DRAF
8/19
Revised Section B of Anbianc Water Quality Critarla far Arsenic
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY*
Introduction
Arsenic is found in all living organisms, including chose in aquatic
379terns. Little is known about the mechanisms of arsenic toxicity to aquatic
organisms; however, arsenic readily foras stable bonds to sulfur and carbon
in organic compounds. Like mercury, trivaleat arsenic reacts with sulfhydryl
groups of proteins; enzyne inhibition by this mechanism may be the primary
mode of toxicity. Pentavalent arsenic does not react with sulfhydryl groups
as readily but nay uncouple oxidative phosphorylation (Towler, et al. 1977;
Schiller, et al. 1977).
The chemistry of arsenic in water is complex, consisting of chemical',
biochemical, and geocheaical reactions which together control the concentra-
tion, oxidation state, and form of arsenic in water (Callahan, et al. 197S;
Holm, et al. 1979; Scudlark and Johnson, 1982). Four arsenic species common
in natural waters are arsenate (-1-5), arsenite (+3), methanearsonic acid and
dlmethylarslnic acid. In aerobic water, arsenite is slowly oxidized to
arsenate at neutral pB, but the reaction proceeds measurably in several days
in strongly alkaline or acidic conditions. Because the chemical and
toxicological properties of the forms appear to be quite different and the
*An understanding of the Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water
Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life and Its Uses (Stephan, et
al. 1983) is necessary in order to understand the following text, tables, and
calculations.
-------
eoxicicies of Che forms have not been shown co be additive, che data for
crlvalenc Inorganic arsenic, pentavalent Inorganic arsenic, nonosodium
methanearsonate (MSMA) and other arsenic compounds will be creaced
separately. Methods have been developed for separately measuring these forms
of arsenic in water (Grabinski, 1981; Irgollc, 1982).
Because of the variety of the forms of arsenic and lack of Information
about their relative toxicities, no available analytical method is known to
be ideal for expressing aquatic life criteria for arsenic, but dissolved
arsenic (operationally defined as the arsenic chat passes through a 0.45 uo
membrane filter) is probably che best available method. Measurement of
dissolved arsenic is compatible with all of the data used to derive criteria
for arsenic because precipitate was not observed in any of the seats- On
samples of ambient water this method is intended to measure all* forms of
arsenic that are toxic to aquatic life or can be readily converted to toxic
foras under natural conditions. In addition, this method is intended to
exclude several forms, such as arsenic that is part of minerals, clays, and
sand or is strongly sorbed to partlculate matter, that are not toxic and are
not likely to become toxic under natural conditions. Measurement of
dissolved arsenic does not require special effort or equipment. Measurement
of dissolved arsenic probably does not require immediate analysis in che
field because the ratio of dissolved to undlssolved arsenic probably will not
change substantially in short periods of time. This is also che least
rigorous of the measurements (a) which are compatible with the available
toxicological data without using hypothetical extrapolations and (b) for
which it is usually acceptable to assume that no harm will result from
measured or calculated concentrations in ambient water that are below
national criteria.
-------
3
Dissolved arsenic should also be a useful measurement for raonicoring
effluents and dilution of effluent with receiving water before aeasurement
should demonstrate whether the receiving water can decrease the concentration
of dissolved arsenic because of sorptioa. Measurement of both dissolved
arsenic and total recoverable airsenic (U.S. EPA., 1979) in ambient water or
effluent or both can be useful. For example, there is aore cause for concern
if total recoverable arsenic is above the appropriate criterion, even though
dissolved arsenic Is below the criterion, than there is if both are below the
criterion. If a national criterion is possibly unacceptable for a particular
situation, a site-specific criterion (U.S. SPA, 1982) can be derived.
Unless otherwise noted, all concentrations reported herein are expected
to be essentially equivalent to dissolved arsenic concentrations. All
concentrations are expressed as arsenic, not as che chemical tested. The
criteria presented herein supersede previous aquatic life water quality
criteria for arsenic (U.S. EPA, 1976a, I960) because these new criteria were
derived using improved procedures and additional information. The literature
search for this document was conducted in October, 1981; some newer
information vas also used.
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
Data are available on the acute toxicity of crivalenc Inorganic arsenic
to fourteen species in ten families (Tables 1 and 3). Two crustacean
families, Gammaridae and Daphnidae, are much more sensitive than the other
tested invertebrate and fish families, with the acute sensitivities ranging
from 379 ug/1 for Gammaridae to 97,000 ug/1 for Chlronomidae. Inglis and
Davis (1972) found that hardness did not affect the toxicity of trivalent
-------
inorganic arsenic co the bluegill. Fachead minnows were much less sensitive
Co arsenic crlsulfide (Table 6) Chan co sodium arsenice (Table 1).
Family Mean Acute Values (Table 3) were calculated as geometric means of
Che available Species Mean Acute Values (Table 1). For trivalent inorganic
arsenic, Che Species Mean Acute Values for daphnids were within a factor of 6
and those for saLnonids and cyprinids were within a factor of 2. Of the
fourteen families for which acute values are available, the two crustaceans,
Gammaridae and Daphnidae, are ouch more sensitive than the others. Both the
most sensitive family, Gammaridae, and the most resistant family,
Chironomidae, are invertebrates, but the one is 110 times aore sensitive Chan
the other. A. freshwater Final acute Value of 273.7
-------
aore than 400 times aore sensitive than. Che lease sensicive family,
Ictaluridae.
Not enough acute values are available for calculation of freshwater
Final Acute Values for pentavalent inorganic arsenic or MSMA.
Data are available on the acute toxicity of trivalent inorganic arsenic
to saltwater species in three fish and six invertebrate families (Tables I
and 3). The fish species tested were the least sensitive with a range of
LCSOs from 12,700 ug/1 for the sheepshead minnow to 16,033 ag/1 for the
Atlantic silverside. Among the invertebrates, the copepod, Acartia clausi,
was the most sensitive (LC50 = 508 ug/1) and the polychaete worm, Neanthes
arenaeeodentata, was the least sensitive (10,120 ug/1). In addition,
Alderdice and Brett (1957) obtained a 48-hour LC50 of 3,300 -ig/1 wich arsenic
crioxide to chum salmon (Table 6). Holland, et al. (1960) decarained a
10-day LC54 of 3,787 ug/1 for the pink salmon, whereas Curtis, et al. (1979)
reported a 96-hour IC50 of .24,700 ug/1 for arsenic trisulfide in tests with
juvenile white shrimp (Table 6). A saltwater Final Acute Value of 242.3 ag/1
was calculated for trivalant inorganic arsenic (Table 3)..
Data are available for pentavalent arsenic vlch cvo salcwacer species.
Pentavalent arsenic was less toxic to a aysid (LC50 = 2,319 ug/1) Chan
trivalent (LCSO • 1,740 ag/1), but more toxic to the scud whose Species Mean
Acute Values are 2,957 ug/1 for pentavalent arsenic and 8,204 ag/1 for
trivalent arsenic. Not enough data are available to calculate a saltwater
Final Acute Value for pentavalent inorganic arsenic.
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
Three chronic tests have been conducted on trivalent inorganic arsenic
with freshwater species (Table 2). A life-cycle test with Daphnia magna
-------
(Lima, et al. Manuscript) resulted in a chronic value of 912.8 ng/1 based on
chronic limits of 633.4 and 1,315.4 ug/L. The 96-hour LCSO for this species
la the same study was 4,340 ug/1, resulting in an acute-chronic ratio of
4.755. The chronic values for the fathead oinnow and flagfish exposed to
sodium arsenite were approximate!? the same. The 96-hour L.C50 values Ear the
two species were also similar and the acute-chronic ratios were 4.636 and
4.395, respectively.
Data on the chronic toxicity of arsenic to saltwatar species are
available for only one species, Mysldopais bahia. In a 35-day life-cycle
test on sodiua arsenite, no effaces were observed at 530 Mg/1, whereas 1,270
affected reproduction and significantly reduced survival. These results
provide chronic limits for crivalant inorganic arsenic of 630-1,270
-------
1,400 ug/1 and Che comparable acute value was 7,400 ig/1, resulting in an
estimated acute-chronic ratio of 8.7.
The fathead minnow vas approximately 3 times aore sensitive on a chronic
basis to pentavalent than to crivalent arsenic, but Daphnia magna appeared co
be equally sensitive to both forms of inorganic arsenic. No chronic tests
have been conducted vith MSMA or any other organic arsenic compound.
Toxieity to Aquatic Plants
Adverse effects were observed at concentrations ranging from 2,320 ug/1
for 3 species of algae and one submerged plane co over 59,000 ag/1 for the
alga Selenascrum eapricornutum (Table 4). Except for S_. eapricornutum,
values reported for aquatic planes exposed to sodium arsenite are comparable
to Che acute values for some of che more sensitive invertebrate species
(Table L) and co che chronic values reported for the fathead minnow and
flagfish (Table 2).
Concentracions of pencavalent inorganic arsenic which caused adverse
effects on six species of freshwater algae ranged from 43 to 202,000 iig/1
(Table 4). A L4-day EC50 value of 48 ug/1 obtained foe che most sensitive
alga, Scenedesmus obliquus, was 13 cimes lower than Che lowest acute value
and approximately L9 tiaes lower Chan che only chronic value available for
pencavalent inorganic arsenic. Data on the sensitivity of S_. eapricornutum
co both pencavalenc and crivalenc inorganic arsenic is widely variable and
appears co depend on che kind of coxicicy test used (Richcar, 1982).
Data on the toxicity of crivalenc arsenic co saltwater plants is
available for four species of microalgae and two species of macroalgae (Table
-------
4). Growth of Che saltwater diatoms, Skeleconema coscacum and Thalassiosera
aestivalis, was affected at 20 >ig/l and 22 'ig/1, respectively, and
photosynthesis of S." costatua vas reduced at 5 ug/1. 3oney, et al. (1959)
showed that trivalent arsenic inhibited the development of sporelings in the
red oacroalga, Plumana elegaas, at 577 ug/1. In addition, formation of mature
cystocarps by another red macroalgae, Champia parvula, was prevented at 95
•ig/1 and growth of female plants was reduced at 145 ug/l.
Data on the toxicity of pentavalent arsenic to saltwater plants is
available for four species of oicroalgae and one species of nacroalgae (Table
4). Based upon these data, there is no significant differences between the
toxicity of pentavalent and trivalent arsenic to the plant species tested.
Thursby and Steele (Manuscript) found that phosphate decreased the toxicity
of pentavalent arsenic to Champia parvula, but did not affect the toxicity of
trivalent arsenic.
Bioaecumulation
Bioconcentration tests have been conducted on trivalent and pentavalent
inorganic arsenic and a number of organic arsenic compounds with a variety of
freshwater fish and invertebrates (Table 5). Ho bioconcentration factor
(BCF) was greater than 10 except that a value of 17 was obtained for trivalent
inorganic arsenic with a snail (Spehar, et al. 1980). An early life-stage
cast with the fathead minnow on sodium arsenate (Deroe, 1982) showed that the
3CF decreased with, increased exposure concentrations in the water. BCFs were
slightly lower (down to 1.2) in exposure concentrations that caused adverse
effects than that reported for a no effect concentration (Table 5).
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One acudy by Oladimeji, et al. (1982) showed chat Che pretreanaent of
rainbow trout to sodium arsenite enhanced che elimination of a subsequent
dose of arsenic. Additional results indicated that fish retained less
arsenic after 4 weeks of exposure Chan after 2 weeks.
In the one bioconcentration test on arsenic with a saltwater species, a
3CF of 350 was obtained with the oyster, Craasostrea vlrginica, after 112
days of exposure (Zaroogian, 1982). In a 4-day test Nelson, et al. (1976)
obtained a BCF of IS with the bay scallop.
No Final Residue Value could be determined because no maximum
permissible tissue concentration is available cor arsenic.
Other Data
Comparison of data for fish in Tables 1 and 6 indicates that in almost
all cases, arsenic toxicity increased with increased duration of exposure.
One value for the bluegill (Hughes and Davis, 1967) was an exception
resulting in a low 48-hour LC50 of 290 ug/1. A specialized pallatized form
of sodium arsenite was used which aay have accounted for its high toxicity.
The invertebrate data were too variable Co indicate a trend in toxtcity in
regard to duration of exposure.
Spehar, et al. (1980) compared the coxicitles of different foras of
arsenic in the same water. In 28-day tests, trivalent inorganic arsenic
(arsenic trioxide) was more toxic to the scud, Gammarus pseudolianaeus, than
arsenic pentoxide, sodium dimethyl arsenate and disodium methyl arsenate.
Survival of stoneflies, snails and rainbow trout was not adversely affected
when exposed to any of the compounds at the concentrations tested.
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/o
Two studies on the efface of environmental factors on the toxieity of
arsenic Co freshwater organisms have been reported. Sorenson (1976c) shoved
chat increased water temperature decreased the median lethal time of green
sunfiah after exposure Co two concentrations of sodium arsenate (Table 6).
Lima, et al. (Manuscript) found that che toxicity of tcivlent inorganic
arsenic to Daphnia nagna was decreased by about a factor of 3 when food was
added in 43- hour tests compared to exposures Ln uhich food was not added.
Additional exposures showed that trivalent arsenic did not affect additional
unfed animals from 48 to 96 hours, indicating that the lack of food in these
tests was not too stressful. Sodium arsenite' increased albinism in channel
catfish (Wester-nan, and Birge, 1973).
Exposures of eabryos and larvae of rainbow trout and goldfish to
trivalent inorganic arsenic resulted in values that were several cines Lower
•than those for older juvenile stages of these species (Tables L and 6), and
these values were lower than the chronic values in Table 2. The lowest value
obtained in any test on arsenic, however, was 40 ug/l from a 7-day exposure
of embryos and larvae of che toad, GasErjohryne earolinensis, to trivalent
inorganic arsenic (Birge, 1973). This value is nearly a factor of 2 lower
than the freshwater Final Chronic Value for trivalent inorganic arsenic..
Bryan (1976) exposed che saltwater polychaete wora, Nereis diversieolor,
to sodium arsenite and estimated che 192-hour LC50 to be greater than 14,500
•ig/1 (Table 6). Sodium arsenite caused other effects which include depressed
oxygen consumption rate and behavioral changes in mud snails exposed to
sodium arsenite at concentrations of arsenic greater than 2,000 ug/L far 72
hours (Haclnnes and Thurberg, 1973).
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Uauaed Data
Much infomaclon on Che effects of arsenic on aquatic life could ROC be
used because Che studies were not conducted with species chat ace resident in
North America. Papers by Dabrovski (1976), Faladino (1976), and Paladino and
Spotila (1978) were not used because control survival was too low. Studies
by Anderson (1944), Grindley (1946), Eipper (1959), Stanley (1974), Ingrolic,
et al. (1977), and Spotila and Paladino (1979) were not used because
Insufficient detail was reported about such items as use of controls and
control survival or because methodology problems occurred in che cescs which
made Che results questionable. Tests by Jones (1940), Jones (1941), Heir and
Sine (1970), Schaefer and Pipes (1973), and Devisprased and Chowdary (1981)
were not included because an unacceptable dilution wacar was used.
Papers by Belding (1927), Surber (1943), The Ontario Water Resourcas
Commission (1959), Lawrence (1958), Hllcibran (1967), Chriscensen (1971),
Penrose (1975), Christen3en and Tucker (1976), Conway (1973), Oladiaeji, ec
al. (1979), Brunsklll, et al. (1980) and Chrlstensen and Zielski (1980) were
not used because the concentrations causing effects or che effact endpoincs
were noc clearly reported or defined. One paper by Johnson (1978) was not
Included because the fish were not acclimated to che test water for a
sufficient amount of time after collection from che field. A study by
Passino and Kramer (1980) on Che effects of arsenic on Lake Superior Cisco
fry was noc used because fry were obtained from eggs and spera of two
different species.
Reviews by Chapman, et al. (1968), Thompson, ec al. (1972), U.S. EPA
(1975, 1976b), and Phillips and Russo (1978) only contain data chat were
published elsewhere. Several papers dealing with che accumulation of arsenic
in aquatic organisms, including those by Wiebe, ec al. (1931), Ellis (1937),
-------
Ellis, at al. (1941), Oupree (I960), Sohacki (1968), Re ay (1972), Co pel and,
ee al. (1973), Harden (1976), Sandhu (1977), Foley, ec al. (1978), Uagemann,
ec al. (1978), Sorenson, ec al. (1979, 1980), were not used because wacer
concentrations during Che test varied unaccepcably or were unknown. 3CFs
calculated by Isensee, ec al. (1973), Schuch, ec al. (1974), Wool son, ec al.
(1976), and Anderson, ec al. (1979) were not uaed because chey were
calculated from microcosm or model ecosystem studies in which water
concentrations decreased with time or were obtained after shore exposures
before steady-state was reached. Results eeported by Thomas, ec al. (1980)
were noc used because arsenic was one of ten metals in a mixture.
Summary
The chemistry of arsenic in wacer is complex and the fora present in
solution is dependent on such environmental conditions as Eh, pH, organic
content, presence of suspended solids, and sediment. The relative coxicicies
of the various forms of arsenic apparently vary from species to species. For
crivaletit Inorganic arsenic acute values for fourteen freshwater animal
species ranged from 879 ig/1 for a scud co 97,000
4g/l for a midge, but the three acute-chronic ratios only ranged from 4.68 co
4.90. The five acute values for pentavalent inorganic arsenic covered about
the same range, but the single acute-chronic ratio was 28.7. The six acute
values for MSMA ranged from 3,243 ug/1 to 1,403,000 ag/1. The freshwater
residue data indicated that arsenic is not bloconc en traced to a high degree
but Chat lower forms of aquatic life may accumulate higher arsenic residues
than fish. The low bioconcencration and short half-life of arsenic in fish
-------
tissue suggest that residues should not be a problem to predators of aquatic
life.
The freshwater plant data indicate that aquatic plants differ a great
deal as to their sensitivity to trivalenc and pentavalenc arsenic. In
comparable tests, the alga, Selenastrum capricornutun, was 45 times more
sensitive to sodium arsenate than to sodium, arsenite, although other data
present conflicting information on the sensitivity of this alga to sodium
arsenate. For trivalent inorganic arsenic, many plant values were in the
same range as the available chronic values for freshwater animals; for
pentavalent arsenic several plant values were lover than the one available
chronic value.
The other toxicological data revealed a wide range of toxicity based on
casts with a variety of freshwater specias and endpoints. Tests wich earl'/
" " -::--; --nasred ca be che raosc sensitive indicator of arsenic toxicity.
'.a_-da ooc^inad froa this type of test with trivalent inorganic arsenic were
lower than chronic values obtained in Table 2 for this compound. The lowest
effect concentration for arsenic and freshwater organisms was 40 ig/1 and was
reported for trivalent inorganic arsenic.
Mine species of saltwater animals gave acute values for trivalent
inorganic arsenic from 508 tig/1 to 16,030 ug/1 and the single acute-chronic
ratio was 1.945. The only values available for pentavalent inorganic arsenic
were for cwo invertebrates and were between 2,000 and 3,000 -ig/1. Trivalenc
and pentavalent inorganic arsenic are equally toxic to various species of
saltwater algae, but the sensitivities of the species range from 5 to more
than 1,000 -ig/I. In a test with an oyster, a BCF of 350 was obtained for
trivalent inorganic arsenic.
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' '-j
f I
National Criteria
To protect freshwater aquatic life and its uses, In each 30 consecutive
days: (a) the average concentration of dissolved trivalent inorganic arsenic
(operationally defined as the trivalent inorganic arsenic that passes through
a 0.45 am membrane filter) should not exceed 72 ug/1; (b) Che maximum
concentration should not exceed UO ug/l;'and (c) the concentration say be
betveen 72 and 140 ug/1 Cor up to 96 hours. This criterion will be too high
wherever the toad, Gastrophryae carolinensis, is an Important species.
To protect saltwater aquatic life and ics uses, La. each 30 consecutive
days: (a) the average concentration of dissolved trivalent inorganic arsenic
should not exceed 63 'ig/1; (b) the maximum concentration should not exceed
120 ug/1; and (c) the concentration aay be between 63 and 120 ug/1 for up Co
96 hours. This criterion will be too high wherever Steelstoneaa costatua,
Thalassiosira aestivalis, or Champla parvula are important species.
Hoc enough data are available to allow derivation of numerical national
water quality criteria for freshwater aquatic life for pentavalent inorganic
arsenic or any organic arsenic compound. ?entavalent inorganic arsenic Is
acutely toxic to freshwater aquatic animals ae concentrations as Low as 350
•ig/1 and an acute-chronic ratio of 25 was obtained with Che fathead minnow.
Pentavalent arsenic aay be toxic to freshwater aquatic plants at concentra-
tions as low as 43 ug/1. Honosodium aethanearsenate (MSMA) is acutely toxic
co aquacic animals at concentrations as lov as 1,900 ug/1 but no data are
available concerning chronic toxicicy to animals or toxiclcy to plants.
Very few data are available concerning the toxicity of any fora of
arsenic other than trivalent Inorganic arsenic to saltwater aquatic life.
The available data do show that pentavalent inorganic arsenic is acutely
-------
coxic to salcwacer aniaals ac concentrations as low as 2,319 ag/1 and nay be
coxic :B 3altva:er plants at 5-50 ug/1. No data are available concerning che
chronic toxicity of any fora of arsenic other than trivalent inorganic
arsenic to saltwater aquatic life.
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Table 1. fccute toxlclty
.-senlc to aquatic animals
Species
Snail.
Aploxa hypnoruia
Cladoceran.
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Daphnla nagna
Cladocaran,'
Daplmld reagnd
Clailocuran,
Daphnla magna
C 1 adoceran ,
Oapluila put ox
Clacoduran,
Dapltnla pulox
Cladocaran.
Oaphula pulox
Cladocardn.
Slmocophalus sarruldlus
Claductormi,
Slmocoplmlus vatulus
Scud,
Gatnnarus pseudol linnocus
Stonof ly,
Pf-oronitrcys call torn led
Mldija,
Tanytarsus dlsslmlllb
Method*
s,
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
FT.
s.
s.
H
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
H
Chemical
FRESJI
Trlvdlonl i
Arsenic
trloxldo
Sodium
arson ltd
-
Sodium
arsonllu
Sod 1 um
ursunlto
-
Sodium
ar sen 1 to
Sodium
ar son 1 to
Sodium
arsenlle
Sodium
arsenlte
Arsenic
trloxlde
LC50
or EC50
(jjg/l)"
SPECIES
ijanlc Arson Ic
24. SOU
1,700
5.27fl
3,600
4,340
1.044
I.BOO
1.740
UI2
1.800
B79
22,040
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Table I. (ContinuedI
Species
Rainbow trout,
Sdlmo galrdnurl
Brook Irout,
Sdl vol Inns I on t Ilia I Is
GoldMsh (Juvenile).
Car ass I us aurat us
Fathead minnow,
(Juvenile)
Plmapha | es promul as
Fathuad minnow
IJuvonl Id),
Plmopliales proinqldS
Channel catfish
(f lnyorllny),
jctdhiTus punctattn»
Channel catfish
(Juvoitl la),
IetaIorus punctatus
Flagflsli (try),
jjgrd^anel^la I[lorjdaa
Flaijflsn (Juvonlla),
Jordanulla H or I dag
Bluei)!!!.
Lojiomls macrochlrus
Bluuglll,
Lajioinljs macroch Irus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueylll.
Lepomls macrochlrus
Mat nod*
S, U
Ff, M
ri. M
FT. M
Ff, M
S. U
Ff. M
Ff. M
FT, M
S. U
S, U
S, U
S, U
ChamleaI
Sod luu
iro
Soil 1 uin
drsonl ta
Sod 1 uu
drsunl tti
Sod luii
arsunlta
Sod 1 uit
ar sun 1 ta
Sodium
dr sun 1 to
Sodium
dfsonlte
Sodium
ctrsanlta
Sodium .
arson Ita
Sod 1 um
dTbonl ta
Sodium
ar son 1 to
Sodium
dTSUnltb
Sodlun
drsenl Id
LC3II
or £CM
M.J40
N.'JbO
26,040
15,660
14, IUO
15,022
18.096
2U.I30
14.500
15,370
16,240
15,406
17,400
Species Mean
Acute Value
(uq/l)" Reference
13,340 Johnson & F Inlay,
1980
14.960 Card wall, et al. 1976
26,040 CdTdwell, et al. 1976
Cardwell. et al. 1976
14.900 Lima, et al.
Manuscript
Clemens & Sneed. 1959
18,100 Cardwell. et dl. 1976
Cardwell, et al. 1976
20,200 Lima, et al.
Manuscr Ipt
Ing Ms & Davis. 1972
Ing Us & Ddvls, 1972
Inglls & Davis. 1972
Johnson & Flnley,
1980
-------
Tobl« I. (Continued)
LC50 Spacles Moan
or IIC50 Acute Value
Species
Bluecjlll (Juvanllo),
L spools nacrocnlrus
Cladoceran,
Daptmla magna
Cladocwan,
Oaphnla pulex
Clddocoran,
Bosailna lontjlrostrls.
Rainbow trout (2 roost.
Sal mo gdlrdnorl
Fttthaud nlttnow
(Juvanl la),
Plroaphdles promo las
Mosqiiltotl&h,
GdinUusId afllnls
Scud.
Gamroarus fascist us
Cray II ah,
Procambdrus sp.
Cutthroat trout.
Sal mo clarkl
Gotdllih.
Carasblus aural us
Fdthodd mlnnoM,
Hutliod* Chum leal (|ii]/l)"
FT, M ioJIura 41. /cO
ariu/ttto
Hoii1dV4lnu!*o<}| uu ^illu.OOO
** t
ui(>tlijnojrboiiat6
St U Moiio^oJIuin >I6,OIO
S, U Mjni>!,otl 1 um 4.9JU
mullidiiuor soiid ta
S, U MoiiOiOdliiin 2,129
(fiq/IJ-"
41,760
7,400
3,600
050
10.800
25.600
49,000
> 16 .010
506,000
>I6,OIO
4.978
2,129
iwrerance
Cord-oil, at dl. 1976
Bleslnger &
Chrlstensan, 197^
JurwlC2 A Bulkb.ua,
1980
Pass 1 no & Novak,
1962
lldlo, 1977
OaFoo, I9B2
JuroMlci & Qulktuiia,
1900
Johnson 4 FJnley,
I9UO
Andurson. et al. t97S
Johnson & F Inlay,
I9UO
Johnson & F Inlay.
I9UO
Johnson & Flnlay,
IQHA
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Spec las
Channul cattish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Bljaglll,
Lopomls macroclilrus
Small mouth bass
(f Ingorllngl,
Hlcropterus dolomlaul
Method11
S. U
S. U
S, U
Cliaalcal
Monosod 1 urn
moth anaar sonata
Honosod 1 UN
mothaiiodriionata
Monosod 1 urn
umth
-------
Table I. IContinued)
Species Method"
Four spine stick lebacK, S, U
Ape It oa quadracus
Mysld, FT. H
M/sldopsls bdhla
Amphlpod, FT, M
Ampul Isca abdlta
Aiaphlpod, FT, M
Amp&l Isca abdlta
Cll(MlC4l
Sod IUN
Htintdvdlbii
Sodliui
bodluin
Sodium
1(30 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
M/J5i 14.950
t Inorganic Arson Ic
2,3»9 2,319
2,100
4,1'jU 2,95ft
Reference
Card In, 1982
Gent He, 196 1
Scott, 1981
Scott, 1981
" S = static, ft = roriutfal, FT - f lox-lttruujli, U •• uummiburoJ, H -
'• Hasults
-------
Tablw 2. Chronic toxlclty of arson Ic to aquatic animals
Limits Chronic Value
Test"
Clunlcal
4,340
912. B
4.75S
Refaranca
Clailoceran, LC
Oaphnla nagna
Fathead minnow, ELS
Plmephales promelas
Flagtlsh. ELS
Jordana 1 1 a H or 1 duo
Fathead minnow, ELS
Plmophalas promo las
Mysld, LC
Mysldopsls t>ah la
" LC = Ufa eye la or partial Ufa
"Results aro expressed as organic
Spaclas
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Trlvulant Inorganic Arsonlc
Sodium 633.4-1,315.4 912.6 Lima, et al.
arson Ho Manuscript
Sodium 2,130-4,300 3,026 Lima, at al.
arsanlta Manuscript
Sodium 2,130-4,120 2,962 Lima, ef al.
arsonlta Manuscript
Pontavalont Inoryanlc Arsonlc
Sodlun 530-1. !>00 091.6 OeFoa, 1982
ar sana re
SALTWAltK SPECIES
Trlvdlant lnori|iiiilc Ar sonic
Sodium 610-1,270 094. S Gontlltt, at al.
arsunlla 1961
cyclo, ELS - uiirly Illo slafjo.
, nol as the clioml. > .
Acuta-Chn Kat lo
Acute Vale- Chronic Valua
(jjg/l) (fiQ/ll Katlo
frlvalont li>-> , ilc Arsunlc
-------
Tabl* 2. (Continued)
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Acute Value 'Chronic Value
Spocles l|ig/l) (Jjg/l)
Fathead minnow. 14.100 3,026
Plmephales promaUi.
Hagflsh. 14,500 2,962
Jordanella llorlUaa
Hysld. 1.740 894.5
Mysldopsls bah la
Panl aval ant Inorganic Arsenic
Ratio
4.636
4.695
1.945
FathaaJ minnow, 25.600 091.6 20.71
Pjmaphdlas promo Us
-------
Table 3. Sunnary of data In Tables I and 2 on acuto and chronic toxlclty of arsenic to aquatic animals
lank". FiMlly
Farol ly Mean
Acuto Value
dig/It
Species Neon
Acute Value
Spoclus (iig/lt
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Retlu
FKKSHWAfLft SPCCIES
10 Chlronoinldae
9 Contrarclildae
8 Physldad
7 Ptoronarcldae
6 Cyprlnodontlddi)
5 Cyprlnlddit
4 Ictdlurldae
3 Salmonldcia
Trlvalont
91.000
41.760
24,500
22,040
20,200
19,700
18,100
14,130
1,748
Inorganic Arson Ic
Midge,
Tanytarsus dlsblnillls
Lt»L>amls niacrochlrus
Snail.
Aplctxa hyi>normn
Stonolly,
Pluronarcyb Cdllfornlca
Fldgllbli.
Jorddnelld Horldaa
Goldfish.
Carasslus durntus
FdthOdd minnow,
Plniu|ihdlos prone las
Channul catfish,
Ictalunib punctatus
Cirook trout.
Salve) liuib funtlnal Is
Rdlnliow trout ,
SdlnM Qdlrdnurl
Cladocoritn,
Curludtipluild rotlculata
Cliidocuran,
()
-------
Tabla 3. (ConlInued)
ink1 Family
1 Gdiwidrldae
5 Poeclllldda
4 Cyprhiluae
3 Salmonldaa
2 Oaphnldae
1 BoMiilnldae
Fdmlly Moan
Acute Valua
(i/g/n
879
PantdVdlent
49,000
25,600
10,800 '
5,161
050
•Spec 1 o&
Cladocuran,
Slmocoplidluii sorruldtus
Clddocurdn,
Slniocophdlui volulus
Scud,
GdHimarus pseudol Imnduus
Inoicjanlc Ar sonic
Mosqullof Ish,
Gdinbusla df finis
Fattiedd minnow,
Plmapdales promulds
KdlnboM trout,
Salino gdlrdnorl
CldJoceraii,
Ddphnld magna
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla pulux
ClddOCufdll,
Bosmlna loiiQlrostrls
Species Haan
Acuta Valua
812
I.BOO
879
49,000
25.600
10.800
7,400
3,600
850
Spec! as Haan
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
26.71
Moaosodlum Mdllidiiudi ionnto (MbMA)
6 Ictdlurldde
5 Ailacldaa
1.403,000
506,000
28,200
Channul cdlflsh,
1 c 1 d 1 in us puncta tuS
CiMyl Ish,
UllllKjl II.
1.403,000
506,000
1.921
-
injci'ocli 11 us
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
ank« Family
3 Ganinurldaa
2 Salmonliiaa
1 Cyprlnldaa
Family Mean Species Mean Species Maan
Acute Value Acute Value Acute-Chronic
(iig/l) Species (fjg/D Ratio
> 16. 010
> 16. 010
3,255
Smdl 1 mou ll» bjiS,
Mlcroptuni!> dolomlaul
Scud,
Garnmarus tasclatus
Cutthrout trout,
Sdlmo clarkl
Goldfish,
Carassltis auratus
Fathead mlnnoM,
Plmapttdlus pr ana lab
SALTWATER SPECIES
414,000
>I6,OIO
>I6,OIO
4.97B
2,129
Trlvdlant Inorganic Ar^unlc
9 Atharhtldaa
a Gastorostaldaa
7 Cyprlnodontldaa
6 Nurolddu
5 Ampal Uchldaa
4 Oslrulddd
3 Pocllnlil.ia
16,033
14.950
12,700
10.120
a, 204
7,500
3.4'JO
I./40
Art antic si Ivors Ida,
Manldld inonldla
Foursplna stickleback,
Apoltes quadracus
SlioupshtaoJ minnow,
Cyprlnodon varlugalub
Polychdiitu Morin,
Hoanthob aronacaodantatd
Ainphlpod,
Anijiul IbCd abJI ta
Edbtunt oyslur,
Crassobliua vlri|lnli.d
Day scallop,
Aryupuciun Irradldii^
Mybld,
16,030
14,950
12,700
10.120
8. 204
7,500
3,490
1,740 1.945
-------
TabIa 3. (Continued)
Rank* Family
I Acartlldcui
Family Moan
Acute Value
Specl** Mean
Acut* Value
Specl«s Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
Copopod,
Acartla clausl
508
• Hanked from most resistant to mast uinsltlvo bused at Family Mean Acute Value.
Trlvalent Inorganic Arsenic
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio =• 3.816
Fresh Mater
Final Acute Value = 275.7
Criterion Maximum Concentration = (275.7 |g/l) / 2 » 137.8
Final Chronic Value = (275.7 jjg/l> / 3.816 =» 72.25 pg/l
Salt water
Final Aculo Vdluo = 242.3 jjy/l
Criterion M^xlmun Concentrot Ion =• (242.3 jjg/l) /2 = 121.2
Final Chronic Value > (242. J jjg/l> / 3.UI6 » 63.50
-------
Tabla 4. Toxlclty of arsenic to aquatic plants
Secies
Clicwlcal
Result
Reference
FUCSIIWATEH SPECIES
Trlvolunt Inorganic Arsenic
Alga,
Cladophora sp.
Alga,
Splrogyra sp.
Alga,
Zycjriama sp.
Alga,
Salonastriun cofir Icornutum
Alga,
5 a t ana s tr un c a p r 1 cor n ut mi
Submerged plant,
Potainqfla ton t>p.
Alga,
Anklstrodesmus fjlcatus
Alga,
ScertatJasmus obllqiius
Alga,
Chlamydomonas re liihar d 1 1
A(Qtt,
Ch laiaydoingnas r al nhard j I
Alya.
Salenastriim cajirlcornutum
Alga,
Selonastrtim cnyr Icornutuni
Sodium
arbonlto
Sodlun
itrsunl ta
Sodium
ar sun 1 lu
Sodlun
arsenlta
Sodlun
or sun 1 to
Sodium
arsanlte
Pantavalunt
Sodium
Sodlun
or s anal a
Sod 1 utn
arsiinatu
Sodium
Sodium
ar scna to
Suiilum
or stinato
100< kill In
2 wks
100| kill In
2 wks
100* kill In
2 uks
Mf InliJbl t\3,000
Cowall, 1963
CoweM, I96S
Cowall. 1965
Rl chter, 1982
Rlcttter, I9B2
Cowed, 1965
Vocfca. et al. 1980
Vocka, at al. I960
Jurbwlcz & Bulkoma,
I960
PJanas & Haal«y,
1918
Rlchtar, 1962
Rlchtor, 1982
-------
TabI* 4. (Contlnuod)
Spacles
Alga,
Sulonastruo caprlcornuluin
Alga.
Huloslro granulata
Alga,
Ochromonas vullaslaca
Bluu alga,
Mlcrocvstls aaruglnosa
Gruui alga,
Sconodasnus i^uadrlcduua
Chaalcal
Sodlun
arsanata
Sodium
arseiidtu
Sodlun
arsanata
Sodium
ar senate
Sodlun
arsanata
Ettoct
14-day EC50
Uocraasad
grouth
Decreased
Incipient
Inhibition
1 nc 1 p 1 ont
Inhibition
SALT MAI LI* SPECIES
Rasult
30.761
75
75
11,000
4.100
Reference
Vocka, at al. I9UO
PI anas & Heal ay,
1978
PI anas & Healey,
1978
Bringraami, 1915;
Brlngmami & Kuhn. 1976,
)97Ba.b
Brlngiaam. & Kuhn. I977a,
I97aa.b. 1979, tdOOb
Trlvalant Inorganic Arsenic
Alya.
SKolatonaoa costatum
Alga,
Skotetonema costatum
Alga,
Thai ass los Ira aostlvalls
Rod alga.
Champla parvula
Rod alga.
Champ la parvula
Rod alga,
P lunar la elegdns
Alga,
Totraselnils chul
llyfwjnomondi cartarou
Sodlun
ar sen Ito
Sodium
ar sen It a
Sodlun
. arson 1 ta
Sodlun
arsanlta
Sodlun
arsanlta
Sodlun
arson Ito
Sodlun
arsonlta
Sodlun
arson 1 ta
GI-UM th
Inhibition
50| decrease
C-14 uptaka
Growth
Inhibition
Pravantud matura-
tion of cystocarps
Roducud feoiala
growth
Arrastod davalop-
inoitt ut sporallngs
No grottth
tnhlbltlon
Iki growth
Inhibition
20
5
22
60-95
95-145
577
1,000
10.000
Sanders. 1979.
Sanders. 1979
Moll Ibaugh, at al.
1980
Thursby & Staala,
Manuscript
Thursby & Steal u.
Manuscript
Honey, at al. 1959
Bottlno. at al. 1978
Bottlno, at al. 1978
-------
Table 4. (Conllnuad)
Result
Species
Alga.
Skelatoneina cost a turn
Alga,
Skalatonema coslutuin
Alga,
Thalassloslra austlvdlls
Alga,
Te t rase 1 mis chul
Alga,
Uymanomonas carlurae
Red alga,
Chainpla parvula
Chimlcdl
Pent ova lent
bod lull
arsandla
Sod lun
ar sonata
Sod 1 un
ursuiiato
Sod lun
ursonato
Sod lun
drsoruifu
Sod lun
Effoct
Inorganic Arson Ic
Growth
Inhibition
50J dacroasu
C-14 uptako
Growth
Inhibition
ML) growth
Inhibition
No growth
Inhibition
RoduCuJ fund la
growth
13
5
22
1,000
ISO, 000
<56
Reference
Sanders. 1979
Sanders, 1979
Holllbaugh. at al.
1979
Bottlno, et al. 1976
Oottlno, at al. I97B
Thursby & Staala,
Manuscript
• Results aro expressed as arson Ic, not as the chemical.
•"Highest concentration that would nut have killed a slgnlt leant nunibor of cells In five days.
-G
-------
Table 5. Bloaccunulatlon of 'arsenic by aquatic ergon I sax
Tissue
Chemical
Duration Blocancentratlon
(days) Factor" Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Trlvalant Inorqqnlc Arsenic
Snail,
Staflnlcola aroarfllftata
Snail,
Ital Isoma catnpanulatum
Cladocaran,
Daplinla magna
Stor.elly,
Ptoronarcys Ucvsata
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo (jalrdnerl
Olueglll,
lepoml 5 macrochlrus
Snail.
Stafln Icola emarc] Inata
Snail,
Mellsonia campanula turn
CladocLran,
Daphhla maqna
Scud,
Gammarus pseudol Imnaeus
S tonally,
Pteronarcys dorsata
Kalntio>< trout,
balmo <]alrdnuT 1
Fathead uilnnow.
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
Uxly
Arsenic
trloxlde
Arsanlc
trloxlde
Arsenic
trloxlde
Ar sunk
tr loxlde
Arsanlc
trloxldo
Arsenic
trloxlde
PonTava 1 ant 1 l_n_qr>|iin_ 1 _c_
Arsenic
pentoxlde
Arsanlc
pantoxlde
Arsanlc
pen loxlde
Arsonlc
pentoxlde
Arsanlc
pentaxlde
Arsanlc
puntoxldu
Arsanlc
28
28
21
28
28
28
Arsenic
28
28
21
28
28
20
30
3
17
10
9
0
4
3
6
4
0
7
0
3
Spehar,
Spehar,
Spehar,
Spahar,
Spehar.
Barrows
Spahar,
Spehar ,
Spahar.
Spahar.
Spehar,
Spehar,
OeFoe,
at al.
at al.
at al.
at al.
et al.
. et al.
et al.
at al.
et ai.
at al.
et al.
et al.
1982
1980
I960
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
I960
_P|raophcil6s pr onio las
pout ox Ida
O
-------
Table 5. (Continued)
Species
Herb.
Hydrophlla lacustrU
Hattr hyacinth,
Clchhcrnla crasslpus
Tissue
Mho la
Whole
Alligator wood. Whole
Altornanthera phi loxoroldes
Duck wued.
Lemma minor
Snail,
Stajjnlcola oinarqlnala
Snail,
Staqnlcola emarglnala
Snail.
Met Isotna carnpatuilatuii
Snail,
Hal Isoma campanula run
Cladoceran,
Daphnja roagna
Cladocoran,
Daphnla maqna
Scud,
Gamnarus p^saudol Inuumus
Scud,
Gammarus jtsoudpl lamauus
Stoned y.
Ptu-oiitircys dor sat a
Stonolly.
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Wholo
Whale
Whul a
Whole
Whole
Whole
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
body
budy
body
Choral cal
Organic AT sonic Con
Munosodlum
u» thdnotirsonate
Moiiosodlum
Monosod 1 un
uiulhaitear sonata
Mono^od 1 un
ntuthdnearbonata
Dlbodlua methyl
ar senate
Sodium dimethyl
ar senate
Dl sodium methyl
ar senate
Sodium dimethyl
or senate
DlsuJlum inuthyl
of sonate
Sodluin dlinothyl
dTbenatu
Dl sodium muhiyl
ar sona 1 o
Sodium dimethyl
urseiMte
Ulsodluio methyl
arsonule
Sod luiu dl inuthyl
Duration Bloconcantratlon
idays) Factor* Refarmc*
iipoiiiuls
42
42
42
42
28
28
28
28
21
21
28
28
2U
28
2
2
3
5
3
2
4
5
4
4
0
0
9
7
Anderson, at al.
1980
Anderson, at al .
I960
Anderson, at al.
I960
Anderson, et al.
1580
Spahar.
Spehar ,
Spehar .
Spehar,
Spehar,
Spehar,
Spohar ,
Spahar ,
Spehar ,
Spehar,
at
et
et
et
at
at
at
At
at
et
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
I9DO
1980
I9UO
1980
1900
1900
1980
I960
1980
1980
Plorondrcys dorsafa
-------
Tab la 5. (Continued)
Spec las
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnorl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo golrdnorl
Eastern oyster,
Crassobtrea virgin leu
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Soft parts
Chuulcal
Duration.
(days)
Dl sodium mathyl 26
ar senate
Sodium dimethyl 26
ac senate
SALTWATER SPECIES
Trl volant Inorganic
Sodluio
arsenlte
Ar sonic
112
B 1 oconcentrat 1 on
Factor*
0
0
350
Reference
Spaliar, at
Spehar, et
Zarooglan,
al. 1900
al. I960
1982
•Results are based en arsenic, not thu cliunlcdl.
o
X
-------
labla 6. Other data on effects of arsenic on aquatic organisms
Species
Chemical
Duration
FRESHWATER
Effect
SPECIES
Result
fog/I )"
Reference
Irlvalent Inorganic Arsunlc
Green alga,
Scenodesmus quadrlcauda
Bacteria,
Eschar Ich la coll
Protozoan,
Mlcroregma heterostoma
Rotifer,
(unidentified)
Rotifer,
(unidentified)
Cladocoran,
Daphnla mogna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla nuigna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran.
(unidentified)
Cladoceran,
(unidentified)
Copepod (ailult)',
(unidentified)
Sodium
arsen 1 te
Sodium
arsen Ite
Sodium
arsen Ite
Sod 1 urn
arsen Ite
Sodium
arson! to
Sodium
arsen Ite
Sodium
ar sen Ite
Sodium
arsen Ite
Sodium
drsunlto
SoJIum
ar:>anlte
Sodium
dr sen 1 te
Sodium
arson! fe
96 hr
28 hrs
1 wk
16 wks
26 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
1 wk
16 wks
16 wks
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Slgnll leant popu-
Idtlut reduction
Roducud population
(monthly treatments)
EC5U
(IninoMllzatlon)
EC50
EC50 (tod)
EC50
Significant pop-
ulation reduction
Rutlucod population
(onu Iroatniont)
Reducud population
(wuokly trodtmenlb)
35.000-
46,000"
290.000
5.000
2.320
690""
3.770
1.540
4.830
4.600"
2.320
690
690""
Brlngmann & Kuhn.
I959a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn,
I959a
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959b
Cowell. 1965
Gllderhus. 1966
Crosby & Tucker. 1966
Lima, et al.
Manuscript
Lima, et al.
Manuscript
Brlngmann & Kuhn. I959a,
I959b
Cowell, 1965
Gllderhus, 1966
Glldorhus, 1966
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
SpecIas
Copepod,
(unidentified)
Scud,
Gaiumarus pseudo1I ntnanus
Scud.
llyaleMa kiUckarbqckgrl
Mayfly.
Calllbaatls sp.
May My (nymph).
Caen Is dimI nota
Mayfly (nymph).
CaonIs dIm1nota
Coho salmon.
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva),
Sal mo flalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
SaImo fla IrdnerI
Rainbow trout (Juvenile),
Sal nip flajrdnarl
Brook trout,
SaIvolInus fontIna11s
Goldfish (Juvunllo),
auratus
Goldfish (embryo, larva),
Car ass | us aoratos
Spottdll shlnor,
Motropls hudsonlus
Choalcal
Sod I urn
ar sun I ta
Arsonlc
trloxlde
Arsonlc
trloxldo
Arsenic
trloxlde
Arsonlc
trloxldo
V sonic
trloxlde
Arsonlc
trlux Ida
Sod I urn
arsen lie
Arsonlc
tr 1 ox I de
Arson Ic
trloxlde
bod 1 mil
arsonl le
Sod 1 urn
ar sun 1 to
Sodium
or sun 1 re
Sod 1 ma
drsunl to
Duration
1 uk
7 days
• 5 days
5 days
5 days
5 days
5 mo
28 days
144 hrs
21 days
262 hrs
336 hrs
Effect
Significant popu-
lation reduction
60* mortality
70* mortality
94* mortality
25* mortality
62* mortality
riiyslologlcal
alterations.
EC50 (death and
deformity)
LC50
Ducruase In fat
wolglit yaln
LC50
LC50
Result
2.320
961
4,469
4.469
2.234
5,958
300
550
13.300
1.000
10.440
18.618
Reference
Cowell. 1965
Spehar. et al. I98(
Surber A Meehean.
1931
Surber & Meehean,
1931
Sir bar & Meehean,
1931
Sir bar & Meuhean,
1931
Nichols. 1981
Blrge. et al. 1980
Dlxon, 1980; Dlxon
Sprague, 1981
Speyer, I974j
Spoyar & Loduc, 19'
Cardwell, et al. l<
Car dwell, et al. If
7 days ECiO (duath and
dutorml ly)
72 hrs
IC50
490 Blrga. 1978
27.000 Boschettl &
McLoughlln. 1957
I/O
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Result
Species
Fathead minnow (juvenile),
Plroaphales promo las
fathead minnow (adult),
Phnophalos promo las
Fathead minnow,
Plmjtphalos jgr omglas
Blueglll (Juvenile).
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (adult),
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (Juvenile),
Lopomls macrochlrus
Blueglll (f Ingurllng),
Lepomls roacrochlrus
Largunouth bass
(embryo, larva).
Ml crop tor us salmolUus
Narrow-mouthed load
(embryo, larva),
Gastrophryne carol Inens Is
Marbled salamander
(embryo, larva),
Ambystuna opacum
Chemical
Sodium
ar sen 1 to
Sodium
ar son 1 la
Ar sonic
tribal fide
Sodium
ar son 1 to
Sodium
ar sen ltd
Sodium
arsenltu
Sodium
ar sen! to
(pellutlzod)
Sodium
arsenlte
Sodium
ar sen 1 ta
Sodium
ar sen 1 to
OurajMo.
336 hrs
-
96 hr
16 Ml '.
16 ut-.
336 1.
U .
7 u
b U../.
Lltect
^m,mmf imfm ••
I.C50
50* reduction In
AChE _hi vitro
LC'JO
Reduced survival
(ono Irualinunt)
Illblopathologltal
dltoratlons
(weekly Ireatinunts)
LC50
LCiO
tC50 (duath anil
dutcrmlly)
EC50 (doath and
deformity)
EC50 (dodth and
delormlty)
fug/0*
10,536
2,400
82,400
690
690* •••
18,328
290
42, 100
40
4,450
Reference
Cardwell, et al. 1976
Olson A Chrlstensen,
I960
Curtis, et al. I979j
Curtis & Mard, 1981
Gllderhus. 1966
Gllderhus. 1966
Car dwell, et al. 1976
Hughes & Davis, 1967
Blrge. et al. 1978
Blrge, 1978
dirge, et al. 1978
Pantayalunr hiij <|anlc Arsar>lc_
BdCtorla,
Psautionionas put Ida
Protozoan,
Chios Iplion sulcatum
Sodium
arsenatu
Sod Inn
arsondlu
16 Irs
72 hrs,
Inclplunt
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
10.000
4.600
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1976,
I977a. 1979, I980b
Brlngmann, 1978;
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1979,
ioonk
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Protozoan,
Chi lomonas j>aramec 1 urn
Protozoan,
Uronoma parduezl
Cladoceran,
Daujm la inaflna
Cladoceran,
Pafihnla ma;ina
Cladocoran,
Daphnla magna
Channel catfish,
Ictdlurus jiunctatus
Chdnnel catfish,
Ictdlurus punctatus
Fathead minnow (adult),
PI map t>a las jprom&las
Green sunfl&h (Juvenile),
Lepomls cvane|tus
Green sunllsh,
Lepomls cyanel lus
Green sun fish,
Louomls cyanel lus
Green suntlsh,
Lepomls cyanel lus
Green sunflsh,
Lepomls cyanel lus
Croon sunflsh,
Lepomls cvantillus
Cheat cal
Sodium
ar send la
Sodium
ar senate
Sodium
ar send 1 e
Sod luu
ar sena fa
Sod 1 KB
ar sena la
Load
ar sena ta
Sod Inn
ar send IB
Sod 1 mil
ar send to
Sodium
dr senate
Sodium
arsenal a
Sodium
dr son a to
Sodium
ar sena lo
Sod 1 urn
arsenal a
Sod 1 urn
ar sun a re
Duration
48 hrs
20 hrs
24 hrs
3 Hk!i
3 Mks
96 hrs
6 nos
39 hrs
2 wks
678 hrs
210 hrs
124 hrs
527 Irs
Effect
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
LC50
LC50
Chronic limits
LC50
UltrdStructuTdl
changes In liver
Mtf reduction In
AChE In vMro
LT50
infrastructure)
changes In 1 Ivor
LT50 (10 C)
Lf50 (20 C)
LT50 (30 C)
LI 50 (20 Cl
Result
(iig/U«
45,000
144,000
17.000
2,650
520-
1,400
>22,000
13,000
262,500
40.000
31,700
60,000
60,000
60,000
30,000
Reference
Brlngnann, et at.
Brlngmann & Kuhn,
Qrlngmann & Kuhn,
Bleslnger 4
Chrlstensen, 1972
Uleslnger &
Chrlstensen, 1972
1980
I980a
19771)
Johnson t Flnley,
1900
Sorenson A Solth,
1981
Olson A Chrlstonsen,
I960
Sorenson. I976n
Sorenson, I976b
Sorenson, I976c
Sorenson. I976c
Sorenson, I976c
Sorenson, I976c
GJ
-------
Table 6. IContinued)
Species
Greon sunflsh,
Lopomls cyanollus
Polycbdbte norm,
Ntrols dlyerslcolor
Hud snail,
Nassarlus obsolatus
Bay scallop IJuvonlla),
Arqapectln Irradlans
Mill to shrimp
(Juvanl la),
Penaaus sat 1 turns
Pink salmon,
Oncorhyncluis florhuschd
Pink salmon,
Oncorhynchus jjpr busclm
Pink salnion.
Chun) salmon,
Oncorhynchus keta
Gnomical
Sodium
ar sonata
Sodliuu
arsuiil tu
Sod 1 imi
arsunl lu
Sod 1 mil
arsbitl lu
AT sonic
trlsuMlde
Ar sonic
Ir loxldo
Irloxldu
Arsenic
Irloxldo
Arsunlc
fr loxlJo
Result
Duration EMoct (|M|/I)*
209 hrs UT50 (30 C> 30.000
SALTWATCK bl'CCltb
Trlvaluut fncri|iin(c Arsontc
192 lirs LC50 >M,500
72 lirs 0., consumpl Ion >2,000
rjlo Uuprussod and
aluioriiiiil behavior
4 days liCK^IS
96 hrs LC50 24,700
96 hrs LCIUU 12,307
7 days 1-l'HlO 7,195
10 days IC^4 3,787
48 Irs LC50 8.330
Refer onca
Sorenson, I976c
ft-yan. 1976
Mac 1 ones A Thurbarg
1973
Nelson, et al. 1916
Curtis, et al. 1979
Holland, at al . I960
Hal land, et al. I960
Holland, et al . I960
Aldurdlca & Drutt,
1957
* Itasults are express*! «s arsonic, nor <>s the
*" In rlwor Mcitu*.
""• Moasurod concoiilral Ion attar 16 wuuKs MJS 2.2UO |iij/l.
•ni'Huatiurud coiicuiHrallon alter 16 wook- w»s 9,04(1 \uj/\.
00
-------
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