United States Office of Marine Region 10
Environmental Protection and Estuarine Protection Office of FuyetCaund
Agency Seattle WA.98101
Water EPA 503/3-88-002 August 1988
&EPA Assessment of Potential
Toxic Problems in
Non-Urban Areas of Puget
Sound
Rnal Report
Puget Sound Estuary Program
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FINAL REPORT
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL TOXIC PROBLEMS
IN NON-URBAN AREAS OF PUGET SOUND
Contract No. 68-03-3319, Work Assignment 1-32
Contract No. 63-02-4341, Work Assignment 11
August 1988
Submitted to
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region X
Seattle, Washington
Prepared by
Tetra Tech, Inc.
11820 Northup Way, Suite 100
Bellevue. Washington 98005
Under Contract to
BATTELLE
Ocean Sciences
397 Washington Street
Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332
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CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION 1
BACKGROUND 1
OBJECTIVES 2
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 2
STUDY DESIGN 5
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE 5
SOURCES AND TYPES OF INFORMATION 6
Sources of Toxic Substances 7
Sediment Condition 7
Biological Impacts 13
ASSESSMENT MATRICES 14
GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE .19
REGION 1: STRAIT OF GEORGIA 19
Birch Bay 19
Boundary Bay 19
Cherry Point 21
Drayton Harbor 23
Point Roberts 24
Semiahmoo Bay 24
Other Areas 25
REGION 2: SAN JUAN ISLANDS AND NORTH PUGET SOUND 27
Guemes Channel/Fidalgo Bay 27
Andrews Bay/San Juan Island 32
Blakely Island 33
Doe Bay/Orcas Island 33
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East Sound/Orcas Island 33
Fisherman Bay/Lopez Island 34
Friday Harbor-East San Juan 34
Hale Passage 35
Lopez Sound 35
Lummi Bay 36
Lummi Island 36
Padilla Bay 37
Roche Harbor 37
Rosario Strait 38
Saraish Bay 38
West Sound/Orcas Island 41
Other San Juan Islands 42
REGION 3: STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA 44
Dungeness Bay 44
East Strait of Juan de Fuca 44
Port Angeles Harbor 46
REGION 4: NORTH WHIDBEY BASIN 53
Cornet Bay-Deception Bay 53
Crescent Harbor 53
Dugualla Bay 55
Oak Harbor 55
Penn Cove 56
Similk Bay 57
Skagit Bay 57
Utsalady Bay 58
REGION 5: PORT TOWNSEND AND ADMIRALTY INLET 61
Admiralty Inlet 61
Discovery Bay 61
Holmes Harbor 63
Mutiny Bay 64
Oak Bay 64
Port Townsend 65
Sequim Bay 66
Other Bays 67
REGION 6: PORT SUSAN AND SARATOGA PASSAGE 70
Mukilteo 70
Port Susan/Tula!ip Bay 72
Possession Sound 75
Saratoga Passage 76
REGION 7: CENTRAL HOOD CANAL AND DABOB BAY 79
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Central Hood Canal 79
Oabob Bay 79
Quilcene Bay 82
REGION 8: UPPER HOOD CANAL AND POSSESSION SOUND 85
Appletree Cove 85
Cultus Bay 85
Edmonds 87
Port Gamble 88
Port Ludlow 89
President Point/Point Jefferson 90
Richmond Beach 92
Upper Hood Canal 93
Other Areas in the Upper Main Basin 96
REGION 9: CENTRAL SOUND AND BAINBRIDGE ISLAND . 100
Alki Point 100
Blake Island 103
Carkeek Park 104
Central Basin Off Elliott Bay 107
Dyes Inlet 109
Liberty Bay 110
Manchester/Colby 112
Meadow Point 113
Point Williams 114
Port Madison 116
Port Orchard 119
Rich Passage/Bainbridge Island 119
Shilshole Bay/Lake Washington Ship Canal 120
West Point 122
Other Areas in the Central Main Basin 126
REGION 10: LOWER HOOD CANAL 130
Case Inlet 130
Lower Hood Canal 134
REGION 11: THE NARROWS AND EAST PASSAGE 137
Colvos Passage 137
Cormorant Passage/Tacoma Narrows 139
Dal cos Passage 140
East Passage 141
Gig Harbor 143
Hale Passage/Fox Island 144
Henderson Bay/Burley Lagoon 144
Quartermaster Harbor 146
Vashon Island 149
Wollochet Bay/Hale Passage 149
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REGION 12: SOUTH SOUND 153
Carr Inlet 153
Dana and Peale Passage 153
Eld Inlet 156
Filuce Bay 157
Henderson Inlet 157
Nisqually Reach/Drayton Passage 158
Oakland Say/Hammer!y 158
Pickering Passage/Squaxin Pass 160
Skookum Inlet 160
Totten Inlet 161
CONCLUSIONS 163
REFERENCES 167
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Locations of Puget Sound basins and bays 3
2 Index map of Puget Sound showing Regions 1-12 and
seven embayments 4
3 Location map for Region 1 20
4 Location map for Region 2 28
5 Location map for Region 3 45
6 Location map for Region 4 54
7 Location map for Region 5 62
8 Location map for Region 6 71
9 Location map for Region 7 80
10 Location map for Region 8 86
11 Location map for Region 9 101
12 Location map for Region 10 131
13 Location map for Region 11 138
14 Location map for Region 12 154
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Carr Inlet reference values for organic compounds
and metals 8
2 Selected bioaccumulation data for Puget Sound
reference areas 10
3 Criteria used in assessment matrices for Level of
Concern (LOC) and Degree of Certainity (DOC) 15
4 Assessment matrix for Region 1 26
5 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at two Anacortes stations 31
6 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three Samish Bay stations 40
7 Assessment matrix for Region 2 43
8 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three Port Angeles stations 48
9 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at one station near the Port Angeles boat ramp 50
10 Assessment matrix for Region 3 52
11 Assessment matrix for Region 4 60
12 Assessment matrix for Region 5 69
13 Metal and organic concentrations measured in a leachate from
a marine disposal site 74
14 Assessment matrix for Region 6 78
15 Assessment matrix for Region 7 84
16 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at two stations near Port Jeffereson in
Upper Main Basin 91
17 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three stations near Richmond Beach 94
18 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
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sediments at one station in the Upper Main Basin 97
19 Assessment matrix for Region 8 99
20 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three stations in the Central Deep Basin
Northwest of Alki Point 102
21 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three stations near Blake Island 105
22 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three stations near Carkeek Park 106
23 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at five stations in the Central Deep Basin
off Elliott Bay 108
24 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at seven stations off Meadow Point 115
25 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at two stations near Port Madison 117
26 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at eight stations off Lake Washington
Ship Canal 121
27 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in sediments
off the old North Truck Sewer Outfall 123
28 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at seven stations on a transect from West Point 125
29 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at three stations in the central sound near
Skiff Point, Bainbridge Island 128
30 Assessment matrix for Region 9 129
31 Assessment matrix for Region 10 136
32 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at six stations in East Passage 142
33 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at one station in Gig Harbor 145
34 Elevations above reference values for chemicals sediments at
three stations in Quartermaster Harbor 148
35 Assessment matrix for Region 11 151
viii
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36 Elevations above reference values for chemicals in
sediments at two stations in Carr Inlet 155
37 Assessment Matrix for Region 12 162
IX
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. for Battelle Ocean
Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region X, in
partial fulfillment of EPA Contracts Nos. 68-03-3319 and 68-02-4341. This
project was funded through the National Estuary Program under the authority
of the Clean Water Act, as amended, and by the Puget Sound Estuary Program.
Funding was approved by the EPA Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection.
Ms. Michelle Miller of the EPA Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection
and Dr. John Armstrong of EPA Region X served as the EPA Work Assignment
Managers. Mr. Richard McGrath was the Technical Monitor for Battelle Ocean
Sciences.
The primary author of this report was Ms. Becky A. Maguire. Peer review
was provided by Drs. Donald E. Wilson and Gordon R. Bilyard of Tetra Tech and
Dr. Jerry Neff of Battelle.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
This report compiles and interprets information on potential environmen-
tal degradation from toxic chemical contaminants in nonurban areas within
Puget Sound. Prior to this publication, information on toxic contaminants
in the areas of concern was scattered among numerous locations in forms not
readily usable.
The objectives of the study are 1} to identify, by interpreting
existing information, nonurban areas in Puget Sound that may have serious
contamination or biological problems and 2) to prioritize those areas for
future detailed studies.
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
The information in this report is grouped according to the 12 regions
of Puget Sound used in the Puget Sound Environmental Atlas (Evans-Hamilton,
Inc., and D.R. Systems, Inc. 1987). Within each region, informational
summaries for specific sites are presented in alphabetical order by site
name. Source and station locations are plotted on each regional map; the
accuracy of the locations varies according to the amount of detail that was
available in the original information source.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF INFORMATION
For each embayment, three categories of information were gathered.
These are: known and suspected sources of toxic substances, the results of
sediment chemistry analyses, and information on local toxicity problems.
These categories are consistent with the types of information used by PSEP's
Urban Bay Action Program (U.S. EPA 1986a) for assessment of environmental
degradation in urban portions of Puget Sound.
The information contained in this report was obtained from a variety of
existing sources; site inspections and field studies were beyond the scope
of the project. The principle sources of information included the scientific
literature; reports published by the federal governments of the United
States and Canada and by state and local agencies; unpublished federal and
state agency file documents; and reports generated by the private sector.
Additional information was obtained from interviews with environmental
professionals familiar with Puget Sound.
Sources of Toxic Substances
Information on possible sources of toxic substances is included in this
report to determine whether contamination might be expected to exist in an
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area. These sources included permitted industrial and municipal discharges
and hazardous waste sites. This information was used to evaluate sites that
had not been sampled.
Information on the volume and types of chemicals released by dischargers
was not generally available. Within a given industry, the potential for the
release of toxic materials is dependent on the processes used. Detailed
evaluations of the releases at individual sites were beyond the scope of
this project. Permitted dischargers and hazardous waste generators are
merely noted. Sewage discharges are partitioned by the volume of the
effluent into large and" small sources. Hazardous waste sites are evaluated
according to available information.
Sediment Condition
Sediment condition is evaluated in this report for sites where sediment
chemistry data are available. Contaminated sediments are known to alter
benthic community structure and introduce toxic chemicals into the food
chain. Therefore, sediment chemistry data provide an important index of
environmental contamination. Two indices of sediment contamination are
included in this report: Elevation Above Reference (EAR) and Apparent
Effects Threshold (AET). Both indices are used in EPA's Urban Bay Approach
(EPA 1986a) [e.g., Commencement Bay (Tetra Tech 1985b}].
EAR compares the concentration of a chemical at a study site to that
measured at a reference site where the contaminant is assumed to be at
"background" concentrations. Thus, EAR does not provide direct evidence
that the particular chemical is causing environmental degradation.
AET indicates whether the concentration of a chemical in an area is
higher than the concentration known to be associated with environmental
impacts. An AET is defined as a sediment concentration of a chemical above
which adverse biological effects are always observed (Tetra Tech 1986).
Thus, AET values are empirically derived from existing data and are used to
predict impacts at sites where biological studies have not been conducted.
In this report, AET values are considered to be exceeded when the
concentration of a given chemical exceeds the lowest AET concentration
established for either sediment bioassays on the amphipod, Rheooxvinius
abronius. the larvae of the oyster, Crassostrea qiaas. or depression of the
abundance of a major taxon (i.e., polychaetes, molluscs, or crustaceans) in
the benthic community.
Biological Impacts
Four types of biological indexes are used in this report to measure the
extent of environmental degradation: bioassays, bioaccumulation, fish
histopathological abnormalities, and fish kill information. Because of the
lack of a substantial database, several other indices of biological impacts
were excluded from the report (e.g., invertebrate pathology, and species
diversity Indexes). Fish kills known to have been caused by low dissolved
oxygen concentrations were excluded from the report.
xii
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ASSESSMENT MATRICES
For each site included in the study, the data' on sources of toxic
substances, sediment condition, and biological impacts are incorporated into
an assessment matrix for that region of the sound in which the site is
located. In the assessment matrices, the data in each of these categories
were evaluated for 1) the level of concern (LOG) or attention that an area
should received based upon available contaminant information and 2) the
degree of certainty (DOC) or probability that the information assessed,
hence LOG, is correct. Ratings of low, medium, and high were assigned
separately for LOG and DOC for each data category, based on available
information.
Overall ratings were obtained by calculating the mean of the ratings
based on sources of toxic substances, sediment condition, and biological
impacts. The data in these categories are reported qualitatively, but, to
calculate mean ratings for LOG and DOC, values of 1, 2, and 3 were given to
the low, medium, and high ratings, respectively, for each data category.
These means were converted back to qualitative ratings by rounding to the
nearest whole number and assigning a low, medium, or high value accordingly.
If data were not available for a particular category of information
(e.g.,sediment condition), that category was excluded from determination of
the overall ratings.
Qualitative values of LOG and DOC are used in the assessment matrices
because the purpose of this report is to provide an initial screening of
available information rather than to produce an in-depth determination of
the contaminant problems experienced in specific areas. Moreover, the types
and amounts of available data vary widely among sites, precluding the use of
a quantitative, statistical approach.
CONCLUSIONS
Of the 97 nonurban areas of Puget Sound evaluated in this study by the
Environmental Assessment Matrix technique, only 6 received a ranking of HIGH
which may qualify them for consideration as sites for future, detailed
investigations. The areas of significant concern are: the Guemes/Fidalgo
Channel (Region 2), Port Angeles Harbor (Region 3), Crescent Harbor (Region
4), Richmond Beach (Region 8), Liberty Bay (Region 9), and East Passage
(Region 11).
Forty-two (42) other areas received a MEDIUM ranking. As might be
expected, industrialized regions contained the larger numbers of MEDIUM
sites. The results can be grouped according to the number of MEDIUMS within
each region as follows: Regions 3 and 7 each had 1, Regions 2, 5, 6, and 10
had 2, Region 1 had 3, Region 4 and 11 each had 4, Region 12 had 5, Region 8
had 6, and Region 9 had 10. All other sites were ranked low.
xiii
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This assessment employed an environmentally protective approach towards
ranking. A rank of MEDIUM does not necessarily mean an area is in imminent
danger of becoming highly contaminated, but only that one or more of the
evaluation criteria were exceeded. The intent of this approach was to
identify areas of possible toxic contamination problems in non-urbanized
areas of Puget Sound before sever or widespresd environmental problems
manifest themselves.
xiv
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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
This report compiles and interprets information on potential environmen-
tal degradation from toxic chemical contaminants in nonurban areas within
Puget Sound. The objectives of the study are to identify, by interpreting
existing information, nonurban areas that might have serious contamination
problems or biological impacts and to assign priorities for more detailed
studies of nonurban areas in the future. The study was funded by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Marine and Estuarine
Protection (OMEP) and the U.S. EPA Region X Puget Sound Estuary Program
(PSEP).
As a result of investigations by EPA, the Washington Department of
Ecology (Ecology), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), and others, a number of urban areas within Puget Sound [e.g.,Elliott
Bay (near Seattle) and Commencement Bay (near Tacoma)] have been identified
as having serious toxic chemical contamination problems. These chemicals
may damage biological communities and enter the food chain, causing public
concern over potential human health impacts from eating contaminated
seafood. In response to such problems, PSEP has developed an Urban Bay
Action Program to develop abatement and remedial action strategies ap-
propriate to the urban bays (U.S. EPA 1986a).
Although the information gathered under the Urban Bay Action Program
(e.g., Tetra Tech 1985a) has improved EPA's understanding of contamination
in selected urban areas of Puget Sound, EPA has also concluded that
information is needed to evaluate toxic contamination outside of urban
areas. Toxic chemical accumulation in an area may be caused by either
accidental spills, direct dumping, or discharges from urban and industrial
sources.
This report was prepared as an initial attempt to estimate and evaluate
levels of toxic contaminants in nonurban portions of Puget Sound. Prior to
this report, the information available on toxic contaminants in nonurban
bays was scattered among numerous locations, and was not readily assessable.
The results will be used to help prioritize nonurban areas for possible
detailed literature reviews and field studies to quantify the extent of
actual problems. Evaluation criteria include historic and present sources
of toxic chemicals, sediment condition, and biological effects. Environmen-
tal problems such as paralytic shellfish poisoning and low dissolved oxygen
concentrations are also important concerns in Puget Sound, but are beyond
the scope of this study.
The scope of this study imposed limitations on the content of the
report. Because of the size of the study area, it was not possible to
conduct detailed literature studies for every possible site in the sound.
Moreover, little or no information exists on toxic contaminants concentra-
tions in many areas. Therefore, although this report is as comprehensive as
possible; it is intended only to provide a focus for possible future
1
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investigations of expected problems based on "gray literature", anecdotes
and miscellaneous scientific studies.
OBJECTIVES
The development of a useful compendium of information on toxic chemical
contamination and biological anomolies in nonurban areas of Puget Sound
required that the report meet the following objectives:
o Compilation of all available information
o Development of criteria to classify and interpret the
compiled information
o Incorporation of the above criteria into an assessment matrix
so that the complied data could be adequately assessed
o Based upon matrix assessment, recommend nonurban areas that
should receive more detailed study.
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
The report is divided into sections which describe the study's design,
results, and conclusions. The study design section describes categories of
information, geographic divisions of Puget Sound, and the interpretation of
the data. The results section presents the major sources of data, followed
by text, site maps, and assessment matrices for each region of the sound.
Conclusions are presented for each region at the end of each regional
section. Embayments thought to be in need of further study are identified.
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STUDY DESIGN
This section contains descriptions of the geographical coverage in the
report (ue., types of areas studied and the geographical organization of
the report), the types and sources of compiled information, and methods of
data interpretation.
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
In this report, Puget Sound is considered to include the basins and
embayments south of Admiralty Inlet, the San Juan Islands, the Strait of
Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia north to the Canadian border (Figure
1). All sites within Puget Sound for which data are available are included
in the study, with the exception of seven areas adjacent to cities. The
areas excluded are Bellingham Bay (City of Bellingham), Everett Harbor (City
of Everett), Eagle Harbor (City of Winslow), Elliott Bay (City of Seattle),
Sinclair Inlet (City of Bremerton), Commencement Bay (City of Tacoma), and
Budd Inlet (City of Olympia). These areas are either now, or soon will be,
the focus of U.S. EPA action programs to characterize the urban site's
contamination problems and recommend remedial action alternatives.
The information in this report is grouped into the 12 regions of Puget
Sound (Figure 2) used in the Puget Sound Environmental Atlas (Evans Hamilton,
Inc., and D.R. Systems, Inc. 1987). Within each region, summaries for
specific sites are presented in alphabetic order by site name. Datapoints
are plotted on each regional map; the accuracy of the positions on the maps
is dependent on the amount of detail that was available in the original
source of information. In many instances, only the city in which a facility
was located was cited.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF INFORMATION
Three categories of information are included in this report: sources of
toxic substances, sediment condition, and biological impacts. These
categories are consistent with the types of information used by PSEP's Urban
Bay Action Program for assessment of environmental degradation in urban
portions of Puget Sound.
The information contained in this report was obtained from a variety of
existing sources; site inspections and field studies were beyond the scope
of the project. The principle sources of information included the scientific
literature; reports published by the federal governments of the United
States and Canada and by state and local agencies; unpublished federal and
state agency file documents; and reports generated by the private sector.
Additional information was obtained from interviews with environmental
professionals familiar with Puget Sound.
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Strait of Georgia
Draynn Piuoo*
F.IUC»3»Y
MnouaHy fteaen
"i>^^X Cammeficmmtnt
S 10
miles
kilometers
s to
Figure 1. Locations of Puget Sound basins and Bays.
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Bellingham Bay
Maps only include
information and
landforms within
U.S. borders.
Shilshole Bay
Elliott Bay
nclair Inlet
Commencament
Bay
Budd Inlet
Figure 2. Index map of Puget Sound showing Regions 1-12 and
the seven embayments.
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Sources of Toxic Substances
Information on possible sources of toxic substances is included in this
report to determine whether contamination might be expected to exist in an
area. These sources included permitted industrial and municipal discharges
and hazardous waste sites. This information was used to evaluate sites that
had not been sampled.
The industries and other dischargers discussed in this report are
included because of their capacity for generating toxic wastes or by-
products. Information regarding the volume and types of chemicals released
by these dischargers was not generally available. Within a given industry,
the potential for the release of toxic materials is dependent on the
processes used. Detailed evaluations of the releases at individual sites
were beyond the scope of this project. Permitted dischargers and hazardous
waste generators are merely noted. Sewage discharges are partitioned by the
volume of the effluent into large and small sources. Hazardous waste sites
are evaluated according to available information. A substantial portion of
the information on discharges was obtained from state agency listings of
permitted discharges. Over 400 municipal and industrial dischargers are
permitted to release effluents in the counties bordering Puget Sound under
the National .Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) [Puget Sound
Water Quality Authority (PSWQA) 1986]. Lists of NPDES permitted and
indirect dischargers (current through 1985) were obtained from the State of
Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). Several historical lists of
manufacturers were also obtained (e.g., Puget Sound Lumberman 1893;
Manufacturers Association of Washington 1926; Pacific Pulp and Paper
Industry 1932). Other historical information on possible dischargers and
hazardous waste generators was obtained from sources such as U.S. Federal
Water Pollution Control Agency (FWPCA) and a listing of marinas
(Oceanographic Institute of Washington 1978).
A substantial portion of the information on hazardous waste sites was
obtained from governmental files and reports. Two major listings of
hazardous waste sites were obtained from Ecology (Ecology 1986a, 1986b).
These lists included existing and proposed National Priorities List
(Superfund) and other sites under investigation or remediation. Other
current information was obtained from the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) list
(U.S. EPA 1986b) and the Defense Environmental Restoration Program (DERP)
site inventory (U.S. Department of Defense 1985). Historical information on
hazardous waste sites was obtained from Stradley et al. (1975) and House of
Representatives (1979). The authors realize that the marina size data
(Ocean Institute 1978) presented herein is dated, but this information is
the most recent survey of its kind.
Sediment Condition
Sediment condition is evaluated in this report for sites where sediment
chemistry data are available. Toxic chemicals in the water column generally
adsorb onto suspended particulate matter and become incorporated into
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sediments (Stumm and Morgan 1983). Contaminated sediments are known to alter
benthic community structure and introduce toxic chemicals into the food
chain. Therefore, sediment chemistry data provide an important index of
environmental contamination. Unfortunately, sediment chemistry data are
relatively rare for sites outside of the urban areas of Puget Sound. Much
of the data from such sites were originally obtained to serve as reference
values in studies of contaminated urban areas.
Two indices of sediment contamination are included in this report:
Elevation Above Reference (EAR) and Apparent Effects Threshold (AET). Both
indices are used in EPA's Urban Bay Approach [Elliott Bay Action Program:
Evaluation of Potential Contaminant Sources (Tetra Tech 1988)].
EAR compares the concentration of a chemical at a study site to that
measured at a reference site where the contaminant is assumed to be at
"background" concentrations. Thus, EAR does not provide direct evidence
that the particular chemical is causing environmental degradation. EAR for
a given chemical at a given site is calculated by dividing the highest
measured concentration of that chemical at the site, assuming a sample
number > 1, by the mean concentration of that chemical at the reference
site. In keeping with EPA studies of urban bays [e.g., Commencement Bay
(Tetra Tech 1985b)], chemical concentrations in Carr Inlet were used to
calculate the EAR values. The concentrations of chemicals that were used as
reference values are given in Table 1.
In the Puget Sound Estuary Program, determination of significant
contamination for a given chemical in sediments is based on comparisons with
the maximum concentration for that chemical in Puget Sound wide reference
areas. However, such a determination was beyond the scope of this investiga-
tion. In this report, the degree of EAR (above Carr Inlet) is simply used
to state the potential severity of chemical contamination and to classify
sites in terms of need for further study. Thus the concentration of a
chemical at a site is considered highly elevated above the reference value,
if EAR > 10.
AET values are used to indicate whether the concentration of a chemical
in an area is higher than the concentration known to be associated with
environmental impacts. An AET is defined as a sediment concentration of a
chemical above which adverse biological effects are always observed (Tetra
Tech 1986). Thus, AET values are empirically derived from existing data and
are used to predict impacts at sites where biological studies have not been
conducted.
In this report, AET values are considered to be exceeded when the
concentration of a given chemical exceeds the lowest AET concentration
established for either sediment bioassays on the amphipod, Rhepoxvinius
abronius. the larvae of the oyster, Crassostrea oiqas, or depression of the
abundance of a major taxon (i.e., polychaetes, molluscs, or crustaceans) in
the benthic community. Because of its extreme sensitivity and ongoing
refinement of the methodology, bioassay data for the luminescent bacterium,
Photobacterium ohosohoreum was not used. When more than one sediment sample
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TABLE 1. CARR INLET MEAN REFERENCE VALUES FOR
ORGANIC CHEMICALS (UG/KG DRY WEIGHT) AND
TRACE METALS (MG/KG DRY WEIGHT)
MEAN
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION
TOTAL LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PAH (LPAH) 40.74
Acenapthene 3.50
Acenapthylene 3.50
Anthracene 7.63
Fluorene 4.10
Naphthalene 5.73
Phenanthrene 10.83
TOTAL HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT PAH (HPAH) 78.70
Benzo(a)anthracene 5.88
Benzo(a)pyrene 5.72
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 4.60
Total benzof1uoranthenes 12.60
Chrysene 9.87
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 4.08
Fluoranthene 15.17
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene 4.80
Pyrene 13.83
TOTAL PCB's 6.00
TOTAL CHLORINATED BENZENES 20.83
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 3.50
1,3-Dichlorobenzene 3.50
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 3.50
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 6.83
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 3.50
TOTAL ORGANIC ACIDS (PHENOLS)
2,4-Dimethyl phenol 6.83
Pentachlorophenol 33.43
Phenol 327.67
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 10.00
TOTAL CHLORINATED BUTADIENES (CBD) 62.33
TOTAL TRICHLORINATED BUTADIENES 15.17
TOTAL TETRACHLORINATED BUTADIENES 15.17
8
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TABLE 1. (Continued)
MEAN
CHEMICALS CONCENTRATION
TOTAL PENTACHLORINATED BUTADIENES
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTABLES
1,1-Biphenyl
Dibenzothiophene
Hexachorobut adi ene
2-Methyl naphtha! ene
1 -Methyl phenanthrene
N-ni trosodi phenyl ami ne
Retene
TOTAL PHTHALATES
Bis(2-ethylhexyl Jphthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di ethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
METALS
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromi urn
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
15.17
1.00
1.00
16.83
3.67
1.00
4.10
26.87
16.83
16.83
11.00
40.10
174.00
20.10
0.11
3.37
6.88
0.09
1.50
14.82
6.37
8755.00
9.20
109.67
0.04
17.38
0.70
0.09
0.16
18.95
Reference: Tetra Tech (1985b)
-------
has been analyzed for a particular chemical at a site, the highest concentra-
tion measured is used in this report for comparison to the AET for that
chemical..
Biological Impacts
Four types of biological indexes are used in this report to measure the
extent of environmental degradation: bioassays, bioaccumulation, fish
histopathological abnormalities, and fish kill information. Because of the
lack of a substantial database, several other types of biological information
were excluded from the report [e.g., invertebrate pathology, chemical
analysis of fish stomach contents and bile, indices of community structure
(e.g.,species diversity)]. Criteria used to interpret the four impacts
analyzed are summarized below.
Bioassays--
The development of toxic conditions in sediments and the water column
is an important indication of an environmental impact (Tetra Tech 1986).
Toxicity of sediments and water is measured by mortality and/or developmental
abnormalities that occur in test organisms during laboratory studies. Rates
of mortality or developmental abnormality above 40 percent per test interval
are considered significant in this report. These levels are consistent with
those used in the Puaet Sound Environmental Atlas (Evans Hamilton, Inc. and
D.R. Systems, Inc. 1987) and the Elliott Bav Action Plan (Tetra Tech 1987).
Because low salinity may cause mortality or developmental abnormalities in
marine bioassay organisms (Cardwell et al. 1979), bioassays in which the
test salinity was <20 ppt were excluded from consideration.
Unfortunately, some studies only indicate whether mortality and
abnormality rates exceeded 50 percent. Control information was not always
discussed. In the absence of raw data, it was necessary to use a sig-
nificance criterion of 50 percent mortality or abnormality. These exceptions
are noted where they occur in the report.
Bioaccumulation--
The concentrations of chemical contaminants may become elevated in the
tissues of organisms that inhabit contaminated areas. Bioaccumulation in
muscle and liver tissue of English sole (Paroohrvs vetulus) and muscle
tissue of Dungeness crab (Cancer spp.) are included in this report.
Bioaccumulation data for other organisms (e.g., macroalgae) were unavailable.
Tissue concentrations of individual organic compounds and metals are
considered elevated if they exceed 5x the mean tissue concentration in
specimens collected in two reference areas, Carr Inlet and Discovery Bay
(Table 2).
Fish Histopathology--
The prevalence of adverse pathological conditions in the livers of
10
-------
TABLE 2. SELECTED BIOACCUMULATION DATA FOR
PU6ET SOUND REFERENCE AREASf
tft
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TABLE 2. (Continued)
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TABLE 2. (Continued)
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-------
bottomfishes is strongly associated with high concentrations of toxic
contaminants in sediments (Maiins et al. 1987). Three conditions of the
livers of bottomfishes are included as indices of pathology: neoplasms,
pre neoplasms, and megalocytic hepatosis (Tetra Tech 1985b). Data from the
English sole (Parophrvs vetulus) comprise the majority of the available
information.
The criteria for assessing the significance of the frequency of the
three pathological conditions used in this report are >5 percent for
neoplasms and >15 percent for pre-neoplasms and megalocytic hepatosis. These
criteria are consistent with those used in the Puqet Sound Environmental
Atlas (Evans Hamilton, Inc. and O.R. Systems, Inc. 1987).
Fish Kills--
Fish kills may be induced by the presence of toxic substances (e.g.,
from a spill) or by other adverse environmental conditions (e.g., low
dissolved oxygen concentrations or a disease). Information concerning fish
kills is included in this report regardless fo whether the cause of the kill
is known to be related to toxic chemicals or is unknown. Fish kills
believed to be caused by low dissolved oxygen concentrations were excluded
from the report. Information on fish kills was obtained from Kittle (March
1987, personal communication) and from LeVander (1987).
ASSESSMENT MATRICES
For each site included in the study, source data, sediment condition,
and biological impact information was incorporated into an environmental
assessment matrix which ranked the sites within a given region of the sound
according to the extent of their possible contamination. In the assessment
matrices, the data in each of these categories were evaluated for 1) the
level of concern (LOG) or attention that an area should received based upon
available contaminant information and 2) the degree of certainty (DOC) or
probability that the information assessed, hence LOC, is correct. Ratings
of low, medium, and high were assigned separately for LOC and DOC for each
data category, based on criteria given in Table 3.
Overall ratings were obtained by calculating the mean of the ratings
based on sources of toxic substances, sediment condition, and biological
impacts. The data in these categories are reported qualitatively, but, to
calculate mean ratings for LOC and DOC, values of 1, 2, and 3 were given to
the low, medium, and high ratings (respectively) for each data category.
These means were converted back to qualitative ratings by rounding to the
nearest whole number and assigning a low, medium, or high value accordingly.
If data were not available for a particular category of information
(e.g.,sediment condition), that category was excluded from determination of
the overall ratings.
14
-------
TABLE 3. CRITERIA USED IN ASSESSMENT MATRICES FOR
LEVEL OF CONCERN (LOC) AND DEGREE OF CERTAINTY (DOC)
SOURCES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
LEVEL OF CONCERN
Rank Criterion
N/A - No information available (i.e., no reported sources present)
LOW - One or more of the following sources present
o Historical lumber mill or manufacturer
o NPDES/state permitted sources
o Small sewage outfall (<5 MGD)
o Anecdotal information on historical sources
o CERCLIS site with low hazard potential
o Small marina (<400 slips) with no repair facilities
MEDIUM - One or more of the following sources present
o Hazardous waste generator
o Large sewage outfall (>5 MGD)
o CERCLIS site with observed or inferred leakage
o Large marina (>400 slips) with repair facilities
o U.S. Department of Defense DERA/DERP site
HIGH - Presence of confirmed uncontrolled source
o Designated National Priorities List
(NPL, i.e., Superfund) site
DEGREE OF CERTAINITY
Assigned individually, based on the apparent reliability
of the data (e.g., discharges from permitted sources
were assigned a high degree of certainty; inputs from
marinas were assigned a low degree of certainty).
15
-------
TABLE 3. (Continued)
SEDIMENT CONDITION
LEVEL OF CONCERN
Rank Criterion
N/A - No information available
LOW - EAR < lOx for all toxic chemical concentrations at all stations
MEDIUM - EAR > lOx for one or more toxic chemical concentrations at any
station
HIGH - AET exceeded for one or more toxic chemical concentrations at
any station
DEGREE OF CERTAINITY
Rank Criterion
N/A - Not available (i.e., no stations sampled)
LOW - 1 to 4 stations sampled
MEDIUM - 5 to 9 stations sampled
HIGH - 10 or more stations sampled
16
-------
TABLE 3. (Continued)
BIOLOGICAL INDEXES
LEVEL OF CONCERN
Rank Criterion
N/A - No information available
LOW - No statistically significant response of a biological
index
MEDIUM - 1 statistically significant response of a biological
index
HIGH - 2 or more statistically significant responses of
biological indices
DEGREE OF CERTAINITY
N/A - No information available
LOW - 1 biological index measured
MEDIUM - 2 biological indices measured
HIGH - 3 or more biological indices measured
17
-------
Qualitative values of LOG and DOC are used in the assessment matrices
because the purpose of this report is to provide an initial screening of
available information rather than to produce an in-depth determination of
the contaminant problems experienced in specific areas. Moreover, the types
and amounts of available data vary widely among sites, precluding the use of
a quantitative, statistical approach. For example, a statistical test
cannot determine whether a moderate level of sediment toxicity that is based
on 25 samples in one area is significantly more important (or less important)
problem than is a large, but unsampled, source of toxic substances in
another area.
18
-------
TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 1:
STRAIT OF GEORGIA
(Figure 3)
BIRCH BAY
Rank Low
Sources
The only known source of toxic materials in Birch Bay is a small marina
which has fuel and repair facilities available on-site (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Chapman et al. (1982), summarizing of the work of Brown et al. (1981),
reported low PAH concentrations in sediments and mussels at five stations
located in Birch Bay. Elevations above reference were not calculated for
these chemicals.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Receiving Water Bioassay--
Oyster larvae mortalities exceeded 50 percent at one mid-bay station in
Birch Bay in 1968 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979). Oyster larvae abnormalities
were not observed to be elevated during the period of study.
Other Bioassays--
Surface sediment (top 6 cm) was collected at five stations in Birch Bay
(Chapman et al. 1982). Bioassays were performed with the oligochaete
Monopylephorus cuticulatus, the amphipod Eoqammarus confervicolus. and the
threespine stickleback (Gasterosterus aculeatus). No. substantial mortalities
or abnormalities were observed using the Birch Bay sediments. Mortality
rates were less than 15 percent at all stations.
BOUNDARY BAY
Rank Low
Sources
A spill of 45,000 liters of sodium tetra/pentachlorophenates (salts of
chlorophenols) occurred at the Cloverdale Paint plant at Hyland Creek on 4
March 1984 (Colodey 1986).
19
-------
r i
-------
Sediment Condition
Setween March 1984 and March 1985, Colodey (1986) collected sediment
samples from seven stations in the U.S. portion of Boundary Bay and from
seven stations in the Strait of Georgia. Sediments were analyzed for
chlorophenols, PCBs, dioxins and furans. None of these chemicals were
detected. Colodey concluded that rapid dilution and dispersion apparently
prevented the spilled chlorophenates from adsorbing into the sediments.
Toxicitv Indexes
Fish Kills--
Over 5,000 fish were killed in Hyland Creek and the Serpentine River as
a result of the chlorophenate spill of 4 March 1984 (Colodey 1986). The
marine impact was less severe. Small numbers of marine fish, including
flounder and sculpins, were killed at the mouth of the Serpentine River.
Bioaccumulation in Tissues--
Col odey (1986) sampled oysters and crabs between March 1984 and March
1985. Tissue samples were analyzed for chlorophenols and for chlorinated
dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzo-furans which may be present in chlorophenate
solutions and for PCBs which may be a source of furans. Tissue samples
collected 5 weeks after the spill showed high chlorophenate concentrations.
However, 11 weeks after the spill, chlorophenates were not detected in the
tissues. Very low levels of dioxins and furans were measured in crab
hepatopancreas tissue taken from Boundary Bay and Cates Park in 1985. The
bioaccumulation results are not mapped.
Benthic Community Impacts--
According to Colodey (1986), benthic communities were not adversely
affected by the chlorophenate spill in Boundary Bay. Sediment samples taken
5 weeks after the spill showed a healthly, diverse benthic community.
CHERRY POINT
Rank Medium
Sources
There are four hazardous waste generators (U.S. EPA no date) and five
point sources with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permits at Cherry Point (U.S. EPA 1986). The NPDES permittees are the
Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) refinery, Mobile Oil petroleum refinery,
Intalco Aluminum Corporation, and Liquid Carbonic Corporation. The ARCO,
Intalco, and Mobile Oil Corporation sites are listed on the 1987 CERCLIS
(U.S. EPA 1987) register as potential hazardous waste sites. These
facilities are discussed in detail below.
21
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Atlantic Richfield Company--
The ARCO refinery at Cherry Point was listed as a potential hazardous
waste site (CERCLIS 1986). The refinery produces gasoline and other fuels
at a crude rate of 100,000 bbl/day (U.S. EPA no date). Hazardous wastes are
generated and stored at the Cherry Point Refinery. This site was used for
hazardous waste disposal from 1972-1979 (U.S. House of Representatives 1979)
and is a potential source of lead contamination from leaded tank bottoms and
a Bender catalyst (U.S. EPA no date). By 1979, approximately 3,200 tons of
metallic, organic, inorganic, and miscellaneous waste materials had been
stored in pits, ponds, or lagoons, by land farming or neutralization
treatment (U.S. EPA no date).
A preliminary assessment conducted at this site found measurable soil
contamination and potential groundwater contamination (CERCLIS 1987).
Concentrations of chlorobrompropane in soils were measured at 21.0 mg/L.
According to a preliminary assessment conducted by the U.S. EPA, this site
is in compliance with (CERCLIS 1987). The company disposes of oily sludge
and low-lead tank bottoms using landfarming practices that are approved pro-
cedures for handling this waste. Heat exchanger corrosion products are used
as landfill at this site. Organic chemicals in groundwater samples did not
show elevated concentrations. However, the regional geologist who worked on
the site inspection observed that the "down-gradient monitoring wells are
not at locations suited to monitor the land farming operation and that the
interim detection monitoring program is inadequate" (Sceva, J., 12 September
1984, personal communication).
Intalco Aluminum Corporation--
Intalco Aluminum Corporation produces 26,000 tons/mo of aluminum and is
a U.S. EPA CERCLIS site (1986). In the mid-1970s, this plant was permitted
to discharge 570 Ibs/day of fluoride (U.S. EPA no date). Also, an estimated
400-1,000 tons/mo of spent potlining material was stockpiled at this site in
the mid-1970s (U.S. EPA no date). The results of a preliminary assessment
of this site were obtained from CERCLIS files (U.S. EPA 1987). At least 11
areas on site have been used for dumping at least 272,000 tons of potliners
and other wastes. The current dumpsite is atop a concrete pad which has a
runoff collection system. The older dumpsites were not syntheticaly lined,
althought wastes were contained by an impermeable, natural clay liner. Waste
piles cover approximately 40 to 70 ac. Potliners and similar wastes contain
unknown amounts of cyanide and fluoride. Baghouse interceptors, disposed of
at this site, contain fairly high concentrations of PAHs. Large amounts of
hazardous wastes were stored on this site and the leachate contains high
levels of fluorides. These wastes are classified as solid wastes and are
not RCRA-designated hazardous wastes. According to the preliminary
assessment, groundwater contamination is likely. Ecology is working with
this facility to correct some of the problems on this site and to develop
appropriate means of stabilizing wastes in the North Dump area. This
facility has a NPDES permit to discharge fluorides to marine waters near
Cherry Point. On several occasions, fluoride discharge limits have been
exceeded.
22
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Mobil Oil Corporation--
CERCLIS (1986) lists Mobil Oil Corporation's petroleum refinery at
Cherry Point. It produces gasoline, jet fuel, and fuel oils. A mid-1970
U.S. EPA report (U.S. EPA no date) on generators of hazardous wastes
identified some questionable waste management practices at this site in the
1970s, such as land farming of lead sludge and onsite storage of an estimated
50 tons/yr of spent activated alumina silicate catalyst (29.66 percent
fluorine). Wastewater treatment sludges and crude tank sludge (containing
heavy metals and phenols) were also disposed of by land farming. According
to a preliminary assessment (CERCLIS 1987), this site is in compliance with
pertinent regulations. Most hazardous wastes are now transported to other
sites for disposal. Some wastes from storage tank bottoms are land farmed
on a 5 to 6 ac parcel.
Sediment Condition
NOAA (Brown et al., 1981) collected sediment samples at one station
near Cherry Point on three dates between June 1978 to March 1979. The
samples were analyzed for 23 aromatic hydrocarbons, including 4 LPAHs, 7
HPAHs, 3 benzene compounds, and 9 miscellaneous extractables. No sub-
stantial sediment contamination was detected at this site.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Receiving Water Bioassays--
Oyster larvae mortalities exceeded 50 percent at one nearshore station
south of Cherry Point in 1971 and oyster larvae abnormalities exceeded 50
percent at the same station in 1976 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
DRAYTON HARBOR
Rank Medium
Sources
Drayton Harbor in Blaine was the site of 10 lumber and shingle mills in
1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). The mills ranged in size from the Blaine
Lumber Company which produced less than 12,000 bd ft/yr of lumber to one of
the largest shingle manufacturers in Puget Sound, The International Mill
produced over 200,000 board feet of shingles in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman
1893). Other mills were operated by Cain Brothers, Drayton Mill Company,
Perley Brothers, Oavies & Hunter, Smith & Engle, C.F. Stoops, J.M. Lindsey,
and the Blaine Shingle Company.
By 1926, only six lumber and shingle mills remained. These were: the
Baeton Lumber Company, the Shady Brook Lumber Company, the Union Timber
Company, the Blaine Manufacturing Company, the Northern Shingle Company, and
23
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the Saginaw Shingle Company. Two newspapers (Manu. Assoc. of Washington
1926) also operated in the area.
Blaine is the site of a former U.S. Air Force station (U.S. Dept. of
Defense 1986; a boat building company (Ecology 1982); a medium-size boat
harbor having 362 wet slips, fuel, and repair facilities (Ocean. Inst.
1978); and seven NPDES-permitted dischargers. The latter include the
Municipality of Blaine and the Birch Bay Water District, four fish processing
plants, and the First Washington Net Factory (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Receiving Water Bioassays--
Oyster larvae mortalities exceeded 50 percent for one station in south
central Drayton Harbor in 1968 and 1969. Oyster larvae abnormalities were
not substantially elevated at any time during the monitoring period (Cardwell
and Woelke 1979a).
POINT ROBERTS
Rank Medium.
Sources
The Point Roberts landfill is a potential hazardous waste site (CERCLIS
1986). A preliminary assessment of possible toxic contamination at the
Point Roberts landfill found potential for soil, surface, and groundwater
contamination. As of 15 October 1987, a site inspection had not been
conducted to confirm the extent of toxic contamination at this site.
A very large marina with over 1,000 wet slips and full boat repair
facilities is located at Point Roberts (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Chevron USA, Inc. operates the Ukiah Bulk Plant at Point Roberts. This
plant was a self-reported hazardous waste generator in 1980 (U.S. EPA 1980).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information is available.
24
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SEMIAHMOO BAY
Rank Low
Sources
One small saw and shingle mill was located in Semiahmoo in 1893. This
mill produced less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber and 30,000-50,000 bd ft
of shingles (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
. No information available.
OTHER AREAS IN THE STRAIT OF GEORGIA
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
Barrick and Prahl (1986) measured the concentrations of phenanthrene and
retene in sediments from five stations. These stations were located west of
Cherry Point, Neptune Beach, and Birch Bay. Chemical concentrations of
phenanthrene and retene at these five stations were not substantially
elevated above Carr Inlet reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
REGION 1 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen if Table 4, Cherry Point, Drayton Harbor, and Point Roberts
ranked medium in this assessment. All other areas ranked low. However,
data concerning sediment conditions and toxicity indexes do not exist for
these areas. Therefore, their overall rankings are subject to change as more
data becomes available. No areas of concern in Region 1 received a high
ranking.
25
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TABLE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL
REGION 1
T MATRIX FOR
LOCATION
Birch Bay
Boundary Bay
Cherry Point
Drayton Harbor
Pt. Roberts
Semiahnoo Bay
Other areas
SOU
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
ICES
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
SBHNEMT
Level of
Concern
N/A
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
N/A
N/A
MEDIUM
TOKICITT INDEXES
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
N/A
Degree of
Certainty
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
N/A
RANK
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
26
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TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 2:
SAN JUAN ISLANDS AND NORTHERN PUGET SOUND
(Figure 4)
GUEMES CHANNEL AND FIDALGO BAY
Rank High
Sources
In 1893, five saw and shingle mills were located at Anacortes. One
large shingle mill, the Anacortes Coop Company, produced 60,000-100,000 bd
ft during 1893. The other four mills were small and had an total, annual
production of less than 15,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
By 1926, 14 lumber and logging companies, Fidalgo Pulp Manufacturing, 3
printing shops, Schwartz Iron Works, Puget Sound Glass Company, Robert M.
Smith (boatbuilder), a laundry, Anacortes Wood Turning Company, and a dairy
had located in Anacortes (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926). Expansion
continued and by 1932, the Puget Sound Pulp and Timber Company (a division
of Fidalgo) had been built and was producing 80 tons/yr of wood pulp
(Pacific Pulp & Paper Industry 1932).
In 1967, wastewater discharge permits were issued to eight dischargers
(U.S. FWPCC 1967). These dischargers included five fisheries (canneries),
the state ferry dock, J.E. Trafton & Sons (type of industry unknown), and
the Pioneer Shingle Company. None of these businesses possess current NPDES
permits.
The five marinas clustered in Anacortes have a total of 197 wet slips
(Ocean. Inst. 1978). A large marina with 437 wet slips and boat repair
facilities is located at Capsante. Another large marina with 459 wet slips
is located in Burrows Bay near Fidalgo Point.
In 1986, 12 NPDES permitted discharges were located near Anacortes and
March Point (U.S. EPA 1986). NPDES permittees at March Point include two
petroleum refineries (Texaco and Shell Oil), Northwest Petrochemical
Corporation, and the Allied Chemical Company. In Anacortes, NPDES permit-
tees include Scott Paper Company (now closed), Anacortes Veneer (a plywood
company), the Sunquist Marine Laboratory, two fish processors, two municipal
sewage outfalls for the City of Anacortes, and the Northwest Fur Breeders
Coop (U.S. EPA 1986).
Barrick and Prahl (1986) reported flare towers at the March Point
petroleum refineries as one possible source of combustion-related PAHs.
Kruger (1983) lists three hazardous waste generators near Anacortes:
Snelson-Anvil, Inc. (type of industry unknown), Texaco, and the Shell Oil
27
-------
JEGEND
iNiM All -,r». Mil M.JI
* IIJINI.MllJb.il -,
m -j.l.Ml it AM I 1 :,*Jf.lj
' MX M.r,.n. *i.i it ,.i ,',:,
WASH Al lIVIIV |«. I
MX«ilHI».'.*»««f* i i» iijjit-.li
Figure 4
REGION 2
SAN JUAN
ISLANDS AND
NORTH PUGET
SOUND
oo
-------
Company. In addition, two self-reported hazardous waste generators, Publi-
shers Forest Products Company of Washington, Inc. and the Steams-Roger, Inc.
Oil Separating Factory were located in Anacortes in 1980 (U.S. EPA 1980).
Ecology conducted preliminary assessments to identify potential toxic
and hazardous contamination for the Northwest Petrochemical Corporation at
March Point and the PM Northwest Dump near Anacortes (CERCLIS 1986). Site
inspections were conducted for Allied Chemical Corporation (now General
Chemical) located between the two refineries at March Point and the Skagit
County March Point landfill (CERCLIS 1986). Multiple site inspections were
conducted for Shell Oil Company and Texaco, Inc. at March Point.
No potential or observed contamination was found at the Texaco refinery
site on March Point (CERCLIS 1987). Soil and groundwater contamination were
observed at the Shell Oil Company and the Allied Chemical Corporation sites.
The potential for surface water contamination was recorded at Shell Oil
(CERCLIS 1987). Measurable soil contamination was observed at the PM
Northwest Dump and the potential for surface and groundwater contamination
was noted at this site. As of 15 October 1987, chemical concentrations had
not been sampled at the Northwest Petrochemical Corporation site, but the
preliminary assessment concluded that there was potential for soil contamina-
tion and surface and groundwater contamination at this site (CERCLIS 1987).
Detailed information regarding the manufacturing processes for several
of the largest dischargers is summarized below.
Shell Oil Company's March Point refinery produced 91,000 bbl/day of
gasoline, liquified petroleum gases, distilled fuel oil, and residual fuel
oil at their refinery in Anacortes (U.S. EPA no date). As of the mid-1970s,
-periodic tests of the groundwater for oil and metals leaching from the
disposal site had not detected unacceptable levels of hazardous or toxic
substances (U.S. EPA no date). The disposal of lead wastes from this
refinery has been by on-site land fanning (U.S. House of Representatives
1979).
Texaco's oil refinery at March Point produced more than 3 MGD of oil.
This refinery produces jet and motor fuels, liquid petroleum, burner oils,
bunker fuel, and diesel fuel. A U.S. EPA study reported questionable sludge
management practices and land farming at this site in the mid-1970s that
could limit future uses of the land (U.S. EPA no date). This 1980 report
did not explain what was meant by land farming.
The Anacortes Works which was located at an unspecified site, was used
as a disposal site for hazardous wastes such as acid solutions (pH less than
3), heavy and trace metals, inorganic compounds, and miscellaneous waste
material. Disposal utilized open pits, neutralization treatment, reproces-
sing, and recycling (U.S. House of Representatives 1979).
Ecology is currently investigating the Northwest Petrochemical Company
at March Point for improper storage and disposal of hazardous waste materials
containing phenols (Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1987). Tars were also stored
29
-------
openly on the site.
The Skagit County March Point landfill is an abandoned, mixed industrial
waste disposal site that was used from 1957 to 1974. Metallic wastes,
inorganic compounds, and miscellaneous materials were disposed of at this
site (U.S. House of Representatives 1979). After a detailed site inspection
of the March Point Landfill, no further action was taken (U.S. EPA 1986).
Allied Chemical Corporation on March Point produces a variety of
chemicals, including sulfuric acid (Weaver and Rolfson no date). This
company generates, treats, and disposes of hazardous wastes in an under-
ground injection well (U.S. EPA 1980).
Sediment Condition
Barrick and Prahl (1986) measured phenanthrene and retene concentrations
in sediments at one mid-channel station in eastern Guemes Channel. Concen-
trations of phenanthrene and retene at this station were not substantially
elevated above Carr Inlet reference values.
Mai ins (1985) sampled sediments from five stations near Anacortes in
June and July of 1984 and 1985. Sediments were analyzed for 18 aromatic
hydrocarbons, 27 chlorinated compounds, and metals. Aromatic hydrocarbons
analyzed included five LPAHs, eight HPAHs, and five miscellaneous extrac-
tables. Chlorinated compounds included 8 chlorinated biphenyls, 5 chlori-
nated butadienes, 13 pesticides, and 2 miscellaneous extractables. Several
aromatic hydrocarbons were highly elevated in sediments from two stations in
inner Anacortes harbor (see Table 5). Concentrations of aromatic hydro-
carbons dropped with distance from the inner harbor and were not substan-
tially elevated in two outer Anacortes stations near the Texaco pier north
of March Point and another station in eastern Guemes Channel. Chlorinated
organic compounds were only detected in trace amounts and metal concen-
trations were not substantially elevated in sediments at any of the five
Anacortes stations.
In an earlier NOAA study, Brown et al. (1981) measured concentrations
of 23 aromatic hydrocarbons at a nearshore station near March Point on 3
dates between June 1978 and March 1979. Aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed
included four LPAHs, seven HPAHs, three non-chlorinated benzene compounds,
and nine miscellaneous extractables. Only benzo(a)anthracene was found to be
substantially elevated above reference values (12.1 times reference) in a
single sediment sample taken in the fall of 1978. Chemical concentrations
were not substantially elevated in sediment samples taken on other dates.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Pacific oyster larvae bioassays were conducted at four stations near
Anacortes on May 1963 and August 1965 (U.S. FWPCC 1967). Stations were
located on the western edge of Guemes Channel, eastern Guemes Channel, near
30
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TABLE 5. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT TWO ANACORTES STATIONS
Chemical
Acenaphthene
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chrysene
FT uoranthene
Fluorene
2 -methyl naphthal ene
1 -methyl phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Elevation
N Anacortes
16
25
16
27
49
23
14
46
54
34
34
Above Reference
Anacortes
Inner Harbor
NSa
63
40
81
112
NS
15
54
32
46
79
a = Not substantially elevated.
Reference: Mai ins et al. (1985).
31
-------
the Texaco Pier, and in the center of Fidalgo Bay. A mean abnormality
percentage for the four stations of 28.5 indicated no contamination effects.
While the mean overall abnormality rate was not substantially elevated, the
abnormality rates for individual bioassays were as high as 100 percent when
sulfite waste liquor concentration in the nearby waters were high. The
percent abnormalities fell to near zero when a labor dispute temporarily
closed the Scott pulp mill. These bioassays do not reflect the worst case
conditions near Anacortes, since receiving water samples were taken far from
potential toxic inputs.
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) conducted bioassays for two stations in
Guemes Channel and two stations in Fidalgo Bay. Oyster larvae mortality
rates were substantially elevated (>50 percent) at one station in central
Fidalgo Bay in 1964, 1965, 1971, and 1974. Abnormalities were also substan-
tially elevated in bioassays conducted at this same station in 1965 and
1971. Bioassays conducted at the other Fidalgo Bay station located northwest
of March Point off the Texaco pier were not substantially elevated during
the monitoring period.
Bioassay mortalities were substantially elevated for one of the two
Guemes Channel stations in the western portion of Guemes Channel (Cardwell
and Woelke 1979). Bioassay abnormalities were also substantially elevated
at this station in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1972, and 1975. Bioassay results at
the other Guemes Channel station in central Guemes were not substantially
elevated during the monitoring period.
Fish Kills--
According to L. Kittle (March 1987, personal communication), an oil
spill in 1971 killed thousands of fish and shellfish in a 5-mi area around
Anacortes.
Fish Histopathology--
According to Mai ins (1985, personal communication) a fish survey
conducted near Anacortes netted fewer than 20 fish, of which 12 Great
Sculpin had pre-neoplasms, 75 percent had megalocytic hepatosis, and 50
percent had severe megalocytic hepatosis.
ANDREWS BAY, SAN JUAN ISLAND
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
32
-------
Brown et al. (1981) sampled sediments for one nearshore station in
Andrews Bay, San Juan Island between June 1978 and March 1979. Chemical
concentrations of 23 aromatic hydrocarbons of the station were not substan-
tially elevated above Carr Inlet reference values. Aromatic hydrocarbons
measured in this study included four LPAHs, seven HPAHs, three benzene
compounds, and nine miscellaneous extractables.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
BLAKELY ISLAND
Rank Low
Sources
A lumber mill of unknown size was located in Thatcher, on Blake!y
Island, in 1926 (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926). One marina is located on
Blakely Island (Ocean. Inst. 1978). Boats are repaired at this marina.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
DOE BAY, ORCAS ISLAND
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, a small lumber mill, operated by Coffelt and Veirech, produced
less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
EAST SOUND, ORCAS ISLAND
Rank LOW
33
-------
Sources
Two small marinas are located in East Sound, one at Rosario and the
other at the head of East Sound (Ocean. Inst. 1978). Two NPOES permittees,
the East Sound Water District and Rosario Resort, are located in East Sound
(U.S. EPA 1986). Chevron, Inc. operates an East Sound Bulk Plant that
generates and stores hazardous wastes (U.S. EPA 1980).
Sediment Condition
Concentrations of phenanthrene and retene were not substantially
elevated above reference values in sediments from a single sampling station
located near the head of East Sound (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
FISHERMAN BAY, LOPEZ ISLAND
Rank Low
Sources
Fisherman Bay has one NPDES permit for the Fisherman Bay Sewage
District outfall (U.S. EPA 1986). There are two small marinas in Fisherman
Bay with fuel onsite and repairs nearby (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
FRIDAY HARBOR-EAST SAN JUAN ISLAND
Rank LOW
Sources
In 1893, the Cascade Bay Lumber Company in Newhall produced
30,000-50,000 bd ft of shingles and 12,000-15,000 bd ft of sawn lumber
(Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). A local newspaper, The Journal, began
publication in Friday Harbor before 1926 (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926).
In 1967, the Water Pollution Control Commission reported two discharges:
34
-------
the Friday Harbor Lab and a municipal sewage discharge for the town of
Friday Harbor.
U.S. EPA (1980) lists the Chevron USA, Inc. Friday Harbor Bulk Plant as
a self-reported hazardous waste generator. Ecology's latest list of
hazardous waste generators does not list this Chevron facility and no NPDES
permit is currently issued for this plant (U.S. EPA 1986).
Four marinas, with over 500 wet slips and, fuel and repair facilities
onsite, are located near Friday Harbor (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
A shipyard is located in the San Juan Channel near Friday Harbor
(personal communication). NPDES permits have been issued for the Friday
Harbor Sand & Gravel Company, a fishery near Argyle on North Bay, and the
sewage discharge for the Town of Friday Harbor (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
HALE PASSAGE
Rank Low
Sources
A medium size marina is located in Fisherman's Cove on Hale Passage.
This marina has 280 wet slips and fuel and repair facilities available
onsite (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Bioassay mortalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent) at one
mid-channel station in Hale Passage in 1965, 1966, 1969, 1972 and 1973
(Cardwell and Woelke 1979). Bioassay abnormalities were also substantially
elevated from 1964-1966 and 1971-1973.
LOPEZ SOUND
Rank Low
35
-------
Sources
A lumber mill of unknown size was operated by F.D. Krenppenberg in
Thatcher in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman). There is also a marina of unknown
size in Lopez Sound.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
LUMMI BAY
Rank Low
Sources
There is only one small marina in Lummi Bay with no fuel or boat repair
facilities (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
In 1971, bipassay mortalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent)
at one station just west of the tip of Sandy Point off Lummi Bay (Cardwell
and Woelke 1979). Oyster larvae abnormalities were not substantially
elevated at this site at any time during the monitoring period.
LUMMI ISLAND AND VICINITY
Rank Low
Sources
Transport of pollutants from nearby Bellingham Bay is the only reported
potential source of toxic contamination at this site.
Sediment Condition
Barrick and Prahl (1986) measured phenanthrene and retene concentrations
36
-------
in sediments from one station located west of the southern tip of Lummi
Island. Concentrations of phenanthrene and retene at this station did not
substantially exceed reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Fish Histopathology--
Individual trawls in March 1984 collected up to six fish for each of
five size classes. A total of 26 fish were caught southeast of Carter Point
on Lummi Island. The incidences of liver neoplasms, pre-neoplasms, and
megalocytic hepatosis were not substantially elevated in English sole
collected at this site (Battelle 1986).
PADILLA BAY
Rank Low
Sources
The J.H. Croquette & Company sawmill and the W. Moeller shingle mill
were located in Bayview in 1893. The W. Moeller mill produced 30,000-50,000
bd ft of shingles per year and processed less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber
annually (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). The production capacity of the other
lumber mill is unknown.
According to Barrick and Prahl (1986), flare towers associated with the
petroleum refineries at March Point are a possible source of combustion
related PAHs. Contaminants may be transported into Padilla Bay from several
petroleum refineries and other industries, located on March Point.
Sediment Condition
Barrick and Prahl (1986) measured phenanthrene and retene concentrations
in sediments from two stations near the mouth of Padilla Bay. Concentrations
of phenanthrene and retene did not substantially exceed reference values at
these two stations.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Pacific oyster larvae bioassays were conducted with water from two
stations in southern central Padilla Bay on May 1963 and August 1965 (U.S.
FWPCC 1967). This study found that the mean abnormality and mortality rates
were not substantially elevated (>50 percent) at these two stations.
ROCHE HARBOR
RANK Low
37
-------
Sources
The Roche Harbor Lime Company produced 12,000-15,000 ft of sawn lumber
and 60,000-100,000 bd ft of shingles in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
The Roche Harbor Lime and Cement Company was still operating in 1926 (Manu.
Assoc. of Washington 1926). The Roche Harbor Lime Company has since closed
(Yearsley, J., personal communication).
Currently two small marinas are located in Roche Harbor (Ocean. Inst.
1978). One NPDES-permitted source (Roche Harbor Resort) is located in Roche
Harbor (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
ROSARIO STRAIT
Rank Low
Sources
In 1978, there were five marinas in Rosario Strait (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
According to Barrick and Prahl (1986), phenanthrene and retene concen-
trations were not substantially elevated above reference in sediments from a
single station located west of Burrows Island in Rosario Strait.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information.
SAMISH BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
Blanchard--
The Samish Bay Logging Company operated in Blanchard in 1926 (Manu.
Assoc. of Washington 1926). In 1967, Larrabee State Park septic wastes were
discharged into Samish Bay (U.S. FWPCC 1967c).
38
-------
Currently, one NPDES-permitted source, the Rock Point Oyster Company,
is located in the city of Blanchard.
Edisori--
The Howard & Butler lumber mill was located in Edison in 1893. This
mill produced less than 12,000 bd ft of sawn lumber annually (Puget Sound
Lumberman 1893). By 1926, the Edison .Shingle Company had built a mill in
Edison (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926). These mills now appear to be
abandoned.
According to the U.S. EPA (1986), one NPDES-permitted source is located
in the city of Edison.
Sediment Condition
In April and May 1984, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (1986)
sampled sediments at 20 stations throughout Samish Bay. Sediments were
analyzed for eight metals, total aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, and selected
hydrocarbons. Metals, PCBs, fluoranthene, di-n-octylphthalate, and pyrene
were not substantially elevated above reference values in sediments at any
of the 20 stations sampled. Concentrations of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
and phenanthrene were substantially elevated above reference values at three
stations near the mouth of Samish Bay (see Table 6). However, there are no
known major industrial sources in the bay. Also, phenanthrene is typically
a covariate of several related PAHs and the absence of these covariates
makes the observed high levels of phenanthrene highly suspicious. Additional
data quality checks should be conducted before any conclusions are drawn
about contamination in Samish Bay.
Toxicitv Indexes
Amphipod Bioassays--
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (1986) used surface sediments
(top 6 cm) from Samish Bay to conduct amphipod bioassay screening surveys in
the summer of 1983 and detailed surveys in the spring of 1984. Rheooxynius
abronius bioassays were conducted using the procedure developed by Swartz
(1984). The results of the screening surveys and the detailed surveys were
contradictory. The detailed survey of four stations in Samish Bay found no
substantial (>40 percent) elevations in amphipod mortalities. On the other
hand, screening surveys at 20 stations found substantially elevated abnor-
malities at 2 stations in west Samish Bay.
Chapman et al. (1984) collected surface sediments (top 2 cm) for two
reference stations in Samish Bay in May 1983. All samples were frozen prior
to analysis, so the results of the sediment bioassays do not lend themselves
39
-------
TABLE 6. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT THREE SAMISH BAY STATIONS
Elevation Above Reference
Chemical
Phenanthrene
B1s(2-ethy1hexyl)phtha1ate
Northwest of
Larrabee
16a
167a
SW of
Larrabee
NSb
21a
NE of
Samish Is.
NS
45*
a These elevated levels of phenanthrene and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are
suspicious since there are no known major industrial sources in the bay.
See text for further explanation.
b NS - Not substantially elevated.
Reference: Battelle (1986).
40
-------
to interpretation.
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Chapman et al. (1984) used surface sediments (top 2 cm) to conduct
bioassays for two reference stations in Samish Bay in May 1983. All samples
were frozen prior to analysis, so the results of the sediment bioassays are
highly unreliable. Nonetheless, no substantial impacts on Pacific oyster
larvae mortality were observed for these Samish Bay stations.
Pacific oyster larvae bioassays were conducted in Samish Bay in April
and May 1984 using the top 6 cm of surface sediment. Substantial oyster
larvae abnormalities were not observed at any of the four stations.
Mortalities were substantially elevated (>40 percent) at one station
southwest of Larrabee State Park (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
1986). Mortalities were not substantially elevated at the three stations
near the mouth of Samish Bay.
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) conducted receiving water bioassays for two
stations in Samish Bay. One station was located northwest of the city of
Samish and the other station was located east of Samish Island. Mortalities
were substantially elevated (>50 percent) at the Samish Island station in
1961, 1965, and 1974 and oyster larvae abnormalities were elevated in 1965.
At the other station, mortalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent)
in 1963 and 1974 and abnormalities were substantially elevated in 1962,
1974, and 1975.
WEST SOUND, ORCAS ISLAND
Rank Medium
Sources
The West Sound Mill Company was located in West Sound in 1926. The
production capacity of this lumber mill was not- reported (Manu. Assoc. of
Washington 1926).
One medium-size marina of 106 wet slips with fuel and repair facilities)
is located in West Sound (Ocean. Inst. 1978). A military installation, the
Victim Island-Defense Site on West Sound, is listed on the DERP inventory as
a suspected storage site for hazardous wastes (U.S. Department of Defense
1985). These suspicions have not been investigated, so the potential for
contamination is unknown.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
41
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
OTHER SAN JUAN ISLANDS
Rank Low
Sources
This section combines data on marinas throughout the San Juan Islands
that have not been covered in earlier discussions. There is no information
on other potential sources of toxic chemicals, sediment chemistry, or
biological indicators for these areas.
Small marinas are located in Lopez Sound, Deer Harbor (two marinas),
the Port of Orcas, West Beach in President Channel, Village Point on Lummi
Island, Mitchell Bay on San Juan Island, Blind Bay and Neck Point on Shaw
Island, and North Beach on Orcas Island (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
REGION 2 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 7, Samish Bay and West Sound/Orcas Island ranked
medium in this investigation. As stated previously, the data associated
with Samish bay seems erroneous due to its non-industrial nature; however,
taken at face value, the sediment conditions warrant a medium ranking. All
other areas of concern ranked low with the exception of Guemes/Fidalgo
Channel which ranked high because of the presence of toxic chemical dump
sites.
Data concerning sediment conditions and toxicity indexes are not
presently available for most sites in Region 2. Lummi Island source
information was also not available. Therefore, the overall rankings
associated with these areas of concern must be considered tentative until
such time as this data is collected.
42
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TABLE 7: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSES9CXT MATRIX FOR
REGION 2
LOCATION
Guemes/Fidalgo
Channel
Andrews Bay
Blakely Island
Doe Bay,
Oreas Island
East Sound,
Oreas Island
Fisherman Bay,
Lopez Island
Friday Harbor
Hale Passage
Lopez Sound
Lumi Bay
Lumti Island
Padilla Bay
Roche Harbor
Rosario Strait
Sanish Bay
West Sound,
Oreas Island
Other Areas
SOURCES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
HIGH
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
HIGH
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
N/A
LOU
HIGH
N/A
N/A
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
N/A
LOU
HIGH
N/A
N/A
TOXICITT INDEXES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
HIGH
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
N/A
HIGH
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
N/A
RANK
HIGH
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOW
43
-------
TOXIC ASSESSMENT OF REGION 3:
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
(Figure 5)
OUNGENESS BAY
Rank N/A
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
EAST STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
Rank Medium
Sources
According to CERCLIS files (U.S EPA 1987), the Boeing Company disposed
of waste acids and bases from aircraft manufacturing processes in the Strait
of Juan de Fuca. From about 1951 to 1965, the wastes were reportedly
allowed to trickle from barges in the shipping lanes of the Strait of Juan
de Fuca. The amount of waste disposed of in this manner is not known. The
preliminary assessment concluded that physical processes (i.e. wind and
wave action, tidal currents) dispersed and oxidized the wastes.
Monsanto has an NPOES permit to dispose of vanillin at a dump site in
deep water in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
Brown et al. (1981) analyzed concentrations of 23 aromatic hydrocarbons
in sediments at one nearshore station in the Strait of Juan de Fuca at the
base of Dungeness Spit between June 1978 and March 1979. Aromatic hydrocar-
bons measured in this study include four LPAHs, seven HPAHs, three benzene
compounds, and nine miscellaneous extractables. Aromatic hydrocarbons at
this site were not substantially elevated above reference sediment concen-
trations.
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) analyzed metals concentrations in
sediment collected from two stations in the Strait: one deep water station
44
-------
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Figure 5
REGION 3
CTDAIT OF
JUAN OE FUCA
I-
' n
-------
north of Dungeness Bay and another station northwest of Protection Island
(see the Region 5 map). Metal concentrations at these two stations were not
substantially elevated above reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell et al. (1976), oyster larvae mortalities were not
substantially elevated (>50 percent) by waters from 12 nearshore stations
from Dungeness Spit to the mouth of the Elwha River in the Strait of Juan de
Fuca. The site at the Elwha River is too far west to appear on the Region 3
map.
Outside of Port Angeles Harbor, eight stations were sampled in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca: two stations in the center of the Strait of Juan de
Fuca, one station at the tip of Ediz Hook, four stations along the shore
east of Port Angeles, and one station at the tip of Dungeness Spit (Cardwell
et al. 1976). Oyster larvae abnormality rates were substantially elevated
above reference values (>40 percent) for all stations east of Port Angeles to
Green Point. Mortalities were highest at the Rayonier station where they
exceeded 90 percent. According to Cardwell (1976), high levels of sulfite
waste liquor were correlated with the mortalities and abnormalities.
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) found no substantially elevated (>50
percent) bioassays at six stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca outside of
Port Angeles. Four stations were located east of Morse Creek and two
stations were located north of Ediz Hook. High oyster larvae mortalities
were reported for one station at the mouth of Morse Creek (Cardwell and
Woelke 1979).
PORT ANGELES HARBOR
Rank High
Sources
In 1893, the Puget Sound Cooperative Colony Lumber Mill, the Port
Angeles Mill & Lumber Company, and the Port Angeles Cedar Lumber Company
shingle mills were located in Port Angeles. These mills ranged in capacity
from 12,000 to 60,000-100,000 bd ft of shingles and lumber (Puget Sound
Lumberman 1893). By 1926, the lumber industry had grown and there were 14
lumber or logging companies in Port Angeles. Also in 1926, The Angeles
Foundry, Northwestern Power and Manufacturing Company (electrical genera-
ting), five printing companies, the Gate City Bottling Company, and a
laundry were also operating in Port Angeles (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
In 1932, three pulp and paper mills (Fibreboard, Washington Pulp &
Paper, and Olympic Forest Products) had been built in Port Angeles (Pacific
Pulp and Paper Industry 1932). These mills produced a combined total of 390
46
-------
tons of paper, 335 tons of newspaper pulp, 200 tons of bleached sulphate
pulp, 84 tons of unbleached sulfHe pulp, and 95 tons of sulfite in 1932.
Later, ITT Rayonier built a large pulp mill that continues to operate in
Port Angeles.
In 1967, Crown Zellerbach Corporation operated a lagoon for storing log
debarker discharges near their Port Angeles facility (U.S. FWPCC 1967) and
the Pen Plywood Company generated glue wastes at their Port Angeles plant
(U.S. FWPCC 1967).
Port Angeles has three marinas with a combined total of more than 500
wet slips (Ocean. Inst. 1978). There are five NPDES-permitted sources in
Port Angeles: the Merrill & Ring Lumber Mill, Crown Zellerbach Pulp and
Paper Mill, ITT Rayonier Paper and Pulp Mill, the Rayonier Veneer and
Plywood Plant, and a sewage discharge for the City of Port Angeles (U.S. EPA
1986). Merrill 4 Ring Lumber currently operates a large log sort yard in
Port Angeles Harbor. Waste flows were highest at the Rayonier plant, which
released 30 million gal/day of effluent.
Several oil storage tanks are located near the inner harbor in Port
Angeles (Maguire, B., personal observation). A major oil spill associated
with tanker operations occurred in Port Angeles Harbor in the early 1970s,
Ten military facilities are currently located in Port Angeles, including
two Elwha searchlights, several combat ranges, a gun battery, and the Port
Angeles Army Air Field. The Defense Environmental Restoration Program also
lists one former military facility in Port Angeles (ERP), the Port Angeles
Combat Range (U.S. Dept. of Defense 1985).
The U.S. EPA (1980) and Kruger (1983) listed the ITT Rayonier plant at
Ennis Creek as a hazardous waste generator. ITT Rayonier ceased operations
in 1984. Kruger (1983) also listed a U.S. Coast Guard facility in Port
Angeles as a hazardous waste generator.
Sediment Condition
Mai ins (1985) measured sediment concentrations for metals and 18
aromatic hydrocarbons including 5 LPAHs, 8 HPAHs, and 5 miscellaneous
extractables at three Port Angeles stations. Substantially elevated
concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons were observed at all three stations
in Port Angeles (see Table 8). Concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons were
highest in sediments in the inner harbor. However, sediment concentrations
of a few hydrocarbons were still substantially elevated in the outer harbor.
Metal concentrations were not substantially elevated at any station. The
metals concentrations followed a similar pattern, with higher concentrations
in the inner harbor.
Sediments at one station near the tip of Ediz Hook were sampled from
1978 to 1981 (Mai ins et al. 1982). Sediments were analyzed for concen-
trations metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and
47
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TABLE 8. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT THREE PORT ANGELES STATIONS
Chemical
Acenaphthene
Benzo ( a ) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
2-methyl naphthal ene
1 -methyl phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Outer
Harbor 1
NSa
NS
NS
NS
NS
16
19
24
NS
NS
Elevation Above Reference
Outer
Harbor 2
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
50b
NS
NS
Inner
Harbor
19
16
18
25
25
35
36
153b
22
23
a NS = Not substantially elevated.
b = AET value exceeded.
Reference: Mai ins (1985).
48
-------
other chlorinated organic compounds. Concentrations of these analytes were
not substantially elevated above reference values. Total aromatic hydro-
carbon concentrations were 970 ppb.
In the Brown et al. (1981) study of petroleum hydrocarbons in northern
Puget Sound sediment concentrations were analyzed for metals and 23 aromatic
hydrocarbons for three stations in Port Angeles. Sediments were analyzed
for concentrations of four LPAHs, seven HPAHs, three benzene compounds, and
nine miscellaneous extractables. The results of this analysis are summarized
in Table 9. Napthalene concentrations exceeded the AET at both the Inner
Harbor and the two Outer Harbor Stations. Substantially elevated sediment
concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons were observed at one station near
the Port Angeles boat ramp. Chemical concentrations were not substantially
elevated in sediments at another station near the tip of Ediz Hook and at a
third nearshore station located halfway between the boat ramp and ITT
Rayonier.
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured concentrations for seven metals in
sediments collected from one station at the mouth of Port Angeles Harbor.
From 1970-1972, metals were not substantially elevated above reference
values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell et al. (1976) reported oyster larvae mortalities as high as
100 percent at one station near ITT Rayonier. Mortalities were not substan-
tially elevated (>40 percent) at the other 12 receiving water stations in
Port Angeles. According to Cardwell, receiving water toxicity in Port
Angeles declined dramatically in late 1975 when the ITT Rayonier pulp mill
instituted incineration of its sulfite waste liquor.
Oyster larvae bioassays were conducted at nine Port Angeles stations
(Woelke 1967). Abnormality rates were substantially elevated (>40 percent)
at all five stations sampled. The highest abnormality rates were found at
two stations in the inner harbor and two stations near the Rayonier pulp
mill, where abnormality rates exceeded 90 percent.
Other Bioassays--
Survival rates of pink salmon fry in live tanks at six bioassay U.S.
FWPCC (1967) were measured at stations near the Rayonier mill. Thirty seven
percent of the bioassays resulted in 100 percent juvenile salmon mortalities.
The mortalities appeared to correspond to high levels of sulfite waste
liquor, which occassionally measured nearly 9,000 ppm at this site.
Similarly, 100 percent mortalities of juvenile salmon were observed in 26
percent of the Crown Zellerbach bioassays and 33 percent of the bioassays
conducted near Fibreboard.
49
-------
TABLE 9. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN
SEDIMENTS AT ONE STATION NEAR THE PORT ANGELES BOAT RAMP
Elevation Above Reference
Chemical 18 May 12 June
Dibenzothiophene 40 240
Fluorene NSa 24
2-methylnaphthalene 19 54
1-methylphenanthrene 10 100
Phenanthrene NS 41
a NS - Not substantially elevated.
Reference: Brown et al. (1981).
50
-------
Fish Histopathology--
According to Mai ins (1985, personal communication), no pre-neoplasms
or megalocytic hepatosis were found in 15 English sole livers examined at
the Port Angeles site. However, results based on samples of fewer than 20
fish may not be representative and these results should be interpreted with
caution.
Bioaccumulation in Tissues--
Following a small diesel oil spill in Port Angeles on 13 May 1979,
Brown et al. (1981), sampled mussel tissue at an Ediz Hook station on 18 May
and 12 June 1979. Blended mussel tissue from 10 to 15 mussels was collected
randomly in the intertidal zone along 30 m of beach. Very low levels of
aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes (similar to No. 2 fuel) were found in Ediz
Hook mussel tissue. The Brown study compared organic concentrations at the
site of .contamination to the concentrations at an Ediz Hook control site.
One month after the oil spill, chemical concentrations had fallen to less
than one-tenth of their original concentration in mussel tissue at Ediz Hook
and chemical concentrations for many hydrocarbons were below detection
limits.
REGION 3 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 10, Port Angeles Harbor received a high ranking due to
the high level of conern associated with both its sediment condition and
toxicity indexes. East Strait of Juan de Fuca ranked medium. Oungeness Bay
ranked low; however, no information was available for this assessment.
Therefore, the overall ranking associated with these areas of concern are
tentative until such time as this data can be gathered.
51
-------
TABLE 10: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR
REGION f 3c
LOCATION
(Xngencss Say
East Strait of
Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles
Harbor
SOU
Level of
Concern
N/A
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
KES
Degree of
Certainty
N/A
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
N/A
LOU
HIGH
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
TGKICITT INDEXES
Level of
Concern
N/A
MEDIUM
HIGH
Degree of
Certainty
N/A
HIGH
HIGH
RANK
N/A
MEDIUM
HIGH
N/A - Not available at this time
52
-------
TOXIC ASSESSMENT OF REGION 4:
NORTH WHIDBEY BASIN
(Figure 6)
CORNET BAY, DECEPTION PASS
Rank Low
Sources
Cornet Bay has a small marina with no boat repair facilities (Ocean.
Inst. 1978). The Deception Pass Military Battery Site may have stored
potentially hazardous wastes (U.S. Department of Defense 1985).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Wpelke (1979) found substantially elevated abnormality
rates (>50 percent) in receiving water bioassays conducted at one Deception
Bay station in 1964 and 1972. Oyster larvae mortalities were also substan-
tially elevated at this site in 1965, 1971, and 1972.
CRESCENT HARBOR
Rank High
Sources
The Navy Seaplane Base located on Crescent Harbor is a proposed
Superfund site (U.S. EPA 1987). The Seaplane base also has an NPDES permit
for septic discharges from barracks located on this site (U. S. EPA 1986)
and stored solvents onsite (Ecology 1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) found substantially elevated mortality rates
53
-------
MT VtHNON
11 ^ Susan , . tiiC-Jt
;~ I t lli*l IIY ( • 4(IX(
O»(()A;,-^n f*j| L,UJ
tl fn*i HV |. *jj>.)
LJ MM •>* Jg.Hl A1S.I ( ( •.. jf, .
L.t UiMI f.1 (.lit Mb I HT
.1 Jill IL «f, I I . )QN Hit |
A.-itl)'Ml Nl I 'HMl'iUO
MJ[ '^J,,! •, ANI|. MJAM, M
o r«r^t«Ti
Or«UAtHKl««Wbii
taNtHAKJ!l(wlS«3« i«,«,
*HHWHti««RMl
in u N-.I LIU HI !•««>,
Figure 6
REGION 4
NORTH
WHIDBEY
BASIN
-------
(>50 percent) in receiving water bioassays conducted at one Crescent Harbor
station in 1964-1966, 1968, 1971, 1972, and 1974. Abnormality rates were
also substantially elevated at this site in 1964 and 1972.
DUGUALLA BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
Drainage from the Whidbey Island Naval Air Station is the most prominent
potential source of toxic contamination (U.S. EPA 1986). Ault Field on
Whidbey Island, has been proposed as a Superfund site (U.S. EPA 1987).
Drainage from Ault Field may be a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in Dugualla Bay (Ecology 1982). Groundwater contamination has been
confirmed at this site (CERCLIS 1987). Historically, Ault Field was a
disposal site for battery acid and 200 gal/yr of hazardous wastes (Stradley
et al. 1975). In 1983, Ault Field generated 300 tons of "characteristic"
waste (Kruger 1983). Both Ault Field and the Navy Seaplane Base store
solvents onsite (Ecology 1986).
Sediment Condition
Mo information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) found substantially elevated mortality rates
(>50 percent) in bioassays conducted at one Dugulla Bay station in 1964,
1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, and 1974. Abnormality rates were also substantially
elevated at this site in 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, and 1972.
OAK HARBOR
Rank Medium
Sources
By 1926, the Oak Harbor Lumber Company and Charles Nienhuis had built
lumber mills in Oak Harbor (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926). Other
potential sources of toxic chemicals in 1926 included a newsprinter.
Currently, there is one NPDES-permitted municipal discharge for the
city of Oak Harbor (U.S. EPA 1986). A medium-size marina with 316 wet slips
and fuel and repair facilities is also located in Oak Harbor (Ocean. Inst.
1978). Contaminants from the Sea Plane Base Marina in nearby Crescent
Harbor may be transported to Oak Harbor.
55
-------
Ecology lists Melco Manufacturing as the sole hazardous waste generator
in Oak Harbor (Kruger 1983). The Chevron USA Inc. Bulk Plant, located on
Oak Harbor is a self-reported hazardous waste generator (U.S. EPA 1980).
The Island County landfill near Oak Harbor has been investigated by
Ecology and the U.S. EPA for possible hazardous waste contamination (U.S.
EPA 1986). The results of the preliminary assessment conclude that there is
potential for soil, and surface and groundwater contamination at this site
(CERCLIS 1987). As of 15 October 1987, no chemical measurements have been
taken to confirm the potential for toxic contamination at this site.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
PENN COVE
Rank Medium.
Sources
The Hhidbey Island Mill Company and W.B. Marsh lumber mills were
operating in Coupeville as early as 1893. Each of these mills produced less
than 15,000 bd ft of lumber annually (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). In 1893,
the Camland Mill Company lumber mill in San de Fuca (historical place name)
also produced less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber.
By 1926, two lumber mills operated by J.E. Hamilton and J. Paul Lumber
Company and two newspapers continued to operate in Coupeville (Manu. Assoc.
of Washington 1926).
Currently, there are several potential sources of toxic hazards,
including a military facility at Fort Casey in Coupeville (U.S. Department
of Defense 1985), two NPDES-permitted sewage discharges for the city of
Coupeville and the Penn Cove Sewage District (U.S. Environment Protection
Agency 1986), and two small marinas in Penn Cove (Ocean. Inst. 1986).
The Coupeville Landfill near Penn Cove was evaluated to determine
whether there is potential hazardous waste contamination at this site
(CERCLIS 1986). This landfill began receiving wastes in 1946. Prior to
1969 the site was operated as a burning dump. Dry cleaning wastes and small
quantities of hospital wastes were the only known hazardous substances
disposed of at this site (CERCLIS 1987). Plans are in place for installation
of a liner and leachate collection system. Island County Health Department
conducts quarterly sampling of onsite monitoring wells for a limited number
of parameters. Manganese exceeded federal drinking water standards in 1987
56
-------
but no hazardous leachate has been detected. As a result of investigations,
Ecology and the U.S. EPA have decided to take no further action on the
Coupeville Landfill near Penn Cove.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) found substantially elevated mortality rates
(>50 percent) in receiving water bioassays conducted at one Penn Cove
station in 1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, and 1974. Abnormality rates were also
substantially elevated in 1972.
SIMILK BAY
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) found substantially elevated oyster larvae
mortalities (>50 percent) in receiving water bioassays conducted at one
station in Similk Bay in 1965, 1971, and 1972. Abnormality rates were also
substantially elevated at this site in 1972.
SKAGIT BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the LaConner Mill Company operated a lumber mill in LaConner
(Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
57
-------
Several marinas are located throughout Skagit Bay (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
LaConner has one small marina and a larger marina with 302 wet slips and
boat repair facilities, including a drydock.
In 1967, the Swinomish Indian Reservation was permitted to discharge
sewage wastes into Skagit Bay (U.S. FWPCC 1967).
There are six NPDES-permitted dischargers in LaConner: three sewage
discharges (for the Skagit County Sewer District, Shelter Bay Community, and
the town of LaConner) and three fish processing plants (U.S. EPA 1986).
Potential sources of toxic contamination in Skagit Bay include a former
military facility at Fort Whitman on Goat Island (U.S. Department of Defense
1985), Nasty Jack's Antique's in LaConner which generates 2 tons/yr of
hazardous wastes (Kruger 1984), and the Roberts Company, Inc. at the
LaConner Marina which is a self-reported generator of acetone wastes (U.S.
EPA 1980).
Sediment Condition
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values in sediments sampled from a deep water station west
of Strawberry Point (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
In 1970-1972, metal concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values in sediments sampled at two stations in Skagit Bay
(Crecelius et al. 1975).
Toxicltv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Hoelke (1979) found significantly elevated mortality rates
in receiving water bioassays conducted at one station southeast of Dugualla
Bay and station north of Point Brown in 1964-1968, 1971, 1972, and 1974.
Oyster larvae abnormalities were also substantially elevated in 1964, 1965,
1967, 1968, and 1972.
UTSALADY BAY
Rank Low
Sources
The Puget Mill Company in Utsalady produced 60,000-100,000 bd ft of
lumber in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). For many years, a boat
maintenance and repair company operated in Utsalady (Ecology 1982; Yearsley,
J., 1987, personal communication). This boat maintenance company has since
been abandoned.
Sediment Condition
58
-------
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
REGION 4 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table
investigation because
biological toxicity.
were ranked medium.
11, Crescent Harbor received a high ranking in this
of its pending Superfund status and exhibited
Dugualla Bay, Oak Harbor, Penn Cove and Skagit Bay
All other areas of concern received low overall
rankings. Sediment condition information was not available for most of the
areas of concern in this region. Source information for Similt Bay was also
unavailable.
59
-------
TABLE 11: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR
REGION f 4: .
LOCATIOi
Cornet Bay,
Deception Pass
Crescent Harbor
Ouguatla Bay
Oak Harbor
Pern Cove
Sim It Bay
Skagit Bay
Utsatady Bay
SOU
Level of
Concern
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
ICES
Degree of
Certainty
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
MEDIUM
N/A
TOKICITT INDEXES
Level of
Concern
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
Degree of
Certainty
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
N/A
LOU
RANK
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU LOW
MEDIUM MEDIUM
N/A LOU
|
60
-------
TOXIC ASSESSMENT OF REGION 5:
ADMIRALTY INLET AND EASTERN STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
(Figure 7)
ADMIRALTY INLET
Rank Low
Sources
There Is one small marina in Admiralty Inlet (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Brown et al. (1981) collected sediment samples at one station west of
Ault Field on Whidbey Island from June 1978 to March 1979. Sediments were
analyzed for metals and 23 aromatic hydrocarbons, including 4 LPAHs, 7
HPAHs, 3 benzene compounds, and 9 miscellaneous extractables. These
analytes were not substantially elevated above reference values at this
site.
From 1970 to 1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) sampled sediments at one
station between Oak Bay and Mutiny Bay in the center of Adminiralty Inlet.
Metal concentrations in sediments from this station were not substantially
elevated above reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
DISCOVERY BAY
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, the Port Discovery Mill Company operated a large mill in Port
Discovery that produced 125,000-200,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound
Lumberman 1893).
Currently, there are two small marinas in Discovery Bay with fuel and
boat repair facilities nearby (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
For many years, a large log storage area was operated by a logging
company in Discovery Bay (Ecology 1982; Yearsley, 1987, personal communica-
tion).
61
-------
SI IN 5(1
III A, II
lit 02'JO'
II t ft JO'
•,'i.f.il tr AN I 1 I T.
, ,
0
ft
o
*
,/A ""UWbAir
O3 QCCUHHLNU I
Figure 7
REGION 5
ADMIRALTY
INLET AND
EASTERN
STRAIT OF
JUAN DE FUCA
i '
-------
A preliminary assessment was conducted by Ecology to evaluate potential
toxic problems along the Milwaukee Railroad right-of-way (U.S. EPA 1986).
Toxic chemicals were found at measurable levels in surface water at this
site, but the problem was not serious enough to qualify this site as a
Superfund site. An Ecology visit shortly after the spill found no hazard
associated with the spill. A three car train derailment occurred in 1978
causing a spill of approximately 10,000 gals of sodium chlorate on the east
bank of Discovery Bay. The chlorate leaked into the ground and into
Discovery Bay. As a result, no further action was taken.
Sediment Condition
Sediments from one station near the head of Discovery Bay were sampled
from 1978-1981 by Mai ins et al. (1982). Sediments were analyzed for
aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, other chlorinated
organic compounds, and metals. None of the analytes were substantially
elevated above reference at this site. Total aromatic hydrocarbons concen-
trations were low (49 ppb).
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
w ..__.___ __—
Oyster larvae mortalities observed at one receiving water bioassa:
station near Port Discovery .were substantially elevated (>50 percent) ii
'1964, 1965, 1968, and 1969 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979). Oyster larvai
abnormalities were not substantially elevated at any time during th<
monitoring period.
bioassay
in
larvae
dununiidi i tIBS were nut suustdntiai \y eievaieu at any time uunng the
monitoring period.
Fish Histopathology--
According to Malins et al. (1984), no substantially elevated levels of
neoplasms, pre-neoplasms, or megalocytic hepatosis were found in more than
20 English sole, rock sole, and Pacific staghorn sculpin examined in
Discovery Bay from 1979 through 1983.
HOLMES HARBOR
Rank Medium
Sources
Currently, one small marina (Ocean. Inst. 1978) and a shipbuilding
company (Ecology 1982) are located in Holmes Harbor. The Island County
Freeland landfill is located near Holmes Harbor (U.S. EPA 1986). Ecology
conducted a preliminary assessment at the Freeland Landfill to determine the
potential for toxic contamination, and found no potential for hazardous
contamination at this site (CERCLIS 1987).
63
-------
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), oyster larvae mortalities were
substantially elevated (>50 percent) at one receiving water station in the
northern part of Holmes Harbor in 1966, 1971, 1972, and 1974. Abnormalities
were also substantially elevated in 1971 and 1972.
Fish Kills--
Fish kills from unknown causes have occurred periodically in Holmes
Harbor (Ecology 1982).
MUTINY BAY
Rank Low
Sources
One tiny marina with 15 wet slips is located in Mutiny Bay. Fuel and
repairs are available onsite (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
OAK BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
Dredging operations related to harbor improvements are a possible
source of toxic contaminants (Kittle, L., March 1987, personal communi-
cation).
Sediment Condition
PCB concentrations in sediments were not substantially elevated above
reference values in 1972-1977 at one centrally located station in Oak Bay
(Pavlou et al. 1977).
64
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
Fish Kills-
In 1979, dredging operations caused a large fish kill in Oak Bay
(Kittle, L., March 1987, personal communication). Silt from dredging
operations also caused a minor fish kill near Chimacum on 26 April 1972
(LeVander, L., March 1987, personal communication).
PORT TOWNSEND
Rank Medium
Sources
Hadlock--
The Washington MilT Company, located in Hadlock, produced
125,000-200,000 bd ft of lumber in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
The Sehrs Shipbuilding Company, two printers, and a laundry were
located In Hadlock (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926).
Kruger (1983) identifies one hazardous waste generator near Hadlock,
the Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station, which produced 59 tons/yr of
characteristic waste and 11 tons/yr non-specific wastes in 1983. A site
inspection was conducted for the Naval Undersea Warfare Station on Indian
Island found observed soil contamination and surface and groundwater
contamination at this site (CERCLIS 1987).
Port Townsend--
In 1893, the G.W. Downs lumber mill in Port Townsend produced 60,000 to
100,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
By 1926, there were four lumber and logging companies (Key City Lumber
Company, Miller and Peach, Port Townsend Lumber Company, and O.L. Allen
Logging Company), one laundry, and two printing companies in Port Townsend
(Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926). By 1927, the National Paper Products
Company had been built in Port Townsend and was producing 60 tons/day of
sulphate pulp (Baker 1927).
In 1963, Crown Zellerbach Corporation produced 350 tons/yr of paper and
400 tons/yr of pulp using a Kraft process (Pacific Pulp and Paper Industry
1963). The National Paper Products Company also produced 325 tons/yr of
paper and 250 tons/yr of sulphate pulp in 1963. In addition, the National
Paper Products Company produces container board and Kraft liners.
In 1967, Fort Worden and the Naval Ammunition Depot at the Indian
Island Annex discharged into the waters near Port Townsend (U.S. FWPCC
65
-------
1967). Other discharges in 1967 included the Crown Zellerbach Corporation
pulp and paper mills (U.S. FWPCC 1967).
The Defense Environmental Restoration Program (U.S. Department of
Defense 1985) lists 16 former military facilities near Port Townsend,
including 4 forts (Ebey, Flagler, Townsend, and Worden), 5 military reser-
vations, and 2 Harbor Defense Units.
A small marina and a medium-size marina are located in Port Townsend.
Both marinas have fuel and repairs onsite (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
NPDES-permits have been issued for the municipal sewage discharge for the
City of Port Townsend and the Port Townsend Paper Company, Inc. located
south of Port Townsend (U.S. EPA 1986).
In 1980, the Crown Zellerbach Corporation notified the U.S. EPA that
potentially hazardous wastes might be generated by their Port Angeles mill
(U.S. EPA 1980). However, Crown Zellerbach. pulp and paper mills is not on
Ecology's current register of hazardous waste generators (Kruger 1984). The
potential for toxic contamination at this site is unknown.
Sediment Condition
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metal concentrations in
sediments from one station in Port Townsend, east of Glen Cove. Metal
concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference values at
this site.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), oyster larvae mortalities were
substantially elevated (>50 percent) for one receiving water station near
the Port Townsend pulp mill in 1970. Abnormalities were not substantially
elevated above reference values at this site at any time during the
monitoring period.
SEQUIM BAY
Rank Low
Sources
Soodum Lumber Company and David Burrows lumber mills (now abandoned)
were located in Sequim in 1926 (Manu. Assoc. of Washington 1926). In 1967,
two discharges to Sequim Bay were reported for Sequim Bay State Park septic
waste and the city of Sequim (U.S. FWPCC 1967).
In 1987, a log sort yard (B. Maguire, personal observation) existed in
Sequim Bay. The city of Sequim has an NPDES permit to discharge to Sequim
66
-------
Bay (U.S. EPA 1986). Two military facilities, the Blyn Mountain Radio
Station, and the Sequim Cantonment site are also located near Sequim Bay.
Sediment Condition
Sediment from 20 stations throughout Sequim Bay were analyzed for total
aromatic hydrocarbons, PCB-1254, 6 metals, and selected aromatic hydrocarbons
in April and May 1984 (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory 1986). None of
these analytes were substantially elevated above sediment reference values.
PCBs were not detected.
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (1986) found no substantially
elevated (>40 percent) amphipod mortalities in sediment bioassays conducted
with Rheooxvnius abronius. Sediments were collected at four stations in
Sequim Bay in summer 1983 and spring 1984. The bioassay procedure developed
by Swartz (1984) was used in this study. Since the results are not
mapped in the original report, they do not appear on the Region 5 map.
Sediment Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Pacific oyster larvae bioassays were conducted by Battelle Laboratories
in Sequim Bay in April and May 1984 (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
1986). Standard ASTM bioassays were conducted using surface sediments from
the top 6 cm. No substantially elevated abnormality or mortality rates (>40
percent) were observed.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), oyster larvae mortalities were
substantially elevated (>50 percent) at one station near Hardwick Point in
Sequim Bay in 1967-1971, 1973, 1974, and 1975. Abnormalities were substan-
tially elevated in 1973, 1975, and 1976.
OTHER BAYS
Rank Low
Sources
No information is available.
Sediment Condition
No information is available.
67
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
No information is available.
REGION 5 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 12, Holmes Harbor and Port Townsend received medium
rankings in this investigation. All other areas of concern received low
rankings with the exception of Other Bays. No information was available for
an accurate assessment of the Other Bays in this region. Holmes Harbor and
Mutiny Bay each lacked sediment and toxicity data. No areas in Region 5
received a high ranking.
68
-------
TML£ 12: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSE
REGION f 5:
T MATRIX FOR
LOCATION
AAriralty Inlet
Discovery Bay
Koines Harbor
Mutiny Bay
Oak Bay
Port Townsend
Sequin Bay
Other Bays
SOUpm
Level of
Concern
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
M/A
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
N/A
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
TOKICITT INDEXES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
RANK
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
69
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TOXIC ASSESSMENT OF REGION 6:
PORT SUSAN AND SARATOGA PASSAGE
(Figure 8)
MUKILTEO
Rank Medium
Sources
Local anthropogenic sources in Mukilteo include a major fuel storage
depot, a ferry terminal and an abandoned boat ramp (Maiins 1985), and one
small marina.
Two NPDES-permitted discharges are located in Mukilteo: a sewage
outfall for the city of Mukilteo and a Defense Fuel Supply Point.
Oil slicks from leaking tanks left by the Northern Pacific Fuel Depot
have been reported near Mukilteo (Dexter, R., 1986, personal communication).
There are two Defense Environmental Restoration Account (DERA) sites
(U.S. Department of Defense 1985) near Mukilteo: the Mukilteo Defense Fuel
Supply Point and the Mukilteo Explosive Loading Terminal. A preliminary
assessment at the U.S. Air Force Defense Fuel Support operation near
Mukilteo found potential for soil and surface water contamination from tank
bottom sludges containing lead and chromium and a jet fuel storage tank leak
(CERCLIS 1987). As of 15 October 1987, chemical measurements were not taken
to determine the severity of the problem at this site.
Sediment Condition
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metal concentrations in sediments from
one mid-channel station southwest of Mukilteo and another midchannel station
across from Penn Cove. Metal concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values at either of these sites.
According to Pavlou et al. (1977), PCBs were detected between 1972 and
1977 at a mid-channel station northwest of Mukilteo in Possession Sound and
a mid-channel station across from the mouth of Penn Cove. These PCB
concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell et al. (1976) reported high oyster larvae mortality rates (>40
percent) in Possession Sound at three mid-channel receiving water stations:
one station west and two stations southwest of Mukilteo. Abnormalities were
also substantially elevated (>40 percent) at both stations. The highest
70
-------
Skagit
N
Figure 8
REGION 6
PORT SUSAN AND
POSSESSION SOUND
A XMWT c*e««Twv
*•* -AMMMr
-------
abnormality rates (up to 96.2 percent) were reported at the station located
closest to Mukilteo. Lower rates of abnormalities (54.2 percent) were
observed at the stations southwest of Mukilteo.
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) found high oyster larvae mortalities at one
nearshore station north of Mukilteo. The abnormality rate at this station
exceeded 50 percent in 1963, 1964, and 1972, and mortalities exceeded
50 percent in 1972.
Fish Histopathology--
Malins (1985) found substantially elevated incidences of neoplasms (7.5
percent) and pre-neoplasms (16.7 percent) in 66 English sole caught near
Mukilteo in June and July 1983. Krahn (1986) found no substantially
elevated incidences of neoplasms, pre-neoplasms, or megalocytic hepatosis
observed in fish caught near Mukilteo.
Bioaccumulation--
Concentrations of most aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydro-
carbons in English sole liver tissue from Mukilteo were below chemical
detection limits (Maiins 1985). PCBs were detected, but not at substantially
elevated levels in English sole liver tissue from Mukilteo. These results
are not mapped.
PORT SUSAN AND TULALIP BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
Poor circulation and proximity to the City of Everett have been
suggested as possible contributors to toxic problems in Port Susan (Ecology
1982)..
One marina is located at the head of Tulalip Bay across from Stanwood
(Ocean. Inst. 1978) and one NPDES-permitted sewage discharge to Port Susan
is reported for the city of Stanwood (U.S. EPA 1986).
Port Susan was the site of a former military munitions storage depot at
Tulalip (U.S. Department of Defense 1985).
Boeing operates an AC Test Facility in Tulalip (CERCLIS 1986). A
preliminary assessment of the possibility of contamination at this site
found potential for groundwater contamination (CERCLIS 1987). As of 15
October 1987, measurements had not been taken to confirm the potential for
toxic contamination.
The Tulalip Indian Reservation Marine Disposal was listed as a CERCLIS
(1986) site. A site inspection found measurable levels of hazardous
chemicals in the surface waters near this site and the potential for soil
72
-------
and groundwater contamination (CERCLIS 1987). According to the site
inspection report, this unlined marine disposal landfill operated from 1964
to 1979 and covers 150 acres. Marine Disposal does not have records of the
types or quantities of waste materials disposed of at the landfill, although
95 percent of the wastes were generated by commercial and industrial
companies in Seattle and brought to the site by barge. The total volume of
the landfill is approximately 6 million yd^ including soil layers between
wastes and the cover soil. The landfill was excavated to depths of as much
as 10 ft below mean sea level. The landfill is partly located in marshlands
where estuary-tidal action of the site, allowing large amounts of leacheates
to be released to the water. Leachate drains to Ebey Slough, Steamboat
Slough, and Possession Sound. Water quality surveys in 1971 and 1977
confirmed the presence of leachate in surface water. The landfill was
closed in 1979 as the result of a U.S. District Court consent decree. The
consent decree required a perimeter dike to contain the leachate. Additional
remedial action required hardening of the north face of the perimeter dike
at the old barge canal entrance to prevent erosion and filling of the old
barge canal.
A 1984 remedial investigation of the Marine Disposal landfill estimated
that 50 to 100 million gal/yr of leachate are generated at this site.
Arsenic concentrations of 49 ug/L was found in leachate along the entrance
road. Table 13 contains a list of concentrations of toxic metals and
hydrocarbons measured at this site during the remedial investigation.
Sediment Condition
Mai ins (1982, OMPA-19) sampled sediments from two nearshore stations in
Port Susan in 1978-1981. One station was located east of Camano Country
Club and the other station was located northwest of Kayak Point. Sediment
concentrations of metals and aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated
pesticides, and other chlorinated organic compounds were not substantially
elevated above reference values at either of these sites. Total organic
hydrocarbons were fairly low at these stations, with an average concentration
of 240 ppb.
In 1970-1972, metal concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values in sediments from one mid-channel station west of
Kayak Point (Crecelius et al. 1975).
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations in sediments from one mid-
channel station at the head of Port Susan were not substantially elevated
above sediment reference values (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
PCB concentrations in sediments from 1972 to 1977 were not substantially
elevated above reference values for one mid-channel station at the head of
Port Susan and for another mid-channel station west of Kayak Point in the
center of Port Susan (Pavlou et al. 1977).
73
-------
TABLE 13: METAL AND ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED AT
THE TULALIP INDIAN RESERVATION MARINE DISPOSAL SITE
METALS
aluminum
antimony
arsenic
cadmi urn
chromi urn
copper
iron
manganese
mercury
nickel
selenium
tin
zinc
(ug/L)
18,900
32
49
1.4
415
758
32,300
907
0.91
457
29
261
333
ORGAN I CS
al kanes
4-ethyl benzene
4-methyl -2-pentanone
total xylenes
1,2 dichloroethane d4
nitro-benzene d5
2-fluorobiphenyl
(ug/L)
1,000
62.5
62.2
21.5
101
62
84
tributyl phosphate 200
74
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
Herring Spawning Mortalities--
According to Pentilla (March 1987, personal communication), mortality
rates for herring spawn exceed 50 percent in the south half of Tulalip bay
behind the spit. The cause of the mortality rates is unknown.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), oyster larvae mortalities were
substantially elevated (>50 percent) at two station sampled in Port Susan.
One station is located in the northern part of Port Susan and the other
station is southwest of Kayak Point. Both mortalities and abnormalities
were substantially elevated for both stations in 1964, 1971, 1972, and 1974.
Oyster larvae mortalities and abnormalities were not substantially
elevated (>40 percent) at two stations monitored by Cardwell et al. (1976).
One station is located at the mouth of Port Susan and the other station is
located mid-channel, approximately halfway between the mouth of Port Susan
and Kayak Point.
Bioaccumulation--
Malins et al. (1981) observed bioaccumulation of metals, PCBs, PAHs,
chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated
butadienes (CBOs) in English sole livers and skeletal muscle. Fish samples
were collected in the summer of 1980 at two stations near Kayak Point and
one station near the Camano Country Club. Chromium levels in English sole
muscle tissue were substantially elevated above reference values at all
three Port Susan stations. Other metals concentrations were not substan-
tially elevated above reference values and PCBs were not detected in tissue
samples. This information is not mapped.
Fish Histopathology--
According to Mai ins et al. (1984), incidences of neoplasms, pre-
neoplasms, or megalocytic hepatosis were not substantially elevated in more
the 20 English sole, rock sole, and Pacific staghorn sculpin examined at two
Port Susan stations between 1979 and 1983.
POSSESSION SOUND
Rank Low
Sources
Two NPDES-permitted discharges located in Possession Sound are the
Alderwood Water District and the Olympus Terrace Sewer District. Local
anthropogenic .sources of toxicants include a ferry terminal in Clinton on
75
-------
Whidbey Island (Maiins et al. 1984), and one small marina on Gedney Island
(Ocean Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments sampled in the
first quarter of 1984 were 650 ppb at a station near Edmonds and 199 ppb at
a station near Clinton (Maiins 1984). Since there are no reference values
for total aromatic hydrocarbons, the elevation above reference could not be
computed. Therefore, these stations are not mapped.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Bioassays were conducted at four receiving water stations in Possession
Sound (Cardwell et al. 1976). Abnormalities and mortalities were not
elevated (>40 percent) at three stations sampled near Gedney Island.
Toxicity was very high at the fourth station half way between Mukilteo and
Gedney Island near the mouth of Port Gardner. One sample at this station
resulted in 100 percent mortality and another sample resulted in abnor-
malities up to 78.9 percent.
Fish Histopathology--
High rates of neoplasms (12.5 percent) were observed in 16 English sole
caught at Clinton in the winter of 1983 and 1984 (Krahn et al. 1986; Mai ins
1984). Rates of pre-neoplasms (25.5 percent) and megalocytic hepatosis
(43.8 percent) were also elevated near Clinton. However, fewer than 20 fish
were caught at Clinton, so these results should be interpreted with caution.
SARATOGA PASSAGE
Rank Low
Sources
Three lumber and logging operations, Bay View Mill, H.E. Lumber
Company, and Langley Logging Company, were located in Langley in 1926 (Manu.
Assoc. of Washington 1926). The Whidbey Record had begun publishing in
Langley by 1926.
Currently, there are three small marinas (Ocean. Inst. 1978) located
near Langley and one NPDES municipal discharge permit for the city of
Langley Sewage Treatment Plant (U.S. EPA 1986). One marina of unreported
size is located at Sunset Beach (see the Region 5 map) and another marina is
located in Stanwood (Ocean Inst. 1978).
76
-------
Sediment Condition
PCB concentrations in sediments were not substantially elevated above
reference values for two Saratoga Passage stations sampled from 1972 to 1977
(Pavlou et al. 1977). One station was located in Saratoga Passage east of
Penn cove and the other stations was located in southern Saratoga Passage
east of East Point.
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured concentrations of metals in sediments
at two Saratoga Passage stations from 1970 to 1972. One station is located
east of Penn Cove and the other nearshore station is located west of
Saratoga Shores (on the .Region 5 map). Metal concentrations were not
substantially elevated at either station.
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979) conducted oyster larvae bioassays for two
receiving water stations in Saratoga Passage. One station is located
halfway between Langley and East Point and the other station is located near
Holmes Harbor. Oyster larvae mortalities were substantially elevated (>50
percent) for the station near Holmes Harbor in 1966, 1971, and 1972.
Abnormalities were also substantially elevated for the same station in 1966
and 1972. Oyster larvae mortalities were substantially elevated (>50
percent) at the other bioassay site in 1964, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, and
1974 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979). Oyster larvae abnormalities were also
elevated in 1964 and 1972.
Oyster larvae mortalities and abnormalities were not substantially
elevated (>40 percent) at two stations monitored by Cardwell et al. (1976).
One station is located at the mouth of Saratoga Passage and the other
station is located approximately halfway between Langley and East Point.
REGION 6 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 14, Mukilteo and Port Susan/Tulalip Bay received
medium rankings in this investigation. All other areas of concern were
ranked low. No areas in Region 6 received a high ranking.
77
-------
TABLE U: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSES9CXT MATRIX FOB
REGION f 6:
LOCATION
Nukiltee
Pert Susan and
Tulalip Bay
Possession
Sotnd
Saratoga
Passage
SOU
Lewi of
Concern
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
ICES
Degree of
Certainty
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
LOW
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
TOKICITT INDEXES
Level of
Concern
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
LOU
Degree of
Certainty
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOU
MEDIUM
RANK
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
78
-------
TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 7:
CENTRAL HOOD CANAL AND DABOB BAY
(Figure 9')
CENTRAL HOOD CANAL
Rank Low
Sources
In 1926, the Crosby Mill Company lumber mill was located in Seabeck
(Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926). In 1940, one of the largest lumber mills in
Puget Sound, the Washington Mill Company, produced 180,000 bd ft of lumber,
41 ft of spars, 400,000 laths, and 200,000 lineal ft of piles in Seabeck
(Gates 1941).
Five marinas are scattered throughout Central Hood Canal (Ocean. Inst.
1978). In addition, a small marina with fuel and repairs is located at
Point Beacon and a larger marina with 170 wet slips, fuel, and repairs is
located in Seabeck (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Cummins (1976) measured metal concentrations in sediments sampled from
one station near Misery Point in September and October 1975.
Between 1970 and 1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) sampled sediments at one
station near Olympic View, south of Bangor in the central channel of Hood
Canal. Metal concentrations in sediments from this station were not
significantly elevated above reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Seawater was collected from Hood Canal near Misery Point at low tide on
15 September 1975. No significant elevations in mortality or abnormality
rates were observed in oyster larvae bioassays conducted with this sample of
receiving water (Cummins et al. 1976).
Cardwell and Woelke (1979b) conducted oyster larvae bioassays at one
station east of Eldon from 1962 to 1976. Both mortalities and abnormalities
were significantly elevated above reference values at this station in 1974.
DABOB BAY
Rank Low
79
-------
CENTRAL HOOD CANAL
80
-------
Sources
In 1893, the Fred Girtanner lumber mill in Brinnon produced less than
12,000 bd ft of lumber and 30,000-50,000 ft of shingles (Puget Sound
Lumberman 1893). In 1926, C B 4 M Logging Company was also operating in
Brinnon (Manu. Assoc. of VIA 1926).
Brinnon is the site of a large marina with 190 wet slips. This marina
has no boat repair facilities (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
An unconfirmed source of PAHs in Dabob Bay could be from oiled telemetry
cables used to monitor naval torpedo experiments (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
Sediment Condition
In April and May 1984, Battelle (1986) sampled sediments at 10 nearshore
stations near the head of Dabob Bay, and at 3 nearshore and 4 deeper water
stations northeast of Brinnon. Sediment concentrations were reported for
total aromatic hydrocarbons, PCB-1254, eight metals, and selected hydro-
carbons. None of these analytes were significantly elevated above reference
values at any of the stations sampled. PCBs were not detected at any of the
17 stations sampled.
Sediment concentrations of phenanthrene and retene were not signifi-
cantly elevated above reference values in sediments collected from one
station southeast of the mouth of Quilcene Bay (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
PCB concentrations were not significantly elevated above reference
values in sediments from one station near the mouth of Oabob Bay from 1972
to 1977 (Pavlou et al. 1977).
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metals concentrations in sediments
from a midchannel station near the mouth of Dabob Bay from 1970 to 1972.
Metal concentrations were not significantly elevated above reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Amphipod Bioassays--
Battelle (1986) conducted amphipod bioassay screening surveys in summer
1983 and detailed surveys in spring 1984 using the top 6 cm of surface
sediments in Dabob Bay. A bioassay was conducted on Rhepoxvnius abronius
using the procedure developed by Swartz (1984). The results of the screening
surveys and the detailed surveys were contradictory. The detailed survey of
three stations in Dabob Bay revealed no significant (>40 percent) elevations
in amphipod mortalities. However, screening surveys at 17 stations revealed
significantly elevated mortalities at 2 stations at the mouth of Dabob Bay.
The results of the screening surveys are not mapped.
81
-------
Sediment Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Pacific oyster larvae bloassays were conducted at three stations in
Dabob Bay during April and May 1984 using standard ASTM procedures and the
top 6 cm of surface sediments (Battelle 1986). Oyster larvae abnormality
rates observed in sediment bioassays were not significantly elevated at
these sites. These results are not mapped because Battelle did not map them
in the original study.
QUILCENE BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the M.F. Hamilton lumber mill in Quilcene produced less than
12,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). By 1926, the number of
lumber mills operating in Quilcene had grown to three. Mill operators were
Kay Smith, Beck & Kruse, and the Green Mill Company (Manu. Assoc. of VIA
1926).
One small marina is located in Quilcene (Ocean. Inst. 1978). Two state
discharge permits have been issued for an oyster company and Olympic Testing
Labs in Quilcene (U.S. EPA 1986).
Olympic Testing Laboratories is a closed mineral assay laboratory that
operated precious metals processing for about 1 yr. It is a CERCLIS site
and the U.S. EPA conducted a site inspection to determine whether hazards
exist at this site (CERCLIS 1986). The U.S. EPA inspection revealed that
measurable levels of toxic chemicals exist in the soil and surface water,
and groundwater contamination is also possible. Chemicals and lead slag
were stored and disposed of onsite during the laboratory's operation. Forty
drums of lead slag, an uncovered slag pile, and numerous areas of soil
contamination were found on the abandoned site. An uncovered drum of lead
monoxide, several asbestos drums, and an unknown amount of sodium hydroxide
were also discovered onsite. These substances are known to be toxic and
persistent. During a remedial action, the drums and lead slag pile were
moved into a building on site. Low levels of lead, zinc, arsenic, nickel,
and chrome are still present in the soil (1984 CH2MHILL E&E REM/FIT
Preliminary Site Inspection report of Olympic Testing Laboratories).
In 1960, Washington Department of Fisheries conducted oyster drill and
ghost shrimp control tests in Quilcene Bay using Sevin and Lindane (Lindsay
1961). One 8 m x 8 m plot was treated with orthodichlorobenzene and Sevin,
and the other plot was treated with furnace oil and Lindane. These toxicants
were effective in killing ghost shrimp. By early summer, the plots were
destroyed by shifting sediments and storms.
82
-------
Sediment Condition
Battalia (1986) sampled sediments at three midchannel stations at the
mouth of Quilcene Bay as part of a sediment reconnaissance study in April
and May 1984. Sediments were 'analyzed for total aromatic hydrocarbons.
PCB-1254, eight metals, and selected aromatic hydrocarbons. Sediment
concentrations of metals and aromatic hydrocarbons were not substantially
elevated above reference and PCBs were undetected at these three stations.
Toxicitv Indexes
Amphi pod Bioassays--
Battelle (1986) conducted amphipod bioassay screening surveys in summer
1983 and detailed surveys in spring 1984 using surface sediments (top 6 cm)
from Quilcene Bay. A bioassay was performed on Rhepoxvnius abronius using
the procedure developed by Swartz (1984). The detailed survey of one
station in Quilcene Bay found no substantial (>40 percent) elevations in
amphipod mortality. An earlier screening survey of three stations near the
mouth of Quilcene Bay found substantially elevated bioassay mortality rates
at one station at the mouth of Quilcene Bay. The results of the screening
survey are not mapped.
Pacific oyster larvae bioassays were conducted at one station in
Quilcene Bay in April and May 1984 using standard ASTM procedures on the top
6 cm of surface sediments (Battelle 1986). Oyster larvae abnormality rates
were not substantially elevated in sediment bioassays conducted at this
site.
REGION 7 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 15, Quilicene Bay received a medium ranking in this
investigation. Dabob and Central Hood Canal both ranked low overall. No
areas of concern in Region 7 are ranked high.
83
-------
TABLE 15: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSES9CNT MATRIX FOR
REGION f 7:
LOCATION
Central Hood
Carat
Dabob Bay
Quilcene Bay
SOU
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
ICES
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
LOU
COMDITIC1
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
TOXICITT INDEXES
Level of
Concern
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
Degree of
Certainty
MEDIUM
HIGH
MEDIUM
RANK
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
84
-------
TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 8:
UPPER MAIN BASIN AND UPPER HOOD CANAL
(Figure 10)
APPLETREE COVE
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, the A.W. Gordon lumber mill, located in Kingston, produced
less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). U.S. FWPCC
(1967) listed two discharges to Class AA waters in Kingston: 1) the abandoned
Nike Missile Base (and associated Army Housing) and 2) the state ferry dock.
One medium-size marina with 288 wet slips and fuel and repair facilities
is located in Kingston (Ocean. Inst. 1978). One NPDES permit was issued for
the sewage treatment plant for the Kitsap County Planned Unit Development to
discharge to Appletree Cove (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
CULTUS BAY
Rank Low
Sources
One small marina is located in Cultus Bay (Ocean Inst. 1978).
A recent Ecology preliminary assessment was conducted for the Island
County Cultus Bay Landfill, a CERCLIS site, to evaluate its potential for
contamination (U.S. EPA 1986). Potential for soil, surface water, and
groundwater contamination from leachate exists at this site (U.S. EPA 1987).
As of 15 October 1987, measurements of chemical concentrations had not been
conducted to determine the extent of the problem.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
85
-------
PWSOENTX
POINI )
MJINI (
Jlt-ftHSUN /
JECEMD
•Nlitt AH .(• i«4H HIM
>l)tNIIH4Li!.iltti
UHMitMT f*JI MiMtnANI
OUHMUt^f NiJl 'j*
I I ll>Al lIV |. 4UX|
1»
A
A
O
Ml I '... .N.I It Ah I II '.•»•',
I'l 1,1 '^rt U.,1
ItHtlix t'l/.,,
.11 .'.« n on. M.I...i
to/I
l ill mull MnA/AiiiKk
.U A, l,v,l» ,„ «MU,
lA/*UIK»i'. «*!,l|
I^UIhtllAII I'HtMilllll
' -<] '
Figure 10
REGION 8
UPPER MAIN
BASIN AND
UPPER HOOD
CANAL
00
•«.
-------
Toxlcitv Indexes
According to L. Kittle (March 1987, personal communication), two fish
kills occurred in Cultus Bay in 1978. Fish kills of approximately 200,000
herring have also occurred in Cultus Bay in the past several years. The
cause of these kills is unknown.
EDMONDS
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, two small lumber mills were operated by George Brackett and
Fish & Owen, in Edmonds. These two mills processed 12,000-15,000 bd ft of
lumber. Four medium-size shingle mills were operated by J.W. Currie, Keller
& Mienecker, A. Holmquist, and J.E. Peterson, and processed 30,000-50,000 ft
of lumber each (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
By 1926, three shingle mills (operated by Oak Land Shingle Mill,
Rainbow Shingle Company, and Quality Shingle Company) and three lumber mills
(operated by Kelly Brothers, A & C Mill, and Edmond Mutual Mill Company)
were operating in Edmonds (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926). In addition, the
Edmonds Tribune Review newspaper was being printed in 1926 (Manu. Assoc. of
WA 1926). In 1927, a small pulp mill operated by the Occident Pulp and
Paper Company was producing 25 tons of ground wood pulp per day (Baker
1927).
Three marinas with a combined total of about 700 wet slips, and with
fuel and repair facilities are in Edmonds (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
The following are three NPDES-permitted discharges in Edmonds: Union
Oil Company of California, sewage treatment plant for the city of Edmonds,
and a fishery (U.S. EPA 1986). Local anthropogenic sources of toxicants
include a ferry terminal, and oil transfer and storage facilities located in
Edmonds (Malins et al. 1984). These sources are not mapped.
The Union Oil Company in Edmonds is a self-reported generator of
hazardous wastes (U.S. EPA 1980) and a CERCLIS site (U.S. EPA 1986). This
facility has been in operation since 1920 and is currently used as a bulk
petroleum storage facility. No refining has occurred at this site since
1974. Union Oil Company has a tank farm, and primary and secondary detention
ponds. The detention ponds are lined and any discharge is regulated by an
NPDES permit. An overflow pond contains tars, sludges, and oils from the
refinery operation. An asphalt refinery (now dismantled) was operated
onsite from 1951 to 1974. Asphaltic tars and petroleum sludges have been
deposited in landfills onsite. While Ecology indicated no known problem
with the current operations, there is a potential for soil contamination
from past operating practices or from oil spills. A 1987 site inspection
documented the release of petroleum hydrocarbons from a leaking underground
87
-------
storage tank, the former waste ponds, and the former refinery plant. A site
inspection conducted at the Union Oil Company site found measurable levels
of groundwater contamination and the potential for soil contamination (U.S.
EPA 1987).
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) sampled sediments at one station north of Edmonds in March
1981 to measure sediment concentrations of 16 metals and 50 aromatic
hydrocarbons, including 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 5 phthalates, 4
chlorinated benzenes, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, and 3 miscellaneous extrac-
tables.
Toxicitv Indexes
Amphi pod Bioassays--
A Metro (1984) study found substantially elevated levels of amphipod
bioassay mortalities at one station near Edmonds. Results were mixed, with
high mortality rates at one station and low mortality rates at a station
located further south.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), high rates (>50 percent) of
abnormalities and mortalities for oyster larvae bioassays have been recorded
at one station near Edmonds in July 1962. High rates of oyster larvae
mortalities were also recorded at one station near Edmonds in July 1970.
Fish Histopathology--
Krahn (1986) found no neoplasms and no substantial elevations in the
incidence of pre-neoplasms and megalocytic hepatosis in 21 English sole
sampled in the waters near Edmonds.
PORT GAMBLE
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the largest lumber mill in Puget Sound, the Puget Mill
Company, was located in Port Gamble (Chasan 1984). This mill produced over
200,000 bd ft of lumber annually by 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
There is one state-permitted municipal septic system discharge to Port
Gamble (Ecology 1986).
Ecology has conducted a preliminary assessment at the Hansville
Landfill CERCLIS site to determine whether any potential toxic contaminants
exist there (U.S. EPA 1986). This active municipal landfill, located east
-------
of Port Gamble, formerly accepted septic sludge and demolition debris.
Industrial wastes may also have been disposed of at this site. Groundwater
contamination has been observed (U.S. EPA 1987) and there is potential for
soil and surface water contamination. The Hansville Landfill drains to Port
Gamble. Heavy metals, especially lead, were found in monitoring wells and
were present at low levels in the groundwater. Since there is no record of
hazardous waste disposal at this site, a low priority was assigned to it.
However, the presence of heavy metals in groundwater indicates a source is
present.
Sediment Condition
Ecology is currently conducting a sediment reconnaissance survey in
Port Gamble. While the final results are not yet available, preliminary
results indicate that organic chemical concentrations in sediments taken
from Port Gamble are not substantially elevated above reference values
(B. Yake, March 1987, personal communication). Since these preliminary
laboratory results have not undergone quality control, the final laboratory
results may be different. These results are not mapped.
Toxicitv Indexes
Herring Spawning Mortalities--
According to Pentilla (February 1987, personal communication), herring
spawn mortality rates along the eastern shore and upper half of the western
shore of Port Gamble exceeded 20 percent between 1980 and 1986. In some
years, the south and southeastern shores also had herring spawn mortalities
greater than 20 percent. Ecology is conducting a sediment reconnaissance
study to determine the cause of the high herring egg mortalities (see
above).
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979b) found significantly elevated mortality
rates at one station in the center of Port Gamble in 1971 and substantially
elevated abnormalities at a different station near the mouth of Port Gamble
in 1965.
PORT LUDLOW
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, the Puget Mill Company operated a large shingle mill in Port
Ludlow that produced 125,000-200,000 bd ft of shingles (Puget Sound Lumberman
1893). By 1926, the Bishop Brothers Logging Company was operating in Port
Ludlow (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
89
-------
A small marina is located in Port Ludlow (Ocean. Inst. 1978). The Pope
& Talbot Development Company has an NPDES permit to discharge to Port Ludlow
(U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Herring Spawning Mortalities--
According to Kittle (March 1987, personal communication), high herring
egg mortalities are reported each year on the side of the bay near the
lumber mill.
PRESIDENT POINT AND POINT JEFFERSON
Rank Medium
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) sampled sediments from the following three stations in
this area: one station east of Point Jefferson in August 1982; one deep
water mid-basin station located east of Point Jefferson in March 1981; and
one mid-basin station east of Appletree Cove. Sediment concentrations were
measured for 16 metals and 50 aromatic hydrocarbons, including 6 LPAHs, 10
HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated
benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Metals concentrations were
substantially -elevated above reference values at the deep water mid-basin
station. Antimony and arsenic exceeded AET values at Station 0113. Two
HPAHs were substantially elevated at the station east of Point Jefferson and
three HPAHs were significantly elevated at the mid-basin station east of
Appletree Cove (see Table 16).
Concentrations of total aromatic hydrocarbons at a mid-basin station
east of President Point were five times higher (1,100 ppb) than sediment
concentrations at Point No Point (Maiins, 21 November 1984, personal
communication). Since reference values are not available for total aromatic
hydrocarbons, an elevation above reference could not be computed. Therefore,
these results are not mapped.
90
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TABLE 16. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN SEDIMENTS
AT TWO STATIONS NEAR POINT JEFFERSON IN UPPER MAIN BASIN
Chemical
Antimony
Arsenic
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Elevation
S0041
181 m
NSa
NS
21.8
23.3
Above Reference
Jeff-Cark
0113
>200 m
100. Ob
44. 5b
NS
m
a NS - Not substantially elevated.
b = AET value exceeded
Reference: Metro (1984).
91
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
Fish Histopathology--
Krahri et al. (1986) found no neoplasms or pre-neoplasms in 20 English
sole caught at President Point. The incidence of megalocytic hepatosis was
substantially elevated (20 percent) in the same 20 sole caught at President
Point.
According to Malins et al. (1985), no substantial elevations in the
incidence of neoplasms or pre-neoplasms were found in a sample of 40 English
sole examined at President Point in June and July 1983.
Bioaccuimilation--
Concentrations of most aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydro-
carbons were below detection limits in English sole liver tissue from
President Point (Malins et al. 1985). PCBs were detected, but were not
substantially elevated in English sole livers from fish caught near President
Point. These results are not mapped.
RICHMOND BEACH
Rank High
Sources
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, damaged boats were discarded and
burned on Richmond Beach (Dexter, R., March 1986, personal communication).
This may have introduced metal from ship parts and PAHs from wood burning
into sediments near Richmond Beach. This source is not mapped.
In 1926, the following two wood products companies were located in
Richmond Beach: Washington Cooperage & Packing Company, and Walker's Trunk
Factory (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
A large Metro sewage treatment plant outfall has been operating at
Richmond Beach since 1963. The Arrow Transportation Company and Chevron
Asphalt Division, located in Richmond Beach, are self-reported generators of
hazardous wastes (U.S. EPA 1980).
The Chevron Point Wells Terminal produces 36 tons of characteristic
hazardous waste annually and is listed as a hazardous waste generator by
Kruger (1984). The Point Wells Terminal is also an NPDES discharger (U.S.
EPA 1986). Chevron USA operates an Asphalt Division at the Point Wells
Terminal, just north of Richmond Beach, that generates or disposes of
phenols (U.S. EPA 1980). The Chevron Asphalt Division is a CERCLIS site.
As a result of a preliminary assessment in 1985, Ecology and the U.S. EPA
decided to take no further action at this site (U.S. EPA 1986).
92
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Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) measured concentrations of 16 metals and 50 aromatic
hydrocarbons in sediments from six stations near the Richmond Beach outfall
between April 1981 and August 1982. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations
were measured for 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons,
5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Two
of the six stations monitored at Richmond Beach showed substantially
elevated concentrations of several organic chemicals. At one additional
station, zinc was substantially elevated (see Table 17). In addition,
N-nitrosodiphenylamine concentration at two stations was several times
higher than the AET. These two stations are located near the Richmond
Beach sewage treatment plant outfall.
Toxicitv Indexes
Fish Kills--
According to L. LeVander (3 March 1987, personal communication), an
unknown pollutant killed 6-11 salmonids at Richmond Beach on 5 July 1985.
Fish Histopathology--
High rates of pre-neoplasms (28.6 percent) and megalocytic hepatosis
(19.0 percent) were observed in 21 English sole caught near Richmond Beach
(Krahn et al. 1986).
Bioaccumulation--
Metro (1984) found substantially elevated levels of PCB and phthalate
concentrations in rock crab collected in the winter of 1981 to 1982 at the
Richmond Beach station. Di-octyl phthalate was also substantially elevated
in English sole muscle tissue at Richmond Beach. These phthalates are only
mildly toxic to marine biota. Metals were not substantially elevated in
rock crab or English sole sampled at Richmond Beach. These results are not
mapped.
UPPER HOOD CANAL
Rank Medium
Sources
One small marina is located in upper Hood Canal near South Point
(Ocean. Inst. 1978). In addition, the U.S. FWPCC (1967) lists a discharge
permit for the Naval Ammunitions Depot at Marginal Wharf, near the Naval
Submarine Base at Bangor.
The most important potential source of toxic contamination in upper
Hood Canal is the Naval Submarine Base at Bangor. This site has been offi
93
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TABLE 17. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT THREE STATIONS NEAR RICHMOND BEACH
Chemical
Zinc
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
F1 uorene
N-ni trosodi phenyl ami ne
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Elevation
Station
A101
31 m
NSa
28.7
25.2
NS
640. 6b
42.1
37.5
Above Reference
Station
B101
Unknown
16.9
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Station
S0046
20 m
NS
NS
NS
33.4
70. 5b
30.0
43.3
a NS - Not substantially elevated.
b AET value exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
94
-------
dally designated on the National Priorities List as a Superfund site. This
base generated 414 tons of characteristic hazardous waste in 1984 (Kruger
1984). According to the Seattle Times (1987), a 10-yr old gasoline leak was
uncovered at the Naval Submarine Base at Bangor. At least 20,000 gal of
gasoline have been leaking from this site since 1976. According to the
Times, the U.S. EPA also discovered a transformer spill near the submarine
base. Concentrations of PCBs resulting from this spill exceeded U.S. EPA
allowable levels for PCBs (Seattle Times 1987). The U.S. EPA evaluated the
Bangor Ordnance Disposal at the Submarine Base for potential contamination
and found soil, surface water, and grountiwater contamination.
Sediment Condition
Between 1972 and 1977, PCB concentrations were not substantially
elevated above reference values in sediments sampled from a midchannel
station east of Thorndike Bay (Pavlou et al. 1977).
Metal concentrations in sediments taken between 1970 and 1972 from a
midchannel station at the mouth of Hood Canal were not substantially
elevated above reference values (Crecelius et al. 1975).
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
USELESS BAY
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
Mai ins (1984) measured total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in
Useless Bay sediments to establish sediment "reference" concentrations for a
relatively pristine area of the Sound. In the first quarter of 1984, total
aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations of 130 ug/kg were observed in sediments
from one station in Useless Bay. Since Puget Sound reference values are not
available for this chemical grouping, the elevation above reference could
not be computed and this station is not mapped.
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations in sediments from one station
located in the center of the mouth of Useless Bay were not substantially
elevated above reference values (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
Toxicitv Indexes
Fish Histopathology--
95
-------
According to Krahn et al. (1986), no neoplasms or megalocytic hepatosis
were found in 16 English sole sampled at Useless Bay. Pre-neoplasms were
substantially elevated (6.2 percent) in the sample of 16 sole. These
results should be interpreted with caution, because a sample size of less
than 20 fish may produce unrepresentative results.
OTHER AREAS
Rank Medium
Sources
The upper main basin of Puget Sound includes several cities and towns
previously discussed: Appletree Cove (Kingston), Cultus Bay, Edmonds, Port
Gamble, Port Ludlow, President Point, Richmond Beach, and Useless Bay.
Other areas in the central main basin are discussed below.
Hansville--
Hansville has one small marina with fuel and repair facilities (Ocean.
Inst. 1978).
Norma Beach--
There is one small marina, and one large marina with 250 dry slips and
fuel and boat repairs near Norma Beach (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values in sediments from one deep water station west of
Edmonds (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
Metro (1984) collected sediment samples from one deep water station in
the main basin between Point Wells and Appletree Cove. Sediment concentra-
tions were measured for 16 metals and 50 aromatic hydrocarbons, including
6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates,
4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Sediment concen-
trations of three PAHs were substantially elevated at this site (Table 18).
Total aromatic hydrocarbons were measured at 290 ug/kg for a station
east of Point No Point in the center of Admiralty Inlet (Maiins, 21 November
1984, personal communication).
Pavlou et al. (1977) measured PCB concentrations in sediments from one
mid-basin station west of Edmonds. PCBs were not substantially elevated
above reference values at this station from 1972 to 1977.
96
-------
TABLE 18. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT ONE STATION IN THE UPPER MAIN BASIN
Elevation Above Reference
Station S004
Chemical (182 m)
Fluorene 49.9
Phenanthrene 74.8
Pyrene 29.3
Reference: Metro (1984).
97
-------
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metal concentrations in sediments from
one midchannel station in upper Puget Sound between Edmonds and Appletree
Cove. Metal concentrations were not substantially elevated at this station.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
REGION 8 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 19, Richmond Beach received a high ranking due to the
industrialized nature of its surroundings and the high level of concern
associated with the sediment. President Point, Edmonds, Port Gamble, Upper
Hood Canal, and Other Areas in Region 8 received medium rankings in this
investigation. However, source data from President Point/Point Jefferson
and Useless Bay were unavailable for this review. Sediment and/or toxicity
data are missing for Appletree Cove, Cultus Bay, Edmonds, Port Ludlow, Upper
Hood Canal, and many other sites in Region 8.
98
-------
TABLE 19: EXVIRCMOITAL ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR
REGION f 8
LOCATIQi
Applet re« Cove
Cultus Bay
Ectumids
Port Gamble
Port Ludlow
President Pt
and Point
Jefferson
Richmond Beach
Upper Hood
Canal
Useless Bay
Other Areas
SOU
Level of
Concern
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
N/A
MEDIUM
HIGH
N/A
LOU
IGES
Degree of
Certainty
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOU
N/A
HIGH
HIGH
N/A
LOU
SEDIMEMT
Level of
Concern
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
HIGH
HIGH
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
N/A
N/A
N/A
LOU
N/A
HIGH
HIGH
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
TOKICITT INDEXES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
LOU
N/A
M/A
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
N/A
RANK
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
99
-------
TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 9:
CENTRAL PUGET SOUND
(Figure 11)
ALKI POINT
Rank Medi urn
Sources
Possible anthropogenic inputs at Alki Point include a NPDES discharge
from the municipal sewage treatment plant (U.S. EPA 1986) and advective
transport from Elliott Bay (Chapman et al. 1982).
Sediment Condition
In the summer and fall of 1985 and 1986, Metro (1986) sampled sediments
from two stations near Alki Point and one deep water station off Alki Point.
Analyses of chemical concentrations in the sediments included 12 metals,
total PCBs, total LPAH, total HPAH, and selected aromatic hydrocarbons.
Total PCBs were substantially elevated (16 times) above reference values at
the station closer to Alki Point, while HPAHs were substantially elevated
(14 times) above reference values at the station located northwest of Alki
Point in deep water. Total PCB-concentrations at a third deep water station
off Alki were 34 times the Carr Inlet reference value for PCBs. Metro
(1984) collected sediment samples from four stations located near Alki Point
in November 1981. Sediment concentrations were analyzed for 16 metals and
50 aromatic hydrocarbons including 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11
volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscel-
laneous extractables.
Metro also sampled sediments from five central deep basin stations
located northwest of Alki Point. Three of these five stations had concen-
trations of several HPAHs and LPAHs substantially elevated above reference
values (Table 20). Chemical concentrations at two of these stations
exceeded AET values for dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. AETs were exceeded for
indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene at one station northeast of
Restoration Point.
Only silver was substantially elevated at one station south of Alki
Point where concentrations were 11.7 times the reference value.
Low chemical concentrations were found in sediments sampled at one
station south of Alki Point (Chapman et al. 1982). Exact chemical concen-
trations were not reported in this study.
Sediments from one station southwest of Alki Point were sampled
quarterly in 1979 by Mai ins et al. (1980). Sediments were analyzed for
metals and 52 aromatic hydrocarbons including 6 LPAHs, 9 HPAHs, 11 pesti
100
-------
nCHMOM) BEACH
HA i """ _
AJGAflN-EKPAHK ft^ FfJf^
A/
M.VEKMU
CHICOX
SEATTLE
I
I
is
/
•
o
I I IllAl HV |. *iV)
!mi*«at(-A*r 11 :..(*.;,
. '.'u> iwt*i
A Ultl Nl.l li.lt l«i l«Mi|
^B 1'Hl IIT I'.l I IMI '," ,flA I I 11
VH-) MHJI.I, -,.n (J. !•«:,
f«K«(IMWI4»HI A l»Hi*4ll»Hr
r/ /> IMIIMNUAV
CIZX] i H I UMIII r* I I * M-j.riM :,
Figure 11
REGION 9
CENTRAL
PUGET SOUND
-------
TABLE 20. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN SEDIMENTS
AT THREE STATIONS IN THE CENTRAL DEEP BASIN NORTHWEST OF ALKI POINT
Chemi cal
Benzo ( a ) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Di benzo (a, h) anthracene
Fl uoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
EJ
S0049
NW Alki
(224 m)
25.1
41.6
114.1
13.3
50.0
NS
NS
103.3
NS
33.7
NS
evation Above
S0050
NW Alki
(210 m)
NSa
NS
164. 8b
NS
48.4
56.3
NS
197. 8b
NS
25.8
79.4
Reference
S0051
N Alki
(200 m)
31.7
54.6
33.4
16.1
10.5
17.0
NS
34.1
NS
10.4
22.4
a NS - Not substantially elevated.
b AET value exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
102
-------
cides, 5 miscellaneous extractables, 2 nonchlorinated benzene compounds,
2 chlorinated benzenes, 8 chlorinated biphenyls, and 4 chlorinated buta-
dienes. None of the analytes were substantially elevated at this station.
Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury,
nickel, and zinc were measured in sediments at one station near Alki Point
in 1975 (Schell et al. 1977). Metal concentrations were not substantially
elevated at this station.
Toxlcitv Indexes
Sediment Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
No information available.
Other Bioassays--
Surface sediment
Point (Chapman et al.
to sensitive sublethal
chorus cuticulatusK
(top 6 cm) was collected for one station near Alki
1982). A progression of bioassay tests, from lethal
tests, were performed with an oligochaete (Monopyle-
an amphipod fEooammarus confervicolusK and fish
(threespine stickleback, Gasterosterus aculeatush The tests revealed no
lethal or sublethal toxicity at the Alki Point station and all bioassays had
a greater than 85 percent survival rate. These results were not mapped.
Bioaccumulation--
A Metro (1984) study revealed substantially elevated levels of phthal-
ates in tissue samples from rock crab at Alki Point. Di-octyl phthalate was
also substantially elevated in English sole muscle tissue taken near Alki
Point. However, phthalates are mildly toxic and may not have a great impact
on the organisms studied. Metals were not substantially elevated in rock
crab or English sole sampled at Alki Point. These results are not mapped.
BLAKE ISLAND
Rank Low
Sources
No information.
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) sampled sediments from two stations north of Blake Island
in August 1982. Metals concentrations were not measured at these two
stations. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were measured for 6 LPAHs, 10
103
-------
HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated
benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Sediment concentrations of 7b
HPAHs were substantially elevated above reference at both stations with the
highest concentrations at the station northeast of the island (Table 21).
Sediments from three stations north of Blake Island were sampled in
August 1982, and concentrations of 14 metals and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons,
including 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13 miscellaneous extractables were measured
(Riley et al. 1983). Concentrations of two HPAHs and two miscellaneous
extractables were substantially elevated at one of the three stations north
of Blake Island. Concentrations of PCBs and metals were not substantially
elevated at any of the three stations.
From 1970 to 1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) found substantially elevated
concentrations of antimony (3.2 mg/kg) at one station north of Blake Island.
This station is located near the site where Metro (1984) observed elevated
organic concentrations in sediments north of Blake Island.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
CARKEEK PARK
Rank Medium
Sources
A major NPDES-permitted municipal sewage outfall is located at Carkeek
Park (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
Concentrations of 16 metals and 50 aromatic hydrocarbons were sampled
by Metro (1984) in November 1981 at three stations near the Carkeek Park
sewage treatment plant outfall. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were
measured for 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5
phthalates, 4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. A few
organic chemicals were substantially elevated at the two stations closest to
the Carkeek Park outfall, and zinc concentrations were substantially
elevated at all three stations (Table 22). Napthalene exceeded AET.
Concentrations of total aromatic hydrocarbons were 220 ug/kg in
sediments taken from a sampling station near Carkeek Park in the first
quarter of 1984 (Maiins 1984).
104
-------
TABLE 21. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT THREE STATIONS NEAR BLAKE ISLAND
Chemical
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Dibenzothiophene
Fluoranthene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
1 -Methyl phenanthrene
Pyrene
Elevation
NG-17
NE Blake Is.a
(201 m)
30.6
49.0
64.3
24.6
NS
18.3
53.3
NS
25.1
Above Reference
NG-18
N Blake Is.a
(88 m)
22.4
29.0
24.8
21.0
NS
15.0
22.4
NS
17.6
N Blake Is.b
(Unknown)
32.6
16.3
NSC
NS-
NS
NS
NS
17
NS
a Reference: Metro (1984).
b Reference: Rile et al. (1983).
c NS - Not substantially elevated.
105
-------
TABLE 22. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT THREE STATIONS NEAR CARKEEK PARK
Chemical
Zinc
Fluoranthene
.Naphthalene
Pyrene
Elevation
Station
A115
(Unknown)
20.9
NSa
NS
NS
Above
Station
B115
(36 m)
22.1
NS
120.1
NS
Reference
Station
C115
(39 m)
26.1
32.6
NS
41.1
a NS - Not substantially elevated.
Reference: Metro (1984).
106
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
Bioaccumulation--
A Metro (1984) study revealed substantially elevated levels of phthal-
ates in rock crab tissues sampled at Carkeek Park. Di-octyl phthalate was
also substantially elevated in English sole muscle tissue taken from the
Carkeek Park area. These phthalates are only mildly toxic to marine biota.
Metals were not substantially elevated in rock crab or English sole. These
results are not mapped.
Benthic Community Impacts--
Harmon and Serwold's (1977) study of benthic communities suggests
possible toxic impacts near the Carkeek sewage outfall. However, the sample
sizes for benthic grab samples taken in winter 1975 were too small for
substantial differences to be detected at sampling stations. These results
are not mapped.
Fish Histopathology--
Krahn et al. (1986) reported no neoplasms and no substantially elevated
incidences of pre-neoplasms and megalocytic hepatosis in 18 English sole
sampled near Carkeek Park. These results should be interpreted with caution
because sample sizes of less than 20 fish may not be representative.
CENTRAL BASIN OFF ELLIOTT BAY
Rank Medium
Sources
Toxic chemicals transported from Elliott Bay may be accumulating in the
central basin. Refer to the Elliott Bay Urban Bay Action Plan for a
discussion of the potential sources of toxic chemicals in Elliott Bay.
Sediment Condition
In a study of the Duwamish Head outfall, sediments were sampled at four
stations near the mouth of Elliott Bay (Metro 1986). Sediments were
analyzed for 12 metals and the following 4 classes of organic chemicals:
PCB, LPAH, HPAH, and phthalates. Chemical concentrations of these analytes
were not substantially elevated at any of the stations off Elliott Bay.
Five stations sampled by Metro (1984), in the urban central deep basin
off Elliott Bay had substantially elevated concentrations for several HPAHs
and LPAHs. Chemical concentrations at one of these stations exceeded AET
values for dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (Table 23).
107
-------
TABLE 23. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN SEDIMENTS
AT FIVE STATIONS IN THE CENTRAL DEEP BASIN OFF ELLIOTT BAY
Chemical
Antimony
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g, h , i )peryl ene
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a,h}anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
S0013
S Mid Bay
(200 m)
NSa
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
63.9
NS
NS
247. Ob
46.2
78.4
Elevation Above Reference
S0052 CR001 S0053
Mid Bay Mid Bay N Mid Bay
(204 m) (205 m) (197 m)
NS
44.2
42.5
33.9
35.5
18.4
22.8
NS
32.5
NS
NS
29.3
NS
NS
59.9
105.5
NS
NS
14.0
NS
77.4
NS
NS
NS
NS
33.7
63.9
NS
30.2
NS
44.2
NS
NS
NS
18.9
53.7
S0058
Mid Bay
(187 m)
14.5
26.4
85.3
66.3
22.3
74. 8b
26.1
NS
50.8
NS
16.4
59.5
a NS - Not substantially elevated.
b AET value exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
108
-------
In 1975, Schell et al. (1977) measured metal concentrations for one
deep water station off Elliott Bay. Metals were not substantially elevated
above reference at this station.
Toxicity Indexes
No information available.
DYES INLET
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, the Tracyton Mill Company lumber mill in Tracyton produced
'12,000-15,000 bd ft of sawn lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). In 1967,
the Manette and Charleston sewage treatment plants for the city of Bremerton
was discharging to Dyes Inlet (U.S. FWPCC 1967). Three marinas are located
in Dyes Inlet (Ocean. Inst. 1978). And, one NPDES-permitted source, the
Photo Dynamics Company in Silverdale, discharges to Dyes Inlet (U.S. EPA
1986).
Advective transport from the U.S. Naval Shipyard near Bremerton may
contribute to pollution in Dyes Inlet (Ecology 1982). This shipyard
produces caustic chemicals and acids at the rate of 10,000 gal/yr.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), high rates of bioassay
mortality (>50 percent) were observed in September 1977 at one station
between Chico and Silverdale. Substantially elevated rates of abnormalities
were observed at this station in September 1976 and September 1977. No
substantially elevated rates of abnormalities or mortalities were observed
for the other Dyes Inlet station near Chico between 1962 and 1976.
Fish Kills--
According to L. Kittle (March 1987, personal communication), 90 percent
of the fish in a 2 ac area of Dyes Inlet were killed due to an unknown cause
in 1984. On 13 May 1984, an unknown pollutant entered Dyes Inlet via Silver
Creek, killing 200 fish (LeVander, 30 March 1987, personal communication).
109
-------
LIBERTY BAY
Rank High
Sources
In the 1940s and 1950s, mercuric chloride, copper sulfate, cuprous
chloride, cupric chloride, and lead nitrate were applied to sediments to
control oyster drill pests in Liberty Bay (Cummins 1976). Sevin and Lindane
were also applied to sediments in Liberty Bay by the Washington Department
of Fisheries in July 1960, to control ghost shrimp and oyster drills
(Lindsay 1961). Barrier plots, 16 by 16 ft, were treated with ortho-
dichlorobenzene and Sevin. The barrier plots were dissipated by winter
storms. More plots (125 by 70 ft) were constructed in November 1960 and in
July 1961.
Most of the reported industrial point sources in Liberty Bay are in the
towns of Keyport, Pearson, and Poulsbo.
Keyport--
One small marina is located in Keyport (Ocean. Inst. 1978). In 1967,
the Kitsap County Sewer District also discharged to Class AA waters near
Keyport (U.S. FWPCC 1967).
A large Naval Undersea Torpedo Station and Warfare Engineering Station
is located in Keyport. In 1983, those Naval stations generated 2,780 tons
of characteristic wastes and 1,317 tons of nonspecific hazardous waste
(Kruger 1983). A recent U.S. EPA site inspection confirmed reports of
groundwater contamination at the U.S. Navy Undersea Warfare Station (U.S.
EPA 1987). This site has been proposed for Superfund designation on the
National Priority List (U.S. EPA 1987).
Poulsbo--
In 1926, the Poulsbo Lumber Company, Daniel son Brothers & Tuedt, John
Rogers and Company lumber mills; the Squamish Shingle Company; and two
newspaper publishers were located in Poulsbo (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
There are three NPDES-permitted discharges for the city of Poulsbo: the
Kitsap County Public Works, the Coast Oyster Company, and T. & C. Photo Lab,
Inc. (U.S. EPA 1986). Two marinas with a combined total of 173 wet slips
are located in Poulsbo (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Chevron USA Inc. operates a Poulsbo Bulk Plant Generator, that gener-
ates, transports, and stores hazardous wastes (U.S. EPA 1980). A former
NIKE Battery site is also located in Poulsbo (U.S. Dept. of Defense 1985).
Pearson--
In 1926, the Babcock Mill Company and George Hanson & Sons lumber mills
were located In Pearson (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
110
-------
Sediment Condition
Between 1978 and 1981, Mai ins et al. (1982) analyzed sediment concen-
trations of metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and
other chlorinated organic compounds in sediments from one nearshore sampling
station in the center of Liberty Bay. Concentrations of these analytes were
not substantially elevated above reference. Reported concentrations of
total aromatic hydrocarbons (860 ug/kg) were somewhat higher than concentra-
tions observed in other less urbanized areas. These results are not mapped.
In September and October 1975, Cummins et al. (1975) surveyed sediments
in Liberty Bay to investigate reports of heavy metal contamination and high
mortality of Pacific oyster embryos there. Sediments were sampled at 18
Stations in Liberty Bay and two reference stations, one near Misery Point
and the other in Clam Bay. No major sources of mercury or serious mercury
contamination were found. Metal concentrations were highest in the fine-
grained sediments of the central to upper bay. Cadmium concentrations were
16 times reference values at one Liberty Bay station. Lead and zinc were
substantially elevated (21 and 19 times, resepectively, reference values) at
another Liberty Bay station.
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Bioassays--
Cummins (1976) conducted sediment bioassays using refrigerated (not
frozen) sediments and a technique described by Woelke (1972). Mortality
rates were not substantially elevated at any of the Liberty Bay stations.
According to Cummins (1976), sediment toxicities appeared to be more closely
related to total volatile solids concentrations in sediments than to metal
or sulfide concentrations. The chemical concentrations of organic components
of the sediments were not measured in this study.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Frora October 1974 to August 1975, Sea Farms, Inc. in Poulsbo was exper-
iencing heavy oyster mortalities. Cummins et al. (1976) conducted an
investigation to identify the potential cause of Pacific oyster embryo
mortalities at the Sea Farm oyster hatchery. The Sea Farm hatchery oper-
ation, effluent from the Poulsbo STP, dredging of the Poulsbo marina in
early 1975, and metal-laden wastes from the U.S. Navy's Keyport Torpedo
Station were investigated as possible causes of the oyster larvae mortalities
(Cummins et al. 1976). The study was inconclusive.
Oyster larvae bioassays were performed with seawater collected at low
tide on 15 September 1975. Bioassay mortalities were not substantially
elevated during low tide near the Naval station, Poulsbo STP, or the Sea
Farm oyster hatchery. However, 100 percent mortalities were observed near a
dinoflagellate bloom in central Liberty Bay. At high tide, mortalities
followed the migration of the dinoflagellate bloom to the nearshore sites,
111
-------
with mortalities rising to nearly 80 percent at the Sea Farm site and 59
percent near Poulsbo.
Oyster larvae abnormalities followed the same patterns stated above.
At low tide, abnormalities were low at all stations. At high tide, 96
percent of oyster larvae developed abnormally in the vicinity of the algal
bloom near the Sea Farm oyster hatchery.
Cardwell and Woelke (1979a) found no substantial elevations in oyster
larvae mortalities and abnormalities in bioassays conducted using receiving
water from one station in Liberty Bay.
Oyster larvae mortalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent)
near the head of Liberty Bay in 1962 and 1967 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979b).
Oyster larvae abnormalities were also elevated at the same site in 1976.
Effluent Bioassays.
Other Bioassays--
Effluent from the Poulsbo STP proved to be more toxic to oyster larvae
than effluents from the U.S. Navy Torpedo Station or from Keyport (Cummins
et al. 1976). Poulsbo effluent resulted in both higher bioassay mortalities
and abnormalities than the U.S. Navy and Keyport effluents. These bioassay
results are not mapped.
Fish Kills--
In December 1970, an oil spill by the Island Transport Company caused
unknown numbers of fish and shellfish deaths along a 5-mi stretch of
shoreline (Kittle, March 1987, personal communication). According to
LeVander (30 March 1987, personal communication), waste, oil from an unknown
source killed oysters in commercial beds on 17 June 1974.
Bioaccumulation in Tissues--
Cummins et al. (1976) found mercury and metal concentrations in fish
and shellfish tissue taken from Liberty Bay that were below the FDA Action
Level of 0.5 ug/g. PCBs in the southwest portion of Liberty Bay were
slightly elevated in tissue samples from Japanese littleneck clams, but
tissue concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference.
(These results are not mapped.)
MANCHESTER/COLBY
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the Bruescke Manufacturing Company operated a lumber and
shingle mill in Manchester that produced 12,000-15,000 bd ft of lumber and
125,000-200,000 ft of shingles (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). Also, a medium
112
-------
size shingle mill operated by M. Patton in Colby produced 30,000-50,000 bd
ft of shingles in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
Currently, one small marina (Ocean. Inst. 1978) and three NPDES-
permitted sources are located near Manchester. The NPDES permits were
issued for the U.S. EPA Manchester Lab, the Manchester Naval Supply Depot,
and a Kitsap County municipal sewage discharge (U.S. EPA 1986).
Oils, petroleum, and hydrocarbon wastes generated by the U.S. Naval
Shipyard near Bremerton were barged to the oily waste treatment system at
Manchester Naval center for disposal.
There are two CERCLIS sites near Manchester: the Navy Supply Center
near Orchard Point and the U.S. EPA Manchester Lab (U.S. EPA 1986). The
Naval Supply Center, located at Orchard Point approximately 500 ft southwest
of Clam Bay near Manchester, is a CERCLIS site (U.S. EPA 1986). The supply
center produces 11 tons of characteristic hazardous wastes annually including
tetraethyl-lead residues from petroleum storage (Kruger 1983). A site
investigation to identify potential toxic or hazardous waste problems at
this site revealed low potential for hazards there.
A site inspection at the U.S. EPA Manchester Lab found measurable
levels of toxic chemicals in the soil at this site and the potential for
groundwater contamination (CERCLIS 1987). More detail was not available on
3 December 1987 since the site was undergoing an investigation.
Sediment Condition
Sediments from two stations east of Colby were sampled in August 1982
to measure sediment concentrations of 14 metals and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons,
including 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13 miscellaneous extractables (Riley at al.
1983). None of these analytes were substantially elevated in sediments from
either of these stations.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
MEADOW POINT
Rank Medium
Sources
Advective transport of pollutants from Shilshole Bay and other urban
areas is a potential source of toxicants in this area.
113
-------
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) measured concentrations of 16 metals and 50 aromatic
hydrocarbons from seven stations off Meadow Point. Aromatic hydrocarbon
concentrations were measured for 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11
volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscel-
laneous extractables. Concentrations of several HPAHs and LPAHs were
substantially elevated at all seven stations near Meadow Point as well as
phenol which exceeded AET (see Table 24).
Toxicltv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
A Metro (1984) study found substantially elevated levels of amphipod
bioassay mortalities at two of the four stations sampled near Meadow Point.
Results were mixed with high mortality and low mortality rates at alternate
stations.
POINT WILLIAMS
Rank Medium
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) measured sediment concentration at one deep water (203 m)
station west of Point Williams in January 1982. Concentrations of 16 metals
and 50 aromatic hydrocarbons were measured and included 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs,
11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated
benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Two HPAHs were measured at
substantially elevated concentrations at this site. Pyrene was 70.4 times
its reference value and fluoranthene was 70.0 times its reference value.
Neither chemical exceeded the AET value for that chemical.
Sediments were collected at seven stations from April 1982 to April
1984 in a transect from Point Williams to the center of the basin (Nevissi
et al. 1984). Silver concentrations were substantially elevated at all four
deeper water stations (2.1-3.6 ppm). Metal concentrations were not substan-
tially elevated at the three nearshore stations.
According to Schell et al. (1977), metal concentrations were not
substantially elevated above reference values in sediments collected in 1975
from one nearshore station west of Point Williams.
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) found substantially elevated
concentrations of antimony in sediments from one station northeast of Point
114
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TABLE 24. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT SEVEN STATIONS OFF MEADOW POINT
Chemical
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (g,h,i)perylene
Chrysenre
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
NW Pt
400110
32 m
NSa
NS
11.5
NS
NS
NS
15.5
11.0
NS
NS
NS
NW Pt
400121
74 m
24.3
45.5
62.2
21.0
NS
NS
NS
70.4
NS
71. 4b
NS
Elevation Above
NW Pt NW Pt W
400130 400160
96 m 189 m
NS
22.6
28.4
NS
NS
NS
NS
37.6
NS
NS
16.0
42.2
40.3
43.3
32.1
NS
22.8
NS
42.0
19.9
NS
29.1
Reference
Mdw Pt
CR003
220 m
NS
NS
32.4
NS
43.4
NS
NS
28.8
NS
NS
19.5
NW Pt
400165
195 m
35.9
18.4
25.7
33.1
NS
23.2
NS
19.9
15.4
NS
29.0
Madn-Mead
S0040
181 m
NS
84.7
NS
NS
NS
14.9
NS
NS
NS
NS
17.6
a NS * Not substantially elevated.
b = Value exceeded AET
Reference: Metro (1984).
115
-------
Williams.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
PORT MADISON
Rank Medium
Sources
Port Madison Mills produced 30,000-50,000 bd ft of sawn lumber in 1893
(Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). By 1926, there were two lumber mills on Port
Madison: the Kitsap Alder Company in Suquamish and the Andrew 01 sen lumber
mill in Port Madison (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
Currently, Port Madison has one small marina with fuel and repairs, and
one state discharge permit for the city of Suquamish STP operated by Kitsap
County Public Works (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) measured sediment concentrations of 16 metals and 50
organic hydrocarbons. Aromatic-hydrocarbon concentrations were measured for
6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4
chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Several chemical
concentrations were significantly elevated at two of the three sediment
sampling stations in Port Madison (Metro 1984). One nearshore station
(S0071) and the deeper water station (S0073) had chemical concentrations
that were substantially elevated (see Table 25). Station S0072, located
slightly south of S0071, had no substantially elevated chemical concentra-
tions.
From 1978 to 1981, Malins et al. (1982) measured sediment concentrations
of metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and other
chlorinated organic compounds in sediments from two Port Madison stations.
Of these analytes, only silver concentrations were substantially elevated at
the nearshore station near Kitsap (23 times reference values) and the
station in the outer harbor (17 times reference values). The location of
the outer harbor station coincides roughly with the outer harbor stations in
the Malins et al. (1980) study and the Chapman et al. (1982) study. Total
aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were reported at 720 ug/kg near Kitsap
and 240 ug/kg in the outer harbor.
Low concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, and other chlorinated organic
compounds were found in the sediments at six stations sampled in Port
Madison (Chapman et al. 1982). Since chemical concentrations were not
reported in the Chapman study, chemical elevations above reference could not
be computed. These results are not mapped.
116
-------
TABLE 25. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN 'SEDIMENTS AT TWO STATIONS NEAR PORT MADISON
Elevation Above Reference
Chemical
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Fluoranthene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Station
S0071
18 m
NSa
17.8
NS
20.5
Station
S0073
92 m
20.1
28.1
13.1
NS
a NS = Not substantially elevated.
Reference: Metro (1984).
117
-------
Mai ins et al. (1980, OMPA-2) conducted quarterly sampling of two Port
Madison stations in 1979. Sediment concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons,
PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and other chlorinated organic compounds were
analyzed. Except for selenium, analytes were not substantially elevated
above reference values in Port Madison sediments. Selenium was substantially
elevated for one station in north Port Madison where the concentration was
22 times the reference value.
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
Metro (1984) found substantially elevated levels of amphipod mortalities
in sediment bioassays at three stations in Port Madison. Results were
mixed, with high mortality levels scattered among stations yielding low
mortality rates. These results may be suspect since frozen sediments were
used in the bioassay tests.
Sediment Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
In summer 1982, oyster larvae bioassays were conducted with sediment
taken from five replicate 0.1-m2 Van Veen grab samples. While the rate of
oyster larvae abnormalities was low, oyster larvae mortalities were substan-
tially elevated (>50 percent) at the Port Madison station (Chapman et al.
1983). Sediments were frozen prior to analysis, so these bioassay results
are unreliable and are not mapped.
Other Bioassays--
Surface sediment, composed of the top 6 cm, was collected for six
stations in Port Madison (Chapman et al. 1982). A progression of bioassay
tests, from lethal to sensitive sublethal tests, were performed with an
oligochaete (Monoovleohorus cuticulatus). an amphipod (Eogammarus confervi-
colus). and a fish (threespine stickleback, Gasterosterus aculeatus). The
bioassay tests revealed no lethal or sublethal toxicity at the Port Madison
stations; all bioassays had a greater than 85 percent survival rate. These
results are not mapped.
Fish Histopathology--
Malins (1984) found no substantially elevated levels of neoplasms,
pre-neoplasms, or megalocytic hepatosis in more than 20 English sole, rock
sole, and Pacific staghorn sculpin collected 1979-1983 at two stations in
Port Madison. The rate of pre-neoplasms in Port Madison was slightly, but
not substantially, elevated (9.1 percent). Likewise, no pre-neoplasms were
found in English sole or rock sole sampled in Port Madison in 1979. The
incidence of megalocytic hepatosis was not substantially elevated in fish
caught in Port Madison (Malins et al. 1980).
Bioaccumulation--
118
-------
One to two ring aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene, benz(a)anthracene,
and benzo(a)pyrene were not detected in liver tissue from English and rock
sole caught in Port Madison. Levels of three to five ring aromatic hydro-
carbons, chlorinated butadienes, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs were detected
but were not substantially elevated above reference value in fish liver
tissue obtained from Port Madison (Mai ins et al. 1980). These results are
not mapped.
PORT ORCHARD
Rank Low
Sources
In 1926, the Berg Brothers lumber mill was located in Brownsville
(Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
Currently, three marinas are located in the Port Orchard Area, including
one small marina in Illahee, one small marina with repair facilities on
Bainbridge Island near Gilberton, and one medium-size 244 wet slip marina
with fuel and repair facilities near Brownsville (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were measured in sediments at
one midchannel station in Port Orchard near the mouth of Liberty Bay.
Concentrations were substantially elevated above reference values (Barrick
and Prahl 1987).
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
Bioassay tests conducted by Metro (1984) using sediments from Port
Orchard found no substantial amphipod mortalities. However, the results of
these sediment bioassays are inconclusive since tests were still being
developed at the time that standard procedures were not yet established.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Mortality--
Although high oyster larvae bioassay mortalities (>40 percent) were
observed at one station near White Point in Port Orchard in July 1974 and
September 1977 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979), abnormalities were not
substantially elevated at this site between 1962 and 1977.
RICH PASSAGE, BAINBRIDGE ISLAND
Rank Low
119
-------
Sources
In 1967, one discharge to Class AA waters was located at Lynnwood
Center on Bainbridge Island (U.S. FWPCC 1967). Formerly, a coal gasification
plant was operated near Washington Narrows in Rich Passage (Dexter, 1986,
personal communication).
Sediment Condition
Cummins et al. (1976) found antimony concentrations substantially
elevated above reference values (32 times reference values) at one station
in Clam Bay in 1970-1972.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Oyster larvae bioassays conducted with Clam Bay seawater collected at
low tide on 15 September 1975 did not result in substantially elevated
mortality or abnormality rates (Cummins et al. 1976).
SHILSHOLE BAY/LAKE WASHINGTON SHIP CANAL
Rank Medium
Sources
Three marinas, with more than 1,600 wet slips and extensive boat repair
facilities, are located in Shilshole Bay (Ocean. Inst. 1978). The Washington
Ship Canal drains into Shilshole Bay. Formerly, the Old North Trunk Sewer
dumped untreated municipal wastes from settlements around Lake Washington
and Lake Union into Puget Sound south of Shilshole Bay.
Sediment Condition
From March 1981 to January 1983 Metro (1984) measured concentrations
of 16 metals and 50 aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments sampled from eight
stations off the Lake Washington Ship Canal and 11 stations off the Old
North Trunk sewer outfall. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were
measured for 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5
phthalates, 4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables.
Chemical concentrations of HPAHs and LPAHs in sediments from Shilshole
Bay near the mouth of the Lake Washington Ship Canal were many times higher
than the established AET values for these chemicals. Chemical concentrations
continued to be elevated at some distance from Shilshole. Results are
summarized in Table 26.
The highest levels of toxic chemicals in less developed areas of Puget
Sound were found in the area off the old North Trunk sewer outfall near
120
-------
TABLE 26. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN SEDIMENTS
AT EIGHT STATIONS OFF LAKE WASHINGTON SHIP CANAL/SHILSHOLE
Elevation Above Reference
Chemical
S0006
20 m
SO 108
50 m
S0107
75 m
S0012
80 m
S0106
94 m
S0045
234 m
0127 400275
286 m 244 m
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
N-ni trosodi phenylami ne
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
53.6 NSa NS NS NS NS NS
NS NS 74.7 NS NS NS NS
220.5b 39.2 171.1 387.2b 22.3 NS 107.3
375.lb 88.3 376.lb 217.9 103.9 148.6 NS
315.9b 150.5b 510.6b 360.7b 102.1 268.9b NS
237.5b 35.0 187.Ob 230.6b NS 167.lb 66.6
NS NS NS NS
NS
NS 406.7?
27.9 132.8b
NS
92.7
38.2 NS NS NS .
309.3b 44.35b 489.4b NS
NS NS NS 86.3b
80.8 NS 150.2 16.5
142.1 58.4 157.7 16.9
14.5 118.9b 69.3
NS
72.0
NS
NS
NS
NS
462.Ob
140.3b
19.9 335.4b
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
109.0
300.4b
NS
28.3
NS
17.1
NS
19.2
NS
NS
29.0
a NS = Not substantially elevated.
b AET value was exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
121
-------
Shilshole (Metro 1984). HPAH concentrations were substantially elevated at
stations near the Old North Trunk sewer. Chemical concentrations were
several times as high as the AET values at 8 of the 11 stations. At one
station (400310) near the previous outfall of the Old North Trunk sewer,
the fluoranthene concentrations were 55 times higher than the AET value and
4,702 times the Carr Inlet reference value. For stations north (400210) and
west (S0099 and S0100) of the Old North Trunk outfall, chemical concentra-
tions were considerably lower but still elevated above reference and AET
threshold values. The results of the sediment chemistry analyses are
summarized in Table 27.
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays—
A Metro (1984) study found substantially elevated levels of amphipod
mortalities in bioassays conducted with sediments from a station near
Shilshole Bay.
Benthic Community Impacts--
Mortalities were not substantially elevated at a third station located
further from the shore of Shilshole Bay. Harmon and Serwold's (1977) study
of benthic communities suggests possible toxic impacts in Shilshole Bay at
15-50 fathoms where suspended materials settle. Toxic impacts are also
suspected near the former dump site, in an offshore area north of West Point
that tends to accumulate debris, in areas adjacent to the West Point
outfall, and near the Old North Trunk sewer.
WEST POINT
Rank Medium
Sources
Anthropogenic inputs at West Point include the large West Point Metro
NPOES-permitted sewage outfall and possible advective transport from Elliott
Bay and from the Washington Ship Canal (Chapman et al. 1982).
Sediment Condition
Metro (1984) sampled sediments at 17 stations near West Point from
March 1981 to January 1983. Sediment concentrations were measured for 16
metals and 50 aromatic hydrocarbons, including 6 LPAHs, 10 HPAHs, 11 pesti-
cides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlorinated benzenes, and 3
miscellaneous extractables. PAHs and other organic compounds were substan-
tially elevated at 13 of the 17 stations sampled near West Point. The
highest levels were found west of West Point where levels of benzo(a)pyrene
at one station was approximately 630 times reference values. Chemical
122
-------
TABLE 27. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CH£HICALS IN SEDIMENTS
AT ELEVEN STATIONS OFF THE OLD NORTH TRUNK SEWER OUTFALL
u>
Chemical
Antimony
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Acenephthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h, i )perylene
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a.h)anthracene
Fluorahthene
Fluorene
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Naphthalene
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
400310
N Trunk
39 •
NS»
NS
13.3
NS
266. 9**
455. 5b
452.9b
1,868.3b
2.658.6b
2,131. 7*1
1,863.6b
231. Ob
3,567.6b
960.96
1,818.5b
205.3
24. 1b
2.101.96
3,489.5b
S0101
NU Pt
55 m
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
26.4
12.0
112.0
186.0
448.0
43.7
55.3
85.6
18.2
342.6
NS
NS
69.2
109.8
S0102
NU Pt
18 »
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
61.7
48.2
553.7
1,168.6
1,664.4
190.7
322.1
369.1
51.0
1,422.8
15.5
NS
327.2
507.1
S0103
NU Pt
38 •
15.0
NS
NS
12.9
NS
40.2
48.7
267.7
956.0
2,945. 1b
98.6
249.0
200.8
29.5
1.124.5
NS
NS
77.8
230.6
S0104
NU Pt
18 •
25.0
14.6
NS
23.2
86.4
654.5
547.4
1,325.3
3,541. 7*1
14,921. 5b
413.3
1,151.8
916.2
418.6
6,544. 5b
120.8
NS
1,472.5
1,163.5b
S0008
NUPt
71 •
NS
NS
NS
28.1
NS
NS
NS
13.5
56.4
NS
30.3
NS
27.4
13.7
NS
NS
NS
11.1
36.5
S0005
NU Pt
777
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
78.4
NS
13.3
NS
42.0
NS
NS
NS
NS
20.8
59.3
400210
N of Outf
40 M
85.7
46.5
20.0
66.4
NS
NS
23.5
143.9
180.5
188.6b
217.91*
53.7"
63.9
14.6
383.6b
NS
NS
44.0
100.6
SOI 05
NU Pt
39 n
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
12.5
NS
247.06
472.4b
NS
78.7b
78.7
28.9
241. 5b
NS
NS
79.6
102.1
S0099
U of Outf
37 •
NS
NS
NS
NS
11.4
55.7
36.2
215. 5b
639. 7**
822. 3b
90.T*
225. 5b
271. 9*"
47.7
901. 91*
NS
NS
190.7**
331. 6b
SOI 00
U of
49 «
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
25.4
10.2
165.16
295. 3b
343. 5b
61.9
34.3
99. 1b
17.2
369.91*
NS
NS
82. 6b
176.1b
* NS = Not substantially elevated.
AET value exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
-------
concentrations exceeded AET values for seven chemicals at six sampling
stations. No other stations exhibited levels greater than AET. See Table
28 for a summary of the results.
Chapman et al. (1982) detected very high concentrations of PAHs in
sediments from one West Point station. Because chemical concentrations were
not reported by Chapman, chemical elevations above reference values could
not be calculated and these results are not mapped.
In 1979, quarterly sampling was conducted at one station near West
Point (Maiins et al. 1980) to analyze sediment concentrations of petroleum
hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, other chlorinated organic
compounds, and metals. None of these analytes were substantially elevated
above reference values.
Sediment concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese,
mercury, nickel, and zinc were not substantially elevated above reference
values at four stations near West Point in 1972-1977 (Schell et al. 1977).
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metal concentrations at five deep
water and nearshore stations near West Point in 1970-1972. Metal concen-
trations were not substantially elevated above reference values at the four
nearshore stations. Mercury (2.4 mo/kg) was substantially elevated at one
midchannel station south of West Point.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Mortalities and abnormalities were not substantially elevated above
reference for one station near West Point (Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
Cardwell and Woelke (1979b) observed substantially elevated (>50
percent) oyster larvae mortalities at one station slightly north of West
Point in 1970. Abnormalities were not substantially elevated during the
monitoring period.
Other Bioassays--
Surface sediment (top 6 cm) was collected at one station near West
Point (Chapman et al. 1982). A progression of bioassay tests, from lethal
to sensitive sublethal tests, were performed with an oligochaete (Monopvle-
phorus cuticulatusK an amphipod (Eogammarus confervicolus), and fish
(threespine stickleback Gasterosterus aculeatus). These tests revealed no
lethal or sublethal toxicity at the West Point stations (all bioassays had a
greater than 85 percent survival rate). These results are not mapped.
124
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TABLE 28. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN
SEDIMENTS AT SEVEN STATIONS ON A TRANSECT FROM WEST POINT
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (g , h , i ) peryl ene
Chrysene
01 benzo (a , h) anthracene
FT uoranthene
FTuorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Naphthalene
N- ni trosodi pheny 1 ami ne
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
NW
400330
90 m
35.4
NS
NS
42.6
57.7
32.7
46.6
NS
42.9
30.0
30.0
NS
NS
29.8
50.7
Elevation Above Reference
W NE of ZIDC W W
400430 S0010 400530 400621
88 m 75 m 94 m 86 m
28.4
49.3
16.4
214. 4b
423. 8b
247. Ob
108. 3b
34.3
137. 2b
64.7
202. 4b
23.7
NS
72.9
209. 6b
23.4
NS
NS
51.1
64.6
112.7
29.7
NS
74.6
23.4
73.2
NS
NS
37.0
82.9
NSa
NS
NS
34.1
75.5
30.0
28.0
NS
30.7
NS
38.2
NS
NS
16.2
47.0
NS
NS
NS
24.3
38.0
28.5
11.6
NS
20.1
NS
28.5
NS
97. 3b
18.6
25.9
400375
235 m
NS
NS
• NS
36.2
58.8
25.8
19.4
NS
17.1
NS
18.9
NS
NS
NS
23.4
a NS =• Not substantially elevated.
b AET value was exceeded.
c Zone of Initial Dilution
Reference: Metro (1984).
125
-------
Fish Histopathology--
A reconnaissance study of six bays {Krahnetal 1986) revealed no
neoplasms and no substantial elevation 'in the rates of pre-neoplasms and
megalocytic hepatosis in 20 English sole sampled near West Point. Another
study by Battelle (1986) revealed that the rates of neoplasms, pre-neo-
plasms, and megalocytic hepatosis were not substantially elevated in 30
Dover sole caught at West Point.
Bioaccumulation--
A Metro (1984) study displayed substantially elevated levels of PCB
concentrations in rock crab tissue collected in winter 1981 and 1982 at West
Point stations. Phthalates were also substantially elevated in these rock
crab. Di-octyl phthalate and PCBs were substantially elevated in English
sole muscle tissue from West Point. Metals were not substantially elevated
in rock crab or English sole sampled at West Point.
OTHER AREAS
Rank Medium
Sources
Pollutants may be transported from urban bays, such as Elliott Bay.
Most of the reported industrial point sources for other areas in the central
main basin of Puget Sound are concentrated in a few cities and towns
including Port Blakely and Rolling Bay. Each of these places are discussed
below.
Port Blakely--
In 1893, the Port Blakely Mill Company was one of the largest mills in
Puget Sound (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). This lumber mill produced over
200,000 bd ft of sawn lumber annually. The smaller Hall Brothers mill in
Port Blakely produced 12,000-15,000 ft of lumber in 1893. By 1926, the
Anderson Brothers logging company and the Day Shingle Company were operating
in Port Blakely (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
Rolling Bay--
In 1926, the Bainbridge Island Review published a newspaper in Rolling
Bay (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
Sediment Condition
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values in sediments from one sampling station in the main
basin southeast of Port Madison (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
126
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Metro (1984) sampled sediments from one station in deep water off Skiff
Point, one nearshore station near Skiff Point, and one station in the
Northern Central Basin in deep water west of Carkeek. Sediment concen-
trations were measured for 16 metals and 50 hydrocarbons including 6 LPAHs,
10 HPAHs, 11 pesticides, 11 volatile hydrocarbons, 5 phthalates, 4 chlori-
nated benzenes, and 3 miscellaneous extractables. Substantially elevated
concentrations of HPAHs and LPAHs were found in sediments from all three
stations (see Table 29)
Schell et al. (1977) measured metal concentrations in sediments from
one station east of Skiff Point in 1975. Metal concentrations were not
substantially elevated above reference values. Another study by Crecelius
et al. (1975) analyzed sediments from one station east of Port Madison in
the northern part of the central basin in 1970-1972. Metal concentrations
in this study were not substantially elevated above reference values
(Crecelius et al. 1975).
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
REGION 9 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 30, Liberty Bay received a high ranking for the high
level of toxicity shown in the area. Alki Point, Carkeek Park, Centarl
Basin off Elliott Bay, Manchester and Colby, Meadow Point, Point Williams,
Port Madison, West Point, Shilshole Bay/Lake Washington Ship Canal and Other
Areas in Region 9 received medium rankings. Source data from Blake Island,
Meadow Point, and Point Williams was not available for this investigation.
All other areas of concern received low rankings.
127
-------
TABLE 29. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT THREE STATIONS IN THE CENTRAL SOUND
NEAR SKIFF POINT, BAINBRIDGE ISLAND
Chemical
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
D1 benzo(a, hjanthracene
1 , 4-D1 chl orobenzene
Fluoranthene
Fl uorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Naphthalene
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
a NS » Not substantially
b AET value exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
£1
0125
250 m
NSa
NS
--
53.7
211
52.1
37.3
20.6
--
NS
NS
26.3
--
225. 7b
NS
--
17.8
elevated.
evation Above
400575
232 m
NS
NS
NS
29.6
NS
29.9
20.8
NS
--
156. 7b
115.9
19.2
NS
34. Ob
NS
-
20.9
Reference
Madn-Cark
S0042
185 m
--
--
--
47.5
42.8
82.0
42.7
NS
NS
39.1
NSa
58.6
--
--
19.8
NS
81.4
128
-------
TABLE 30: EMVtROMGfTAL ASSES9CNT MATRIX FOR
REGION i 9
LOCATION
Alki Point
•idee Island
Carteek Park
Central Basin
off Elliott Bay
Dyes Inlet
Liberty Bay
Manchester and
Colby
Meadow Point
Point Williams
Port Madison
Port Orchard
Rich Passage,
Bainbridge -
Island
Shilshole Bay t
Lake Washington
Ship Canal
West Point
Other areas
SOURCES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
LOU
M/A
LOU
HIGH
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
HIGH
N/A
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
N/A
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOU
SEDIMENT
Level of
Concern
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
HIGH
HIGH
LOU
HIGH
N/A
HIGH
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOU
LOU
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
TOXICITT
Level of
Concern
LOU
N/A
LOU
N/A
LOU
HIGH
N/A
LOU
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
INDEXES
Degree of
Certainty
MEDIUM
N/A
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
HIGH
N/A
LOU
N/A
HIGH
LOU
LOU .
MEDIUM
HIGH
M/A
RANK
MEDIUM
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
129
-------
TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 10:
LOWER HOOD CANAL
(Figure 12)
CASE INLET
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the A Van Slyke & Son lumber mill was located in Allyn and the
0. Mealy lumber mill was located In Vaughn (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
Each of these mills individually processed less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber
in 1893. By 1926, two lumber mills were operated by Austin, Wm. and Vaughn
Lumber Company in Vaughn, and two lumber mills were operated by E.E. Overton
and Trout Lake Timber Company in Allyn (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926). All four
of these lumber mills appear to be abandoned.
Currently, the area has one small marina (9's Fairharbor Marina) at
Allyn (Ocean. Inst. 1978) and one NPOES permit issued for the Sargent Oyster
Company in Allyn (U.S. EPA 1986).
Sediment Condition
In a reconnaissance study of eight bays in Puget Sound in April and May
1984, Battelle (1986) examined sediment samples at 20 stations scattered
throughout upper and lower Case Inlet. Except for phenol, concentrations of
the analytes were not substantially elevated above reference values at any
of the stations sampled. Phenol concentrations were 93 times reference
values at one station southwest of Herron Island. Thiobis-methane was
detected at 630 ug/kg and dimethyl-disulfide was detected at 60 ug/kg in the
ediments from one station in Case Inlet. Because reference values were not
available for thiobis-methane and dimethyl-disulfide, elevations above
reference could not be computed for these compounds.
In August 1982, Riley et al. (1983) measured concentrations for 14
metals and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons at two stations in Case Inlet to
determine the impacts of chemical contamination on sediments and marine
birds. Aromatic hydrocarbons measured included 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13
miscellaneous extractables. Substantially elevated concentrations of
1-methylphenanthrene (10 times reference values) were found in sediments
from one station near Dougall Point at the entrance to Pickering Passage.
None of the analytes were substantially elevated above reference at the
other station located west of Whitmans Cove.
Between 1978 and 1981, concentrations of metals, aromatic hydrocarbons,
PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and other chlorinated organic compounds were
measured in sediments from two stations in Case Inlet (Malins 1982, OMPA-19).
Except for silver, none of the analytes were substantially elevated above
130
-------
Figure 12
REGION 10
LOWER HOOD
CANAL AND
CASE INLET
-------
reference values. Silver concentrations were substantially elevated at both
stations, with concentrations 25 times reference values at the station north
of Reach Island, and 20 times reference values at the station southeast of
Stretch Island. Total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were 650 ug/kg at
•the Reach Island station and 60 ug/kg at the Stretch Island station.
In a 1979 NOAA study, Mai ins (1980, OMPA-2) conducted quarterly
sampling of sediments for two stations in Case Inlet. Concentrations of
petroleum hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and other chlorinated
organic compounds were measured in sediment samples. Except for selenium,
none of these analytes were substantially elevated above reference vaTues.
The selenium concentration was 40 times the Carr Inlet reference value in
sediments from one station north of Reach Island.
In 1972-1977, Pavlou et al. (1977) found PCB concentrations were not
substantially elevated in sediments from one station in lower Case Inlet
south of Wilson Point.
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) found antimony concentrations
were substantially elevated (1.5 mg/kg) in sediments from one station in the
middle of Case Inlet east of Oougall Point. The other Case Inlet station,
at the mouth of the inlet, also showed substantially elevated concentrations
of antimony (1.7 mg/kg).
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
Surface sediments (top 6 cm) were used to conduct amphipod bioassay
screening surveys in summer 1983 and detailed surveys in spring 1984
(Battelle 1986). Rhepoxvnius abronius bioassays were conducted using the
procedure developed by Swartz (1984). The results of the screening surveys
and the detailed surveys were contradictory. The detailed survey in Case
Inlet found substantial (>40 percent) elevations in amphipod mortalities at
two of the four stations sampled. Mortalities were substantially elevated
at one station east of Stretch Island and one station north of Reach Island
(Battelle 1986). Oyster larvae mortalities were not substantially elevated
at one station at the south tip of Stretch Island and one station south of
Herron Island. Screening surveys were also conducted at twenty stations.
The screening surveys found substantially elevated mortalities at five of
the mid-bay stations in Case Inlet near Pickering Passage and one station in
southern Case Inlet. The results of the screening surveys are not mapped.
Sediment Oyster Larvae Bloassays--
Pacific oyster larvae bioassays were conducted with surface sediment
(top 6 cni) from Case Inlet in April and May 1984 using standard ASTM
procedures (Battelle 1986). These sediment bioassays did not result in
substantially elevated oyster larvae abnormality rates.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
132
-------
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), substantially elevated
bioassay mortalities were reported for all four Case Inlet stations. High
rates of mortality (>40 percent) occurred at the North Bay station near
Allyn in 1962, 1964, 1968, 1970, 1971, and 1973-1977. Abnormalities at this
station were only substantially elevated in later years (1974 and 1975). At
the Rocky Point station near the Head of Case Inlet, oyster larvae mortali-
ties were substantially elevated in 1962, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1973, and
1976. Abnormalities were only substantially elevated at this site in 1976.
Cardwell and Woelke attributed the mortalities to simultaneous occurrences
of red tide. Further south of Stretch Island oyster larvae mortalities were
substantially elevated in 1962, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1973-1975, and 1977. High
rates of oyster larvae abnormalities were more common at the Stretch Island
station, and occurred in 1968, 1975, and 1977.
Oyster larvae mortalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent) at
a station between Stretch Island and Reach Island in 1962, 1964, 1966, 1968,
1970, and 1973-1976 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979b). Oyster larvae mortalities
were also elevated in North Bay at the head of Case Inlet in 1962, 1964,
1967, 1968, and 1973. Oyster larvae abnormalities were also elevated at
this station in 1968 and 1975 and at the north bay station in 1968 and 1973
(Cardwell and Woelke 1979b).
Fish Histopathology--
According to Krahn et al. (1986) the incidence of neoplasms, pre-neo-
plasms, or megalocytic hepatosis were not substantially elevated in more
than 20 English sole collected east of Stretch Island. The samples were
collected between 1979 and 1983 at two stations in Case Inlet.
Incidences of neoplasms, pre-neoplasms, and megalocytic hepatosis were
not substantially elevated in liver tissue from 30 English sole caught in
southern Case Inlet in March 1984 (Battelle 1986).
No pre-neoplasms were found in English sole or rock sole liver tissue
examined from fish caught in Case Inlet in 1979. A few cases of Megalocytic
hepatosis were found, but were not substantially elevated (3 percent inci-
dence) in English sole caught east of Stretch Island in Case Inlet (Maiins
et al. 1980).
Bioaccumulation in Tissues--
One to two ring aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene, benzo(a)anthracene,
and benzo(a)pyrene, were not detected in English and rock sole livers from
Case Inlet. Three to five ring aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated buta-
dienes, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs were detected at concentrations not
substantially elevated above reference in English sole from Case Inlet
(Maiins et al. 1980). These results are not mapped.
133
-------
LOWER HOOD CANAL
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the John McReavy lumber mill in Union produced 12,000-15,000
bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). By 1926, the Damman & Harris
lumber mill had also been built at Hoodsport (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
Both of these lumber mills have been abandoned.
In 1967, a wastewater discharge permit was issued for a septic discharge
from the Alderbrook Inn (U.S. FWPCA 1967).
There are nine marinas in the lower portion of Hood Canal (Ocean. Inst.
1978). Three small marinas are located east of Union and a small marina is
located in Tahuya. Another five marinas, with a combined total of 72 wet
slips, are clustered near Hoodsport. Two marinas in Union and one marina at
Hoodsport provide fuel and repairs onsite.
Sediment Condition
PCB concentrations in sediments were not substantially elevated above
reference at one station sampled near Lilliwaup Bay from 1972 to 1977
(Pavlou et al. 1977).
In 1970-1972, metal concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference at one nearshore station at Ayres Point in the Great Bend
and another station near the western edge of Lynch Cove (Crecelius et al.
1975).
Toxicitv Indexes
Oyster Larvae Bioassays—
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), high rates of mortality and
abnormality (>40 percent) occurred at one station near Twanoh State Park in
Hood Canal sampled during November 1973 and February 1974. High rates of
mortalities and low abnormalities were observed at this site in July 1977.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelke (1979b) performed bioassays for three stations in
lower Hood Canal. One station was located in the center of Great Bend, one
station was located east of Lilliwaup Bay, and one station was located on
the western edge of Lynch Cove. At Great Bend, oyster larvae mortalities
and abnormalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent) in 1974. At the
station near Lilliwaup Bay, mortalities were substantially elevated in 1968
and mortalities and abnormalities were elevated in 1972. Near Shady Beach
on the edge of Lynch Cove, mortalities were elevated in 1973-1975. Abnor-
134
-------
malities were not substantially elevated near Lynch Cove at any time during
the monitoring period.
Fish Kills--
In 1979, an anhydrous ammonia spill on Mikes Creek above Lilliwaup
resulted in the deaths of 10,000 fish and all shellfish within 5 ac (Kittle,
L., March 1987, personal communication). According to LeVander (30 March
1987, personal communication), an earlier fish kill occurred when herbicides
were sprayed near Hoodsport on 26 April 1972. The number of fish killed was
not reported.
REGION 10 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 31, both Case Inlet and Lower Hood Canal received
medium rankings in this investigation.
135
-------
TMLE 31: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSES
REGION f 10
IT MATRIX FOR
LOCATION
Case Inlet
Lower Hood
Canal
SOU
Level of
Concern
LOU
LOU
ICES
Degree of
Certainty
HIGH
MEDIUM
SUIMEHT
Level of
Concern
M8)IUM
LOU
COMDITIQM
Degree of
Certainty
HIGH
MEDIUM
TOKICITT INDEXES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
RANK
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
136
-------
TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 11:
THE NARROWS AND EAST PASSAGE
(Figure 13)
COLVOS PASSAGE
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, two small lumber mills operated by David Carlson and the
Ollala Saw Mill were located in Ollala (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). Colvos
Passage was also the former site of a Nike Battery at 01 all a (U.S. DOO
1975). A state ferry dock and one small marina are located at Southworth in
Colvos Passage.
King County operates the Vashon Landfill in Sunset Beach near Colvos
Passage. A site inspection revealed measurable soil contamination and the
potential for surface and groundwater contamination at the Vashon Landfill
(CERCLIS 1987). This site is located 0.7 mi from Colvos Passage. The
landfill has served as a municipal landfill from the 1940s to the present
and receives some industrial wastes, including wastes from K2 Corporation.
It is alleged that 2,600 bbls of methyl ethyl ketone were disposed of here
from 1975 to 1980. Groundwater monitoring revealed low levels of heavy
metals, but groundwater samples were not analyzed for organic compounds. In
1979, the local fire department registered concern about the frequency of
fires at the landfill caused by highly volatile materials. The site was
regraded in 1984 to mitigate the leachate problem. This site is non-
conforming due to the potential for hazardous waste leachate from the
solvent dumped here from 1975 to 1980. Further investigation is needed to
assess solvent concentrations in leachates from this site.
Sediment Condition
Sediment samples were collected from one station in the center of
Colvos Passage across from Ollala (Barrick and Prahl 1987). Phenanthrene
and retene concentrations in sediments from this site were not substantially
elevated above reference values at this station.
Of the five stations sampled in Colvos Passage between April 1982 and
April 1984, only silver was substantially elevated above reference values
(1.4 mg/kg silver) at one station near Fern Cove. Metal concentrations were
not substantially elevated at the other four nearshore stations located
north of Fern Cove at Peter's Point and in southern Colvos Passage (Nevissi
et al. 1984).
In August 1982, sediment concentrations of 14 metals and 24 aromatic
hydrocarbons were not substantially elevated above reference values at one
station sampled in the northern portion of Colvos Passage north of Ollalla
in August 1982 (Riley et al. 1983). Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations
137
-------
Central Basin
* NORMANDY
PARK
Figure 13
REGION 11
EAST PASSAGE AND
TACOMA NARROWS
138
-------
measured include 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13 miscellaneous extractables. PCBs
were not detected at this station. In 1975, Schell et al. (1977) collected
sediments from one mid-channel station east of Peter's Point. Metal
concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference in sediments
collected at this station.
Antimony concentrations were substantially elevated (2.2 and 2.4 mg/kg)
at two stations near the southern end of Colvos Passage in 1970-1972
(Crecelius et al. 1975).
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
From 1961 to 1977, oyster larvae mortalities and abnormalities were not
substantially elevated above reference values at one station in Colvos
Passage near Ollala (Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
CORMORANT PASSAGE AND TACOMA NARROWS
Rank Low
Sources
The Crystal Bay Lumber Company in Steilacoom produced 12,000-15,000
bd ft of lumber in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). In 1963, the West
Tacoma Newsprint Company in Steilacoom produced 175 tons of wood pulp and
200 tons/day of paper (Bryant 1963).
The South Sound Marina, with 31 wet slips is located near Steilacoom
(Ocean. Inst. 1978). Both fuel and repairs are available onsite.
There are four NPDES-permitted sources in Steilacoom for Boise Cascade,
and three municipal sewer systems (City of Steilacoom, Ketron Island
Enterprises, and Washington Corrections on McNeil Island) (U.S. EPA 1986).
In 1980, Boise Cascade Corporation was a self-reported generator of hazardous
asbestos wastes (U.S. EPA 1980).
Sediment Condition
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference values in sediments from one station near Hyde Point on
McNeil Island (Barrick and Prahl 1987).
In August 1982, Riley et al. (1983) measured chemical concentrations of
14 metals and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments collected at one station
north of Sandy Point on Anderson Island (see the Region 12 map). Aromatic
hydrocarbons measured include 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13 miscellaneous
extractables. None of these analytes were substantially elevated above
reference at this site and no PCBs were detected.
139
-------
Pavlou et al. (1977) measured PCB concentrations in sediments collected
for one station located halfway between Steilacoom and Day Island from 1972
to 1977. PCB concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference
values for sediment concentrations.
In 1970-1972, heavy metal concentrations were not substantially
elevated above reference in sediments from one mid-channel station south of
Fox Island in the Tacoma Narrows (Crecelius et al. 1975).
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
From 1973 to 1977, no substantially elevated oyster larvae mortalities
or abnormalities were found for one station east of Ketron Island in
Cormorant Passage (Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
Oyster larvae mortalities and abnormalities were not substantially
elevated above reference for one station near Steilacoom (Cardwell and
Woelke 1979).
DALCOS PASSAGE
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
*
Sediment Condition
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
in sediments from one station located halfway between Commencement Bay and
the head of Quartermaster Harbor in the center of Dal cos Passage (Barrick
and Prahl 1987).
Crecelius et al. (1975) collected sediments from six stations in Dalcos
Passage at the mouth of Commencement Bay in 1970-1972. Antimony concentra-
tions were elevated at all stations, with the highest concentration (4.6
mg/kg) near the site of the former ASARCO smelter. This value is approxi-
mately 1.5 times the AET.
Toxicity Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
Schwartz (1984) conducted bioassays using sediments .collected from
Dalcos Passage south of Finer Point. Amphipod mortality rates were not
substantially elevated above reference at this site.
140
-------
EAST PASSAGE
Rank High
Sources
A marina at Normandy Park did not report the size or types of facilities
available. A large marina located in Des Moines has over 700 wet slips and
fuel and boat repair facilities onsite (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
Organic chemicals were substantially elevated at 8 of the 10 stations
sampled in the Central Puget Sound Basin and East Passage (Metro 1984). The
eight stations were located between Brace Point (Seola) and Vashon Island,
between Point Robinson and Des Moines, at Point Williams, and two stations
were located north of Blake Island. Organic chemical concentrations at
these stations did not exceed AET values. Chemical concentrations at Point
Robinson, Point Heyer, arid Point Piner exceeded the AET for several chemi-
cals. Sediment concentrations of acenaphthylene near Point Piner were 20
times the AET value set for this compound and exceeded the Carr Inlet
reference value by 3237 times. The results of the Metro (1984) study are
presented in Table 32.
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
in sediments from one station in the central channel near Seahurst (Barrick
and Prahl 1987).
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metal concentrations at
five stations at the center of East Passage. Antimony concentrations were
substantially elevated at all five stations (2.4-3.6 mg/kg) and arsenic
concentrations were substantially elevated at one station east of Three Tree
Point (35 mg/kg).
Between April 1982 and April 1984, sediments were sampled during the
Renton Seahurst study (Nevissi et al. 1984) on transects across the Sound in
the vicinity of Three Tree Point and the proposed Seahurst sewage outfall.
Forty two stations were sampled to determine metal concentrations in East
Passage. For the most part, silver concentrations were not substantially
elevated at the nearshore stations, while all but one or two deep water
stations had substantially elevated silver concentrations. Seventeen deep
water stations had substantially elevated concentrations of silver, while
eight nearshore stations (Brace Point, Ellisport, Point Robinson, Seahurst,
and South Maury Island, Three Tree Point) also had elevated concentrations
of silver.
141
-------
TABLE 32. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT SIX STATIONS IN EAST PASSAGE
Williams
Antimony
Silver
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo ( a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (g,h, i Jperylene
Chrysene
Di benzo ( a , h ) anthracene
Fl uoranthene
FT uorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Naphthalene
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
S0016
Piner Pt
176 m
NSa
30.0
NS
3,237.1b
152. 6b
NS
NS
NS
28.6
NS
22.0
138. 2b
NS
545.9
NS
552. 5b
NS
Elevation Above
S0017 0152
Pt Robins Des Moine
188 m 214 m
29.1
NS
371. 4b
NS
30.6
243. 7b
64.2
NS
505.3
NS
96.8
187. Ob
NS
124.1
187. Ob
187. 5b
74.6
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
28.3
25.9
28.5
20.2
NS
15.0
NS
29.3
NS
NS
NS
14.2
Reference
S0018 0151
Pt Heyer Vash-Seola
196 m 240 m
NS
NS
357. lb
336. 7b
NS
60.6
62.6
38.6
36.1
29.4
33.3
183. Ob
25.1
169.4
183. Ob
19.1
36.4
NS
21.0
NS
NS
NS
NS
15.5
23.3
NS
NS
14.3
NS
23.7
NS
NS
NS
15.7
S0019
Pt
203 m
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
70.1
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
88.0
a NS = Not substantially elevated.
b AET value exceeded.
Reference: Metro (1984).
142
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
A Metro (1984) study revealed substantially elevated levels of amphipod
bioassay mortalities at two of the three stations sampled near Brace Point.
Results were mixed, with high mortality levels at the two deeper stations
and low mortality rates at the one station nearer to shore.
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), high rates of abnormalities
were recorded (93 percent during July 1967) and substantially elevated rates
of mortalities were recorded July 1967 and July 1971 at one station near Des
Moines on East Passage.
Cardwell and Woelke (1979b) also found substantially elevated (>50
percent) levels of oyster larvae mortalities in receiving water sampled at
an East Passage site south of Normandy Park.
Fish Histopathology--
Landolt et al. (1984) studied histopathology for 667 demersal fish and
226 pelagic fish collected at Seahurst Park, Point Pully (Three Tree Point),
and Saltwater State Park from May 1982 to November 1983. Neoplasms were
nonexistent in English, Dover, and Slender sole, and Quillback rockfish
collected at Three Tree Point and Saltwater State Park. Some neoplasms were
found in English and Dover sole near Seahurst, but they were not substan-
tially elevated.
GIG HARBOR
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the E.S. Prentice shingle mill in Gig Harbor produced 30,000-
50,000 bd ft of shingles (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). By 1926, the Austin
Company and Wollochet Bay Lumber Company lumber mills and the Bay Island
Newspaper were operating in Gig Harbor (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
Six marinas with a combined total of more than 350 wet slips and
facilities for boat repairs and refueling are located in Gig Harbor (Ocean.
Inst. 1978).
Three NPDES discharge permits have been issued for the city of Gig
Harbor, a harbor club, and an oyster company (U.S. EPA 1986).
143
-------
Sediment Condition
Riley et al. (1983) measured concentrations of 14 metals and 24
aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments from one station near the center of
Gig -Harbor in August 1982. The aromatic hydrocarbons included 4 LPAHs, 7
HPAHs, and 13 miscellaneous extractables. Sediment concentrations of three
HPAHs and 1-methylphenanthrene were substantially elevated above reference
values for one station near the head of Gig Harbor (see Table 33). PCBs
were detected at this station, but were not substantially elevated above
reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
HALE PASSAGE AND FOX ISLAND
Rank Low
Sources
Currently, one yacht club (size not reported) is located on Fox Island.
Five marinas with over 300 wet slips are clustered on the Tacoma side of the
Narrows near Day Island (Ocean. Inst. 1978). Fuel and repair facilities are
available at several of the Day Island marinas.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Mater Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
No substantially elevated oyster larvae mortalities and abnormalities
were found in bioassays conducted at one station in Wollochet Bay near Hale
Passage from 1973 to 1977 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
HENDERSON BAY AND BURLEY LAGOON
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, a small sawmill in Purdy, operated by T.A. Sherman, produced
less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). In the same
year, the Mintur Shingle Factory near Elgin produced 60,000-100,000 bd ft
144
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TABLE 33. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT ONE STATION IN GIG HARBOR
Elevation Above Reference
Chemical Central Harbor
Benzo(a)anthracene 57
Benzo(a)pyrene 28
Chrysene 36
1-methylphenanthrene 56
Reference: Riley et al. (1983).
145
-------
of shingles. Both of these mills are abandoned. Large log sort yards asso-
ciated with these two mills are potential sources of organic toxicants in
Henderson Bay (Duxbury, A., (date), personal communication).
A National Guard Target-Firing Range is located in Burley Lagoon (U.S.
OOD 1985).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassay--
Mortalities and abnormalities were not substantially elevated from 1962
to 1977 in bioassays conducted at one station near Wauna in Henderson Bay
(Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
High rates of mortality (>40 percent) were observed in June 1970 in
bioassays conducted using water samples collected at one station in Henderson
Bay near Rosedale (Cardwell and Woelke 1979). Abnormalities were not
substantially elevated at this station at any time during the monitoring
period from 1962 to 1977.
QUARTERMASTER HARBOR
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1893, the M.F. Hatch shingle mill in Quartermaster Harbor produced
30,000-50,000 bd ft of sawn lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). By 1926,
the Vashon Island Mill had also been built on Quartermaster Harbor at Burton
(Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926). Both of these lumber mills have been abandoned.
By 1907, the first drydock in Puget Sound was completed in Oockton on
Maury Island (Chasan 1984). This drydock was later abandoned.
Currently, Quartermaster Harbor has one small and one medium-size
marina with 112 wet slips and fuel and repairs. According to U.S. EPA
(1986), two NPDES-permitted sources are located on Quartermaster Harbor:
the City of Burton municipal sewage district, and the Island Springs, Inc.
food-processing company.
Sediment Condition
To determine possible causes for high herring egg mortalities in
Quartermaster Harbor, Yake (1986) sampled sediments near Dockton and
compared his results to data from the Metro (1984) study. Yake found that
metal concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference values
146
-------
at any station and concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons were substantially
elevated in sediments at only one of the Dockton stations (see Table 34).
Metro (1984) also found low metal concentrations in sediments (Yake 1986).
Metals and organic concentrations of metals and organics were generally
highest near the head and lowest near the mouth of the harbor. At the
mouth, only one analyte (di-n-octyl phthalate) was substantially elevated
above reference values, while several organic chemicals were elevated above
reference at the other two sites. None of the observed chemical concentra-
tions were high enough to account for the elevated herring egg mortalities.
The Renton Seahurst study (Nevissi et al. 1984) revealed substantially
elevated silver concentrations at all three Quartermaster Harbor stations.
Sampling stations were located at the head, at Dockton, and at the mid point
of the harbor. Silver concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 2.7 mg/kg. Arsenic
concentrations (45 mg/kg) were also substantially elevated at the station
near the center of the harbor.
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) found substantially elevated
concentrations in sediments from two of the three stations sampled in
Quartermaster Harbor. Arsenic concentrations (50 and 54 mg/kg) and antimony
concentrations (3.2 and 3.6 mg/kg) were also elevated at the station near
the head of the harbor and the station near Dockton. Crecelius attributes
these elevated metal concentrations to atmospheric deposition from the
former ASARCO smelter. Metal concentrations were not substantially elevated
at the third sediment sampling station near the mouth of Quartermaster
Harbor (Crecelius et al. 1975).
Toxicitv Indexes
Sediment Amphipod Bioassays--
A Metro (1984) study revealed no substantially elevated levels of
amphipod bioassay mortalities near Quartermaster Harbor.
Herring Spawning Mortalities--
Previous studies have shown high herring egg mortalities on the
shoreline near Dockton in Quartermaster Harbor. According to Lew Kittle
(March 1987, personal communication) annual herring egg mortality rates
reach 80 percent near Dockton. Dan Pentilla (March 1987, personal communi-
cation) describes the area affected by spawning problems as lying between
the north side of the point and King County Park. Pentilla also stated that
there are no known outfalls in the area and the reasons for high mortalities
are unknown.
147
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TABLE 34. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS IN
SEDIMENTS AT THREE STATIONS IN QUARTERMASTER HARBOR
Chemical
LOW WEIGHT PAHs
Phenanthrene
HIGH WEIGHT PAHs
Benzo( a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,1)perylene
Total benzoflouranthenes
Fl uoranthene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Pyrene
Other:
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Doctona
NSC
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
13.7
28.7
Elevation
Head0
NS
NS
30
48
20
33
40
38
14
Above Reference
Central0
64
20
16
18
NS
16
17
17
14
Mouth0
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
39
a Reference from Yake (1986).
b Reference from Metro (1984).
c NS - Not substantially elevated.
148
-------
VASHON ISLAND
Rank Medium
Sources
McLean 4 Durkee operated a small sawmill and shingle manufacturer in
Vashon that produced less than 12,000 bd ft of lumber and 30,000-50,000 ft
of shingles in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893). By 1926, the V.W. Covey
lumber mill, the Helmar Steen lumber mill, Helmar & Steen Box manufacturing,
and the Vashon Island News Record were located on Vashon Island (Manu.
Assoc. of WA 1926). Two lumber mills operated by F.A. & H.O. Fuller and the
Stine Mill Company were also located in Ellisport (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926).
U.S. EPA (1986) lists two NPDES-permitted sources for Vashon Island:
the City of Vashon Sewer District and the K-2 Corporation, a ski manufac-
turer. The K-2 Corporation is also listed as a hazardous waste generator
and produced 18 tons of characteristic hazardous wastes in 1983 (Kruger
1983).
Sediment Condition
Nevissi et al. (1984) measured metal concentrations in sediments from
two nearshore stations near Ellisport. Silver concentrations were substan-
tially elevated above sediment reference values at the southern station, but
metal concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference values
at the second station east of Point Heyer.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
WOLLOCHET BAY AND HALE PASSAGE
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
In August 1982, Riley et al. (1983) analyzed concentrations of 14
metals and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments collected from one station
near the head of Wollochet Bay. Aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed included 4
LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13 miscellaneous extractables. None of these analytes
were substantially elevated above Carr Inlet reference values and PCBs were
not detected in sediments at this site.
149
-------
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Cardwell and Woelker (1979b) conducted oyster larvae bioassays at one
station at the head of Wollochet Bay from 1962 to 1977. The observed oyster
larvae mortality and abnormality rates were not substantially elevated at
any time during this period.
REGION 11 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 35, East Passage received a high ranking in this
investigation due to a high degree of sediment contamination and extensive
biological toxicity exhibited at this site. Colcos Passage, Gig Harbor,
Quartermaster Harbor, and Vashon Island ranked medium. All other areas of
concern ranked low. Sediment and toxicity data were not available for
several of the areas of concern. Source data for Dalcos Passage, Wollochet
Bay and Hale Passage was also unavailable.
150
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TABLE 35: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSEMENT MATRIX FOR
REGION * 11
LOCATION
Colvos Passage
Cormorant
Passage and
Tacona Marrows
Dalcos Passage
East Passage
Gig Harbor
Hale Passage I
Fox Island
Henderson Bay
& Bur ley Lagoon
Quartermaster
Harbor
Vashon Island
Uolloehet Bay
& Hale Passage
SOURCES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
M/A
HIGH
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
LO
LOU
MEDIUM
HIGH
N/A
SEDIMEXT
Level of
Concern
MEDIUM
LOU
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
N/A
N/A
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
HIGH
LOU
N/A
N/A
HIGH
LOU
LOU
TOXICITT INDEXES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
LOU
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
HIGH
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
RANK
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
151
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TOXIC PROBLEM ASSESSMENT OF REGION 12:
SOUTH SOUND
(Figure 14)
CARR INLET
Rank Low
Sources
In 1893, a small lumber mill operated by Lorenz & Company in Lakebay
produced less than 12,000 ft of sawn lumber (Puget Sound Lumberman 1893).
A marina is located in Lakebay (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Transport of pollutants from a contaminated site i'n Burley Lagoon are a
potential source of contaminants in Carr Inlet (see map and discussion for
Region 11).
Sediment Condition
Riley et al. (1983) measured sediment concentrations of 14 metals and
24 aromatic hydrocarbons at three stations in Carr Inlet during August 1982.
Aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed in Riley's study include 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs,
and 13 miscellaneous extractables. A few chemicals were significantly
elevated above reference at one of the Wyckoff Shoal stations and at the
station east of Van Geldern Cove (see Table 36).
In 1972-1977, PCB concentrations were measured in sediments from one
station north of Wyckoff Shoal off McNeil Island and another station located
midchannel east of Von Geldern Cove (Pavlou et al. 1977). PCBs were not
detected.
Crecelius et al. (1975) measured metal concentrations in sediments from
two Carr Inlet stations between 1970 and 1972. Concentrations of arsenic (39
mg/kg) and antimony (12 mg/kg) were substantially elevated above reference
values at one midchannel station near the mouth of Carr Inlet. Antimony was
also substantially elevated above reference values (1.8 mg/kg) at one
station located northwest of Green Point (see the Region 10 map).
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
DANA PASSAGE AND PEALE PASSAGE
153
-------
Region 14
REGION 12
un
-------
TABLE 36. ELEVATIONS ABOVE REFERENCE VALUES FOR CHEMICALS
IN SEDIMENTS AT TWO STATIONS IN CARR INLET
Elevation Above Reference
Chemical Wyckoff Shoal Van Geldern Cove
Benzo(a)anthracene 23 37
Benzo(a)pyrene NSa 15
1-methylphenanthrene 15 NS
a NS = Not substantially elevated.
Reference: Riley et al. (1983).
155
-------
Rank Medium
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
In 1970-1972, Crecelius et al. (1975) found substantially elevated
levels of antimony (1.7 mg/kg) in sediments from one station at the head of
Budd Inlet in Dana Passage.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassay
Oyster larvae.mortalities were substantially elevated (>40 percent) for
one station in Dana Passage in September 1976. The oyster larvae abnormali-
ties were not substantially elevated at this station from 1973 to 1977
(Cardwell and Woelke 1979).
ELD INLET
Rank Medium
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979) high rates of mortality (>50
percent) occurred at Flapjack Point in Eld Inlet in 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971,
and 1973 to 1977. Abnormalities were not substantially elevated at Flap Jack
Point from 1961 to 1977.
Rates of mortalities were substantially elevated near the head of Eld
Inlet in 1977 (Cardwell and Woelker 1979). Abnormalities were not substan-
tially elevated at this site from 1975 to 1977. Near the mouth of Eld
Inlet, mortalities were high in 1968 and 1973 but abnormalities were never
substantially elevated from 1973 to 1974. Mortalities in Eld Inlet were
associated with red tide.
156
-------
FILUCE BAY
Rank Low
Sources
The Longbranch Improvement Club marina is currently located at Long-
branch in Filuce Bay. This marina has no fuel or repair facilities (Ocean.
Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
HENDERSON INLET
Rank Low
Sources
Henderson Inlet is the site of an abandoned Weyerhaeuser lumber mill
and accompanying large log storage areas (Ecology 1982).
A very small marina, and a larger marina with 152 wet slips and fuel and
repair facilities are located in Henderson Inlet (Ocean. Inst. 1978).
Sediment Condition
In August 1982, Riley et al. (1983) measured sediment concentrations of
14 metals and 24 aromatic hydrocarbons, including 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs, and 13
miscellaneous extractables, at one nearshore station north of Woodward Bay
in Henderson Inlet. Only 1 -methylphenanthrene was substantially elevated (10
times) above sediment reference values.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), high rates of mortality (>40
percent) were observed in bioassays conducted at one station in South Bay
off Henderson Inlet during September 1977. The mortalities in Henderson
Inlet were believed to be associated with a red tide. No substantially
elevated abnormalities were found at this site from 1976 to 1977.
157
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NISQUALLY REACH AND DRAYTON PASSAGE
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1967, Fort Lewis and the Federal Penitentiary on McNeil Island
discharged to Class AA Waters in Drayton Passage (U.S. FWPCC 1967).
The DuPont De Nemours explosives manufacturing plant located in
Nisqually Reach is a recognized hazardous waste generator (Kruger 1983).
This plant produces 25 mm IDS of dynamite, uses 15 mm Ibs of water gel, and
generates 15,000 tons of sulfuric acid, and 12 tons of explosive wastes per
year (U.S. EPA no date). Sulfuric acid produced in manufacturing explosives
is resold as a lower grade acid. Other wastes from the manufacturing
process are disposed of by open burial. Desirable waste management tech-
niques were being practiced at this site (U.S. EPA no date). There is also
a DuPont drum site that stores nitroglycerine.
Sediment Condition
Riley et al. (1983) analyzed sediment concentrations of 14 metals and
24 aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from one station in Oro Bay on
Anderson Island. Aromatic hydrocarbons measured included 4 LPAHs, 7 HPAHs,
and 13 miscellaneous extractables. None of the analytes were substantially
elevated above reference values and PCBs were not detected.
Phenanthrene and retene concentrations were not substantially elevated
above reference in sediments from one station west of Thompson Cove (Barrick
and Prahl 1987).
PCB concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference
values in sediments from one station at the southern tip of Anderson Island
(Pavlou et al. 1977).
Crecelius et al. (1975) found no substantially elevated metals concen-
trations in sediments from one nearshore station in Nisqually Reach and
another station at the southwest tip of Anderson Island.
Toxicitv Indexes
No information available.
OAKLAND BAY AND HAMMERSLEY INLET
Rank Medium
Sources
158
-------
Two small to medium size lumber mills, Mason County Ry Company and
Willey Brothers, were located in Shelton in 1893 (Puget Sound Lumberman
1893). In 1926, 12 lumber mills and logging companies, The Jackson Millwork
Company (a manufacturer of doors and ironing boards), a steam laundry, the
A.C. Smith sheet metal shop, and two printing facilities were located in
Shelton (Manu. Assoc. of WA 1926). By 1927, the Rainier Pulp and Paper
Company had been built and was producing 110 tons/yr of bleached sulphite
pulp and 135 tons/yr of unbleached sulphite pulp per day (Baker 1927).
One small marina, the Shelton Marina, is located in Shelton (Ocean.
Inst. 1978).
The major NPDES discharges to marine waters near Shelton are ITT
Rayonier, Inc., Simpson Timber Company (Simpson), two fisheries, and a
municipal sewage discharge for the city of Shelton (U.S. EPA 1986).
The Simpson produces sawn lumber, plywood, and hardwood veneers and
operates a steam generating plant. In 1963, Simpson also produced insulation
board (Bryant 1963). Simpson is known to generate dioxin wastes and to use
pentachlorophenol to treat wood (Burkhalter, 1987, personal communication).
Simpson has also operated a thermal/mechanical pumping operation (Burkhalter,
personal communication) and had a massive log storage area near Shelton
(Collias, personal communication).
Another major discharger, ITT Rayonier, Inc. ceased operations at their
pulp mill in 1957 (Cardwell and Woelke 1979). ITT Rayonier, Inc. continues
to operate the Olympic Research Division, a self-reported generator of
hazardous wastes (U.S. EPA 1980).
According to Ecology, another hazardous waste generator, Certified
Manufacturing in Shelton, generates approximately 3 tons of hazardous waste
annually (Kruger 1983; Kruger 1984).
Sediment Condition
Mai ins et al. (1982) measured metal, aromatic hydrocarbon, PCB,
chlorinated pesticide, and other chlorinated organic chemical concentrations
in sediments from one station east of Eagle Point in Hammers!ey Inlet. None
of these analytes were substantially elevated above reference values. Total
aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations reported for this station were 310 ug/kg.
PCB concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference
values in sediments from two stations sampled in Oakland Bay near Shelton
and Chapman's Cove (Pavlou et al. 1977).
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
According to Cardwell and Woelke (1979), high rates of mortality (>50
percent) occurred at three stations in Oakland Bay and one station in
Hammers!ey Inlet. High mortality and very high abnormality rates were found
159
-------
for oyster larvae grown in water samples taken near the ITT Rayonier plant
in 19&1. However, neither abnormalities nor mortalities were substantially
elevated after this date. The Eagle Point station and the oil dock station
near Shelton, the Oakland Narrows station, and the station near Chapman's
Cove off Oakland Bay had no substantially elevated rates of oyster larvae
mortality or abnormality from 1961 to 1975. The low rate of mortalities and
the absence of dinoflagellate blooms in Oakland Bay has been a paradox. The
Hammers!ey Inlet station between Skookum Point and Church Point had one
incident of elevated mortalities in 1968. This incident was accompanied by
slightly higher abnormalities, but abnormality rates were not high enough to
be considered substantial. Cardwell and Woelke (1979b) also found substan-
tially elevated mortalities at one station east of Skookum Point in Hammersly
Inlet.
PICKERING PASSAGE AND SQUAXIN PASS
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
PCB concentrations were not substantially elevated above reference
values In sediments from one nearshore station north of Potlatch Point on
the west side of Squaxin Island in Pickering Passage (Pavlou et al. 1977).
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Oyster larvae mortalities were elevated in one incident in 1968
(Cardwell and Woelke 1979). This incident occurred in Squaxin Pass and the
number of abnormalities were near zero from 1968 to 1976.
SKOOKUM INLET
Rank Low
Sources
No information available.
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
160
-------
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays--
Oyster larvae mortalities were substantially elevated at one station
near Patersons in Skookum Inlet in 1962, 1964, 1968, 1973, and 1976 (Cardwell
and Woelke 1979). Abnormalities were only elevated at this station in 1976.
TOTTEN INLET
Rank Medium
Sources
In 1926, two lumber mills operated by Balstin Brothers Lumber and R.R.
McDonald were located in New Kamilche near Oyster Bay (Puget Sound Lumberman
1893). Two NPDES permitted oyster companies, John A. Sales and Olympia
Oyster Company in Oyster Bay, are discharging to Totten Inlet (U.S. EPA
1986).
Sediment Condition
No information available.
Toxicitv Indexes
Receiving Water Oyster Larvae Bioassays—
Oyster larvae mortalities were substantially elevated (>50 percent) at
the Burns Point station in Totten Inlet in 1968 and 1973 (Cardwell and
Woelke 1979b). Abnormalities were low at this station from 1961 to 1977.
The pattern of oyster larvae bioassay results were similar at Dahman's
in Totten Inlet, with mortalities elevated in 1968, 1970, and 1973 and no
substantially elevated abnormalities for any of those years (Cardwell and
Woelke 1979b).
At a station just east of the Little Skookum Inlet, mortalities were
elevated in 1965, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, and 1977 (Cardwell and Woelke
1979b). Abnormalities were not elevated at this station at any time during
the monitoring period.
REGION 12 ASSESSMENT MATRIX RESULTS
As seen in Table 37, Dana and Peale Passages, Eld Inlet, Nisqually
Reach and Drayton Passage, Oakland Bay and Hammer1y Inlet, and Totten Inlet
received medium rankings. All other areas of concern received low rankings.
Sediment and toxicity data are not available for most of the areas of
concern in this region. Likewise, source data are not available for Dana
and Peale Passages, Eld Inlet, Pickering Passage and Squakin Pass, and
Skookum Inlet.
161
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TABLE 37: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR
REGION f 12
LOCATIOB
Carp Inl*t
Dana Passage I
Peale Passage
Eld Inlet
Filuce Bay
Henderson Inlet
Nisqually
Reach t Dray ton
Passage
Oakland Bay t
Hammers ley Inlet
Pickering
Passage t
Squakin Pass
Skookua Inlet
Totten Inlet
SOU
Level of
Concern
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
M/A
LOU
MXS
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
LOU
HIGH
HIGH
N/A
N/A
LOU
SBHMEMT
Level of
Concern
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
N/A
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
CONDITION
Degree of
Certainty
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
N/A
N/A
TOXICITT INDEXES
Level of Degree of
Concern Certainty
N/A
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
N/A
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
MEDIUM
N/A
LOU
N/A
HIGH
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
RANK
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOU
LOU
MEDIUM
162
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CONCLUSIONS
Of the 97 nonurban areas of Puget Sound evaluated in this study by the
Environmental Assessment Matrix technique, only 6 received a ranking of HIGH
which would qualify them for consideration as sites for future, detailed
investigations. The areas of significant concern are: the Guemes/Fidalgo
Channel (Region 2), Port Angeles Harbor (Region 3), Crescent Harbor (Region
4), Richmond Beach (Region 8), Liberty Bay (Region 9), and East Passage
(Region 11).
Forty-two (42) other areas received a MEDIUM ranking. As might be
expected, industrialized regions contained the larger numbers of MEDIUM
sites. The results can be grouped according to the number of MEDIUMS within
each region as follows: Regions 3 and 7 each had 1, Regions 2, 5, 6, and 10
had 2, Region 1 had 3, Regions 4 and 11 each had 4, Region 12 had 5, Region
8 had 6, and Region 9 had 10. All other sites were ranked LOW.
This assessment employed an environmentally protective approach towards
ranking. A rank of MEDIUM does not necessarily mean an area is in imminent
danger of becoming highly contaminated, but only that one or more of the
evaluation criteria were exceeded. The intent of this approach is to
identify areas of possible toxic contamination problems in non-urbanized
areas of Puget Sound before environmental problems manifest themselves.
The following is
ranking they received.
a detailed listing of the areas of concern and the
AREAS OF CONCERN
REGION 1: STRAIT OF GEORGIA
Birch Bay
Boundary Bay
Cherry Point
Drayton Harbor
Point Roberts
Semiahmoo Bay
Other Areas
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
REGION 2: SAN JUAN ISLANDS AND NORTH PUGET SOUND27
Guemes Channel/Fidalgo Bay
Andrews Bay/San Juan Island
Blakely Island
Doe Bay/Orcas Island
East Sound/Orcas Island
Fisherman Bay/Lopez Island
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
163
-------
Friday Harbor-East San Juan
Hale Passage
Lopez Sound
Lummi Bay
Lumml Island
Padilla Bay
Roche Harbor
Rosario Strait
Samlsh Bay
West Sound/Orcas Island
Other San Juan Islands
REGION 3: STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
Dungeness Bay
East Strait of Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles Harbor
REGION 4: NORTH WHIDBEY BASIN
Cornet Bay-Deception Bay
Crescent Harbor
Ouguall Bay
Oak Harbor
Penn Cove
Si mi Ik Bay
Skagit Bay
Utsalady Bay
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
LOW
REGION 5: PORT TOWNSEND AND ADMIRALTY INLET
Admiralty Inlet
Discovery Bay
Holmes Harbor
Mutiny Bay
Oak Bay
Port Townsend
Sequim Bay
Other Bays
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
REGION 6: PORT SUSAN AND SARATOGA PASSAGE
Mukilteo
Port Susan/Tulalip Bay
Possession Sound
Saratoga Passage
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
REGION 7: CENTRAL HOOD CANAL AND DABOB BAY
Central Hood Canal
Dabob Bay
Quilcene Bay
MEDIUM
LOW
MEDIUM
164
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REGION 8: UPPER HOOD CANAL AND POSSESSION SOUND
Appletree Cove LOW
Cultus Bay MEDIUM
Edmonds MEDIUM
Port Gamble MEDIUM
Port Ludlow LOW
President Point/Point Jefferson MEDIUM
Richmond Beach HIGH
Upper Hood Canal MEDIUM
Useless Bay LOW
Other Areas MEDIUM
REGION 9: CENTRAL SOUND AND BAINBRIDGE ISLAND
Alki Pointl MEDIUM
Blake Island! MEDIUM
Carkeek Park MEDIUM
Central Basin Off Elliott Bay HIGH
Dyes Inlet LOW
Liberty Bay HIGH
Manchester/Colby MEDIUM
Meadow Point MEDIUM
Point Williams MEDIUM
Port Madison MEDIUM
Port Orchard LOW
Rich Passage/Bainbridge Island LOW
Shilshole Bay/Lk Washington Canal MEDIUM
West Point MEDIUM
Other Areas MEDIUM
REGION 10: LOWER HOOD CANAL
Case Inlet MEDIUM
Lower Hood Canal LOW
REGION 11: THE NARROWS AND EAST PASSAGE
Colvos Passage MEDIUM
Cormorant Passage/Tacoma Narrows LOW
Dalcos Passage MEDIUM
East Passage HIGH
Gig Harbor MEDIUM
Hale Passage/Fox Island LOW
Henderson Bay/Burley Lagoon LOW
Quartermaster Harbor MEDIUM
Vashon Island MEDIUM
Wollochet Bay/Hale Passage LOW
REGION 12: SOUTH SOUND
165
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Carr Inlet LOW
Dana and Peale Passage MEDIUM
Eld Inlet MEDIUM
Filuce Bay LOW
Henderson Inlet LOW
Nisqually Reach/Drayton Passage MEDIUM
Oakland Bay/Hammerly MEDIUM
Pickering Passage/Squaxin Pass LOW
Skookum Inlet MEDIUM
Totten Inlet MEDIUM
166
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