WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 16080 GWF 02/72
     SOIL SYSTEMS FOR MUNICIPAL
       EFFLUENTS-A WORKSHOP
     AND SELECTED  REFERENCES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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        WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES

The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of
pollution in our Nation's waters.  They provide a central
source of information on the research, development, and
demonstration activities in the water research program
of the Environmental Protection Agency, through inhouse
research and grants and contracts with Federal, State,
and local agencies, research institutions, and industrial
organizations.

Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications
Branch (Water), Research Information Division, RSM,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, B.C. 20H60.

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            SOIL SYSTEMS FOR MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS--
              A WORKSHOP AND SELECTED REFERENCES
                               By

                       Ralph H. Ramsey
                      C. Rhys Wetherill
                       H.  Casper Duffer
                  East Central State College
               School of Environmental Science
                     Ada,  Oklahoma   74820
                            for the

              Office of  Research and Monitoring

               ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                      Project #16080 GWF
                        February, 1972
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 65 cents

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                       EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
and approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                 ii

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                            ABSTRACT
An investigation of the use of Soil Systems for recycling treated munic-
ipal waste effluents was conducted.  The scope of the project included:
the preparation of a user manual entitled Applying Treated Municipal
Wastewater to the Land;  Current Technology and an annotated bibliography
of selected references in subject area.

A state of the art investigation was made of the design, operation and
control of irrigation and infiltration-percolation types of soil systems.
The summarized results from this investigation were used by workshop
participants selected from state, municipal, and federal agencies who
were involved in soil system activities as a starting point in writing the
manual.  The workshop culminated in the preparation of a draft of the
manual.  The bibliography contains selections which portrayed or influ-
enced  the present state of art in the subject field.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. 16080 GWF under
the sponsorship of the Office of Research and Monitoring, Environmental
Protection Agency.

KEY WORDS:  TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER, SOIL SYSTEMS, IRRIGATION,
INFILTRATION-PERCOLATION, USER MANUAL.
                                iii

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                            CONTENTS






Section                                                            Page




    I          Conclusions                                           1




   II          RecoTinnendations                                       3




  III          Introduction                                          5




   IV          Project Activities                                    7




    V          Acknowledgments                                      15




   VI          Appendices                                           17

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                             TABLES






No.                                                               Page




 1             Workshop Participants                               11




 2             Workshop Agenda                                     12
                               vi

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                           SECTION I

                          CONCLUSIONS
1.  Soil Systems have the potential for removing additional pollutants
    from treated municipal wastes and deserve consideration when expand-
    ing or furthering the waste treatment processes in municipalities.

2.  Each soil system must be designed subject to the constraints imposed
    by the proposed site, the planned hydraulic load, and the contaminate
    level of the effluent to be applied.

3.  The operating and control parameters in soil systems utilized for
    irrigation have been established through previous field practice
    and research.

4.  A letter of inquiry sent out by the project staff revealed that the
    agencies of responsibility in the 32 states and 1 territory which
    replied had no specific state or municipal regulations in force
    pertaining to the use and operation of soil systems per se.

5.  Technological transfers and policy alternatives on environmental
    problems can be determined by small, informal work groups composed
    of individuals involved in research, operation, and control activities
    in the problem area.

6.  The techniques utilized in this project are applicable for certain
    research activities.  Such functions as state of the art determina-
    tions, synthesizing research findings into a new system or process
    configuration, summarizing research findings on a particular topic,
    and aiding technology transfers between research specialists and the
    practitioners in a discipline are amenable to this approach.

7.  Students and other non-experts can be trained in information search
    techniques and in the terminology of a scientific specialty.  Senior
    scientists can utilize this talent pool and eliminate a portion of
    their time normally spent in making an exhaustive information search
    of the topic of research interest.  Once trained in search procedures,
    a search group can be given minimal instruction in the terminology
    of a new discipline and redirected on a new .research topic.

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                           SECTION II

                        RECOMMENDATIONS
Based upon the findings and conclusions of this investigation,  it is
recommended that:

1.  Research be centered to determine the optimal application rates of
    treated municipal waste, schedules of effluent application,  and
    operational parameter of infiltration-percolation systems in the
    various climatological and physiographic regions of the United
    States.

2.  Further investigation be instigated to determine the final disposi-
    tion of metals and organics of industrial origin which are consti-
    tuents of municipal wastes.

3.  Additional techniques be developed for maintaining high infiltration
    rates through the surfaces of infiltration-percolation systems.

4.  Infiltration-percolation systems be examined for application as an
    alternate to returning wastewater effluents directly to the area's
    drainage network in situations where no treatment or primary treat-
    ment is presently utilized.

5.  The non-profit sector be utilized to effect dialogues through work-
    shops and conferences between specialists in the private sector
    and government in proposing and structuring new institutional arrange-
    ments for environmental management and control.

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                          SECTION III

                          INTRODUCTION
This has been an investigation to determine the status of soil systems
as a means of providing additional polishing to treated municipal waste-
waters.  The central purpose of this effort was to evaluate the litera-
ture and information presently available and from this to structure a
design and operation manual for reference and general use by practitioners
in the field.

The interest in this method of wastewater renovation stems from the
factors of increased nationwide demand for water and the unequal distri-
bution of water supplies over the country.  Variations in the types, prop-
erties, and occurrences of wastes, geographic areas, urban layout, climatic
elements, economic resources and water needs have necessitated that a
variety of approaches be provided for treating and reclaiming wastewaters.
Soil systems offer decision makers another option which can be added to the
list of treatment techniques for local adoption when a municipality or
sewage district must expand or replace its treatment facilities.

Although not specifically used for the function of water reclamation,
application of wastewater to the soil is one technique which has been
in use for centuries.  Irrigation with raw sewage and with wastewater
treatment plant effluent has been a common practice in many countries
of the world.  The water itself and the nutrients it contains have been
valued as agricultural resources.  In the United States however, the
public health aspects early precluded the use of raw sewage for irriga-
tion.  Water contaminated by human wastes was recognized as a transmission
medium for communicable diseases and infections.  The practice of
applying treated wastewater to the soil, however, has been found to be
an effective means of reducing suspended particles, nutrients, and bio-
logical organisms from the waste stream with little or no health risk.
This technique of treatment through soil systems is applicable for
renovating water either in water deficient or in humid areas.  Soil
systems are used for irrigation in water deficient areas to distribute
and apply treated wastewater to different types of agricultural crops and
for various types of landscaping.  Infiltration-percolation type soil
systems in humid or arid areas utilize the soil to obtain advanced treat-
ment of wastewater effluents from secondary treatment processes in order
that it may be cycled for reuse.

This report deals with the technique by which the project goals were
accomplished and contains as an addendum a bibliography of the design
manual.  The design manual prepared under the provisions of the grant
exists a$ a separate document from this report, and as such will not be
discussed other than in Section I and Section II of this report.

The project objective and its methodology were formulated on the premises
of establishing a means of facilitating technology transfer and of reducing
the time frame in which pertinent research findings can be identified and

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affixed in a strategy of practical application.  The procedure that
evolved was effective in reaching the project goals.  The original
project workplan was envisioned as follows.

A review of literature was to be made of published material and unpub-
lished material on soil systems in the areas of health, technological char-
acteristics, and current regulations, laws, and policies.  The review
findings were to be evaluated by the project staff and the most pertinent
sources abstracted.  The abstracts were to be sent to a selected group
of experts whose work or research experience were in the area of soil
systems.  Comments on the abstracts evoked from the experts were to be
the basis for a workshop agenda.  At the workshop the experts would meet
and write the draft copy of the design manual.   This copy would then be
corrected by the project staff and sent to the participants of the work-
shop for final approval before the manuscript was submitted to the con-
tracting agency.

This procedure was modified somewhat during the project period.  The
methodology used does -have merit and can be used in the survey, delinea-
tion, and evaluation of problems in the environmental area.

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                           SECTION IV

                       PROJECT ACTIVITIES
The project activities will be discussed briefly for the purpose of
describing a technique which worked well in this particular instance
where research findings in a particular area were reviewed and the
review results were used to synthesize a user document in a specific
interest area.
                       Information Search
The first phase of the project was  the search for information.  Means
were formulated to locate both published and unpublished information.
The unpublished information was presumed to reside with state agencies
who might happen to be involved with wastewater.  Abstract and periodical
indexes would be used to locate the published documents.
                      Unpublished Material
A letter of inquiry was used to inquire about unpublished material.  A
form letter was sent to all the state departments of health, state water
resource boards, and state pollution control agencies to ask for policy
statements and design guidelines currently controlling the use of soil
systems in that particular state.  Many of the replies received expressed
an interest in the study results but had little information to offer in
the area of soil systems.  Many of the recipients of the inquiry letters
were uncertain as to the definition of the term soil systems.  A second
letter was not sent since it was determined that little would be gained
by pursuing that topic further with those agencies.

The answers from the states produced little in the area of rules and
regulations.  Replies were received from 31 states and 1 territory by
specific state agencies which would be directly responsible for adminis-
tering regulations or cognizant of any established rules and regulations
pertaining to the use of treated municipal effluents in soil systems.
None of the states which replied had specific regulations in force
pertaining to the use and operations of soil systems per se.  Two
states at the time of the survey in early 1971 were actively engaged in
activities which would lead to specific regulatory policies.  The
Ground Water Section of the Department of Environmental Resources for
Pennsylvania had written a "Spray Irrigation Manual" designed to help
municipalities and consultants in locating and designing sites for spray
irrigating municipal wastes.  This publication was being reviewed at the
time of the inquiry.  The manual was to stress that all wastes which
could contain pathogens must be disinfected before being sprayed.  The
Pollution Control Agency for the state of Minnesota was preparing design
criteria recommended for irrigation and seepage basin waste disposal systems.

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The replies mentioning the use of treated effluents in irrigation systems
showed little change in the position of the states from that expressed in
an earlier survey conducted by Coerver (22) when he ascertained the
status of state health regulations pertaining to the use of sewage
effluents for irrigation.  Several systems utilizing treated effluents
were reported in operation in Colorado whereas no information on this
state was available in the earlier report.  Wisconsin reported the use
of a ridge and furrow system.  Missouri indicated in early 1971 that no
irrigation systems were in operation but one was proposed.

Answers from several of the states indicated to the investigators that
current regulations or policies might be used to judge the merits of
proposed infiltration-percolation systems.  The Air and Water Pollution
Control Department of Florida reports, "There are no specific regulations
other than our evaluation of specific projects and their merits under our
permit system".  Nevada's Division of Health reports, "... the only
regulations controlling soil systems are those which prohibit the contam-
ination of ground water".  Wisconsin's Department of Natural Resources
relates that "Each proposal is judged on its own merits".

The replies received from the states included some in-house documents
on research activities which proved of value to the study.  The dearth
of information pertaining to specific rules or policies gave the project
staff an indication that guidelines were needed to help establish policy
in this area.
                           Literature
The preparation for the literature search started with the training of
undergraduate students in library search procedures.  Since the students
were from disciplines other than the study area, a familiarization pro-
gram in which the terminology and practices utilized in the subject area
was presented.  Four hours out of the twenty hours in the training program
were used in subject familiarization.  Typical articles with the key
terminology underlined were given as reading assignments to the students.
Check sheets designed for evaluating the articles were given to the
students to familiarize them with the project interest areas.   The final
hour of the familiarization phase was a slide presentation showing soil
systems presently in use.

Twelve hours of the program were devoted to demonstration and practice
exercises in the organization of libraries, the use of card catalogs,
periodical indexes, abstract sources, and in techniques of library research.
The last four hours were spent in practical work searching abstracts in
the water resource area.  In this period, the students had a chance to
get their questions answered on the boundaries of the search area and the
techniques to be used.  The students were each assigned to a particular
periodical index or abstract source to examine.  A check sheet like the
one used during the training phase and an author coded index card were
completed for each article which exhibited any relationship to soil
systems in the areas of health, operational characteristics, or regulatory
                                8

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measures.  After completing the review of the assigned source material
another was assigned for examination.

It had originally been planned for teams of searchers to go to the
larger universities in the state and collect articles pertinent to the
search area.  In utilizing the resources at the Robert S. Kerr Water
Research Center Library and those at the East Central State College
Library it became apparent that the local resources would suffice in
identifying articles pertaining to soil systems.  As the search continued,
the compilation of author cards showed that considerable cross-referencing
had taken place by searching the different sources.  The use of the
check sheet was abandoned as the searchers attained the skill of deter-
mining whether an article or the article abstract contained sufficient
material in the search area.  The author coded cards became the basis
for the evaluation phase of the identified literature.
              Review of Literature  Search Findings
A survey of the author  cards obtained  in the  literature review was used
to identify the publications which  summarized soil system project activ-
ities and key articles  which best described or  summarized the work of the
scientist-author.  Copies of these  articles or  abstracts of the articles
were then obtained.  The usefulness of the article was determined through
a critical reading made by  one  of the  trained student helpers.  The
project staff then reviewed the selected articles for information appli-
cable to the project goals.

Modifications in  the original workplan were made after this review.
Rather than abstracting the pertinent  articles  and sending them to the
workshop participants  for review, a decision  was made that the project
staff would summarize  the research  findings and prepare a preliminary
draft of the design manual  based upon  the information review.  The
draft would then  be sent to the participants  for their review and comments
prior to the workshop.

This procedure was followed and the draft was prepared with two major
sub-sections.  The sections were designated "Guidelines for Design and
Operation" and "Health and  Regulatory  Aspects of Soil Systems."  The
health and regulatory  aspects of soil  systems were combined into one
section since the two  topics were found to be mutually dependent during
the review phase  of the information search.   The workshop plans were also
adjusted to reflect this dualism.

The draft was sent to  the participants and their comments on the manual
were sought prior to  their  arrival  at  the workshop.  A revised copy of
the original manual manuscript  with the draft copy statement and the
comments provoked from the  individual  participants were prepared for
distribution to  the participants upon  arrival at East Central for their
review prior to  the first workshop  session.   The pre-conference responses
from the consultants  were satisfactory with 8 of the 12 responding.
 Last minute changes in personnel who were able to act as conference

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participants negated the time interval for prior study of the manuscript
and comment before arrival at the workshop.
                     Conduct of the Workshop
The workshop was held from May 3, 1971 to May 6, 1971 at East Central
State College in Ada, Oklahoma.  The participants and the agenda of the
workshop are shown on Tables 1 and 2.

The group sessions were chaired by Environmental Protection Agency repre-
sentatives.  Mr. Kenneth Dotson chaired the sessions of the Design and
Operation Section.  Mr. R. E. Thomas, the project officer for the grant,
was the chairman for the sessions of the Health and Regulation Section.

The discussions and activities varied within each group.  The Design and
Operation Section used the draft copy as a starting point for their
activities and expanded the coverage of the manuscript topics.  The
Health and Regulation Section in their discussion found that it was
necessary to consider both the design and the operation of soil systems
in conjunction with the determination of the health aspects and the
regulatory measures required for public health safety.  This group exam-
ined the complete draft and made modifications also in the D. and 0.
portion.  The group decided that comments on the health and regulatory
measures were needed at the points where the design and operation topics
were discussed rather than in a separate section.  Secretaries with each
group compiled the modifications in the draft and prepared a revised copy
which reflected the group's activities.

At the first session in which the full group met, copies of each group's
revisions were passed out.  The conferees spent this session editing
their group comments and reading the comments from the other group.

In the last two sessions of the workshop, the participants spent their
efforts in joining the two manuscripts into one.  The notes, comments and
guidelines given in the last sessions were used by Mr. Thomas, the EPA
project officer, to put together a post workshop draft of the manual.

The workshop conferees were given a short questionnaire to answer about
the conduct of the project activities.  The questionnaires and a summary
of the replies obtained from the participants are included in Appendix B.
                       Post Workshop Phase
The post conference draft was assembled by the project officer.  In
this draft, the design, operation, health, and regulatory aspects of the
manual were edited to reflect the attitude of the Environmental Protection
Agency toward soil system activities.  The comments received on this
draft were acted upon and the user manual was assembled.  This was sub-
mitted to the granter for final approval.
                                 10

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                                                          TABLE 1

                                                  WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
     Name
      Agency
       Address
H
H
     Herman Bouwer
     Chief Hydraulic Engineer

     W. R. Binges
     Health Program Specialist

     G. Kenneth Dotson
     Soil Scientist

     F. D. Dryden
     Deputy Asst. Chief Engineer

     Stuart Dunlop
     Professor of Microbiology

     Alvin L. Franks
     Clark Harvey
     Professor of Agronomy

     Thomas D. Hinesly
     Soil Ecologist

     William Jopling
     L. T. Kardos
     Environmental Scientist

     Donald Pierce
     James E. Santarone
     Richard E. Thomas
     Research Soil Scientist
U. S. Water Conservation Lab
USDA, ARS

Division of Wastewater Technology
and Surveillance

EPAWQO
County Sanitation District
Los Angeles County

University of Colorado Medical Center
Division of Water Quality
State Water Resources Control Board

Department of Agronomy
Department of Agronomy
Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
Department of Public Health

Pennsylvania State University
Division of Engineering
Michigan Dept.  of Public Health

Wastewater Section
Florida Division of Health

EPAWQO
4331 East Broadway
Phoenix, Arizona  85040

Texas State Dept. of Public Health
Austin, Texas   78701

Robert A. Taft Water Research Lab
Cincinnati, Ohio

2020 Beverly Blvd.
Los Angeles, Calif.  90057

Denver, Colorado
1416 9th Street
Sacramento, Calif. 95814

Texas Technological College
Lubbock, Texas   79406

University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois  61801

2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, Calif.  94704

108 Research Building 3
University Park, Pa.

3500 N. Logan
Lansing, Michigan  48914

P. 0. Box 210
Jacksonville, Florida  32201

Robt. S. Kerr Water Research Center
Ada, Oklahoma   74820
     T. C. Tucker, Prof.
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona  85721

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                              TABLE 2

                          WORKSHOP AGENDA
 Date
Time
Activity
May 3, 1971   6:30 p.m.


May 4, 1971   8:30-9:00 a.m.

              9:00-10:15

              10:15-10:30

              10:30-12:00

              12:00-1:00 p.m.

              1:00-3:00

              3:00-3:15

              3:15-5:00

May 5, 1971   8:30-10:00 a.m.

              10:00-10:15

              10:30-12:00


              12:00-3:30 p.m.


              3:30-5:00

              6:30

May 6, 1971   8:30-10:15 a.m.

              10:15-10:30

              10:30-12:00

              12:00
                Informal mixer and dinner,  compliments of
                   Ada Chamber of Commerce

                Charge to participants

                1st session-Individual group discussion

                Coffee Break

                2nd session-Individual group discussion

                Lunch

                3rd session - Individual group discussion

                Coffee Break

                4th session-Individual group discussion

                5th session - Individual group discussion

                Coffee Break

                6th session - Summary of individual group dis-
                   cussion

                Lunch and tour of Robert S. Kerr Water
                   Research Center

                7th session - First full group discussion

                Dinner and entertainment

                8th session - Full group discussion

                Coffee Break

                9th session - Full group concluding comments

                Closing Luncheon
                                    12

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The documents utilized in the preparation of the pre-conference draft
were abstracted or the document abstract  was  collected and compiled into
an annotated bibliography.  This bibliography and an accompaning author
index comprise Appendix A of this report.
                                 13

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                           SECTION V

                        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
East Central State College wishes to thank Mr. R. E. Thomas, EPA
Project officer, and Miss Lorene Fuller, librarian at the Robert S.  Kerr
Water Research Center, for their services and cooperation in achieving
the project goals.

Acknowledgment is made to faculty, staff and students of East Central
as follows:
               Dr. B. J. Tillman       Grant Director
               Mrs. Phyllis Johnson    Typist
                                15

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                            SECTION VI

                           APPENDICES


Appendix                     Title                                Page

   A           An Annotated Bibliography of Selected               19
               References used in  the Preparation of
               the User Manual and Author Index

   B           Results of the Questionnaire Survey                 55
               Given  to the Workshop Participants
                                   17

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                   APPENDIX A

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED REFERENCES
       USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE USER
            MANUAL AND AUTHOR INDEX
                          19

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                               ABSTRACTS


 1.    ANONYMOUS.   1953.   Comments  on  Sewage  Irrigation.   Sew.  & Indus.
      Wastes   25:2:233-234.
      A survey of  the  opinions  of  users of sewage  for  irrigation.  Four
      farm owners  from around the  San Antonio,  Texas area give statements
      on the  effect of sewage on their crops or pastures.

 2.    ANONYMOUS.   1956.   Continued Study  of  Waste  Water Reclamation and
      Utilization.  A  report by the State Water Pollution Control Board,
      Sacramento,  California Pub.  No.  15.
      Expansion of waste  water  reclamation facilities  by  the steel and
      other industries, the scheduling of numerous, important  conferences on
      the re-use of waste waters,  and the planning of  new waste water reclama-
      tion projects all indicate the  increasing, nation-wide interest being
      given to the reutilization of waste waters.
      While public health problems have not  arisen at  any of the many
      golf courses now using a  sewage effluent  for irrigation, reasonable
      uniform procedures  need to be developed.
      A cooperative study has shown the reclamation of liquid  sludge by
      land disposal to be practicable.  A cooperative  study has also shown
      the reclamation  of  a normal,  domestic  sewage by means of a primary la-
      goon system  will provide  an  effluent amenable to the irrigation of
      grasses  and  shrubs.  It is recommended that  the  study of waste water
      reclamation  and  utilization  be  continued.

3.    ANONYMOUS.   1957.   Study  of  Waste Water Reclamation and  Utilization.
      3rd Report of the State Water Pollution Control  Board, Sacramento,
      California Pub.  No. 18.
      Studies  show that waste water constitutes  an increasing  portion of
      the nation's water  supply.   The  Talbert Valley reclamation operation
      shows that it is possible for a  group  of private farmers to organize,
      finance  and  construct a reclamation system to utilize a  sewage effluent
      for economical irrigation of  field  crops.  The several golf course studies
      showed that  the problems peculiar to irrigation with reclaimed water
      such  as odors, corrosion,  chlorination for coliform control and soil
      salinity can be  controlled by careful  planning.   The studies also
      showed where ground water recharge  through injection wells is possible.
      Health hazards are discussed  as well as the  San Diego liquid sludge
      disposal operations and the Mojave waste water reclamation operation.

4.   ANONYMOUS.  1963.  Treated Sewage Irrigates Crops.   Engr. News-
     Record 171 (Part 2):45-46 (Oct.3).
     Pennsylvania State University conducts a spray-irrigation program to
      test the effect of treated domestic sewage on forest plantings and
     adjacent croplands.   The experiments seek to show how plant nutrients
     in waste water can be conserved and best put to  use in a community.
     The program workers expect to learn how much acreage should be irrigated,
     best rates of application, and the equipment needed.  Part of the efflu-
     ent is sprayed on fields planted to rye, wheat,  corn,  and alfalfa.
     That diverted to forested  areas  is sprayed on tree  tops from elevated
     nozzles.  The experimenters  expect to learn its  effect on crops and
     timber as well as its effect  on game and fish.

                                   20

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5.   ANONYMOUS.  1965.  Microbiological Content of Domestic Waste Waters
     Used for Recreational Purposes.  A report by the State Water Quality
     Control Board, State of California Pub. No. 32.
     A water reclamation project involving secondary treatment of domestic
     sewage followed by storage, filtration and disinfection was studied over
     a period of 30 months.  Virus studies were carried on for two years in
     the laboratory of the San Diego Department of Public Health.  Bacterio-
     logical, physical and chemical data were gathered from 30 months of
     analysis of samples taken from eight points in the treatment and
     recovery system with some variations as described in the report.

6.   ANONYMOUS.  1966.  Warwick B. C.  Improve effluent with spray irrigation
     equipment.  Survr munic. City Engr 127:3862:41-42.
     An illustrated description is given of spray irrigation equipment
     installed at Warwick sewage works in May, 1966 as the initial stage of
     alleviating overloaded conditions.  After primary sedimentation, efflu-
     ent is pumped through standard farm irrigation equipment over an area
     of 7.2 acres of grassland (which is divided into 2 plots, each of which
     is allowed a 14-day rest period) before drainage to the river Avon.

7.   ANONYMOUS.  1966.  Wastewater Reclamation at Whittier Narrows.  A
     report by the State Water Quality Control Board, State of California
     Pub. No. 33.
     The general objective of this investigation was to determine the
     effects of intermittent percolation through soil of highly treated acti-
     vated-sludge effluent on the quality of ground water in the Whittier
     Narrows area.  The project was designed to study the fate of significant
     mineral, organic, and biological constituents of renovated wastewater
     and the phenomena associated with their removal or transformation.
     The investigations were divided into three major categories. (1) A
     total of 25 wells in the vicinity of Whittier Narrows were monitored
     with respect to water quality at various elevations by means of a
     selective-depth pumping unit.  (2) Test spreading basins were constructed
     and operated to study the phenomena associated with intermittent
     vertical percolation through the upper few feet of soil.  (3) Laboratory
     soil columns were utilized to compare the degradation of the new linear
     alkylate sulfonates (LAS) with the conventional alkyl benzene sulfonates
     (ABS).

8.   ANONYMOUS.  1967.  Warwick B. C.  Extend spray irrigation scheme for
     effluent improvement.  Survr munic. City Engr 129:3905:26-27.
     A description, illustrated by plan and photograph, is given of
     extensions and modifications to the original spray irrigation system
     for disposal of effluent at Warwick sewage works; these include the
     construction of a lagoon which receives humus-tank effluent, and from
     which the original irrigation area is now sprayed, and the use of an
     additional 10-acre plot (divided into 2 equal plots to allow a rest
     period for each) onto which storm sewage from the storm tank is sprayed.

9.   ANONYMOUS.  1967.  Water Reclamation and Reuse.  Journ. WPCF. 39:5:734-741.
     Literature review of a symposium on Water Conservation by Reuse, by
     the American Institute of Chemical Engineers at its 59th Annual Meeting.
     Gives location and purpose of a large variety of systems and states
                                   21

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       general information on the type of system,  efficiency,  cost,  and
       health aspects.

10.    ANONYMOUS.  1968.   Reclamation of Waste Water.   A report by the Los
       Angeles Dept. of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles,  California.
       This report covers irrigation in the Sepulpa Flood Control Basin.
       Costs are included.  Irrigation and recreation in Griffith Park is
       discussed as well  as discussions of three sources of reclaimed water
       for the Park.  A wastewater treatment plant is proposed to be con-
       structed jointly by Los Angeles and Glendale.

11.    AMIROV, R. 0., SALIMOV, D. A.  1967.  Sanitary-Helminthological Eval-
       uation of Sewage Farms Under Climatic Conditions of the Apsheron
       Peninsula.  Hygiene and Sanitation 32:4-6:437-439.
       Biological characteristics of sewage from Baku are given.  High per
       cent of viable helminth eggs is found in the municipal sewage (54.4).
       Sewage is treated  by Imhoff process.  The treated sewage is used for
       irrigation because of poor sandy soil and lack of rainfall.  It was
       found irrigation by flooding contaminated vegetables.  There were no
       viable eggs found  after two months in the soil.  Investigations show
       sewage can be successfully used to irrigate eastern part of the Apsheron
       Peninsula.  Recommends irrigation on thermal processed food only and
       only by farrow irrigation.  Climatic information given.

12.    ASKEW, J. B., BOTT, R. F., LEACH, R. E., ENGLAND, B. L.  1965.  Micro-
       biology of Reclaimed Water from Sewage for Recreational Use.  Amer.
       Journ. of Public Health 55:2:453-462.
       As part of a continuing research program at the  Santee Sewage treat-
       ment plant,  intensive bacteriologic and virologic tests have been
       performed on specimens from  seven sampling points.  Bacteriologic
       determinations indicate that it is possible  to create a lake from
       reclaimed water that has  coliform counts within  the limits allowed for
       conventional origin.  Virological tests completed to date on samples of
       raw sewage, primary settling effluent, and activated sludge effluent
       have been 100% positive,  yielding 13 distinctive viruses.  The per
       cent of samples positive  after approximately 30  days detention in an
       oxidation pond dropped to 25,  and the recreational  lake samples have
       been consistently  negative for virus.

13.    BACHMANN,  G.   1954.  The sewage utilization plant at Memmingen.
       Wasserw.-Wass. Techn.  4:191;  Zbl. Bakt.,  I, Ref., 1955,  Vol 157:344.
       The author describes the sewage works of Memmingen where sewage,
       after sedimentation for 1% hours, is used as artificial rain.   The
       yield of hay on watered land has been increased by 52 per cent.

14.    BEHNKE, J. J., HASKELL, E. E.,  JR.   1968.   Ground Water Nitrate Distri-
       butions Beneath Fresno, California.   Jour.  AWWA 60:4:477-480.
       The occurrence and distribution of nitrates in ground water is a
       complex problem dependent upon many variables.   Nitrate concentration
       maps are useful in ground water studies to indicate areas receiving
       unusual nitrate concentrations.  Nitrate may not be an effective ground
                                     22

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       water tracer in all cases, because its concentration in the water  table
       changes markedly with horizontal distance.  Areas receiving nitrate
       concentrations from organic sources should also have high chloride
       concentrations.  Therefore, a comparison of the chloride and nitrate
       concentrations in the ground water may offer some insight into the
       effects of bacterial action on nitrate concentrations.   Nitrate concen-
       trations in the uppermost 10 feet of the ground water body were approx-
       imately one-third higher than in deeper waters - below 10 feet the
       nitrate concentration was essentially uniform with depth.

15.     BENDIXON, T. W., HILL, R. D., SCHWARTZ, W. A., ROBECK,  G. G.  1968.
       Ridge and Furrow Liquid Waste Disposal in a Northern Latitude.  Jour.
       Sanitary Div. - ASCE 94:SA1:147-157.
       The operation and performance of a municipal ridge and furrow
       liquid waste disposal system in use since 1959 was monitored for a year
       and a half.  One hundred and fifty thousand gallons a day of trickling
       filter effluent are disposed into the soil via four 1-acre basins.
       A heavy stand of grass left unharvested over the winter apparently
       contributes to successful operation.  The changes in infiltration rates
       and quality of the infiltrate with season and under various loading and
       operating conditions are examined, as are companion field and indoor
       lysimeter studies comparing various design and operational factors that
       may influence infiltration protection of ground water.

16.     BLUMEL, F.   1965.  Methods of treating agricultural land--a good method
       for the treatment and application of sewage.  Wass. Abwass., 1965, 35-45.
       Existing methods for use of sewage in agriculture and plans for
       its use in modern farming and soil improvement are discussed, and the
       author reviews the application of sewage on land without preliminary
       treatment,  after mechanical treatment, and after biological treatment,
       and compares these methods with those used abroad.  Special reference
       is made to the use of sewage effluents and trade waste waters for
       irrigation.

17.     BOUWER, H.   1970.  Ground Water Recharge Design for Renovating Waste
       Water.  Jour. Sani. Engrg. Div. - ASCE 96:SA1:59-74.
       Ground water recharge through surface spreading can be an effective
       and economical method for further treatment or renovation of convention-
       ally treated sewage effluent, cannery wastes, or other low-quality water.
       The process could also be used in cases where keeping the waste water  out
       of surface waters is the main consideration.  Infiltration of the waste
       water can be accomplished with recharge basins, ridge-and-furrow systems,
       or sprinklers.  Most of the quality improvement takes place as the fluid
       percolates through the first few feet of soil, but it is considered de-
       sirable to allow the water to travel laterally as ground water for several
       hundred feet or more before it is collected as reclaimed water by drains
       or wells.  The design of a system of recharge areas with infiltration
       facilities and of wells or other facilities to collect the reclaimed
       water must be based on: (1) Keeping the water table beneath the recharge
       area at sufficient depth to maintain high infiltration rates, suffi-
       cient aerobic percolation, and rapid drainage of the soil profile
       during dryup; (2) allowing sufficient time and distance of underground
       travel of the reclaimed water; and (3) minimizing spread of the reclaimed
                                    23

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       water into the aquifer outside the recharge system if contamination is
       to be avoided.  A procedure is presented to predict water-table positions
       for a system of parallel, rectangular recharge areas, with wells
       located midway between the areas.  This enables the evaluation of the
       most favorable layout of recharge areas and wells with the desired
       water table response and travel times.  Procedures for obtaining the
       necessary information on the hydraulic conductivity conditions of the
       aquifer for recharge systems are presented.  Using an analog technique,
       the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer can be
       determined from the recharge rate and the water level response in two
       observation wells of different depths.  From the hydraulic conductivity
       data thus obtained, an effective transmissibility coefficient of the
       aquifer for recharge can be computed for use in the analysis of a
       multiple-basin, multiple-well recharge and renovation system.  The pro-
       cedures are illustrated with an evaluation of the hydraulic properties
       of the aquifer for an experimental recharge system in the Salt River
       bed west of Phoenix, Arizona, and with a calculation of watertable
       positions and travel times for a system consisting of two parallel
       recharge strips with wells midway in between.

18.    BOUWER, H.  1968.  'Returning Wastes to the Land, A New Role for Agri-
       culture.  Jour. Soil and Water Cons. 23:5:286-290.
       There is an everpresent need for reclamation and reuse of wastewater.
       Land disposal is one way to use these wastes.  Not only does the soil
       benefit from the fertilizer value of the sewage effluent but the water
       goes through a drastic quality improvement through soil percolation
       before it reaches the ground water.  Recharge basin management is discussed
       along with the economics of land disposal.  Three methods of reducing
       the nitrate content from the soil are studied.  A description of the
       Flushing Meadows Project is given as an example of waste water reclamation.

19.    BOUWER, H.  1970.  Water Quality Aspects of Intermittent Systems Using
       Secondary Sewage Effluent.  Paper given at the Artificial Groundwater
       Recharge Conference Univ. of Reading, England.  21-24 Sept., 1970.
       Results from an experimental project on reclaiming water from
       secondary sewage effluent by ground water recharge with infiltration
       basins in the dry Salt River bed near Phoenix, Arizona, have shown
       that the infiltration rate in grass-covered basins is 25 per cent higher
       and in a gravel-covered basin 50 per cent lower, than in a bare soil
       basin.  Alternating 2-week inundation periods with 10-day dry-up periods
       (17 days in winter) yields an annual infiltration rate of about 100m
       (330 ft.).  The hydrogeological conditions of the Salt River bed, i.e.
       about 0.9m (3 ft.) of fine, loamy sand underlayed by sand and gravel
       layers to great depth and a ground-water table at about 3m (10 ft.) depth,
       are very favorable for high-rate waste water reclamation by ground-
       water recharge.

20.    CHASE, WILLIAM J,  1960.  Spray Disposal of Domestic Wastes.  Pub. Works
       91:137-141 (May).  PHE ABST. 40:8:107.
       Emphasizes the need for proper disposal methods in relation to spray
       irrigation of pasture and wooded areas with domestic wastes.  Require-
       ments are given in regard to pretreatment, allowable volumes according
       to conditions, spray-nozzle arrangement, prevention of harm to foliage,
                                    24

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       and other details of application.  Deep silty soil is preferable.
       Clay subsoil may lead to bad effects from adsorption of sodium through
       ion-exchange.

21.    CHISTOVICH, G. N., ADEL'SON, L. I., IVANOVA, S. P., IL'IN,  V.  V.,
       KIBORT, R. V., LYABINA, L. M., MOGUCHII, A. M., NECHAEVA,  E.  A.,
       PADERINA, E. M. SMIRNOVA, A. M. , SHANDURIN, S. V., YAKOVLEVA,  G.  S.
       1965.  Experience of Comprehensive Sanitary and Microbiological
       Evaluation of Sewage Irrigation Fields in the Suburbs of Leningrad.
       Hygiene and Sanitation 30:10-12:129-131.
       A total of 17 samples of sewage and 27 samples of drainage water,
       131 samples of soils and 21 series of samples of vegetables,  principally
       cabbage was used in this experiment.  A total of analyses was 1774.
       Besides cabbage, cauliflower and potatoes were also used.
       This article dealt with the following three areas:
       (1) The degree of efficiency of sewage purification in the SIF
       (sewage irrigation fields.)
       (2) The degree of contamination of the soil in SIF and whether it
       undergoes spontaneous decontamination fast enough.
       (3) The possibility of using those vegetables grown in SIF.

22.    COERVER, J. F.  1969.  Health Regulations Concerning Sewerage Effluent
       for Irrigation.  Presented at a symposium held July 30, 1968  in Ruston,
       La.  Louisiana Polytechnic Institute Alumni Foundation.
       Regulations on the use of municipal sewage effluent for irrigation
       vary from state to state.  The use of untreated sewage for irrigation
       is generally prohibited.  States approve the use of treated sewage for
       irrigation except in those more hazardous situations involving vegetables
       eaten raw, public access lawns, and dairy pastures, although  some states
       recognize that sewage can be reclaimed by extensive treatment to satis-
       factorily reduce hazards.

23.    CRAWFORD, A. B., FRANK, A. H.  1940.  Effect on Animal Health of
       Feeding Sewage.  Civil Engrg. 10:8:495-496.
       The U. S. Department of Agriculture's Beltsville Research Center
       conducted a study in which sewage effluent was fed to swine and cattle
       to see if disease would be carried in the stock.  Raw sewage,  treatment
       plant effluent, and sludge were mixed with bran and fed to the stock
       regularly.  The water of the test animals was also saturated  with the
       effluent.  It was concluded that virulent bacteria are not present in
       sufficient concentration in the incoming sewage of the test sewage
       plant to cause disease in susceptable animals.

24.    CROSBY, J. W., JOHNSTONE, D. L. , DRAKE, C. H. , AND FENTON,  R. L.   1968.
       Migration of pollutants in a glacial outwash environment.   Wat. Resour.
       Res., 4, 1095-1114.
       Soil samples were taken from test holes to determine the movement of
       polluting chemicals and bacteria in the alluvial soil of the  Spokane
       river valley, Wash., caused by soil disposal of septic-tank effluent
       from a nursing home.  It was found that bacteria were normally removed
       after passage through 20 ft of soil; that moisture fronts moved further,
                                     25

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       laterally and vertically, In the winter; and that chlorides and nitrates
       moved at rates comparable to those of the dispersing effluents.
       Detailed observations of moisture distribution were supplemented by
       observations using sand models, and it was demonstrated that dry
       conditions at depth were caused by lateral dispersion by capillarity.

25.    DAVIS, G. E., STAFFORD, J. F.  1966.  Tucson Wastewater Reclamation
       Project.  First Annual Report, Tucson Wastewater Reclamation Project,
       June 1965-June, 1966.  Tucson Wastewater Reclam. Proj.  Rep., July
       1966.  Water and Sewers Dept., Tucson; Univ. of Arizona, Tucson.
       A summary of the first year of the Tucson Wastewater Reclamation
       Project.  The primary purpose of the project is to demonstrate the
       chemical, microbiological, and virological safety and aesthetic accepta-
       bility of including wastewater, which has been renovated by use of a soil
       system, as a dependable and substantial portion of the future water
       supply for metropolitan Tucson.

26.    DAY, A. D., DICKSON,  A. D., TUCKER, T. C.  1963.  Effects of City
       Sewage Effluent on Grain Yield and Grain Malt Quality of Fall-Sown,
       Irrigated Barley-Agronomy Jour.  55:317-318.
       Experimants were conducted over a 2 year period to compare the
       grain yield, grain quality, and malt quality of 2 malting barley
       varieties (Atlas 54 and Hannchen) irrigated with sewage effluent with
       the yield and quality of the same 2 barleys irrigated with well water
       and fertilized with different amounts of commercial fertilizer.
       The sewage effluent came from the Tucson, Arizona sewage plant
       after the standard activated sludge treatment.  It contained approxi-
       mately 65 Ibs. of Nitrogen, 21.8 Ibs. of Phosphorous (50 Ibs. P205)>
       and 26.6 Ibs. of Potassium (32 Ibs. K20) per acre-foot.  About 3 acre-
       feet of effluent per acre was applied four times.  Well water in the
       area contained about 10 Ib. of N., 0.2 Ib. of P (0.5 Ib. of P205>, and
       11.6 Ib. of K (14 Ib. of K20) per acre-foot.
       The results of various tests showed that kernel weights and kernel
       size were reduced on plots irrigated with sewage effluent.  Nitrogen
       was increased by sewage effluent.  Although the sewage  effluent plots
       produced a higher total yield of malt extract percentage from both
       varieties, the high nitrogen in the sewage effluent tended to reduce
       barley and malt quality.

27.    DAY, A. D. AND TUCKER, T.  C.   1959.  Production of Small Grains
       Pasture Forage Using Sewage Effluent as a Source of Irrigation Water
       and Plant Nutrients.   Agronomy Journal  51:569-572.
       Winter pasture forage yields of 11.14 tons per acre were obtained
       from barley irrigated with sewage effluent with no additional fertilizer.
       Similarly, wheat and oats production was 263 percent and 249 percent
       higher, respectively, than for check plots that received only pump
       water.   Barley was more sensitive to the detrimental effects of sewage
       effluent than were wheat and oats.

28.    DAY, A. D., TUCKER,  T. C.   1959.   Production of Small Grains Pasture
       Forage Using Sewage Effluent as a Source of Irrigation  Water and Plant
       Nutrients.  Agronomy Journal 51:569-572.
                                    26

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       Eight experiments were conducted over a two-year period (1957-58)
       at Cortaro, Arizona, to compare the pasture forage production of  small
       grains (barley, wheat, oats) irrigated with sewage effluent with  the
       pasture forage obtained when small grains were irrigated with regular
       irrigation water and fertilized with different amounts of commercial
       fertilizer.  These grains irrigated with sewage produced up to 263%
       more forage compared to that of pump water.

29.    DINGES, W. R.  1969.  Review of Literature on Irrigation of Human Food
       Crops with Waters Containing Various Amounts of Domestic Wastewaters.
       Unpublished material by Div. of Wastewater Technology and Surveillance,
       Texas State Dept. of Health.
       Definitive epidemiological information about the transmission of
       diseases by consumption of foods irrigated with contaminated water is,
       essentially, non-existent.  A search of the literature did not reveal
       studies made on irrigation of food crops with treated and disinfected
       sewage treatment plant effluents.  Most investigators were of the opinion
       that disease-causing organisms, with the possible exception of Ascaris
       lumbercoides (eggs) and tubercule bacteria (spores), die rapidly  (2-
       30 days) under field conditions.  The efforts at establishment of
       realistic sanitary standards for irrigation waters by public health
       authorities have suffered due to a paucity of reliable information.

30.    DREWRY, W. A., ELIASSEN, R.  1968,  Virus Movement in Groundwater.
       Jour. WPCF 40:257-271.
       Virus retention by soils is studied.  The adsorption of virus by
       soils is greatly affected by the pH of the water-soil system.  At
       lower pH values it was found that adsorption was faster.  Virus
       adsorption by  some soils can be greatly enhanced by increasing the
       cation concentration of the liquid phase of a soil water system.   It
       was concluded  that virus movement through soils under saturated con-
       ditions should present no great health hazard with respect to under-
       ground water supplies.

31.    DUNLOP, S.G., TWEDT, R. M., WANG, W. L.  1952.  Quantitative Estimation
       of Salmonella  in Irrigation Water.  Sewage and Industrial Wastes
       24:1015-1020.
       A quantitative method has been developed for the estimation of
       Salmonella  in  sewage-contaminated irrigation water.  Of 11 samples of
       irrigation water, 8 were positive for Salmonella.  The median value for
       all 11 samples of vegetables irrigated with this water was positive for
       those organisms.
       Ratios of 255,000 coliforms and 4,800 enterococci to one Salmonella
       were computed  from  the median values obtained from the water samples.
       In comparing coliform and enteroccus counts from vegetables subjected
       to washing  and blending, no consistent trend was shown in  favor of
       either method.
       Tables included are as follows:
       Table I.--Quantitative Determinations of Salmonella in Irrigation Water
       (Forest and  International Centrifuged Sediments Inoculated into Modified
       Tetrathionate  Broth, 3 Tubes Each of 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 Ml.)
                                      27

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       Table II.—Quantitative Determinations of Salmonella in Irrigation
       Water (Forest Centrifuged Sediments Inoculated into Modified Tetra-
       thionate Broth, 3 Tubes Each of 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 Ml.)
       Table III.—Summary of Most Probable Numbers of Coliform Organisms and
       Enterococci in Irrigation Water, Samples 397-417 (MPN Counts in Thou-
       sands per 100 Ml.)
       Table IV.—Comparison of Coliform and Entercocci Counts on Vegetables
       Using Direct Washing and Blending.

32.    DUNLOP. S. G.., WANG, W. L.  1961.  Studies on the Use of Sewage Effluent
       for Irrigation of Truck Crops. Jour. Milk Food Tech. 24:2:44-47.
       Salmonella, Ascaris ova and Endamoeba cysts were recovered from
       more than 50 per cent of irrigation water samples contaminated with
       raw sewage or primary-treated, chlorinated effluents.  Only one of 97
       samples of vegetables yielded Salmonella, but Ascaris ova were recovered
       twice from 34 of the vegetable samples, the latter only when raw sewage
       was being discharged into the stream.  Although this work is not yet
       completed, it would appear that, under the conditions studied, the use
       of partially treated, chlorinated sewage effluents diluted in streams
       does not significantly contaminate the vegetables furrow-irrigated with
       this water.  On the other hand, the presence of pathogenic organisms
       in most of the water samples represents a potential public health
       hazard to the farmers and communities using the water.

33.    DYE, E. 0.  1958.  Crop Irrigation with Sewage Effluent.  Sewage and
       Indus. Wastes 30:6:825-828.
       A series of analyses were conducted, exdending over a 2 year period,
       covering the chemical consideration in the application of sewage effluent
       from the activated sludge treatment plant at Tucson, Arizona to soil
       and plants.  The total soluble salts of the effluent are within the
       range of ordinary tap water.  The HC03 increase at the field is reflected
       in the pH change (7.4 to 7.9) and is influenced by algal growths;  however,
       this rise is only temporary.  The slight rise in Na content suggests
       increased detergents use which may in turn explain the P205 rise.   The
       total nitrogen increase is explained by microbial nitrogen fixation.
       This method with only a few adaptations makes agricultural use of
       usually wasted water with no hazards to operators or others possible.

34.    DYE, E.  0.  1968.  Wastewater Reclamation Project.  Water Sewage
       Works 115:4:139-144.
       The city of Tucson is interested in waste water reclamation, with
       approval by health authorities.  The second year of the Tucson Waste-
       water Reclamation Project embodied a program of intensive sampling and
       analysis of applied activated sludge effluent, intrafilter aliquots
       representing progressive stages of renovation, and the end products.
       Two phases of application were completed and critically reviewed leading
       to the beginning of a third.  Costs were discussed.

35.    EASTMAN, P.. W. JR.  1967.  Municipal Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation.
       Jour. Irr. and Drainage Div. - ASCE.  93:IR3:25-31.  Jour. WPCF
       40:6:969-974.
       The demand for reuse of wastewater is discussed with a projection
       of water needs to the year 2000.  States using sewage applied to land
       with estimated population served are described.  California and Texas are
                                    28

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      two states used as  examples  for  sewage irrigation.  Health aspects
      of sewage irrigation  are  studied in detail with references to other
      countries.

36.   EHLERS, V. M. , ROBERTS, F. C., JR., REINKE, E. A.  1934.  Experiences
      with Sewage Farming in  Southwest United States.  Amer. Jour.JPub.
      Health 25:119-127,  1935.  Sewage Wks. Jour. 7:320-322.
      This article  discusses  the sewage disposal (using land systems)
      problems and  advantages in three states: Texas, Arizona, and California.
      The article discusses the cost of the systems, the length of operation,
      the type of crops which were grown, and the revenue from them.  Sug-
      gestions were given by  Texas engineers.  All data necessary was given
      for the state of Arizona  including rainfall, temperature, population,
      average sewage flow,  average type of sewage, etc.  Ways of dispelling
      odors were discussed.   Health aspects, danger of polluting groundwater,
      previous treatment  and  crop  yields were discussed to a great extent.
      A great deal was said about  California's health laws (as to what crops
      could be legally irrigated with  sewage water and the type of sewage
      that could be used) and their effect on the number of land systems used.

37.   FISH,  H.  1966.  Some investigations of tertiary methods of treatment.
      Instn publ. Hlth Engrs  J. 65:33-47.
      Tertiary treatment  of sewage-works effluents in Essex by irrigation
      on grass plots, slow  sand filtration, microstraining, and lagooning
      has been studied over a period of 12 months and the improvements achieved
      performance for removal of BOD and suspended solids, and for nominal
      oxygen balance of the effluent but some of the results obtained by
      lagooning were superior.  All 4  processes produced similar results
      when treating humus-tank  effluent conforming to the Royal Commission
      standard.  The costs  of the  processes are compared and their merits are
      considered in relation  to requirements of river authorities, sewerage
      authorities, and public health protection.
      In reply to a question  raised in discussion, the author stated that
      these processes caused  only  slight reduction in the concentration of
      anionic detergents.

38.   FLEMING, R.  R.  1963.  Water Reuse by Design.  The American City
      78:106-108.
      The author reviews  the  reuse of  sewage effluents as practiced in the
      United States.  Large quantities  are reclaimed for both industrial and
      agricultural reuse.   Other reuse  includes groundwater recharge to
      prevent salt water  intrusion.  Over 200 municipal plants in Texas
      supply effluent for irrigation.   Several Arizona and New Mexico cities
      water golf courses and parks with sewage effluent.  Other examples of
      reuse are cited.
                                  29

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39.   FOSTER, H.  B., JR.,  JOPLING,  W.  F.   1969.   Rationale of Standards for
      Use of Reclaimed Water.  Jour.  Sani.  Engrg.  Div.  - ASCE 95:SA3:503-514.
      Committees developed workable standards for safely utilizing reclaimed
      wastewater in California.  Applications such as irrigation of crops
      and parks,  and recreational empoundments were developed.  In the
      development of the standards, the major controversy centered around
      four basic subjects.
      (1) Sampling and analysis requirements for adequate disinfection.
      (2) Specification of proper practices in the production and use of
      reclaimed waste water.
      (3) Use of descriptive  terms versus specific quality parameters in
      definitions.
      (4) Quality requirements for specific uses.

40.   FOSTER, H.  B., JR.,  WARD, P.  C., PRUCHA, A.  A.  1965.  The Removal
      of Nutrients by Spraying Effluent on a Saturated Hillside—Lake Tahoe,
      California.  Paper presented before ASCE,  Sanitary Division, Pennsyl-
      vania State University, August,  1965.
      Sewage effluent was sprayed on an 80-acre hillside, sparsely forrested
      with pine.   During the  first study period, Oct.-Nov. 1963, over 90% of
      the total phosphate, over 5670 of the total nitrogen, and over 65% of the
      ABS were removed from the hillside.  The following spring, April 1964,
      removal efficiencies were found to be lower.  At this time, the hillside
      was thoroughly saturated with the melt from ice and snow banks.   The
      hillside was covered with heavy snow during the early months of 1965.
      Masses of ice had built up around the spray nozzles.  Removal efficien-
      cies were lower than at any previous times.   Phosphate, total nitrogen,
      and ABS removals were 27%, 26%,  and 32% respectively.  During all
      periods of study the fecal coliform and enterococcus densities were
      greatly reduced by the  passage over the hillside spray area.

41.   FRANKEL, R. J.  1967.  Economics of Artificial Recharge for Municipal
      Water Supply.  Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D. C.
      Artificial Recharge and Management of Aquifers, Symposium of Haifa
      (March 19-26, 1967), International Association of Scientific Hydrology,
      Publication No. 72,  p.  289-301,  1967.
      A research project was  undertaken to determine whether or not
      waste reclamation could be economically competitive with other water
      sources for municipal water supply.  Numerous advanced waste treatment
      systems and recycle schemes were evaluated.   Waste-water renovation
      through groundwater recharge proved to be the most feasible solution
      to reclamation of the effluent of any type treatment plant today.
      Further study has evaluated the chemical and physical limitations of
      artificial recharge using municipal wastes;  the economic trade-offs
      between additional treatment prior to recharge and greater land utiliza-
      tion and the break-even point for land values as a function of economics of
                                   30

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       scale.  Finally the economics of a particular case study in the arid
       West of the United States is discussed as well as proposed scheme for
       converting the nation's capital, Washington, D. C., in the humid East
       from using solely surface water supplies to using artificial recharge
       of undeveloped aquifers for future expansion of water supplies.

42.    GREENBERG, A. E., THOMS, A. F.  1954.  Sewage Effluent Reclamation for
       Industrial and Agricultural Use.  Sewage and Industrial Wastes 26:761-
       770. Chem. Abs. 49:col 7161D, 1955.
       Planned reclamation is designed to produce a usable water from sewage.
       Such reclaimed waters may be used by industry or agriculture "directly"
       or "indirectly."  The latter involves replenishing groundwater basins
       from which industrial, agricultural, or domestic supplies are drawn.
       Experiments performed by the University of California's Sanitary
       Engineering Research Laboratory are discussed, and the conclusions are
       summarized.

43.    GRIGOR'EVA, L. V., GONCHARUK, E. I.  1966.  Elimination of Viruses from
       Sewage in Experimental Underground Filtration.  Hygiene & Sanitation
       31:10-12:158-163.
       Laboratory models of underground filtration beds and filtering
       wells have been constructed to investigate the danger of bacterial
       contamination of sewage.  Two Coxsackie strains, A5 and A14, and E.
       Coli No. 163 were used to test the sewage.
       The sewage load was 301/24 hrs per 1 running meter for underground
       filtration beds and 1801/24 hr per 1 m2 for the filtering wells.  The
       application of sewage continued for 42 days.
       The results showed that the purification from viruses and bacteria
       was more satisfactory in the case of the underground filtration beds
       than in the case of filtering wells.  After application in the period
       of maturation, Coxsackie A viruses and E. Coli were more frequently
       detected in the concentrated filtrate but only until the 20th day.
       The underground filtration let through 0.002 to 0.0427, of the initial
       bacteriophage while the filtering well let through 0.007 to 0.109%.

44     GRIGOR'EVA, L. v., GORODETSKII, T. G., OMEL'YANETS, x. G., BOGDANENKO,
       L. A., 1965.  Survival of Bacteria and Viruses on Vegetable Crops
       Irrigated with Infected Water.  Hygiene and Sanitation 30:10-12:357-361.
       Investigates the survival of the pathogenic bacteria of the coli group,
       Coxsackie viruses of Group A, Escherichia coli, and bacteriophages on
       the leaves and fruits of plants irrigated with infected water.  The
       plants were grown in a laboratory condition but with natural simulation.
       At different stages of vegetation period the plants were sprinkled with
       sewage water with a low coli titer  (10-8 -- 10-15) or with water which
       was additionally contaminated with coli bacteriophage.  Survival times
       of enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria of E. Coli family is  compared.
       The survival time depends on several factors,  such as the species of
       plants, the  conditions and  length of the vegetation period, the past  of
       the plants investigated  (whether leaves or  fruit), the species and
       strain of  the microorganism and its initial concentration.  Three
                                      31

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       vegetables species were investigated and their conditions for the
       survival of bacteria and viruses were discussed.   The least favorable
       conditions for :the survival of bacteria and viruses were offered by
       cabbage leaves and the most favorable by tomato  leaves.

45.    GUYMON, B. E.   1957.  Sewage Salinity Prevents Use of Effluents for
       Golf Course Irrigation.  Wastes Engrg. 28:80-83.   P.H.E. Abst.  37:8:69.
       The salinity of the treated sewage of the city of Coronado, California
       was found to be too high to permit its use for irrigating a proposed
       18-hole public golf course on land bordering San Diego Bay.  The
       annual cost of irrigating the tract with the municipal supply was
       estimated to be $26,000.  The author presents salinity data for both
       the public water supply and the sewage, covering a typical 24-hour
       day.  A method of separating the merging flows of two main outfall
       sewers, one high in salinity and the other acceptable, is illustrated
       and briefly explained.

46.    HAJEK, B. F.  1969.  Chemical Interactions of Wastewater in a Soil
       Environment.  Jour. WPCF 41:1775-1786.
       The effects of wastewater disposal to soil will be scrutinized
       increasingly to predict the assimilative capacity of soil.  One phase
       of wastewater disposal to soil, that of chemically contaminated
       wastewater, has been discussed to acquaint environmental engineers
       and scientists with experimental methods presently available for making
       such a prediction.  These methods are wastewater chemical characteri-
       zation, and chemical interactions of soil-waste systems.

47.    HARMSEN, H.  1957.  Irrigation and utilization of sewage residues.
       Stadtehvgiene 8:25-27.
       In view of the objections raised, especially from the hygienic
       point of view, to the provisions of DIN 19 650, issued in 1956 and
       dealing with irrigation and the use of sewage, the author surveys
       work done and legal enactments on the hygienic problems of use of
       sewage on land.

48.    HARVEY, C. AND CANTRELL, R.  1965.  Use of Sewage Effluent for Production
       of Agricultural Crops.  Texas Water Development Board, Austin,  Report 9
       December 1965.
       The report summarizes the results of a 1965 Texas survey on agricultural
       use of sewage effluent.  Discussed are the suitability and cost of
       effluent for crop production as well as crops and acreage irrigated.
       The authors state that "crop irrigation with effluent can contribute
       to the economy of the area and solve satisfactorily the sewage disposal
       problem."

49.    HEUKELEKIAN, H.  1957.  Utilization of Sewage for Crop Irrigation in
       Israel.  Sewage and Industrial Wastes  29:8:868-874.  Chem. Abs.
       51:col 17050B, 1957.
       The low annual rainfall in the agricultural areas of Israel and
       its lack of sufficient water supplies makes irrigation with sewage
       effluents feasible.  The problems involved are: (1) construction and
       collection systems for the wastes, (2) transmission of the sewage to
       agricultural areas, (3) adequate treatment of wastes prior to irrigation,
       (4) development of suitable farming areas and practices for the utili-
                                     32

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     zation.  The land is irrigated about once in 10 to 15 days receiving \
     inch during 220 days.  At this rate irrespective of the method of
     application there is no problem with odors or flies unless the sewage
     had developed septicity prior to its arrival at the irrigation site.
     There are 2 alternatives as to previous treatment of the sewage:
     (1) secondary treatment for unrestricted crop irrigation or (2) primary
     treatment for irrigation of crops not eaten raw by human beings such as
     beets, cotton, pasture and hay, vegetables eaten only after cooking,
     fruit trees, nursery plants, and ornamental plants and flowers.  The
     primary treatment with restricted use may be the most preferred.   Methods
     of primary treatment suitable for irrigation are: (1) screening or
     comminution, (2) plain sedimentation tanks, (3) Imhoff tanks, (4) septic
     tanks, and (5) earth basin tanks.  The type of treatment used will
     depend on the size of the plant, the cost of construction, and the
     ease of operation.  Plots irrigated with sewage show an accumulation
     of chlorides; however, these are leached out during the rainy season.
     The sewage also adds 2.5 to 3 kg. of Nitrogen, 1.0 kg. of phosphorus,
     and 1.3 to 1.6 kg. of potassium per capita per year.

50.  HILL, R. D., BENDIXON, T. W., ROBECK, G. G.  1964.  Status of Land
     Treatment for Liquid Waste - Functional Design.  Presented at Water
     Pollution Control Federation, Bal Harbour, Florida, October 1, 1964.
     The distribution of liquid waste-land disposal systems by type of
     waste, application technique, and geographic location has been presented.
     The over 2,000 reported installations spread over many states with vastly
     different climatic conditions have been used for the disposal of dif-
     ferent wastes, and have had great diversity in the waste application
     techniques used.
     A review of the literature revealed that the median application rates
     at seepage ponds, ridge and furrow, and spray systems were 1.5, 0.74,
     and 0.22 inches per day respectively.  Sand soils were used almost
     exclusively at seepage pond installations, while soils with poorer
     infiltration and percolation rates were usually used at ridge and furrow,
     and spray sites.  Cover vegetation reported in the literature is
     described and its use at soil systems reviewed.

51.  HOLLER, K.  1952.  Fifteen Years of the Uthleben Sewage Cooperative.
     Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik 2:397.
     Progress and effect of 15 years of sewage farming and technical
     installations are described.  Of about 613 hectares (1,515 acres)
     440 hectares received spray irrigation and 173 hectares received trench
     irrigation.  The present maximum sewage flow is about 4,800 cu. m.
     per day (1.27 m.g.d.)  The raw sewage flows through a grit removal unit
     and thence into a 5,000 cu. m. equalizing lagoon functioning at
     the same time as a settling basin.  This is drained once a year for
     sludge removal.  About 50 per cent of the wet sludge is used directly
     with cattle manure on the fields.  The other 50 per cent is dried on
     beds and composted with garbage.  The sewage is pumped to the land
     through movable pipes.  The importance of proper timing of irrigation
     is emphasized and illustrated for grains (oats, wheat), beets,
     rape seed, and pastures.  Comparisons of crop yields with non-irrigated
     surrounding areas are given.
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52.  HYDE, C. G.  1950.  Sewage Reclamation at Melbourne, Australia.
     Sew, and Indus. Wastes 22:8:1013-1015.
     Geological, climatic, and population statistics at Melbourne,
     Australia are given.  A description of the sewage farm facilities is
     included.  These facilities handle an average load of 58 m.g.d.
     Grass filtration is used and cattle are raised or fattened on the plots.

53.  JANERT, H.  1954.  The suitability of different methods of application
     for the utilization of sewage.  Wasserw.-WassTechn. 4:231; Zbl. Bakt. I
     Ref., 1955, 157:343.
     The author recommends sub-soil irrigation as the best method for
     agricultural utilization of sewage.  Costs for surface and sub-soil
     irrigation are about the same; artificial rain costs more than twice
     as much.  The hygienic advantages of sub-soil irrigation are discussed
     in detail.

54.  JEY, B. N., AGADZHANOV, R. A., ALLAKHVERDYANTS, S. A., DASHKOVA, E. M.
     MAIOROVA, L. A., SHTOK, E. SH.  1960.  The Results of Sanitary and
     Hygienic Investigations of Ashkhabad Sewage Farms.  Gigiena i
     Sanitariya No. 12, 18-20.
     The results of sanitary and hygienic investigations performed at
     the Ashkhabad sewage farms have shown that the irrigation of farm
     fields with sewage from Ashkhabad city produces heavy contamination of
     the soil.  The processes of mineralization and natural soil purification,
     taking place during the interval of 3 to 6 days in between the watering
     periods cannot cope with all the amount of organic waste introduced
     into the soil.
     The vegetables grown on sewage farms and, especially, those in con-
     tact with the surface of the irrigated soil, are contaminated with
     Esch. coli and eggs of helminths.
     In contrast to other parts of the USSR, in these regions, the
     eggs of helminths are found in water, soil and on vegetables only
     during autumn and spring months.

55.  KARDOS, L. T.  1967.  Waste Water Renovation by the Land—A Living
     Filter.  Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment, American
     Association for the Advancement of Science, Pub. No. 85, 1967,
     Washington, D. C., pp. 241-250.
     The 4 year Penn State Project was designed to reclaim waste water
     by the land using a "living filter" system.  The soil ranged in surface
     texture from silt loam to silty clay loam, with slopes averaging 4%.
     Each irrigation area was 240 ft. wide and 800 ft. long, and the crops
     were grown in a strip arrangement in a rotation sequence.  The rate of
     application of effluent in 1963 was 0.64 in/hr, and 0, 1, and 2 in/wk.
     was applied.  In 1964 and 1965 the rate was 0.25 in/hr.  The fertilizer
     equivalent of the waste water at the 2 in/wk level was equal to that of
     2000 Ibs of 7-12-11 fertilizer/acre in 1963, 2000 Ibs of 14-15-14
     fertilizer in 1964, and 2000 Ibs of 5-10-5 fertilizer in 1965.  The
     crops were harvested and subsamples were analyzed for nitrogen,
     phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.  Soil water samples
     were taken by means of suction lysimeters.  Since the beginning of the
     project the area has been under severe drought conditions; however, hay
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     yields were increased 139%, corn silage 39%, corn grain 78%, and oats
     grain 70%.  The phosphorous and potassium concentrations in the alfalfa
     were 63 and 35% higher in the effluent-treated plots than the control
     plots, while at the same time the quantities removed were 300 and 224%
     higher.  At the 1 in/wk level corn silage removed 200% total N, 39% P,
     and 62% K.  The microbes also degrade the complex organic molecules.
     After three years of operation water samples showed that the renovation
     capacity of the soil profile was still excellent.  The growing crop
     prevents the break through of excessively large amounts of Nitrate
     Nitrogen.  The "living filter" also recharges the water table by
     about 80% of the effluent applied to the land.

56.  KIKER, J. E., JR.  1955.  Reclamation of Water from Sewage.  Prelimi-
     nary Draft of a paper presented March 15, 1955 at the 8th Florida and
     Public Health Engineering Conference, University of Florida, Gainsville.
     Gives the need for water reclamation and reuse.  Examples stated are
     the Bethlehem Steel Company at Sparrows Point, Maryland who has spent
     in excess of $2 million for the development of a water supply with the
     treated effluent of the Back River Sewage Treatment Works of Baltimore
     City and the University of Florida which irrigates its lawns with
     effluent from its treatment plant.  The University has found the
     effluent valuable for irrigation in the production of flowers and in
     growing shrubbery and turf for campus beautification.  Other uses,
     potentialities, and benefits of water reuse are discussed along with
     planning and operation recommendations.

57.  KREUZ, A.  1955.  Hygienic evaluation of the agricultural utilization
     of sewage.  Gesundheitsing.  76:206-211.
     The author discusses, with references to the literature, the hygienic
     problems arising from the agricultural utilization of sewage,
     giving accounts of the amount of agricultural use in the U.S.A.,
     Gt. Britain, the Soviet Union, and Germany, and dealing with dangers
     to health, the effect of treatment on pathogenic organisms and worm
     eggs, and precautions necessary in the use of sewage and sludge.  The
     fertilizing and humus-forming effects of sewage and sludge and the
     effect of treatment on the fertilizing constituents are also considered.

58.  KRONE, R. B., MCGAUHEY, P. H,, GOTAAS, H. IB. 1957.  Direct Recharge of
     Ground Water with Sewage Effluents.  Jour. San. Engrg. Div. - ASCE
     83:SA4: Paper 1335  25pp.
     The results of an investigation found that secondary sewage efflu-
     ents could be successfully injected underground through an experimental
     recharge well at a rate equal to about \ the safe yield of the well, and
     that the well could be redeveloped to restore its original characteris-
     tics after clogging by injecting chlorine.  An injection rate of 8.4
     gal/min/ft of aquifer was found to be practical.  Gravel packing of
     the recharge well was found to be necessary.
     No particular danger to public health as a result of travel of bac-
     terial pollution with ground water was found.  Coliform concentrations
     of 2.4 X 10°/100 ml. at a distance of 100 ft. from the recharge well
     in the direction of normal movement from the well and 63 ft. for other
     directions.  No coliforms appeared at greater distances.  Neither
                                    35

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     increased concentrations of organisms nor greater injection rates
     produced greater distances of bacterial travel in the aquifer.
     It was also concluded the mineral quality of recharged water may
     be expected to undergo little improvement as it moves through an
     aquifer; however, the normal ions in sewage, other than industrial
     sewage, are not pollutants in the usual sense of the word.

59.  KUDRYAVTSEVA,  B. M.   1968.  Influence of Lyubertsy Filtration Beds
     upon Sub-surface Waters.  Hygiene and Sanitation 33:1-3:271-274.
     The Lyubertsy filtration beds are in an area where artesian waters
     are extensively used for water supply.  The beds are situated on a plain.
     The geological structure of the area shows that the ground  waters occur
     in Quaternary sands  at a depth of about 1 m.  The artesian  waters occur
     in Upper, Middle, and Lower Carboniferous fissured limestones.   The
     principal confining layer is formed by Upper Jurasic clays.
     The sewage received by the filtration beds has the usual composition
     of household-fecal sewage.  Twenty-six bore holes were drilled for
     studies of ground waters around the filtration beds.  Ground waters from
     bore holes near the  beds had a high concentration of ammonia (4 mg/1),
     chlorides (85 mg/1), sulfates (105 mg/1) and dry residue (500 mg/1), as
     against 0.5 mg/1 ammonia, 15 mg/1 chlorides, 40 mg/1 sulfates,  and 180
     mg/1 dry residue in the water of a control bore hole.  The  coli index
     of the ground waters decreases from 500 at a distance of 5  m from the
     filter to 5 at a distance of 125 m, their progress over this distance
     taking approximately 300 days.  Over the same period, the concentration
     of ammonia nitrogen decreased from 4 to 0.5 mg/1, oxidizability from 10
     to 5 mg/1, etc.  The concentration of chlorides in the flow of ground
     water increased with increasing distance, from 85 to 127 mg/1,  their
     concentration in the sewage being at the level of 50-60 mg/1 during
     the last two years.

60.  KUO, T.  1965.  The utilization of city sewage in China. Vattenhygien
     21:84-87.
     The author discusses the increasing utilization of municipal sewage
     for irrigation and fish culture in China.  The sewage undergoes
     preliminary treatment to conform with the standards of public health
     and to ensure that the contents are suitable for farming and fish
     culture.  Over a number of years there has been a remarkable increase
     in the production of wheat, rice, and kelp.  The need is stressed for
     further research into the effects of infiltration of the sewage into the
     ground water,  and the measures needed to protect soil and crops from
     extraneous contamination and to prevent the spread of contagious diseases,

61.  KUTEPOV, L. E.  1968.  (Purification of effluent water by soils)
     Pochvovedenie No. 11, 57-69.
     A review with 55 references.  Fields irrigated with effluent can
     be used as independent purification systems or can be combined
     with artificial biological purification systems.
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62.  LEHMAN, G. S.  1968.  Soil and grass filtration of domestic sewage
     effluent for the removal of trace elements.  Thesis, University of
     Arizona.  129 pp.; Piss. Abstr. 1969, 29:B:3578.
     Studies were carried out on the removal of trace elements from
     sewage-works effluents by filtration through soil and grass, using
     different cycles of application.  The best results were obtained with
     application for one day, followed by 3 dry days; this provided the
     necessary aerobic environment for removal of trace metals, nitrification
     of reduced nitrogen compounds, and removal of coliform organisms, while
     the short flooding period provided the anaerobic conditions necessary
     for removal of nitrate by denitrification.

63.  MCGAUHEY, P. H., KRONE, R. B.  1967.  Soil Mantle as a Wastewater
     Treatment System: Final Report.  Sanitary Engineering Research Labora-
     tory, College of Engineering & School of Public Health, Univ. of Cali-
     fornia, Berkeley.  SERL Report No. 67-11.
     The problem of treating sewage effluent through soil systems is
     defined with concepts and rationale discussed.  The problem of clogging
     of the soil and quality changes in the soil systems is observed and
     reported.  Existing systems are described and requirements for engineered
     soil systems are suggested.

64.  MCGAUHEY, P. H., KRONE, R. B., WENNEBERGER, J. H.  1966.  Soil Mantle
     as a Wastewater Treatment System: Review of Literature.  Sanitary
     Engineering Research Laboratory, College of Engineering and School of
     Public Health, University of California, Berkeley.  SERL Report No. 66-7.
     Article reviews the literature on sewage treatment through soil
     systems.  Topics discussed are the problems of soil systems, infiltration
     and percolation, clogging of the soils, quality changes in soil systems,
     and engineered systems.  289 references.

65.  MARTIN, B.  1951.  Sewage Reclamation at Golden Gate Park.  Sew. and
     Indus. Wastes 23:3:319-320.  P.H.E. Abstract 31:5:36.
     Sewage plant at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park is described.
     Detention time in the primary sedimentation tank is about 2 hrs.  In
     the aeration tanks the detention period is approximately 8 hrs.
     The effluent after treatment with chlorine meets drinking water stan-
     dards.  Until 1947 the plant effluent was used solely for maintaining
     the level of various lakes in the park.  After July of that year the
     effluent was pumped directly into the irrigation system and Stow
     Lake.  Costs are evaluated.

66.  MERRELL, J. C., JR., JOPLING, W. F., BOTT, R. F., KATKO, A., PINTLER,
     H. E.  1967.  The Santee Recreation Project Santee, California - Final
     Report.  U. S. Dept of the Interior, Fed. Water Poll. Control Adminis-
     tration. Wat. Poll. Contr. Res. Ser. Pub. No. WP-20-7.
     This report presents the results of a study of the Santee, California
     lakes.  The Santee Lakes were deliberately planned the community's
     reclaimed sewage effluent.  The seven-agency cooperative study evaluated
     the fate of virus, total and fecal foliform, and fecal streptococci
     as waste water passed through conventional secondary treatment processes,
     the sand filtration, and the recreational lakes.  It was found that
     the additional treatment provided by intermittent sand filtration met most
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     of the requirements for recreational use of the terminal  ponds.   No
     health hazards have been demonstrated by the viral or other  findings
     and this fact had considerable impact in the promotion of public
     acceptance of the use of the recreational facilities.

67.  MERZ,  R. C.  1955.  A Survey of Direct Utilization of Waste  Waters.
     Calif. State Water Poll. Control Bd. Sacramento,  Pub. No. 12, 80 pages.
     A comprehensive survey of current practices in the use of waste
     water  by industry, by agriculture, for recreation, and for groundwater
     recharge.  The study permitted the following conclusions  with regard to
     the agricultural use of waste water: (a) Sewage effluent  has been shown
     to be  a satisfactory irrigation water, where chemical concentrations
     permit and where health regulations pertaining to type of crop are met;
     (b) Sewage effluent has been shown to be an adequate medium  for  leaching
     alkali soils, or improvement of barren soils; (c) Reclamation by land
     irrigation is a means of protecting the quality of surface waters;
     (d) Irrigation provides secondary treatment and disposal  of  wastes in
     an economical manner and may provide the municipality with a substan-
     tial monetary return; and (e) An ideal use of oxidized sewage effluent
     is for irrigation of parks and golf courses and as a supply  for  decora-
     tive lakes.  Conclusions pertaining to other uses are also given.
     Numerous examples of reuse are cited, and pertinent abstracts from
     the literature are included.  The bibliography contains 227  entries.

68.  MERZ,  R. C.  1959.  Waste Water Reclamation for Golf Course  Irrigation.
     Jour.  San. Eng. Div., Araer Soc. Civ. Engr. 85:SA6, 1, 79-85.
     Three  years' experience at municipal and military golf courses  shows
     that reclaimed wastewater can be properly used for irrigation purposes.
     Value  is derived from the fertilizing constituents.  Difficulties may
     arise  in certain soils due to increased sodium content of the water.
     Chlorination will prevent odor nuisance as well as the spread  of B.
     coli through wind action.

69.  MULLER, G.  1957.  Infection of vegetables by application of domestic
     sewage as artificial rain.  Stadtehygiene 8:30-32.
     The author describes experiments in which plots of land,  on  which
     carrots, cabbages, potatoes, and gooseberry bushes were growing, were
     watered with settled sewage.  The soil, vegetables, and fruits were
     tested for thepresence of Bact. coli and Salmonella at intervals up
     to 40  days after application of sewage.  The amounts of sewage used were
     small  but Salmonella were detected in the soil and on the potato tubers
     after  40 days, on carrots after 10 days and on cabbage leaves  and
     gooseberries after 5 days.

70.  MULLER, W.  1955.  Irrigation with sewage in Australia.  Wass.  u. Boden
     7:12;  Zbl. Bakt. I, Ref., 1956, 159:503.
     The author gives an account of the conditions in which sewage  is
     used for irrigation in Australia.  Only settled and biologically treated
     sewage may be used.  Surface irrigation is preferred.  The amounts vary
     from 350 to 7500 mm a year.  Land for arable and pasture use and for
     fruit growing is irrigated.
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71.  OAKLEY, H. R., CRIPPS, T.  1969.  British Practice in the Tertiary
     Treatment of Wastewater.  Jour. WPCF  41:1:36-50.
     Studies effluent standards in Great Britain.  Some legal aspects
     are discussed.  Five methods of tertiary treatment given are:  pebble
     bed clarifiers, land irrigation, microstraining, slow and rapid sand
     filtration, and effluent lagoons.  In the section on land irrigation
     the author states that it is generally recognized that use of land  for
     treatment of anything other than secondary tank effluent by irrigation
     is wasteful in a country where land is at a premium.  Even irrigation
     with secondary effluent is suitable only for smaller works where this
     method can serve a particularly useful function in smoothing the inev-
     itable variations in effluent quality.  Properly managed land irrigation
     areas can produce effluents of consistently high quality.  Land irri-
     gation is not well suited to large works or to sites in urban areas or
     areas of high agricultural value.

72.  ONGERTH, H. J. AND HARMON, J. A. 1959.  Sanitary Engineering Appraisal
     of Waste Water Reuse.  Jour. Amer. Water Wks. Assn. 51:647-658.
     This article briefly summarizes the historical development of
     waste water reclamation and describes ways in which waste water may be
     utilized.  The engineering, public health, economic, legal, and
     aesthetic problems encountered in waste water reclamation are discussed.

73.  ORLOB, G. T., BUTLER, R. G.  1956.  Use of Soil Lysimeters in Waste
     Water Reclamation Studies.  Jour. San. Engrg. Div. - ASCE 82:SA3:1002.
     Article concerned with infiltration rates, soil particle size
     (with respect to infiltration rates), soil particle size distribution
     and effects of clogging on infiltration rates in experiments near
     Lodi, California.  14 figures and 4 tables.

74.  PAGE, H. G., WAYMAN, C. H.  1966.  Removal of ABS and other Sewage
     Components by Infiltration through Soils.  Groundwater 4:1:10-17.
     The nature and extent of movement of ABS and other sewage components
     through natural soils were studied in the laboratory and in the field
     north of Denver, Colorado.  Small amounts of ABS and bacteria pass
     through soils and reach the zone of saturation, where they move laterally
     down-gradient several thousand feet.
     In laboratory studies Denver Sewage - plant effluent was filtered
     through packed columns of 8 types of soils.  ABS was not significantly
     removed by most of the soils; however, muck, greensand marl, and resi-
     dual basalt soil initially removed up to 94 per cent of the ABS.
     Bacterial clogging occurred quickly in the fine soils but only in modest
     amounts in the course sand, even after three months of flow.
     Field studies included analysis of river and irrigation water con-
     taminated from sewage-plant effluent, and well water from selected
     sites down-gradient between unlined irrigation ditches and the river.
     Concentrations of ABS and bacteria were significantly reduced during
     infiltration of irrigation ditch water to the water table.  Dissolved
     solids showed practically no change between the ditches and the wells.
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75.  PARIZEK, R. R., KAROOS, L. T., SOPPER, W. E., MYERS, E. A., DAVIS, D. E.,
     FARRELL, M. A., NESBITT, J. B.  1967.  Waste Water Renovation and
     Conservation.  Pennsylvania State University Studies No. 23, The
     Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
     The application of treated effluent to croplands and forrested areas
     was initiated in 1962 to develop a means of spraying effluent
     on land throughout the year, to determine the degree of renovation of
     effluent, to explore the possibility of conservation of water and to
     measure the effect on soils, crops, trees, and wildlife.  The geology,
     soils, and hydrology of proposed irrigation sites were investigated
     to ensure safe disposal of effluent by spray irrigation and to avoid
     excessive runoff, ponding, and water logging of mantle and the type of
     underlying rocks.  The effluent, primarily derived from domestic
     sewage, comes from the State College sewage facility which has two
     parallel, 2-stage treatment plants each with a capacity of 2 million
     gallons a day.  Renovation (per cent reduction in concentration of con-
     stituents) was demonstrated on crop and forrested areas at all appli-
     cation rates.  Sixty to eighty per cent of the water applied to the
     research areas found its way to the ground water reservoir.  The yields
     of various crops were compared for areas receiving zero, one, or two
     inches per week of effluent.  Renovation of sewage effluent was measured
     in the forest  and found to be comparable to that in the crop areas.
     Estimates of numbers and kinds of mammals and mosquitoes and of birds
     and their blood parasites have been obtained from 1962-64.  Thus far,
     no differences have been detected.

76.  PARKHURST, J. D.  1965.  Progress in Waste Water Re-Use in Southern
     California.  Jour. Irr. & Drainage Div. - ASCE 91:IR1:79-91.
     The author emphasizes the extensive planning behind Los Angeles
     County's current water reuse operation.  Waste water reclamation falls
     into two categories: (1) that which is incidental to water pollution
     control in inland areas; and (2) planned reclamation for the production
     and reuse of reclaimed water.  The latter would be for the purpose of
     meeting a particular water resource need as in Los Angeles County.
     Factors and conditions which justify water reclamation facilities are
     discussed.  The plan developed in southern California should stimulate
     interest in planning for reuse in other communities that are concerned
     about their future water resources.  The author states, "The question
     is not whether there will be water reuse, but  when, where, and how
     well it will be implemented."

77.  PARNESS, W. H.  1968.  Golf Course and Airport Irrigate with Sewage
     Effluent.  Amer. City  83:5:90-92.
     Discusses the financial aspects of irrigation with sewage effluent.
     The city of Livermore, California used this water to create 4 artificial
     lakes in the golf course; to irrigate the area near the runways which is
     leased for agriculture adding to the airport's income;  to use for fire
     protection at the airport and golf course.  The golf course became self-
     supporting in 1968.  It operated on a budget of $155,600, but income
     was expected to be $163,000.  The airport brought in a net profit that
     exceeded $7,000 in the first half of the fiscal year 1967-1968.
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     The high quality effluent from their sewage treatment plant  is
     chlorinated and piped to the golf course lakes and irrigation systems.
     With its high nitrate content the effluent fosters turf and  crop  growth.
     About 35% of golf course maintenance centers around water so this
     plant comprises a major asset.
     In 1967 the city financed a $1.1 million plant expansion with the
     aid of a $360,000 grant plus their sewer connection fees. This converted
     the old trickling-filter process into an activated-sludge system  and
     doubled its capacity from 2.5 m.g.d. to 5 m.g.d.  The plant  removes 96%
     of the BOD and 96% of the suspended solids.  Financial aspects were
     also discussed.

78.   PAULSMEIER, F.  1955.  Experiences in the agricultural utilization of
     sewage.  Desinfekt. u. Gesundheitswes 47:118; Zbl. Bakt., I, Ref.,
     1956, 159:495.
     From experience with the irrigation fields of Berlin, the author
     discusses the agricultural and economic advantages of agricultural use
     of sewage.  He gives figures for the amounts of nutrient substances in
     the sewage of Germany and deals with arguments raised against agricul-
     tural utilization.

79.   PENNYPACKER, S. P., SOPPER, W.E., KARDOS, L. T.  1967.  Renovation
     of Wastewater Effluent by Irrigation of Forrest Land. Jour,  WPFC
     39:2:285-296.
     Methods and complete descriptions of apparatus used for sewage
     treatment through forest soil are given.  Study areas are described fully
     giving plant species on each section.  Application rates are given in
     both British and metric units.  Three tables and six figures give
     composition of effluent before and after percolation, and concentration
     of materials at different depths.

80.   PETER, I. Y.  1958.  Sewage Effluent into Sand Dunes.  Water and  Sew.
     Wks. 105:493.
     The effluent of a number of simple primary treatment sewage  plants
     near Tel-Aviv is pumped and distributed by sprinklers onto unused sand
     dunes, after submitting the land to a minimum of regrading.   Up  to
     now 225 dunams (4 dunams-1 acre) have been cultivated for two years.
     The rate of application is 8-10 cu. m. per day per dunam for 200-250
     rainless days.  The crops grown are cattle fodder.  Within the  first
     irrigation cycle the sandy soil was turned into good humus and  the
     shifting dunes were stabilized.  An experimental percolation area has
     been set aside and it has been established that the permissible rate  of
     application is 80-100 cu. m. per dunam per day, or about 10  times the
     desirable rate used for agricultural purposes.  This rate of application
     has helped raise the ground water table by several decimeters.

81.   POPP, L.  1967.  Bacteriological and virological investigations  on the
     utilization of sewage in agriculture in areas of Lower Saxony.
     Schr Reihe Kuratorium Kulturbauw.  No. 16, 43-80.
     Detailed laboratory and field experiments have been darried out
     to assess the effects of agricultural utilization of sewage in areas  of
     Lower Saxony.  Different processes of irrigation, application as  arti-
     ficial rain on plants and soil, and the effect of treatment  by subsoil
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     irrigation and of drainage water from sludge-storage tanks on receiving
     waters were investigated in connexion with hygienic aspects and with
     special reference to the viability of pathogenic bacteria.

82.  REINKE, E. A.  1951.  California Regulates Use of Sewage for Crop
     Irrigation.  Wastes Engr. 22:364,376.
     The State Department of Public Health has adopted regulations gov-
     erning use of sewage for crop irrigation.  They prohibit use of raw
     sewage on growing crops; provide that partially disinfected effluents
     shall not be used to water growing vegetables, garden truck, berries,
     or low-growing fruits such that fruit is in contact with the ground;
     but may be used on nursery stock, cotton, and such field crops as hay,
     grain, rice, alfalfa, sugar beets, fodder corn, cowbeets, and fodder
     carrots.  Well-oxidized, nonputrescible and reliably disinfected or
     filtered effluents, which meet the bacterial standards established for
     drinking waters, may be used without restriction.
     The degree of sewage pollution of irrigation waters varies with
     the source of supply.

83.  ROBECK, G. G., COHEN, J. M., SAYERS, W. T., AND WOODWARD, R. L.  1963.
     Degradation of ABS and Other Organics in Unsaturated Soils.  Jour. WPCF
     35:1225-1236.
     Soil lysimeter studies showed the alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) in
     a septic tank effluent can be degraded from 5 to 35 mg/1 to less than
     0.5 mg/1 if applied properly to certain unsaturated soils.  Under inter-
     mittent loading on a daily basis aerobic organisms survived.  Most
     sandy soils handled at least 0.5 to 1.0 foot per day of waste.  Organisms
     usually found in sewage and soil were able to degrade ABS, 2, 4, 5-T,
     2, 4-D, and o-cresol if time were allowed to adjust and handle new
     organics in the waste.  Coliform organisms, odor, turbidity, and COD
     were greatly reduced and nitrification took place when the ABS was
     degraded below 0.5 mg/1.

84.  ROBECK, G. G., BENDIXEN, T. W., SCHWARTZ, W. A., AND WOODWARD, R. L.  1964.
     Factors Influencing the Design and Operation of Soil Systems for Waste
     Treatment. Jour. WPCF 36:971-983.
     Soil lysimeter studies with septic tank effluent indicate that
     soil systems can degrade the new synthetic organics as well as the usual
     COD components.  It appears that groundwater can be protected when
     wastes are properly applied to the soil.  Several important design
     and operational features are listed which will help effect a 90 to 95
     per cent reduction of ABS and other COD components in a septic tank
     effluent and also protect the groundwater from microbial forms.

85.  ROBECK, G. G.  1968.  Microbial Problems in Ground Water  Ground Water
     7:3:33-35.
     Research work has indicated that non fecal coliform can develop
     or increase at a considerable depth within a sewage recharge system.
     This seems to point to the need of a more specific indicator of fecal
     organisms, and the need for the removal of waste that might be food
     and nutrients for the organisms before waste water percolates down more
     than 1 or 2 ft.  Using fecal coliform as a test for the safety of well
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     water may well be more meaningful  than  the old  test as well as being
     easier  to run.  The  cost and hazards  of making  studies concerning
     enteric virus limit  work to  small  scale tests where cracks, weathering,
     sunlight, etc. can only be simulated.   Using round water rates of a few
     feet per day, no significant difference in the  movement of a 30 micro-
     milicron virus and a 1 micron coliform  was detected, and under the right
     conditions  the coliform multiplied and  penetrated deeper than the smaller
     virus.  The amount of virus  removed by  2  ft. of sand varies with the
     flow rate,  but in almost every case the virus was removed amazingly well.
     It was  also found that organisms native to domestic sewage can act as
     a seed  for  developing a population in the soil  to degrade detergents
     and other organic materials.  Oxidizing ammonia to nitrates is for some
     a cause of  concern.   There are several  possibilities to solve the deni-
     trification problem:  1.  organisms  can be  developed in a waste treatment
     column  of activated  carbon or sand that will create denitrification.
     2. the nitrates could be removed when the water is withdrawn from the
     ground by clinoptilolite,  a  natural zeolite that will selectively
     remove  ammonia-nitrogen from waste water.  The  problems still need
     further investigations and tests before they will be practical to put
     into use,

86.  ROHDE, G.   1962.  The Effects of Trace  Elements on the Exhaustion of
     Sewage-Irrigated Land.   Jour. Inst. Sew.  Purif. Pt. 6, 581-585.  Water
     Poll. Abst.  36:421 (2063).
     At the Berlin sewage  farm,  some of the  soil has recently shown
     signs of exhaustion,  and crop yields  have fallen.  Samples of exhausted
     soil and soil on which healthy plants were growing were examined, par-
     ticularly for trace  elements. The results were compared with analyses
     of similar  samples from a sewage farm in  Paris  where signs of exhaustion
     had also been observed.   The soil  at  the  Berlin farm is sandy and acid,
     while that  at the Paris  farm is rich  in lime.   The results of the analy-
     ses are tabulated and discussed.   It  appears that the main cause of
     exhaustion  at both Berlin and Paris is  the presence of high concentra-
     tions of copper and  zinc.

87.  ROMANENKO,   N. A. 1969.   Hygenic Requirements for Irrigation with
     Sewage Outside the USSR.   Hygiene  and Sanitation 34:10-12:275-278.
     Reviews the practices, policies, regulations, and health standards
     that have evolved out  of the practice of  using  soil systems for
     disposal and purification of sewage,  sludge, and effluent.

88.  RUDOLFS, W., FALK,  L.  L.,  RAGOTZKIE, R. A.  1951.  Contamination of
     Vegetables Grown in Polluted Soil:  I. Bacterial Contamination.  _Sew.
     & Ind. Wastes  23:3:253-268.
     Studies the removal of bacteria and decontamination of vegetables
     irrigated with sewage.   Methods discussed include storage, washing with
     water, detergent solutions,  decontamination formulations,  and germici-
     dal rinses.   Methods  of  harvesting  the  fruit are discussed.  Research
     was done on tomatoes which had been irrigated with sewage and records
     were kept.   For each  tomato  the following information was recorded:
     (a) the plant on which it  grew, (b) its height  from the ground,  (c)  its
     state of ripeness,  (d) the presence of  cracks or crevices in and about
     the stem and blossom  ends, (e) the  shading of the fruit by leaves and
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     other fruit.  Climatological data were given.  Those tomatoes (even
     those grown on soil which had received previous but not current sewage
     treatment and those which had received none at all) that had normal stem
     ends instead of those which were cracked and split showed lower average
     contamination.  Little evidence could be found of a relationship of
     the coliform concentration to the height of the fruit above the ground
     and the splashing of the soil upon the fruit during rain.  Complete
     exposure of tomatoes to the sun resulted in lower coliform concentrations
     on the surfaces of normal tomatoes.

89.  RUDOLFS, W., FALK, L. L., RAGOTZKIE, R. A.  1951.  Contamination of
     Vegetables Grown in Polluted Soil: VI. Application of Results.   Sew.
     & Ind. Wastes' 23:8:992-1000.
     Studies have been made with tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, and carrots
     grown in soil receiving sewage irrigation and artificially contaminated
     with E. Coli, Salmonella, Shigella,  E. Histoytica, Ascaris eggs, and
     feces.  Preparation for assays included the maceration of whole vegetables
     in a Waring Blender because no successful way to wash the organisms
     from the vegetables has been found.   The coliform group of bacteria
     was used to test the sanitization of the vegetables.  It was found that
     even vegetables grown in the absence of sewage pollution contained
     numbers of coliform organisms; therefore, it was determined that
     .vegetables receiving surface irrigation with sewage, but not containing
     a higher number of coliform than normal vegetables are safe to  eat.
     Overhead irrigation was found to be safe also, if the spraying  is dis-
     continued at least one month before harvesting.  It was found that
     strains of Salmonella and Shigella do not survive on vegetables more
     than one week.  The resistance of cysts of E. Histolytica depends on
     the amount of moisture present, but under field conditions they usually
     survive only three days.  To reduce the danger of transmitting  amoebic
     dysentery, the last application containing these cysts should be one
     week before harvest.  Ascaris eggs were recovered in reduced numbers
     from the vegetables one month after application, but they had all
     degenerated.  The danger of transmission of Ascaris is greatly  reduced
     if fecal matter fertilization is stopped one month before harvest.
     It has also been found that the only reliable method of decontamination
     of bacterial, amoebic,  and helminthic organisms after the vegetables
     have been harvested is pasteurization.

90.  SCHULZE, K. L.  1966.  Biological Recovery of Wastewater.  Jour. WPCF
     38:12:1944-58.
     The need for better quality in renovated wastewater has prompted
     the development of tertiary or advanced treatment methods.  After
     biological tertiary treatment it is  considered a good approach  to use
     the effluent for irrigational purposes.  The many tons of Nitrogen and
     phosphorous contained in the effluents would be a valuable asset in
     the production of crops and timber as well as serving to replenish
     the ground water table.  It is preferrable to use tertiary effluents
     instead of primary or secondary to cut down on problems of putriscible
     matter and odors.  Even with tertiary treated effluents there may be
     problems such as accumulation of sodium and chloride in the soil.
     There would also be the difficulty and expense of storage of the effluent
                                   44

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     during the winter months.  However, in considering the problems and
     inadequacies of todays treatments, it is imperative to reorient our
     thinking and to develop new approaches to the problem.

91.  SCHWARTZ, W. A.  BBTTOIXON, T. W.  1970.  Soil Systems for Liquid Waste
     Treatment and Disposal: Environmental Factors.  Jour. WPCF 42:4:624-630.
     Evaluates quantitatively selected aspects of unsaturated depth of
     media, climate, and vegetation, and their effects on the operation of
     soil systems.  The quantitative approach was intended to permit
     comparison between various environmental situations and thus contribute
     to the establishment of guidelines for site selection as an integral
     part of soil system design.
     The studies were performed at the Robert A. Taft Water Research
     Center, Cincinnati, and outdoors at the Loveland, Ohio, waste water
     treatment plant.  Ground water depth studies were made under room
     temperature conditions, using 6 in. (15 cm) diameter lysimeters;
     the studies concerned with climatic effects and vegetation used 3 ft
     (0.9m.) diameter units in the natural environment.  The units were put
     into the ground, flush with the ground surface, with graded gravel bases
     and appropriate underdrains to collect effluent samples (composited
     daily).  All units were dosed intermittently once each day.  Results were
     given.
     Biological treatment and hydraulic longevity and effects made on
     them by the different seasons and by vegetation were discussed.  Plant
     assimilation of nitrogen and phosphate were also discussed.

92.  SEGAL, A.  1950.  Sewage Reclamation at Fresno, California.  Sewage
     and Ind. Wastes 22:1011-1012. .
     The city of Fresno owns and operates a municipal farm, 1292 acres
     in area, where the treated sewage effluent is used for the irrigation
     of crops.  In addition to 600 acres of grassland, the water is used to
     irrigate such forage crops as alfalfa, sudan grass, and kaffir corn.
     A herd of over 600 fine Hereford cattle are maintained on the farm.
     For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, the city realized an operating
     profit of $9,346.
     In 1921, the city owned only 812 acres, and disposal of sewage
     effluent created a serious problem with a high water table only about
     2 ft. below the surface.  Law suits were filed by adjacent landowners
     for waterlogging and flooding adjacent lands.  To correct this situation
     some of the land was lagooned, and 9 wells were installed from 200 to
     300 ft. deep with no perforation of the casing less than 100 ft. from
     the surface.  The wells were successful in lowering the water table.
     Water from the wells was diverted to the Fresno Irrigation District
     for use in its system.  Increased irrigation agriculture and install-
     ation of many wells in the area have helped to improve the ground-
     water level and facilitate the percolation of plant effluent into  the
     underground basin.

93.  SEPP, E.  1970.  Nitrogen Cycle in Ground Water.  Bureau of Sanitary
     Engineering, State of California Department of Public Health
     The sources of nitrogen compounds in soil and ground water are
     numerous and diverse.  The compounds undergo complex  transformations
     caused by environmental factors.  Atmospheric precipitation adds from
     0.7 to 14 pounds of nitrogen per  acre  to the soil annually.  Nitrogen
                                    45

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      fixing organisms in the soil may add from a few pounds to 200 pounds
      per acre of nitrogen per year.   Depending on circumstance,  either agri-
      cultural practice or land disposal of sewage may be the major contri-
      butor of nitrogen to groundwater.   Ammonia and ammonium ion are held
      close to soil surface by adsorption and cation-exchange reactions.
      Nitrate and nitrite ions, however, move freely with the percolating
      water.  Experiments showed how nitrogen may be removed from the soil
      by cropping, leaching, erosion, or volatilization.   At present, not
      enough is known to establish design criteria for controlling nitrate
      reduction in the aquife'r.

94.   SEPP, E.  1965.  Survey of Sewage Disposal by Hillside Sprays.  Bureau
      of Sanitary Engineering, State of California Department of Public Health.
      Sewage disposal by hillside spraying was studied at 30 treatment plants.
      Fourteen of these plants have secondary treatment and the remaining
      have only septic tanks or Imhoff tanks.  Only 10 plants have chlori-
      nation.  Design and operation of the sprinkling systems were studied
      giving types of nozzles and pipelines used and causes and effects of
      nozzle clogging.  Application rates operation data and appearance of
      the spray sites is described.  Results of bacteriological and chemical
      tests, travel of airborne bacteria, and odor and insect problems are
      discussed.  It is recommended that hillside spraying be used only for
      summer loads.  The use of hillside spraying is to be discouraged for
      year round operation.

95.   SEPP, E.  1971.  The Use of Sewage for Irrigation—A Literature Review.
      Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Dept. Pub. Hlth., State of California.
      After reviewing literature from many areas in the U.S., Europe, and
      the Mid-east, it was concluded that the consumption of raw vegetables
      irrigated with sewage has given rise to outbreaks of typhoid fever and
      worm infection.  Crops grown in fields may be contaminated directly
      by sewage and polluted water, or indirectly through contact with
      polluted soil.  Pathogenic bacteria, amoeba cysts,  and helminth eggs
      cannot penetrate the surfaces of healthy, unbroken vegetables.  Survi-
      val times of the various organisms are reported.  Studies indicate
      that the coliform bacteria count on grass and clover leaves drops to the
      natural level 14 days after sewage application.  Bacteriological standards
      for irrigating crops with sewage have been established in some of the
      western states of the U.S. and in Europe.  Wide variation in the
      requirements, however, exist.

96.   SOPPER, W. E.  1968.  Renovation of Municipal Sewage Effluent for
      Ground-water Recharge through Forrest Irrigation.  Paper No. 571
      Internat. Conf. on Wat. for Peace, Wash. D. C.  1967.  Jour_. WPCF
      40:6:969-974.
      Centre County, Pennsylvania has a problem of water supply shortage
      and pollution of existing supply by dumping treated sewage into the
      stream.  A study project was set up to attempt to solve these problems.
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      Effluent treated by primary settling, standard and high rate trickling
      filters, modified activated-sludge process, final settling,  and chlor-
      ination was used to irrigate stands of white spruce, red pine,  and a
      60 yr. old natural mixed oak stand.  The effluent was applied at a
      rate of 0.25 in/hr at 1 to 2 in/wk except 1 plot which received 4
      in/wk.  The effluent was renovated effectively and the ground water
      level was increased.

97.   SOPPER, W. E.  1968.  Waste Water Renovation for Reuse: Key to Optimum
      Use of Water Resources.  Water Research Pergamon Press 2:471-480.
      In order to meet the increasing demand for sewage purification,
      treated municipal waste water was applied to forrested areas at various
      rates of application to determine the feasibility of land disposal
      of such effluents and to determine to what extent effluents could be
      renovated by the biosystem and recharged to the ground-water reservoir.
      It was found that satisfactory renovation of waste water was achieved
      when the effluent was applied at rates of 1, 2, and 4 in. per week in
      forested areas during the period April-November.  Approximately 90
      per cent of the water, applied at 2 in. per week during this period
      was recharged to the groundwater reservoir.  Results of this study appear
      to indicate that municipal waste water can be satisfactorily renovated
      for groundwater recharge through irrigation of forrested areas under
      controlled conditions.

98.   STEFFEN, A. J.  1964.  Control of Water Pollution by Wastewater Utili-
      zation: The Role of the WPCF.  Wat. & Sew Wks. 111:384-385.
      The Water Pollution Control Federation has stressed the great impor-
      tance of wastewater reuse in its Statement of Policy, Point No. 9:
      "That Wastewater represents an increasing fraction of the nation's
      total water resource and is of such value that it might well be reclaimed
      for beneficial reuse through the restoration of an appropriate degree
      of quality."  The concern of the WPCF is evidenced by the many papers
      and discussions on this subject that are presented at Association and
      Federation publications and by the various medals and awards presented
      for research in this field.

99.   STENBURG, R. L., CONVERY, J. J., SWANSON, C. L.  1968.  New Approaches
      to Wastewater Treatment.  Jour. Sani. Engrg. My. - ASCE 94:SA6:1121-1136.
      Pilot plant and full-scale plant research and development studies of
      conventional process modifications and tertiary processes will  serve
      to develop design data and provide more accurate and reliable cost-
      quality relationships for many individual and combined treatment pro-
      cesses.  Basic research and laboratory-scale studies of other approaches
      to wastewater treatment are also being conducted.  As new processes
      are developed, they will be evaluated in pilot plant and full-scale
      facilities.
      Waste characteristics vary widely with locations and each waste stream
      must be considered individually in selecting unit processes.
      Costs of tertiary treatment will be high by present standards.
      Greatly increased expenditures will be required to eliminate pollution
      of our lakes and streams.  Water reuse by industry and for nonpotable
                                   47

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      purposes will be necessary to reduce the financial burden.  Potable
      water reuse by mixing with fresh water supplies is considered to be
      a distinct possibility in the future.

100.  STONE, R., CONRAD, E. T.  1970.  Automatic Water and Waste Treatment
      Plants in Operation.  Civil Engrg - ASCE 40:5:37-40.  Selected Water
      Res. Abs. 3:24:34.
      Description of an automatic waste treatment plant which reuses
      purified waste water for recreational purposes with a portion of the
      effluent being used for hillside irrigation.  The effluent for irri-
      gation is not recharged into the recreational system.

101.  THOMAS, R. E., BENDIXON, T. W.  1969.  Degradation of Wastewater Or-
      ganics in Soil.  Jour. WPCF 41:5:808-813.  Wat. Poll. Abs. 42:10:461.
      The results of Lysimeter studies show that soil microorganisms can
      digest much of the organic carbon contained in primary and secondary
      wastewater effluents.  About 807» of the organic carbon from septic
      tank effluent was digested under a variety of conditions.  Large vari-
      ations in temperature, the loading rate, and the duration of dosing had
      no effect on the percentage of the organic carbon which was degraded.
      Organic carbon application rates up to 31 tons/yr/acre.  A loading
      rate of 3.7 tpms/yr/acre resulted in a net reduction in the organic
      carbon content of a silt-loam soil.  C02 equivalent to about 60% of the
      degraded organic carbon was released at the soil surface in one exper-
      iment.  Sludge loadings equivalent to 30 tons/yr/acre of organic carbon
      can be applied to sandy soils for extended periods without resulting in
      a detrimental accumulation of organic residues in the soil.  Based on
      typical values for the composition of sludge,this would be equal to
      100 tons/yr/acre of dried digested sludge solids.  Proper management of
      liquid and organic carbon loads can result in long-term continuous,
      operation with only minor changes in the organic carbon content of the
      soil.   Future studies are planned to evaluate the interaction between
      loading factors and the alteration of the physical and chemical proper-
      ties of the soil.

102.  TODD,  DAVID K.  1965.  Economics of Groundwater Recharge.  ASCE Proc.,
      91:HY4:249-270.
      Many variables are involved in determining the cost and economic
      advantage to be gained from artificial recharge of ground water aquifers.
      Information upon which to base such estimates is scarce.  The size,
      purpose,  and method of recharge are significant factors, as are land
      and water costs.   Data from several recharge operations are presented
      in an attempt to arrive at a logical basis for estimating these costs.

103.  TRAVIS, P.  W.  1960.  Organizing a Sewage Effluent Utilization Project.
      Pub. Works 91:119-120.
      Following successful trial projects by the Orange County Farm Bureau
      and other agencies to test the feasibility of using domestic sewage
      effluent  for crop irrigation,  an agreement was drawn up between the
      Sanitation Districts and about 30 land owners setting forth the rules
      governing the use of domestic sewage effluent from the district's lines
      for irrigation.  The Talbert Water District was formed and, soon after
      a bond issue was passed, an industrial waste permit was acquired, and
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      the constructional and operational plans were approved by the  Health
      Department.   The agreement concerning use of the effluent restricted
      its use to irrigation of alfalfa, sugar beets, dried beans,  and dried
      peppers and it also set forth requirements to insure that sanitary and
      healthful conditions were maintained at all times.  The effluent is
      made available by 3 pumps that supply the 40,000 ft. irrigation system
      at a capital cost of about $100 per acre.  Two problems have developed:
      corrosion by sulfides and the odor.  The latter has been solved by
      dripping Alamask into the water.  Over all the farmers seem satisfied
      and the project has proven to be worthwhile.

104.  TRIEBEL, W.   1966.  Experiences with the disposal of sewage sludge in
      agriculture.  Korresp. Abwass. No. 10, 11-16.
      In a detailed report on the activities of the Niersverband,  which
      is responsible for the protection of German waters in the 1348-km^
      catchment area between the Rhine and the Maas, special reference is made
      to the disposal and utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture.
      Details are also given of the sewage-treatment facilities at the group
      sewage works of the Niersverband.  The increased use of sewage sludge
      in agriculture is illustrated in tables, which show that since 1960
      the group sewage works have supplied on average 820 farms, resulting
      in increased yields of truck crops, especially beet, and pastures.
      Studies showed also that wet sludge, deposited on grassland, had lasting
      effects in reducing and thus regulating the soil evaporation.   Special
      reference is made to the advantageous sorption capacity of digested
      sludge which greatly improves dry soil, contrary to dried sludge
      which, owing to irreversible hydrophobia (caused by the drying process)
      has adverse effects on the sorptive soil structure.  Compared with
      artificial fertilizers the use of sludge in agriculture presents more
      work; this however is compensated by the valuable properties in the
      humus, restoring the exploited soil.  Existing parasites and micro-organ-
      isms are destroyed by pasteurization plants which have recently been
      installed, operating at a temperature of 65°C and for a period of 15
      min., to comply with health regulations.

105.  VAISMAN, YA. I.  1963.  The Spread of Bacterial Contamination in
      Underground Water.  Hygiene and  Sanitation  29:4:21-26, 1964.
      From the data  from the literature review at the first of the article
      it is concluded that the existing data  are  extremely controversial
      with respect to the quantitative  characteristics.of the main limiting
      factor which should be made the basis of calculations for determining
      the boundaries of the second  belt of  the safety zone for underground
      water supply sources.  This precipitated a  study  of bacterial spread
      in underground water.  It was  concluded that  the  colon bacillus can
      go a distance  of over 850 meters  in  the ground current in medium-
      grain sand with cross-layers  of  gravel  and  pebble deposits, and that
      400 days should be necessary  for  complete  self-purification of  the ground
      flow from bacterial contamination.

106.  WERLY, E. F.   1958.  The Use  of  Sprinkler  Irrigation Systems for Waste
      Disposal.   Irrig. Engrg. & Maintenance  8:1:21-27.
      Discussion  of  the problems, requirements,  and considerations given
      for the  development of an efficient  and economic  sprinkler system for
      waste disposal.
                                   49

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107.  WHEATLAND,  A.  B.  AND BORNE,  B.  J.   1960.   Modifications of polluted
      waters resulting from percolation in soil.  (Water Pollution Research
      Lab., Stevenage,  Engl.).   CEBEDEAU No.  49, 225-34.
      Tests conducted with a sewage effluent  and water from the river Trent
      indicate that  the percolation of these  liquids through the soil removes
      NH^ by cationic exchange.   The removal  of NH^ depends on the nitri-
      fication of the NH  already absorbed.  At normal temps, during most
      of the year, most of the  NH^ is removed is an intermittent system of
      distribution (e.g. by 12  hr. cycles) is employed.   It is important
      not to distribute water contg.  more NH   than the superficial bed can
      adsorb and to  allow sufficient time between distributions for the pene-
      tration of atm. 0 and for the adsorbed  NH  to be oxidized.  In practice
      the rate of percolation will be detd. both by the surface and by the
      perimeter of the area of  aspersion, and the rate per unit of surface
      will vary inversely with  the perimeter.  Concns. of Cu, Ni, Cr, Mi, Zn,
      and Pb in the  percolate were much lower than in the water distributed.
      The proportion of bacteria removed varied between 81% and 96.5% within
      the test area  considered.

108.  WHETSTONE,  G.  A.   1965.  Reuse of Effluent in the Future with an
      Annotated Bibliography.  Texas Water Development Board, Austin, Report
      8, December 1965.  (187pp.)
      An excellent comprehensive review of the literature dealing with
      reuse of effluent for purposes of irrigation, recreation, industry,
      ground water recharge, and potable water supply.  There is a total of
      663 abstracts  dating from 1892 through  1965.  The literature reviewed
      is broad in scope, covering historical  development, current status, and
      unresolved issues in the  reuse of effluents.  The abstracts are indexed
      by authors and subject, and are presented in chronological order.

109.  WILLIAMS, R.  E.,  EIER, D.  D., WALLACE,  A. T.  1969.  Feasibility of
      Reuse of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation, Fertilization and Ground-
      Water Recharge in Idaho.   Idaho Bureau  of Mines and Geology, Moscow,
      Idaho.
      It has been demonstrated  that under appropriate hydrogeologic con-
      ditions wastewater renovated by a porous medium can be expected to
      meet U. S.  Public Health  Service drinking water standards.  Appropriate
      hydrogeologic  conditions  include the presence of an unconsolidated
      porous medium (such as sand) through which the wastewater can move an
      appreciable distance (which will vary with geologic conditions) before
      entering a water supply;  the absence of surficial, jointed rocks through
      which the wastewater might move without appreciable adsorption of dissolved
      solids by the  porous medium; and a water table depth of at least five
      feet.  Hydrogeologic conditions less than optimal will result in less
      than optimal renovation of the wastewater, in which case care must be
      taken during application if water supply sources are located near the
      disposal area.  Only rarely will a given hydrogeologic environment not
      renovate wastewater to the equivalent of secondary (biological) treat-
      ment.  In many cases renovation of wastewater by vegetation and the
      geologic column can be substituted for  tertiary treatment.  Terrestrial
      disposal has also been used in lieu of  secondary treatment.
                                   50

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110.  WILSON, C. W.,  BECKETT, F. E., (ed.)  1968.  Municipal Sewage Efflu-
      ent for Irrigation.  Agricultural Engineering Dept. Louisiana Poly-
      technic Institute, Ruston, La.
      Papers given at a symposium held at Louisiana Polytechnic Institute
      July 30, 1968.   Areas covered were Problems and Opportunities; Soil
      Response to Sewage Effluent Irrigation; Crop Response to Sewage Efflu-
      ent;Salt Build-up from Sewage Effluent Irrigation; Agricultural Appli-
      cation of Digested Sewage Sludge, Practical Irrigation with Sewage
      Effluent; Groundwater Recharge with Treated Municipal Effluent; The
      Movement of Disease Producing Organisms Through Soils; Survival of
      Pathogens and Related Disease Hazards; Health Regulations Concerning
      Sewage Effluent for Irrigation; A Technical and Economic Feasibility
      Study of the Use of Municipal Sewage Effluent for Irrigation; Eutro-
      phication.

111.  WILSON, L. G.,  LEHMAN, G. S.  1967.  Reclaiming Sewage Effluent
      Prog. Agric. In Ariz. 19:4:22-24.  College of Agriculture, Univ. of
      Arizona, Tucson.
      Data on preliminary studies, conducted cooperatively by the Water
      Resources Research Center, and the Sanitary District No. 1 of Pima
      County is presented.  The main purpose of these studies was to deter-
      mine the effectiveness and durability of grass filters during ter-
      tiary treatment of sewage effluent under Arizona conditions.  Auxil-
      iary studies were made to determine intake rate and depth of penetra-
      tion of percolating effluent to provide data for future soil filtra-
      tion studies.
                                   51

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                          AUTHOR INDEX

              (Figures refer to bibliography entry)
Adel'son, L. I., 21
Agadzhanov, R. A., 54
Allakhverdyants, S. A., 54
Amirov, R. 0., 11
Askew, J. B., 12

Bachman, G., 13
Beckett, F. E , 110
Behnke, J. J., 14
Bendixon, T. W., 15, 50, 84, 91, 101
Blumel, J., 16
Bogdanenko, L. A., 44
Borne, B. J., 107
Bott, R. F., 12, 66
Bouwer, H., 17, 18, 19
Butler, R. G., 73

Cantrell, R., 48
Chase, W. J., 20
Chistovich, G. N., 21
Coerver, J. F., 22
Cohen, J. M., 83
Conrad, E. T., 100
Convery, J. J., 99
Crawford, A. B., 23
Cripps, T., 71
Crosby, J. W., 24

Dashkova, E. M. , 54
Davis, D. E., 75
Davis, G. E., 25
Day, A. D., 26, 27, 28
Dickson, A. D., 26
Dinges, W. R., 29
Drake, C. H., 24
Drewry, W. A., 30
Dunlop, S. G., 31, 32
Dye, E. 0., 33, 34

Eastman, P. W., Jr., 35
Ehlers, V. M. , 36
Eier, D. D., 109
Eliassen, R., 30
England, B. L. 12

Falk, L. L., 88, 89
Farrell, M. A., 75
Fenton, R. L., 24
Fish, H. ,. 37
Fleming, R. R., 38
Foster, H. B., Jr., 39, 40
Frank, A. H., 23
Frankel, R. J., 41

Goncharuk, E. I ,  43
Gorodetskii, T. G., 44
Gotaas, H. B., 58
Greenberg, A. E.,  42
Grigor'eva, L. V., 43, 44
Guymon, B. E., 45

Hajek, B. F., 46
Harmon, J. A., 72
Harmsen, H., 47
Harvey, C., 48
Haskell, E. E., Jr., 14
Heukelekian, H., 49
Hill, R. D., 15, 50
Holler, K., 51
Hyde, C. G., 52

II'in, V. V., 21
Ivanova, S. P., 21

Janert, H., 53
Jey, B. N., 54
Johnston, D. L., 24
Jopling, W. F., 39, 66

Kardos, L. T., 55, 75, 79
Katko, A., 66
Kibort, R. V., 21
Kiker, J. E., Jr., 56
Kreuz, A., 57
Krone, R. B., 58,  63, 64
Kudryavtseva, B. M., 59
Kuo, T., 60
Kutepov, L. E., 61

Leach, R. E., 12
Lehman, G. S., 62, 111
Lyabina, L. M., 21

Maiorova, L. A., 54
Martin, B., 65
McGauhey, P. H., 58, 63, 64
Merrell, J. C., Jr., 66
Merz, R. C., 67, 68
                                  53

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Moguchii, A. M., 21
Muller, G., 69
Muller, W.', 70
Myers, E. A., 75

Nechaeva, E. A., 21
Nesbitt, J. B., 75

Oakley, H. R., 71
Omel'yanets, T. G., 44
Ongerth, H. J., 72
Orlob, G. T., 73

Paderina, E. M., 21
Page, H. G., 74
Parizek, R. R., 75
Parkhurst, J. D., 76
Parness, W. H. 77
Paulsmeier, F., 78
Pennypacker, S. P., 79
Peter, I. Y., 80
Pintler, H. E., 66
Popp, L., 81
Prucha, A. A., 38, 40

Ragotzkie, R. A., 88, 89
Reinke, E. A., 36, 82
Robeck, G. G., 15, 50, 83, 84, 85
Roberts, F. C., Jr., 36
Rohde, G., 86
Romanenko, N. A., 87
Rudolfs, W., 88, 89

Salimov, D. A., 11
Sayers, W. T., 83
Schulze, K. L., 90
Schwartz, W. A., 15, 84, 91
Segal, A., 92
Sepp, E , 93, 94, 95
Shandurin, S. V., 21
Shtok, E. Sh., 54
Smirnova, A. M. , 21
Sopper, W. E., 75, 79, 96, 97
Stafford, J. F., 25
Steffen, A. J., 98
Stenburg, R. L., 99
Stone, R.r 100
Swanson, C  L., 99
Thomas, A. F., 42
Thomas, R. E., 101
Todd, D. K.,  102
Travis, P. W., 103
Triebel, W.,  104
Tucker, T. C., 26, 27, 28
Twedt, R. M., 31

Vaisman, Ya.  I., 105

Wallace, A. T., 109
Wang, W. L.,  31, 32
Ward, P. C.,  38, 40
Wayman, C. H., 74
Wenneberger,  J. H., 64
Werly, E. F., 106
Wheatland, A. B., 107
Whetstone, G. A., 108
Williams, R.  E., 109
Wilson, C. W., 110
Wilson, L. G., Ill
Woodward, R.  L., 83, 84

Yakovleva, G. S., 21
                                 54

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             APPENDIX B

RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
GIVEN TO THE WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
                   55

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Question 1 - Is this an adequate technique for technology transfer?

Participant answers:

"Yes, for this type of data and at this level of data collection."
"It worked well here."
"Surprisingly effective in this instance.  My first experience with it."
"Yes."
"Excellent."
"I feel our session was effective in this area; with varied backgrounds
     and orientation it was often necessary to define terms for adequate
     communication."
"Yes, I feel this was good way to transfer ideas  and technology.1'
"Excellent."
"It is an additional technique - and certainly serves a purpose - adequate
     for intended purpose."
"Yes - in addition to workshop subject also."
"Yes, but with not more than 5 individuals for each area and not less
     than three and with greater selectivity of individuals."
"No, but it will help point uninformed people in the right direction.
     Its a good way to transfer generalities from one field to another."
"Yes, very good."

Question 2 - What changes would you have made in the pre-workshop phases
of the project?

Participant answers:

"I was not involved at the early stages but could have made more of a
     contribution if I had had more time."
"Earlier distribution of draft.  Circulation of a revised draft."
"Need more instruction on what is needed from the consultant - nature,
     extent and depth of review and comment.  How much supplementary
     material desired, etc."
"Present procedure worked pretty good."
"Would like to have had abstracts of current literature (if pertinent)
     I do not see the journals on this subject regularly.  Have to ask
     for interlibrary loan on selected articles."
"Earlier mailing or first class mailing of draft; more detail explanations
     re what was desired in way of treatment of first draft."
"It may have been better if the first draft and second draft with comments
     could have been submitted prior to the actual meeting.  As each of
     the persons amending have available other persons in their home area
     which could have been used, for input information.  This would have
     given the two groups more time together."
"It may have been worthwhile to assign each participant a specific topic
     or topics for which he would have been responsible for reviewing
     the literature, abstracting pertinent information, and served as
     discussion leader for his assigned pact."
"Possibly one more exchange of material."
"None."
                                 56

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"A longer lead time for the outside participants and a stronger  nucleus
     of competency in the fields involved in preparation of the  initial
     draft."
"Allow more time for participants to review and comment.  I think partic-
     ipants should be asked for a list of topics that should be  included
     prior to seeing the first draft."
"Perhaps it would be advantageous to provide, along with the initial
     draft, an outline of the points being made (very brief). Then
     ask the participant to add any other points he thought should be
     included and maybe ask him to identify the most important ones for
     each section.  Commenting on a write-up is easy but it tends to  lock
     one into the form & subjects which are given."

Question 3 - What changes in the following should have been made?
(a) Physical facilities

Participant Answers:

"No change."
"Facilities were very adequate."
"Excellent."
"Excellent."
"None.  They were excellent."
"Quite adequate."
"Good."
"None, Excellent."
"Very nice."
"More than adequate."
"They were very adequate - provision of secretaries an excellent feature."
"No complaints at all. Everything was extremely well-managed. The
     redrafting is always a problem & I believe the girls did very well."

Question 3 - What changes in the following should have been made?
(b) Conduct of the sessions

Participant answers:

"Good."
"Really great - with the capable and resourceful moderator we had.  Might
     not always work out this well."
"Sometimes discussions get side tracked, less time could have been spent
     on editorial matters."
"Good.  I was lost at first, not quite sure of my mission.  I thought
     the first mailing was all introduction."
"Very good - perhaps more structure would increase output in limited
     time, however, some secondary benefits could be lost."
"Good."
"None.  The size of groups were about ideal.  Dividing into two  sections
     was a good idea, because too much time would have been spent in
     too much discussion if the groups had been larger."
"Have the two groups better coordinated"
"Fine."
                                 57

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"More liaison between the two groups to prevent the unnecessary overlapping
     activity which occurred."
"Good.  Stayed on subject - I don't think split groups should go over the
     same parts in detail.  They should work on separate parts, then combine."
"I think a maximum of 4 people can bounce ideas around faster with not
     too much loss in content.  (If you get the right 4).  The two sections
     may have been a cause of some loss of time.  Again, the number of
     people required it.  Maybe if the subject had been different with
     clearer separations?  Perhaps if the groups had been made up of
     half health and half operation people and each had taken one
     system.  (Maybe not)  Perhaps there should have been just fewer
     participants.  Some good progress was made on Wed. a.m., when
     different pieces were assigned to individuals to come up with a
     write-up."

Question 3 - What changes in the following should have been made?
(c) Length of the workshop

Participant answers:

"Good."
"It was about the right length.  Gracious hospitality was appreciated."
"Fine."
"About right."
"Just about right, perhaps one day longer"
"About right."
"OK."
"The length of the workshop was sufficient.  However, I believe that no
     one would have objected to evening sessions if it would have resulted
     in a more complete manual.  You are to be commended for the dinner
     arrangements on the first evening.  It served as the "ice-breaker"
     needed to put everyone at ease for the first work session."
"Lengthen it - or have more work done prior to the workshop."
"Fine."
"For this particular project a total of 6 half-day sessions would have
     been desirable."
"About all one can afford to spend as a group.  Someone has to take the
     time to finish it.  Good luck."
"I think it was just about right."
                                 58

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    Accession Number
                            Subject Field & Group
                               056
                                           SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
                                                  INPUT TRANSACTION  FORM
    Organization

     East Central  State  College, Ada, Oklahoma
     School of Environmental Science
    Title
     Soil Systems For  Municipal Effluents - A Workshop  and  Selected References
1Q Authors)
Ramsey, Ralph H.
Wetherill, C. Rhys
Duffer, H. Casper
16

21

Project Designation
EPA, ORM Project No.
16080 GWF
Note
22
    Citation
23
Descriptors (Starred First)

* Treated Municipal Wastewaters, ^Irrigation,  ^Infiltration,  ^Percolation,
  Bibliography
 25
    Identifiers (Starred First)
    * Soil Systems,  ^Workshop, User Manual,  State of Art
27
    Abstract
    An investigation of the use of Soil  Systems  for recycling treated municipal waste
    effluents  was conducted.  The scope  of  the project included: the preparation of
    a user manual entitled Applying Treated Municipal Wastewater to the Land:  Current
    Technology and an annotated bibliography of  selected references in subject area.

    A state  of the art investigation was made of the design,  operation and control of
    irrigation and infiltration-percolation types of soil systems.  The summarized
    results  from this investigation were used by workshop participants selected from
    state, municipal, and federal agencies  who were involved in soil system activities
    as a  starting point in writing the manual.  The workshop ;culminated in the prep-
    aration  of a draft of the manual.  The  bibliography contains selections which
    portrayed  or influenced the present  state of art in the subject field.

    This  report was submitted in fulfillment of  Grant No. 16080 GWF under the sponsorO
    ship  of  the Office of Research and Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency.
Abstractor,
    Ralph H.  Ramsey
                          /rgas^'°Central State College, Ada, Oklahoma
 WR:1da (REV. JULY <969>
 WRSIC
  * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972—484-485/235
                                           SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
                                                  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                                                  WASHINGTON. D. C.  20240

                                                                           * SPO: 1969-359-339

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