ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE SENSING REPORT
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
VOLUME 2
APRIL-JULY 1972
FEDERAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
DENVER. COLORADO
AND
REGION IX. SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA
APRIL 1973
USB
% ml*
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE SENSING REPORT
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
VOLUME 2
APRIL - JULY, 1972
National Field Investigations Center - Denver
April 1972
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SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA - SECTION C
Section C extends from a point approximately 0.8 kilometers (0.5
statute miles) south of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge to the
San Mateo Bridge. This is shown in Figure 1 and 36.
Note; Indication numbers C-l through C-12 appear on Figure 32, the
Oakland West map.
C-l July - A yellow-brown substance was leaching into the water
from this dock area. There were three barges docked
in this area.
C-2 July - An orange-brown substance was discharged at this point.
No measureable plume was subsequently generated.
C-3 July - A large amount of floating solid waste was recorded
in this area.
C-4 July - A reddish-brown substance was flowing into the Harbor
waters at this point. The discharge was moving along
the surface of the ground from the vicinity of a large
building.
C-5 July - Two ships were washing out at the time of flight. There
was oil on the water in this immediate area. The ship,
corresponding to the left arrow, had a surface skimmer
in place around its bow.
C-6 July - Crude oil was being spilled into the Harbor from this
area of the Grove St. Pier facility. A barge was at
the dock when this spill was recorded. The resultant
oil slick was moving slowly in a westerly direction
being dispersed by water traffic.
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C-7 April - An outfall, located near the water's surface, was
discharging a gray-brown substance resulting in a
surface plume covering an area of 61 meters by 76
meters (200 feet by 250 feet).
C-8 April - A surface level outfall was discharging a dark-brown
substance. No visible plume was present.
C-9 July - A yellow-brown substance was being discharged at this
location.
C-10 April - There was a dark-brown outflow into Clinton Basin from
a pond not shown on the map.
July - A gold colored substance was being discharged from the
same pond.
C-ll April - There was a probable subsurface discharge located here.
There was no discoloration in this area, but the sur-
face water was disturbed in a manner characteristic
to submerged outfalls.
C-12 July - Mats of chlorophyllic algae were detected in this
immediate area.
Note; Indication numbers C-13 through C-23 appear on Figure 37, the
Oakland East map.
C-13 July - A red-brown substance appeared to be backing into the
water at this point.
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C-14 July - Water was being discharged from the dock at this
location. There was no visible discoloration in the
receiving water as a result of this discharge.
C-15 July - This is another area in the Brooklyn Basin where mats
of algae were detected.
C-16 July - A surface level outfall was discharging a small volume
of a red-brown substance at this location.
C-17 July - A rust colored substance appeared to be leaching from
the dry dock area.
C-18 July - A pipe from an industrial facility was recorded at
this location. It was inactive at the time of flight.
C-19 July - An orange-brown substance was being discharged from
the dock area in the barge/ship facility.
C-20 April - An outfall at this location was discharging a yellow-
brown substance into the tidal canal.
C-21 April - A surface level outfall at this point had a gray-brown
discharge.
C-22 April - The effluent from this canal was dark brown in color.
July - The effluent was dark gray-green in color at the time
of flight.
C-23 July - There was no discoloration in this canal. The thermal
map of this area indicated the presence of a thermal
plume or field somewhat warmer than the ambient temper-
ature of San Leandro Bay. This is shown in Figure 38.
Note; Indication numbers C-24 through C-38 appear in Figure 39, the
San Leandro map.
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C-24 July - There was a discharge present, at the time of flight,
from the pond to the airport channel. There was no
associated discoloration.
C-25 July - A drainage ditch was discharging from the asymmetric
pond, under the highway, into the airport channel. There
was no discoloration.
C-26 April - There was an outfall from inside the levee to the Bay.
There was no discharge at the time of flight.
C-27 April - Run off from an automobile junkyard entered this ditch.
C-28 April - The effluent from the STP was yellow-brown in color.
July - There was no discoloration.
C-29 April - The discharge from this canal was a yellow-brown color.
C-30 April - The outflow from San Lorenzo Creek was a yellow-brown
color.
C-31 April - A subsurface STP outfall was located in this 275 meters
(900 feet) from shore. There was no apparent discharge
at the time of flight.
July - The discharge was active.
C-32 April - The color of this immediate area was dark brown.
July - The characteristic color of this area was dark gray-
brown indicating a dissolved oxygen depression.
C-33 April - A drainage conduit was discharging water into the ditch
from behind the levee.
July - There were two surface skimmers across the ditch at this
point.
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C-34 April - The characteristics of a submerged outfall were recorded
at this point which was approximately 400 meters (1300 feet)
from shore.
C-35 July - The color of the water in this canal was a gray-green.
C-36 July - Characteristics associated with low dissolved oxygen
were predominant in this section of the canal.
C-37 July - These ponds displayed characteristics of being septic.
C-38 July - The effluent from a clarifier within the Hayward STP,
showed characteristics of being poorly treated. This
area is shown in Figure 40.
Note; Indication numbers C-39 through C-53 appear in Figure 41, the
San Mateo map.
C-39 July - An orange-brown substance appeared to originate at this
point although no actual discharge was detected. A plume
extended nearly 245 meters (800 feet) southward along
the shore of the slough as shown in Figure 41.
C-40 July - Two pipes entered the water at this point. There was
no indication of a discharge (discoloration, capillary
wave pattern alterations) detected in the optical imagery.
The thermal data showed a warm spot in this immediate
area as indicated in Figure 42. There were two clarifiers
near the shore.
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Figure kO. Photograph of Hayward STP
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"July Night" - This discharge was warm during this flight. This
is shown in Figure 43. The two above mentioned clarifiers
were quite warm and can be easily seen in the thermal map.
C-41 April - The water flowing from Seal Slough into the Bay was dark
brown in color.
July - The thermal imagery indicated that the outflow from the
Slough was cooler than the ambient surface temperature
of the Bay waters.
"July Night" - The water level in this area was low at the time
of flight. The mud flats were recorded as being cooler
than the ambient surface temperature of the Bay waters,
as shown in Figure 43.
C-42 "July Night" - The San Mateo STP was located at the position
marked C-42 in Figure 41. The STF discharge was located
at the point labeled C-42b adjacent to the San Mateo
Bridge. The temperature of the discharge water was
slightly cooler than that of the ambient surface
temperature of the receiving water. This is shown in
Figure 43.
C-43 July - A green-brown substance formed a plume as sketched in
Figure 41. The substance appeared to originate from a
pipe on the southern bank whose position is also shown.
C-44 July - A small pipe was found at this particular location. It
was not discharging at the time of flight. A pond-type
area was present at a point immediately north of the
indicated pipe.
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C-45 July - A small ditch entered the creek at this location.
There was a pond beneath the power lines as shown
in Figure 41.
C-46 July - This creek or ditch had a moderate outflow consisting
of a yellow-brown water.
C-47 April - There are three outfalls located in this area. Each
outfall consists of two pipes that start at a small building
located behind a road. The pipes penetrate the road
bed providing a discharge (or intake) point into the
Bay. The outfalls were not active at the time of flight.
July - No discharge apparent at the time of flight. The imagery
indicated that the ground in the immediate area where
the pipes go through the road bed, was recently disturbed.
There was a ditch present along the west side of the
roadway, that extended from a point just north of the
creek (C-46) to the golf course.
C-48 April - Another basin (enclosed) has been added to Coyote Point
Yacht Harbor, as shown in Figure 41. A submerged pipe
penetrated the southern embankment of this basin. No
apparent discoloration in the Bay waters was recorded.
July - Same indication.
C-49 July - The enclosed basin contained a yellow-gray sludge-type
material at the time of flight. It was passing into the Bay
water at this point.
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C-50 July - The Burlingame STP submerged outfall was discharg-
ing at the time of flight. There was no subsequent
discoloration in the receiving water. The effluent
was somewhat cooler than the immediate receiving
waters.
C-51 April - These two ditches were discharging a red-brown
water into the Bay.
C-52 April - A red-brown water was entering the Bay from Mills
Creek.
July - Same indication.
C-53 July - A small facility, adjacent to the freeway, was dis-
charging an orange-brown (rustic) wastewater into
the Bay through a small canal, as shown in Figure 41.
NOTE; Indication numbers C-54 through C-56 appear on Figure 44, the
Montara map.
C-54 April - The discharge from the Millbrae STP was positioned
at this location. It was dark brown at the time
of flight.
July - Same indication.
C-55 April - The outflow from this ditch was dark brown.
July - Same indication.
C-56 July - This point appeared to be a small discharge. No
discoloration of the Bay water in this immediate
area was recorded.
NOTE; Indication number C-57 appears on Figure 45, the Hunters Point map.
C-57 April - A surface level discharge was located at this point.
It was not active at the time of flight.
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July - Identical indication.
NOTE: Indication numbers C-58 through C-78 appear on Figure 46, the
San Francisco South map.
C-58 July - Five pipes entered the water at this point on the
shore. There was a comma-shaped plume, dark gray-
brown in color, centered about these pipes.
C-59 July - A yellow-brown wastewater was being discharged into
the canal or waterway from these two locations.
C-60 July - Two outfall structures were recorded at these points
with no discharge at the time of flight.
C-61 July - The two discharge points from the South San Francisco
STP were active at the time of flight. This area
is shown in Figure 47.
C-62 April - There were two outfalls, located at these points,
that were discharging a small volume of a nearly
black wastewater.
July - Only the left outfall was discharging a black
substance.
C-63 July - The characteristic color of the water in this canal
was a yellow-brown as it entered the San Bruno Channel.
C-64 July - Dark opaque water was present in this ditch at the
time of flight.
C-65 July - A pipe was entering the water at this location. There
was no visible discharge.
C-66 July - This ditch had a small flow of wastewater into the Bay.
"July Night" - The discharge from this ditch was somewhat cooler
as shown in Figure 48.
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Figure kj. Photograph of the South
San Francisco STP
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C-67 April - A submerged outfall, 27 meters (90 feet) from shore,
was discharging a large volume of a yellow-green
effluent. This reportedly was from the Merck Chemical
Plant's water purification system. The effluent was
the discharge of the separated Bay water suspended solids.
July - Identical indicatipn. The facility and effluent are
shown in Figure 49.
C-68 April - This surface level outfall, a ditch as indicated on
Figure 46, was not discharging at the time of flight.
July - This ditch carried a small flow at the time of flight.
There was no subsequent discoloration observed in the
receiving water. There also was no plant growth in
or along the ditch.
C-69 July - There was a discharge at this point, from a small
ditch which passed through a concrete structure and
finally into the Bay. It produced no discoloration in
the receiving water.
C-70 April - This drainage ditch was dry at the time of flight.
July - The pond was discharging a small volume of water
through the ditch into the Bay. No apparent dis-
coloration in the Bay waters was recorded.
C-71 April - This was the location of a large dual pipe aquaduct
connecting the large pond and the Bay. At the time
of flight, a large volume of water was flowing into
the pond from the Bay.
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Figure 4g. Photograph of the Merck
Chemical Company Effluent
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July - Same indication.
C-72 July - Water was being discharged into the Bay through a
concrete structure. There was no visible dis-
coloration in the receiving water resulting from this
discharge.
C-73 July - A concrete outfall structure was located at this
point. It was not active at the time of flight.
C-74 July - A small pipe was exposed in the bank along the free-
way. It appeared to be discharging a small volume
of a red-brown wastewater.
C-75 April - A possible subsurface outfall was located here. A
concrete conduit entered the water with no visible
discharge.
July - Same indication.
C-76 April - These two points show signs of being suspected outfalls.
There was no visible discharge at the time of flight.
July - Same indication as April.
C-77 July - A gray-green wastewater was being discharged from the
pond,as shown on Figure 46, into the Bay. The
resultant discoloration in the receiving water dis-
persed quickly.
C-78 April - A dark gray-green substance was being discharged from
an outfall at this location. The shape of the Basin
in this area is shown on Figure 46.
July - Same indication.
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NOTE; Indication numbers C-79 through C-83 appear on Figure 45, the
Hunters Point map.
C-79 July - The presence of an outfall structure was recorded
at this point. It was not active at the time of flight.
C-80 April - A gray-brown plume was recorded as being present in
this area. It extended approximately 61 meters (200
feet) out from shore. Indications in the imagery
suggest the presence of a submerged outfall in the
immediate vicinity.
C-81 April - A subsurface outfall measuring approximately 6.5 meters
(20 feet) from the rocky shore was discharging a large
volume of a gray-brown wastewater. This outfall was
that of the San Francisco Southeast sewage treatment
plant. The plume dispersed quickly.
July - During this mission there was no apparent discoloration
due to the discharge.
C-82 April - There were two large surface level outfalls discharging
cooling water from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's
Hunters Point Power Plant. The thermal data recorded
a 1,195 meter (3,900 feet) thermal plume or field that
extended out into the Bay at an angle of 110° with
respect to true-north. This is shown in Figure 50.
July - Thermal outfalls were present at the time of flight.
In addition, there were two portable skimmers across
the opening into the Bay, which measured 16.2 meters
(53 feet) and 10.7 meters (35 feet) in length from
left to right. The thermal plume or field is shown
in Figure 51.
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Thermal Discharae
Thermal Field
igure 50. Thermal Map of the PG&E
Hunters Point Power Plant
Discharge
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Thermal Map of the PG&E
Hunters Point Power Plant
Discharge
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C-83 July - The Bay water along the dock was quite turbid, dis-
playing a lighter green color at the time of flight.
No outfall was visible.
NOTE; Indication numbers C-84 through C-86 appear on Figure 46.
C-84 July - A large discharge structure measuring 24.9 meters
(82 feet) wide was recorded here. It was not dis-
charging at the time of flight. It has three floating
portable skimmers across the opening in the receiving
waters.
C-85 July - This was an area that could possibly be used as an
outfall. There was no discharge at the time of flight.
C-86 April - A surface level outfall at this particular position
was discharging a gray-brown wastewater creating a
visible plume. It was dispersing quickly.
NOTE; Indication numbers C-87 through C-99 appear on Figure 52, the
San Francisco North map.
C-87 April - A large surface level outfall was discharging cooling
water from the PG&E Potrero Point Power Plant. The
thermal plume or field extended 1,068 meters (3,500
feet) in a northeasterly direction. Its maximum
width was 610 meters (2,000 feet) in an east-west
direction. The discharge rate for this facility was
reportedly 1.3 mcmd (344 mgd).
July - This discharge was present at the time of flight.
The resultant thermal field is shown in Figure 53.
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Thermal Discharge
rigure 53. Thermal Map of the PG£E
Potrero Point Power Plant
Discharge - July 1972
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C-88 April - This outfall was discharging a green colored substance
into the Bay waters. It was subsequently floating on
the surface.
July - The discharge from this outfall was reddish-brown.
C-89 July - This outfall was discharging a yellow-gray effluent
into the apex of the China Basin.
C-90 July - The inherent characteristics of a moderate volume
submerged discharge was recorded in this area between
Pier 28 and Pier 30. In this particular case, the
most significant characteristic was the definite
damping of the surface capillary waves. No significant
discoloration of the Bay waters in this immediate
area was recorded.
C-91 July - The water in this immediate area was displaying a
yellowish discoloration. No active outfall was
recorded.
C-92 April - This outfall appeared to be inactive at the time of
flight. There was a black substance on the water's
surface in this immediate area.
July - A yellow colored substance was being discharged from
an outfall located just below the water's surface. The
surface displayed a tailing or upwelling characteristic
at this particular location. There was no subsequent
plume or discoloration in the receiving water.
C-93 April - A small active outfall was recorded at this point,
between Pier 1 or Pier 3. There was a small gray
plume in this area.
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C-94 July - A yellow substance appeared to be discharging from
a small submerged outfall located between Pier 7
and Pier 9. There was no subsequent plume or dis-
coloration in this area.
C-95 April - The discharges from the San Francisco North Point
STP were active at the time of flight. The dis-
charges were adjacent to Pier 33 and Pier 35. They
produced a gray-brown discoloration in the receiving
Bay waters. The temperature of the discharge on
Pier 35 was slightly greater than that of the
ambient receiving waters. The flow rate for this
facility reportedly was 242.62 Kcmd (664.1 mgd).
July - Both outfalls were prominent at the time of flight.
The temperature of the discharge from Pier 35 was
slightly warmer than the ambient temperature of
the Bay waters. This is shown in Figure 54. They
were producing a quite prominent gray-brown dis-
coloration in the receiving waters. The resultant
plumes are shown in Figure 55.
"July Night" - The temperature of the discharged wastewater
was somewhat cooler than that of the receiving Bay
waters. This is seen in Figure 56.
C-96 April - This particular location showed characteristics of
being a probable discharge. No noticeable dis-
coloration of the water in this Park area was re-
corded.
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Figure 55- Photograph of the San
Francisco North Point STP
Discharge Plumes - July 1972
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C-97 April - There was an outfall present at this location,
discharging a black substance giving rise to a
moderately large dark plume. The dispersion of
this plume appeared to be quite slow.
C-98 July - The South Bay water in this immediate area was
quite dark in color. It appeared to originate
from a shore line discharge, as shown in red on
Figure 52. There was also a matrix of ponds at this
location.
C-99 July - This particular point could possibly be that of a
periodic discharge, as shown in red on Figure 52.
It was not active at the time of flight.
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SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA - SECTION D
Section D extends from the San Mateo Bridge southward through
Milpitas to San Jose. This area is depicted in Figures 1 and 57.
The prominent features of this area are the southern end of San
Francisco Bay, Coyote Creek and the large number of salt-water evap-
orating ponds.
NOTE; Indication numbers D-l through D-3 appear on Figure 58, the
Redwood Point map.
D-l April - There was a grayish-brown discoloration in this flood
control channel. There was no outflow from the
channel into San Francisco Bay at the time the
imagery was recorded.
D-2 April - A brown colored outflow from this waterway was
entering the Bay but a measureable plume was not
created.
D-3 April - A gray-brown outflow from Coyote Slough into
San Francisco Bay was seen but the reflection
of sunlight from the capillary waves on the Bay
prevented measurement of any plume.
NOTE; Indication number D-4 appears on Figure 59, the Newark map
D-4 July - The outfall from the Union SD No. 1, Newark STP
was recorded at this point. It produced no
visible discoloration in the Newark Slough. The
discharge rate for this facility reportedly was
20.44 Kcmd (5.4 mgd).
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Note: Indication numbers D-5 through D-12 appear on Figure 58,
the Redwood Point map.
D-5 July - A brown substance was detected on the water's
surface within this dock area. Indications
from the reconnaissance data were that a sub-
merged discharge was located in this immediate
vicinity. The discoloration mentioned above
seemed to harbor in this position without any
significant sign of dispersion.
D-6 April - A surface level outfall was discharging a gray-
brown substance into the Westpoint Slough at this
particular location.
July - A dark brown substance was being discharged into
Westpoint Slough and Redwood Creek from the
position shown in Figure 58. The effluent dis-
persed quickly in the receiving water.
D-7 April - A gray-brown outflow into the Bay from these two
waterways was readily seen. Sun reflection from
capillary wave action prevented measurement of
any plume or dispersion pattern.
July - Same indication as April.
D-8 April - A surface level outfall was seen at this place but
a plume was not visible. Day time thermal imagery
recorded a flow of warm water from this particular
area.
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D-9 April - There were indications of a subsurface flow of
water at this location. A green-brown plume
46 meters (150 feet) wide extended out into
San Francisco Bay for approximately 366 meters
(1,200 feet).
D-10 April - Characteristics of a sub-surface outfall were
detected at this location. There was no visible
plume. The configuration of this area at the
time of flight is shown in red on Figure 58.
if
D-ll July - A pond directly north from the mouth of Stein-
berger Slough is discharging a dark green water
into the Slough. No visible plume was generated
from this discharge. There were no live chloro-
phyllic algae associated with these ponds or the
discharge at the time of flight.
D-12 July - The pond was covered with a white substance as
indicated on Figure 58. This substance appeared
to be discharging into Redwood Creek.
Note; Indication numbers D-13 through D-15 appear on Figure 60,
the Palo Alto map.
D-13 April - This was the location of the Redwood City STP
discharge reportedly having a flow rate of
28.39 Kemd (7.5 mgd).
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July - Same indication as April. During this mission
the effluent from the facility was quite gray
indicating poor treatment.
D-14 April - The outfall for the Menlo Park STP was located
here. This facility had a discharge flow rate
of 22.33 Kcmd (5.9 mgd).
July - Same indication as April.
D-15 July - A surface level outfall was recorded at this
point. It was not discoloring the Flood Slough
water at the time of flight.
NOTE; Indication numbers D-16 through D-25 appear on Figure 61, the
Mountain View map.
D-16 April - Day-time thermal imagery recorded a warm outflow
at this point. The warm plume flowed generally
southward and up Coyote Creek. Incoming tide may
have influenced this flow. It was in flood stage
at this time of flight.
D-17 July - This was the discharge from the Palo Alto STP.
It was causing a green-gray discoloration in the
receiving waters adjacent to the Yacht Harbor.
It had a discharge rate of 49.70 Kcmd (13.13 mgd).
D-18 April - The outflow from this water was grayish-brown
in color. It mixed rapidly as it entered the
Bay and no plume was visible.
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D-19 APril ~ The outflow from these waterways was a gray-
brown color. There was no measureable plume
in San Francisco Bay.
D-20 July - The water in this ditch was gold in color. There
was no visible outflow from this ditch.
D-21 July - The water in this ditch was a very dark brown in
color. There was no visible outflow from this ditch.
D-22 July - These three evaporator areas were supporting
extensive matted algal growth which appeared as
dark green in color.
D-23 April - The outfall for the Sunnyvale STP was located here.
&
July The canal that borders the Naval reservation and
the Moffett Channel exhibited characteristics of
being nearly septic and supported extensive algal
growth. This facility had a discharge flow rate
of 53.00 Kcmd (14 mgd).
D-24 April - There was no visible signs of the outfall of the
&
July City of Los Altos STP during either mission. It
reportedly had a discharge flow rate of 9.10 Kcmd
(2.4 mgd).
D-25 April - There was no visible signs of the outfall of the
&
July City of Mountain View STP during either mission.
It reportedly had a discharge flow rate of 28.00
Kcmd (7.4 mgd).
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NOTE: Indications numbers D-26 through D-31 appear on Figure 62,
the Milpitas map.
D-26 April - The discharge from the Union SD Irvington STP was
&
July not visible during either mission. There was no
apparent discoloration in Mud Slough resulting
from this STP. This facility reportedly had a
discharge flow rate of 20.82 Kcmd (5.5 mgd).
D-27 April - There was, likewise, no apparent signs of the
&
July Milpitas STP discharge in the reconnaissance data.
It reportedly had a discharge flow rate of 10.75
Kcmd (2.84 mgd).
D-28 April - The arrows indicate the facility and the discharge
canal for the San Jose-Santa Clara STP. There
was no discoloration observed in Coyote Creek re-
sulting from this discharge. The discharge flow
rate of this facility reportedly was 313.40 Kcmd
(82.2 mgd).
July - There was definite discoloration in the discharge
canal during this mission. The upper-most arrow
on D-28 points to the leading edge of the dis-
colored plume within the canal. The thermal imagery
recorded the water within the canal as being
warmer than that in Coyote Creek. This is shown
in Figure 63.
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D-29 July - The water in the geometrically shaped pond was
very dark. The contents of the pond were being
discharged to the ditch, shown in red in Figure
62. The water in this ditch displayed characteristics
of low dissolved oxygen levels.
D-30 July - This is the point where the ditch, discussed in
D-29, discharges into the small harbor area
and subsequently into Alviso Slough. There was
no significant discoloration in the Slough
resulting from this discharge.
D-31 July - High concentrations of algal blooms were detected
in this area of San Tomas Aquinas Creek.
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All of the point discharges recorded over the Bay area were
discussed in the four sections given above. At this time it is
appropriate to discuss the overall profile of the Bay area waters.
This is divided into two classes:
a) optical characterization (visible or true color)
b) thermal characterization.
Each of the two items will be discussed in the following para-
graphs :
i) Characterization of the Bay Area Waters - April 1972.
The general color traits at the time of flight, are presented
for the various sections of the Bay area.
Section A - San Pablo Bay was generally gray-brown in color with
no sharp variations in color except in the Mare Island-
Davis Point area where marked changes were recorded.
Carquinez Strait exhibited a red-brown color with
regions of very sharp changes in color. The discolora-
tion in the water was due to high levels of turbidity.
At the time of flight, there was an extremely dark brown
substance floating on the surface of the water. It
appeared in clumps rather than being spread over large
areas. One large clump located near Mare Island con-
tained a chlorophyllic plant growth. This dark sub-
stance was traced through Suisun Bay into the Sacramento
River. None was observed in the San Joaquin River.
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81
Suisun Bay displayed a gray-green general color
with numerous areas of orange-brown turbidity. For the
most part, this indication was confined to the Bay's
western area.
The San Joaquin River and New York Slough exhibited
a dark gray-brown color with no sharp variations.
Section B - The background or most general color of the water in this
section was brown-green. The areas near Sausalito,
Tiburon and San Rafael were yellow-brown and quite
turbid.
The Treasure Island-Oakland Harbor area was
generally dark gray-green in color. The Harbor area
contained a yellow-brown turbid condition. This is
seen by the light gray area; in Figure 34, near the
east end of the Oakland Bay Bridge.
There were numerous areas of yellow-brown in the
vicinity of San Pablo Point.
The Berkeley Harbor vicinity contained a heavy
yellow-gray turbidity. It was especially heavy in the
area of Emeryville.
The Golden Gate Strait was generally brown-green
in color with yellow-brown streaks of turbidity near
the San Francisco shore.
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82
Sections C and D - The characteristics color of the middle of
San Francisco Bay was gray-green. The shore areas
in the upper sections of the Bay were moderately turbid.
The water near the Oakland Airport was yellow-brown in
color. There was also a moderate discoloration, due to
turbidity, in the Bay waters in the vicinity of San
Francisco International Airport.
The levels of turbidity was quite high from San Mateo
along shore to Palo Alto. In the immediate area of the
Dumbarton Bridge the yellow-brown discoloration extended
nearly halfway across the Bay from the western shore.
The discoloration in the water near the west end of
the San Mateo Bridge was yellow-gray.
At the time of flight, there was a dissolved oxygen
depression in the Alameda Inner Harbor area near
Government Island.
ii) Characterization of Bay Area Waters - July 1972.
The general color and thermal characteristics for this mission,
are likewise presented for Sections A through D of the Bay area.
Section A - The San Joaquin River, New York Slough, and Suisun Bay
were generally gray-brown in color. There were areas of
turbidity, red-brown in color, at numerous points in these
waterways.
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83
The Carquinez Strait was gray-green in color. It
contained areas of yellow-brown turbidity.
The eastern section of San Pablo Bay was generally
gray-green. The western section of the Bay was quite
turbid being yellow-brown in color.
Section B - In the upper San Francisco Bay from Oakland Outer Harbor
to San Pablo Point, areas of quite heavy yellow-brown
turbidity were recorded. This is seen in Figure 64
which is a thermal map. The light gray areas correlated
directly with the locations of turbidity recorded in
the optical imagery. The turbid patches were not signifi-
cantly warmer than the background areas in the Bay waters.
The suspended solids in the water scattered the solar
rays from the sun. The Infra-red Line Scanner then re-
corded these areas as being wanner. This is a form of
Mie Scattering, i.e., the scattering of light by particles
large compared to the wavelength of light (yellow
light wavelength is 5.5«10~^cm or 0.55 microns). Note
the sharp pattern recorded around the pilings on the
San Rafael Bridge.
A low altitude thermal map of the Bay area north
and east of Treasure Island is shown in Figure 65. Again the
light gray patches were areas of turbidity. The long black
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84
lines were due to ship traffic disturbing the turbid
fields. This map also indicates the complexity of the
current patterns in this area.
Special attention is called to the black paraboloid
located to the left or south of the Oakland Bay Bridge
and east of Yerba Buena Island, as indicated by the
arrow in Figure 66. This was the discharge from the
East Bay MUD STP discussed in item B-27. The upwelling
effluent was disturbing the local turbid field.
Sections C & D - The characteristic color of the water in San Francisco
Bay south of the Oakland Bay Bridge, was moderate green.
There were isolated areas of heavy turbidity between the
San Mateo and Dumbarton Bridges.
In the waterway between Treasure Island and San
Francisco, turbid fields were recorded as shown in the
thermal map labeled Figure 66. The turbidity is a darker
gray than that in some areas of Figures 64 and 65. A
similar effect was present in the areas of the Oakland
Bay Bridge pilings, as was recorded for those of the
San Rafael Bridge. In Figure 67, note how the turbid
field abruptly ends on the left side of the map. This
was probably the phase front (leading edge) for the tide
through the Golden Gate Strait.
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85
Figure 68 shows a quite complex turbid field
located South-Southeast of Hunters Point. The thermal
plume near the left edge of the map was from the
Hunter's Point Power Plant discharge discussed in C-82.
The Coyote Creek waters were dark green-brown with
areas of red-brown discoloration.
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86
X. SATELLITE IMAGERY OF THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
The Multispectral Subsystem (MSS) aboard the Earth Resources
Technology Satellite (ERTS) has four bands which simultaneously
record images from Earth. The bandwidth of each MSS band is as
follows:
MSS A 0.5 to 0.6 microns (green light)
MSS 5 0.6 to 0.7 microns (red light)
MSS 6 0.7 to 0.8 microns (near infrared)
MSS 7 0.8 to 1.1 microns (near infrared)
These particular designations can be found near the middle of the
bottom legend on Figures 69 through 72. This data was recorded on
22 January 1973 (lower left) at 18:17, 50 seconds Zulu (Greenwich
Mean Time) as indicated in the lower right portion of each figure.
This corresponds to 10:17, 50 seconds Pacific Standard Time (PST).
At data time, there was a cloud mass stretching from Suisun
Bay into the San Joaquin Valley. Figure 1 may be used to identify
many of the features in this imagery.
Figure 69, recorded in the green band, is characterized by a
lack of image contrast (sharpness) between various land features
and between land-water features. The Pacific Coast, San Francisco
Bay, and San Pablo Bay were discolored significantly in this band.
The Salt Evaporators in South Bay appear to be land.
v
In the red band labeled Figure 70, most of the discoloration in
the Pacific Ocean and in the upper half of South Bay has disappeared.
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87
The discoloration in San Pablo Bay and upper San Francisco Bay
was more pronounced. The characteristic true color of these areas
would have been yellow-brown or orange-brown. Note the rounded
discoloration field located south of the Oakland Bay Bridge and
between San Frnacisco and Alameda. This field is being washed
into South Bay by a change in tide phase i.e., from ebb tide to
flood tide. The tide tables indicate that high-low tide occurred
at Yerba Buena Island 0815 hours PST. Low high tide occurred at
1416 hours PST. This imagery was recorded nearly two hours three
minutes after initiation of flood tide.
The deepest part or channel of South Bay is clearly seen from
just north of the San Mateo Bridge to the Dumbarton Bridge. There
was a greater contrast in the red band between the Salt Evaporators
and the Bay Water in South Bay. Also, the discoloration in South
Bay is contained in the shore areas and at the mouth of Coyote
Creek. The San Jose STP and discharge channel are clearly visible
in this figure. Note the light gray discoloration at the bottom
of the image on the Pacific Coast. It appears to be originating
from the Fort Ord vicinity southeast of Santa Cruz. The true color
of the discoloration would be red-orange.
In Figure 71, recorded in the near infrared band, nearly all
discoloration has disappeared again with the exception of San Pablo
Bay and Upper San Francisco Bay. The flow from Sonoma Creek into
San Pablo Bay is clearly visible. The boundaries of the Salt
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88
Evaporators are clearly visible in this band. Only the brightest
portion of the discoloration near Fort Ord, as seen in Figure 70,
is visible in this image. The channel from the San Mateo to the
Dumbarton Bridges is visible but with lesser contrast from that in
Figure 70. The fact that the discoloration appears in this infra-
red band does not soundly indicate the presence of chlorophyll in
these waters. There, of course, may have been a certain amount of
chlorophyll in the water at data time.
In Figure 72, the only discoloration present appears in San
Pablo Bay with much lesser contrast than appeared in the other three
bands. Also, the discoloration had disappeared from the Carquinez
Strait. Again, the discoloration in the Bay is not a positive
indicator of chlorophyll.
The numerous sloughs flowing into South Bay are more pronounced
in this image. Some of the light gray areas in and along the Salt
Evaporators could easily have been chlorophyll plant growth based
upon the information contained in the two aircraft missions.
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89
XI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Suisun Bay, and the lower San
Joaquin River were covered by aerial reconnaissance in April and July
1972. The April effort consisted only of daylight flights while that
of July contained night flights.
A total of 217 active pollution sources/indications were recorded
in the above mentioned areas. Approximately 88 per cent of this
number were related to industrial facilities while only 12 per cent
were related to municipal waste sources. Nearly 46 per cent of the
total number of indications were located along the Bay between the
San Mateo and the Oakland Bay Bridges which included the northern
San Francisco area.
The characteristic color of the area waters changed somewhat
from April to July. Suisun was generally gray-brown in color but
was more turbid in the western reaches in July. San Pablo Bay was
significantly more turbid in July being yellow-brown in color. San
Francisco Bay had evolved from a gray-green characteristic color
with turbid fields along the western shore in April to a moderate
or jade green with quite heavy turbidity from Coyote Creek to the
San Mateo Bridge, in July. The weather data given in Section VII of
this report, shows that in April 1972, 1.2 inches of rain fell at
San Francisco International Airport. No rain fell in July. The
increase in discoloration in San Francisco Bay was not directly
related to significant land run off in the immediate area. The
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90
precise reasons for the increased discoloration in San Pablo Bay
from April to July are not known.
Multiband imagery from the ERTS Satellite is included in this
report. It was obtained on January 22, 1973. It is easily seen in
this data that the discoloration in San Pablo Bay is somewhat unique
from that in other areas. The reasons for this apparent uniqueness
is not known.
It is suggested that the total Bay area be kept under sur-
veillance by use of the ERTS Satellite data to monitor the evaluation
of the discoloration effects.
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GLOSSARY - CONVERSION TABLE
km Kilometer
cm Centimeter
mm Millimeter
mgd million gallons per day
cmd Cubic meters per day
kcmd thousands of cubic meters per day
mcmd millions of cubic meters per day
1 mgd 3785 cmd
1 mgd 3.785 kcmd
1 mgd 0.003785 mcmd
1 km 0.62137 statute miles
1 meter. . . .3.281 feet
1 foot . . . .0.3048 meters
1 micron . . . 10~6 meters = 101* angstroms
1 square
km 0.3861 square statute meters
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APPENDIX A3
FILM SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA
OPTICAL FILTER TRANSMITTANCE DATA
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The spectral curves for each film and optical filter used
during this reconnaissance program are provided on the following
pages:
i) SO-397 with HF3/HF5 filter combination
ii) 2403 with 47A
iii) 2443 with 16.
In order to obtain the optical band width B (A) of each film-
filter combination let F(A) be the transmittance function of the
respective filter and S(A) be the spectral sensitivity function for
the particular film. Then
B(A) = * S(A) F(A) dX.
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Kodak Ektachrome EF Aerographic Film
SO-397 Development Process EA-5
Yellow forming
layer
Cyan forming
layer
^Magenta forming
layer
Normal Exposure, D = 1.00
above minimum density
Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
(ergs/cm2) required to produce specified
density above density of base plus fog
500 600
Wavelength in Nanometers
.IX 3
1XE2
! to x g i
200 300
100 X 0
HF-3
and
HF-5
200 300
400 500 600 700
WPKlfKQTH (NMMftn)
BOO 900
3 MB*
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KODAK Tm-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2403
(ESTAR Base)
Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
D-19
D«v«lopm«nt KODAK D«-elop.r D-19, 12 mm 01 68 f (20 Q
in o SBni»om«iric Profiling
MAPPING FILMS
500
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Sensitivity = Reciprocal of the exposure in ergs/cm2 required to produce the indicated density (D) above
gross fog.
.1% 3
1XE2
iMXfl
100% 0
200
300
400 500 800 TOO
WAVELENGTH (Nanometers)
MO
900
MA
Light Blue. Used for exciting fluorescein In medical applications of
fluorescence photography.
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INFRARED-SENSITIVE FILMS
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 2443
(ESTAR Base)
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 3443
(ESTAR Thin Base)
Critical users of these two films should determine the actual sensitometric characteristics
of their particular batch of film by using their own specialized techniques. The keeping
conditions for these films have an effect on their sensitometric response.
Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
Sensitivity = Reciprocal of the exposure (ergs/cm») required to produce a density of 1.0 above D min.
Measurements were confined to the 400 to 900 nanometer region.
Spectral Dye Density Curves:
200 300 400 500
700 800 900
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
MB 100 X 0
Orange. Permits greater overcorrection of sky than No. 15. Absorbs
small amount of green.
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APPENDIX B
DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES FOR BLACK-WHITE,
COLOR RECONNAISSANCE FILMS
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The film was processed in processors manufactured by Eastman
Kodak Company. The infrared and true-color Ektachrome films were
processed in the Ektachrome RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M,
Federal Stock Number 6740-109-2987PK, Part Number 460250. This machine
uses Kodak EA-5 chemicals. The temperature of the respective chemicals
in the processor and the film process rate, in feet per minute, are
the important parameters. Their values were specified as follows:
1) Prehardner 115°F
2) Neutralizer 115°F
3) First Developer 115°F
4) First Stop Bath 115°F
5) Color Developer 120°F
6) Second Stop Bath 120°F
7) Bleach 125°F
8) Fixer 120°F
9) Stablizer 120°F
The film process rate was 9 feet per minute. The nine chemical
baths, mentioned above, comprise the EA-5 process used for the
color films. The temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied
to the processor was 120°F and 45 pounds per square inch minimum
respectively. The fresh water is used to wash the film immediately
before entering the dryers.
The black and white film 2403 was processed in a Kodak Versamat
Model 11-CM processor using Kodak 641 chemicals. This process contains
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only two chemical baths which are the developer and fixer. During
processing, these were maintained at 85°F with a film process rate
of 12 feet per minute. Fresh water temperature was maintained at
85°F with a pressure greater than 45 pounds per square inch.
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APPENDIX C
Focal Length, Angle of View, and the Effects of Focal Length and Altitude
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The focal length of the aerial sensors affects the size (or scale)
of the resulting imagery. At any given altitude, the image size
chariges in direct proportion to changes in focal length. Also for a
given focal length, the image size is inversely proportional to the
altitude.
The angle of view of a sensor is a function of the focal length
and the image format size. The importance of the angle of view is
its relationship to the amount of target area recorded in the imagery.
Refer to the following diagrams: A. Focal length of a simple lens.
B. Effect of focal length on scale and ground coverage. C. Effect
of altitude on scale and ground coverage.
Point at
Infinity
Lens Axis
Reproduction of
point at mfimty-
|— Focal Length—
fl
V
Parallel light rays from,infinite
distance and a single'point source.
Diagram A. Focal Length of a Simple Lens
Focal length is the distance from the lens (A) to the film (B)
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3-lnch Focal Length
,// \
30,000 Ft
I'A
12-Inch Focal Length ,',' 1,
-HT
n \\
Ft
20,000
Ft
7,500 Ft
20,000
Ft
6-Inch Focal Length
20,000
Ft
Ft
5,000 Ft
18-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM B Effect of Focal Length on Scale and Ground Coverage
30,000 Ft
7T \ x »,o
~~
i
10,000 Ft
.22,500 Ft
5,000 Ft
3-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM C Effect of Altitude on Scale and Ground Coverage
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REFERENCES
1. Local Climatological Data obtained from the National Weather
Service, San Francisco, California.
2. 1972 Tide Tables, West Coast of North and South America, U. S.
Department of Commerce, NOAA.
3. Kodak Publications M-29 and B-3
GPO 647-909
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