were obtained.
Table 4-48. LOCAL VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (VMT) FACTORS3
Urban Area
B reward
Dade
Duval
Es cambia
Leon
Orange
Palm Beach
Percent
1977
N/A
7.1
15
15
15
10
10.5
1982
N/A
6.8
15
15
15
10
9.5
1987
N/A
6
15
15
15
10
8.5
8 Table provided by FOOT
PES prepared Table 4-50 which summarizes VMT per day and Class
II emissions per year for each subject county. Appendix C contains
the highway vehicles worksheets received by FOOT.
4.9.2 OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Six area source categories are classified as off-highway mobile
sources: agricultural equipment, construction equipment, industrial
equipment, motorcycles, lawn and garden equipment, and snowmobiles.
The EPA's recommended methodologies (Reference 57) were used as
a guide in estimating the VOC emissions originating from each cate-
gory. In some cases, deviations from these methodologies were neces-
sary for optimum utilization of the available data. Moreover, sitn-
4-66
-------
Table 4-49. MOBILE 1 EMISSION FACTORS FOR USE IN HYDROCARBON EMISSION INVENTORY3
*'.T':-VETH nr FVTSSION FACTORS TMCLUDF CVA». HC ^MISSION FACTORS
CU. YCt^J 1977
prc-IP1:: 49-STATE
LOV
NS':-M"TH HC: 6.91
:X«iUST CCt_61.53.
EXHAUST NO : 3.15
CAL. YEBB: 1982
PEOION: 49-STATE
LOV
N'~N- •'* TH HC s . . . 3 . 66 ..
EXHAUST CO! 38. 0*
:XHiUST NO : 2.15
CJL. YEt«»J 1987
f-f^JC'l: •'•9-STAf?
LCV
NC'I-VCTM HC! 1.98
SXHifST CO! 2C'.A7
= X-c UST -JO t . _ 1 .6*.
VEH. tyPt: LCV LOTl LOT2 HOG HOO t"C
.TEMO: 75.0(F) 0. BC3/0. 058/0. C5B/0. 0^5/0. 031/0. 003—
19.6119.6/19.6/19.6 MPH (19.6) 20. 6/ 27. 3/ 20.6
' COMPflStTF FMtSStnN FArTfR«! .* VPH (19.6) 2P.6/ 27. J/ 20.6
COMPOSITE EMISSION FACTCRS (GH/MJLEJ
LPTI IDT? ^RC HDD MC ALL MODES
3.30 4.71 12. Ifi 3.34 1.33 2.71
40.20 50.1fl 166.44 27.76 6.97 30.06
1.97 2.59 8.1! 13.56 0.25 2.37 .. .
Table provided by FOOT
-------
Table 4-50. CLASS II VOC EMISSIONS FROM HIGHWAY VEHICLES
I
en
oo
County
Broward*
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
VMT/Oay
1977
12.424.000
18,898,097
10,192,435
7,829,041
8,800,333
1982
N/A
21,843,076
12,258,748
9,481,038
11,433,000
1987
N/A
24,788,055
14,325,062
11,130,634
14,063.667
Class II Emissions
1977
43,190
57,859
33,507
24.618
27,797
1982
33,665
38,609
23.871
17,655
21,194
(ton/yr)
1987
23,666
25,119
15,728
11,713
14,614
« Information for 1976 supplied by the Broward County
Board due to Incomplete 1977 data; growth factors for projections of
were not available. Received Septei*er 18, 1978
-------
plifying assumptions pertaining to area apportionment of national
or state equipment or of corresponding VOC emissions totals-were
employed where inadequate information prohibited computations that
were in the scope of this inventory.
4.9.2.1 Agricultural Equipment
4.9.2.1.1 Base Year Analysis
The population of the agricultural equipment by county is docu-
mented in the U.S. Census of Agriculture (Reference 55). This ref-
erence supplies equipment population data on farm tractors, self-
propelled (S-P) combines, pick-up (P-U) balers, and field forage
(FF) harvesters. The most recent edition of this reference was
published in 1974. In order to adjust these data to reflect 1977
totals, growth in agricultural land use (Reference 56), was assumed
to represent growth in equipment totals from 1974 to 1977. This
adjustment is reflected in Table 4-51.
Table 4-52 reports the TVOC emission factors for agricultural
equipment (Reference 9). Crankcase and evaporative emissions from
diesel engines were considered to be negligible (Reference 9).
These emission factors are the result of test data which were
assumed to represent actual field applications. Annual usage rates
were also estimated from survey data, or by analyzing the type and
amount of crop acreage for which the equipment was used. Table
4-53 summarizes annual usage rates and other pertinent information
(References 9, 57, and 58).
Annual TVOC emission factors for different equipment categor-
ies were determined by combinig the hourly emission factors with
the annual usage rates; these factors are reported in Table 4-54.
4-69
-------
Table 4-51. 1977, 1982, AND 1987 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT TOTALS
Year
1977
1982
1987
Equipment Type
Tractors
S-P Combines
PU Balers
FF Harvesters
Misc. HD
Misc. LD
Class 1-5 Farms
Tractors
S-P Combines
PU Balers
FF Harvesters
Misc. HD
Misc. LD
Class 1-5 Farms
Tractors
S-P Combines
PU Balers
FF Harvesters
Misc. HD
Misc. LD
Class 1-5 Farms
County
B reward
441
0
5
5
U4
225
150
293
0
3
4
82
149
100
195
0
2
2
55
99
66
Dade
1,487
3
4
10
402
859
573
1,392
3
4
9
376
804
536
1,338
3
3
9
361
773
515
Duval
378
0
37
11
102
298
378
433
0
42
12
117
341
227
493
0
48
14
133
389
259
Orange
1,272
0
19
15
343
1,080
719
1,174
0
18
14
317
997
664
1,084
0
16
13
292
920
613
Palm
Beach
2,152
6
8
11
581
526
351
1,868
6
7
10
505
457
304
1,623
5
6
8
438
397
265
Table 4-52. TVOC EMISSION FACTORS
(g/unit/hr)
Source
Exhaust
Crankcase
Evaporative
Diesel
Tractors
77.8
NEG
NEG
Gasoline Tractors
128.0
26.0
15.6 g/unit/yr
HD Diesel
Nontractor
38.6
Neg.
Neg.
HD Gasoline
Nontractor
143.0
28.6
16.0 g/unit/yr
4-70
-------
Table 4-53. ANNUAL USAGE RATES AND EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWNS
Equipment
Category
Tractors
Diesel
Gasoline
Nontractors
S-P Combines
P-U Balers
FF Harvesters
Misc. HD
Misc. LD
Estimated Annual
Usage (hr)
490
291
73
24
120
50
50
Percent
Diesel
Powered
100
—
50
100
...
50
•>•» »
Percent
Gasoline
Powered
—
100
50
___
100
50
100
Percent
Motorized
100
100
100
50
10
100
100
Table 4-54.
ANNUAL TVOC EMISSION FACTORS
(kg/unit/hr)
Equipment
Category
Tractor
S-P Combine
P-U Baler
FF Harvester
Misc. HD
Misc. LDa
Diesel
Exhaust
38.1
2.8
0.9
N/A
1.9
N/A
Gasoline
Exhaust
37.2
10.4
N/A
17.2
7.2
1.2
Evaporative
15.6
16.0
N/A
16.0
16.0
0.3
Crankcase
7.6
2.1
N/A
3.4
1.4
0.2
a Based on emission rates for LD industrial engines; refer
to Table 4-65
4-71
-------
The following equation was used to compute county VOC emis
sions for the three general equipment categories:
N
Eci
where
I . - county TVOC emission estimate for equipment class i
C1 (e.g., HD diesel)
f.. = TVOC emission factor for equipment type j (e.g., trac-
1J tors) in equipment class i (refer to Table 4-54}
e-- = fraction of equipment type j that is in equipment
10 class i (refer to Table 4-53)
m. = fraction of equipment type j that is motorized
J (refer to Table 4-53)
n - - county population of equipment type j (refer to Table
CJ 4-51)
N * number of equipment types j that are in equipment
class i
The ratio of gasoline to diesel-powered tractors was deter-
mined to be 62 percent diesel and 38 percent gasoline for 1977
(Reference 4). This information yielded the VOC emissions shown
in Table 4-55.
4.9.2.1.2 Projections
Emission calculations for the projection years were computed
in a similar fashion. The 1977 equipment totals were updated, as
well as the diesel to gasoline tractor ratios, yielding equipment
totals for 1982 and 1987. These estimates are presented in Table
4-55. It was estimated that diesel tractors will comprise 81 per-
cent of the tractor population in 1982 and 90 percent in 1987
4-72
-------
Table 4-55. 1977, 1982, AND 1987 ESTIMATES OF VOC EMISSIONS
FROM AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT
(ton/yr)
Year
Emissions Source
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palir Beach
1977
E
E iti
x 1
h s
a s
u i
S 0
t n
s
HD Diesel
KD Gasoline
ID Gasoline
Crankcase and Evap-
orative Emissions
Total
11.6
7.4
0.3
5.6
25
39.1
24. B
1.1
18.8
84
10.0
6.3
0.4
4.8
22
33.5
21.2
1.4
16.3
72
56.7
35.9
0.7
26.9
120
1962
19B7
E
E m
X 1
h s
a s
U 1
S 0
t n
s
HD Diesel
HD Gasoline
LD Gasoline
Crankcase and Evap-
orative Emissions
Total
E
I n
x 1
h s
a s
u 1
S 0
t n
s
HD Diesel
HD Gasoline
LD Gasoline
Crankcase and Evap-
orative Emissions
Total
10.1
2.6
0.2
2.3
15
7.4
1.0
0.1
1.1
10
47.8
12.4
1.1
10.9
72
51.0
7.0
1.0
7.4
66
14.9
3.9
0.5
3.4
23
18.8
2.6
0.5
2.8
25
40.3
10.4
1.3
9.3
61
41.3
5.6
1.2
6.1
54
64.1
16.6
0.6
14.3
96
61.9
8.4
0.5
8.6
80
4-73
-------
(Reference 4). Projected emission totals are displayed in Table
4-55, while Table 4-56 shows emissions by reactivity class.
Table 4-56. 1977, 1982, AND 1987 ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS
FROM AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT BY REACTIVITY CLASS
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
Class I
1
5
1
4
6
Class II
24
79
21
68
114
1982
Class I
1
4
1
3
5
Class II
14
68
22
58
91
1987
Class I
1
4
1
3
5
Class II
9
62
24
54
75
4.9.2.2 Lawn and Garden Equipment
4.9.2.2.1 Base Year Analysis
Table 4-57 indicates the types of motorized equipment in-
cluded in this category and the relative abundance of each type
nationwide. In the absence of more specific information, the
same relative equipment distribution has been assumed to apply
to the study area, except for snowthrowers.
There are, unfortunately, no reliable estimates of the
current lawn and garden engine population for 1977. Registra-
tions are not required, and there is no satisfactory sales or
production information available. In addition, PES was not able
to secure reliable statistics concerning engine displacement or
type. However, estimates have been made in recent years which
provide sufficient groundwork from which to make a 1977 estimate.
4-74
-------
Table 4-57. LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT
Engine Application
Percentage of Total
(Nationwide)
Riding mower
Walking mower
Garden tractor
Motor tiller
Snowthrower
Other lawn and garden
equipment
9
74
4
5
4
4
Two types of gasoline-powered small utility engines are
typically used in lawn and garden equipment: the four-stroke
and the two-stroke. Estimates of the 1968 nationwide population
of these types of engines are shown in Table 4-58. It was as-
sumed that equipment populations have grown at a rate of 6 per-
cent per year since that time (Reference 57) which yielded the
1977 equipment populations also shown in Table 4-58.
4-75
-------
Table 4-58. ESTIMATED NATIONWIDE POPULATION OF LAWN AND
GARDEN EQUIPMENT, EXCLUDING SNOWTHROWERS3
{millions of units)
Engine Type
Four-stroke
Two-stroke
Total
1968b
34.8
2.4
37.2
1977
58.8
4.0
62.8
Percent
of
Total
93.6
6.4
100.0
Snowthrowers represent approximately
4 percent of the national total
Refer to Reference 57
Apportionment of the national equipment totals to the coun-
ties in the study area was achieved by use of the following re-
lationship:
pc= V
(9)
where
= population of lawn and garden equipment in the county
= population of lawn and garden equipment in the nation
(refer to Table 4-58)
= ratio of county to national single-unit housing struc-
tures
Equation 9 assumes that a direct relationship exists between
the number of lawn and garden engines in a given area and the
number of single-unit housing structures in that area. This sup-
position was made on the strength of the exceptionally good agree-
4-76
-------
merit between the two parameters at the national level (Reference
57).
To obtain 1977 estimates for county housing data, national
housing data for 1970 and 1976 were obtained from the 1970 Census
of Housing (Reference 59) and the 1976 Annual Housing Survey (Ref-
erence 60). By assuming a linear growth pattern, the 1977 nation-
al total of single-unit structural houses was estimated to be 54.8
million. This represents a national growth rate of 1.17 percent
from 1970 to 1977, which was assumed to apply to county housing
totals as well, as Table 4-59 shows. The results of using this
data in equation 9 are presented in Table 4-60.
Table 4-59. ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF SINGLE-UNIT HOUSING
STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY AREA
(thousands of units)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1970a
150
253
131
89.0
84.7
1977
176
296
153
104
99.1
Refer to Reference 59
4-77
-------
Table 4-60. LAWN AND GARDEN COUNTY EQUIPMENT TOTALS, 1977
(thousands of units) :
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Equipment Population
202
339
175
119
114
The following formula was used to compute the VOC emissions
originating annually from lawn and garden equipment. Emission
factors for this category are given in Table 4-61.
....
i Ni
(10)
where
PNi
county TVOC emission estimate for lawn and garden
equipment
population of lawn and garden equipment in the county
(refer to Table 4-60)
ratio of county to national annual mean freeze-free
days
TVOC emission factor (exhaust plus evaporative) for
engine type i (refer to Table 4-58)
national population of lawn and garden equipment with
engine type i (refer to Table 4-58)
4-78
-------
Table 4-61.
TVOC EMISSION FACTORS
EQUIPMENTS
(kg/unit/yr)
FOR LAWN AND GARDEN
Pollutant
TVOC
Exhaust
Evaporative
Engine Type
Four-Stroke
1.6
.1
Two-Stroke
14.7
.1
Refer to References 9 and 57
Table 4-61 gives nationwide average TVOC emission factors for
the two engine types under study. These emission factors are based
on:
1. A composite of test results on typical engines used in
this source category operating under normal workloads.
2. The assumption that the annual usage of the equipment
is 50 hours per unit per year nationwide.
3. The assumption that the annual usage is spread over an
operating year of 213 days, which is the average of the
mean number of freeze-free days per year (days when the
minimum temperature is freater than 32°F) for all coun-
ties nationwide (Reference 57).
4. Crankcase emissions are considered to be negligible.
The results of employing the appropriate data in equation 10
are summarized in Table 4-62. The totals for the various VOC
classes were generated by combining each of the emissions totals
(based on distribution of exhaust to evaporative TVOC emission
factors) with the appropriate compositional fractions and summing
for each VOC class.
4-79
-------
Table 4-62. 1977 LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS
BY REACTIVITY CLASS :
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
TVOC
969
1,642
849
578
549
Class I
93
157
81
55
52
Class II
877
1,465
768
522
497
4.9.2.2.2 Projections
As discussed in the previous section, county VOC emissions
from lawn and garden equipment are proporational to county equip-
ment totals. Base year equipment totals were computed from recent
housing data. Projected equipment totals were to be computed from
the projected number of single-unit housing structures, but this
information was not available, so projected population was assumed
to adequately represent the increase or decrease in housing units.
This assumption implies that average housing densities and the
percent singly-family homes will not vary significantly from the
pattern of recent years.
Projected lawn and garden emissions are displayed in Table
4-63.
4-80
-------
Table 4-63.
PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM LAWN AND GARDEN
EQUIPMENT
(ton/yr)
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1982
TVOC
1,163
1,747
900
650
659
Class I
112
168
86
62
63
Class II
1,051
1.579
814
588
596
1987
TVOC
1,341
1.E78
1,065
725
761
Class I
129
180
102
70
73
Class II
1,212
1,698
963
655
688
4.9.2.3 Industrial Equipment
4.9.2.3.1 Base Year Analysis
The point of origin for calculating VOC emissions estimates
for this category was the national population of industrial equip-
ment for calendar year 1974, which are shown in Table 4-64.
Table 4-64. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT POPULATION
ESTIMATES, 1974
(thousands of units)
Engine Type
HDa Diesel
HD Gasoline
LDa Gasoline
Equipment Population
41 7b
990b
2,105C
HD = heavy-duty; LD = Light-duty
Refer to Reference 58
Refer to Reference
4-81
-------
The VOC emissions were first calculated for 1974, then pro-
jected to the base year, 1977.
Apportionment of the national industrial equipment total to
the counties in question was based on examining employment data
in the industrial sector. Mining (SIC codes 10-14), manufactur-
ing (SIC codes 20-39), and wholesale trade (SIC codes 50-51) were
selected as industrial indicators. Using the county employment
data from Section 2.3 along with the 1974 Bureau of the Census
national employment figure of 25.0 million (Reference 80) yielded
the equipment totals shown in Table 4-66. The apportioning tech-
nique assumed that the engine type distribution for the counties
was that observed for the nation.
County emissions estimates were calculated by use of the
following equation. The emission factors employed are presented
in Table 4-65.
where
EC = county TVOC emission estimate for industrial equipment
Pr = population of industrial equipment in the county (refer
L to Table 4-66)
t- - fraction of Pr that is of equipment type i (refer to
1 Table 4-64)
1j = TVOC emission factor for equipment type i, source j,
i.e., exhaust (refer to Table 4-65)
4-82
-------
Table 4-65.
TVOC EMISSION FACTOR FOR INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
(kg/yr per unit)
Pollutant
TVOC
Exhaust
Evaporative
Crankcase
HD Diesel
Engines9
43.7
c
c
HD Gasoline
Engines3
57.3
18.6
11.5
LD Gasoline
Engines'5
1.17
.29
.23d
a Refer to Reference 58
Refer to Reference
c Evaporative and crankcase VOC emissions from diesel
engines are considered to be negligible (Reference 4)
d Crankcase TVOC is assumed to be 20 percent of the ex-
haust TVOC (Reference 58, page 92)
The TVOC estimates that resulted from these calculations are
shown in Table 4-66.
Table 4-66.
ESTIMATES OF INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT AND VOC
EMISSIONS, 1974
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Equipment
Total
5,930
20,800
6,890
4,330
3,800
TVOC
(ton/yr)
202
708
235
148
129
4-83
-------
4.9.2.3.2 Projections
Industrial employment projections from Section 2.3 were util-
ized to represent growth in the use of industrial equipment. Ap-
plication of these data yielded two emissions totals shown in
Table 4-67. Amounts in the various VOC classes were determined
by multiplying each of the 1974 emission totals (not shown) by
the appropriate compositional fraction, summing for each VOC class,
and then forecasting to the projection years.
4.9.2.4 Heavy Construction Equipment
4.9.2.4.1 Base Year Analysis
Table 4-68 presents national heavy construction equipment to-
tals by type for calendar year 1973. Because these are the most
recent estimates of this kind, emissions from this source cate-
gory were computed for 1973 and then projected to 1977.
The first step in the analysis was the allocation of the
national equipment totals to the various counties in the study
area. Apportionment was based on the ratio of county to national
employment in the heavy construction sector (SIC code 16; employ-
ment data extracted from Section 2.3 and Reference 80). Table
4-69 summarizes the resulting county equipment totals. The na-
tional equipment mix was assumed to apply directly to each county.
Table 4-70 reports the TVOC emission factors which correspond
to each of the equipment types under consideration. To apply these
emission factors to the county equipment totals, it was necessary
to first estimate the distribution of gasoline- to diesel-powered
equipment in each category. Based on the reported emission fac-
tors and information presented in Reference 58, it was determined
that five of the categories are strictly diesel-powered while the
other five contain a mix. The following paragraph gives an account
of the approach PES took to ascertain these distributions.
4-84
-------
Table 4-67. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
(ton/yr)
00
in
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
221
771
244
161
145
Class I
13
47
15
10
9
Class II
208
724
237
151
136
1982
TVOC
252
871
259
184
169
Class I
15
53
16
11
10
Class II
237
818
243
173
159
TVOC
287
982
274
211
197
1987
Class I
17
60
17
13
12
Class II
269
922
257
198
185
-------
Table 4-68. NATIONAL HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TOTALS, 1973*
Equipment Type
Tracklaying tractors
Tracklaying shovel loaders
Motor graders
Scrapers
Off-highway trucks
Wheel loaders
Rollers
Wheel dozers
Miscellaneous
Total
Refer to Reference 57
Equipment
Total
197,000
86,000
95,300
27,000
20,800
134,000
81,600
2,700
100,000
1,181,400
Table 4-69. HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TOTALS BY COUNTY, 1973
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Equipment
Total
10,100
14,300
6,300
6,900
4,840
4-86
-------
Reference 58 contains 1973 estimates of nationwide evapora-
tive VOC emissions from each equipment category. In forming these
estimates, the authors of Reference 53 assumed that evaporative
emissions from diesel-powered equipment are negligible, thereby
attributing the total tonnage of evaporative emissions to gaso-
line-powered equipment. By applying the evaporative emission fac-
tors shown in Table 4-70 to the evaporate emissions totals, the
number of gasoline-powered equipment in each affected category was
determined. Comparing these totals with those in Table 4-68 yielded
the desired distributions. The results of this technique are re-
corded in Table 4-70.
To simplify data manipulation, composite TVOC emission fac-
tors were computed for the two major equipment categories, namely
HD diesel and HD gasoline. The factors from Table 4-70 were
weighted to reflect the 1973 national equipment distribution and
the corresponding fuel use ratios. For convenience and because
their reactivity profiles are assumed to be similar, evaporative
and crankcase emissions were summed and are denoted herein as
"evaporative." The composite emission factors are displayed in
Table 4-71.
Finally, county VOC emissions estimates were made by weight-
ing the composite TVOC emission factors by the national distribu-
tion of HD diesel to HD gasoline equipment and then combining these
factors with the county equipment totals. The results are reported
in Table 4-72.
4.9.2.4.2 Projections
The 1973 VOC emissions from Table 4-72 were multiplied by the
growth in construction employment (SIC code 16) to project emis-
sions to 1977, 1982, and 1987. It was assumed that the ratio of
diesel- to gasoline-powered equipment and the distribution of
4-87
-------
Table 4-70.
HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT FUEL USE DISTRIBUTIONS AND TVOC
EMISSION FACTORS
00
00
Equipment Type
Tracklaylng tractor
Wheel tractor
Wheel dozer
Scraper
Motor grader
Wheel loader
Tracklaylng loader
Off-highway truck
Roller
Miscellaneous
Equipment
Distribution
by Fuel
Type3
Gasoline
»_
15.4
—
—
7.6
30.0
—
69.2
25.0
Diesel
100
84.6
100
100
92.4
70.0
100
100
30.8
75.0
TVOC Emission Factors6
Diesel
Exhaust
52.6
49.7
211
568
20.5
96.6
16.0
396
18.3
71.4
Gasoline
Exhaust
_.
121
--
--
154
275
—
205
254
Crankcase
..
24.1
--
--
30.8
54.9
--
41.1
50.7
Evaporative
--
22.9
—
--
24.9
33.9
--
20.9
25.4
* Expressed as percentage of total equipment population. Refer to text
b Expressed In kilogram per unit per year. Refer to Reference 9
-------
Table 4-71.
COMPOSITE TVOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR HEAVY
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
(kg/unit/yr)
Equipment Type
TVOC
Emission
Factor
HD diesel
Exhaust
HD gasoline
Exhaust
Evaporative
73.5
194.9
63.9
Includes crankcase emis-
sions
Table 4-72. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT, 1973
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
VOC Emissions
1,148
1,625
716
785
550
4-89
-------
equipment types would not change significantly before 1987. Table
4-73 presents the projected VOC emissions from this category by
reactivity class.
4.9.2.5 Off-Highway Motorcycles
4.9.2.5.1 Base Year Analysis
In determining the VOC emissions impact from vehicles of this
type, the crucial problem was estimating the number of motorcycles
that participate in off-highway activities. State registration
data were not helpful because not all motorcycles used off-highway
are registered. Therefore, state motorcycle population estimates,
which indlude both on- and off-highway vehicles, were extracted
from a report issued by the Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.
(MIC, Reference 63). Table 4-74 shows MIC's 1976 population and
off-highway usage estimates for three classes of motorcycles.
The 4 percent not accounted for in the off-highway category
were assumed to belong to serious racing enthusiasts and so were
not considered to be trail bikes.
The following equation was used to estimate county total off-
highway unit equivalents, hereafter referred to as 0/H motorcycles:"
where
NC - estimated county 0/H motorcycles
RC = ratio of the county to state population, 1976
n- = estimated state total of all motorcycles in class i, e.g.,
street
t- = fraction of time motorcycles in class i are ridden off-
1 highway
4-90
-------
Table 4-73. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
1,210
1,815
753
778
618
Class I
76
114
47
49
39
Class II
1,136
1,704
707
731
580
1982
TVOC
1,284
2,050
769
779
702
Class I
81
129
48
49
44
Class II
1,206
1,925
722
731
659
1987
TVOC
1,363
2,310
788
781
795
Class I
86
146
50
49
50
Class II
1,280
2,169
740
733
747
-------
For resulting county 0/H motorcycle totals, refer to Table 4-78.
Table 4-74. POPULATION AND OFF-HIGHWAY USE OF
MOTORCYCLES, 1976a
Motorcycle
Class
Florida
Population
Off-Highway
Usages
Street6
129,300
13
Dual -Purpose0
100,200
55
Off-Highwayd
58,800
96
Refer to Reference 63
Street motorcycles are certified by the manufacturer as
being in compliance with the Federal Motor Safety Stan-
dards (FMVSS), and are designed primarily to be ridden
on public roads
c Dual-pupose motorcycles are also certified by the manu-
facturers as being in compliance with the FMVSS, and
are designed to be ridden both on public roads and non-
public roads (trails, dirt, paths, and so on)
Off-highway motorcycles are not certified to be in com-
pliance with the FMVSS, and are designed exclusively
for nonpublic roads. These are the motorcycles least
likely to be registered
e National average. Expressed as percent of total time
ridden off-highway
Table 4-75 gives estimated percent distribution of motorcycles
used off-highway by engine displacement and type, while Table 4-76
tabulates the TVOC emission factors for the various motorcycle en-
gines under consideration. The annual emission rates are for ex-
haust pollutants only. (Data and methodology required to estimate
evaporative emissions are given later in this section.)
4-92
-------
Table 4-75. ESTIMATED PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS OF MOTORCYCLES
USED OFF-HIGHWAY BY ENGINE DISPLACEMENT AND TYPE3 .
Engine
Displacement
(cc)
Up to 100
101 to 190
191 to 250
Above 251
Total
46
25
16
13
Two-Stroke
54
81
84
60
Four-Stroke
46
19
16
40
a Refer to Reference 64
Table 4-76. EXHAUST TVOC EMISSION FACTORS'
Engine
Displacement
(cc)
Up to 100
101 to 190
191 to 250
Above 251
Up to 100
101 to 190
191 to 250
Above 251
Stroke
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
TVOCb
4.5
14
38
75
1.6
3.6
7.1
14
Refer to Reference 57
Expressed in units of kilo-
grams per unit per year
4-93
-------
Due to the spectrum of motorcycle engine displacements and
types, a weighted TVOC emission factor was developed to simplify
data manipulations. The following equation was used to perform
this task (Reference 57):
Eex
where
E = weighted exhaust TVOC emission factor
C A
di = fraction of total motorcycle population that is of
engine displacement i
s.: = fraction of engine displacement i's population that
J is of stroke type j
f.. = exhaust TVOC emission factor for engine displacement i
J and stroke type j
Using data from Table 4-75 and 4-76 in equation 13 resulted
in a weighted exhaust TVOC emission factor of 16.3 kilograms per
unit per year.
To calculate a weighted composite emission factor for evapor-
ative VOC emissions from off-highway mototcycle use, riding season
in days and estimated fuel tank volumes by engine size were re-
quired. For each county in the study area, the riding season was
determined by the following criteria (Reference 57):
• Nationwide, the average riding season was assumed to be from
March through November (275 days).
• Any remaining months with an average normal temperature less
that 38°F were converted to days and subtracted from the
average riding season.
The required county temperature data were extracted from the Local
Climatological Data (Reference 65). All of the counties in the
4-94
-------
study area have riding seasons of 275 days. Average fuel tank vol
umes by engine displacement are shown in Table 4-77.
Table 4-77. ESTIMATED VOLUME OF FUEL TANKS3
Engine
Displacement
(cc)
Up to 100
101 to 190
191 to 250
Above 251
Tank Volume
(liters)
7.6
9.5
11.4
15.2
a Refer to Reference 57
The formula used to compute a weighted emission factor for
evaporative TVOC was:
ECe ' Ve.
(14)
where
E = weighted evaporative TVOC emission factor for county
-Ce
Vi
di
county 0/H motorcycle riding season (expressed as days
per year)
= evaporative TVOC emission factor (0.53 grams per liter
tank volume per day, Reference 57)
= average fuel tank volume for a motorcycle with engine
displacement i
= fraction of total 0/H motorcycles that are of engine
displacement i
4-95
-------
Using the appropriate data from Tables 4-75 and 4-77 in equa-
tion 14 resulted in a TVOC emission factor of 1.4 kilograms per
unit per year for all the counties in the study area.
In addition to evaporative emissions, consideration was also
given to crankcase emissions. Crankcase emissions for four-stroke
engines are 0.60 grams per mile, while those from two-stroke en-
gines are considered negligible because most two-stroke engines
employ crankcase induction (Reference 9). Using 4,000 miles per
year as an estimate of motorcycle travel (Reference 9), along with
the fact that 34 percent of off-highway motorcycles are four-stroke
(refer to Table 4-76), yielded a TVOC emission factor of 0.8 kilo-
grams per unit per year.
Since the reactivity profiles of evaporative and crankcase
VOC emissions are assumed to be similar, they were added together
and are referred to hereafter as "evaporative." This yielded a
TVOC emission factor of 2.2 kilograms per unit per year for a
riding season of 275 days.
TVOC emissions for each county were computed by combining the
0/H motorcycle totals (refer to Table 4-78) with the weighted ex-
haust TVOC emission factor (16.3 kilograms per unit per year) and
the evaporative TVOC emission factor (2.2 kilograms per unit per
year). The results appear in Table 4-78. Amounts in the various
VOC classes were determined by multiplying each of the emission
totals by the appropriate compositional fraction (refer to Table
3-1) and summing for each VOC class.
4-96
-------
Table 4-78.
ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM OFF-HIGHWAY
MOTORCYCLES, 1976
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
0/H
Motorcycle
Population
13,900
22,100
8,540
6,260
8,210
TVOC
281
446
172
126
166
Class I
25
40
15
11
15
Class II
256
406
157
115
151
4.9.2.5.2 Projections
Off-highway motorcycle use was projected on the basis of pop-
ulation trends in each county. In doing so, it was assumed that:
• The proportion of the population who engage in off-highway
motorcycling will remain constant from 1976 to 1987.
• Engine type and other vehicle specifications will be rep-
resented by the 1976 mix.
• The riding seasons in the various counties will not change
significantly.
Forecasted VOC emissions are reported in Table 4-79.
4.9.3 RAIL EMISSIONS (Methodology Description Provided by FOOT)
The percentage of locomotive miles of travel in Florida was
taken as a percentage of the total locomotive miles of travel
systemwide. This information was obtained from the 1977 R-l re-
ports for each rail system operating in Florida. Total system
fuel was obtained from the same report, and fuel consumption was
then prorated to Florida. Total statewide mileage of track was
4-97
-------
Table 4-79. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLES
(ton/yr)
to
CD
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
290
450
174
128
171
Class I
26
40
16
11
15
Class II
264
410
158
117
156
1982
TVOC
348
479
184
145
205
Class I
31
43
16
13
18
Class II
317
436
168
132
187
TVOC
401
515
206
161
237
1987
Class I
36
46
18
14
21
Class II
365
469
189
147
216
-------
also obtained from the R-l and prorated by county by FDOT's Rail-
road Planning Unit. Fuel consumption was then assigned by county.
The amount of switching activity was also noted (in cases of heavy
switching, the fuel consumed by that company in the county in
question was doubled). Fuel consumption was totaled and combined
with rail operation TVOC emission factors from Reference 9 to pro-
duce VOC rail emissions. A growth factor of -1.3 percent per year
for 1970 to 1977 was obtained from American Association of Rail-
roads data.
Table 4-80 summarizes base year and projected rail operation
VOC emissions by reactivity class. These summaries were prepared
by PES.
4.9.4 AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS (Methodology Description Provided by FOOT)
Landing-takeoff cycles were obtained from Florida's Aviation
System Plan and were interpolated to provide counts for the specific
years in question. For general aviation airports that had no air-
craft mix, the national general aviation mix was assumed. For com-
mercial operations, the vehicle mix for spring 1977 was obtained
from the Airline Guide. There was no projection of vehicle mix into
the future. There are two exceptions: Palm Beach International
Airport figures represent those in the airport's "Environmental Im-
pact Assessment Report," and vehicle mixes were provided by the
Dade County Environmental Resources Management.Office for Dade
County airports.
Military operations were exceptionally hard to obtain. For
military activity at civilian airports, the estimated mix is shown
in Appendix D. At those bases where an "Air Installation Compatible
Use Zone" (AICUZ) study was available, the aircraft mix of the Air
Quality Section was used. No projections of military activity are
possible so none were provided.
4-99
-------
Table 4-80. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM RAILROAD OPERATIONS, 1977, 1982, AND 1987
o
o
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977 Fuel
Consumed*
2,979
3,280
3,067
961
1,907
VOC Emissions0
1977
TVOC
140
154
144
45
90
Class I
3
3
3
1
2
Class II
137
151
141
44
88
1982
TVOC
133
144
135
42
84
Class I
3
3
3
1
2
Class II
130
141
132
41
82
1987
TVOC
123
134
126
39
78
Class I
3
3
2
1
2
Class II
120
131
124
38
76
a Expressed 1n thousands of gallons per year
b Expressed 1n tons per year
-------
Total VOC emissions were obtained from Reference 9 per LTD
cycle. No allowance was made for taxi time because the time al-
lowed by the factors was considered appropriate by FDOT's Avia-
tion Planning Unit.
PES developed county airport summary tables (Appendix D) from
individual airport summary sheets provided by FOOT. These tables
summarize VOC emissions by aircraft class and type for each re-
ported airport in a subject county. Tables 4-81 and 4-82 summar-
ize county VOC emissions by engine type and reactivity class, re-
spectively.
4.9.5 VESSELS
Vessels are separated into two distinct categories: ocean-
going and recreational boating. The methodologies for determining
fuel consumption were based upon the information presented in Ref-
erence 39. Ocean-going vessels (distillate oil-fired motorships
and residual oil-fired steamships) are discussed in Section 4.9.5.1,
while recreational boats (predominantly gasoline users) are dis-
cussed in Section 4.9.5.2.
4.9.5.1 Ocean-Going Vessels
4.9.5.1.1 Base Year Analysis
Due to insufficient up-to-date information, the base year
analysis for ocean-going vessels was made for 1976, and then pro-
jected to 1977. Emission calculations for vessels were based upon
two components: fuel consumption while sitting at dockside (hotel-
ing) and fuel consumption while underway. The authors of Refer-
ences 39 and 66 assumed that only vessels with a draft of 18 feet
or greater operate their boilers/engines while at dockside.
4-101
-------
Table 4-81. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT BY ENGINE TYPE
(ton/yr)
O
ro
County
Broward
Oadeb
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
Jet
657a
5,630
1,757
298
301
Piston
523*
431
166
21.4
49
Helicopter
0.2a
7
69
1
1
1982
Jet
1,095
6,249
1,827
375
456
Piston
198
473
87
38
76
Helicopter
5
10
169
1
2.1
1987
Jet
1,198
6,765
1,964
46?
639
Piston
223
494
107
53
155
Hel fcopter
6
10
169
3
4
8 Information for 1976 supplied by Broward County Environmental Duality Control Roard
due to Incomplete 1977 data; received September 18, 197fl
b Homestead A1r Force Base total emissions were only alven. To determine the jet/
piston/helicopter breakdown, 1976 aircraft emission Information supplied by Oarte
County Environmental Resources Management, July 5, 197B, was used
-------
Table 4-82. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT,.1977, 1982, AND 1987
o
CO
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
1,180a
6,068
1,992
320
351
Class
I
82 a
221
80
12
15
Class
II
1,097a
5,847
1,912
308
336
1982
TVOC
1,299
6,732
2,083
414
534
Class
I
58
245
81
16
23
Class
II
1,241
6,487
2,002
398
511
1987
TVOC
1,427
7,269
2,240
518
798
Class
I
64
263
88
20
38
Class
II
1,363
7,009
2,152
498
760
a Information for 1976 supplied by the Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
due to Incomplete 1977 data. Received September 18, 1978
-------
The average in-port stay for vessels with a draft of 18 feet
or greater is generally 3 days (Reference 39). While at dockside,
References 39 and 66 assumed that residual oil-fired steamships
consume 1,900 gallons of oil per day, and that distillate oil-
fired motorships consume 660 gallons of oil per day. After fur-
ther investigation, it was found that motorships take their main
propulsion engines out of service and either generate power from
auxiliary diesel engines located aboard or use shoreside power.
Steamships, on the other hand, rarely shut down their plants be-
cause to do so would be complicated and time-consuming. While
operating their boilers at reduced loads in port, steamships re-
ceive power from shoreside connections to provide the supplemental
electricity and steam necessary to satisfy their needs.
The number of vessels entering and leaving the ports in the
counties in the study area was obtained from Reference 67, which
also denoted the types of vessels using the various ports: self-
propelled passenger and dry cargo ships, tankers, tugboats or tow-
boats, and non-self-propelled dry cargo ships and tankers. For
each port within the study area, the number of vessels entering
and leaving that are 18 feet in draft and greater and the esti-
mated number of days each such vessel spends in that port are
shown in Table 4-84.
Vessel days at dockside must be allocated to residual and dis-
tillate oil users. To do this, 1976 estimates of fuel oil sales
for vessel use (bunkering) in Florida were obtained from Reference
68. These estimates of fuel oil sold in each state were then con-
verted to vessel days (VDS), as suggested by References 39 and 66.
The equation used to calculate vessel days is as follows:
VDSi = Fs1/r. 05)
4-104
-------
where
= total YDS for fuel oil i statewide
F • = annual statewide fuel sales for fuel oil i
r- = fuel consumption rate for fuel oil i while hoteling
1 (600 gallons per day per vessel for distillate oil,
and 1,900 gallons per day per vessel for residual
oil)
The total possible VDS in the state (distillate VDS plus re-
sidual VDS) was determined, and from this and the individual
totals the distributions of the two vessel types were calculated.
Table 4-83 reports the fuel oil sales by states and the corres-
ponding distribution of distillate and residual VDS. These per-
centages should only be considered working estimates because the
distillate fuel taken on by vessels of less than 18 feet draft
has not been taken into account. To compensate for these vessels
would require estimating their fuel use for the entire state,
which is outside of the scope of this study.
Table 4-83. FUEL OIL SALES AND IN-PORT VESSEL DAYS (VDS)
DISTRIBUTION FOR FLORIDA, 1976
Fuel Sale
(x 103 gal)
Distillate
730
Residual
2,840
VDS Distribution
(Percent)
Distillate
42.5
Residual
57.5
The fuel consumption rates for each port in the study area
were computed by use of the following equation:
4-105
-------
Hy - VDSjVj .(16)
where
H" = annual hotel ing fuel consumption rate of fuel type i
^ in port/harbor j
VDSi = total annual vessel days in port/harbor j
J
t- = fraction of VDS that is of fuel type i
r- = fuel consumption rate for fuel oil i while hotel ing
1 (equation 15)
The results of employing equation 16 are shown in Table 4-84.
The calculation of underway fuel consumption resulting from
vessel movement within ports and through channels has become a
complex apportioning process. The methodology suggested by Ref-
erence 39 is based on determining in-port fuel oil for the entire
state, then deducting that amount from the estimated fuel oil
sales for the state. This value is then apportioned to each of
the ports or waterways, based on the tonnage of cargo handled in
these areas. This method requires that in-port fuel consumption
for all counties in the state be computed. However, it does not
take into account the fuel that is taken on in port and consumed
in the open sea, where the resulting emissions have no impact on
the counties. Therefore, a new method of estimating underway fuel
consumption for a limited number of counties within a state was
developed. The methodology that was used to estimate underway
fuel consumption was based on determining the annual underway
mileage within each county and then applying underway fuel con-
sumption rates.
Each county's underway mileage was estimated by the following
method. The mileages of each shipping lane within each county in
4-106
-------
Table 4-84. IN-PORT VESSEL DAYS AND IN-PORT FUEL CONSUMPTION, 1976
o
•vj
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Port
Port Everglades Harbor
Miami Harbor
Intracoastal Waterway,
Miami to Key West
Miami River
Intracoastal Waterway,
Jacksonville to Miami
Jacksonville Harbor
St. Johns River,
Jacksonville to
Lake Larney
Intracoastal Waterway,
Jacksonville to Miami
Atlantic Intracoastal
Waterway between
Norfolk, Va. , and St.
Johns River, Jack-
sonville
No ports
Palm Beach Harbor
Vessels 18 ft
Entering Port
752
1,227
0
0
1,432
0
0
0
41
Days in
Port
2,256
3,681
0
0
4,296
0
0
0
123
Fuel Consumption (xlO gal)
Distillate
632
1,032
0
0
1,205
0
0
0
34.4
Residual
2,464
4,022
0
0
4,693
0
0
0
135 .
-------
the study area, as identified by Reference 67, were estimated using
the best available maps, which range in scale from 1 mi c 0.36 in
to 1 mi = 0.05 in. When a shipping lane bordered more than one
political jurisdiction, the mileage was apportioned to the counties
according to their shoreline mileage along the particular waterway.
The numbers of vessels traveling these lanes were also recorded by
type and draft (Reference 67). Combining the number of vessel
trips with the mileage of each shipping lane and then totaling for
each county yielded the annual vessel mileages shown in Table 4-85.
Estimates of underway fuel consumption required allocations of
the vessel mileage estimates to motorships and steamships. It was
assumed that vessels of less than 18 feet draft were strictly dis-
tillate oil users, i.e., that they are all motorships (Reference 39).
For vessels of 18 feet and greater in draft, the underway mileage
was distributed between residual and distillate oil, as described
in equation 15, except that the fuel consumption rates are 16.5 and
38 gallons per mile for distillate oil-fired motorships and residual
oil-fired steamships, respectively (Reference 39). The percentage
distributions of the two fuel types were calculated in the same man-
ner as those for hotel ing. The calculated percent ratios of distil-
late oil to residual oil are 37.3 to 62.7 for Florida. Applying
this information to the county underway vessel mileage shown in
Table 4-85 results in the fuel consumption rates also shown in
Table 4-85.
Emissions for vessels were based upon the emission factors
shown in Table 4-86 (Reference 9). These factors are dependent
upon operating mode, i.e., hoteling (dockside) and cruise (under-
way). The factor for distillate motorships hoteling was estab-
lished by assuming that distillate oil-fired ships run auxilliary
generators at dockside with a rated output of 500 kw (Reference 69).
Also, PES assumed that a 50 percent load is a reasonable average for
4-108
-------
generator electrical output at dockside. These were the best es-
timates PES could make after contacting several industry sources
(References 69 through 71).
Table 4-85. UNDERWAY FUEL CONSUMPTION, 1976
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange3
Palm Beach
Vessel Mileage
>18 ft
Draft
3,564
14,920
119,900
N/A
205
<18 ft
Draft
17,020
2,939,000
1,796,000
N/A
28,480
Fuel Consumption
(x 103 gal)
Distillate
349
56,000
35,000
—
543
Residual
98.3
412
3,309
—
5.63
No waterways or ports located in Orange County
Table 4-86. TVOC EMISSION FACTORS FOR OCEAN-GOING VESSELS
(pounds per thousand gallons)
Vessel Type
Motors hip
Steamship
Mode
Hotel ing
Underway
Hotel ing
Underway
TVOC Emission Factor
82
50
3.2
.7
Refer to Reference 9, Tables 3.2.3-1, 3.2.3-2,
and 3.2.3-4
4-109
-------
The following equation was used to compute the county TVOC
emissions originating from ocean-going vessels:
(17)
where
Cij
= county TVOC emissions estimate
= fuel consumption by county for operating mode i,
vessel type j (refer to Tables 4-84 and 4-85)
= TVOC emission factor for mode i, vessel type j
Table 4-87 presents VOC emissions from ocean-going vessels in
each county in the study area.
Table 4-87. ESTIMATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM OCEAN-GOING
VESSELS, 1976
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
TVOC
39
1,448
932
N/A
15
4.9.5.1.2 Projections
Information needed to accurately project the 1976 emissions
to 1977, 1932, and 1987 was unavailable. Therefore, after a re-
4-110
-------
view of available existing data, PES used a draft entitled "Florida
Waterport Systems Study" (Reference 11), which provides projections
for the amount of cargo to pass through Florida ports in 1980,
1985, and 1990. The amounts projected for the ports in the study
area are shown in Table 4-88.
The FOOT (publisher of Reference 11) was unable to provide
an accurate accounting of the commodities included in their pro-
jection analysis for the years 1980, 1985, and 1990, so PES could
not utilize 1976 Waterborne Commerce data to develop a growth rate
from 1976 to 1980. To be consistent with the assumptions made in
Reference 11, PES therefore used the annual growth rate arrived at
for 1980 to 1985 for both its 1977 and 1982 emission projections.
These growth rates were applied to the emission figures given in
Table 4-87; Table 4-89 presents the results.
The totals presented in Table 4-89 were then broken down by
reactivity level. Both residual and distillate oil combustion
have the same reactivity profile (11 percent nonreactive, Class I;
89 percent reactive, Class II). This profile was applied to the
calculated emission totals; the results are given in Table 4-89.
4.9.5.2 Recreational Boating
4.9.5.2.1 Base Year Analysis
This category includes small pleasure craft operated on lakes,
rivers, and the ocean. Most of these craft are powered by outboard
motors, but inboard-outdrives using gasoline are also considered
in the study.
To quantify the amount of VOC emissions contributed by recre-
ational boating activities, it was necessary to determine the
amount of gasoline used in each county by recreational boats. To
accomplish this task, fuel consumption within the State of Florida
4-111
-------
Table 4-88. PROJECTED CARGO TONNAGE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATES FOR EACH
IN THE STUDY AREA
County
8 reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Port
Port Everglades
Miami Harbor
Jacksonville
Harbor
--
Palm Beach
Harbor
1980
(1,000 short ton)
11,850
3,907
14,497
--
2.368
1985
(1,000 short ton)
13,183
5,459
16,645
--
3,304
1990
(1,000 short ton)
14,592
7,152
18,498
—
3.440
1980-1985
Growth Rate
2.2
6.9
2.1
—
6.9
1985-1990
Growth Rate
2.1
5.6
2.1
--
0.8
I
_l
_J
ro
a Expressed In percentage per year
-------
Table 4-89. PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM VESSEL ACTIVITY BY REACTIVITY LEVELS
(ton/yr)
I
«»J
co
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1977
TVOC
40
1,550
952
—
16
Class I
4
170
105
--
2
Class II
36
1,380
847
--
14
1982
TVOC
44
2,160
1,060
--
22
Class I
5
238
116
—
2
Class II
40
1,920
940
—
20
1987
TVOC
49
2,840
1,170
—
23
Class I
5
312
129
—
3
Class II
44
2,530
1,040
—
21
-------
was calculated and then allocated to the various counties Included
in the study area.
Reference 1 suggested the National Air Data Branch (NADB)
method for calculating the amount of fuel consumed in the states
by gasoline-powered vessels. The initial step was to ascertain
the number of registered pleasure craft in Florida (Reference 72).
These vessels were then categorized as inboard or outboard boats.
The Florida Department of Registered Boating (Reference 73)
provided PES with information to categorize the boats as either
inboard or outboard. Of the total number of registered boats in
the state, 66,783 are powered by inboard motors while 356,945 are
powered by outboard motors. This gives a percentage breakdown of
16 percent inboard to 84 percent outboard in the state. These
percentages were then applied to the county pleasure craft totals,
thus yielding the number of inboard and outboard boats by county.
Table 4-90 gives the state and county boat registration figures
and the number of inboard and outboard boats registered for each
county.
Table 4-90.
REGISTERED INBOARD AND OUTBOARD RECREATIONAL
BOATS, 1977
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Registered Boats
Inboard
3,785
6,187
3,628
2,994
2,978
Outboard
19,870
32,481
19,045
15,718
15,632
4-114
-------
The next step in the NADB method was to calculate annual in-
board and outboard fuel consumption. County fuel consumption by
boat type can be expressed as:
GCi
where
Gp- = annual rate of gasoline consumption by boat type i in
the county
nr- = total number of small craft of type i registered in
the county
r. = fuel consumption rate for boat type i
k = climatic factor
Small craft powered by inboard out-drives were included with
inboards to estimate fuel use. Reference 39 reports fuel consump-
tion factors of 3 and 1.5 gallons per hour for inboards and out-
boards, respectively. The "k" factor was a climatic factor which
accounted for a longer pleasure boating season in warmer areas.
For the purposes of this study, "k" represented the number of months
during the year which had a mean temperature that exceeded 55°F
(Reference 57). Reference 65 was used to determine the monthly
mean temperature for all of the counties situated within the study
area. All of the counties have a "k" factor of 12 except for Du-
val, which has a value of 11 . For the resulting gasoline consump-
tion rates, refer to Table 4-91.
4-115
-------
Table 4-91. ESTIMATES OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BY RECREATIONAL
BOATS AND RESULTING VOC EMISSIONS, 1977
County
Broward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
Gasoline
Consumption
Inboard
1,363
2,227
1.197
1,078
1.072
Outboard
3,577
5,847
3.142
2,829
2,814
VOC Emissions6
TVOC
2,030
3,310
1.780
1.600
1,590
Class I
243
357
214
192
191
Class II
1,780
2,910
1.570
1,410
1,400
8 Expressed In thousands of gallons per year
b Expressed in tons per year
Equation 19 illustrates the method of calculating annual county
TVOC emissions:
:C=I>ifi
(19)
where
fi
annual rate of exhaust TVOC emissions for recreational
boating in the county
annual rate of fuel consumption for boat type i
exhaust TVOC emission factor for boat type i
The applicable TVOC emission factors are 86 pounds per 1,000
gallons for inboard craft and 1,100 pounds per 1,000 gallons for
outboard craft (Reference 9). The results of these calculations
are shown in Table 4-91. These totals were then distributed by
reactivity level. Because recreational small craft have light-
4-116
-------
duty engines, the reactivity profile for two- and four-stroke LD
equipment (listed under gasoline-powered mobile sources in Table
3-1) was used.
The TVOC emission factors used to compute the emissions take
into account the scrubbing action of the water into which much of
the exhaust emitted by small craft is expelled. However, the re-
activity profile for light-duty engine exhaust does not reflect the
effects of this scrubbing on pollutants such as aldehydes. There-
fore, the emissions distributions can only be considered rough
working estimates.
Only exhaust gases from small-craft motors were considered in
this inventory. Crankcase and evaporative emissions were assumed
to be negligible on the basis of available information and engi-
neering judgment.
4.9.5.2 Projections
The projected VOC emissions for each county within the study
area were based upon their respective anticipated population growth/
decline for 1982 and 1987 (refer to Section 2.2). The results are
shown in Table 4-92.
Table 4-92.
PROJECTED VOC EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL BOATING
(ton/yr)
County
B reward
Dade
Duval
Orange
Palm Beach
1982
TVOC
2.430
3,520
1.890
1,800
1,910
Class I
291
423
227
216
229
Class II
2.140
3,100
1.660
1,590
1,680
TVOC
2,800
3.790
2,100
2,010
2,210
1987
Class I
336
454
253
241
265
Class 11
2,470
3,330
1,850
1,770
1,940
4-117
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4.0
1. Workshop on Requirements for Nonattalnment Area Plans. U.S. EPA,
March 1978
2. Directory of Florida Industries. 1978, Florida Chamber of
Commerce, Tallahassee, Florida 92301
3. "Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds," Volume 1, U.S. EPA, December 1977
(EPA 450/2-77/028)
4. "Tampa Bay Area Photochemical Oxidant Study AQMA," Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc., Santa Monica, Ca. 90404,
Seotember 1978 (EPA 904/9-77-016)
5. "Forty-Seven County Hydrocarbon Area Source Emissions Inventory,"
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., February 1978
(EPA 905/4-78-001)
6. County Business Patterns 1975. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Census
7. "Oil and Gas Journal," Petroleum Publishing Co., Tulsa,
Oklahoma, March 20, 1978
8. Norton, L. "Evaluation of Emissions From Onshore Drilling
Producing and Storing of Oil and Gas, Pacific Environmental
Services, Inc., Santa Monica, Ca. 90404, August 1978
(EPA 450/3-78-047)
9. "Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors," Publication
No. AP-42 (Supplements 1 through 7), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle
Park, N.C., February 1977
10. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 2, U.S. Department
of the Army, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, La., December 1976
11. Florida Water Port Systems Study (draft), Florida Department
of Transportation, 1978
12. "Control of Hydrocarbons From Tank Truck Gasoline Loading
Terminals," OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711,
October 1977 (EPA 450/2-77-026)
13. "Control of Volatile Organic Emissions From Bulk Gasoline Plants,"
OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711, December
1977 (EPA 450/2-77-035)
4-118
-------
14. "1977 Gasoline Sales," Florida Department of Revenue, Tax
Division
15. Hemphill, John, "Gasoline Consumption," U.S. Federal Energy
Administration, March 5, 1975.
16. Dupree, Walter G., Jr., and Corsentino, John S., United States
Energy Through the Year 2000 (Revised), U.S. Bureau of Mines,
December 1975
17. Sebulsky, R.T., "Refinery Yields to Become More Alike,"
Oil and Gas Journal. Volume 75, No. 35, August 1977
18. Symonds, Edward, "Energy Plan Offers Prizes to All," Petroleum
Economist, Volume 44, No. 5, May 1972
19. Ormiston, R.M., "Supplying Gasoline for Tomorrow's Cars,"
SAE Journal, Volume 85, No. 9, September 1977
20. Scott, John, "U.S. Setting Pace for World Operations,"
Petroleum Engineer International. Volume 49, No. 6, June 1977
21. "Energy Outlook 1978-1990," Exxon Co., U.S.A., May 1978
22. National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA), Sales Survey for
the Year 1976. Washington D.C.
23. Telephone conversations with representatives of Sinclair Paints,
Tumas Paint, Inc., Centinela Hardware, Cox Byron Paints, Inc.,
Olympic Paints, Colony Paints, Universal Paint, Chem-Guard
Product, and Reliance Hardware, Inc., Spring 1978
24. DiGasborro, Philip, and Bernstein, Merle, Methodology for
Inventorying Hydrocarbons, GCA Corporation, Bedford, Mass. 01730,
March 1976 (EPA 600/4-76-013)
25. Industrial Solvents Handbook, Second Edition, Noyes Data
Corporation, Park Ridge, N.J. 07656, 1977
26. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current
Population Reports, "Population Estimates and Projections,"
Series P-25, No. 716, Washington, D.C., December 1977,
pp. 1, 6, 11, 15
27. Telephone communication with J. Wilson, OAQPS, U.S. EPA,
June 1978
4-119
-------
28. "Control of Volatile Organic Emissions From Drycleaning
Operations," U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711,
February 1977
29. Speech by William E. Fisher, Administrator, International
Fabricare Institute, Research Division, EPA Hydrocarbon
Control Workshop, Chicago, 111., July 1977
30. "Control of Volatile Organic Compounds From Use of Cutback
Asphalt," U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711,
December 1977 (EPA 450/2-77-037)
31. Correspondence from R.D. Cannon, P.E., Engineer of Roadway
Maintenance, Florida Department of Transportation, June 27, 1978
32. Correspondence from A.T. Sawicki, P.E., Assistant Pollution
Control Director, Orange County Pollution Control Department
via Charles M. Collins, P.E., Air and Solid Waste Engineering,
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, July 31, 1978
33. Telephone communication with A.T. Sawicki, P.E., Assistant
Pollution Control Director, Orange County Pollution Control
Department, September 27, 1978
34. Correspondence from Gary D. Carlson, Air Section Chief,
Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board, Enclosure,
September 5, 1978
35. Correspondence from Duval County Department of Environmental
Regulation, Enclosure, June 30, 1978
36. Asphalt Consumption Data, Calendar Year 1977, Dade County
Public Works Department, August 1978
37. Telephone communication with Roy Robayna, Dade County Public
Works Department, Highway Division, September 1978
38. Forecasts of Future Supply and Demand of Energy in Florida,
Florida State Energy Office, Department of Administration,
February 1978
39 AEROS Manual Series, Volume II: AEROS User's Manual.
December 1976 (EPA 450/2-76-029)
40. 1970 Census of Housing. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Census, Washington, D.C.
4-120
-------
41. Communication with Gary D. Carlson, Broward County Environmental
Quality Control Board, June 30, 1978
^
42. Communication with Robert E. Johns, Metropolitan Dade County,
Environmental Resources Management, July 5 and August 1, 1978
43. Conmunication with the Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation, June 30, 1978
44. Telephone communication with Lt. Hurst, Jacksonville Fire
Marshall's Office, August 10, 1978
45. Telephone communication with State of Florida, Division of
Forestry, August 10, 1978
46. Communication with Jacksonville Area Planning Board,
August 3, 1978 .
47. Communication with Charles M. Collins, Department of Environ-
mental Regulations, Air and Solid Waste Engineering
48. Communication with Palm Beach County Air Pollution, Division
of Environmental Science and Engineering, June 29, 1978
49. Telephone conversation with Mike Martin, Palm Beach County
Health Department, Division of Environmental Science and
Engineering Air Pollution Control, September 26, 1978
50. Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory
Methodology for the Regional Air Pollution Study,
September 1975 (EPA 450/3-75-078)
51. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds. Volume I, U.S. EPA, December 1977
52. Annual Report. 1977, Palm Beach County Health Department,
Division of Environmental Science and Engineering Air Pollution
Control
53. Telephone communication with Mr. Sweeton, State of Florida,
Division of Forestry, September 25, 1978
54. Telephone communication with Mike Schnegenburger, State of
Florida, Division of Forestry, September 25, 1978
55. 1969 and 1974 Census of Agriculture, Volume I - Area Reports,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census
4-121
-------
56. 1972 Series E PEERS Projections. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Economic Affairs, Office of Business Economics, and
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service,
for the U.S. Water Quality Council
57. Hare, C.T., "Methodology for Estimating Emissions From Off-
Highway Mobile Sources for the RAPS Program," U.S. EPA,
October 1974 (EPA 450/3-75-002)
58. Hare, C.T. and Springer, K.J., "Exhaust Emissions From
Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal
Combustion Engines - Part 5, Heavy-Duty Farm, Construction,
and Industrial Engines," U.S. EPA, Contract No. EHS 70-108,
October 1973
59. 1970 Census of Housing, "Detailed Housing Characteristics,"
HC-B Series, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C., 1970
60. Annual Housing Survey: 1976, General Housing Characteristics
Part A, Series H-150-75A, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., April 1977
61. U.S. Department of Commerce, Current Industrial Reports:
Internal Combustion Engines, Series MA-35L, 1974
62. "Methodology for Inventorying Hydrocarbons," U.S. EPA, Office
of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 27711,
March 1976 (EPA 600/4-76-013)
63. Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. (MIC), 1977 Motorcycle
Statistical Annual. Newport Beach, California
64. Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. (MIC), Survey of Motorcycle
Ownership, Usage, and Maintenance, Part wll, "Motorcycle
Usage: Street vs. Off-Road," Newport Beach, California,
October 24, 1975
65. Local CUmatological Data, "Annual Summary with Comparative
Data," U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Center,
Asheville, N.C., 1975
66. Guide for Compiling and Comprehensive Emission Inventory,
Second Edition, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 27711,
December 1974 (Publication No. APTO-1135)
4-122
-------
67. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 1 and 2, U.S.
Department of the Army, Corps of ENgineers, New Orleans, La.,
December 1976
68. Telephone communication with Mary Zitomer, U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration, Division of Oil and
Gas Statistics, August 25, 1978
69. Telephone communication with the United States Coast Guard,
Marine Inspections Department, Long Beach, Ca., September 6, 1978
70. Telephone communication with Ivan Kraft, Port Engineer from
American President Lines, San Pedro, Ca., September 6, 1978
71. Telephone communication with a port engineer from Delta Queen
Steamboat Company, Santa Monica, Ca., September 6, 1978
72. Communication with Otho B. Clark, Chief of the Florida Department
of Natural Resources, Crown Building, Tallahassee, Fla.
73. Telephone communication with Mary Louise Thomas of the Department
of Registered Boating in Tallahassee, Fla., June 27, 1978
74. U.S. Weather Bureau Climatic Summary of the United States,
Supplement for 1951 through 1960, Department of Commerce, 1964
75. Peterson, P.R., Bakshi, P.S., Kokin, A., and Norton, L.,
"Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Petroleum Liquid
Storage," Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Santa Monica,
Ca. 90404, March 1978 (EPA 450/3-78-012)
76. Telephone communication with Robert E. Johns, Environmental
Resource Management, Dade County, Fla., December 1978
77. "Ten Year Power Plant Site Plan 1978-1987," Florida Power and
Light Company, Miami, Florida, April 1, 1978
78. "Ten Year Power Plant Site Plan," Jacksonville Electric
Authority
79. Myers, J.P., and Benesh, F. "Methodologies for Countywide
Estimation of Coal, Gas, and Organic Solvent Consumption,"
Walden Research Division of Abcor, Inc., Cambridge,
Massachusetts, December 1975 (EPA 450/3-75-086)
80. County Business Patterns, 1974, U.S. Department of Commerce
Bureau of the Census
4-123
-------
5.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS
A summary of estimated Class II VOC emissions for the base
year is given in Table 5-1. Totals are shown for each of the
source categories listed in the "Summary Format for VOC" (Reference
1). As expected, a brief analysis of Table 5-1 shows that the
largest contribution of Class II emissions is highway vehicles,
which accounted for 60 percent of the total emissions and more
than half of the emissions in each county. The next largest
category was storage, transportation, and marketing of petroleum
products. This group accounted for over one-third of Class II
stationary emissions in the study area. Emissions attributed to
this group were significantly higher in Broward and Duval Counties
because of the centralized marketing activities (gasoline bulk
plants and terminals) located there. Petroleum refineries,
which can be a significant VOC source, were not found in the study
area.
Projected 1982 and 1987 Class II emissions for stationary and
mobile sources are presented by the "Summary Format for VOC"
(Reference 1) in Tables 5-2 and 5-3, respectively. Emissions are
also summarized for stationary and mobile sources in the base
year and projected years in Table 5-4. Emissions presented in these
tables reflect the most recent projection information available
both from publications and directly from the sources. As indicated
in Tables 5-1 and 5-3, 1987 Class II emissions from highway sources
will be reduced by approximately 50 percent. This reduction is
attributed to the continued implementation of a Federal Motor
Vehicle Control Program. Conversely, these tables show a 1987
increase in Class II emissions from stationary sources of 2 percent.
5-1
-------
Table 5-1. COUNTY SUMMARIES OF CLASS II VOC EMISSIONS, 1977
(ton/yr)
Source Category
Petrolein
refineries
Storage, trans-
portation and
marketing of
petroleum
products
Industrial
processes
Industrial
surface
coating
Won industrial
surface
coating
Other solvent
use
Other
•tscellaneous
sources
Total Class II lm
Mobile sources
Source
Refinery fugitives (leaks)
Miscellaneous sources
Other
Oil and gas production
fields
natural gas and natural gaso-
line processing plants
Gasoline and crude oil
storage1
Ship and barge transfer of
gasoline and crude oil
Bulk gasoline terminals6
Gasoline bulk plants'1
Service station loading
(Stage I)
Service station unloading
(Stage 11)
Other
Organic chemical Manufacture
Paint manufacture
Vegetable oil processing
Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Plastic products Manufacture
Rubber products Manufacture
Textile polyMers Manufacture
Other
Large appliances
Magnet wire
Automobiles
Cans
Metal colls
Paper
Fabric
Metal furniture
Hood furniture
Flat wood products
Other Metal products
Other
Architectural coatings
Auto refinishing
Other
Decreasing
Dr /cleaning
Graphic arts
Adhesive*
Cutback asphalt
Other
Fuel combustion
Solid waste disposal
Forest, agricultural,
and other open burning
iss'ons From Stationary Sources
Highway vehicles
Off -highway vehicles
Rail
A1 reran
Vessels
Total cms II Emissions From Mobile Sources
Grand Total of Class II Emissions
§ reward
0
0
0
0
0
2.340
1.690
3.880
1
2.140
2.170
401
0
41
0
0
6
22
2
149
0
3
168
0
0
79
0
56
21
0
327
768
1,830
209
117
z.seo
S66
KB
0
481
42
166
67
572
Z1.90C
43.200
2.510
137
1.100
1.820
46 ,800
70.700
Dade
0
0
0
0
0
7
4
0
0
3.130
3.160
241
32
227
0
0
13
163
176
561
0
4
60
0
0
0
0
201
188
0
661
814
2,930
462
186
Z.580
1.450
2.360
376
401
2.720
ZR
45
1.800
25,200
57,900
4.400
151
5.850
4.290
7Z .600
97 .BOO
Ouval
0
0
0
0
0
3.400
830
2.490
2
1.450
1.460
900
382
67
0
0
17
10
4
1.130
0
0
77
116
0
337
0
6
14
69
352
573
1,170
185
74
1.660
586
506
0
3.920
156
631
2
888
23.500
33.500
1.890
141
1.910
2.420
39,900
63.400
Orange
0
0
0
0
0
102
0
82S
0
1,300
1,310
8
0
22
0
0
274
1
0
17
0
12
26
76
0
3X13
0
11
17
1
68
324
857
135
54
1.Z10
659
128
0
116
0
107
11
1.940
9.910
24.600
1.590
44
308
1.410
26.000
37.900
Pain
Beach
0
0
0
0
0
MEG
0
0
0
1.140
1,150
64
0
17
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
0
44
0
0
2
0
2
12
0
109
242
1.010
159
64
1.4ZO
405
128
0
17
0
796
12
8.660
15,500
27,800
1.480
88
336
1.410
31 ,100
46.600
Total
C
0
0
0
0
5,850
2,500
7,200
3
9.160
9.250
i.eio
414
374
0
0
310
196
182
1.880
0
19
37S
192
0
721
0
• 276
252
70
1.520
2.720
7,800
1,230
495
9.45C
3.670
4,030
376
4.940
2.92C
1,900
137
13,900
9l ,OOC
187,000
11,900
561
9,500
11,400
zzc.ooc
31£ .ODC
• includes all storage facilities except those at service stations
b [missions from loading tank trucks and rail cars
c Emissions from storage and transfer operations
5-2
-------
Table 5-2. COUNTY SUMMARIES OF CLASS II VOC EMISSIONS, 1982
(ton/yr)
Source Category
"etroleur.
refineries
Storage, trans-
portation and
marketing of
petroletn
products
Industrial
processes
"Industrial
surface
coating
Tionindustrial
surface
Ttther solvent
use
Other
miscellaneous
sources
^Tota] Class II I
"Mobile sources
Source
Refinery fugitives (leaks)
Miscellaneous sources
Other
Oil and gas production
fields
Natural gas and natural gaso-
line processing plants
Gasoline and crude oil
storage8
Ship and barge transfer of
gasoline and crude oil
Bulk gasoline tertnr\alsb
Gasoline bulk plants'1
Service station loading
(Stage I)
Service station unloading
(Stage II)
Other
Paint manufacture
Vegetable oil processing
Pharmaceutical manufacture
Plastic products manufacture
Rubber products manufacture
Textile polymers manufacture
Other
Magnet wire
Automobiles
Metal coils
Paper
Fabric
Metal furniture
Mood furniture
flat wood products
Other metal products
Other
architectural coatings
Auto rcflnishing
Other
Degreasing
Dryc lean ing
Graphic arts
Adhesives
Cutback asphalt
Other
Fuel combustion
Solid waste disposal
Forest, agricultural.
missions Fron Sta*. ipnary >ourte>
Highway vehicles
Off-highway vehicles
Rail
Aircraft
Vessels
•Uttinrx, Fr«r Hobi le sources
Broward
0
0
0
0
0
2,310
1.880
3.830
1
Z.MO
2.140
395
0
48
0
0
7
26
2
192
0
4
198
0
Q
93
0
66
25
0
385
952
1.500
319
129
3.040
679
949
0
481
63
562
0
576
• l!:7oo
2.820
130
1.240
2.180
T" «D,000
"Crane Total of Class 11 L»i«ions 1 D*,BW
Dade
~B~
0
0
0
0
7
4
0
0
3,080
3.120
23E
37
269
0
0
15
190
257
636
0
5
69
0
0
0
0
235
219
0
759
920
453
183
1.S40
2.640
401
3i54C
SO
1.740
4,830
141
6.49C
5,020
55, IOC
81,900
Duval
D~
0
0
0
0
3,350
923
2.460
2
1.430
1.440
887
5TT~
68
0
0
18
10
4
1.130
0
80
69
0
348
6
15
KEG
429
587
181
73
''Si
Z75
Q
3.920
156
3
868
1,970
132
2.00C
2.600
30 .tOu
54 .OOt
Orange
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
813
0
1.280
1,290
8
25
0
0
246
1
0
19
,2
29
94
0
339
12
19
1
78
343
140
57
''Ml
143
Q
116
0
12
1.850
1.68C
41
396
1.590
Zl ,400
Pal*
Beech
D
0
0
0
0
KG
NEG
0
0
1,120
1,140
63
19
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
50
0
2
2
14
124
302
176
71
486
150
0
17
0
14
8,540
1,690
82
511
1.700
25.20C
Total
"
0
0
0
0
5.770
2.81C
7, ICO
3
9.020
9.130
1.59C
429
0
286
227
263
2.010
??
376
213
0
782
Q
321
292
1,780
3,100
1.Z70
513
4,070
4.160
538
4.94C
3,760
79
13.60C
13.00;
52(
10,60
13.10
172,00
• includes all storage facilities except those at service stations
fc Emissions from loading tank trucks and rail cars
e Emissions from Storage and transfer operations
5-3
-------
Table 5-3. COUNTY SUMMARIES OF CLASS II VOC EMISSIONS, 1987
(ton/yr)
Source Category
Petrol eir
refineries
Storage, trans-
portation and
marketing of
petroleum
products
Industrial
processes
Industrial
surface
coating
Nonindustrial
surface
Uther solvent
use
•mer
•iscellaneous
sources
Hob ile sources
Total Class II E
Source
Refinery fugitives (leaks)
Miscellaneous sources
Other
Oil and gas production
fields
Natural gas and natural gaso-
line processing plants
Gasoline and crude oil
storage*
Ship and barge transfer of
gasoline and crude oil
Bulk gasoline terminals1"
Gasoline bulk plantsc
Service station loading
(Stage 1)
Service station unloading
(Stage 11)
Other
Organic chemical Manufacture
Paint manufacture
Vegetable oil processing
Pharmaceutical manufacture
Plastic products manufacture
Rubber products manufacture
Textile polymers manufacture
Other
Large appliances
Magnet wire
Automobiles
Cans
Metal coils
Paper
Fabric
Metal furniture
Hood furniture
Flat wood products
Other metal products
Other
Architectural coatings
Auto refinlshing
Other
Degreasing
Orycleaning
Graphic arts
Adheslves
Cutback asphalt
Other
Solid waste disposal
Forest, agricultural ,
and other open burning
Highway vehicles
Off-high.*/ vehicles
Rail
Aircraft
Vessels
isOons From Mobile Sources
"Crane1 Total of Class I Emissions
Broward
0
0
0
0
0
2.180
2,090
3.620
1
1.990
2,020
373
0
57
0
0
8
30
2
236
0
4
232
0
0
109
0
77
29
0
451
1,090
1.060
339
137
3.570
783
1.040
0
481
84
437
0
579
;3 IOC
ztyoo
3.140
120
1.360
2.510
3fl!80C
53 .950
Oade
0
0
0
0
0
7
6
0
0
2.910
2.940
224
44
304
0
0
18
222
337
722
0
5
73
0
0
0
0
273
253
0
869
1.070
1.400
448
181
3.510
1.650
2.930
700
401
4.040
53
1.720
87 806"
?i!ioo
5.320
131
7,010
5,860
43.466"
7' ,200
Ouval
0
0
0
0
0
3,170
1,020
2,320
2
1.350
1.360
838
513
69
0
0
18
11
4
1.130
0
0
83
69
0
360
0
6
15
KG
431
601
185
75
1.7*T^
693
275
0
3.920
156
95T~
3
830
82 BOC
15)700
2,120
124
2,150
2.890
2i!M6
45,800
Orange
0
0
0
0
0
94
0
76E
0
1,210
1,220
8
JT
27
0
0
252
1
0
21
IT"
15
32
94
0
376
0
14
21
1
85
347
7
144
60
1.50C
827
159
0
116
0
14
1.780
gVgr
11I70C
1,790
38
498
1.770
' 15866 "
257^
Palni
Beach
1T~
0
0
0
0
NEC
NtG
0
0
1,060
1.070
60
B
22
0
0
0
0
0
34
0
57
0
0
2
0
2
16
0
142
342
187
75
,850
561
170
0
17
0
16
8,420
1.910
76
760
1.960
- ISlttC
Tola'
D
0
c
0
0 '
-,*•-'-
3.12Q '
£,?io ;
3
8,520 |
8,610 i
1 ;TT
'ill 1
479 !
0 '
29?
264 i
343
2,150
24
477
163
0
847
0
372
334
0
1.980
3,«40
1.300
526
4.510
4.570
' 700
4.940
4,280
86
13,30r
14,300
489
li.eo:
i i .so:
| 34t9u\, , <-.,ni".. ,
• Includes all storage facilities eieept those at service stations
b Emissions fro» loading tank trucks and rail cars
c Emissions fro* storage and transfer operations
5-4
-------
Table 5-4. PROJECTED STATIONARY AND MOBILE SOURCE CLASS II
VOC EMISSIONS
(ton/yr)
Source Category
Broward County
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
Dade County
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
Duval County
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
Orange County
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
Palm Beach County
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
(1977)
21,900
48,800
70,700
25,200
72,600
97,800
23,500
39,900
63,400
9,910
28,000
37,900
15,500
31,100
46,600
1982
22,800
40,000
62,800
26,800
55,100
81,900
23,400
30,600
54,000
9,960
21 ,400
31 ,400
15,600
25,200
40,800
1987
23,100
30,800
53,900
27,800
43,400
71,200
22,800
23,000
45,800
9,680
15,800
25,500
15,600
19,300
34.900
5-5
-------
This is apparent because no stationary source emission reductions
contingent upon the implementation of control measures prescribed
by Control Technique Guidelines (CTG) documents were made. Esti-
mates of emission reductions from the implementation of these
control measures were made in Phase II activities of this contract.
5.2 EMISSION ESTIMATE SCHEDULING
As discussed earlier, a number of assumptions were made in the
evaluation of various source categories because of time constraints
during the study. An aggressive pursuit of pertinent source data
could not be made for some sources due to this time element. For
example, a large shipyard in Duval County refused to submit requested
data; VOC estimates from the Duval Agency showed approximately
360 tons per year being emitted but the actual figure could be much
higher. The only data gathering method apparently available to
determine precise quantities of emissions from the many activities
located at the shipyard was through the "Section 114" process.
However, this process required more time than was available for
this study. Control strategy development for this source was
therefore not possible.
There were also many sources whose personnel could not answer
necessary technical questions. This was typified, as discussed
earlier, by the many lithographic printing facilities that utilized
oil-based ink known only by its trade name. Since the suppliers
considered this information to be proprietary, an assumption had
to be made regarding the ink's solvent content.
Finally, to better quantify emissions attributed to various
area source categories (e.g., drycleaning, degreasing) an
extensive, time consuming survey needs to be conducted, as dis-
in the subsequent section.
5-6
-------
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
There are a number of areas which will require further investi-
gation to help define VOC emission estimates. The first area which
should be addressed are point sources for which complete data was
not received. This information is extremely important when apply-
ing emissions reduction strategies.
Another area requiring further investigation is drycleaning.
There is much speculation in the subject counties, especially those
in southern Florida, that drycleaning emissions are considerably lower
than the old AP-42 (Reference 2) per capita figure of 2.0 pounds
because of the relatively tropical climate in Florida. Broward
County personnel, for example, have suggested that a 0.167 per
capita figure be employed. Because of the lack of specific in-
formation, this study employed an approach based upon average
throughput per type of drycleaning plant located in each county
(Refer to Section 4.6.2). Reflected values were considerably
higher than 0.167. An aggressive questionnaire survey is required
therefore to obtain better estimates. Such a survey is presently
being conducted in Duval County, which will help define drycleaning
emission estimates there.
As discussed in Section 4.6.1.1, degreasing activities also
require further attention. No method was available to quantify
degreasing emissions other than national apportioning techniques.
Total degreasing consumptions were received during source visits,
but these values are not all-inclusive. A random survey of area
source categories is required to verify results from the national
approach.
Moreover, to seasonalize solid waste burning, further investi-
gation is required to determine the time of year these activities
are conducted. As an example, most forest-control burning is
5-7
-------
conducted during Florida's winter season, but the exact amount
could not be ascertained. Information supplied from Broward County
indicated that all forest-controlled burning was from September
through April. Contact with the Florida Division of Forestry
could not resolve this issue.
Finally, an extensive survey will be required in the study
areas to help quantify evaporative area source emissions. During
source visits, PES covered as many potential sources as time
allowed, but because of the large number of these sources, only
a small percentage were evaluated. Although a significant portion
of emissions attributed to area sources are small, a few source
categories emit enough emissions to warrant investigation, especially
for control strategy development. When area sources are not in-
vestigated, exaggerated emissions may result. This is sometimes
caused by overinflated emission factors or by assigning employee
emissions for a manufacturing SIC number, which actually may con-
sist only of a storage warehouse for that SIC code. Conversely,
emissions may be underestimated because evaporative sources listed
in the guideline documents are not surveyed (Reference 3).
5-8
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5.0
1. Workshop on Requirements for Nonattainment Area Plans. U.S.
EPA, March 1978
2. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," Second Edition,
Publication No. AP-42, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
27711, Aoril 1973
3. "Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Volatile Organic Compounds," Volume 1, U.S. EPA, December 1977
(EPA 450/2-77/028)
5-9
-------
APPENDIX A
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Figure A-l is a copy of the questionnaire used by PES engineers
as part of the interview phase of the plant visits described in
Section 4.1.1. The engineering analysis of the facilities was not
based solely on the data gathered by the questionnaire; rather,
questionnaire data were augmented by plant flow diagrams, logs of
various process variables, control device characteristics, and
source test data wherever possible.
The questionnaire also provided an effective data gathering
tool when plant personnel did not have the appropriate information
at hand. In these cases, the questionnaire was left with the plant
engineer for subsequent mailing to PES.
A-l
-------
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Date
1. Company Name:.
Plant Address:,
City:
21p Code:
Nearest Cross Street:
Address (1f different than above):.
City:. Z1P Code:_
2. Person to contact about forrc:
Telephone: Title:.
3. Year for which the data represents:.
4. Approximate number of amployees:
5. Nature of business (SIC ):
County:
6. Normal operating schedule:
hrs/day
7. Seasonal operation:
Dec to Feb «
Mar to Hay *
days/wk
wks/yr
June to Aug
Sept to Nov
8. Anticipated growth of company (percentage Increase (*) or decrease (-)
based on the year for which the data are gathered)
1982
196?
Other
9. Briefly Indicate the changes 1n the use of VOC and/or fuels between 19~7
•nd the years 1975 and 197£. In addition. Indicate any control
that has beer, added since 1975.
A-2
-------
10. Describe how these data were collected, e.a., phone, plant visit, etc.
11. Briefly describe the visit to the plant.
A-3
-------
It*.
1. Material-" being coated (newspapers, books, cartons, cans, etc.):
Z. Process Information:
Source
No.*
Indicate Print In*
Process (letterpress.
Lithographic. Cravure.
Screen, etc.)
Indicate. Type
of Ink (solvent
based, oil bused.
water based, etc.)
Annual Amount of
Ink Used
(Ibs/yr)
Amount of sol-
vent In Ink as
received fro*
suppl ler, t by
weight
Solvents Added to Inks
Type**
Amount,
Gfll/Yr.
-O
73
o
TJ
rn
5
3. Type** and amount of solvent used for aurface preparation, dilution and cleaning not Included above:
Type , Amount (G«l/Yr)
Type , Amount (Cai/Yr)
4. Type** and amount of solvent returned to supplier for disposal or reprocessing.
Type_ . Amount (Cal/Yr)
Type _ , Amount (Cal/Yr)
5, Oo you have any air pollution control equipment In use? TBS NO
If YES, please complete the next page.
»A source Is an Individual or n.iwher of simitar printing machines, dryers, etc
No. In Section Tib. Air Pollution Control Equipment, If nppllcnMr.
**lsopropvl Alcohol, F.ihanol. Propanol. Haptha/Mlneral Spirits. Toluene. MFK, other (specify).
tt should correspond to the Source
-------
AT* prM.U'Tiott omTHot ETIITPMF.NT
Instruction*:
1. A number should be assigned to each piece of equipment that emits hydrocarbons or to a number of similar units that
• re vented to a common sf.ick. The Source No. helow should correspond to the section previously filled out. If simi-
lar equipment have different control equipment please separate tlir source numher as: a, h or c. (Example: 101«,
lOlb, lOlc).
2. Identify the process or operation from which hydrocarbons are emitted. For example,.dry cleaner, decreasing tank,
spray booth, reactor, etc. If more than one unit Is emitting to a common stuck, specify the number of units.
3. Identify the hydrocarbon control method used such as afterburners, scrubbers, carbon adsorption, condensers, etc.
4. Indicate approximate efficiency If known.
in EXAMPLE
Source
No.
9<>
Process or Operation
FlexoRraphlc
Hydrocarbon Control
Equipment
Afterburner
F.fflclency of Control
Equipment
9BZ
O
O
-o
m
g
o
O
z
m
-------
1. Tvpe of deereaslnp.: (~^~) Cold solvent cle.inlnp,
(~) Vapor
?, Tvpe and amount of nnlvrnt used In dep.rcaslnp. operation.
a. StotMird (C.H/Yr) d. Methylene chloride (Cat/Yr)
h. 1, 1, l-Trlchlororthane e. Tr(chloroetlivlene (O.il/Yr)
(rhlnrothene Vi:) \<..-iirTr; , , ... , /v_«
_ f_ Other (specify) __ («..il/Yr) ^
c. Prrchloroethvlrne (Cal/Yr) ,.. , /v,» M
—- g. Other (sperlfv) _ _ I'.nl/Yr) ^_,
1. Supplier", of Solvent
O
Name: Trade Nnme of Solvent: m
. J.J
Address: f&
3>
Trade Nnme of Solvent: £°,
If YES, enter appropriate Information In Section IV, Part TVc.
CT>
O
t>
m
ft. W.ist'1 sr-lvrnt dlopos.il method (Please check appropriate method or methods used for the dfspos.il of waste solvents).
I ' I
a. tllsrh.irp.fd Int.o r.ewer £~| d. Incinerator [~J] JO
b. Rfr 1,1)neil hv i.ilv.iRer p~J e. Other (specify) ""*
IO
C. O'mmrrclat dlspnsnl | [ 2T
l/l
'. Specify tin- tvpr .in«l .imount nf each solvent returned for reprocessing or disposal to sfllv.iper. If applicant*.
Tvpe Amount (r.al/Yr)
Tvpp Amount (C.il/Yr)
ft. Is ,mv .ilr pollution r»nl rol ui:rd In conduction with dep.reaslnp. opcr.it Ions?
Yrs NO
-------
IVa. TECHNICAL IMTA
1. Brief description of process:
1. Process Information:
Source.
No*
Indicate Process or
Operation: Spray, Pip,
Roller, Brush, Mixing,
Saturation, Lam1n.it Ion,
Other (Specify)
Type of
Coating*
Amount of
Coating
(r,nl/Yr)
Density
of
Coating
Ub/gnl)
Amount of Solvent
In Coating an
Received from
Suppl lor, 7. by
weight
Solvent Added to Coating
Type***
Amount
(Cal/Yr)
CO
73
o
o
o
•£•
C7)
O
-o
m
5
o
z
01
3 Tvpp*** ;,n
-------
TVh. BtM.K SOLVENT
complete the following Information for rnrh ntor.ip.«" tank grrntrr th.in_5^000 gnl Ions_ cnpacl ty
l
00
Tank No.
Inlvrnt Tvpr
Capacity (n,-»l)
Anni)/ll Throiip.liput
(r:al/Yr)
Type of Fill and
Control Equipment*
Type of
T.ink
V>
c:
7}
2
r>
m
o
g
•— i
f
o
o
-o
n
?3
>
t— l
O
U>
O
3
»»«
z
m
o
l fill, qpla-sh fill, return vent line, nd
•*|iml«Trri'iinil. flxril-rnof, f lont lnp,-roof, etr.
-------
Illr. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FOUtPMFNT
Instruct Ir-nci:
1. A number should be assigned »o each piece of equipment that emltn hydrocarbons or to » number of similar
units th.it are vrntod to i rontnon stack. The Source No. belov should correspond to the sections previously
filled out. If «:lniH.-»r "lulpmrmt have different control equipment please separate the source number as:
a, b or c. (Fxnnple: I'M.,, |oih, lOlc).
2. Identify the process or operation from which hydrocarbons are emitted. For example, dry cleaner, deRreaslnR
tank, sprnv hoot'i, rraii'-r, etc. If more than one unit is emitting to a common stack, specify the number
of units.
3. Identlfv the hvc.irl'"n control method used, such as af terhorners, scrubbers, carbon adsorption, conden-
sers, etc.
6, Indicate approximate "fHrlency If known.
00
c
o
o
o
I
10
Example
S"(irce
No.
9<»
Process or Operation
Paint Mixing Tank
Hydrocarbon Control
F.qulpment
Adsorber
Efficiency of Control
Equipment
807!
cn
o
-a
o
o
c:
m
-------
V. PETROLEUM STORAGE OPERATIONS
V*. BULK STORAGE TANK INFORMATION
STORED PRODUCT INFORMATION
K 2.
Product stored; crude oil, gasoline (specify or true reid vapor
pressure), jet naptha (JP-i), etc.
Jet Fuel (Jt>-4)
Throughput for the year 1977 (gals/yr)
i 630,000,000
§
E
^ 3.
TANK INFORMATION
Tank capacity (gals) at C
10,500,000 /50
Type of tank: e.g., fixed roof, floating roof, variable vapor
apace, pressure, horizontal, spherical, etc.
Floating roof
If tank is floating roof:
a) Type of roof: Double deck/pontoon/other (describe)
b) Type of seal: Single/double/other (describe)
c) Type of construction: Riveted/welded/other (describe)
a) Pontoon
b) Double
' c) Welded
6. Is tank underground or above ground?
(If underground, proceed to question 14.)
Above ground
7. j a) Tank diameter (ft-lnches)
' b) Tank height (ft- inches)
c) For cone roof tanks: Height of cone above rim of tank
(ft-lnches)
100-0
45-6
3-2
6. Tank shape: cylindrical /spherical /other (describe)
Cylindrical
Tank material of construction: Steel/f iberglais/steel-gunlte
j Steel
lined /other (describe)
10.
11.
12.
i "'
14.
Tank paint color: White/aluninun/light grey/»ediua grey/other
(describe)
Tank condition: Good/ fair /poor
Seal condition: Good/fair /poor
Is tank equipped with a varor recovery system? If yes, describe.
Date tank installed
Alucinur.
Fair
Poor
Nr
February, 196-
•If more than one product is stored In a tank at different tines, use a
Specify total number of fixed-roof tanks at this facility:
Specify total nunber of floating-roof tanks at this facility:^
Specify total number of presaure tanks at this facility:
A-10
-------
V. PETROLEUM STORAGE OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)
Va. BDLK STORAGE TANK INFORMATION (continued)
Tank Identification Number
I ten.
No.
1.
2.
t"
i
: i>.
5.
; 6.
7.
1
e.
9.
1C.
11.
12.
13.
14.
i
i
STORED PRODUCT INFORMATION
TANK INFORMATION
!
i
i
!
!
A-ll
-------
V. PETROLEUM STORAGE OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)
Vb. tOADIKG/OHLOADIlB OTOIWATION
Item
Ho
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Product Transferred*
Data ~_»_^_^
Amount transferred (loading) gals/yr
Amount transferred (unloading) gals/yr
Amount transferred (pipe line) gals/yr
Bulk Temperature of the product, *F
Type of loading: Vessel, barge, truck.
other (specify)
Type of filling: Submerged, splash
top, filling, hot ton filling, other
(specify)
If submerged fill is used, what ap-
proximate percent is the fill pipe
submerged
Is loading/unloading operation
equipped with vapor recovery or other
pollution control system (specify)
Efficiency of vapor collection system
Provide additional information which
might be helpful for evaluation
(EXAMPLE)
Gasoline
450,000
600.000
•one
63
Truck
Subnerged
602
Yes
(Vapor recov-
ery system)
70J
•Crude oil. gasoline, naptha Jet fuel (JP-4), kerosene, distillate fuel, othe
,
I
(•P*clf_y ruse )
A-12
-------
V. PETROLEUM STORAGE OPERATIONS (CONCLUDED)
vb. LOADINGAJHLOADINC INTORMATIOH (continued)
Tank Identification Nimber
I tec
Mo.
6.
7.
9.
[-."
"'
A-13
-------
VI. DRYCLEANING OPERATIONS
1. Amount of clothes cleaned per year, if known • _
2. Type of operation.
Q Transfer or \~\ Dry to Dry
3. What type of business does your operation handle?
O Cownercial £j Industrial
tons.
Coin-Op
Other (Specify)
U. Type and aaount of advent cleaner wed per year (1976) and supplier's
ae and address.
TYPE OF SOLVENT
Petroleum
' (Stoddard. 140'F)
! Perchloroethylene
i
! Freon 113
:
Other (Specify)
I
QUANTITY PURCHASED
(GALLONS PET TEAR)
SUPPLIER'S NAME AKD
MAILING ADDRESS
5. Aaount of solvent returned to supplier or collector for reprocessing or
disposal, if applicable. Specify type of solvent If more than one type
is used.
gallons per year.
A-14
-------
VII. FUEL COMBUSTION OPERATIONS
1. Please provide the following information for each combustion unit
for the calendar year 1977 (DO NOT INCLUDE FUEL USED IN VEHICLES.)
Item
No.
1
2
3
Type of
Furnace/
Boiler etc
Design
Capacity
(106 Btu/Hr)
Type of
Fuel
Amount of
Fuel Per Year
Units
(Gal.,
MCF, etc)
Remarks
2. Approximate Percent Seasonal Operation:
Unit No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hours /Day
Days /Week
Months /yr
or seasonal
3. Control Equipment:
a. Type of Unit
b. Overall Efficiency
It. Fuel Usage
a. Increase/Decrease Yr_
b. Swltchinc fuels to
in 19
A-15
-------
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR OPEN BURNING
-------
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR OPEN BURNING
BROWARD COUNTY
Forest Fires
Uncontrolled (1977)
1,066 acres9 x 9 ton/acre5 = 9,590 ton burned
9,590 ton x 24 1b HC/tonc .._ .
- 2,000 Ib/ton - = HI ton
Controlled (1977)
18,103 acres x 4.5 ton/acre6 = 82,188 ton burned
82,188 ton x 19 1b HC/tonf _ ,0, .
lb/ton- 78^ ton
DADE COUNTY
Forest Fires
Controlled Foliage and Uncontrolled (1977)
2.225 ton HC9 . 2.196 ton HC
506,057 acres (1976) " 499,409 acres (1977)
DUVAL COUNTY
Forest Fires (1977)
Wildfires
3,403 acres burned1 x 9 ton/acre = 30,627 ton burned
30.627 ton x 24 Ib HC/ton _ -,ft , Hr/
St000 1b/ton m ton HC/yr
B-l
-------
DUVAL COUNTY (Continued)
Prescribed Burning (1977)
6,146 acres^ burned in Duval County in 1976 from wildfires
9,555 acres burned in District 7*in 1976 from wildfires
= 0.64
L,
69,144 authorized acres burned in 1977 in District 7
x 0.64
44,252 authorized acres burned in Duval County in 1977
44,252 acres x 3.2L ton/acre = 141,606 ton burned
Brush Fires (1977)
3.403 forest acres burned n - n ni3
257,165 total forested acres " '
88,883° x 0.013 = 1,176 acres burned
1,176 x 3.2 ton/acre = 3,764 ton burned
3.764 ton x 12 1b HC ton m „ t HC/
2,000 Ib/ton £ ton Ht/yr
Dumpster Fires (1977)
487 ton apartment trash burned/yrp .0.35 ton trash/
1,337 apartment buildingsn" apartment building/yr
Assume 1 trash bin per apartment building
Assume 0.35 ton trash burned per trash bin fire
850 fires x 0.35 ton = 296 ton burned
* State of Florida, Division of Forestry, designated area that
includes Duval, Clay, and Nassau Counties
B-2
-------
ORANGE COUNTY
Forest Fires
10,583 acres x 9 ton/acre = 95,247 ton burned
95,247 ton x 24 1b HC/ton . ... . ur.
- 2.000 1b/ton - = ]'143 ton HC/yr
Legal Fires
95,000 acresu x 3.2 ton/acre = 304,000 ton/yr
304.000 ton x 12 Ib HC/ton , R?. .
2,000 Ib/ton -- LH4 ton HC/yr
PALM BEACH COUNTY
Forest Fires
8,797 acresv x 9 ton/acre = 79,173 ton burned
79.173 ton x 24 Ib HC/ton = g5 .
2,000 Ib/ton you ton ML/yr
Agricultural Fires
Sugar Cane Field
254,000 acresw x
1.397.000 ton x 16 Ib HC/tony
254,000 acresw x 5.5 ton/acrex = 1,397,000 ton burned
2,000 Ib/ton 11,176 ton HC/yr
Land Clearing
14,950 acres7 x 9 ton/acre = 134,550 ton burned
"C/yr
B-3
-------
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX B
a Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board,
Gary Carlson, June 27, 1978
EPA-recommended fuel loading factor for forest fires, Southern
region, EPA Publication No. AP-42; Broward County calculation
c EPA-recommended emission factor for unspecified forest residues,
Broward County calculation
Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board,
Gary Carlson, June 27, 1978
e Fuel loading factor for heavy saw grass, Broward County
Environmental Quality Control Board, Gary Carlson, June 27, 1978
EPA-recommended emission factor for grasses, calculation by
Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
^ Foliage and Forest Fire for 1976, HC emission, from Metropolitan
Dade County, Environmental Resources Management, July 5, 1978
Land use projection for Agricultural and Open Space. Based on
information supplied by Environmental Resources Management,
July 17, 1978
1 Personal communication with Mike Schnegenburger, State of
Florida Division of Forestry, September 25, 1978
^ Communication with the Department of Environmental Regulation,
June 30, 1978
k Communication with Stan Hi throw, Division of Forestry,
August 21, 1978
L Fuel loading factor for unspecified weeds, EPA Publication No.
AP-42
m EPA-recommended emission factor for unspecified weeds, EPA
Publication No. AP-42
n Projection based on information from Roge Mehta, Deputy Director,
Jacksonville Area Planning Board, July 27, 1978
0 Miscellaneous Undeveloped land; projected from data supplied by
the Jacksonville Area Planning Board, August 8, 1978
p Tons of solid waste burned in one year from apartment buildings
in Duval County, Department of Environmental Regulations,
June 30, 1978
B-4
-------
q Florida Statistical Abstract, 1977. Bureau of Economic and
Business Research, College of Business Administration, Univer-
sity of Florida
r Personal communication with Lt. Hurst, Jacksonville Fire
Marshall's Office, August 10, 1978
EPA-recommended HC emission factor for open burning of
municipal refuse, EPA Publication No. AP-42
Personal communication with Charles Collins, Department of
Environmental Regulations, Air and Solid Waste Engineering
August 7, 1978
u Estimate based on numbers supplied by Charles Collins,
Department of Environmental Regulations, Air and Solid Waste
Engineering, August 7, 1978
v Telephone communication with Mr. Maynard, State of Florida
Division of Forestry, August 1978
w, x, y, 2
Telephone communication with Mike Martin, Palm Beach
County Health Department, Division of Environmental Science
and Engineering Air Pollution Control, September 26, 1978
B-5
-------
APPENDIX C
HIGHWAY VEHICLES WORKSHEETS
(Provided by FOOT)
-------
Browarci
-HYDROCARBON EMISSION INVENTORY
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
County
"VMT/DAY
YEAR
^Indicates adopted MPO counts
VEHICLE HIX X,
ilght Duty Vehicles
.Light Duty Trucks
2
light Duty Trucks
Heavy Duty Cas
.Heavy Duty Diesel
Motor Cycles
TOTAL
ton/yr
1977
1977
23,666
_ton/yr
ton/yr
ton/yr
1982
20.704
2,121
3.266
6. 564
976
34
ton/yr
1987
Temperature 75* F.
1982
EMISSION TOTALS
Average Speed 19.6 MPH
ton/yr
1987
1.868
1.680
2.390
4. 781
899
48
C-1
-------
Dacle
(-ou:.t y
JLL.21fiJ£fu
J_B. 896. 0^7
21. 843.010.
24.788,055
32. 445.000
I-:!1!
1975*
1977
19S
2000=:=
ynnru: K3_>:
Lii'ht Duty Vehicles
Light Duty Trucks
- i 2
Light Duty trucks
Heavy Duly Gas
Heavy Duty Diesel
Motor Cycles
TOTAL
57.859
25,119
Tc»r.;>f-r.'!tiirc 75* >'.
&0,_3
-L-B
5.B
JLJ>
3. I
^>
ton/yr
ton/yr
ton/yr
1977
4646
QD37
971
393
ton/yr
24185
L
3828
1 140
ton/yr
38.609
iy"c2
F-MISSION TO'JALS
>vr:rap.c Speed 19.6 MTU
C-2
ton/yr
19E7
14736
2532
960
-------
KY»ncc.\r.:".r.:: EMISSION I::VI::TOKY
incir..v,Y VDHCL::S
Duval
V.'IT/D.'.X
6.473. 072
10, 192. 435
County
12.258.74R
14. 325, 062
19. 697. 476
YEAR
1965*
1977
1982
19S7
2000*
"'•Indicates adopted IPO counts
80. 3
L.8
5.8
4.5
3. 1
100
Lip.ht Duty Vehicles
Lifcht Duty Trucks *•
Light Duty Trucks
Heavy Duty Gas
Heavy Duty Diesel
Motor Cycler,
TOTAL
33.507
1<>7?
15.72R
ton/yr
ton/yr
22941
1851
2690
5234
563
228
ton/yr
19S2
14615
1491
2313
4621
689
142
23.871 ton/
1337
Temperature 75° F.
EMISSION TOTALS
Average Speed 19.6 MPH
ton/yr
1987
9239
1112
1586
3l6c.
602
39
C-3
-------
J.I. i.
Escambia
YF.A-:
1^77
5,460,800 1982
6 610 466 1QP7
9,632,000 2000*
*lndicMcs adopted JJ?0 counts
ton/yr ton/yr
vnnru: I:T>: 5: 3977 1932
Light Duty Vehicles &o__2 Q6S3 6510
Lifcht Duty Trucks 5. g 782 665
Li&ht Duty Trucks' 55 1136 *1031
Heavy Duty G^s 4. 5 2208 20?9
Heavy Duty Diesel 3 \ 237 307
Motor Cycles .5 95 £3
TOTAL 1 00
14.141 ton/yr 10,636 ton/yr
19? i I9b2
7. 2ft4 ton/yr EMISSION1 TOTALS
ton/yr
19S7
4269
514
733
1472
278
1R
Temper.!I urc 75* K.
Avoi .-ij-.c Spend )9.6 MT1!
C-4
-------
HYDK.'.C;J.IO:: UM
HICK;:AY
J.ECN
2. 93r'. 59-1
_JLl£^-C_i-9_
3. 553. 719
* 150 445
Cour.vy
19S2
19,23
19S.
2DHO*
*lndicatcr, adopted Iff'O counts
80. 3
.8
4. 5
Duty Vchii
Light Duty Trucks
, 2
Light Duty Trucks
Heavy Duty Gas
Heavy Duty Die:
Motor Cycles
TOTAL
B7(;
JJ1P
ton/yr
ton/yr
ton/yr
1977
5234
425
613
1193
126
52
ton/yr
1982
3505
357
554
1108
34
Temperature 75*
EMISSION TOTALS
Average Speed 19.6 MPH
ton /yr
1987
2291
392
790
14S
10
C-5
-------
!:r.c>:; E:;ISSIO;: I::VL::TOKY
Kit;;r.:AY vr.-iCLii
Qrarpc-
Count v
v.'-.T/n.'.v
7. 62°, 041
9. 48! . 03S
1 1, 130. 634
J 2 . 1 2 1 , 113
li-AJ!
1977
1982
1987
1900-
*Indic«iies adopted XP0 counts
Vi^lICl.r !!!>: 7,
Lipht Duty Vehicles 60. 3
Light Duty Trucks 5_. 8
2
Light Duty Trucks 5. 8
Heavy Duty Cas 4 5
Heavy Duty Dicrtl 2-1
Motor Cycler , 5
TOTAL 1 00
24, 61 8 ton/yr
11 713 ton/yr
ton/yr ton/yr
1977 19S2
16856 10812
1360 1103
1977 1711
3845 3415
413 506
H7 105
17,655 ton/3
I9i;2
EMISSION TOTALS
Tenpcraniro 75* F.
Average Speed 19.6 MPH
C-6
ton/yr
3987
6867
826
1178
2367
44£.
2_9_
-------
Pain-. Beach
8,600,333
.JL-U-Q .6 3.^6.6 7_
-.2JL.9.0 6,. 00_0_
VI.T.KI.--: ::r.:
Li;;l,I Dwy Vr-,,; <:\ c:
LirJ't T^ty Trnrks1
o
L3j;'nt Duty Trncl'.E'"
H?;i\y Duty (V.s
1:c;.vy put v ]?i i .- '' ]
!I-.)ir-r Cycles
TOTAL
. 5
100
2J,_797 ton/yr
~3 ^J / 7
_1 4.^.1 4. ton/yr
._l.-97i-,*
_L9.7J7_
-19S2-
_L9.a7_-
.2QO_DM.
ton/yr
/ 1977
80.3 19033
_5_8 _13.15_
5.8 2232
4, 5 4342
3. 1 467
ton/yr
1 c S ?
12977
_ 1324
2054
410.3
611
ton/yr
I9r:
8558
1.030
1470
2-9-19
571
__ ]L28_
21,194
ton/yr
KISSJO:, 'JT.TALS
16
rTKC Speed 19. f. I'.MI
C-7
-------
APPENDIX D
AIRPORT SUMMARY TABLES
(Summarized from information provided by FOOT)
-------
Table D-1. BROWARD COUNTY
Aircraft
Class
Jumbo Jet
Lonq Range
Jet
Medium
Ranoe
Jet
Turboprop
Business Jet
General
Aviation
Piston
Piston
Transport
Helicopter
unitary Jet
(Specify)
Kimary
Piston
(Specify)
Aircraft Type
1. Roelnq 747
2. Lockheed L-1011
3. McDonnell
Douglas DC-10
1. Boeing 707
2. McDonnell
Douglas DC-R
1. Boeing 727
Z. Boeing 757
3. McDonnell
Douglas IK -9
1.
2.
1.
1.
Z.
3.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4. Turboprop
1.
Z.
Engines
per
Aircraft
4
3
3
4
4
2.75 (Av)
2
4
2.1
1
?
4
2.25 (Av)
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
Total
1976 VOC Fmlssfons by Airport (1b/yr)a
Hoi 1 yworwJ
Tort laurtrrdale
J 160.000
) 660,000
( 37? .800
.
67,000
24,000
33,600
262.400
634,600
400
19.200
9,800
7,244,400
Perry
-
-
-
.
-
35.600
6,200
-
~
-
:
41,800
fxer.utlve
-
•
-
"
34,400
32,400
7,600
-
"
-
-
74,inn
* Information fnr 1976 supplied by Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
due to Incomplete 1977 data; recelvpd September IB, 197R
-------
Table D-2. DADE COUNTY
o
ro
Aircraft
Craft
Jumbo Jet
long
Ranqe
Jet
Medium
Range
Jet
Turboprop
Business Jet
Genera)
Aviation
Piston
Helicopter
unitary
Jet
(Specify)
"unary
Piston
(Specify)
Aircraft Type
1. Boeing 747
2. Lockheed
1-1011
3. McDonnell
Douglas DC- 10
1. Boeing 707
2. McDonnell
Douglas OC-8
1. Boeing 7?7
2. Boeing 737
3. McDonnell
Douglas DC-9
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3. DC-3
4.
5. DC-6
1.
2.
fnglnes
per
Aircraft
4
3
3
4
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
4
2
4
Total
1977 VOC ("missions by Airport (Ib/yr)
Burrs
-
•
-
-
.
200
-
*
-
200
ChaUs
Seaplane
-
-
-
162, ROD*
.
.
-
-
-
162. BOO
Oade
Collier
15,713
92.4R8
92X48R
331,660
24 ;4 15
69
6j037
443
4,669
886
215
-
437
437
109,198
3,611
28^907
711.673
Homestead
Am
-
-
-
-
w
-
-
NA
NA
NA
NA
4?0.000
Homestead
GA
-
•
-
-
.
18,700
6,600
-
•
-
25.300
Miami
International
47,238
277,647
277j647
4,319,738
3,130,887
529.575
1.470
132L393
14,203
13,108
46,483
329
19.317
839
1.057
1,063
504.517
42,024
7.242
23,174
9.3R9.951
Now
Tumi Ami
-
*
-
1,837
Jj)92
56.477
in.wi
608
20.441
•
9B.
-------
Table D-3. DUVAL COUNTY
Aircraft
Class
Jumbo Jet
Long Range Jet
Medium Hinge
Jet
Turboprop
Business Jet
General Avia-
tion Piston
Helicopter
Military Jet
(Specify)
Military Pis-
ton (Specify)
Aircraft
Type
1. Boeing 747
2. Lockheed L-1011
3. McDonnell Douglas
DC-10
1. Boeing 707
2. McDonnell Douglas
OC-8
1. Boeing 727
2. Boeing 737
3. McDonnell DouglasDG*
1,
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4. Turboprop
1.
2.
Engines
'.•r A1rcn,ft
4
3
3
4
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
2
4
TOTAL
1977 VOC emissions By Airport (Ib/yr)
Cecil
Field
-
;
-
.
-
^
-
844.794.75
549,625.5
-
1.344.420
Craig
-
;
-
7.290.6
615.6
25.465.8
9.091.6
980.46
-
-
43,444
Herlong
-
_
-
.
-
20.197
5.611.2
936
-
-
26.744
Jacksonville
International
33,379.2
75.190
227.695.65
2,234.4
55,570.9
18,fl00.7
13.224
27.720
8.848.4
7,971.2
1.248
15.888
15.8B8
69.600
4.080
57,120
634,458
Jacksonville
Naval Air
Station
-
.
-
-
-
*
55,042
54.366.75
271.833.75
197.100
-
1711.343
Mayport
-
-
,
:
-
:
276.159
163,100.25
-
439, ?59
OLF
WMtehouse
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
534.978.75
355.137.5
-
870.116
o
I
oo
-------
Table D-4. ORANGE COUNTY
Aircraft
ClaSS
Jumbo Jet
Long Range
Jet
Medium
Rjnge Jet
Turboprop
Business Jet
General
Aviation
Piston
H*Hcopter
Military Jet
(Specify)
Military
Piston
(Specify)
Aircraft
Type
1. Boeing 747
2. Lockheed
1-1011
3. McDonnell
Douglas DC-10
1. Boeing 707
2. McDonnell
Douglas
DC-8
1. Boeing 727
2. Boeing 737
3. McDonnell
Douglas
DC-9
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4. Turboprop
1.
2.
Per
Aircraft
4
3
3
4
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
2
4
TOTAL
Cure
Brothers
-
-
-
-
-
417
146
14
•
-
577
Herndon
-
-
-
7.157
1.080
26.B91
6.163
1.329
-
-
4? .620
1977
Lonnxoy
-
-
-
-
-
512
175
16
-
-
703
VOC Emission
Maqulre
-
-
-
234
-
3.444
1.109
115
-
-
4,90?
S by Airport 1
Mac Dona Id
-
-
-
-
-
1.668
584
109
-
:
2,361
lb/yr)
Orlando
Jetport
122.793
45.018
-
257,603
156,369
5,423
-
'•
-
-
-
5H7.P06
Potter
-
-
-
•
-
1,668
58
5
-
-
1.7J1
TH-Clty
(Proposed 1982)
-
-
-
~
-
-
~
-
-
„
o
-------
Table D-5. PALM BEACH COUNTY
Aircraft
Class
Jumbo Jet
Long
Range
Jet
Medium
Range
Jet
Turbo-
prop
Business
Jet
General
Aviation
Piston
Helf-
copter
Military
Jet
(Specify)
Military
Piston
(Specify)
Aircraft
Type
1. Boeing 747
2. Lockheed
L-1011
3. McDonnell
Douglas
DC-10
1. Boeing 707
2. McDonnell
Douglas
DC -8
1 . Boeing 727
I. Boeing 737
3. McDonnell
Douglas
DC-9
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4. Turboprop
1 .
2.
Engines
Per
Aircraft
4
3
3
4
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
1
Z
1
2
3
4
2
4
TOTAL
1977 VOC Emissions By Airport (Ib/yr)
Belle
Glade
-
-
-
-
-
1,432
482
616
-
-
2,530
Boca
Raton
-
-
-
550
-
10,905
5,540
130
-
-
17.1Z5
Chem
-
-
-
_
-
200
-
-
-
200
Duda
-
-
-
_
-
ZOO
-
-
-
200
Flying
Cow
-
-
-
-
ZOO
-
-
-
200
North
Palm
Beach
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
~
-
Palm
Beach
Glades
-
-
550
-
5.356
2,452
-
-
-
8,358
Palm
Beach
International
171,727
165,129
167,793
35,729
34,427
12.899
23,156
3,404
818
3.97Z
3.97Z
172.8S3
1,020
14,294
811,193
Palm
Beach
Park
-
-
-
4.455
-
25,211
9,280
260
-
-
39,206
South
Palm
Beach
-
-
-
-
-
'•
"
-
-
-
o
I
en
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
PA 904/9-79-029a
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
lorida Oxidant SIP Assistance
hase I
/olatlle Organic Compound Emissions Inventory
. REPORT DATE
:phruarv 1979
, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
J.A. Trapasso, Jr., A.L. Shrope
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
'acific Environmental Services, Inc.
930 14th Street
Santa Monica, California 90404
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2536
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Programs Branch
Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Ron McHenry
6. ABSTRACT
This report presents a discussion of the methodologies employed and results obtained
from a detailed and comprehensive "Level 3" VOC emissions inventory. The study area
consists of seven urban and two rural ozone nonattainment areas in the State of Flor-
ida. The study was performed as part of a three phase project to help prepare revi-
sions to the Florida SIP as a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977.
For the base year, 1977, onsite visits were made to all potential VOC point sources
to acquire necessary data. For area sources, the latest state-of-the-art methodolo-
gies were employed. Base year emissions were seasonalized and a reactivity profile
applied. Also, emissions were projected to reflect the years 1982 and 1987.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
Air Pollution
Emissions
Organic Compounds
Inventory
13B
07C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited Distribution
19 SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA form 2220-1 (R»v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
------- |