391. PRODUCTION OF NON-FOOD-CHAIN
                          CROPS WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE

                                      by

                       Lilia A. Abron-Robinson et al.
     Because sewage sludge contains high concentrations of plant nutrients
and organic matter, a study was done to look at the possibility of culti-
vating non-food-chain crops (NFCC) with it.  Sewage sludge as a fertilizer
is primarily used for the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil.
It is also beneficial in improving the water holding capacity of soils.
Application of the sludge "as carried out by three methods—injection, sur-
face irrigation, and truck spreading.  Of these, injection is the most
expensive and truck spreading the least expensive.  It was concluded that
sewage sludge could be used to supplement or to replace fertilizers in non-
food-chain crops.

REFERENCE:  EPA Municipal Environmental Research, EPA-600/S2-80-199, March
            1981, pp. 1-3.
                       392. PULP AND PAPER MILL SLUDGE
                        DISPOSAL AND CROP PRODUCTION

                                      by

                         Thomas R. Aspitarte et al.


     Primary treatment plant sludge  from pulp  and paper manufacturing can be
disposed of successfully by ammending farm soil within or combining it with
bark to forra a hydromulch  to establish  grass on and hold steep embankments.
However, if crop production is to maintain original   yields  or increased
yields on ammended  farm soils, the yearly ton/acre rates of  application and
percentages of solids content  in the sludge must be closely  regulated to
insure proper site  function.   Findings  of different application rates and
solids content in relation to  soil quality and crop yield are included in
the report.

REFERENCE:  Tappi,  Vol. 56, No. 11,  1973, pp.  n40-145.
                                      227

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                393. RELATION OF AN ESSENTIAL MICRO-ELEMENT TO
                           SEED PRODUCTION IN PEAS

                                      by

                               Howard S, Reed
     Peas were grown under different concentrations of zinc to determine its
role as au essential micro-element.  Plants receiving only small amounts of
zinc produced dificiency symptoms, such as growth reduction of the plant and
seed deformities.  Larger applications of zinc resulted in normal plant
growth with the seed yields by weight increasing with increasing zinc con-
centrations up to the amounts tested in this experiment.

REFERENCE:  Growth, Vol. 6, 1942. pp. 391-398.

     For articles on related subject see Nos, 112 and 113.

         394. RELATIONSHIP AMONG EXPOSURE PERIODS, FOLIAR BURN, AND
           FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS EXPOSED TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

                                      by

                             D. F. Adams et al.


     In some agricultural areas, low levels of fluorides were found due to
industrial gases.  Fluorides were accounted for pathological conditions in
various plants and began a series of fumigation experiments.  They were done
in order to find environmental variable effects on foliar responsive rate to
hydrogen fluoride fumigation.  Selective plants were exposed to atmospheric
levels of hydrogen fluoride of up to 1.5, 5, and 10 parts per billion,  A
correlation was set up between light and dark exposure and gathered foliar
fluoride concentration for family, species, and genus.  Hydrogen fluoride in
darkness accounted for the varieties fumigated at an average of 91.3Z.  The
fumigation proved to be more responsive at the daily low level than at a
span of twice a week with high concentrations of about equal exposure factor.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 5, 1957, pp. 108-
            116.
                                      228

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               395.  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITRATE, NITRITE, AND
                       NITR05AKINES IN PLANTS AND SOIL

                                      by

                               Jurgen Dressel
     Determinations of whether intensive .litrogen dressings lead to forma-
tion of nitrosamines in plants were made in this study.  Both cereals and
vegetables showed negative results.  The nitrosamines were apparently
degraded by microbes and proceeded by evapotranspiration.

REFERENCE:  Quality Plant., XXV, 3/4, 1976, pp. 381-390.
                396. RESIDUES OF PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE AN1)
                    RELATED COMPOUNDS IN GREENHOUSE SOILS

                                      by

                             R. H. De Vos et al.
     Greenhouse used Penrachloronitrobenzene as a soil fungicide.  It was
beneficial for controlling Rhizoctonia and Botrytis in lettuce.

     A gas liquid chromatography examination of several samples of soil
revealed a PCNB peak in the chromatograms and several other peaks, which
were probably related  to  that compound.  Mass spectrometry was used to
identify those peaks.

REFERENCE:  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 11,
            No. 6, 1974,  pp. 567-571.
                                      229

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                  397.  RESPONSE OF CROP PLANTS TO I AND Br

                                      by

                    Harv°y p. Newton and Stephen J. Toth
     A total  of nine samplings of soil were taken fron the New Jersey area
in which potassium iodine was present by application.   Tomatoes and Buck-
wheat were tested for iodine and remaining effects of  iodine being applied.
Solution-culture procedures were used to test the iodine-chlorine and iodine-
bromine relationships in tomatoes.  When iodine was applied on Norton, Lake-
wood, Lawrenceville, and Washington soils at a rate of 10 pounds an acre, it
was toxic to  the tomatoes.  Whereas, iodine applied from 1 to 10 pounds an
acre had no yield responses on the growth of the tomatoes from the sampled
soil.  When potassium chloride was applied, it tended  to increase the
toxicity and  iodine rate in tomatoes and buckwheat.  Although increased
iodine uptake was intensified by additional chlorine,  the iodine did not
affect chlorine uptake at all.  Bromine, when applied  at a rate of 50 and
100 pounds an acre, had no responses gathered from five New Jersey soil
samples.

REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 72, 1952, pp. 127-134.

          398. RESPONSE OF SOME COMMON FIELD CROPS TO VARIOUS RATES
           OF APPLICATION OF CALCIUM ARSENATE TO SEVERAL SOIL TYPES

                                      by

                                W. B. Rogers


     Calcium  arsenate was applied to a number ot crops on several different
soil types to determine the effects it has on plant growth.  Vetch, oats,
'jarley, and wheat showed arsenic  toxicity symptoms, while soybeans, cotton,
corn, and sorghum showed stimulated growth with calcium arsenate applica-
tions.  Compounds tested to correct excess arsenic concentrations included
iron sulfate, managanese sulfate, and dolomitic limestone of which iron sul-
fate performed the best.

REFERENCE:  Proc. Assoc. S. Agric. Workers, Vol. 33, 1932, pp. 30-31.
                                     230

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                    399.  RESPONSE OF  SOME DECIDUOUS  FRUIT
                           TREES  TO ZINC  CHELATES

                                      by

                             N. R. Benson et al.
     This report details attempts to correct zinc deficiencies in peach,
sweet cherry,  and apple trees.   Two zinc chelates were added to the soil
directly under the trees—Na2Zn EDTA (disodiua zinc ethylenediaminetraacetic
acid) and NaZn KEEDTA podium zinc hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic
acid) were the chelates.  Results showed deficiencies were corrected in  the
peach and sweet cherry trees; greatest zinc uptake was noted in June and
again in November; zinc EDTA applied only in the fall did not result in  good
zinc deficiency correction.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol.  84, 1957, pp. 63-75.
        400. ROLE OF CATECHOL AND THE METHYLCATECHOLS AS INDUCERS OF
                  AROMATIC METABOLISM IN PSEUDOMANOS PUTIDA

                                      by

                     Keith Murrav and Peter A. Williams
     This report discusses how pseudomonas putida NCIB 10015 produces energy
from methylphenols and benzoates.  Two processes, which include the raeta and
ortho pathways, are used  to start the reaction.  When growth of any catechols
took place, then the ortho and meta went into action.  This reaction happened
in both the phenols and benzoates.  Methylcatechols induced growth in the
meta pathway.  Following  this point, any additional growth causes ortho path-
ways to extend.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 117, No. 3, March 1974, pp. 1153-
            1157.
                                      231

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          401. SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS TRASSLOCATION THROUGH ANAEROBIC
                          DISSOLUTION AND GAS-LIFT

                                      by

                           William B. Woods et al.
     Lake water and sedim, nt obtained from Lake Michigan were used in labor-
atory experiment to study the mobilization of phosphorus.  The first section
of the study discussed phosphorus movement by anaerobic dissolution.  Car-
bohydrates were fermented by the bacteria moving the phosphorus by means of
acid reaction from the sediment into the water.  The secondary part of the
study assimilated and demonstrated the positive mobilization of phosphorus
by the gas-lift phenomena arising from the loss of fermentation gases from
the lake sediment

REFERENCE:  Wateruse Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
            pp. 610-613.

     For article on related subject see No. 117.


          402. SEPARATION OF DEGREES OF ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN WHEAT

                                      by

                          Peter C. Kerridge et al.


     A number of varieties of wheat were tested for their tolerance to alu-
minum.  They were placed in three groups according to tolerance levels—
tolerant, slightly sensitive, and highly sensitive.  The process used for
this study is called a nutrient solution culture technique.  There are
several advantages of this method over the previous used soil method.  The
nutrient solution method is a quick and reproducible technique.  It also is
beneficial in that it is nondestructive to plants.  Therefore, the same
plants may be used for subsequent testing as well as in a breeding program.

REFERENCE:  Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, July-August 1971, pp. 586-591.
                                     232

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          403. A SOIL BACTERIUM DECOMPOSING ORGANIC NITRO-COMPOUNDS

                                      by

                        K. Gundersen and H. L. Jensen


     An isolated strain in Corynebacteriura simplex soil bacterium was studied
by experiments showing itsabili'y to decompose 4,6-dinitro-o-cresoi (DNOC) .
The DNOC acted as an adequate source of carbon and nitrogen, as did several
other related organic compounds.  The decomposition resulted In the release
of nitrite.  The potential efficiency of this type of or^.nisms was found to
be dependant upon the concentration of herbicide as well as soil pK.

REFERENCE:  Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Vol. 6, 1956, pp. 100-11A.

     For article on related subject see No. 119.

                 404. SOIL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF
                       COTTON FOLLOWING PEACH ORCHARDS

                                      by

                          C. R. Lee and N.  R. Page
     Cotton will not grow normally on soils where peach trees have been
removed  the previous year unless the trees are burned and  the ashes mixed
with the soil.  The problems  resu.it from  the presence of fungi, nematodes,
decomposing peach  roots, and  salts of heavy metals.  This  investigation
reveals  some  soil  factors -rhich also contribute  to the problem.  The peach
trees appeared  to  hsve  been sprayed repeatedly with  zinc oxysulfate and  sul-
phur, which lowered the soil  pH and increased the zinc concentration to
levels that were detrimental  to cotton  plants.   Treating the soil with peach
tree ash or lime  (calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate,  or sodium carbon-
ate) raised the soil pH to 6.0 or above and decreased the  concentrations of
zinc and manganese allowing cotton plants to grow normally.

REFERENCE:  Agronomy Journal,  Vol. 59,  May-June  1967, pp.  237-240.
                                      233

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              405.  SOILS AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR SAFE RECYCLING
                         OF WASTEWATERS  AND SLUDGES

                                      by

                             Donald E. McCormack
     This paper was primarily concerned with using wastewaters and sludge in
low concentration as soil amendments.   Some of these types of waste can pro-
vide significant annur.ts of nitrogen,  phosphorus, organic matter,  and a num-
ber of other beneficial components necessary for adequate soil properties.
Applications of a specific waste to a certain location depends upon a number
of factors such as permeability, temperature, and available water  capacity,
which can be acquired by a complete soil survey.

REFERENCE:  Wateruse -  Proceedings ot the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
            629-636.
     For article on related subject see So. 206.


                406. SOME ASPECTS OF CONTAMINATION OF HERBAGE
                         WITH COPPER, ZINC AND  IRON

                                      by

                                F. Beavington


     Australia was  the  location where samples of white clover and paspalum
were selected.  The site was near copper and steelwork products.  Test
results showed a definite level of zinc, copppr and iron  found in city her-
bage.  The zinc and copper were apparently more from the  smelter, whereas,
the iron correlated more with the steelworks.   A certain  amount of all three
materials were in the white clover, but not to  a large extent ir the pas-
palum.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Pollution, Vol. 8, 1975, pp. 65-71.
                                      234

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               407. SOME EFFECTS OF SULFUR OK CROPS AND SOILS

                                      bv

                               Henry R. Adams


     This paper reports on experiments tested on the use of sulfur as a fer-
tilizer and its effect on the soil.  The author tested the influence of sul-
fur on the germination and early growth of clover and alfalfa and its effect
on the acidity and solubility of the soils used.

     The effect of leaching on the acidity produced by the sulfur treatment
was also tested.  From the tests, it was concluded that alfalfa seed will
germinate when the intensity of the acidity is too great for growth.  There
was an increase in soluble salts in the soil, which is probably due to the
biological oxidation of sulfur.  The test performed for the effect of leach-
ing showed that the sulfate was practically all removed, but the acidity
produced by sulfur oxidation was not.  Also, leaching made the treated soil
slightly more acid.  As fast as it was formed, the sulfuric acid reacted
with the soil bases, and the increased soil acidity was due to insoluble
acids or acid salts.  The last leaching from the soil were strongly acid,
and the alkaline soil was made more acid by leaching.

     The results showed that although  there may be little correlation be-
tween pH value and total time required to bring one soil to neutrality under
other conditions,  there is no correlation between these properties  in dif-
ferent types of soil.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol.  18, No. 2, 1924, pp. 111-115.
                                      235

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            408.  SOME FACTORS  AFFECTING THE  SOLUBILITY  OF  COBALT

                                      by

                               Ralph  A.  You-ig
     This study was designed to determine the effect  of hydrogen ion concen-
tration, cations,  and ions on the solubility of  cobalt.  Also studied were
the effects of tnese factors on the extraction of cobalt.  Cobalt was found
to be very soluble in acid solutions, but would  precipitate rapidly when
certain pH values  were reached.  Cations had hardly no effect on cobalt
solubility.  Concentrations of acids and pH values necessary for the extrac-
tion of cobalt were determined although nothing  was concluded as to the
effects of anions.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 13, 1948, pp. 122-126.
           409. SOME RELATIONS OF ARSENIC TO PLANT GROWTH:  PART I

                                      by

                                John Stewart
     Experiments  found  levels of disodium arsenate in small dosages in all
the plants  tested.   In  some plants, the arsenate showed not in the foliage,
but underground.  The most prevalent of plants  to show this was the radish.
Most analysis determined  stimulation to be brought about  in low levels of
arsenate.   In the radish  plants, all levels of  concentration were evident
from the arsenate.   The tests indicate all the  arsenate that gathers in the
soil would  be helpful rather than  harmful to  the plants.  This is to say, of
course, that the  spraying would not be large  dosages.

REFERENCE:  Soil  Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1922, pp.  111-126.
                                      236

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                410.  STABILITY  OF  NITROSAMINES  IN  SAMPLES  OF
                        LAKE WATER,  SOIL,  AND SEWAGE

                                      by

                  Robert L.  Tate,  III  and  Martin Alexander
     This experiment compared the stability of  nitrosamines in three dif-
ferent medians:   1.  Williamson silt loam,  2. raw municipal sewage,  and  3.
Cayuga Lake water.   Nitrosamines existing  in lake water showed the  most
resistance co degradation,  slow degradation appeared in the soil samples,
and a somewhat faster rate  occurred in tests involving sewage medians.   This
suggested the presence of some type of microbial degradation.

REFERENCE:  Journal of the  National Cancer Institute, Vol. 54, No  2,
            February 1975,  pp. 327-330.
     For article on related subject see No. 122.


                  411. STUDIES OF FRENCHING OF TOBACCO WITH
                  PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THALLIUM TOXICITY

                                      by

                      C. E. Bortner and P. E. Karraker
     This study was conducted to determine the effects of thallium treat-
ments on the growth of  tobacco plants in water, sand, and soil cultures.
Frenching of the plants was not initiated or increased by thallium applica-
tions.  Thallium induced chlorosis was found.  Water cultures required the
lowest concentrations for chlorosis development, while no chlorosis symp-
toms were found in soil culture grown plant until thallium was present in
unnaturally high concentrations.  Liming and low nutrient content, which
affects Trenching of plants, caused no noticable affects toward thallium pro-
duced chlorosis.

REFERENCE:  Journal of American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 32, 1940, pp. 195-
            203.
                                     237

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       412.  STUDIES ON THE ANAEROBIC  DECOMPOSITION  OF  PLANT MATERIALS
        III. COMPARISON OF THE COURSE OF DECOMPOSITION OF  RICE  STRAW
          UNDER ANAEROBIC, AEROBIC AND PARTIALLY AEROBIC CONDITIONS

                                      by

                          Cadambi Narasimah Acharya


     Aerobic, water-logged, and anaerobic conditions were  used  to test  the
decomposition of rice straw in this study.  Collected  cellulose appeared  the
most harmfully affected by the anaerobic process.  Aeration brought  about
much more hydrogen than anaerobic conditions.  Carbon  dioxide was produced
from organic acids and methane during experiments.   The order in which  the
nitrogen factors fell were aerobic, water-logged, and  anaerobic.  Protein
was formed during aerobic conditions and was often insoluble in water.

REFERENCE:  The Biochemical Journal, Vol. 29, 1935, pp. 1116-1120.
                413. STUDIES ON THE DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM
                            BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

                                      by

                       J. J. Perry and C. E. Cerniglia


     Because of the  tremendous demand for petroleum products today, a recur-
ring problem of petroleum pollution exists.  The use of a filamentous fungi
for the degradation  of such incidents as oil spills may be a more efficient
alternative.  A number of other  types of organisms are capable of degrading
hydrocarbons, including  yeasts and various microbes.  Results of this study
showed a greater  degrading potential by the fungi studied providing tha pre-
sence of phosphorus  and  nitrogen sources.  An additional advantage was the
ability of  the fungi to  form  spores, which can  exist dormant during long,
harsh conditions, suggesting  several beneficial uses.

REFERENCE:  The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, December 1972,
            pp. 89-94.
                                      238

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        414.  STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF MOLYBDENUM,
        BORON AND PAPER MILL SLUDGE ON THE POST HARVEST QUALITIES OF
                     POTATO TUBER (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.)

                                      by

                          R. C.  Das and M. K. Jena
     Soil application of molybdenum, boron, or calcium (paper mill sludge)
was shown to produce the following in potato:  1. decreases in specific
gravity, 2. increases in the moisture content, 3. increases in the ascorbic
acid content, 4. increases in the starch content, 5. a very significant
decrease  in both percentage of rot per grade and the number o.  chats (too
small for use), and 6. very significant increases in the nuir.ber of medium
and large grade potatoes.

REFERENCE:  Madras Agric. Journal, Vol. 60, No. 8, 1973, pp. 1026-1029.
       415. STLTIES OS THE POSSIBLE FORMATION OF POLYCHLORAZOBF.NZENES
                         IN QUINTOZENE TREATED SOIL

                                      by

                  Hans-Rudolf Buser and Hans-Paul Bosshardt
     This article states  that polychloroazobeuzene was not formed in five
soils treated with pentachloronitrobenzene at a level of  1000 parts/10^ with
an incubation of 24 days  at  30°C.  This supports previous work, which showed
that azobenzenes can only be formed  from substituted anilines with at least
one free ortho position.

REFERENCE:  Pesticide  Science, Vol.  6, 1975, pp. 35-41.
                                      239

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   416. A STUDY OF "CHLOROSIS" IN CORN PLANTS AND OTHER FIELD CROP PLANTS

                                      by

                        R. M. Barnette and J. P. Camp
     The underdeve'.optnent of the chlorosis of corn, known as "white bud",
can be linked to the application of zinc sulfate in the drill before plant-
ing.  Other field crops such as cotton, cowpeas, velvet beans, and Pearl
icillet have shown symptoms of zinc deficiency.  Even though no definite
symptoms have been found on peanuts, sugarcane, Napin grass, and crotalaria,
these crops have responded to application of zinc sulfate.  The Department
of Chemistry and Soils has done a cooperative project with this report;
further information may be obtained from it.

REFERENCE:  Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report, 1935, p. 45.
        417. SULFUR AND TRACE-ELEMENT 'TTP.TTTOw OF ASPERGILLL'S NIGER

                                      by

                             Robert A. Steinberg


     The assimilation of sulfur was tested using a fungus Aspergillus niger.
Alkyl sulfonate,  alkyl sulfinate, anabolites, homocystine, and methionine
were available sulfur supply sources.  Sulfide, disulfide, and alkyl mer-
captans were not  available  sources.  Factors affecting  sulfur assimilation
included molecular structure, oxygen presence in the compound, and decom-
position of various  sulfur  compounds into usable forms.

REFERENCE:  Journal  of Agricultural Research. Vol. 63,  No. 2, July 15, 1941,
            pp. 109-127.


     For article  on  related subject see No. 18.
                                      240

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         418.  SULFUR-ZINC RELATIONSHIPS IN SOME NEW YORK PEAT SOILS

                                      by

                                E.  V.  Staker
     Some peat soils in the New York area have been found to contain zinc in
amounts dangerous to the growth of vegetable crops.  It is now known that a
part of the zinc is present as zinc sulfide.  In a statistical study from
110 soils, a positive relationship was obtained between the sulfide and
total zinc.  In another study, the plant growth character under field condi-
tions was compared with zinc and sulfide sulfur contents of the soil upon
which the plants were growing.  Data was also received showing the relation
of sulfur and zinc contents from productive and unproductive peat soils to
the amount of zinc found in plants growing on these soils.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 8:345, 1943,
            p. 345.


              419. SULFURIC ACID TREATMENT OF CALCAREOUS SOILS:
                 EFFECTS ON PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILITY, INORGANIC
                     PHOSPHORUS FORMS, AND PLANT GROWTH

                                      by

                      John Ryan and Jack L. Stroehlein
     Sulfuric acid was applied to three phosphorus-deficient calcareous
Arizona soils—Cave, Latene, and Comoro—in order to reduce their buffering
capacities.  This application significantly affected both soil pH and the
acid titratable basicity of all soils.  Of these soils, Cave and Comoro were
cropped with tomatoes.  The acid treated soil were found to produce higher
dry matter yields.  Sulfuric acid treatment increased the annnonium chloride,
ammonium fluoride, and sodium hydroxide fractions with phosphorus, and also
extractable iron, aluminum, and phosphorus levels; and decreased the sul-
furic acid-phosphorus fraction.  Overall, there was a negative relationship
between yield and the sulfuric acid-phosphorus fraction, and a positive
relationship with all of the others.  This study shews that the application
of sulfuric acid on  calcareous phosphorus soils can overcome the phosphorus
deficiency without the use of commercial fertilizers.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society America Journal, Vol. 43, 1979, pp. 731-735.
                                     241

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           420.  TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM ON GERMINATING SEEDLINGS
                           AND POTATO TUBER SLICES

                                      by

                       S. Mukherji and Barun Kunjar Roy


     The toxic effect K2Cr707 has on rice seedlings and potato tuber slices
was studied.   The seedlings of rice were placed in Petri dishes, in the
dark, containing K2Cr2O? concentrate.  The seedlings were then placed at a
constant 30°C for certain amounts of time.  Copper reduction was used to
measure the amount of s^gar and amino acids found by colorimetric  ninhydrin
method.  Potato tubers were tested and  treated for openness by dipping into
concentrations of K2Cr207.  The filters were examined for sugar by the
method of colorimetrics.  At  the  former concentration,  chromium did not stop
growth of the plant.  It retarded the elongation  period rather than growth
of the root.  Chromium  found  in potato  discs did  affect the changes of the
openness in  the discs when chromium was  applied.   Th*  concentration not only
depressed the water  level, but  damaged  the  wholeness"  of the membrane.

REFERENCE:   Biochen. Physiol.  Pflanzen, Vol. 171, 1977, pp. 235-238.

                421.  TOXICITY AND  ACCUJ-OTLATION  OF  CHLORIDE AND
                            SULFATE  SALTS IN PLANTS

                                       by

                                Frank M. Eaton
      A series of crop plants were grown in soil cultures and then applied
 with various chloride and sulfate salts.  Chlorides were found to be twice
 as toxic as sulfates in many cases, but some results varied widely.  Chlor-
 ide salts also increased the hydrogen-ion concentration where sulfates did
 not.  Results showed a higher degree ..: toxir.ity per unit of salt low con-
 centrations than in higher ones.  The application of salts caused such symp-
 toms as reduction in leaf size, blossom-end rot, leaf burns, and growth
 depression curves.  The water requirements of plants growing on saline soils
 were also found to be lower than control plants.  The absolute tolerance of
 any plant appeared to be a vague concept in that a wide range of concentra-
 tions will prove fatal to plants over an extended period of time.

 REFERENCE:  Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 64, April 1, 1942,
             pp. 357-399.

                                      242

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                   422.  TCXICITY FROM ARSENIC COMPOUNDS TO
                            RICE ON FLOODED SOILS

                                      by

                      J. Felding Reed and M. B.  Strugis


     This report documents arsenical activity of arsenic dusted cotton sites
that have consecutively been changed over to rice production, hence being
subject to flooding.  Water-soluble arsenic didn't show toxicity, but 0.05
nitrogen hydrochloric acid-soluble arsenic showed some toxicity.  Also,
related arsenic compounds in the soil were very toxic to rice during these
flood conditions.

REFERENCE:  Journal of  the American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 28, 1936,
            pp. 432-436.
                 423. TRACE-ELEMENT TOXICITIES  IN OAT PLANTS

                                      by

                     James  C. Huntei. and Ornella Vergnano


      Crops  grown on a certain  igneous glacial drift  soil  were noted  to con-
 tain excessive concentrations  of nickel along with other  trace  elements.   An
 investigation was  conducted to determine  the effects of nickel,  cobalt,
 chromium,  copper,  zinc, manganese,  molybdenum and aluminum on oat  plants.
 Toxicity to the plants  from these minerals occurred  in  the forms of  chloro-
 sis, necosis, increase  in phosphate,  nitrogen deficiency, and irregular
 plant growtli ana structure, depending upon the  mineral  type and concentra-
 tion.  The results of this investigation  are illustrated  in detailed tables.

 REFERENCE:   Anal.  Appl. Biology, Vol. 40, 1953, pp.  761-777.
                                      243

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                    424.  TRACE ELEMENTS IN CORN GROWN IN
                       LONG-TERM SLUDGE DISPOSAL SITE

                                      by

                                M.  B.  Kirkham


     Soil treated with municipal sludge for a period of 35 years was tested
along with the corn plants for evidence of aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron,
manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc.   There was evidence of trace elements in
a concentration fron 0 to 30 cm.  Although these test results showed large
amounts of trace elements in the soil, it was not necessarily found in the
corn plants, However, the roots did have amounts of the elements to quite a
large degree.  Of all the elements, cadmium and copper were highest in con-
centration in the leaves.

REFERENCE:  Environment Science Technology, Vol. 9, No. 8, August 1975,
            pp. 765-768.


               425. TRACE METALS IN SOILS, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS

                                       by

                                Donald  J.  Lisk
      Extensive  research has been  done  concerning the presence and relation-
 ships of essential metals  in  soils and the mobility, reactions, and effects
 in  biological systems  of these metals. This  is discussed at great length
 and detail  in two major sections  consisting of four heading and two heading
 respectively.   The  first section  deals with the soil-plant complex.  Detailed
 discussions in  this  section are sources of metals  in soils; associations and
 behavior of metals  in  soil; the plant  factor; and  specific metals.  The
 second  section  deals with  aquatic systems; water and aquatic organisms are
 dealt with  in this  section.   An overview  of continuing  research finalizes
 this article.   The abatement  of pollutants and the recycling of products
 will provide the solutions of the protection  of our delicate environment.

      Five tables aid in illustrating  the  main points concerning trace metals
 in  this article.

 REFERENCE:   Advanced Agronomy, Vol. 24, 1972, pp.  267-325.
                                      244

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          426.  UNPRODUCTIVENESS OF CERTAIN ORCHARD SOILS AS RELATED
                    TO LEAD ARSENATE SPRAY ACCUMULATIONS

                                      by

                          S. C. Vandecaveye et al.
     An investigation was done over soil samples taken from the Yakima
Valley area.  Soil was taken at depths of 6 inches, which conteined between
4.5 and 12.5 ppm of soluble arsenic.  Soils that were untreated we; e analysed
in a laboratory using barley and alfalfa plants.  The results were identical
when the arsenic treated soils and untreated soils were compared.  The effect
of the arsenic showed a reduction of growth in the apple trees on site and
laboratory tests of plants when potted in soil from the valley location.  A
decrease in growth was present, but no toxic effects were a result oi soils
receiving more than 50 ppm of lead nitrate.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol. 42, May 25, 1936, pp. 203-215.
       427. THE UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION OF  SELENITE BY HIGHER PLANTS

                                       by

                       P. J.  Peterson and G. W.  Butler
      Various plants such as wheat,  rad and  white clover,  and  ryegrass were
 tried in nutrient  solutions including selenium-selenite  ions.   To  understand
 the absorption of  selenium, the roots and shoot tissues  were  fractioned.  In
 general, the uptake was similar araong all 5 plants  for a 10 day span.   The
 Neptunia had the highest level of  ethanol-soluble.   In ethanol  extrc'-ts,  the
 selenite was most  frequent in wheat.   Pasture species were found to  correlate
 with sulphur-containing metabolites.   Large incorporations of selenium  with-
 in the seleno-amino acids were observed in  red and  white clover, ryegrass
 and wheat.   Found  in Neptunia, was a  decreased amount of protein incorpor-
 ated in the selenium.

 REFERENCE:   Aust.  Journal of Biological Science, Vol. 15, 1962, pp.  126-146.
                                      245

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              428.  UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF INORGANIC  FORMS OF
                    SELENIUM-75  BY SPIRODELA OLIGORRHIZA

                                      by

                       G. W. Butler and P.  J. Peterson
     Selenium-75 as selenite, selenate or colloidal selenium were in the
sterile nutrien* cultures of duckweed (S. Oligorrhiza).  Absorption and
assimilation of seleniura by the plant was measured.  felenite was shown to
absorb and assimilate three tiraes faster than selenate.  Colloidal selenium
was metabolized very well also.  The main path of assimilation was seleno-
methionine in proteins.

REFERENCE:  Aust. Journal of Biological Science, 1967, pp. 77-86.
      429. UPTAKE BY PERENNIAL RYEGRASS OF IODIDE, ELEMENTAL IODINE AND
          IODATE ADDED TO SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS AMENDMENTS

                                      by

                             David C. Whitehead
      Analysis of perennial ryegrass was  observed when  three  substances were
applied.   Iodide,  elemental  iodine and iodate were  the three applied at a
rate  of  20 rag I/kg.   One  or  the  other element would cause  an increase in
uptake,  while another might  cause uptake to  decrease.   In  one test, farm
manure decreased the  uptake  of all iodines by ten times.   Iodine  appeared
most  prevalent  in  uptake  increasing when compared to the other iodines.
Rates of recovery  in  the  ryegrass ranged from 0.03% elemental iodine mixed
with  soil plus  FYM to 2.162  iodate contained  with soil  and  chalk.

REFERENCE:  Journal Sci.  Fd. Agric., Vol. 26, 1975, pp.  361-367.
                                      246

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                430.  UPTAKE OF A PCB (AROCLOR 1254)  FROM SOIL
                      BY CARROTS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

                                      by

                             Yutaka Iwata et al.
     Carrot plants were used to study the translocation of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in the soil.  Higher degrees of translocation were asso-
ciated with lower biphenyls chlorination.  Most of the uptake by carrot
plants occurred in the peel with little adsorption taking place in the plant
tissue.

REFERENCE:  Bulletin Environmental Contamination, Vol. 11, 1974, pp. 523-528.
           431. UPTAKE OF Ra226 BY PLANTS AND CHANGE IN ITS STATE
                 IN THE SOIL—PLANT TOPS—LITTERFALL SYSTEM

                                      by

                            A. I. Taskeyev et al.


     Radium226J located in Sod-Meadow soil, was  found  to be controlled more
readily by barium  than calcium.  There was a straight  connection between
Radium226 and barium.  No correlation was found  between barium and calcium
or calcium and Radiutn226.  Radium22** is in a mobile  form within the Sod-
Meadow soil  in a formation of acid-solubles, exchangeables, and water sol-
ubles.  Plant  tops can form compounds with Radium226  in a  low chemical
mobility.  Exchangeable Radium226 made soils as  well  as water-soluble forms
exceed formation.   By drying process, plants increased in  mobility of
Radium226 and  formed stronger Radium226 bonds.   The  ratio  between live plants
and  litterfall depends upon the  biochemical plant  characteristics.

REFERENCE:   Soviet Soil Science, Vol. 9,  1977, pp. 79-85.
                                      247

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                432. USE OF WASTE MATERIALS FOR REVEGETATION
                          OF CHROMATE SMELTER WASTE

                                      by

                                R. P. Gemmell


     This paper looks at a study of the chromate smelting and on the correc-
tion of substrate toxicity in residues from the industry.  The investigations
into techniques of revegetation of the waste were promoted by the Lancashire
County Council to reclaim one derelict site of Britain's three principal
smelters; two have already halted productions.  The main conclusions of this
project are that waste can be revegetated for amenity grassland by treatment
with two other wastes.

REFERENCE:  Nature, Vol. 240, December 29, 1972, pp. 569-570.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 130, 131, and 132.

                  433. VARIETAL RESPONSE TO LEAD BY LETTUCE

                                      by

                                Matt K. John


     Lettuce varieties of nine categories were grown in water nutrient solu-
tion at six substrates of lead concentrations to 50 ppm in  the substance
acted upon by enzymes.  Lead concentration in the  top and root tissue along
with the amounts absorbed and transmitted into edible tissues were dependent
on exposure duration and variety  of  substrate lead.  Lettuce plants did
absorb and translocate lead, while lead substrate  was in condensed form.
Responses were different among the variety of similar shapes showing an
adjusted physiological mechanisms of lead condensation and  translocation.
Varietal selection  could reduce human and animal food intake of lead.  In
early growth stages, varieties revealed some  stimulation with low levels of
lead and suppressed growth with high levels of lead.  Genetic variation also
comprised non-significant response of growth.

REFERENCE:  Water,  Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 8, 1977, pp. 133-144.


     For article on related subject  see No. 133.
                                     248

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              43A.  YIELD AND METAL COMPOSITION OF CORN AND RYE
                     GROWN ON SEWAGE SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL

                                      by

                           J. D.  Cunningham et al.
     Sludge was selected for detrimental effects from four municipalities
located in Wisconsin.  The sludge was analyzed for extremely high concentra-
tions of chromium, zinc, copper, or nickel.  After leaching the soil,  three
crops were grown on the sludge-revised soil.  High limed sludge increased  pK
level to 7.4.  Other effects involved with high rates of sludge were lowered
pH, and soluble salts reached valid concentration with higher rates of
sludge.  Nitrogen, phosphorus, and polonium added positive responses when
added to sludge.  Most yields of crops decreased except when exposed to high
rates of sludge.  The significant difference between sludges was the tissue
metal concentration.  The phytotoxic concentrations of copper occurred more
often on a regular basis.  Tissue concentrations ranged from 0.4 to P. 7 on
the average.  The sewage sludge values were from 5-16 among the chemicals.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Enviroraiental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1°75, pp. 448-
            454.
                        435. ZINC DEFICIENCY IN FLAX

                                      by

                               C. R. Millikan


     This paper discusses zinc deficiency and its symptoms in flax plants.
The time of year when flax crops were planted was found to h?ve a direct
relationship with the incidence of zinc deficiency symptoms.  Deficiency was
also found more often in black alkaline soils.  Symptoms appearing several
weeks after germination include "bronzing", "resetting", and "die back" con-
ditions.  In some cases, afflicted plants will recover by secondary growth,
while other tests where zinc deficiency was maintained resulted in no
recovery.  Finally, zinc sulfate applications to the soil were shown to be
a remedy to the problem.

REFERENCE:  The Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 44, February 1946, pp. 69-73
            and 88.
     For article on related subject see No. 201.


                                     249

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        436.  GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS FROM LAND DISPOSAL OF RESIDUES:
                A SURVEY IN THE PROVINCE OF ANTWERP,  BELGIUM

                                      by

                          J. Verheyden and P. Voets
     This research studied groundwater contamination from land disposal of
industrial residues.  Leachates in the disposal areas were tested for chem-
ical characterisitcs.  A multi-element screening was then done, to determine
composition of waste materials.  Although no detrimental effects were found,
future damage is possible.  To solve this problem it was suggested the per-
colates in dump site be strictly controlled and that "black" leachages be
adequately aerated before being discharged.

REFERENCE:  Water Science Technology, Vol. 13, 1981, pp. 1125-1134.
           437. GRO'-T^u-WATER CONTAMINATION BY FERTILIZER NITROGEN

                                      by

                            Harold R. Duke et al.
     This study analyzed the leaching of fertilizer nitrogen by excessive
spray irrigation water.  Emphasis was made on nitrate-nitrogen, which mav
reach the water table.  Total nitrate loss was directly related to the
actual amount of deep percolating water.  Concentrations and percolation
rates of nitrate are also affected by time and soil variability.  No quanti-
tative results were secured on nitrates present in return  flows; however, if
any significant denitrification occurs, potential pollution by nitrates is
reduced.  The most effective means of controlling this leaching known is by
careful irrigation water management.

REFERENCE:  Journal of  the Irrigation and Drainage Division, September 1978,
            pp. 283-291.
     For article on  related subject see No. 153.
                                     250

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               438.  INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS  ON THE
                           NITROGEN CYCLE IN WATER

                                      by

                             Jack DeMarco et al.
     This experiment studied the effects of environmental factors on the
nitrification cycle in water.  Also mentioned was ammonia oxidation.  Tur-
bulence and an increase in initial nitrifying seed concentration were the
factors found to increase the initial rate of ammonia oxidation.  Ammonia
nitrogen oxidation was decreased in the presence of nitrites, while nitrates
had no significant effect.  The presence of organic materials showed varied
effects depending on the ammonia nitrogen's assimilation state.  An attempt
was made to use bacterial counts to evaluate nitrification potential, which
was unsuccessful because of its inefficiency and the time needed to count
the nitrifying population.

REFERENCE:  Journal AVWA, May 1967, pp. 598-592.
                439.  SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF PREDICTING FALL OF
                         WATER TABLE IN DRAINED LAND

                                      by

                    Herman  Bouwer and Jan van Schilfgaarde


     Using the  steady-state  theory  and abrupt  drainage of pore space, this
method  is  a good,  simple,  accurate  formula  for simple drainage design.  How-
ever, it is not as accurate  as some other  formulas.  This procedure is for
predicting rate fall of the  water  table  in  ditch-drained and/or tile-drained
land.

REFERENCE:   Transactions of  the ASAE, 1963, pp. 288-291 and 296.


     For articles  on related subject see Nos.  3,  110, and 116.
                                      251

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                  4'tO.  TRANSIENT  DESIGN  OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

                                      by

                            Jan van Schilfgaarde


     Several previously used analysis for transient water tables were re-
viewed along with a new type of approach that includes precipitation in the
calculations.  The analysis studied showed accurate formulations as checked
agairst field data for the design of drainage systems.  One desirable method
is the use of frequency distribution of water table height in conjunction
with recurrence intervals.  The results of this analysis show the feasibility
of the approach.

REFERENCE:  Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of
            the American Society of Civil Engineers, Septembei 1965, pp. 9-
            22.
             441. VATER QUALITY CRITERIA:   1972 NATIONAL ACADEMY
                 OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL ACADEMY  OF  ENGINEERING


      This  is an  update of  the  1968 W. Q.  C.  Many new areas are  discussed—
 the  recreational inpact of boating,  levels of  use, disease, vectors,  nuisance
 organisms, aquatic vascular plants,  viruses in relation to public  water,
 effect of  dissolved  gases  on aquatic life, toxilogical research  guidelines,
 solid waste disposed  in oceans,  irrigation, and industrial waste water  treat-
 ments.  Also,  several potentially toxic substances not discussed in the 1968
 report are considered.

 REFERENCE:  HTS, PB 236  199 (EPA),  March 1973.
                                      252

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           442.  PLANNING FOR LAND-BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
               SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

                                      by

                    Maurice Baker and Lee A.  Christensen
     The use of air and water for disposal of wastes from production and
consumption is no longer acceptable.   One of the alternative means of dis-
posal is land disposal.  Decisions concerning utilization and disposition
of residual wastes is influenced by a large number of variables.

     This article discusses the economics related to waste management in
terms of costs analyses, externalities, government actions, materials flow,
joint products, and stock and flow resources.  Means for attaining environ-
mental goals are by a legal-regulatory approach anri an economic incentive
approach.  Opportunity costs will influence whether a residual will be used
in a production process.  Some objectives of land application are minimiz-
ing waste treatment costs, disposing of wastes  in an environmentally accept-
able tnannei supplying nutrient or water .requirements of crops and recharging
ground aquifers.  Some options for institutional structures discussed are
acquisition and management options; fee simple  acquisition; less  than fee
simple and contractual agreements.  There  is a  long discussion  of a decision
framework for  considering land application, and a discussion of cost of land
application systems.

REFERENCE:  Land  Application of  Waste  Materials, Soil Cons. Society of
            America, pp. 278-288.


      For articles on related subject see  Kos.  17 and  198.
                                      253

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                  443.  AGRICULTURALLY RELATED PRETREATHENT
                          LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS

                                      by

                      M. K. Overcash and F. J. Huraenik


     Animal production industry wastes and some agricultural processing
wastes can be treated by land application with nitrogen being the only com-
ponent that dictates treatment characteristics.  Aerated lagoons, unaerated
lagoons, recycling overland flow, and sprinkler application are all known as
good treatment methods for denitrification of the above waste types.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 2nd National Wateruse Conference, 1975,
            pp. 688-692.
            444. BENCH-SCALE TcbTING FOR RESIDUAL WASTE TREATMENT

                                      by

                              J.  Vuceta et  al.


      This  project  was primarily  concerned with  demonstrating the most  effec-
 tive technology  for treating various  industrial residual  wastes.   One  of  the
 methods investigated,  foan fractionation,  was  found to be an undesirable
 treatment  because  of its ineffectivenes; arid its  harmful by-products.  Batch
 process tre.attnent  technology was shown  to be the most desirable method.
 This is due to the diversity  of  processes needed to treat different  types of
 wastes.  An extensive sequence of steps was then established for  the proper
 treatment of these substances.

 REFERENCE:  Journal WPCF,  Vol.  51, October  1979, pp. 2366-2383.


      For article on related subject see  So. 44.
                                      254

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       445.  EFFECTS OF  GAMMA RADIATION ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS  ON PHENOL

                                     by

                  .oran M.  Coffman  and David D.  Woodbridge


     This experiment  investigated the use  of radiation for the  treatment of
various phenol solutions.  Tests of various doses of gamma radiation from a
cobalt-60 source showed a significant destruction of the phenol structure.
This is a promising sign as the destruction by this means can alter rhe
structure of phenol compounds to more readily degradable forms.

REFERENCE:  Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 5,
            1974, pp.  461-466.
           446. FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF  INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
                 TREATMENT UTILIZING DU FONT'S PACT PROCESS

                                      by

                              Harry V. Heath, Jr.


      Using this method, highly acidic wastewater  from the Chamber  Works  in
 New Jersey was treated with higher  than normal bacteriological degradation
 due to the introduction of activated carbon in effluent aeration.   This
 svne'gistic relationship gives reductions in biochemical oxygen demand and
 dissolved organic carbon and coloring.   It is suggested that carbon regener-
 ation furnacffibe better designed to increase recyclable carbon removal.

 REFERENCE:  EPA Project Sumary, EPA 600/S2-81-159, December 1981, pp. 1-9.


      For article on related  subject see No. 71.
                                       255

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                  447.  A MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SEASONAL
                      ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL

                                      by

                                  Don Yaron
     This paper presents a model for the analysis of seasonal aspects of
water quality control.  The model includes interseasonal variation of flow
intensity and the river's pollutant assimilation capacity.  The paper gives
several application possibilities of the model and applies it to an actual
industrial situation.  Results showed that seasonal adjustments made pos-
sible by this model would bf a considerable economical advantage to the treat-
ment plant discussed.

REFERENCE:  Journal Environment Econ. and Management, Vol. 6, 1979, pp. 140-
            151.
     For articles on related subject see Nos.  3, 73, and 82.


                448. PHOTO FIRM ACHIEVES Z,-!RO  WASTE DISCHARGE


     A large photographic fins has been able  to  reduce  their waste discharge
to zero.  Their recycling process is in four  phases.  With  this system the
firm is able to recover $700,000 worth of  photographic  silver a year,
$300,000 a year in chemical costs have been saved, and  enough ammonia is
recovered to fertilize the lawn at the 57  acre site.  The techniques used in
the system are reverse osmosis, electrolysis,  ion exchange, and evaporation.

REFERENCE:  Chen, and Eng. News, Vol. 56,  1978,  p. 19.


     For article on related subject  see No. 376.
                                      256

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         449. PHYSICAL,  CHEMICAL,  BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                     FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER (VOL.  II)

                                      by

                           Arthor D. Little, Inc.
     Forty-seven unit engineering processes were examined as to their  use
for treating hazardous industrial waste.   Some of these processes are  in use
now; some need further research and development before their use will  be
economically attractive to industry.  Of  the processes, dialysis, electro-
phorssis, freeze drying and zone refining were found to be of no value in
hazardous waste treatment.  Part two is the comprehensive descriptions of
each unit process.  (NOTE:  This is Volume 2 of a two volume report.)

REFERENCE:  PB-257-287, 1976, pp. 1-516.


                  450. THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY'S DRIVE
                     TOWARD INNOVATIVE POLLUTION CONTROL

                                      by

                                 Swep Davis


     This report discusses a pilot plant using ultrafiltration  (UF) and
reverse osmosis  (RO) as a method of pollution control  primarily  for the pulp
and paper industry.  The report presents approximate costs and effectiveness
of  the operation.  Other forms of  treatment discussed  include aerated
lagoons, air-activated sludge systems and alum treatment.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Science  and Technology, Vol.  12, June  1978, pp.
            629-630.


     For  article on  related  subject see No. 111.
                                      257

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           451. RAPID-1NFLITRATIOS DISPOSAL OF KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT

                                      by

                            A. T. Wallace et al.
     After having difficulty with their existing biological stabilization
method, a lagoon system, Hoerner Waldore began studies investigating the
use of rapid infiltration to increase the average infiltration rate above
that of continuous dosing, used that data to achieve high quality percolate.
All data from the field tests are included in the report as well as finan-
cial considerations involved in a system change-over.

REFERENCE:  30th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1975,
            pp. 506-516.
        452. THE SECOKD STAGE TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICALLY TREATED COAL
                 CARBONISING WASTES IN ADMIXTURE WITH SEWAGE

                                      by

                               Henrv B. Tench
     Coal carbonising wastes that are biologically treated can be evaluated
for treatment by discharging them into the sewer.  Here a treatment with
admixture of sewage is mixed.  Twenty percent of the mixture is treated, and
nitrification can be present with a proper buffer to neutralise the acid
formation.  Some of the effluents were coloured brown from chemicals pro-
cessed having phenols and chlorophenols.  Ferrous or ferric hydroxide were
found to be a source of removal by surface adsorption by adding salts or
neutralisers to aeration tanks of sludge plants.  There is F. certain dis-
charge procedure which will have a satisfactory condition present.  This is
a form of even handedness, which can be done in a number of practical ways.

REFERENCE:  Progressive Water Technology, Vol. 12, 1980, pp. 224-230.
                                     258

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                 453.  SELECTED BIODEGRADATION TECHNIQUES  FOR
           TREATMENT AND/OR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ORGANIC  MATERIALS

                                      by

                             S.C.C.  Engineering


     Treatment techniques using activated sludge, series  lagoons, deep  shaft
aeration, and pure oxygen biological systems were compared to evaluate  their
usefulness in treating difficult waste problems.  These problems were high
chemical oxygen demand-biological oxygen demand ratios, low nutrient content,
biocidal content, only marginally degradable constituents and and high  shock
loading tendency.  The best techniques were those that exhibited the highest
\ilues in good treatment results over the broadest range of waste classes,
nn»1 also, those which showed to enhance treatment qualities.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-79-006, 1979, pp. 1-379.
      454. SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF BORON ADSORPTION BY AN AMORPHOUS SOIL

                                      by

                       Frank T. Binghaa and A. L. Page


     Boron adsorption characteristics of amorphous soils were studied.
Maximum values for B adsorption occur under alkaline conditions.  It 'appears
that sites which absorb B are more or less specific and are independent of
other inorganic aniuns.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971,
            pp. 892-893.
                                      259

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         455. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM SMALL SEWAGE WORKS

                                      by

                             R. G. Walker et al.
     This report compared three different tertiary treatment methods by
studying records of an operating waste treatment facility.  Grass plot irri-
gation., slow sand filters, and upward-flow clarifiers were the methods com-
pared for both effectiveness and costs.  All methods significantly improve
humus-tank effluent.  Upward-flow clarifiers were the least effective with
grass plots eliminating the most BOD.  Slow sand filters more completely
reduced suspended solids.  Charts of comparative costs are also given show-
ing initial cost, operational costs, etc.

REFF.RENCE:  Water Pollution Control, 1972, pp. 198-201.

             456. TREATMENT COMPATIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE AKD
                 BIOLOGICALLY HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS

                                      by

                             A. F. Gaudy et al.


     This study looked at ways to receive additional information on the
effects of several compounds and to find out the most useful study methods
to be used in measuring effects similar to the need  for pretreatment of
industrial wastes.  In batch pilot plants, 24  :or>pot;nds were studied; 8 of
these were studied in continuous flow pilot plants operated at a sludge age
of 5 days.  Four of the 8 were studied in extended aeration pilot plants.
The compounds were each studied for a period of 6 roonths under each area of
operation.  Of the 24 compounds studied, only pentachlorophenol and 2-chloro-
phenol gave evidence of causing metabolic stress to  the system at 5 mg/1 of
feed concentration.  In the study ot extended aeration systems, there was
only evidence for increased soluble COD in Lhe effluent only from the unit
dosed with phenol at the 5 mg/1 dosage level.  From  this study it was evident
that effluents of the extended aeration pilot plant  were lower in soluble COD
and in suspended solids concentrations.  In designing a study procedure to
find the effects of priority pollutants on activated sludges, the ecological
considerations as in effluent clarity and also other aspects of ecology
should be included as parameters for assessment.

REFERENCE:  EPA, November 1983, pp. 1-3.

     For article on related subject see No. 135.

                                     260

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                457.  ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRIMARY  BICDEGRADATION
                        OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

                                      by

                           E. Scttr. Tucker et  al.
     Highly chlorinated polychlor. nated biphenyl (PCB)  residues have been
found in Che environment suggesting that they may be resistant to tnicrobial
degradation.  This study was ins'ituted to determine if PCBs were degradable
by activated sludge.   The study ihowed that the lower chlorinated biphenyls,
such as mono- and dichlorobiphen;1, were readily degraded by the sludge.
This is reinforced by the fact tnat lower chlorinated materials are not
found as residues even in uncontrolled areas because they degrade rapidly
enough not to become accumulated.  On the contrary, the data also showed
that as higher levels of chlorination, such as. tri-, tetra-, and pentachloro-
phenyls occur, degradation rates decrease.  This explains why residues in
biological and environmental samples were of higher chlorination levels.

REFERENCE:  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 14,
            No. 6, 1975, pp. 705-713.


     For article on related subject see No. 215.


                  458. ADSORPTION  AND MOVEMENT OF  SELECTED
                 PESTICIDES AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN  SOILS

                                      by

                       P. S. C. Rao and J. M. Davidson


     Webster,  Cecil and  Eustis  soils were measured for adsorption  of  three
different  pesticides.  The  following pesticides  are 2,4-D amine, atrozine,
terbacil and  methyl parathion.  These  pesticides were  measured at  their
solution concentration ranging  from soro  to  the  aqueous soluble limit of
pesticide  present.  Of the  four soils  cdsorption measured,  the isotherms
soil-pesticide combined  were  nonlinear rreundlich  type.  Freundlich adsorp-
tion,  potassium,  based on soil  mass.   Soil  columns were measured for the
influence  the shape would have  on the  adsorption isotherm movement of 2,4-D
amine  and  atrazine.   These  were tested through  water-saturated columns at
                                      261

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two imput solution concentrations.  From 50 and 5,000 ^g ml"1 for 2,4-D
amine,  to 5 to 50 yg ml"1 for atrazine.  In higher concentrations, the pes-
ticide  mobility was of greater significance.  Therefore, it may be the
beginning of errors when pesticide transports are moved from waste disposal
at high concentration.

REFERENCE:  Water Research, Vol. 13, 1979, pp. 375-380.


     For article on related subject see No. 19.
            459. ADSORPTION-DESOKPT10S OF  SELECTED PESTICIDES BY
                     ORGANIC MATTER AND MONTMORILLONITE

                                      by

                         Richard  D. Carringer et  al.


     This experiment used  deionized water, IN calcium chloride,  organic
 matter and calcium-saturated montmorillonite to determine Che  adsorption and
 desorption of a number  of  various types  of pesticides.  Results  indicated
 the  adsorption of  all pesticides  except  dicaraba.   For identification pur-
 poses, the pesticides vere divided into  four groups:   acidic,  basic, mic-
 cellaneous nonionic and dinitroaniline.   Basic herbicides were the most sig-
 nificantly absorbed by  the montmorillonite.  Dicamba was adsorbed to some
 extent by the clay.  The remaining herbicides displayed  little or no adsorp-
 tion by  the montnorillonite clay.  The  study concluded that the  organic
 matter content of  the soil was the primary factor for determining adsorption
 with clay content  being useful when discatnba and prometryn herbicides are
 present.

 REFERENCE:  Journal Agric. Food Chimistry, Vol. 23, No.  3, 1975, pp. 568-572.

           460.  ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR SASKATCHEWAN SOILS

                                       by

                       D. A. Rennie and R.  B. McKercher


      This report discussed the difference in phosphorus  adsorption  by soils
 with varied colloid content.  The equilibrium phosphorus  concentration was
 closely related to the  percent of phosphorus sa;uration  occurring.   Amounts
 of  ohosphorus adsorbed  varied in relation to colloid content of  each soil.
 Organic matter was also found to be  an  important  factor  for predicting phos-
 phorus  adsorption capacity.
 REFERENCE:  Canadian Journal  of  Soil Science,  Vol.  39,  February  1959, pp.
             64-75.
      For articles on related  subject see  Nos.  20,  21, 22, and 43.

                                      262

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                 461. ADSORPTION OF SOME MONOHYDROXYBENZENE
                            DERIVATIVES BY SOILS

                                      by

                 Juan Artiola-Fortunv and Wallace H. Fuller
     Field and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the adsorption
rate and factors influencing adsorption of phenols by the soil.  In mineral
soils, the primary factors involved are pH and iron oxiue percentage with
moderate pK level and a high buffering capacity supplementing adsoiption
rates.  Two constants used agreed closely to actual behavior of the substance
in the soil.  One of the constants showed the hydrophobic phenols are more
readily adsorbed in saturated soils than are the hydrophilic type.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol. 133, No. 1, January 1982, pp. 18-26.
                       462. AKSENIC SORPTION BY SOILS

                                      by

                             L. W. Jacobs et al.
     Preservation of arsenic increased as  the sesquioxide capacity increased
with equilibrated arsenic.  Iron and aluminum forms were removed by treat-
ments using oxalate elimination.  The arsenic sorption level  in the soil was
greatly reduced in relation to  the  treatments.   Formed iron and aluminum
components that sorbed additional arsenic   removed arsenic quantity from
soils by extractional oxalate and recovery of arsenic added NH/F- arsenic
will be underestimated unless a correction of resorption is made with sorp-
tion by soil components during  extraction.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science  Society of America Proceedings, Vol.  34, 1970,
            pp. 750-754.
                                      263

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           463. ATTENUATION OF POLLUTANTS  IN MUNICIPAL LANDFILL
                          LEACHATE  BY  CLAY  MINERALS

                                      by

                        R. A.  Griffin and N.  F.  Shimp


     Part one of this report  is based on data from laboratory column studies
of municipal  solid waste' landfill leachate— attenuation of pollutants in  the
leachat- by sand and calcium saturated clays.  The most outstanding fact
generated by  this studv is that lead, cadmium,  mercury, and zinc were
strongly attenuated even when only small amounts of clays were present.   The
clays in ascending order of attenuation capacity are montnorillonite, illite,
and kaolinite.

     Part two is data from batch studies of the adsorption of chromium,  cad-
mium, arsenic, selenium,  copper, lead, mercury, and  zinc by montmorillonite,
and kaolinite in solution  *nd leachate.  (pH) was shown to have primary
effect on adsorption.   It  is cautioned, however,  that predicted adsorption
of an element can't be  transferred  to a different leachate.

REFERENCE:   EFA-600/2-78-157 , PB 287-140,  197fl, pp.  1-159.

              464.  BEHAVIOR OF CHROMIUM  IN  SOILS:   III. OXIDATION

                                      by

                       Richmond  Bartlett and  Bruce James


      Chromium that is reduced is considered to be a stable form in soils.
 When trivalent  chromium was mixed  with a hexavalent, it  mixed coherently well
 in many of the  prevalent field soils.  Manganese that is oxidized serves as
 thV^lectron acceptor during the reaction period.  To test soil lor xt.
 ability to oxidize chromium, one can either measure the manganese lowered  by
                                                                       ,
 form chromium (III).

 REFERENCE:  Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1979, pp. 31-34.

      For articles on  related  subject see Nos. 12 and 225.

                                      264

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                  465.  BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS

                                      by

                                 K. Harmsen
     An investigation was conducted to determine the content of zinc,  cad-
mium, copper,  lead, iron, and manganese in a salt solution and a dilute acid
in soils high  in heavy metals, and to analyze the function that iron and
manganese oxide plays in binding other heavy metals.  Exchange adsorption of
ions in soil and the role of hydrolysis was determined.  Heavy metals were
found to be subject to regular and selective exchange adsorption and super-
equivalent adsorption.  The results of this study may be valuable for environ-
mental control of heavy metals.

REFERENCE:  Agric. Res. Rep., Vol. 866, 1977, p. 171.
          466. A COMPARATIVE ELECTRON SPIN RESUNANCE STUDY OF V02+
            COMPLEXATION IN SYNTHETIC MOLECULES AND SOIL ORGANICS

                                      by

                                M.  B. McBride


     Recent work in the area of metal bonding on  soil  organics,  t.trough use
of electron spin resonance, has revealed  the V02+ (Vanadyl ion)  to be of
great value in providing ligand type, degree of covalency of  the metal-
organic corcplex, and  stereochemical information.  Comparisons between syn-
thetic and natural organics were  undertaken with  respect  to  the  electron
spin resonance feature of  the  vanadyl ion (V02+), to reveal  the  physico-
chemistrj of  complexing sites  in  soil organics.   All results  are recorded
therein.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society  o'~ America Journal, Vol. 44,  1980,  pp.
            495-499.


     For  articles on  related  subject see  Nos.  52, 141, 231,  234, 235, 238,
242, and  244.
                                      265

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             467. CONTRIBUTION  OF THE  SOIL TO THE MIGRATION OF
                     CERTAIN  COMMON  AND TRACE ELEMENTS

                                     by

                            W.  E.  Fuller et al.


     Information  on  the  immobilization  oi health hazard  trace  elements  is
limited  in  order  to  prevent migration .hrough soil.  Information is scant  to
prevent  movement  from domestic waters into potential food channels concerning
trace elenent stabilization.  This research has provided basic information
as a starting place  to  control hazardous migration through soils.  Eleven
soils from  the United States were contributed to mobility of  common trace
elements.   These  were affected by four  characteristics—pure  water, dilute
acid, solutions like industrial wastes, municipal landfill leachates.  From
the data, much was learned in order to work with each characteristic.  Soils
migrate  at  different rates relying rauch on some indigenous parameters.   A
continual process ot soils is solubilizing and mobility.  Interesting enough,
data showed even  the cleanest aqueous vehicle can be a carrier of potentially
hazardous  trace elements.   In conclusion, every soil characteristic should be
identified  for control  of hazardous constituents  in waste disposal.

REFERENCE:   Soil  Science, Vol.  122, No. A,  1976,  pp. 223-235.


     For articles on related  subject see  Nos.  251,  254,  and 255.

        468. DECOMPOSABILITY  OF SOME ORGANIC  SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN SOIL

                                      by

                         Lloyd  R. Frederick et al.


     Numerous sulfur compounds  were  tested  with aerobic  conditions  in dif-
ferent  levels of soil.  Various compounds were used in  the experiment with
results being different at  each level  of  soil.  Decomposition had  character-
istics  of being nonbiological or of  methionir.e.   Certain concentrations,
such as 1% or more  in sulfate soil,  caused toxicity in  thiourea,  phenyl
thiourea, and nercaptoethanol.  Some decomposition procedures caused an
increase in  acid.   This was brought  about by  sulfate  and nitrate that  formed
in the  soil.  Under methionine  conditions alkaline and  ther acid formed.

REFERENCE:   Soil Science  Society Proceedings, 1957, pp.  287-292.

     For articles on related  subject see Nos. 55  and  260.


                                      266

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            469.  DECOMPOSITION OF SPECIFICALLY CARBOS-14 LABELED
                BENZOIC AND CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES IN SOIL

                                      by

                         K. Haider and J. P. Martin
     This experiment studied the decompositirn of benzoic, phenolcarboxylic
and cinnamic acid by tracing carbon labeled samples in a neutral soil.
Through a twelve week incubation period, phenolic compounds were readily
degraded.  During the same time, a maximum of 85% of the benzoic, cinnamic
and related acids were either lost or partially broken down into carbon
dioxide.  Applications of peach wood or humic acid had little effect on
decomposition of phonols, while linkage into model phenolase polymers sig-
nificantly altercJ decomposition.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1975, pp.  657-
            662.
                470. DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
                         BY MIXED MICR08IAL CULTURES

                                      by

                             R. R. Clark et al.


     Organisms found common to three soil cultures were responsible for
degrading polychlorinated biphenols—Alcaligenes odorans, Alcaligenes deni-
trificans and an unidentified bacterium.  The  isomers of polychlorinated
biphenyls that were more water soluble and had a higher chlorination were
completely utilized by the cultures.  The polychlorinated biphenyls residues
weremainly made up of higher chlorinated isomers.  In the presence of acetate
as the cosubstrate, a form of cpmetabolisni of  polychlorinated biphenyls was
also found with the cultures.

REFERENCE:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 37, No. 4, April
            1979, pp. 680-685.


     For articles on related subject see Nos.  266 and 26/.
                                      267

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           471. THE DEGRADATION OF QUINTOZENE, PENTACHLOROBENZENE,
              HEXACHLOROBENZENE AND PENTACHLOROANILINE IN SOIL

                                      by

                       JjJrgen Beck and Kr.ud E. Hansen


     Samples of soil previously treated with quintozene was tested to deter-
mine its rate of degradation in the soil.  Several metabolites of quintozene
were found as degradation products in laboratory experiments such as penta-
chloraniline and methyl'hiopentachlorobenzene.  The fungicide quintozene as
well as its impurities and degradation products, even after prolonged periods
and in different soil types, consistently showed a strong resistance to con-
tinued niicrobial degradation.

REFERENCE:  Pestic. Science, Vol. 5, 1974, po. 41-48.
               472. DEGRADATION OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES  IN SOILS
                         UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

                                      by

                               Shozo  Kuwatsuka
     The degradation rate has been  compared  in  this  study between upland and
flooded conditions.  A  carbamate  and  thlolcarbamate  type showed difference
in the patterns of degradation when compared to other  chemicals.   Upland
conditions seemed to degrade quicker,  and  bentitiocarb  could not be linked to
the degradation process.  Under flood  conditions,  other chemicals broke down
faster than the carbamate types.  For  example,  DDT and BHC degraded faster
due to microbes present in  flooaed  conditions.   Other  information included
more bacteria and fewer fungi, and  actinomycetes were  found in the flooded
soils.  This could be the reason  behind  higher  degradation of pesticides
with an ester mixture applied  to  the  flood site.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Toxicology  of  Pesticides,  1972, pp. 385-400.
                                      268

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                        473. DENITRIFICATION  IN SOIL
                        I.  METHODS OF  INVESTIGATION

                                      by

                          J. M. Brewner and K. Shaw
     The Kjeldahl method  is  used  to  determine  the  nitrogen  that includes
 nitrate and nitrite and can  be  applied  to water  logged  soil.   Rapid deni-
 trification of nitrate in the soil can  be started  by  incubation of the soil
 under water logged conditions with organic  materials  like glucose and follow-
 ing with a total-nitrogen analyses.

     Percentage wise, the level of nitrates was  the same no matter how the
 added nitrate-nitrogens were lost during denitrification.   Particles of
 nitrate in water  logged soil containing glucose  was observed  as having a
 rapid, but temporary accumulation of large  amounts of nitrite and by the
 forming of smaller amounts of ammonia.   Hydroxylamine could not be found
 during denitrification, but  it  was discovered  that this compound was rapidly
 decomposed in  the soils studied by a process which seemed  to  be purely chem-
.ical.

     Denitrification of nitrate in soil is  a microbiological  process and
 that the viability of  the micro-organisms  responsible for  denitrification
 are not affected  by air-drying  ana storage  of  the soil.  Factors affecting
 denitrification in soil can  be  studied  by  determining loss  of nitrogens from
 soil under various conditions by  total-nitrogen analysis.   The rate of deni-
 trification of nitrate  in soil  was based on various  factors such as pH, tem-
 perature and water content of  tne soil.  Some  80-86%  of nitrate-N  applied to
 the Rothamsted soils was  lost by  denitrification in  5 days.  The rate was
 affected by the pH in  the soil.  The rate  is slow -t  i«w  pH and  Increases
 with a rise in soil pH and becomes very rapid  when exceeding  pH  8.0-8.6.
 Temperature increased  the rate  when  a change from 2°  to 25°C  occurred.  Opti-
 mum temperature was at about 60°C.   Water  saturation, organic matters present
 and no  loss of nitrogen all  affected the ratoe of denitrification.  These
 results received  support  the idea that  denitrification  occurs only when oxy-
 gen required by soil micro-organisms is restricted.

 REFERENCE:  Journal of Agricultural  Science, Vol. 51, 1958, pp.  22-52.
                                      269

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      474.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES TO DETERMINE
      THE FATE OF MUTAGENIC COMPOUNDS FROM LAND APPLIED HAZARDOUS  WASTE

                                      by

                       K. C. Donnelly and K. W. Brown


     To determine the fate of rautagenic compounds from land applied hazardous
wastes, laboratory tests using the salmonella/microsoie and bacillus subtllis
DNA repair bioassays and field tests with lysiraeters were used.  The wastes
tested for genetic toxicity were refinery and petrochemical sludge.  Both of
these wastes were shown to be mutagenically active in all fractions extrac-
ted.  Results from degradabiiity tests are also included in this report.

REFERENCE:  Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University,
            1982, pp. 1-15.

     For article on related subject see No. 269.


            475. DISPOSAL OF OIL WASTES BY MICR03IAL ASSIMILATION

                                      by

                        H.  C. Francke and F.  E. Clark


     This experiment was concerned with the disposal of  plant  oil waste pro-
ducts by applying them  to  soil where microbial  assimilation  occurs.  Both
laboratory and field experiments were conducted.   Results of  this decomposi-
tion study showed an adequate degree of microbial activity in  degrading the
plant oil waste.  Waste oil decomposition rates were determined, and no sig-
nificant problems occurred  involving organic  carbon or nitrogen loss.

REFERENCE:  Union Carbide  Corporation,  Y-1934,  May 1974,  pp.  1-44.


     For article on  related subject  see No.  24.
                                      270

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             476.  DISSIPATION  AND LEACHING OF MONURON,  SIMAZINE,
                       AND ATRAZINE IN NEBRASKA SOILS

                                      by

                            0. C. Burnside et al.


     This research concentrated on the leaching of monuron, simazine,  and
atrazine in silty clay leu- soil.  The two crops used for the experiment
wer:i oats and soybeans.  Siraazine and atrazine were found to be leached more
readily in areas cf high rainfall.  Monuron concentrations remained the
highest of the three herbicides studied; however, its toxicity was decreased
when leaching was continued over an extended period of tine.

REFERENCE:  Weeds, 1963, pp. 209-213.
           477. THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS  IN SOILS AND SOIL
                 MATERIAL AS  INFLUENCED BY THE  IONIC RADIUS

                                      by

                                Arne  \ndersson


     Heavy metals were  tested for  the profile  they have  in  surface  soil.   In
 forming,  the soil causes  some separation  in  the elements and  can  cause dis-
 tribution to be different.   A strong link was  found between clay  and heavy
 metals.   The changing process of  soil formation can be affected largely by
 chemical  weathering.  The elements are then  held in certain levels  within  the
 secondary minerals  at octahedral  positions.   The distribution of  soil was
 found  to  be similar to  organic matter in  soil profiles.

 REFERENCE:  Swedish Journal of Agricultural  Research.  Vol.  7, No. 2,  1977,
            pp.  79-83.
                                      271

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                478.  EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS  ON
                      THE BIODEGRADATION OF SOIL SLUDGE

                                      by

                         J. T. Dibble and R. Bartha


     Biodegradation from oil sludge has been evaluated for what aflects  it
may have on "land  farming".  Oil sludge is usually taken from old refineries
as such, and this  is then set up lor testing.  Soil moisture  pH, mineral
nutrients, micronutrients, organic supplements, treatment rate, featnent
frequency, and incubation frequency all take in affect of biodegradation
treatment.  At soil water-holding potential, oil sludge biodegradation had  a
capacity of 30 to 90%.  The pH  level was 7.5 to 7.8, and the carbon:nitrogen
and carbon:phosphorus ratios were 60:1 and  800:1 at a  20°C or above tempera-
ture.  It was not prosperous  to add micronutrients or  organic matters.
Saturation of hydrocarbon  (alkane/cyclo alkane) breakdown  is higher when the
application is in small amounts.  The reverse of this  was  found that higher
application of biodegradation  was more effective toward  the soil.  Following
this with small applications  was the result of  higher  biodegradation.  Rather
than one  large application,  the small additional applications of two 100,000-
liter/hectare or 50,000-liter/hectateoii sludge seemed appropriate for most
temperate zone disposal  sites.

REFERENCE:  Applied and  Environmental Microbiology, Vol.  37, April 1979,
            pp. 729-7^.


     For  articles on  related subject see Nos.  25,  62,  274, and  277.

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              479.  EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED MOVEMENT OF THREE
                    HERBICIDES IN A WATER-SATURATED SOIL

                                      by

                      J. M. Davidson and J. R. Mc.Dougal


     Measurements of the equilibrium adsorption characteristics of 1,1-di-
methyl-3(a,a,a.-tri-fluoro-ra-toly) urea (floneturon), 4-amino-3>5,6-tri-
chloropicolinic acid (piclorar.i) , and 2,4-ois (isopropylai!ilno)-6-(methyle-
thio-s-tri-azine (prometryne) were taken after solutions where the herbi-
cides were displaced through cilciun saturated Norge loam colurscs of various
average pore-water velocities.  A kinetic adsorption model in conjunction with
transport equations were used to predict the colume effluent herbicide con-
centration distribution.  When measurement and calculation verc compared,
predicted values showed a similar distribution shift to that of the measured
values, but did not agree totally on specific values.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1973, pp. 428-
            433.
     For articles on related subject see Nos. 296 and 297.
            480. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADSORPTION, DESORPTION,
                     AND MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES  IN  SOIL

                                      by

                      George W. Bailey and Joe L. White


     A review of literature associated with   the adsorption  theories of
Freundlich, Langmuir, Cibbs, Brunauer, Ennnitt, and  Teller, adsorption and
desorption of organic pesticides by soil colloids,  movement  of pesticides
through soil and of f soil surfaces, and physical-chenical properties of soil
constituents which  Influence pesticide adsorption and desorption.  The
physico-chemical natures of all variables are also  detailed  in relation to
the factors that influence pesticide  fate and behavior in soil systems.

REFERENCE:  Residue Reviews, Vol.  32,  1970,  pp.  29-92.
                                      273

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              481.  FACTORS  INFLUENCING THE BIODEGRADATION OF
                  API  SEPARATOR SLUDGES APPLIED TO SOILS

                                      by

                             K.  W. Brown et al.
     For  complete  disposal of hazardous industrial wastes, biodegrad?tion  of
its conponents  is  essential.   In order to design a land treatment  system,
information  on  rates of degradation as a function of soil morphology and
management  factors is necessary.  This information i? also essential to esti-
mate the  level  01  management  and the length of tine to achieve closure fol-
lowing the  last application.

     A continuous  flow respiroraeter was utilized to determine the  influence
of certain  environmental parameters on biodcgradaticn 01 a refinery and a
petrochemical waste.  By collecting carbon dioxide evolved and residual
hydrocarbon  analysis, biodegradation rates of two wastes were measured.  The
nicrohial population was evaluated six months after incubation had begun.
The following environmental conditions were studied:  soil texture, soil
moisture, mineral  nutrient amendments, application rates, application fre-
quency and  temperature.  The half lives of the refinerv sludge and the petro-
chemical  wastes were 141 davs s"-: 692 days, respectively.  Adding mineral
nutrients increased biodegradation rates in the oetrochemical waste only.
In general,  degradation was best at field capacity ar.d when the soil moisture
content was greater or lower than the level.

REFERFNCE:   Texas Agricultural  Experiment Station, Texas  A & M University,
            pp. 1-11.
                                      274

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          482. FATE AND BEHAVIOR  OF  FIVE  CHLORINATED  HYDROCARBONS
                           IN  THREE NATURAL  WASTES

                                      by

                             P.  C. Oloffs  et al.


     Three different water samples were treated with five different chlori-
nated hydrocarbons  to  determine the fate of each pesticide ana its effect  on
the  total number  of heterotrophic  bacteria.   Lindane re-nained in the water
samples  during the  exper^nent, while  the other agent:,, DDT, a-chlordane,  y-
chlordane and Aroclor  1260 (PCB) were generally dispersed throughout the
atmosphere.   Rapid, uneven distribution of the hydrocarbons resulted in most
cases, but were controlled by adding a surfactant to the water.  Numbers  o"
bacteria present  increased upon application of .each pesticide showing that
low level  chlorinated  hydrocarbons do not harm native heterotropic bacteria
in natural waters.

REFERENCE:   Canadian  Journal of Microbiology, Vol.  18, 1972, pp. 1393-1398.


                 483.  FEASIBILITY  STUDIES FOR LAND  DISPOSAL
                         OF A DILUTE OILY WASTEWATER

                                      by

                       J.  E.  Ongerth and  S.  K. Bhagat


      This study  evaluated  the degradability of dilute oil  waste and  compiled
 information  for  instituting  system loading  criteria.   Information  was  ob-
 tained  from  the  study of  land site,  soil, and  wastewater characteristics.
 This information included  hydraulic  and organic  loading  rates,  which could
 be  extended  over the  entire  length of  the system.   The system  involves using
 pilot scale  columns to  test  waste treatabilitv.   Developmental problems  of
 thi-» technique included  the  slow  rate of  soil  system response  and  the  com-
 plexity of  the various  interactions  within  the system.  Despite these  deter-
 rants,  it was still possible to evaluate  the major clogging potential  of the
 wastewater.

 REFERENCE:   30th Industrial  Coherence. Purdue University, 1975, pp. 850-860.


      For  articles  on  related subject see Nos.  29,  71, and 304.


                                      275

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      484.  FLUORINE:   ITS TOXICITY TO PLANTS AND ITS CONTROL IN SOILS

                                      by

                             A. '-. Prince et al.
     Sandy  loan and loan soils •-•ere put Co a test to find the toxic level
toward  buckwheat and tor.ato plants.  Fluorine did become toxic at a level of
360 ppsi at  a  pH value of 6.5.  To decrease toxicity, the pH needed to be low
and not exceed  180 ppai.   Tliese results were taken from loam soil for buck-
wheat.   Tomato  plant? were tested in sandy loan at pH values 6.5 and a range
between 360 and 720 ppn fluorine.  Noticeable characteristics of plants with
toxicity was  browning o.n tips of the leaves, which will eventually work in-
ward.  Whenever lime cr phosphate way applied, there was a reduction in
toxicity and  an increase in production.  In conoari^on, the sandy loam was
more severe in  toxicity than the loam soils.  in conclvision, the level at
which fluorine  be_n:ae toxic depended on types of soils, amounts of lime or
phosphate and the plants prown in the soil.

REFERENCE:   Soil Science, Vol. 67, May 17, 1949, pp. 269-277.
             485. GASEOUS DIFFUSION AND POROSITY  IN  POROUS MEDIA

                                      by

                             C. H. M. van  Ravel


     A formula is given which  can be  used  to measure the  diffusion of  gases
through porous cedia.  This  formula  includes the  presence of  a gas current
and the friction caused by the current.  The ratio between diffusivity in a
porous environment and a gaseous one  was determined  to a  relatively accurate
figure, which correlated well  with other studies,

REFERENCE:  Soil Science (reprint),  Vol. 73, No.  2,  February  1952, pp. 91-
            104.


     For articles on related subject  see No. 311.
                                      276

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      486.  HYDROLYSIS OF CIS- AND TRANS-1.3-DICHLOROPROPENE IN WET SOIL

                                      by

                        C. E. Castro and N. 0. Belser


     The release of chloride from a solution of 10~2M of cis-1,3-dichloro-
propene was found to buffer between 6.9 and 7.5 pH level.  The chloride
showed a difference of points vhen a rnij:ture of soil solution was mixed in
at 0.5, 1,  2, and 3.  Independent runs are explained by the points, and in
this case there were two.  The runs had a naxinmra pH change from 7.5 to 7.7.
Blank readings from the points corrected chloride in the soil water mixture
with dichloropropene added.  Halide release was insensitive to the soil pre-
sent.  Therefore, the rate of hydrolysis of cis-1,3-dichloropropene with a
ratio of 0.5 in only 1.4 times that in the absence of soil.  No change is
conducted if the ratio is between 1 and 3.  The mixture of higher soils
enhance the rate to about threefold.  Allylic alcohols appear to be the only
detectable  organic products.  Yields of the alcohols were about 40% due to
difficulty  in extracting them from the soil-water mixtures.

REFERENCE:   Journal of Agri. Food Chemistry, Vol. 14, No. 1, January/February
            1966, pp. 60-61.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 74 and 317.


                   487. INVESTIGATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE
                       POLLUTANT ATTENUATION BY SOILS

                                      by

                              Wallace H. Fuller
     Eleven soils froni seven major orders in the United States were studied
as to the movement and retention of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
copper,  tnerc-iry, nickel, lead, selenium, vanadium, zinc, and iron that is
carried  In municipal sewage waste water leachate through soils.  Total
organic  carbon and chemical oxygen demand were also studied as to their
relation to municipal sewage waste wat«i".
                                     277

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     All  results are compiled and are available in this report.   Also,  a
simulation model was developed for predicting solute concentration during
leachate  flow.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-78-158, PB-286-995, 1978, pp. 1-243.

     For  article on related subject ste No. 331.


     438. A M£THOD TO DETERMINE A PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION MAXIMUM OF SOILS
                    AS MEASURED BY THE LANGMUIR ISOTHERM

                                      by

                   Sterling R. Olsen and Frank S. Watanabe


     Presented  is a aethod by which  the  potential phosphorus adsorption of a
soil can be calculated.  Of  two  isotherms,  the Fr^undlich end the Langnuir,
the Langmuir produced constants with a close assimilation to actual adsorp-
tion of phosphorus.  Ethylene glycol retention was  used  to determine soil
surface area, which correlated with  the  adsorption  naxitnum.  Conclusions
showed that phosphorus retention  and bonding energy holding phosphorus was
greater  in acid rather than  alkaline soils.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society  Proceedings,  1957, pp.  144-149.

     For  articles on related subject see Nos.  34,  80,  83, 85, and 336.


                489. MIGRATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS  IN
                       SOIL INDUCED BY  PERCOLATING WATER

                                       by

                              E.  S. Tucker et al.


     This report attempted to evaluate the ust of  landfill methods for the
 Disposal of polychlorinated bipher.yls (PCBs).   The study was specifically
 concerned with Arochlor 1016, a modified type of PCB. and the ^eachinp rate
 of percolating groundwater on the substance.  Results of tests were conclu-
 sive that the amount of PCBs leached from the soil was minimal.  In fact,
 the less chlorinated,  the more degradable homoiogs were the only contamin-
 ants subject to excessive leaching.  The study also agreed with other sources
 that fCB contamination in the environment is caused only in a small part DV
 landfill dispc.,al.

 REFERENCE:  Bulletin of Enviionmetal Contamination and Toxicology, Vol.  13,
             1975, pp. 86-93.
      For articles on related subject see Nos. 92.  356, and 357.

                                      278

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 490. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE BIODEGRADATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

                                      by

                              /. M. Chakrabarty


     Man has developed organic compounds (herbicides and pesticides)  which
have greatly improved agricultural productivity, many of which have been
banned because of their environmental persistence to biodegradation.   Recent
evidence indicates that microorganisms have evolved and are developing the
ability to reduce some of these compounds including 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; and DDM,
a metabolite-generated from DDT.

     Gome of the recent discoveries regarding the reasons for and develop-
ment of the evolution of these microorganisms are discussed in this articls.

REFERENCE:  American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 44, No. 12, 1978, pp.
            687-690.


     For article on related subject see No. 364.


       491. MOVEMENT AND FATF OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN SOIL SYSTEMS

                                      by

                       D. n. Kaufman and S. B. Hornick


     Because soil has many components that are potential  treatment mechan-
isms, it is possible that it may be used tj treat municipal and  industrial
hazardous waste.  The inert rock,  gravel and  sand,  reactive minerals, organic
matter, living and dead vegetative matter, animal matter, and soil micro-
organisms in soil can induce these treatment  rvchanisnis:  biological oxida-
tion/reduction, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, adsorption, and assimi-
lation into living plants and animals.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings Conferences on Risk and  Decision  Analysis  for
            Hazardous Waste Disposal, Hazardous  Materials Control  Research
            Institute, Silver Spring, MD.


     For article on related subject see No. 96.


                                      279

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                 492. MOVEMENT  OF CHLORFESVINPHOS  IN SOIL

                                      by

                            M. J.  Edwards et al.


     By  applying chlorfenvinphos to sloping arable land at 22 kilograms
active  ingredient per hectare and following its movement, leaching of chlor-
fenvinphos through soil  was studied in two experiments.  Only very small
amounts  appeared later down slope and at the bottom.  In ore experiment,
there was a pond at the  bottom of the slope.  No pesticide residue was found
ir. the  mud or water in the pond.  Residues of the main soil metabolites of
the pesticide were not found in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks of its use.

     It was found that more chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage
water than laterally over the surface in an experiment involving a though
containing soil in six separate compartments.  Each compartment was five
centimeters higher than  the one before  it.  Leachatcs were collected from
the bottom of each, most during the first nine weeks and most from the first
compartment.  Only small amounts of the insecticide moved down the surface
of the slope.

REFERENCE:  Pesticide Science, Vol. 2,  January-February  1971, pp. 1-4.

          493. MOVEMENT OF  FLUOMETURON  ACROSS AND THROUGH THE SOIL

                                      by

                             F.  L.  Baldwin  et al.


     This experiment determined the  effects of  initial soil  moisture,  rain-
 fall and  time  span on the  loss  of  fluoreeturon  by  runoff  and  leaching.   The
 amount  of fluometuron loss was  affected to some extent by each  of these with
 antecedent  soil  moisture being  the most critical.   Only  small amounts of  the
 substances  were  actually  lost.   The  majority lost,  however,  still remained
 in the  upper  layers  of  the soil.   The highest  concentrations occurred on  the
 runoff  sediment, but the  highest losses were found  in the liquid portion  of
 the runoff.  Analysis of  runoff water,  after a one month resting period,
 showed  no signs of fluometuron  contamination.

 REFERENCE:   Journal Environmental Quality, Vol.  4,  No. 2, March/April 1975,
             pp.  191-194.
                                      280

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               494. MOVEMENT OF PROMETRYNE THROUGH  CONGAREE
                          SOIL INTO GROUND WATER

                                      by

                           K. S.  LaFleur  ec  al.


    The movement of prometryr.e,  a cype of herbicide, through the soil and
into a shallow groundwater table  was  determined.   The chemical was monitored
in bot^ the  -oil and the  ground water for  16  months.  Upper layers of the
soil 
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                  496.  NUTRIENT AND PESTICIDE MOVEMENT FROM
                       FIELD TO STREAM:   A FIELD STUDY

                                      by

                             J. L.  Baker et al.


    This field s.udy was  designed  to provide information pertaining to the
effects of different farm  management systems on  stream water quality.
Emphasis was made  primarily  on the  movement of several herbicides and insec-
ticides.  The  study also included data on runoff loss of nitrogen and phos-
phorus due to  hydrologic factors, which are affected by land management pro-
cedures.  AT. attempt was also made  to modify a certain runoff model for the
purpose of calculating  chemical transport between field and stream.  Results
of experimental procedures showed runoff water as being the primary trans-
porter of herbicides from  the field.

REFERENCE:  Nutrient Management, pp. 213-245.


    For article on related  subject see No. 373.


                       497. OIL DEGRADATION IN SOIL

                                      by

                            R. L. Raymond et al.


    A study was conducted on field soils of the biodegradation of crankcase
oil from cars  and  trucks,  an Arabian Heavy crude oil, a home heating number
2, and a residual  fuel  oil number 6 at three different locations across the
United States  (Marcus Hook,  PA; Tulsa, OK; and Corpus Christi, TX).  The
study was conducted in  14  field plots of 1.7 meters by 3.0 meters over a
period of three years.  The  oils were added to each at a rate of 11.9m3/
4X103n,2 per month.  At  half  of the  plots at each location, fertilizer .-ere
nixed with the oils into the soils  by the use of a rototiller to a depth of
10 to 15 cm.   Depending on the type of soil and oil, there was a 48.5 to 90%
reduction in oil concentration.  Rates of degradation did not exceed 2.4m-*/
4Xlo3|ir per month.
                                     282

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     With the use of silica gel fractionation, gas chromatography,  and ultra-
violet absorbence, compositional changes in the oil overtime were studied.
Silica gel fractation ar.d gravimetric data showed a degradation of  residual
oils in all classes of compounds; however, polar type degraded more slowly.
The compositional changes were in the same general direction for all but two
of the fuel oils.

     Studies of runoff water, leachate, and soils showed that water movement
did not affect oil loss at the concentrations applied.  Observations of lead
compounds showed no significant movement.  Numbers of hydrocarbon-utilizing
microorganisms increased significantly in all plots treated.  Increases in
hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi did not show up by the plotting technique used.
Concentration of residual oil or their oxidation product inhibited plant
growth nine months after their application.  The compound causing this
inhibition could not be determined, nor could their long-term environmental
effects.

REFERENCE:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. SI, No. 4, April,
            1976, pp. 522-535.
            498. OXIDATION OF THE CARCINOGENS  BENZO(A)PYRENE AND
              BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE TO  DIKYDRODIOLS  BY  A  BACTERIUM

                                       by

                                David T. Gibson


     Two carcinogens, benzo(a)pyrene and  benzo(a)anthracene, were used as a
 substrate  for a bacterium.   An  enzyme system of these  organisms oxidize
 certain polycylic  aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH)  to various dihydrodiols.  The
 primary metabolite of each carcinogen studied was also identified.

 REFERENCE:  Science, Vol. 189,  1975, pp.  295-297.


                 499. PESTICIDE MOBILITY:  DETERMINATION BY
                        SOIL  THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

                                       by

                   Charles S. Helling and Benjamin C. Turner


      Several  pesticides, including dicamba, fenac, diuron, trifluralin,
 atrazine,  and CIPA (by  their commercial names) were used in conjunction with
 soils and thin-layer chromotography to determine the mobility of such
 chemical  pesticides  in  the various soils.  This process now called  Soil
                                      283

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Thin-Layer  Chromotography" is a rapid and reproducible method for observing
chemical mobility  in soil.  Of 16 pesticides tested by this process, it was
shown that  acidic  herbicides had had the most mobile tendencies, while insec-
ticides comprised  by chlorinated hydrocarbons showed low mobile tendencies.

REFERENCE:   Science, Vol. 162, 1968, pp. 562-553.

       500.  PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY SOIL IN RELATION TO WASTE DISPOSAL

                                      by

                          J. Beek, F. A. M. de Haan


     In the Netherlands, a sewage farm located near Tilburg was used during
the past  50 years  as irrigation of domestic sewage water.  Samples of the
soil were  selected from both flooded areas and studied for  aluminum, iron,
and phosphate chemicals.  Ninty-six percent of the contents taken from the
soil vas  phosphate.  Net total phosphate and phosphate stored appeared in
agreement  when analyzed on a balance-sheet of calculations.  Six days was
the longest time of residence of sewage water, and the retention was attri-
buted to  adsorption reactions and precipitation.  During precipitation,
phosphate  can appear as calcium, aluminum or iron phosphates.  The require-
ments for calcium ions are provided through the sewage water.  Furnishing
aluminum  and iron ions is accomplisned by soil compounds.  Found in the
drainage  water is the correct concentration of phosphate soil pH level,
This is assuming saveral solid phases knowi to happen in soils are present.

REFERENCE:   Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
            Management, Cctobe*- 1973, pp. 77-86.

     For  article on related subject see No. 35.

                  501. PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION SITES IN SOILS

                                      by

                              Robert D. Harter
     This study examined through tests the phosphorus adsorption sites in
soils.  The study of phosphorus adsorption as an operation of five soil
types showed that organic matter was important in the initial bonding of
phosphorus by soils.  It appears through several studies, that adsorbed
phosphorus is basically bonded to organic matter rather than aluminum.  It
then can be found that adsorbed phosphorus is linked to iron and aluminum
in acid soils.  It then concluded that phosphorus is primarily bonded to
*nion exchange siies on organic matter and changed into less soluble ion
and aluminum phosphates.
REFERENCE:  Proceedings of Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 33, 1969,
            pp. 630-632.

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             502. PLANT-SOIL  ASSIMILATIVE  CAPACITY FOR  ORGANIC
                 SOLVENT  CONSTITUENTS  IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES

                                     by

                                D.  Pal  et al.


     This  article  states that  two cornerstone  parameters must be carefully
investigated  when  a  landtreatnent design for organic solvents is being
determined.   The first consideration is the critical concentration of a
specific  solvent in  a soil above which adverse responses in plants, micro-
flora,  and soil are  noted.  The second is the rate of loss or decomposition
of a specific solvent from a soil sysuetu.   These two components considered
together  are  of priority importance when determining the overall space needed
for a land application site.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 32nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
            University, 1977, pp. 259-271.

     For  articles on related subject see Nos. 186  and 384.


               503. RECLAMATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH OIL

                                      by

                              R.  B. Schwendinger


     This article investigates  the use  of  bacterial seeding as  a means for
 reclaiming soils contaminated by oil.   Laboratory  results  showed that  even
 high soil contamination levels  can be  reduced by this method.   Of particular
 interest  is  the reclamation of  soil  after  a significant oil spill sinca
 large amounts  of oil  damage plants by  anaerobic  and hydrophobia conditions.
 This creates an interference  vith  soil-plant-water relationships.

 REFERENCE:   Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 54, No. 531, July
             1968, pp.  181-197.


     For  article  on related subject  see No. 110.
                                      285

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              504.  THE RELATION OF HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION
                    TO THE AVAILABILITY OF ZINC IN SOIL

                                     by

                               Wreal L. Lott


    This experiment was designed to gather data on the effects of PH on
zinc availability in soil.  The experiment was conducted using oat seedlings
gtL in slightly acid soils.  The detrimental effects of excessive zinc
JerTfound to be prevented by the application of calcium carbonate.  By
fending the soil  to reach a slightly  acid PH once again,  zinc concentra-
STiere returned  to a non-toxic  level.  In addition, the use of zinc sul-
fate for various reasons .nay result  in  an  increase in zinc  concentrations in
the soil.
REFERENCE:
Soil Science Proceedings, 1938, pp. 115-121.


  505. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER AND
       SLUDGE BY ADSORPTION ONTO  SOLID WASTES
                                      by

                           N. A. Poonawala et al.
     This report deals with investigations into the use of solid wastes to
 elements.

 REFERENCE:   Wateruse,  Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
             pp.  241-254.
                                      286

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     506. REMOVAL OF PLUTONIUM-239, TUNGSTEN-185 AND LEAD-210 FROM SOILS

                                      by

                        D. 0. Wilson and J. F. Cline


     This ex-peri, ment studied the removal of plutonium-239, tungsten-185 and
lead-210 from the soil by plants.  Barley was grown in a number of different
types of soil containing the various isotopes.  Only minute quantities of
the lead and plutonium isotopes were absorbed by the barley, while tungsten-
185 accumulations were significantly larger.  Factors seeming to affect
radioisotops availability to plants included acidity, to some degree, and
soil type, which greatly influence plant uptake.  No detrimental effects
were found as a result of the nuclides to either plant appearance of crop
yield.  The report also presented information proving the unreliability of
soil extracting procedures to estimate radioisotope quantities.

REFERENCE:  Nature, Vol. 209, February 26, 1966, pp. 941-942.


       507. RESPIRATION STUDIES ON SOIL TREATED WITH SOME HYDROCARBONS

                                      by

                       Ann L. Dobson and H. A. Wilson
     Two types of soils were chosen to measure the respiration by uptake of
©2-  The soils included oil free soil and oil-impregnated soil.  By using
the Haldene device, the soils around oil wells revealed large biological
activity.  On the other hand, respiration was higher in the soils that were
oil-free.  Following application of crude oil, mineral oil, and kerosene,
the reactions were much as expected.  Each applicant had similar effects,
but were slightly different in the biological activity.  Respiration rate
was shovn to be higher in the soils with applied hydrocarbons.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 28, 1964,
            pp. 536-539.
                                     237

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              508.  RETENTION AND RELEASE OF MOLYBDENUM BY SOILS

                                      by

                             S. G. Misra et al.
     Variable amounts of molybdenum are rets '.nee' when HQO^" is applied to
soils.  To hold the pH on a level, it was found that it cculd be done by
conditioning with calcium carbonate » organic matter content, various com-
plexants, (Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn^+, and Al3+) and macronutrient fertilizers.
Although the maximum of molybdenum pH is between 3.0 to 5.0, it can continue
as high as 8.5.  When organic matter is removed from the starting soils, it
can cause molybdenun: to decrease as much as 16.8% to 25.9%.  Zinc and alu-
minum ions increased retention in the soils for molybdenum, but other ions
varied in whatever the soil type.  The type of soil was a good indication of
an increase or decrease in the retention in monocalcium phosphate.  Similarly,
aluminum reacted the same way in showing no effect or an increase on reten-
tion.  Complexants were useful in releasing molybdenum in the soils.  Various
methods and combinations of the complexants or organic matters applied caused
different responses during testing.

REFERENCE:  Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 597-613.

     509. RETENTION CF PHENOLIC ACIDS BY NONCRYSTALLINE HYDROXY-ALUMINUM
               AND -IRON COMPOUNDS AND CLAY MINERALS OF SOILS

                                      by

                             P. M. Huang et al.


      In young plants, certain conditions can  prohibit growth.  Adsorbing
phenolic acid is one  such condition.  A study done in Taiwan showed  such
evidence as being affirmative.  Four  soils  that were selected for testing
purposes along with kaolinite, illite, vermiculite and compound hydroxy-
aluminum and iron were  inhibitivc toward growth of plants.  Steric hindrance
and negative repulsion  caused vermiculitic  minerals not  to  turn down the
retention of phenolic acids.  By  taking out  the noncrystalline components of
the soil, it lowered  the adsorption  rate of acids by the plants.  The posi-
tive  charge from Al-OH2°-5+ and Fe-OH2°-5+  caused the noncrystalline compon-
ent to have such an effect  in the adsorption  rate of acids.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol. 123,  No. 4,  April 1977, pp.  213-219.
                                      288

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               510. SOLUBI1.IZATTON OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

                                      by

                                H. B. Klevens
     This experiment studied the solubility of  several polycyciic hydro-
' carbons.  Linear relationships were  found  for all  the hydrocarbons tested
by plotting then against either the  molecular length or  the molar volume.
Slope of the graphs changed most significantly  with benzene followed by
toluene ethylbenzene and n-butylbenzene.   A zero slope was finally reached
for the condensed-ring polycyclics.  Data which  agreed with past  findings was
also gathered for alkylbenzenes, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and  dimethyl-
amino-azobenzene solubilization.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Physical and  Colloid Chemistry, Vol. 56,  1950, pp.
            283-298.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 38,  39, 191, 206,  and 121.

                  511. SORPTION AND  DESORPT10N  OF  COPPER BY
                           AND FROM  CLAY MINERALS

                                      by

                       Fawzy M. Kishk and  M. N. Hassan


     When copper is sorbed by clay minerals, the higher  the pH,  the core
copper is s».rbed.  This is due to greater  hydrogen + ion competition at low
pH values with copper -H- ions, and the  fact that increased pH produces an
increased solubility produce (Kgp).  At low pH, octahedral ions  also compete
with copper -H- ions.

     When copper is extracted from clay minerals,  a function  of  pH is again
noted.  With all clay minerals, the  higher the  pH, the less copper could be
extracted.

     The hydrogen + ion competition  may account also for the  calcium-copper
isothe;-nic exchange.   t pH 3.5, copper clay doesn't generate from calcium
clay, but at pH 5.2, copp^r-nontmorillonite  (clay) generates  clacium-mont-
•orillonite spontaneously; 3.2 pH  gives positive free energy; 5.2 pH gives
negative free energy.
REFERENCE:  Plant and Soil, Vol. 39, 1973, pp.  497-505.

                                     289

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  512.  SORPTION AND OXIDATION OF MANGANOUS IONS AND REDUCTION OF MANGANESE
        OXIDE BY CELL SUSPENSIONS OF A MANGANESE OXIDIZING BACTERIUM

                                      by

                       S. M. Brorafield and D. J. David
     Arthrobacter, cells from soil, and manganese oxide were put together,
and manganous ions (Ma2+) adsorbed from aqueous solutions.  Copper ions
could be desorbed by regular ions.  When the mixture of cells reach a rate
of oxidation below pH 5.7 or above pH 7.5, this is unstable.  A pH of 6.5
is the maximum rate for oxidation.  Tue rate of changes during oxidation is
very sensitive, which causes the pH level to stay within a limit of 5.7 to
7.9.  Concentrations of 0.5 and 6 im of nanganous ions had very small effects
on the oxidation rate.  Mechylene blue had an inhibiting affect on the oxi-
dation of manganese cell suspensions.  Calls of soil Arthrobacter so. and
the manganese oxide they fcimed quickly absorbed manganous ions (M"-•'*") from
aqueous solutions.

REFERENCE:  Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 8, Kay 1975, pp. 37-43.
          513. SORPTION OF DIBENZOTHIOPHENE BY SOIT.S AND SEDIMENTS

                                      by

                            J. J. Hassett et al.


     A heterocyclic sulfur compound, dibenzothiophene, which has been identi-
fied in used crankcase oil, storm run-off water particulates, coal-gasifica-
tion waste water, leachates from coal storage sites, and in Delaware River
sediments, was analyzed to determine its solubility in water and its sorption
by various soils.  Dibenzothiophene, and its sorption is due to weak solute-
solvent interaction (hydrophobic sorption).

REFERENCE:  Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 9, No.  2, 1980, pp. 184-
            186.
                                      290

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        514.  SPRAY RESIDUES AND CROP ASSIMILATION OF ARSENIC AND LEAD

                                      by

                       J.  S. Jones and Miles B. Hatch
     This  study  was concerned with the uptake of arsenic and lead by plants
and the  oossible poisoning to animals or people using the plants as food.
Of the studies conducted,  no clanger waf. found to human or livestock which
consumed the plants.   The  primary problem witn arsenic or lead being present
is the reduced growth or yield of the plant ir.self.
REFERENCE:   Soil Science, Vol. 60, 1945, pp. 277-283.

     For article on related subject see No. 454.


                         515. STUDIES ON SOIL COPPER
               II.  THE SPECIFIC ADSORPTION OF COPPER BY SOILS

                                      by

                      R. G. McLaren and D. V. Crawford
     A study of soil adsorption isotherms was conducted to •ir'termine specific
adsorption of copper in soils and soil constituents.  The Langmuir adsorption
was the equation found to have two important constants; one the adsorption
maximum and the other the bonding term.  Two other factors in adsorption are
organic matter and free manganese oxides.  These are solid contributors for
adsorption and come in a specific order.  Manganese oxides come first with
organic matter nej;t in line.  Following these two are. the iron oxides and
clay minerals.  These four are helpfvl in location of whole soils.  The pH
level of adsorption in the study of soil copper was best at 5.5 with maxima
adsorption between 340 and 5780 yg g"1.  Test soils are much greater in
cation exchange limit than a specific adsorption maximum.  The important
factor to remember is that specific adsorption is more important  for smaller
amounts of soil copper to control in the concentration process.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 24, 1978, pp. 443-452.
                                     291

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                 516. STUDIES ON THE METHANE FERMENTATION
         V. BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOBACTERIUM OMELIANSKII

                                     by

                               H. A. Barker
    This paper determined the compounds which  can be  oxidized by a specific
bacteria; what can replace carbon dioxide  as  an oxidizing agent;  and the
source of cell carbon?  Of the experiments conducted,  only simple primary and
secondary alcohols were utilized by  the bacteria.   Growing cultures were used
to determine other oxidizing agents, which could replace carbon dioxide.
Oxygen and nitrogen were found to be toxic in this test; sulfate and methanol
showed no significant effects leaving  formate as the only tested substance
utilized.  Carbon assimilation data  showed the  majority of carbon being
derived from ethanol with a significantly  smaller percentage being assimi-
lated from carbon dioxide.  This establishes  the fact that carbon dioxide is
not the sole source of carbon in this  reaction.

REFERENCE:  Biological Chemistry, Vol.  127, 1941, pp.  153-167.


        517. TRANSFORMATION OF ACETATE CARBON INTO CARBOHYDRATE AND
            AMINO ACID METABOLITES  DURING DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL

                                      by

                       L. H. S«5rensen and E. A. Paul


    Carbon and  the formation it makes when mixed intc Heavy clay soil dur-
ing decomposition was  the  focus  of  this study.  The c.irbon changes  from
acetate  carbon irto carbohydrates  and  amino acids when  the clay pH  is 7.6.
Following 6 days in incubation  at  25°C some 70% of the  acetate changed into
carHon dioxide.  After four  days,  19%  of carbon residual was  found  in carbo-
hydrates, 28% in amino acids, and  21%  insoluble residue in the soils.  Chem-
ical compounds breaking down at  different times followed  the  formation of
carbohydrates and amino acids after 30 days in  incubation.  After  200 days
of incubation, only 2.2%  of  the original carbon was located in the  carbohy-
drates,  IT.  in the amino acids,  and 5% in  the insoluble  residue.  Carbohy-
drates were found  to  decay at  a faster rate than  amino  acids  in  this test.
A protective mechanism is  the reason for different rates  of decay  from  the
substances.

REFERENCE:  Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol.  3,  1971,  pp. 173-180.

                                     292

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           518. TRANSPORT,  DETOXIFICATION,  FATE,  AND EFFECTS OF
                 PESTICIDES IN SOIL AND WATER ENVIRONMENTS

                                      by

                            R.  A.  Leonard et al.
    Despite the  fact  that  pesticides are poisonous to at least some segment
of the ecosystem,  they  have become indispensable tools in agriculture,  and
tneir use is expected  to  continue.  Before man should continue the use  of
pesticide, knowledge of transport systems is required.  Four main discussions
of transport are  land  t~  water,  land to atmosphere, atmosphere to land, and
atmosphere to water.   The ultimate fate of pesticide depends upon these
transport systems.

    The raain topics discussed in this article are as follows:  pesticide
production and use, pesticide properties, pesticide adsorption reaction in
soils, pesticide  persistence in soils, pesticide losses to the atmosphere,
pesticide mobility and  leaching and leaching in soils, pesticide runoff,
pesticide fate in the  aquatic environment, aquatic effects of pesticides,
and management of pesticide wastes.  Fifteen tables are included to illu-
strate such things as  pesticidal herbicide production in the United States;
pesticide market  and prices; solubility, vapor pressure, and toxicity of
selected herbicides/insecticides; physical properties of soil constituents;
pesticide persistence  in  soils,  coranon and chemical names of pesticides;
nobility of selected pesticides; runoff losses; biomagnification of DDT
residues; and factors  affecting pesticide fate and potential environmental
impact of land disposal.

REFERENCE:  Land  Application of Waste Materials, 1976, pp. 48-78.
                                     293

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           519. USE OF POROUS CERAMIC  CUPS  TO  SAMPLE  SOIL WATER
                            WITHIN THE PROFILE

                                     by

                             George H. Wagner


    Described  is a simple infield piece of  equipment  for sampling  soil
water without disturbing  surrounding soil to great extents as do  trench
iysimeteis.  This method  cannot  sample  suspended solids due  to filter affect
of the  ceramic  cup.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol. 94, 1962, pp. 379-386.


    For article on related subject  see No.  431.
                                     294

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                   520. ACCUMULATION OF  SODIUM IN POTTED
                   SOIL IRRIGATED WITH PULPMILL EFFLUENTS

                                     by

                              K.  Kadarabi, Ph.D.


    This experiment  studied the  accumulation of sodium in a number of
potted plants, which  were  irrigated  with  three pulpiaill effluents; one was
acid, one was alkaline, and one was  a  neutral solution.  With the exception
of one plant, all  levels of soil  sodium  rose after neutral solution treat-
ment varied with alkaline  treatment  and  declined with acid treatment.  Acid
effluents were also found  to reduce  the  level of magnesium, calcium, and
potassium concentrations considerably.   The study concluded that land irri-
gated with pulpmill effluents may require supplemental fertilization.

REFERENCE:  Consultant, Vol. 16,  1971,  pp. 93-94.

    For articles  on  related subject see Nos. 137, 209, and 210

             521.  THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF SIX MONOCYCLIC AROMATIC
               CRUDE OIL  COMPONENTS TO STRIPED BASS  (MORONE
               SAXATILIS)  AND BAY SHRIMP  (CRAGO FRANC1SCORUM)

                                      by

                     Pete  E. Benville, Jr. and Sid Korn


     Acute  toxicities were determined by  static bioassay for striped bass
and bay shrimp.   Some of  the toxicities  include benzene, toluene, ethylben-
rene,  p-xylene,  m-xylene and o-xylene.   By using  gas  chromatography,  the
solubilities  of seawater with salinity of 25% with aromatics were used as a
procedure  for dosing the animals.  An example  of  the  solubilities were 1400,
330, 180,  210,  and 230 y/1 ppm.  It was  found  these lethal  enough to  be used
against striped bass and bay shrimp.  The aromatics effect  was more effec-
tive in the shrimp rather  than in fish when  compared  in  the tests ranging
between 24 and 96 hours.

REFERENCE:   California Fish  and  Game, Vol.  63,  1977,  pp.  204-209.
                                      295

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              522. ACUTE TCXICITY 0? 12 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
                   TO FRESHWATER AND SALTWATER ORGANISMS

                                     by

                            M. W. Curtis et al.


    Using the 96 hour LC50 test, 12 industrial chemicals were  tested to
determine their toxicity of fresh and saltwater animal  species.   The two
species used in the test were  the freshwater Fathead  Minnow,  Pimephales
Pronelas, and the saltwater Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes  Pugio.   In freshwater
ammonium fluoride, arrenic trisuleide,  benzoyl  chloride,  cupric acetate,  o-
dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, mecuric acetate,  mecuric  thiocyanate,
resorcinol, sodium hypochlorite, and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate were all  toxic,
In saltwater, all except toluene-2,4-diisocyanate were  toxic.  All experi-
mental procedures and result calculations are  included  in the report.

REFERENCE:  Water Research, Vol.  13, 1979,  pp.  137-141.
     523. ADVANCED TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR METAL FINISHING WASTE WATERS

                                      by

                  Herbert S. Skovronek and Mary K. Stinson


     EPA has been involved for several years in developing and demonstrating
nethods for the control, recycle, and destruction of water pollutants gener-
ated in the electroplating and related industries.  This paper examines a
number of the newer technologies, describes applications in which EPA s
R & D program has been involved, and presents cost figures generated as the
result of these studies.  All EPA projects are referenced, so that the
reader can pursue those of particular interest in greater detail.

REFERENCE:   EPA, 600/J-77-056b, October 1977, pp. 1-10.


     For article on related subject see No. 461.
                                      296

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        524. AERATED LAGOOS AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT FOR THE
          EFFLUENT FROM A PENTACKLOROPHEKOL WOOD PROCESSING PLANT

                                     by

                       John Ball and Vicky R. Wilson


    The use of aerated lagoons was  assessed  and  compared  to hydrogen per-
oxide treatment for controlling phenol,  COD and oil  and  gas concentrations
from wood processing wastes.   Laboratory tests using hydrogen  peroxide  treat-
»nt show gooti phenol  removal, but when  full  scale  tests were  conducted,  its
effectiveness was  inadequate especially  in COD reduction.   The three-cell
lagoon pilot plant adequately  reduced  all constituents under  concern.   The
only problem with  the  aerated  lagoons  was the necessity of a  larger land
area.

REFERENCE:   Proceedings of  the 35th  Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
            university, pp.  48-56.
      525  ANALYSIS OF POLYCYCL1C ORGANIC MATERIALS IN COAL, COAL ASH,
                FLY ASH, AND OTHER FUEL AND EMISSION SAMPLES

                                      by

                            A. G. Sharkey et al.


     The report gives results of a high-resolution mass  spec trometric  inves
 tigation to determine the major polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  (PSA)  in
 samples derived from various  fuel conversion processes and  related  ?!«*
 IZsions   Studied were particulate materials  and extracts of  hydrocarbons
 ouanitative data were obtain* by low ionizing voltage techniques for major
 arctic hvdrocarbon  classes,  where possible.  The gases evolved from the
 particulate samples  that  were  also identified.

 REFERENCE:  EPA 600-2-76-075,  March 1976, pp. 1-31.

      For articles on related subject see Nos. 218 and 219.


                                      297

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           526.  ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF METABOLISM OF TERRACLOR IN
                       BEAGLE DOGS, RATS, AND PLANTS

                                     by

                          Edward J. Kuchar et al.


    Tests were done on Beagle dogs fed Terraclor for a period of two years.
The PCNB present in the foort contained pentachloroaniline and methyl penta-
chlorophenyl sulfide.  The evidence of these metabolic products was based on
•ass spectroscopy.  Tests were given on rats and plants in which the results
revealed similar metabolisia.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Agricultural Food  Chemistry,  Vol.  17, No. 6, November/
           December 1969, pp. 1237-1240.
                  527. APPLICATION OF  EXCHANGE  RESINS FOP
                      TREATMENT OF TEXTILE DYE  WASTES

                                     by

                   Allison Maggiolo  and  J. Henry Sayles


     Various commercially attainable  resins were tested separately and in
cotoination as  to  their ability to remove textile dye wastes from the
effluent.  These resins, both ionic and neutral  plant (direct, acid, basic,
vat) dye effluents.   Hcvever, dispersed dyes could not be removed by these
resins.  After  special  investigation, treatment  of a dispersed dye effluent
with a neutral  resin  column  followed  by treatment with a weak base column
resulted in a complete  color removal.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-75-016, 1975,  pp. 1-39.
                                     298

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             528. APPLICATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TO AUTOMOTIVE
                  ELECTROCOAT PAINT WASTEWATER RECYCLING

                                     by

                           J. E. Anderson et al.


    This report describes field and bench-scale experiments with  a  cellu-
lose acetate membrane  reverse osmosis unit and wastewater  from  automotive
electrocoat  operations.  In operation,  the feed water  perneated through  the
•embrace along with some solutes, which  are recycled  for  reuse later.   This
practice e^-ninated the need for a  flux  reduction mechanism.   Also,  experi-
rents were conducted when colloidal lead was  present  in the fted water.  This
caused only slight foulinu of the membrane, which could be  cleaned weekly
with dilute lactic acid.

REFERENCE:  Desalination, Vol. 36,  No.  2,  1981,  pp.  178-188.


                  529. APPLICATION OF  REVERSE OSMOSIS  TO
                      ELECTROPLATING WASTE TREATMENT
                                   Part IV

                                     by

                                  A. Golomb


    This  study  looks  at  the application of reverse osmosis to electroplat-
ing waste  treatment.   Of  technical and  economic studies done, the results
showed  that a  cooperative venture by a  group  of small plating shops can
change  acid dragout  losses to a 70% w/w aqueous solution of sodium dichoit-ate,
which could possibly be  used by leather tanneries of chrome pigment manufac-
turers.  This  would  present a more environmentally acceptable method of
dealing with chromium  plating wastes than chemical reduction and sludge dis-
posal.   The proposed study would require cooperation between an important
number  of  small  job-shop platers in the area; it would be expected  that some
practical  organizational problems would have to be solved.  The estimated
cost of treatment would  be approximately 90c/lb of chromic acid removed.  An
adequate amount  of planning and foresight would be required to  ensure  crfec-
tive implementation of the proposed concept.

REFERENCE:  Plating, Vol. 61, No.  10, October 1974, pp. 931-934.
                                     299

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         530. AQUEOUS  SOLUBILITY,  ADSORPTION,  AND VAPOR BEHAVIOR
                OF POLYCHLORINATED  BIPHENYL AROCLOR 1254

                                     by

                          Rizwanul  Haque et al.


    The solubility of Aroclor  1254 was determined to be in the form of 56
ppb. A factor is the nature  of the adsorbent when comparing dependability
of soils.  Some soils adsorb  very little compared to other types of soils.
The less vapor used, the more important the data was when Aroclor was taken
fro* a sand base.  When temperatures  rise, usually the vapor loss becomes
greater.  In conclusion, it  is  a known factor .nat the fewer chlorines an
isouer contains,  the greater  the loss will be in the atoms.

REFERENCE:  Environmental  Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, February
          1974, pp. 139-142.


             531. ARSENIC SOLUBILITY IN A REDUCED ENVIRONMENT

                                     by

                   Lloyd E. Deuel and Allen R. Swoboda


    Soluble arsenic  levels were shown  to be  relative  to  total  arsenic  found
in flooded  soils  in  lower  environment collected.  Equilibration of  flooded
soils were  at  25ZC gathered from concentrations  of arsenic  ranging  from 0.06
to 0.18 ppa when  treated with 0.568 mg  of arsenic per  100 grams of  soil.
Following this procedure,  it is applied to the soil  as sodium arsenite.   At
25ZC, the balance of  arsenic found was  not significant in which had not been
treated with  arsenic.   Higher balance of  samples at  38ZC  turned out to  have
higher soluble arsenic concentrations.  The  range of soluble  arsenic varied
between 0.15  ppm  with no arsenic addition to 0.79 ppm with 1.135 mg of
arsenic per 100 grams subjected  from  the  soil.   Higher soluble  arsenic  was
in greater  levels from a reduced environment.  Balance samples  at 38%C  were
decreased more by concentration  level  than compared  with  the  balance of 25%C.
The expansion of  soluble arsenic in  lower reduction levels was  accountable  to
decreases in lead and not arsenic reduction  itself.   In the soil samples,
arsenic was not detected at  all.

REFERENCE:   Soil Science Society America  Proc.,  Vol. 36,  1972,  pp.  276-278.

    For articles on related subject  see  Nos. 139,  222, and 223.

                                     300

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              532. ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF PRESERVATIVE
                       TREATMENTS OF WOODEN JOINERY

                                     by

                              Janice K. Carey


    Comparisons of tri n-butyltin oxide (TnBTO) and  pentachlorphenol  (POP)
nere made as to their performance as a preservative in wood  joints.  Destruc-
tive examination methods were used to analyze  the wood samples  after a given
period of time.  Data showed a complex sequence of colonization involving
bacteria, blue stain fungi, soft rot fungi and Basidiomycetes.   This colon-
ization along with permeability increases in  the wood were consistently
inhibited by immersion treatments. In comparison, PCP treatments were  more
effective in delaying initial colonization and activity of the  organisms
than was the TnBTO.

REFERENCE:  Holz als Roh-und WerVstoff,  Vol.  AO,  1982, pp. 269-274.

    For articles on related subject see Nos.  224  and 462.

       533. ASSESSMENT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES  FOR  METAL FINISHING
                  POLLUTION CONTROL:  THREE  CASE STUDIES

                                     by

                               P. Militello


    This research program was  initiated with the objective of bringing
information concerning performance  and  cost of new waste water treatment
technologies  to  the attention of  the  metal finishing community.  Many novel
approaches to  treatment of electroplating waste water have been evaluated
based  on available information  under an earlier effort.  The most promising
of these were  selected  for  further  investigation to include sampling, per-
formance verification,  and  cost analysis.   This report presents the results
Of that investigation  for the  three emerging technologies selected.  The
treatment methods  included  a system for treatment of electroplating wastes
with ozone, a  technique for  chrome recovery by ion transfer, and a method of
treating mixed waste  streams using ion exchange.  Performance  of each of
these technologies was evaluated through sampling and  analysis for prototype
operation under normal production conditions.  Performance  data and cost pro-
jections  for  each  system are presented herein.

REFERENCE:   EPA, 600/2-81-153,  August 1981.

                                     301

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              534. ASSESSMENT OF HAZARDOUS  WASTE PRACTICES  IN
                      THE  PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY

                                      by

                           D.  G.  Rosenburg et al-


    Waste  streams  from  16  refineries were sampled and chemically analyzed.
Principal hazardous waste  found was oil at 110,000 metric tons per year;
fluoride was  next at  812 metric tons per year.  Heavy metals totaled 250
metric  tons per  year.  Phenol, cyanide, and benz-a-pyrene totaled to 6
metric  tons per  year.  On  site disposal and waste reduction was predicted to
increase due  to  more  recycling, material reclamation, and product recovery.
Costs of presently  implemented treatment were also included.

REFERENCE:  EPA/SW-129C, PB 259-097, .1976, pp. 1-352.
                   535.  ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS
                     WASTE PRACTICES-TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

                                      by

                             E. F. Abrauis et al.


     Textile industries  that fall in (SIC) class 22 were examined as to
their land destined wastes.  Some textile industries use chromium and copper
in dyeing and finishing  operations, and as of this report data, no toxic
levels of these chemicals were found in the land destined effluent wastes
of these industries.  But the amount of fufre treatment sludge is to increase
with the implementation  of effluent guideline limitations.

REFERENCE:  EPA/SW-125C, PB-258-953, 1976, pp. 1-276.
                                     302

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       536. ATTEMPTS TO QUANTITATE  THE  PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SELENIUM
               AGAINST MERCURY  TOXICITY USING JAPANESE QUAIL

                                      by

                         M.  M.  El-Begearmi et al.


    This  experiment quantified  the  amounts of selenium needed to affect
mercury toxicity  in quail.   In all cases, an increase in the selenium con-
sumption  (which was only  tested  up to 6  ppm) increased protection from a
fixed  amount of mercury  in  the quail's diet.  There was no significant sur-
vival  rate in  quail receiving no selenium.  Survival percentages increased
with selenium  concentrations to  a period of 67 days.  However, most all quail
which  received the mercury  died  ct a later date.

REFERENCE: Federation Proc.-American Society for Experimental Biology, Vol.
           32, 1973, p.  886.


                   537.  AUTOMATIC MONITORING OF COPPER  IN
                      WASTE WATER FROM PLATING SHOPS

                                      by

                              J. B. Vanhumbeeck


     This paper studies the use of automatic monitoring of  copper  in waste
water from plating shops.  Waste water  from plating  shops can be monitored
three ways:  1. by the entrance of  the  treatment  process to calculate  the
total amount  of pollutants,  2. by  the  process of operational control,  and
3. when leaving the plant site  for  emission control.   The process  for  treat-
ing copper contaainated watte water is  not  always safe,  and in view  of  low
discharged limits, continuous monitoring  of the'copper concentration  of the
discharged water is highly advised.   A  new automatic monitoring system has
been developed; it is based on  a  colorimetric  procedure with bathocuproin
sulphonic acid, i.e. the German standard  method.   By using  the  analytical
procedure for automation, the wear  and  case of  the upkeep necessary for
working under conditions and by also  using a  microcomputer  based electronic
control and data treatment  system,  a  very sure and safe monitoring system
was gained.

REFERENCE:  Water Science Technology, Vol. 13,  1981, pp. 539-544.
                                      303

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          538.  AVAILABILITY OF MOLYBDENUM AS INFLUENCED BY LIMING

                                      by

                            U. 0. Robinson et al.
     A field selected at random with a pH of 5.5 to 5.8 and containing 31.5
pptn.  of molybdenum was partitioned and liraed in a greenhouse.  Liming pro-
cedures were conducted at the rate of pH 7 and pH 7.6.  Crops included in
analysis were ryegrass, crimson clover, alfalfa, and Austrian winter peas.
Molybdenum shown in ryegrass increased during the second cutting, but a small
increase in the first and third cuttings while liming was administered.  The
remaining three crops show an increase by liming.  Ratio in the three crops
ranged from six to elevenfold, while increasing the rate of liming.  Alfalfa,
crimson, clover, and Austrian v/inter peas content of molybdenum can be
increased to a point of being toxic to cattle with great amounts of liming.
This  correlates if the soils are high in molybdenum and retain acid.  Rye-
grass is not effected as much by molybdenum content as that of legunes.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol. 72, 1951, pp. 267-274.
                               539. BERYLLIUM

                                      by

                                L. B. Tepper


     This paper discusses the topic concerned with the  toxicity of beryllium.
It gives a detailed account of such things as sources of exposure, symptoms,
beryllium related illnesses and treatment, toxicology and carcinogenic fac-
tors.  Also presented are a number of analytical methods for  the detection
of beryllium concentrations.  The final goal of this study was to establish
a report which would explain the biological properties  of beryllium.

REFERENCE:  CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, July 1972, pp. 235-259,


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 230 and 464.
                                     304

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            540.  BIODEGRADABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE REFINERY
                  WASTEWATER FROM MOUSTOROD OIL REFINERY

                                      by

                  Ahmed  S.  Moursy and Mohamed M. El-Abagy
     Refinery wastewater containing hydrocirbons were used in conjunction
with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in laboratory cests.  Most of the hydrocarbon
compounds were degraded totally after seven days of exposure to the micro-
bial flora.   Only four compounds, all (n-paraffins), were not completely
degraded.  Degradation without exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa took 23
days.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the International Symposium, 1982, pp. ^53-466.
      541.  BIODEGRADATION RATES OF ISOMERIC D1HEPTHLBENZENE SULFONATES

                                      by

                                R. D. Swisher


     Microdesulfonation ar.d capillary gas chromatography can be used to
quantitatively determine the relative rates of biodegradation of isomeric
Straight chain dihepthlbenzene sulfonates in an activated sludge culture.
A faster rate of degradation is thought to be a result of a greater distance
between the sulfonate group and the farthest end of the alkyl chain.

REFERENCE:   Developments in Industrial Microbiology Proceedings, Vol. 4,
            19th general meeting, 1962, pp. 39-45.

               542. BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF CARBON AND NITROGEN
                    COMPOUNDS fROiM COKE PLANT WASTES

                                      by

                      John E. Barker and R. J. Thompson


     A one-year study of a biological process for  treatment of coke plant
amaonia liquor was conducted.  The process was designed to remove carbon

                                     305

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compounds and ammonia.  The pilot plant consisted  of  three  treatment  svstems
arranged in series.   These systems were designed for  the  removal  of carbon
compounds,  the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate  (nitrification), and the
reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas  (denitrification).   The  results  of the
study indicate that  the biological process can  be  us~d  to remove  carbon com-
pounds and ammonia from dilute ammonia liquor.  Treatment efficiencies
obtained include removals of greater  than 99.9% phenol, 80% COD,  and  90%
ammonia.  Removal efficiencies f°r cyanide and  thiocyanate  were less  encour-
aging with averages  of 57 and 17%, respectively.

REFERENCE:   EPA, R2-73-167, April 1973.
              543.  BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE  PLANT WASTES
                UTILIZING AN INTEGRAL CLARIFICATION CONCEPT

                                     by

                            Myrl R. Wear et  al.
    This paper deals with the treatment of  the  sanitary sewage,  ammonia
still waste,  and the benzol plant waste at Armoc's  Hamilton Coke  plant
located at New Miami, Ohio.  The treatment of  coke  plant waste to attain
phenol and ammonia removal in a single stage reactor has shown to be a con-
scious treatment method, even though expensive when used in series with a
caustic soda  ammonia still.  The controlling of  pH  is the most difficult
factor because of the formation of acid in the treatment process  and the
destruction of the available alkalinity.  No problem was presented in nega-
tive effects  on nitrification or phenol removal  by  the introduction of
enulsified oil.  Alsc; operating the system  with extremely high mixed
liquor and long sludge ages in the aeration  basin has not presented any pro-
blems.  Even  though the operations of the plant  have run smoothly, the plant
only operated six months of satisfactory nitrification of the thirteen
•troths of being open.  Nitrification has only  occurred during winter months,
and it is necessary for complete demonstration of the plant to obtain a full
year of working evidence.

REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference,  Purdue
          University, pp. 343-353.
                                    306

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              544.  BIOOXIDATION OF PAINT PROCESS WASTEWATER

                                     by

                 James A. Brown, Jr. and Marvin Weintraub


    This paper presents a study on the biode"radability  characteristics of
a paint process wastewater effluent.  In cellosolve  biodegradation experi-
nents, influent and  effluent samples from the biooxidation  cells  were
examined by gas chromatography for cellosolve.  It was  found  that chemical
oxygen demand (COD)  reduced 39% at 1.2 days' residence  time to about 87% at
2.4 days' residence  time.  Other experiments performed  to show the influence
of organic loading showed that increasing the organic niaterial to micro-
organisms ratio decreases the removal efficiency.  This study suggested the
production of organic metabolic by-products.  Cellosolve is biodegraded, but
to products which in turn may be d«traded at different  rates or by different
•etabolic pathways from those utilised in cellosolve biodegradation.

EEFERENCE:  Journal WPCF, Vol. 54, No. 7, July  1982, pp.  1127-1130.


           545. BIOPHYSICAL TREATMENT OF COKE  PLANT WASTFWATERS

                                     by

                          Gerald L. Bauer  et al.
    The activated sludge powdered activated  carbon process (ASPAC) and the
rotating biological contractor powdered  activated carbon process (RBCPAC)
«ere assessed and compared as to  their efficiency in treating coke plant
wastewaters.  Constituents of the waste  under concern included am-nonia,
cyanide, BOD and COD.  Both methods  controlled these substances to the satis-
faction of proposed standards for coke wastewaters.  Although meeting all
restrictions, the RBCPAC process  showed  several strong disadvantages—inabil-
ity to continue adequate nitrification under  increased loading rates, the
necessity of an extremely large land area and an significant cost difference
as compared with the capital cost of the ASPAC process.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 35th  Industrial Waste Confetence, Purdue
           University, pp. 332-342.
                                     307

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                 546. CATALYZED BIO-OXIDATION AND TERTIARY
                TREATMENT OF INTEGRATED TEXTILE WASTEWATERS

                                     by

                  Alvin J. Snyder and Thotras A. Alspaugh


    This report was conducted on the basis of a pilot  plant  operation  that
was conducted in order to upgrade the waste effluent  found  in an  integrated
textile dye nil!.  The pilot plant observation was used in  order  to  activate
carbon due to the fact carbon increases bio-degradation.  Tertiary treatment
was useful in conforming to submitted water standards.   Attaining better
water effluents were analyzed through two different methods.   One including
the addition of alum and alum recovery during the biological  treatment  plan.
The quality of the effluents increased to a higher degree,  but trace color
was present in the supernatant.  In order to improve  the waste effluents,
adsorbent resins were treated and found to have positive effects, which pro-
vided recreational standards.  The data provided the  information  that carbon
catalysis increased biological degradation and alum and resin systems caused
a satisfactory tertiary treatment.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-600/2-74-039,
           June 1974, pp. 1-83.

    For articles on related subject see Nos. 49, 141,  142,  236,  237, 238,
239, and 240.
             547. CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL TREATABILITY
                      OF COAL CONVERSION WASTEWATERS

                                     by

                         James C. Lamb, III  et  al.


    Coal conversion wastewaters were characterized and a similar synthetic
one formulated for testing purposes.  Chemostats were tested over several
tine periods for TOC removal.  Increased detention time was found to increase
effluent quality.  Other testing procedures are  being used to test not only
TOC, but COD and BOD as well.  The treatment  processes studied have lowered
                                     308

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toxlcity of the waste material with  respect to living cells.   Modified pro-
cedures now include tha use of fresh sludge and the extended  observation of
chemical effects.  Partial data  is also  given on the determination of design
parameters.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 34th  Industrial Waste Conference,  Purdue
           University, Kay 8-10, 1979,  pp. 63-72.


    For article on related subject  see  No. 143.
             543. CHARACTERIZATION AND  TREATMENT OF WASTEVATER
                        FROM ARMY VEHICLE WASHRACKS

                                      by

                       L. P. Furland  and  W.  E.  Schley


    The wastewaters originating  from  military vehicle washracks were charac-
terized from such agents as TSS,  EOD5, oil and grease, and pH.   With this
data, the design of a treatment system was begun.  The process  involved
several different techniques, which included  gravity settling,  surface skira-
nlng, biological BOD treatment and coagulation by addition of alum.   The  sys-
tem vasdesigned to meet EPA and state  health  regulations and an attempt was
Bade to utilize existing facilities.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
           University, May 8-10, 1979,  pp. 643-654.

          549. CHARACTERIZATION  OF EMISSIONS FROM THE DISPOSAL OF
              WOOD PRESERVING WASTES  IN AN INDUSTRIAL BOILER

                                      by

                         Richard S. Merrill  et  al.
    The purpose of this paper is directed  toward  one  disposal  technique
usable in wood preserving industries.  Thermal  destruction  was  the  one  tech-
nique discussed in the article.

    Release from wood preserving waste  is  toxic.   So,  in working with  the
wastes, data was needed to know the material  destroyed,  form of the boiler,
•ad both types of emissions rising from  the process.
                                    309

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    Analysis  was made to see if the destruction and removal process was safe
aid accurate.   Dioxins and Furan components of pentachlorophenol and gas from
the stacks  were all tested and checked for safety.  Organic compounds were
checked to  make sure there were none being emitted  from  the industry.

REFERENCE:   Annual Meeting of the American Institute of  Chemical Engineers,
           New Orleans, Louisiana, November 10, 1981, pp.  1-33.

              550. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
                         OF WOOL PROCESSING WASTES

                                     by

                            L. T. Hatch et al.


    A new method of treating wool-scouring wastewaters  has been developed.
The process involves a physical/chemical phase of  high temperature acid-
cracking in which the greasa content  is reduced 90%,  biochemical oxygen
demand is reduced 70%, and chemical oxygen demand  is  reduced 80Z.   The bio-
logical phase of the process consists of an extended  activated sludge unit
with 10 days'  detention, which  reduced  the biochemical oxygen demand 83* and
the chemical oxygen demand 54%.   The  settled  effluent is then lagooned for
53 days in which the biochemical  oxygen demand is  reduced 56Z and the chem-
ical oxygen demand 54%.  It was concluded  that the period of aerat-lon should
be extended to  20 days and that sludge  drying beds would be superior to
lagooning.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Protection  Technology Series, EPA-660/2-73-036,
           January 1974, pp.  1-57.

    For article on related  subject  see No.  51.

                  551.  CHROMIUM DISPOSAL:   TWO VARIATIONS


    A system called  the M  & T process, which is a new  chromium treatment
 technique,  is described. Problems with conventional methods  of treatment
 Include the use of  hazardous chemicals for chromium reduction and sludge
 disposal.   The M &  T  process utilizes only non-toxic, non-corrosive chemicals
 and releases  only  a  fraction of the amount of slud.-r produced by other
 •ethods.   The initial difference of this technique fron previously used ones
 is making  hexavalent  chromate insoluble without reducing it.  The other vari-
 ation in the  system is the  neutralization of  the waste, while in  its most
 concentrated  form rather than in the rinse water.

 HEEERENCE: Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 6,  No. 6, June 1969, pp. 22-
           23.
                                     310

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          552.  COAL PREPARATION ENVIRONMENTAL  ENGINEERING MANUAL

                                     by

                             David C. NuneKaaip
    The manual provides an introduction  to  physical coal cleaning to indi-
viduals outside of the coal preparation industry.   Specifically, the manual
covers the general nature and characteristics of  the U.S.  coals; provides an
overview oi the coal preparation plant; discusses  the major equipment and
processes currently in use in coal preparation;  identifies the primary waste
streams found during the coal cleaning operation;  discusses the techniques
of control currently applied to those waste  streams; and  describes the con-
taminant removal potential of coal.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/2-76-138, May 1976,  pp. 1-729.

                            553. COAL TO BURN?

                                     by

                               T. G. Callcot


    This paper examines the problem of whether or not coal has a techno-
logically sound future, and also  to show  some of the ways in which the
sceintific knowledge o£ coals ought to be developed, so considerable decisions
by the government, utilities, and companies  can be made at the right time.
In coke-making, a new process to make ordinary blast-fumance coke, has been
devised called the Auscoke process.  The  results show that the Auscoke pro-
cess does make blast-furnance coke froia  poor to medium coking coals and can
use a wide variety of blends.  Another approach to gasification has come out
of the problem providing a compact source of hot gas of the Auscoke shaft
furnance.  The new process is described  as OXidation And Reforming of fuels,
or OXAR«  Energy is basic to all  societies,  and the importance of avoiding
prodigal waste of fuels is now well appreciated far beyond the circles of
fuel technologists.  Coal is critical  to  the emergence of modern industries,
although less readily used and modified  than petroleums.   The author suggests
that coal science can be a useful science, and that it is best  fostered in
close association with industries.

DEFERENCE:  PACE. Vol. 31, No. 4, April  1978, pp. 9-19.
                                     311

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      554. COMBINED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE-PLANT WASTEWATER AND
                BLAST-FURNACE  RECYCLE-WATER SYSTEM SLOWDOWN

                                      by

                         Joseph J.  Gauthier et al.


    Because of the production  of several different types of wastewaters
from integrated steel plants, the possibility of combined biological treat-
ment was studied.  The  feasibility of  the combined treatment of coke-plant
vastevater and blast-furnace  recycle-water system blowdown was shown to be
positive and uould result in  an adequate reduction of ammonia.  The combin-
ation of the two effluents would provide adequate floe formation for biomass
settling and phenol to  support  heterotrophic bacterial growth.  This method
presents other advantages, such as providing some of :he dilution water
needed in the coke-wastewater treatment procedure as well as economic advan-
tages in treating wastes in a single facility.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the  36th  Industrial Waste Conference, 1982.

    For articles on related  subject see Nos. 145, 247, 248, and 249.


  555. COMPARATIVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
   BY ELECTROLYTIC, DISPERSED AIR AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION TECHNOLOGIES

                                      by

                             Ernest R. Ramirez
    This study consisted  of  conducting experiments, which would provide
the data necessary for selecting the  right type of flotation technology for
a specific situation.  The experiments  study the use  f electrolytic,  dis-
persed air and dissolved air  flotation.  Pilot or beaicer tests were shown to
be a valuable information  source prior  to selection of one certain method.
Various considerations must be  made when analyzing these methods.  These
include initial cost, operation costs,  and,  of course, effectiveness.   In
some cases, a specific technique may  actually enhance the treatment process
in diverse ways, such as the  electrolytic currents effect on coagulation
properties of algae.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the  34th  Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
           University, May 8-10,  1979, pp.  699-709.


                                     312

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          556. A COMPARISON OF COASTAL AND COMMON BERMUDAGRASSES
           (CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS.) IN THE PIEDMONT REGION.
   II.  EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION AND CRIMSON CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM  INCARNATUM)
       ON NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM CONTENTS OF THE FORAGE

                                     by

                         William E. Adams et al.


    It has been found through testing that higher percentages of  N, P,  and
K are contained in common bermudagrass grown with or without crimson clover
as compared to coastal bennudagrass forage similarly fertilized.   As more
and oore N was applied to the grass, ranging from approximately 1.6% N,  with
no N fertilization to 2.7% N at the 448-Kg/ha N  rate,  the nitrogen content
of the grass forage was increased.  By increasing levels of  fertilization,
the P and K contents of both grasses were increased.   The N, P, and K  con-
tents of the grass forage were significantly Iixgher ir. the July harvest  than
in adjacent harvests in June or August.  In comparison to common bennuda-
grass, coastal bermudagrass recovered more nutrients from the  soil, up to 86%
of the applied N, up to 46% of the applied P, and as much as 191%  of  the
applied K.  The reason for more nutrient uptake  by Coastal was bacause of
higher yields obtained with the grass.  By the use of  fertilization,  the P
and K contents of crimson clover were significantly increased.  In relation
to crimson clover grown with Coastal bensudagrass, the K content of crimson
clover grown with common bernudagrass proved to  be higher.

XEFERENCE:  Agronomy Journal, Vol. 59, May/June  1967,  pp. 281-284.


    For article on related subject see No. 146.
                                     313

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                  557.  COMPOSITION OF H-COAL ASPHALTENES:
              ACID-BASE SEPARATION AND OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION

                                     by

                         Peter A. S. Smith et ai.
    This article deals with the interactions between salt-forming agents,
such as dry hydrogen cloride, perchloric acids, and asphaltenes or pre-
asphaltcnes.  Emphasis is towards improving Che separations and fraction-
ations of these asphaltenes and improving the purification of resulting salt
precipitates.

REFERENCE:  American Chem. Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry. Vol. 24,
           No. 4, 1979, p. 974.


    For articles on related subject see Kos. 251  and 252.


               558. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE  BIOLOGICAL
                  TREATABIL1TIES OF PHENOL AND METHANOL-I
                ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL  GROWTH AND  SUBSTRATE
                 REMOVAL KINETICS  BY A STATISTICAL METHOD

                                     by

                            Jung WK Kim et  al.


    This  study developed a  statistical model,  which would  accurately demon-
 strate bacterial  growth  and  substrate  removal kinetics.  This model con-
 sisted of  two  equations  with a third  equation,  which described the oxygen
 utilization rate  based  on  substrate removal and growth kinetics.  The para-
 meters derived from the  equations were evaluated as to their accuracy by
 comparison to  experimental  data.  Using this type of statistical method dis-
 plays  a significant advantage over  the conventional linear graphical method
 in that results are of  unbiased nature.

 REFERENCE:  Water Research,  Vol.  15,  1981, pp. 1221-1231.
                                     314

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               559. A COMPREHENSIVE  STUDY  ON THE BIOLOGICAL
                  TREATABILITIES ON  PHENOL AND METHANOL-II
          THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE,  pH,  SALINITY AND NUTRIENTS

                                     by

                     Jung VTK Kim and Neal  F .  Armstrong


    An investigation was conducted over  the temperature,  pH, nutrients on
bacterial activities, and salinity by using a statistical  method.  During pH
deviation from neutral, the  rate of coefficient (k; decreased.  Salinity
increased causing unfavorable pH and  salinity alleviation  to effect the tem-
perature on potassium.  A modified Arrhenius equation failed in being effec-
tive in describing the temperature range  on potassium.  Environmental factors
such as pH, temperature, and salinity can affect the endogeneous respiration
activity, as it die in this  case.  Howevar, clay decay in  the coefficient
nethancl and phenol sludge turned out to  a  single parameter, potassium.  The
pH iu this instance was the  main factor in  affecting the decomposing rate in
natural systems of normal cells.  In  phenol decomposition, water was the main
factor where pH was decreased.  Observation in 8 out cf 115 phenol batch
tests and 31 out of 66 tnethanol tests showed an initial log phase.

REFERENCF:  Water Research,  Vol. 15,  1981,  pp. 1233-1247.

  560. COST EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AT COKING FACILITIES

                                     by

                             William F.  Kemner


    Th" report describes a  computer  model, de 'eloped for  coking facilities,
fhat a^ows the user to determine the optimum mix of pollution control
davices to achieve a specified reduction  in pollutant emission at the mini-
«um annual capital cost.  The computer  calculates and displays the associated
cost for each emission level in pounds  of pollutant per ton of coal and tons
of pollutant per year for the following four pollutant types:  total sus-
pended solids, benzene-soluble organics,  benzo(a)pyrene, and benzene.  The
program can consider 20 emission sources  and 9 control options for each
emission source.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/2-79-185, August 1979, pp. 1-297.

    For articles on related subject  see  Nos.  149, 257, 258, and 467.
                                     315

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                       561.  CRYSTALLINE VITAMINE B12

                                      by

                           Edward  L.  Rickes  et al.
    Crystalline vitamin   Bj2»  which  was  isolated from liver,  has  been  found
to be an effective  treatment  for  addisouian pernicious amenia.  After drying,
the compound crystallizes  into  small  red  needles, which darken to  black at
210-220°.  The potency of  the compound is about 11,000,000 LLD units/mg and
the recommended dosage is  20-60 micrograrns.  Coinmerical liver  extracts  were
tested  to determine  their  vitamin Bj2 content.
REFERENCE:  Science, Vol.  107,  April 16,  1948,  pp.  396-397.

    For articles on related  subject see  Nos.  151 and 259.

                 562.  DESIGN OF AN ACTIVATED  CARBON SYSTEM
                        FOR  WOOD PRESERVING WASTES

                                      by

                    Robert F.  Pence and  Tom D. Reynolds


    The use of an activated  carbon system was investigated  for its use- as  a
secondary  treatment process for wood preserving wastes.  Parameters used in
the project design were determined from equilibrium and laboratory column
break- through  tests.  This method may be  feasible in plants  not having an
available  municipal treatment system, plants having small carbon requirements
or in plants large enough  to  justify carbon regeneration. Carbon require-
ments are  relatively high  in  most cases,  but may be alleviated in light of
the highly concentrated waste being treated.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the  35th Industrial Waste Conference, Puidue
           University, pp. 33-38.


    For articles on related  subject see  Nos.  152,  261, 268, and 471.
                                     316

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         563. DETERMINATION OF OIL CONTENT OF OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL

                                      by

                        W.  B.  McGill and M. J. Rowell
     Methylene  chloride,  an oil extractant, can be used to measure the oil
content  of  soil contaminated by oil spillate.  The method in this article
works well  on both mineral and organic soils.

REFEFJENCE:   Science  of the Total Environment, Vol. 14, 1980, tp- 245-253.
      564.  DETERMINATION OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN HARDWOOD CHIPS

                                      by

                          Floyd R. Fullerton et al.
     This  paper  described a method of determining pentachlorophenol (PCP)
content  in cardboard and hardwood chips.  This study was concerned with
developing a method which was both more rapid as well as more sensitive to
(PCP).   In a series of tests using several different concentrations of PCP,
quar.titative recovery amounts were determined.  Initial tests displayed the
high sensitivity of this technique, and repeated testing showed the repro-
ducibility of  similar results.

REFERENCE:  Journal Agricultural, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1982, pp. 1117-1119.
                                     317

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             565.  DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
                      GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR THE
                    GUM AND WOOD CHEMIC/LS MANUFACTURING

                                      by

                          Robert B. Schaffer et al.


     An  extensive  study has been done concerning gum and wood chemicals in
search of  the purpose  of effluent limitations, performance for new materials,
and pretreatment standards in certain sections of the Clean Water Act.  In
this particular study, an estimate of 119 gum and wood chemicals were focused
on and some  7 were affected by the findings.  Limitations on effluents were
given guideliaes and then set up with a degree of effluent reduction avail-
able by  additions  of the best practicable control technology presently avail-
able for a new subcategory, Sulfate Turpentine processing.  The guidelines
were established for the reason that a certain level of effluent reduction
would be attainable through application of (BAT).  This is the best available
technology and can be  achieved economically.  The best conventioned pollu-
tant control technology is (BCT).  New sources with standard performance
were set forth for a degree of effluent reduction that can be reached by
applying the best  available demonstrated control technology, operating
net hods, processes,  and cthsr selections.  Existing and new sources have pre-
treataent standards (PSES and PSNS) set up so the level of effluent reduction
that must be reached in order to prevent any discharge of pollutants that
interfere, pass through, or are incompatible with the POTW operation.  BPT
for Sulfate  Turpentine and BPT s.re established on the same form of regulation
by deriving  at the same methodology.  BCT regulations were based on the best
practicable  control technology.  BAT and NSPS were also derived on practic-
able control technology and additional removal of metals at-the-source where
the metals were being  used as catalysts.  PSES and PSNS are being considered
for metal removal  as a proposed regulation when metals are being used as
catalysts.   Informative data, methods for development and rationale for pro-
posed effluent limitation standards of performance and guidelines are v;ithin
this document.

REFERENCE:   EPA,   440/1-79/078-b, December 1979, pp. 1-246.
                                     318

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             566. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
                      GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR THE
                               INK FORMULATING

                                      by

                        Effluent Guidelines Division
     This document presents the findings of an extensive study of the ink
 manufacturing industry for the purpose of developing effluent limitations
 for existing point sources and standards of performance for new sources and
 pretreatment standards for existing and new sources to implement Sections
 301, 304, 306, and 307 of the Clean Water Act.  The study covers approxi-
 mately 460 ink manufacturing facilities in SIC Group 2893.

     Effluent limitation guidelines are set forth for the degree of effluent
 pollutant reduction attainable through application of best available tech-
 nology economically achievable which must be attained by existing point
 sources by July 1, 1984.  The standards of performance for new sources (NSPS)
 set forth the degree of effluent pollutant reduction that is achievable
 through the application of the best available demonstrated control tech-
 nology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives.  Pretreatment
 standards for existing and new sources (PSES and PSNS) set forth the degree
 of effluent pollutant reduction that must be achieved in order to prevent
 the discharge of pollutants that pass through, interfere with, or are other-
 wise incompatible with the operation of POTW.

     The proposed regulations for BAT, NSPS, PSES and PSNS are based on
 application of contract hauling to completely eliminate the discharge of
 pollutants from ink plants.

     Supportive data, rational^, and methods of the proposed effluent limi-
 tation guidelines and standards of performance are contained ia this docu-
ment.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 440/1-79/090-b, December 1979.
                                     319

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           567. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR  EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
            GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR  THE  METAL FINISHING

                                    by

                      Effluent Guidelines Division


    The Metal Finishing Category  (MFC)  encompasses 44 unit operations
involved in the machining,  fabrication and  finishing of products in SIC
groups  34 through 39.  The  effluent  guidelines  for the Metal Finishing Cate-
gory were developed from data  obtained  from previous EPA studies, literature
searches, and plant surveys and evaluations.  Initially, all existing info-
Mtion  from EPA records and data from literature searches were collected.
This information was  then compiled in a  format  that summarized the individual
plant descriptions for the  following information:  manufacturing ur.it opera-
tions performed, water usage,  process water discharges, wastewater treatment
practices, and wastewater constituents.

DEFERENCE:  EPA, 440-1-80-091-A, June 1980.


       568. DEVELOPMENT  DOCUMENT FOR E7FLUENT LIMITATIONS  GUIDELINES
                 AND STANDARDS FOR THE PAINT FORMULATING

                                    -by

                         Robert B. Schaffer et  al.


    This document presents the findings of an extensive  study of  the  paint
•anufacturing  industry for the purpose of  developing effluent limitations
for existing point sources and standards of performance for new sources and
pretreatment standards for existing and new sources to implement Setions 30.,
304, 306 and 307 of the Clean Water Act.   The  study covers approximately
1500 paint manufacturing facilities  in  SIC Group 2851.  Efiluent limitation
guidelines are set forth for  the degree of effluent pollutant reduction
attainable through application  of best  available technology economically
achievable which must be attained by existing  point sources by July 1, 1984.
The standards of performance  for new sources  (NSPS) set forth the degree of
 effluent pollutant reduction  that is achievable through the application of
 the best available demonstrated control  technology, processes, operating
 Kthods, or other alternatives.   Pretreatment  standards for existing and new
 sources (PSES and PSKS) set forth  the degree  of effluent pollutant reduction
                                     320

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that must be achieved in order  to prevent  the  discharge  of  pollutants  that
pass through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with the opera-
tion of POTW.  The proposed  regulations  for  BAT,  NSPS, PSES and PSNS are
based on application of water use reduction, recycle of  rinse water, and/or
contract hauling to completely  eliminate the discharge of  pollutants from
paint plants.  Supportive data, rationale, and methods of  the proposed efflu-
ent limitation guidelines and standards  of performance are  contained in this
document.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 440/1-79/049-b, December  1979, pp.  1-469.
             569. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
             GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS  FOR THE PETROLEUM REFINING

                                      by

                       Effluent  Guidelines Division
    This development  document  presents the technical data base developed by
EPA to support effluent  limitations guidelines for the petroleum refining
point source  category.   Technologies to achieve these limitations are defined
as best  available  technology economically achievable (BAT), best conventional
pollutant control  technology (BCT), and best available demonstrated tech-
nology (BADT).   This document outlines the technology options considered and
the rationale for  selecting each technology level.  These technology levels
are the  basis for  the  proposed  effluent limitations.

    The rationale by  which the Agency selected the technology option for
each of  the proposed effluent limitations guidelines is presented in Sections
VIII, IX, X,  and XI.   Effluent  limitations guidelines based on the applica-
tion of  BAT and  BCT are  to be achieved by direct dischargers by July 1, 1984.
New source performance standards (NSPS) based on BADT are to be achieved by
new facilities.  Pretreatment standards for both existing sources (PSES) and
new sources  (PSNS) (based on application of BAT to those pollutants which
are incompatible with  a  POTW) are to be achieved by indirect dischargers.
These affluent limitations guidelines and standards are required by sections
301, 304, and 307  of  the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217).

    The petroleum refining industry discharges significant quantities of
toxic, conventional,  and non-conventional pollutants.  The Agency is pro-
posing to control  the  toxic pollutants chromium (both total and hexavaient)
and phenol  (total  4AAP); and the conventional pollutants oil and grease,
total suspended  solids (TSS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).  Non-
conventional  pollutants  such as ammonia, sulfite, and chemical oxygen demand
(COD) are also regulated under existing BPT.
                                     321

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     EPA is  proposing BAT effluent limitations based on reduced flow through
greater  recycle  and  reuse of wastewaters; or based on the use of powdered
activated carbon and/or  rotating biological contractors as pretreatn.ent
before BPT.   Table 1-1 lists these limitations.

     EPA is  proposing BCT effluent limitations based on BAT technology.
These limitations are listed in Table 1-2.

     For NSPS.  EPA is proposing to prohibit the discharge of pollutants to
navigable waters. This  standard is based on existing industry practice at
exemplary facilities and demonstrated technologies.

     EPA is  proposing PSNS and PSES ba^ed on removal of metals and existing
PSES control technology  for oil and grease and ammonia.  Table 1-3 lists
these limitations.

     EPA also is proposing separate PSES and PSNS  for those refineries dis-
charging into a POTW which has received a vaiver under Section 301(h) of the
Clean Water  Act of  1977.  Such waivers would exempt POTW's from achieving
effluent limitations based oa secondary  treatment.  These pretreatment
standards are listed in Table 1-4 and are based on  the same technology as
that for the proposed BAT guidelines.  These standards, however, set explicit
numerical values on   the concentration of regulated pollutants.  Informa-
tional mass  limitations are also provided for  POTWs wishing to limit total
mass discharge.

     EPA estimates the annual costs  for  the petroelum refining industry  to
comply with  the proposed regulation  to he S53.9 million.

REFERENCE:  ErA,440/l-79/014-b, December  1979.


            570. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR  INTERIM  FINAL  EFFLUENT
               LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE
         PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING

                                      by

                         Effluent  Guidelines Division


     This document presents  the  findings of a  study of  the  pharmaceutical
manufacturing point  source  category  for  the purpose of developing  effluent
 limitations and  guidelines  for  existing  point  sources  plus  standards of  per-
 formance and pretreatment  standards  for  existing  and  new source,  to  implement
 Sections 301(b), 301(c),  304(b),  304(c), 306(b),  306(c) ,  307(b)  and  307(c)
 of the  Federal Water Pollution  Control Act, as amended  (33  U.S.C.  1251,  1311,
 U14(b). 1314(c), 1316(b),  1317(b) and 1317(c),  86 St^t.  816  et.  seq.) (the
 "Act").
                                      322

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   Effluent limitations and  guidelines contained herein set forth the
degree of effluent reduction attainable through the application of the Best
Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT) and the degree of
effluent reduction attainable  through the application of the Best Available
Technology Economically Achievable  (BAT) which raust be achieved by existing
point sources by July 1, 1977, and  July 1, 1983, respectively.  The standards
of performance and pretreatment standards for existing and new sources con-
tained herein set forth the degree  of effluent reduction which is achievable
through the application of and Bebt Available Demonstrated Control Technology,
processes, operating methods,  or other alternatives.

   The development of data and recommendations in the document relate to
the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, which is one of eight industrial
segments of the miscellaneous  chemicals industry.  Effluent  limitations were
developed for each subcategory covering the pharmaceutical manufacturing
point source category on the basis  of the level of raw waste load as well as
on the degree of treatment achievable by suggested model systems.  These
systems include biological and physical/chemical treatment and systems for
reduction in pollutant loads.

    Supporting data and rationale  for development of the proposed effluent
limitations, guidelines and  standards of performance are contained in  this
report.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 440/1-75/060, December 1976.


     571. THE DEVELOPMENT  OF AN ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION PROCESS
           FOR THE TREATMENT OF CADMIUM(II)-PLATING WASTEWATER

                                     by

                         C.  P. Huang, P. K. Wirth


    This paper looks at a study of an activated carbon adsorption process.
The process was developed  for  the treatment of  ccdmiuro  plating wastewater.
A total of 15  activated  carbons were  tested.  Of the  15 tested,  the  results
showed that powdered activated carbons generally have a better Cd(II)  removal
capacity  than  the  granular carbons, at  least below  acidic or neutral pH  con-
ditions.  A suspension-polymerization technique was  tried to mount up to  one
of the powdered activated  carbons,  Nuchar SA,  to sizes  adequate  for  column
packing.  H2SO/i, HC1, and  HC104, strong acids,  were  tried to regenerate  the
Cd (Il)-laden  activated  carbon beads.

DEFERENCE:  Heavy  Metal  Environmental International  Conference,  3rd, 1981,
          pp.  100-103.
                                     323

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     572. DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINANTS AND WASTES FROM BY-PRODUCTS OF COAL
             CARBONIZATION INDUSTRY—PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

                                     by

                             B.  P. Das et al.
    This  paper  reviews  the pollution problem similar to the coal carboniz-
ation industry,  available methods of treatment of wastes, and also develop-
•ental work  for  their proper disposal.  A problem exists from the disposal
of wastes  from coal  carbonation by-products, which could be minimized by the
recovery of  useful  industrial products and chemicals.  The chemicals and
products recovered  can be used as feedstock for chemical and allied indus-
tries.  The  many types of wastes, their sources, quantity, and  nature are
studied in this  paper, and also a look is taken at the present  industrial
practice,  and the R & D activities in the field are  studied.  Some of the
promising  developments have possibilities of application and are  shown  in
text of Indian industries.

REFERENCE:  Chemical Economy & Engineering Review, Vol. 14, No. 7-8, July/
           August  1982, pp. 13-19.

    For articles on related subject  see Nos. 14 and 155.

               573. DISPOSAL OF NITROGENOUS LIQUID  EFFLUENT
                    FROM MODDERFONTEIN DYNAMITE FACTORY

                                     by

                                N. A. Lever


    Nitrogenous effluent has been  disposed of  as  a  liquid fertilizer  on
pwture land and hay crops.   Its effects on the application sites were founo
to be  satisfactory.  When  the effluent was  applied to crops grown on fertile
soil,  a highly desirable  fodder was  produced.   The only adverse effect found
of nitrogen applications was nitrogen poisoning;  however,  concentrations ot
the effluent  in  this study  were not  high enough to cause such  a problem.
Although no deleterious  effects  have been  found,  it  is believed that appli-
cations of potash, phosphate, and magnesium may be used to supplement the
 effluent.

 REFERENCE:  Proceedings  of the  21st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
           University,  Vol.  121,  1966,  pp.  902-925

                                     324

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          574. DISPOSAL OF TREATED AND UNTREATED ELECTROPLATING
                 WASTV IN AN SIMULATED MUNICIPAL LANDFILL

                                    by

                   Larry W. Jones and Philip  G. Malone


    This experiment examined the  possibility of  adding one  part  electroplat-
ing waste (EPW)  ro  four parts municipal solid waste  (MSW)  before  disposal of
a municipal  landfill.  Applications of deionized  water were  used  to simulate
rainfall and  predict leachate compositions.   Leachate analysis showed  lower
concentrations  of cadmium,  chromium,  copper,  lead,  manganese,  zinc, and
Chloride when EPW was  present  in the  waste.   Tests  were conducted on both
treated and  untreated  EPW with  no significant difference  in  the amount or
hazardous material  lost  due to  leaching  in either case.  The untreated waste
did tend  to  raise  the  PH slightly more than the presence of  treated or no
EPW.

REFERENCE:   Land Disposal  of Hazardous Waste, Proceedings of the 8th Annual
           Research Symposium, EPA 600/9-82002, March 1982, pp. 294-314.


                             575. DURA-TREET I
          A NEW,  COMPLETELY WATER-BORNE PENTACHLOROPHENOL PROCESS

                                     by

                             David B. Hatche-


     Idacon's patented method involves pressure  treating  wood  in a  negative
 hydrocarbon  for pentachlorophenol .  The method has  been done  in a water-borne
 system, which  includes a process  to solublize  the pentachlorophenol.  Alka
 line solution  such as a sodium,  potassium, calcium, or ammonium  "alt  are
 «»ed in the  solubilizing process.  The wood  is treated with injections of
 clear organic  ester, and following a period  of time, there  is a  ^action


                                              t
 SET:
 "kickbacks"  can be  recycled.
 REFERENCE:   Proceedings of the 77th American Wood-Preservers'  Association,
            Vol. 28,  No. 11,  1981, PP. 89-97
     For articles on  related  subject see Nos. 15, 157, and 476.
                                     325

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        576. DURA-TREET II,  A WATER DISPERSIBLE PENTACHLGROPHENOL

                                     by

                             David B. Hatcher
    This  report  deals with a water dispersible pentachlorophenol, wood
treatJnent;  comparisons with standard treatments, and environmental aspects
arc discussed  such as  leaching, soil-block tests, results of  electron micro-
scope and  micrograph investigation, and element mapping by x-ray  photograph.
Tests to evaluate its  commercial use are also reported on.

REFERENCE:   Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting of American Wood-Pre-
           servers' Association, Vol. 76, 1980, pp. 308-320.
      577.  THE EFFECTS OF B10CIDAT, TREATMENTS ON METABOLISM IN  SOIL—
                       I. FUMIGATION WITH CHLOROFORM

                                     by

                     D. S. Jenkinson and D. S. Powlson


    This study was performed over the effect biocidal conditions would  have
on the metabolism of soil.  A flush system was designed  to  stimulate decotn-
position and soil biomass.  Fumigated soil by chloroform caused  increases  in
the aamonium and organics.  This soil was then under  incubation  for a period
of 10 days.   Nitrogen and oxygen were often  increased more  in the fumigated
rather than the unfumigated soils.  Following fumigation, a flush did not
increase unless the soil was ever in incuDation.  However,  the second flush
never increased over one-seventh the size of the  first.   Results stipulate
decomposition after the flush comes from organisms  already  broken down.
T.iis leads to the fact that 10% of the glucose carhon was in the soil biomass
In the first place.

8EFE1ENCE:  Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 8, 1976, pp.  167-177


    For articles on related subject see Nos. 16, 26,  27, 160, 162, 164, 165,
in, 275, 276, 278, 280, 284, 286. 287, 288, and  289.
                                     326

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                578.  THE EFFECTS OF BIOCIDAL TREATMENTS ON
                          METABOLISM IN SOIL—VI.

                                     by

                    V. N. Kudeyarov and D. S. Jenkinson
    The use of carbon disulfide as a soil fumigant was  studied  and compared
to the effectiveness of CHC13.  Carbon disulfide exhibited very  similar
characteristics for use in measuring biomass other than  it is  consistently
less efficient to a small degree.  High carbon disulfide concentrations for
nitrification inhibition results in increased nitrogen mineralization.  Lower
concentrations were shown to cause inhibition with essentially no  other
effects on the soil unless in soils with low organic  content.  In  this case,
nitrogen mineralization and soil respiration were both increased.

REFERENCE:  Soil Bio. Biochem., Vol. 8, December 20,  1975, pp. 375-378.
         579. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTED BY OIL  ON  AQUATIC ANIMALS
            II. N-PARAFFINS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND CRUDE OIL
            CONCENTRATION ON TAINT  IN SCALLOP  (PECTEN ^lESSOENblS)

                                     by

                   Terushige Motohiro and Zensuke  Iseya


    The adductor muscle of scallops was analyzed by organoleptic testing
 by the addition of several types of  quantities  of hydrocarbons.   Tests were
 to determine the type and amount of  hydrocarbons, which may cause tainting
 o! the scallop rauscle.  Tested concentrations of ti-tetradecane and  n-hexa-
 decane caused no detrimental effects r.o  the scallop.  Substances found to
 cause tainting to a nore significant degree included crude oil,  xylene,
 toluene and mixtures of hydrocarbons.

 KFERENCE:  Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ., Vol.  26, No.  A, 1976,  pp. 367-
           371.


    For articles on related subject see Nos.  290,  291, 292, 293, and 294.
                                     327

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              580.  EFFLUENT PROBLEMS AND MATERIAL RECOVERY
                     IN THE ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY

                                    by

                                R. Pinner
   This report discusses the Tnetal electroplating  industry in general as
to its waste production, treatment, and cost.   Tables  are given showing
•etal and water consumption, metal concentrations, effluent discharge of one
tystea and average cost of several treatment  systems.   The paper briefly
discusses restrictions of type and amount of  discharged effluent.  A number
of aspects of different treatment systems are then mentioned which are asso-
ciated with metal recovery, concentration of  rinse water and sludge disposal.
Finally, methods of increasing efficiency are reviewed, such as recovery of
noo-oetals and excess water.  These considerations are made primarily for
operation cost reduction.

ttPERENCE:  Product Finishing, Vol. 28, No.  11, November 1975, pp. 26-33.
              581. ELECTROPLATING EFFLUENT CONTROL— PART 2

                                     by

                             Dr. C.  A.  Smith


    Several methods or phases of electroplating effluent treatment are
explained.  Methods for reducing contaminants in rinse water were evapora-
tive recovery, climbing film evaporators  and flash evaporators.  In most
cues, additional treatment following  these mentioned will be necessary.
these secondary treatment methods were categorized under "batch treatment"
uA "continuous flow treatment" systems.   When the electroplating effluent
«Wt attain lower levels of suspended  solid, techniques such as filtration
wan integrated treatment system may  be  used.  The report then briefly dis-
cussed the construction of various waste  treatment facilities.
 KFERENCE:  Water Services,  February 1980, pp. 92-94.
                                    328

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        582. ELECTROPLATING WASTE  WATER SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION

                                     by

                     CENTEC Corporation,  Reston, VA


   EPA's RCRA regulations have provisions,  the Extraction Procedure (EP),
for evaluating the hazardous nature  of certain materials.  This test method
ws evaluated by EPA and the American  Electroplaters' Society and applied to
Ktal finishing sludges.  Concurrently,  tests to chemically and physically
characterize the sludges were performed.   This report provides an evaluation
of the leachability of tuetal finishing sludges tested according to the EPA's
Extraction Procedure (EP). The  results showed that many sludges were dis-
posed segragated from acidic environments.   However, when tested by the EP,
iny were found to leach excessively.   This is partly an artifact of the test
procedure, but does indicate that  basic sludges will redissolve in acidic
environments.  Questions should be directed to the Nonferrous Metals and
Minerals Branch of the Industrial  Environmental Research Laboratory.

INFERENCE:  EPA 600/2-81-H64, April  1981, pp. 1-85.

          533. ELECTROPLATING WASTES:   HISTORY & CURRENT STATUS
    An extensive history of pollution control is illustrated in this
irticle; from the time when control  was totally voluntary, to the present
«ith strict regulations on wastes  to future legislation.  Emphasis is placed
«pon the neutralization of cyanide and the separation of metals.  Regulatory
pressures have improved upon the conventional techniques.  There are, in
general, four new techniques—improved ion exchange resins, better evapora-
tion techniques, iaprove-i precipitants for metals, and membrane process.

    Ion exchange has been used to recover metals for around 25 years.
Several variations of traditional  ion exchange techniques are described
Hithin the article.  Improvements  in evaporation techniques are also
described.  Solubility improvements  have caused changes in precipitation
•ethods.  Membrane processes discussed included ultrafiltration, reverse
"Oosis, electrodialysis, and Oonnan dialysis.

EFERENCE:  Industrial Finishing,  Vol. 57, No. 11, November 1981, pp. 14-17.
                                    329

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                  584. EMISSIONS AND RESIDUE VALUES  FROM
                   WASTE DISPOSAL DURING WOOD PRESERVING

                                     by

                              B. DaRos et al.
    Agency restrictions on the discharge of wastewater generated during the
preservation of wood has resulted in the increased  use of  evaporation tech-
niques for water removal by the wood preserving  industry.   This report,  which
further details the type of work described  in  EPA report 600/2-81-066 "Wood
Preserving Industry Multimedia Emission  Inventory " discusses emissions  and
residues that were measured during thermal  (pan)  evaporation, spray pond
evaporation, and direct thermal destruction of organic components in the
wastewater.  The information presented includes  plant and  evaporation device
descriptions, wastewater and residue handling  procedures,  sampling and
analytical results, and conclusions and  recommendations.  Also presented are
qualitative descriptions of the  fugitive emissions and rescues that occur
during normal processing operations.

    It was concluded that toxic materials  are both emitted and disposed as
residues.  fhis includes organic compounds  (phenols and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons) that were emitted to the atmosphere during thermal (pan)
evaporation.  Similar organic emissions  from  the spray pond were below
detectable levels.  Contrarily, solid residues from evaporators had low con-
centrations of toxic organic constituents,  while residues in spray ponds
contained much higher levels than the feed  wastewater.  Fugitive organic
emissions fron the retort and vacuum vents  were  highly concentrated although
limited in duration.  Thermal destruction of wastewater sludge by cofiring
in an industrial wood-fired boiler was 96.1 to 99.99f percent complete for
the measured organics.  Chlorinated dioxin  and furan components were measured
in both sludge and ash wastes, but varied too  much  to determine removal or
generation rates.

    Sludges produced from each process  contained a significant toxic organic
fraction.  Waste sludge must be recycled back  to the process for reuse or
disposed in a manner cognizant of the toxic components indentified.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/S2-82-062, August 1982, pp.  1-6.
                                     330

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         585.  ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR COKE PLANT
                WASTEWATES ACHIEVING COMPLETE NITRIFICATION

                                     by

                   A. Bhattacharyya and A. C. Middleton


    This paper describes a bench-scale treatability  study, which  showed
adequate nitrification of coke plant wastewater.   This method  is based  on
the Best Available Technology Economically  Achievable (BATEA).  One alter-
native is a physicochenvical process, which  is  highly  effective; however, it
normally entails high operation  costs.  Biological treatment,  when applic-
able, demonstrates a more desirable  technique.   Acceptable nitrification was
achieved by filtration and dephenolization  of  ammonia liquor  followed by
steam distillation with soda ash and also by  the use  of  activated  sludge
technology.  The system also achieves high  ammonia,  phenol, thiocyanate and
thiosulfate treatment of these wastes.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 35th  Industrial Waste Conference,  Purdue
           University, pp.  354-372.
      586. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COKE BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY PLANTS

                                      by

                           D.  W. Van Osdell et al.


     The report  gives results of an initial screening study, initiating a
 Multimedia environmental assessment of coke by-product recovery plants in
 the U.S.  The  study included both the gathering and analysis of existing
 data and sampling and analysis at one plant based on EPA's Industrial
 Environmental  Research Laboratory RTP Level 1 protocol.  Process data con-
 cerning design and operation of existing plants and processes were examined.
 Many variations of all process types exist, forcing an examination of the
 industry to  determine the commoner processes.  Sampling and analysis u  lized
 a basic EPA  Level 1 format, tailored for organic vapor sampling.  Specific
 sables were also analyzed for cyanide.  Air was sampled at all suspected
 pollution sources, most of them storage tanks.  The largest "^V^"
 Has the final cooler cooling tower-aromatics at > :>0 g/Mg coke and cyanide
                                     331

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at 278 g/Mg coke were both significant.  Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) compounds were indicated, but not quantified.  Concentrations of
pollutants in the vapor above storage tanks were measured, but actual emis-
sion rates were not determined because of the difficulty in measuring working
and breathing losses for the tanks sampled.  Water sampling data from the
sane plant, developed by EPA's Effluent Guidelines Division, were  included
in the over all study analysis.

REFERENCE:  EPA 600/2-79-016, January 1979, pp. 1-389.


            587. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF DRY COKE  QUENCHING
                        VS CONTINOUS WET QUENCHING

                                     by

                       C. W. Westbrook and D.  W. Coy


    The report gives results of  an assessment  of the multimedia  environ-
nental of continous wet and dry quenching at National Steels'  Weirton,  West
Virginia, Brown's Island coke plant.  The report, based primarily on design
data, tests data from related processes, and engineering judgement,  suffers
from the lack of definitive test  data.  The assessment  indicates  that dry
coke quenching  results in less particulate matter emitted, less solid waste
generated, less process-related gas emitted, and  potentially less emission
of polynuclear  aromatic hydrocarbons  and organics  in general,  than wet
quenching.  Dry coke quenching also results  in  increased aqueous  effluents
and fugitive emissions from coke  transport  and  screening.   The assessment
concludes  that, with proper wastewater  treatment  and control of coke trans-
port emissions, the dry quench process  should  have  less negative  environ-
•ental impact  than continous wet  quenching.  The  report Hentifies areas
where data are  insufficient  for  Level 1 assessment  and  indicates  the testing
required  for a  complete Level  1  assessment.

REFERENCE:  EPA 600/2-80-106,  May 1980, pp.  1-38

              588.  EVALUATION  OF  PASSIVE  MONITORS FOR ASSESSING
                         VAPOR  DEGREASF.R EMISSIONS

                                      by

                             J.  F. Mazur  et al.


     This report  discussed  passive monitors and their effectiveness in
collecting airborne vapor degreasing solvents.   One stage of the experiment
determined collection  efficiencies for methyl chloroform and trichloroethy-
iene under laboratory  conditions.  The utilization of static chambers
                                     332

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determined standard atmospheres at various  solvent  concentrations.   The  last
part of the experiment monitored several  solvent vapor degreaser systems ir.
actual use.  This provided a useful  comparison to the laboratory finding and
to the prev/.ously used charcoal tube sampler method.

REFERENCE:  American Ind. Hygiene Association Journal, Vol.  42,  October  1981,
           pp. 752-756.

         589. EVAPORATION RECOVERY  OF CHROMIUM PLATING RINSE WATER

                                      by

                               L. N. Elicker
    This paper concentrates  on providing more thorough performance and
economic information on  a  new evaporative approach for recovering chemicals
and refining chronic acid  rinse waters for reuse.  The study proved the
ectnomic soundness of  an evaporative recovery system for waste waters, and
the project also showed  that  the effluent from plating rinse dragout can be
practically disregarded.   It  pertains only to decorative chromium operations,
even though other electroplating solutions are currently being recycled
successfully.

REFERENCE:  Finishing  Industries, Vol. 2, No. 11, November 1978, pp. 28-32.


       590. EVAPORATIVE RECOVERY SYSTEM CUTS CHROME CONSUMPTION 702


    This climbing  film evaporator system recovers 95% of chromic acid once
lost in waste  and used in  conjunction with cation exchange; the chromic acid
content in  the effluent is almost zero.  The evaporator also recovers a pro-
prietary  foam  depressant for  re-ise.

REFERENCE:   Industrial Finishing, Vol. 52, No. 5, May 1976, pp. 42-U.


                591.  FATE  AND IMPACT OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES IN
                           A TERRESTRIAL MICROCOSM

                                      by

                             Jay D. Gile et al.


     Creosote, containing either phcnanthrene or acenaphthene,  pentac.hloro-
phenol aad  bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, which was present in treated  wood
posts, was  examine-' as to its affect on  the environment.  This  preservative
was compared  to dieldrin,  an insecticide, in a microcosm containing topsoxl,
                                     333

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plant and animal life.  The majority of perssrvative  released into the  soil
remained in the close proximity of  the posts.   Concentrations in plant  and
animal life were determined, but varied widely.   Only a small percentage of
creosote escaped from the posts during the  period of  time studied.  No
adverse affects were shown frora this while  seme toxicity was seen in crickets
containing dieldrin concentrations.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Agri. Food Chem.,  Vol.  30, No. 2, 1982, pp. 295-301.


    For articles on related subject  see  Nos.  170, 171, 172, 173.


                592. FATE OF  BASIC POLLUTANTS IN TREATMENT
                          OF  COKE-PLANT  EFFLUENTS

                                      by

                              J.  J. Ganczarozyk


     This  paper examines new information on coke-plant  effluents  treatment
 in laboratory,  pilot-scale  and full-scale, to support other  available data
 on the subject. The  study  is  directed to facilitate  the selection of  treat-
 Bent methods  and treatment  strategy for the specific  treatment  requirements.
 A table presented  in  the study shows  a range of  component concentrations
 describing typical  coke-plant  effluents.   Usual  treatment of coke-plant
 effluents  is  capable  of  removing from the wastewater  the basic  pollutants,
 such as phenolics  cyanide thiocyanate, and asraonia,  but the  residual concen-
 trations of some of the  analytical indicators may be  higher  than  some  con-
 centrations.   The  state  of  residual organic substances  in conventionally-
 treated ccke-plant effluents should be a subject of  further  studies, because
 they show noticeable quantities of carcinogenous polycydic  aromatic hydro-
 carbons.  The paper concludes that analycical methods used  to show  coke-
' plant effluents and to control treatment of this wastewater  are to  a large
 extent insufficient and often produce questionable data.

 ttFERNECE:  Proceedings of the 35th Industrial  Waste Conference,  Purdue
            University,  pp. 325-331-


     For article on related subject see  No. 29.
                                      334

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            593.  THE 15 MILLION DOLLARS NICKEL PLATERS WASTE

                                    by

                            Conrad A. Berube


   Electroplating of nickel uses 35 million pounds  of nickel  and costs
100 Billion dollars a year when additive chemical  costs are  added to the
cost of netal alone.  Fifteen million dollars could be saved from this 100
iillion dollar cost by using Che proper process,  evaluating  the cost effec-
tlveness of additives used, maximizing the useful  life of  additives, using
cost saving processes, and adhering  to optimum  conditions  of additivt use
rithout lowering t!.e quality of plating desired.

^ERENCI:  Products Finishing, Vol. 40, No.  9, June  1976, pp.  50-53.


   For articles on related subject see Nos.  71 and  305.


      594. FORD ENGINEERS SELECT KEY DESIGN FEATURES OF SUCCESSFUL
              ACID ETC", NICKEL, AND CHROME RECOVERY SYSTEMS

                                    by

                               Betty  A.  Rose


    Ford Motor Company's  Saline  Instrument  and Plastics plant is  the world's
Urgest injection molding  plant.   Two  chrome plating  lines utilize  massive
•Bunts of chemicals  and recovery chrosic  acid etch,  nickel, and decorative
durme.

    Three design  considerations discussed are concerned with  rinse flow
rites, rinse  concentration,  and impurities.   The main topics discussed tn
this article  are:   1.  the  plating process, 2.  acid etch recovery,  3.  chromic
«Cid regeneration,  4.  nickel  recovery,  5.  decorative  chrome recovery, and 6.
Mintenance  and operation.

ttFERBICE:   Industrial Finishing, Vol. 55, No. 5, May 1979, pp.  44-47.


    For  articles  on related subject see Nos.  72. 174, 306, and  484.
                                    335

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               595. FORD MOTOR  COMPANY  BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT

                                      by

                             Charles  E.  Sponagle


    A survey of process wastes  resulting from operation of the Ford Motor
Company Coke ?lant at Dearborn,  Michigan, was undertaken by the Environmental
Health Center, Public Health Service, with the cooperation of the Ford Motor
Company.  The survey covered the period  from October 23 through November 3,
1949 and was carried out  for the purpose of collecting detailed information
regarding the wastes produced by this plant.  Coal was carbonized in coke
ovens for production of blast furnance and foundry coke.  Coking conditions
during this survey were abnormal in that coking temperatures for production
of blast furnance coke were from 350-400OF. lower than normal, while coking
time had been doubled.  This was necessitated by a coal shortage due to a
strike in the coal fields.   Gas  and liquor evolved in the process are treated
for recovery of by-products, which include ammonium sulfate, naphthalene, tar
and light oils.  Following by-product recovery, coke-oven gas is stored and
used for various purposes  in the plant.   Principal process wastes are from
the ammonia stills and  final coolers.  There is some liquid discharge from
the decanters in the light oil plant, but only a very snail volume comes from
these units.  Unit values  of major constituents of wastes were found to be:
Phenol, 0.30 Ib/ton coal  carbonized;  ammonia 0.44 Ib/ton coal carbonized;
cyanide 0.55 Ib/ton coal  carbonized;  5-day BOD 9.1 Ib/ton coal carbonized.
The waste flow per ton  of coal  carbonized was 2420 gal. from the final
coolers, and 31.8 gal.  from the  ammonia still.  The amount of coal carbon-
ized varied from 2130  to  2309 tons per day, and averaged 2233 tons per day.
Results obtained from  this survey are compared with those of a previous sur-
vey undertaken in 1947, when plant operation was normal.  The 1947 survey
disclosed unit waste discharge to be:  Phenol, 0.14 Ib/ton coal carbonized;
cyanide, 0.76 Ib/ton coal  carbonized; 5-day BOD, 6.1 Ib/ton coal carbonized.
Haste disposal is by dilution in the Rouge River through the tailrace outlet.
 REFERENCE:   EPA,  PB 230 082, November 1949, pp. 1-39.
                                     336

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      596. GAS-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM OF CARBON  DIOXIDE  PLUS  M-CRESOL AND
           CARBON DIOXIDE PLUS QUINOL1NE  AT  ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

                                     by

                        Herbert M.  Sebastian et al.
    This paper studies  the  vapor  and  liquid equilibrium phase compositions
for two binary systems—CO2  plus m-cresol  and €©2 plus quinoline at  tempera-
tures up to 430°C in the pressure  range  20-50 atm.  In one experiment,  the
temperatures of COj plus m-cresol  mixtures were 189.9-391.5°C.  In the
second experiment, the temperature was 188.6-430.2°C and pressures up to  50
atm.  For both of the resutls,  a flow  apparatus was used.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1980,
           pp. 381-383.
     For article on related subject see No.  308.


                  597.  AN IMPROVED BISMUTH PLATING PROCESS

                                      by

                              W.  Dingley et al.


     The plating electrolytes in  this research were unstable chemically
during  the  plating.   Electrolytes were then modified to produce composition
and surface pretreatment and produced stable electrolytes, which obtained
bright, dense  and  adherent deposits on copper and copper-coated stetl.
Optimum results were  taken from the electrolyte that had 15 g/1 bismuth, 180
g/1 hydrochloric acid,  5 g/1 gelatin, 52 g/l ammonium hydroxide and suffi-
cient sodium hydroxide  to adjust  the pH value to 0.36.  The best range for a
dependent pH electrolyte was between 0.20 to 0.36.  The high deposits of
bismuth were produced on copper at a thickness up to 0.127 ram in a density
range of 2.2 to  3*2 A/dm2.  The pretreatment was a pickling solution con-
taining nitric,  phosphoric and acetic acids.

REFERENCE:   Plating and Surface Finishing, April 1976, pp. 26-33.


     For articles  on  related subject see Nos. 175, 312, 313, 314, 316, 322,
«nd 437.

                                     337

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         598.  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESS  PROFILES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL USE:
           CHAPTER 6. THE INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY

                                      by

                           Raimond Liepins et al.


    The  catalog  of  Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use was
developed as  an aid  in defining the environmental impacts of industrial
activity  in the United  States.  Entries for cash industry are in consistent
format  and  fora separate chapters  of the study.  Industrial organic chem-
icals are the product of at least  one chemical reaction in this industry and
will undergo  at leas; one additional treatment step in a downstream proces-
sing industry. These compounds are intermediate materials in the manufacture
of such products  as  plastics, synthetic fibers, Pharmaceuticals and surfac-
tants among others.  The industry  is discussed in terms of ten feedstock
groups:  benzene, butylene, sources of cresylic acids, t hylene, methane,
naphthalene,  paraffins,  propylene, toluene and xylenes.  .en chemical trees,
ten process flow  sheets and 365 process descriptions have been prepared to
characterize  the  industry.  Within each process description available data
have been presented  on  function, input materials, operating parameters,
utilities,  waste  streams, EPA Source Classification Code and references.
Data related  to the  subject matter, including company, produce and raw
aaterials data are included as appendices.

REFERENCE:   Environmental Protection Technology  Series, EPA-600/2-77-0231,
           February 1977, pp. 6-001 - 6-992.

           599. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES  FOR  ENVIRONMENTAL USE:
                   CHAPTER 24. THE IRON AND  STEEL INDUSTRY

                                      by

                           Terry Parsons  (editor)


     The catalog was developed  to  aid in  defining the  environmental  impacts
 of U S  industrial activity.  Entries for each  industry  are in  consistent
 format and form separate  chapters  of  the  catalog.   The Iron and Steel Indus-
 try encompasses a variety of  processes  for transforming  iron ore  into fabri-
 cated  iron and steel products:  most  large steel mills operate  by-product
 coke plants  that produce  metallurgical  coke and  coke by-products.  The
 industry is  divided into  five segments:   ore preparation,  coke  preparation,
                                      338

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    by-products  recovery, pig iron  production, and steel manufacturing.
    'process  flow sheets and 30 process descriptions characterize the indus-
try.   For  each process description, available data is presented on input
materials,  operating parameters, utility requirements, and waste streams.
Related  information presented as appendices include raw materials, company,
and product data.

REFERENCE:  EPA,  600/2-72-023x, February 2977, pp. 1-209.


    600. INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY REPORT - A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS
               • OF LIQUID WASTES FROM A BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT

                                      by

                              Stanley G. Monroe


     This study was made  in connection with the  program of  industrial waste
 Studies being conducted by the  Public Health  Service  in cooperation  with
 State Health Departments  and other Agencies concerned.  The  primary  purpose
 is to determine the sources, quantities, and  characteristics of  wastes  pro-
 duced together with a study of  the processes  or  conditions  that  materially
 affect the quantify and,'character is tics of  these wastes.  A study  was made
 of the discharge? fron~the principal waste  producing  operations  of the  plant.
 Special studies were made on the dephenolizing unit which employs  the benzo
 extraction process, and also on the gas final cooler  recirculating system.
 This plant operates 385 ovens primarily for the  production  of metal-lurgical
 coke.  During  the period  of the study an average of  6,828  tons of  coal  were
 carbonized and 5,329  tons of coke  produced  daily.  Gas produced  in the  coking
 process is utilized in  the plant.  During  this  period, the  plant discharged
 91/3 Ibs. of phenol daily.  The ammonia still effluent contained 47.8  Ibs.,
 the benzol plant  38.3  Ibs. and  the coke quench water  discharge 5.2 Ibs.  A
 total of 31.2  Ibs. of  cyanides  were discharged  of which 18.7 Its.  were  con-
 tained  in the  ansaonia  still eifluent and  12.5 Ibs.  in the  discharge fron the
 benzol  plant.  Studies on the  dephenolizing plant indicated a 90.9% removal
 Of phenols from  the weak  ammonia liquor by this  unit.  A maximum removal of
 93.IX was obtained during the  period of  study.   The study  on the final cooler
 recirculation  system was  made  to determine to what extent cyanides may be
 released to  the  atroosphere  in  the  exhaust  air from the Marley cooling tower.
 The analyses made indicated  that an  average of  656 Ibs. were discharged daily
 through the  exhaust stacks  to  the  atmosphere as compared to 31.2 Ibs.  from
 other plant  units discharged  in liquid  wastes to the sewers.  The phenols
 contained  in  the Marley exhaust vapors  Jischarged to the atmosphere amounted
 to 12 Ibs. per 24 hours during the period of the study.

 REFERENCE:   EPA, PB  228 775,  May/June  1950.
                                      339

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           601.  INITIAL REACTIONS  IN THE OXIDATION OF NAPHTHALENE
                            BY PSEUDOMONAS  PUTIDA

                                      by

                            A. M.  Jeffrey et al.


     A strain of an organism capable of utilizing naphthalene was  used  in
jetertnining initial reactions of the total naphthalene oxidation process.
The organism was grown on glucose where concentrations of a specific cis
dihydrodiol were found to accumulate.  This intermediate phase required
either NADH or NADPH to occur.  The findings were results of both  nuclear
magnetic resonance spectrometry and radio-chemical trapping procedures.

REFERENCE:  Biochemistry, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1975, pp. 575-584.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 324, 325, 327, 328,  and 438.


              602. INTERPRETATION OF PERSISTENCE AND EFFECTS OF
                     POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN BIRDS

                                      by

                         S. Bailey  and P. J. Bunyan


     Pigeons anJ Japanese quail were  fed polychlorinated biphenyls  (PCBs)
with their  feed to determine  the metabolation of  lower chlorinated.  Varied
concentrations  for different  periods  of  time were administered.  Analysis of
the bird's  tissues showed the  lower chlorinated PCBs as being more  readily
metabolized than the higher chlorinated  types.   In fact, some of the lower
chlorinated PCB's were  metabolized  extremely fast while  residues of such
highly  chlorinated types as 'Aroclor  1254'  are commonly  found in nature.

REFERENCE:   Nature, Vol. 236,  March 3,  1972, pp.  34-36.


      For  articles  on  related  subject see Nos.  333 and  334.
                                      340

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      603. AN  INVESTIGATION  OF FOREIGN BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT S. BLAST
                   FURNACE WASTEWATER CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

                                      by

                   Harold Kofstein & Harold J. Kohlmann
    A  study was  made  to  determine if more advanced process for the treatment
of by-product  coke  plant  and  blast furnace gas cleaning wastewaters were
used in foreign plants than in corae.stic ones.  Some unusual tecnniques for
the treatment  of  blast furnace gas cleaning wastewaters were found.  Aera-
tions of gas cleaning  wastewater prior to classification improved settling
and resulted in a greater rate of recirculation.  Filtering the wastewater
through slag or flue dust removed cyanide although the removal rnachanisra is
not known.

    Treatment of by-product  coke plant and blast furnace gas cleaning waste-
water is generally  not more advanced in foreign plants than in the United
States. However, blast furnace gas cleaning water in foreign plants is gen-
erally  recycled to  a greater  degree.

    Discussions  were  held with plant and corporate personnel at 26 plants
in 14 countries and with regulatory agencies in 10 of the 14 countries, to
determine  the  legulations imposed upon the plants, the incentives provided
to reduce  pollution loads to receiving waters and to investigate treatment
technology.

    Recommendations  for research projects are made, and there appears to be
promising  areas  for improvement of wastewater treatment techniques.

REFERENCE:   Proceedings of the Syaposiura on  Iron and Steel Pollution
            Abatement  November 1980, EPA 600/9-81/017, 1981, pp. 479-496.
                                     341

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            604. AN INVESTIGATION OF  TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVAL OF
                    CHROMIUM  FROM ELECTROPLATING WASTES

                                      by

                              G.  R. Smith,  Jr.
    This report describes  work which was conducted on the removal of  hexa-
valent chromium fron plating  rinse waters employing various treatraent  pro-
cesses.  The study consisted  of an initial phase in which information  was
sought by questionnaire  and by waste water analyses on the type of waste
produced by smaller electroplating plants.  Laboratory studies were conducted
on several nonconventional  methods for treatment of these wastewaterr,  includ-
ing ion flotation, adsorption on activated carbon, and solvent extraction.
A demonsfration pilot-plant study also was conducted on the activated  carbon
process employing actual rinse waters from a hard chrome plating operation.
The results of the various  phases of the study indicated that activated car-
bon adsorption for chrorciuo removal may have practical application in  small
plating plants.  Further development of the process was recommended in actual
plating plant installations.

REFERENCE:  EPA, PB 215  694,  March 1971, pp. 1-89.


                605.  ISOLATION OF PCB'S FROM SOIL RECOVERY
                   RATES USING DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEMS

                                      by

                         G.  Seidl, K. Ballschraiter


    Soils containing  radioactively labelled clophen A-30  (A PCB) were
treated with different solvents to determine recovery rates.  Soxhlet-r.xtrac-
tion with acetone of acetonitrile showed the  best recovery at above 95%.
Soxhlet-cxtraction with hexane or homologies or cold extraction with acetone
using  ultrasonic bath  did not show good PCB recovery from soil.

REFERENCE:  Chemosphere, No.  5, 1976, pp. 373-376.
                                     342

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           606. LAGOONING AND  SPRAY  DISPOSAL OF  NEUTRAL  SULPHIET
                      SEMI-CHEMICAL  PULP MILL LIQUORS

                                      by

                                 Don  Voights
    This report discussed  the  change  of  a  pulp mill's sulphite liquor  dis-
posal system  to one utilizing lagoons  and spray disposal.   The change became
necessary because of  increased  production of  effluent which began to conta-
minate  the nearby water  supplies.   Spraying of  the liquor  resulted in com-
plete killing of all  growth present.   After a period of time,  the inorganic
salts present were washed  from the  soil by  rainfall leaving the organic
sludge  to act as a fertilizer.   The pollution of the local lake and stream
was  eliminated by this process.  The  life expectancy of the disposal site
appears to be indefinite assuming present production.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings  of  the 10th Industrial  Waste Conference, Purdue
           University,  Vol. 89, 1955, pp.  497-507.
          607.  LAND DISPOSAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING WASTES

                                      by

                  George C.  Colovos and Nelson Tinklenbcrg


     Spray irrigation has been used as a method for disposal of fermentation
spent beers.  The beers disposed of by spraying, in this article, contained
1-5Z total solids content and were highly colored, malodorous, Chlorine pre-
treatment  deodorized the liquid.  Then the liquid was sprayed to the equiva-
lent of m inches of rainfall over the test area.  The disposal method worked
satisfactory, and no anaerobic conditions were present or developed.

REFERENCE:  Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 4, Issue 2, 1962, pp. 153-
            160.
                                     343

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                    608.  LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH
                         SMALL APPLICATIONS OF BORON

                                      by

                                 M. 0delien


     This experiment studied the long-term effects of boron deficiency  on
swedes,  a plant  strongly affected by low boron concentrations.  High concen-
trations applied over an extended period of time resulted in a slight
decrease in crop production.  Smaller concentrations on an annual basis
essentially eliminated deficiency symptoms, such as root discoloration.
Increased symptoms were seen on untreated plots of land.  This is a result
of low initial soil concentrations as well as boron loss due to leaching
and crop uptake.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science, Vol. 95, 1963, pp. 60-62.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 89, 90. 339, and 340.


            609. MEASUREMENT OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE IN AMBIENT AIR

                                      by

                             G. F. Evans et al.


     A series of field studies was conducted of various urban sites  to deter-
mine the perchloroethylene  concentrations of the surrounding air.  A slight
variation between the three cities studied was  found with  the highest amounts
located in areas producing  the greatest arcount  of pollutant.  A noticeable
variation also existed on different days of  the week.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/4-79-047, August. 1979,  p.  iv.


     For articles on related  subject  see Nos.  341,  342, and 343.
                                      344

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          610. A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF A PACKED-BED FLECTRODE CELL
            TO REMOVE METAL IONS FROM DILUTE EFFLUENT SOLUTIONS

                                      by

                    Anthony W. Bryson and Kevin A. Dardis


     A porous  cathode cell derived as a mathematical ir.odel was acquired in a
basic kinetic  parameter for the sediment of metals from dilute solutions.  In
order to treat electroplating waste effluents, the model pilot plant was
designed.   Data shows through experiments that copper, nickel, chromium and
zinc concentrations were lowered by at least 90% allowing an efficient
current to continue.  The pilot plant was made to efficiently reduce nickel
from 20 tag dm~3 to  2 rog dm~3.  This was to allow a flow rate of 180 dm^h"^-
and a current  of  30 A.  The procedure was successful, but chromium was sited
in the effluent.   Through the data gathered, it has been decided  that the
modeling and design procedure can be applied to a certain size and operating
conditions of  reasonable large-scale cells.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Chera. Tech. Biotechnol., Vol.  30, 1980, pp. 14-19.


               611. MEETING  BPT  STANDARDS FOR  INTERMEDIATE  AND
                   SECONDARY REFINERY WASTEWATER  TREATMENT

                                      by

                        D. L. Ford and L. F. Tischler


     Methods of treating refinery wastewater in  the  intermediate  and  secon-
 dary stages are assessed as  to  their  compliance  with  a  section  of the icderal
 Water Pollution Control Act.  The  primary concern is  meeting best practicable
 technology  (BPT) as  outlined by the  EPA.   Intermediate  treatment  consisted
 of dissolved air floatation  (DAF),  coagulation-precipitation and  equalization
 procedures.  The secondary procedures discussed  were  the use of high-rate
 activated sludge and,  in most cases,  filtration.   Other secondary treatment
 nethods are also available,  such as  aerated lagoons and trickling filters.
 These  techniques can often be used  as a polishing step in the treatment
 facility.   Their use as  the  sole means of  secondary treatment,  however, is
 limited to  special circumstances.

 REFERENCE:  Industrial Wastes,  Vol.  23,  No. 5, September/October 1977,
            pp. 41-45.


                                      345

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                  612. METHOD AND COMPOSITION VOR TREATING
                         KOOD WITH PENTACHLOROPKENOL

                                      by

                               Roy P. Kirchner


     A composition for impregnating wood with pentachloro^henol is prepared
by dissolving pentaehlorophe-Aoi in a petroleum fraction, at i^ast 50% of
which will distill above 485°F, and mixing the resulting solution with water
to produce a finely divided dispersion of the solution in water.

REFERENCE:  United States Patent, No. 4,296,152, October 20, 1981.


     For article en related subject see No. 344.


            613. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF EKOFISK OIL IN SEAWATER
                       BY SACCTiARCMYCOPSIS LIPOLYTICA

                                      by

                       F. C. Stunner and A. Vinsjansen


     This report Is a detail of experiments evaluating the effect of pH and
temperature on the production of acid from the degradation of Ekofisk oil by
the yeast Saccharomycopsis Lipolytica.  During the experiments, the pH
dropped to various levels, depending on the conditions used.  The experiments
were performed at 8°C and 20°C.  These temperatures were used because of the
temperature in the North Sea basin.

REFERENCE:  AMBIO, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1976, pp. 341-142.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 300 and 488.
                                     346

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                614.  MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS

                                      by

                       Oldrick K. Sebek and D. Perlman


     Although microorganisms have been used to generate intermediates for
synthesis into steroids, and some antibiotics have been modified by raicrobial
degradation, such as  the hydrolysis of benzlpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic
acid and of marmosidostreptomycin to streptomycin, there i- still a lacking
in the extended use of raicrobial antibiotic modification.  This article is a
call for greater research emphasis in this direction.

REFERENCE:  Advances  in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 14, 1971, pp. 123-149.


     For articles on  related subject see Nos. 354 and 358.



       615. MINIMIZING COLD WASTE AND REDUCING GOLD THICKNESS ON PCBs

                                      by

                               J. S. Stevenson


     This article deals with gold waste and thickness reduction.  A compre-
hensive study on all  cost savings has not been made.  However, some costs
in which the operator can contribute have been reduced.  The transition
metal hardened acid gold processes are referred to in this article.  This
information maybe applied to eletroplating processes used in various indus-
tries.

REFERENCF:  Finishing Industries, August 1979, pp. 16-21.


     For articles on  related subject see Nos. 180 and 361.
                                     347

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       616. MUTAGENIC AND TOXIC ACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL  EFFLUENTS
              FROM UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION  EXPERIMENTS

                                     by

                            H. Timourian et al.
    Screening for mutagens and  toxics  present in extracts from goundwater
was done by using bacterial bioassays.   It  was also done for tar from product
gas at two sites located at Lawrence  Livermore National Laboratory.   Gasifi-
cation processes might be considered  biologically hazardous, implying human
health concerns.  Mutagens were  present following 2 years of terminated gas-
ification.  The activity and chemical composition changed with time.   The
eutagens suggested amounts of  quinoline and aniline derivatives in the
groundwater.  Toxins showed grouridwater to  have parts of phenolic compounds.
Organic bases and neutrals were  found to be genotoxic from the bacterial and
mammalina cells found in tar of  product gas.  The tar being bacterial and
mammalian along with mutagenic represents a disposal problem.  In conclusior.,
the tar is difficult  to assess  for a health hazard to low mutagenic activity.
This is perhaps becarse of contaminants in  the neurral fraction that suppress
•utagenicity.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Vol. 9, 1982,
           pp. 975-994.


    For articles on related subject see Nos. 93, 94, 95, 366, 367, and 368.


        617. NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS:  ARSENIC

                                     by

                        U.  E. Davis and Associates


    Data assembled  is that  of the nature, degree, and extent  of atmospheric
 arsenic emissions in  the United  States  for 1968.  Overall factors reported
 on are from a single  arenic  producing plant;  copper,  zinc,  and  lead smelters;
 and reprocessing  companies used  50% of  all arsenic consumed  in  the United
 States in 1968.

 REFERENCE:  APTD-1507, PB  720-619, 1971, pp.  1-60.
                                     348

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  618. NICKEL RECOVERY FROM  ELECTROPLATING RINSEWATERS BY  ELECTRODIALYSIS

                                      by

                              John L.  Eisenmann


     A program  to  demonstrate the feasibility of metal salt recovery and
pollution  control  on a  Watts-type nickel plating line by electrodialysis was
conducted  at  Risdon Manufacturing Co.. Waterbury, CT.  Each of two reclaim
rinse tanks,  arranged in  series following plate tanks, was treated by recir-
culating  the  rinse solutions through separate electrodialysis stacks.  The
first rinse solution was  maintained at 2-5 g/1 nickel, and the second rinse
held at 0.3-0.4 g/1 nickel over several months of plating operations.  The
nickel salts  recovered  from the rinse solutions were concentrated 20-fold by
the electrodialysis treatment and could be returned d-t.rectly to the plate
tanks for  reuse.  Several operational problems are discussed and recommenda-
tions made.  It is concluded that electrodialysis can  be useful and econom-
ically viable process for the treatment of at  least  some types of electro-
plating rinses.  Both plating-metal recovery and pollution control  are
accomplished.  A cost estimate based on the data obtained  during the demon-
stration indicetes that 95% of the nickel  lost  from  untreated  rinses could
be recovered and that ancillary  benefits  in sludge disposal,  use of  treat-
ment chemicals, etc. could be realized.   Payback periods of  less than  18
months are anticipated for commerical units.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/2-81-130, July 1981,  pp.  1-54.


     For articles  on related  subject  see  No.  183.
                                      349

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              619. NITRIFICATION  OF COKE OVEN WASTEWATER
                    WITH HIGH  AMMONIA CONCENTRATION

                                    by

                             Meint Olthof


   Coke  oven  wastewater containing high concentrations of  ammonia must
undergo nitrification by one of several different  treatment  methods.   This
study briefly discussed  each, but since the waste  under concern  contains
MA anemia amounts, only one technique was  studied  in detail  in light of
to advantages  over the  other methods.  Biological nitrification was  found
to exhibit good COD removal which agreed with past studies.   Lower yield
coefficients produced higher nitrifer  percentage in sludge and  vice-versa
Host data gathered coincided well with that  from previous  experiments.  ine
Sor disadvantage to this method is  the production of nitrates which ui  some
instances may be to be treated separately.

JEFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
          University, May  8-10,  1979. pp.  22-2j.

    For  article on  related  subject see No.  369.


                   620.  NPRA'S  '72 PANEL VIEWS PROCESSES
 ptidelines are given.

 BEFERESCE:  Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol.  52,  No.  4,  April 1973, pp. 143-154.
For
        articles on related subject  =>=e  Nos.  134 and 371.
                                     350

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               621. ODOR CONTROL IN WOOD PRESERVING PLANTS

                                     by

                        C.  W.  Best and P. C. Caskin
    A certain  process  had  been established in order to take care of pre-
serving wood.   A schedule was set up in vhich the wood was transferred from
a cylinder  to  the end process.   Moving the wood then to a yard, either
located at  the  plant or made ready for shipment, takes place.  The process
of caring for  and making the wood ready can cause odors unpleasant to
residents.   Therefore,  improvements in the process involved a vacuum of the
excess preservatives inti the atmosphere.  Also, the time in which the wood
products  were  taken from the cylinder was changed so as not Co disturb the
neighboring community between 7:00 pm and 6:00 am.  A general upgrade in
the processing equipment went from steam ejector to electrical power.

REFERENCE:   American Wood-Preservers' Association, 1979, pp. 105-108.


               622. OXIDATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BY
                              ACHROMOBACTER pCB

                                     by

                         M. Ahmed and D.  D. Facht


    Various chemicals were purchased  from North Haven,  Connecticut.   Di-
 chlorobiphenyl,  trichlorobiphenyl,  tetrachlorobiphenyl,  and  pentachloro-
 ttphenyl were the four elements  selected  although  there  is  quite a selection
 •ong  the four chemicals.  All of  these  pelychlorobiphenyls  were oxidized
 by bacteria with the exception of  2,5,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.  Every
 polychlorobiphenyl was oxidized  without  lag except  3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl.
 Shcn tasted on pure cultures of  Achrombacter polychlorobiphenyl, 2,3-DCB,
 2,4-DCB  3 A-DCB, and  3,5-DCB were  oxidized.   Those chemicals  slightly
 oxidized were  3,4,2'-TCB,  2,3,2',3'-TCB  and 2,3,4,5,6-PCB.   The rate of
 oxidation is thought to  be  the result of degradation of  an unsubstituted
 ring.  All the dichlorobiphenyls had one unsubstituted ring except 3.J -DCB.

 KFERENCE:  Bulletin of  Environmental Contamination/Toxicology, Vol. 10,
           no.  2,  1973, pp.  70-72.

     For articles  on related subject see Nos. 374 and 375.


                                     351

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                623.  OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF PHENANTHRENE AND
                      ANTHRACENE BY SOIL PSEU1XMONADS

                                      by

                             W. C. Evans et al.


     Phenanthrene  and anthracene were studied as to their metabolism in the
soil.   The  study emphasized the ring-fission process which occurred in the
netabolism  of  both substances.  The metabolism was accurately traced for both
chemicals.   Phenanthrene resulted as naphthalene, of which the metabolism is
known.   Anthracene metabolized in much the same manner, but resulting as 2-
hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid of which the metabolisra was mentioned.  An enzyme
in the  soil organism used is responsible for portions of the metabolic pro-
cesses  involved.

REFERENCE:   Biochem.  Journal, Vol. 95, 1965, pp. 819-831.


     For article en related subject see No. 377.


             624.  PENTACHLOROPViENOL AND NAPHTHALENE EMISSIONS TO
                AIR DURING THERMAL EVAPORATION OF WASTEWATER

                                      by

                           L. J. Thibodeaux et al.


     This paper presents a model which attempts to predict the loss of penta-
chlorophenol and naphthlene into the air during certain wood treatment pro-
cesses.  Utilizing previously proved models along with a number of modifica-
tions resulted in  the final values in this equation.  Calculations from this
Bodel were  then compared with experimental emission rates.  A reasonable
correlation between the predicted air emissions and the measured experimental
one was found to indicate this model as being an adequate predictor.

REFERENCE:   1981 Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
            New Orleans, LA, November 8-12, 1981, pp. 1-13.


     For article on related subject see Nos. 380.
                                     352

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                 625. THE  PERMANENCE OF PE13TACHLOROPHENOL
                        IN  PRESERVED JOINERY TIMBERS

                                      by

                      R. J.  Orsler and M.  W. S. Stone
    The  effectiveness  of  dippirg timber in pentachlorophenol as a preserva-
tive was  studied.   Bioassay experiments wer<=> conducted to assess the resis-
tance  after  treatment  to various fungi.  A similarity was found between PCP
loss and  formally  tested y-HCH loss, although PCP loss vas significantly
slower.   Results of analyzed lumber showed a possible deficiency in the pre-
servatives effectiveress.   Precise data was also gathered on tnovament of the
PCP within tlie  wood.  However, thp. lesults gathered still do not provide a
precise answer  to  the  problem.

REFERENCE:   Irterustioiial  Journal of Wood Preservative, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1981,
            pp. 177-183.


         626. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTE WATER

                                      by

                          Richard Osantowski et al.


     The  report documents a pilot-plant study of the  use of  advanced waste
treatment methods  in upgrading metallurgical coke making waste  waters  to
Best Available  Technology  (BAT) levels.  Mobile treatment units,  operable at
a flow rate  of  19  1/min, were used.  Two physical/chemical  treatment  trains
were sti-died:  a.  alkaline-chlorination/filtration/acrivated-carbon.  and
b. alkaline-chlorination/sodium-bisulfite-dechlorination/filtration.   For
each treatment  studied, samples  (including  toxic pollutants) and  operational
data were obtained  for  later  use  in assessing and  comparing treatment  ade-
quacy.  Chlorinatlon was effective  in  consistently  reducing pollutant  con-
centrations  to beiuw BAT levels,  except for total  cyanide.   Filtration was
essential as an adjunct to  alkaline chlorination  for  post-treatme..t suspended
solids removal.  Activated  carbon and  sodium bisulfite were efficient in
removing excess chlorine resulting  from treatment  by  alkaline chlorination,
although carbon was more effective  in  removing  organic priority pollutants.

REFERENCE;  EPA, 600/2-81-053,  April 1981,  pp.  1-207

     For article on related subject see No. 185.

                                      353

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                627.  PLATING POLLUTION':  THE LATEST FROM EPA


     This  report on the proposed EPA guidelines for effluent originating in
plating plants.   The  regulations, before ratification, were brought before
a convention of  metal plating company representatives who strongly opposed
the new standards.   These standards were to include a maximum liters/square
meter of pollutant/surface area for discharge amounts and limitation of
rinse water to he used.  Portions of the discussion period of the meeting
are recorded in this  report.  Because of the controversy of this proposed
legislation, the new guidelines were under "intense review" in the hope of
getting them changed.

REFERENCE:  Products Finishing, Vol. 36, No. 7, April 1974, pp. 141-145.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 385 and 386.


                    628. POLLUTION FROM US EXPLOSIVES AND
                           PROPELLANTS PRODUCTION

                                      by

                               L. K. Wang et al.


     This  paper presents a perspective of selected munitions manufacturing
wastewaters generated at Government owned-contractor  operated  (GOCO)  plants.
Since nitrocellulose wastewater  occurs as a colloid and  is not open  to bio-
degradation, physiochetnical pretreatment is necessary prior  to any biological
treatment system.  Nitroglycerin wastewater, as a dissolved  pollutant, is
considered  to be carried by streams without settling  in  reservoirs or lakes.
The production of  2,4,4-trinitrotoluene  (TNT)  from  toluene by  the  nitration
procedure also brings about significant wastes. Dry-fill operations are  an
 improved processing  technique which eliminates  amounts of phossy water and
would create  the pollutant  only  &t  transfer and cleaning operations.  The
 dry-fill method will minimize waste pollution  and  eliminate  air  pollution  due
 to phosphorus oxides.

 REFERENCE:  Effluei.t and Water  Treatment Journal,  June  1982,  pp.  222-225.
                                      354

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           629. POTENTIAL  TOXICANTS  FOR. CONTROLLING SOFT ROT IN
                      PRESERVATIVE-TREATED HARDWOODS
                                   PART V.

                                      by

                         Laurie J. Cookson et al.


     Laboratory  testing  of  various groundline maintenance treatments for
remedial  control of  soft rot showed that Busan 72, and 30; TCMTB; Stannicide
AQ;  BLLIE 7 Paste;  Basilit  BFB Paste; PATOX Bandage 1; ai.d Wolnanol Bandages
BF and CBF could be  used for remedial soft rot treatment.

REFERENCE:  Material UNO Organismen;  Beiheft, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1981, pp. 1-13.


              630.  POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL USES OF SULFL'RIC ACID
                         IN SOUTHWESTERN AGRICULTURE

                                      by

                             S. Miyamoto et al.


     Air pollution control  regulations  implemented  by means  of  acid plants
 projected to exceed market  demand  in  Southwestern U.S.A.   Surplus  acH  used
 in considerable quantities  can be  beneficial  for  several  things.  For e  ample,
 reclaiming sodium-affected  calcareous soils,  increasing  the  phosphorous
 availability, and treating  alkaline  and aramoniated  irrigation water.   This
 improves  range grass, controls various  weeds,  and can be used for  various
 other purposes.  These  principles  involved are fairly well-established, but
 further studies are required  to  determine  special effects in field appli-
 cation areas.

 REFERENCE:  Journal of  Environinental Quality,  Vol.  4, No. 4, 1975, pp.  431-
            437.
                                      355

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       631. PRACTICAL GUIDE TO TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM WASTE LIQUORS

                                      by

                                John Kraljik


     This  paper  gives a  general discussion of treating cnromiura containing
wastes.  Given is  a  table containing EPA limitations of chromium content in
effluent and maximum quantities, which can be produced per day or mouth.
The paper  then presents  a brief discussion of such methods as chemical pre-
cipitation, electrolyte  reduction, activated carbon, ion-exchange, evapora-
tion and electrcdialysis.  Finally, the report gives  "actors to be considered
in selecting  the appropriate treatment process for a given situation includ-
ing theoretical  results.

REFERENCE: Metal Finishing, Vol. 73, October 1975, pp. 49-55.
    632. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND OPEN FORUM ON MANAGEMENT OF PETROLEUM
      REFINERY WASTEWATER (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
                              *

                                      by

                        Edited by:  Francis S. Mannig


     Data from the second open forum on roanagemei t of petroleum  refinery
wastewater, held in Tulsa, OK, June 6-9, 1977 is compiled  in  this  report.
Papers, questions, answers, present and future research  and regulation
directions, problems in wastewater management, biotreatment,  and various
other related information is  included.  Speakers represented  all agencies,
committees, and interest groups.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-78-055, FB  284-247,  1978, pp.  1-564.


     For articles on related  subject see Nos.  389  and  390.
                                      356

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            633. PROCESS CONTROL FOR ACTIVATED  SLUDGE TREATMENT
                         OF COKE PLANT WASTEWATERS

                                     by

                            Andrew C. Middleton
    Once an activated sludge system has  been  started  up and brought  to
steady operation, control methodology must  be  applied  to it  to maintain  it
in such a state.  Additionally,  during  the  lite of  the system, the situation
may change from that of the original design, and the control methodology
must be capable of maintaining control  in such situations.   This paper pre-
sents a straight forward, rapidly  interpretable control methodology based on
solids retention time  (SET) , a methodology  for determining  capacities of an
existing system, and an illustration of these  for a coke plant activated
sludge system.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of  the Symposium on Iron and Steel  Pollution Abate-
           ment, November  1980, EPA 600/9-81-017,  November 1981, pp. 321-
           342.
           634. PROCESS  FOR TREATING AQUEOUS LATEX PAINT WASTES

                                      by

                Joseph C.  Sherwood and Richard 1. Brunbeck


     A process  for producing leach-resistant consolidate from the slack
sludge precipitated from  the flocculating of dilute aqueous latex paint
waste is  shown.   It comprises:  rapidly heating said slack sludge with
agitation to  a  temperature  which at least approaches the boiling point of
the water present  in said sludge; settling the resulting heated mixture
into a consolidate fraction and a serum fraction; and separating said frac-
tions.  Such  consolidate  can be used for landfill, structural units, or
dispersed as  a  component  of a paint.

REFERENCE: United States Parent, No. 4,312,759, January 26, 1982.
                                     357

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           635. PROCESSING REFINER-: WASTEWATER BY  COAGULATION  AND
                 FLOTATION FOLLOWING  BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

                                      by

                              Arthur  E.  Franzen


     The  refinery effluent treatment  sequence consisting of API separators,
aerated lagoon,  chemical destabilization, and dissolved air flotation pro-
vides generally  good  effluent quality.  Quality variability due to seasonal
aerated lagoon performance,  phenolics residuals above-pending goals and
minimal nitrification capacity, however, severely limits the applicability
of this sequence to meet increasingly stringent quality goals.  Dissolved
air flotation is a  useful unit operation in any refinery end-of-pipe efflu-
ent treatment sequence.  Extensive work on a here to fore ignored approach
to optimization  of  this unit operation involving negating the mutual repul-
sion of negatively  charged flotation bubbles and negatively charged suspended
solids is reported.  Extensive background on appropriate water chemistry,
properties, and  characteristics of chemicals used in destabilization of
colloid  systems, chemical antagonists in waste  waters,  principles involved
in colloid destabilization, and chemical models proposing a mechanism  for
destabilizing negatively charged  solids with negatively charged polyelectro-
lytes is  presented.  Important design considerations lor air  flotation units
are discussed, and guidelines  for optimization of  performance  by proper
chemical destabilization are presented.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/2-89-047, February  1980,  pp.  1-315.

         636. A RAPID  SCREENING METHOD  FOR  ENVIRONMENTAL  ASSESSMENT
                     OF FOSSIL ENERGY PROCESS  EFFLUENTS

                                      by

                         L.  M.  Schalit and K.. J. Wolfe


      Th° report describes the simplest  menber of a sequence of Source Analy-
 sis Models (SAMs)  of increasing complexity and thoroughness which can be
 used as  tools to help  with  one or more  of five tasks involved in the environ-
 mental assessment  of energy and industrial processes.   The tasks are:  1.
 ranking  individual effluent streanr  by  the expected toxicity of their dis-
 charges, 2.  establishing sampling priorities,  3. determining problem pollu-
 tants, 4.  recommending best multimedia  control technology alternatives,  and


                                      358

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5. recommending control/disposal technology development programs.  This
model,  SAM/IA,  is useful for rapidly screening each effluent stream from a
specific source:  it is based on comparing effluent concentrations with the
set of  Minimus Acute Toxicity Effluent (KATE) criteria established by the
EPA. The report explains the purposer, of SAM/IA, the format used, and the
HATE criteria against which pollutants are gauged.  Several examples are
included to illustrate specific facets of the model and of the formate.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/7-78-015, February 1978, pp. 1-168.


     For article on related subject see No.  188.
                637. RECLAMATION OF METAL VALUES FROM METAL-
                      FINISHING WASTE TREATMENT STUDIES

                                      by

                         Arch B. Tripler, Jr.  et al.


     The effects of this program have included the  determination of  the
 worth of recovery metal values  from metal-finishers' wastewater treatment
 sludges, the definition and  research of  processes  for  such recovery,  and the
 selection, design, and costing  of  a recommended process.   The study  included
 a survey of the literature  to determine  the state-of-the-art  regarding the
 generation, disposal, and recovery processes possibly  applicable to  those
 sludges.  This information  was  supplemented with  a  survey by  questionnaire
 to determine the current status of relevant practices  and conditions. Field
 investigations provided detailed examples of plant  practices, sludge storage
 conditions, and sludge characteristics.   The extraction of metal values  from
 waste sludge by various leaching agents,  and the  recovery of  metal values by
 techniques including  electrowinning,  cementation,  and  liquid-liquid  ion
 exchange were studied.  A portable pilot process  for the treatment of waste
 sludges and recovery  of netal values  was selected  and  equipment and  operating
 costs developed.

 REFERENCE:  EPA, 670/2-75-018,  April  1975,  pp. 1-97.
                                      359

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               638.  RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF CHEMICALS FROM
                  BY-PRODUCT WASTES OF THE COKING INDUSTRY

                                      by

                              D. K. Sen et al.


     This is  a discussion of the production of useful materials from coking
by-product wastes, and also presents : nf orination on processing coalter
fractions into a greater variety of useful chemicals.

REFERENCE:  Chemical Age of India, Vol. 28, No. 1, January 1977, pp. 55-65.


           639. RECOVERY OF ZINC FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE

                                      by

                           J. B. Stephenson et al.


     A procedure is described pertaining  to the removal of zinc from waste-
water treatment sludge.  The procedure used included roasting,  leaching-
purification and electrovinnir.g.   One modification of  this system over pre-
viously accepted ones is a more complex purification process  arising  from
large amounts of impurities being  extracted with  the zinc.  More data is
needed to determine impurity accumulation from electrolyte recycling  and
adequate disposal of leach residues.

REFERENCE:  Resource and Conservation, Vol. 6, 1981, pp.  203-210.

    640. RECYCLE OF SYNTHETIC WARP SIZES  FROM TEXTILE  DESIZ1NH  WASTEWATER

                                      by

                                Carl  E. Bryan


     A process has been  developed  for recovering  and reusing  the warp sizing
 material,  carboxymethyl  cellulose, from textile  plant  desizing  wastewater.
 The carboxvmethy'l cellulose was precipitated  with aluminum sulphate and de-
 watered  to a  solid  level of  10-15% using  a centrifuge  of  Dual Cell  Gravity
 unit and  a Multi  Roll  Press.  Use  of  the  recovered carboxymethyl cellulose
                                      360

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in sizing fabrics of polyester and cotton (65:35) and polyester and rayon
(65:35) proved to be satisfactory.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-600/2-75-014,
            June 1975, pp. 1-51.
        641. REDUCED TOXICITY OF AN AQUEOUS COAL-CONVERSION EFFLUENT
                     FOLLOWING WASTE DISPOSAL TREATMENT

                                      by

                              T. Wayne Schultz
     The effectiveness of two coal refinery waste treatment processes was
studied.  One process was the sand-filter stream  (SFS), and the second was
the carbon-filter stream.  The ciliate Tetrahymena vas used to assess the
Loxicity of waste constituents.  Harmful effects  of the effluent at concen-
trations under 20% were essentially none.  Problems arising at higher concen-
trations were probably caused by aromatic amines, analine, quinoline arid
possibly unaccounted for trace elements.  The  treatment process does prove
useful, however, in controlling toxicity of essentially all compounds in
lower effluent concentrations.

REFERENCE:  Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicology,  Vol. 20, 1978, pp. 633-639.


                 642. REDUCTION OF ENERGY & RESOURCE  USE  IN'
                          COKE WASTEWATER TREATMENT

                                      by

                                John  P. Garvin


     This paper  presents a method by  which  the bio-oxidation  step of coke
plant wastewater treatment nay be conducted  in a  manner  that  would  reduce
the amount of energy and resources needed.   Electrical energy,  land spare,
and concrete were  the main resources  under  concern.   Modifications  men-
tioned  were:  1. an alternate physical  design of  the  basin;  2.  a  system  to
cool the waste  for bio-oxidation,  3.  the  potential use of conmerical coagu-
lants and growth factors such as  glucose  during the  clarification stages
of  treatment.

REFERENCE:  Energy and  the Environment:   Proceedings  of  the  National
            Conference,  Vol.  6,  1979, pp.  307-312.
                                      361

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               643. REFINERY  WASTE DISPOSAL SCREENING STUDY

                                      by

                              Juanita Galloway


     Estimations  of  the  quality and phase characteristics for major refinery
solid waste  streams  were taken from information compiled for the OAQPS
which requested  this same data in 1978.  Also a supplementary report was
given as  a base  to develop a AP-42 factor for VOC emissions for refinery
solid wastes.   Solid waste control technologies are described and analyzed.
A listing for  operators  in the organic waste industry is provided.

REFERENCE:   EPA-450/3-79-019, PB 299-351, 1979, pp. 1-188.


                644. REFINERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE

                                      by

                               Kenneth  E. Bush
     This report gives a general discussion of  refinery wastewater treatment.
A brief background of rules and regulations is  followed by a  list of a num-
ber of treatment processes and their categorization  into  primary, inter-
mediate and secondary/teiciary classes.   Because  of  an abundance of hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia in refinery wastewaters,  Lneir removal by air or steam
stripping was discussed as was dissolved-air  floatation of pH control.
Several of the secondary and  tertiary  methods were described  according to
their design, use, and efficiency.  Finally,  the  paper discussed the com-
plexity of various treatment  systems,  which depends  upon  the  amounts and
types of waste being produced.

REFERENCE:  Chemical Engineering, Vol. 83, No.  3, April  12,  1976, pp. 113-
            116.
                                      362

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           645.  REMOVAL OF CYANIDES FROM COKE PLANT WASTEWATERS BY
           SELECTIVE ION EXCHANGE—RESULTS OF PILOT TESTING PROGRAM

                                      by

                          Robert A. Bessent et al.
     Seleccive ion exchange was analyzed as to its effectiveness in removing
free and complex cyanides from coke plant wastewaters.  This pilot program
showed selective ion exchange technology as being effective in reducing com-
plex cyanide concentrations in affluent,  A preliminary step in this process
adequately reduced free cyanide to levels below metropolitan sewage limita-
tions.  Work is now being done on specific design of the project for indus-
trial use.  The only significant problem found with this process is the dis-
posal of the sludge produced by iron sulfate addition, which is thought to
conCoin potentially hazardous materials.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
            University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 47-62.
     For article on related see No. 7.
                 646. REMOVAL OF EMULSIFIED OIL WITH ORGANIC
                   COAGULANTS AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION

                                      by

                           Richard G. Luthy et al.


     This study investigated the use of organic coagulants along with dis-
 solved air flotation (DAF) for emulsified oil removal  from wastewater.
 Using the proper coagulant and controlling pH were  the most important factors
 for oil removal.  Chemical additives had little effect on efficiency when
 these two factors were controlled.  Oil removal was decreased when high
 levels of surfactants were present showing the need for  their control.  High
 concentrations of coarse oil suspensions were not  found  to either be harmful
 to the (DAF) process or to the initial oil droplet  coagulation.

 REFERENCE:  Journal WFCF, February 1978, pp.  331-346.
                                      363

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            647.  REMOVAL OF EXPLOSIVES FROM LOAD-ASSEMSLE-PACK
            WASTEWATER (PINK WATER) USING SURFACTANT TECHNOLOGY

                                      by

                      Donald J. Freeman and Olin A. Colitti
     Composition B wastewater (pink water) that contains dissolved toxic
explosives,  namely TNT or RDX, vhich cannot be treated by usual methods, can
be treated by surfactant removal.  The surfactants tested were  Amine X-
Tallow Diaminopropane; Quaternary A.-ines Trinethyl Tallow Ammonium Chloride;
and N, N,  N1, N', N'-Pentamethyl-N-Tallow-l ,3-Propane Diaircnoniun Bichloride.
All of the surfactants were effective in removing TNT and RDX from the efflu-
ent.  But  N, N, N1, N', N'-Pentamethyl-N-Tallow-1,3-Propaae Diammonium
Dichloride proved to be the most promising of  the surfactants tested because
of its low cost and chemical features more desirable than the other surfac-
tants .

REFERENCE:  36th Proceedings of  the  Industrial Waste Conference, 1982,
            pp. 383-394.
        648. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS  FROM  ELECTROPLATING R1NSEWATERS
             BY PRECIPITATION, FLOCCULATION AND  UNTRAFILTRATIOX

                                      by

                  Erik R. Christensen and  John T.  Delwiche
     Chromium, nickel, copper, and  zinc  can  be  effectively  removed  from
 electroplating rinsewaters by applying hydroxide  precipitation.   Each
 element was reduced by a form of precipitation.  The way water  recovered
 depended a lot on the type of metal removed.  During the ultrafiltration
 run, mass balance assumed the concentration  function.

 REFERENCE:  Water Resources, Vol. 16, No.  5,  May  1982,  pp.  729-737.
                                      364

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                   649.  REMOVAL OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM
                         WOOD PRESERVING WASTEWATERS

                                      by

                           Bruce K. Wallin et al.
     Laboratory and pilot-scale studies were undertaken to develop econom-
ically feasible technologies for the treatment of wastewaters from wood
preserving operations.   Of prime concern was the removal of phenol and its
chlorinated derivatives, in particular, pentachlorophenol.  Screening
analysis of the wastewater indicated that pentachlorophenol was the only
chlorinated derivative  consistently present in concentrations of approxi-
mately 100 ng/1.

     Treatment technologies investigated for the treatment of these waste-
waters included:

     1. adsorption,
     2. biological oxidation,
     3. chemical oxidation.
     •i. coagulation,
     5. extraction, and
     6. pK adjustment.

     Each of the above, alone or in combination, was capable of yielding a
measurable reduction in the concentration of total phenols and pentachloro-
phenol in the untreated wastewater.

     Two technologies yielded consistently high  levels of  treatment:

     1. pH adjustment of the wastewater, followed by adsorption with ben-
        tonite clay and final polishing by the polymeric adsorbant, XAD-4,
        and
     2. pH adjustment of the wastewater, followed by extraction with a
        mixture of 91 fuel oil  and  a co-solvent  such as  still bottoms from
        amyl alcohol production.

 REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/S2-81-043, April  1981, pp.  1-3.
                                      365

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    650.  REMOVAL OF 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE (TNI) AND 1,3,5-TRINITRO-1,3,5-
       TRIAZACTCLOHEXANE (RDX) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH SURFACTANTS

                                      by

                              Y. Okamoto et al.


     2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazacyclohexane can be
removed by surfactants that contain araino and  quaternary ammonium groups.
The explosives TNT and RDX are found in composition B (pink) waste water,
and treatment of this waste water with ammonium cationic surfactants removes
(TNT) by forming an insoluble and non-explosive solid, while simultaneously
(RDX) is hydrolyzed.

REFERENCE:  Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 7, 1982, pp. 18-21.


     For article on related subject see No. 506.

                 651. RENOVATION OF A WOOD TREATING FACILITY

                                      by

                          W.  Lawrence Ramsey  et al.


     This paper looks at the  renovation of an out-of-service wood processing
facility in St. Mary's County,  Maryland.  The plan  Is  a.  joint  effort between
regulatory and service agencies and  the private sector  to clean up  a  striking
hazardous waste problem  in a  fairly  commonplace  industrial operation*   In
doing  this project,  the  state had  several  objectives  in mind.   One  was  to
demonstrate the feasibility of  reclaiming  a  hazardous waste site.   Another
was  the development of low cost, unsophisticated  solutions to waste problems
to encourage  cooperation and  participation by industry  in cleaning  up their
own  problems.  The  final objective was  to  treat or destroy hazardous wastes
at,  or as close to,  the  point of generation  as possible.

REFERENCE:  National  Management  of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites
            Conference,  1981, pp.  212-214.
                                      366

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                       652.  A REPORT ON THE CONTROL OF
                     CHROMIUM IN PLATING SHOP EFFLUENTS

                                      by

               American Electroplaters' Society Environmental
                       Pollution Control Subcommittee
     Presented is a general report on the production and treatment of
chromium produced from plating shops.  Chromium discovered in drinking water
has been shown to cause severe problems at nigh enough  concentrations.  The
toxicity of chromium to aninais or hurr-ans : s related to its valency, quant-
ity, oxygen present and the type of organise it acts upon.  Hexavalent
chromium is treated by its conversion to trivalent chromium, which is then
neutralized and precipitated.  Several systems are available for its treat-
ment, sorie are still in the developmental state and connot be evaluated yet.
However, methods are available to provide an acceptable technique of its
treatment.

REFERENCE:  September 1970, pp. 889-892.


             653. RESEARCH STUDY OF COAL PREPARATION PLANT AND
                       BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT EFFLUSNT

                                      by

                               Edward  F. Pearson


     Source stream characterizations  and bench/pilot  treatability  studies
were performed on waste water  from an integrated  coal  washery/by-product
coking operation at an iron  and steel plant.   Major parameters  of  interest
vere phenolics, cyanide,  ammonia, and suspended  solids.   The  feasible  treat-
nent schemes  identified among  nine procedures  tested  were:   biological
activated  sludge and caibon  adsorption (for  phenolics  and cyanide);  steam
stripping/acid adsorption (for ammonia); and  neutralization/polyelectrolyte
addition/centrifugation  (for coal suspensions).   In  addition,  a new full-
scale design  for the coal preparation plant  was  produced.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 660/2-74-050, April 1974, pp. 1-312.
                                      367

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       S54. RESIDUES OF QUINTOZENE,  HEXACHLOROBENZF.NE,  DICHLORAN AND
                  PENTACHLOROANIL1NE IN  SOIL AND LETTUCE

                                      by

                          W.  De4onckheere et al.


    This experiment  studied  the  uptake of quintozene (PCNB), hexachloro-
benzeiie (HCB), and dichloran  from treated soils by lettuce plants.  All
three substances were readily absorbed by the lettuce plants.  PCNB was
sietabolized  into both pentachloroaniline (PCA) and pentachlorothioanisole
(PCTA).  PCA was also absorbed by the plants through the root system.  The
PCNB/HBC ratio in plant  tissue was essentially the same ar. the same ratio
in the soil.

REFERENCE:   Bull. Environ.  Contain. Toxicology, Vol. 13, 1975, pp. 720-729.


    For article on  related subject see Nos.  396.

                  655.  SAND FILTRATION OF WASTEWATER FROM
                     MILITARY VEHICLE WASHING FACILITIES

                                      by

                         E. Lubieniecki, Jr.  et  al.


     This  report discussed the use of  sand  filtration as  a method of  treating
 •llit-ry  vehicle washing wastewater.   The  sand  filtration system is  used  in
 conjunction with sediment, iticn procedures.   Measurenents were made for removal
 of both total suspended solids (TSS)  and  biological  oxygen demand (BOD5).
 Although effluent from the sand  columns  varied  considerably  in  quality,  all
 samples tested satisfied F.PA  regulations.   Studies done so  far  have  also
 shown this method of treatment to be not  only effective,  but one requiring
 little operational cost and  time.

 REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 34th  Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
            University, May  8-10, 1979,  pp. 655-663.


     For articles on related  subjact see Nos. 116, 397, 398. 399, 408, 508,
 and 509.
                                      368

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  656.  SCREENING  STUDY TO DEVELOP BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND DETERMINE THE
       SIGNIFICANCE OF AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSION'S FOR PESTICIDE PLANTS

                                      by

                                C. N. Ifeadi
     In this study,  available background inforroation is developed and the
significance of  air  contaminant emissions from the manufacture of six pes-
ticides determined.   Pesticide studies arc 1. insecticides:  methyl parathion
and toxaphene,  2.  herbicides:  MSMA and trilluralin, 3. fungicides and wood
preservatives:   pentachlorophenol, and 4. fumigant:  paradichlcrobenzene.
Background ir.formation is gathered from published data and responses to the
questionnaires  sent  to the pesticide manufacturing firms.  Based on the
available data,  production projections are rr.adc up to the year 1980.  A list
of manufacturers of  each pesticide is presented.  Manufacturing processes,
raw and waste material handling, air contaminant emission sources, quantity
or quality, and pollulants, together with their present practical control
methods are disr-'ssed.  Significance of air  contaminant emissions from the
pesticide i.-.dustries is evaluated on the basis of available data on the
emission quantities  anrf/or toxicity of the pollutant(s) emitted.  Gaps in the
data required to make a complete evaluation  of significance are identified
and recoamendations  to fill those gaps are raade.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 540/9-75-026, March 197S, pp. 1-85.

              657. SEPARATION OF NITROCELLULOSE FIND PARTICLES
               FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WITH OFGANIC POLYMERS

                                      by

                           Lawrence K. Wang  et al.


     The polymers in this experiment were used to  identify  the proper opti-
mum type and dosage needed for an effective  treatment.  The  treatment was
 for industrial effluent encompassing nitrocellulose  fine  particles.   Results
of different contacts were nade during  this  experiment.   For  example, certain
mixing,  flocculation, and settling of waste  water  containing  cationic poly-
electrolyte and benr.onite clay had as high  a turbidity  as 95%.   Contact
 flocculation filtration was  found  to not be  effective  for treating  the nitro-
 celloluse-waste waters.  Due  to high initial turbidity,  chemicals were not
 effective and contacts  failed  in  efficiency  also.
 REFERENCE:  Canadian Journal  of Chemical  Engineering,  Vol.  60,  February  1982,
            pp. 116-123.
                                      369

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       658.  A SHORT NOTE ON THE SUITABILITY OF HIGH VISCOUS GRADE FUEL
                   OIL FOR BLENDING COAL TAR CREOSOTE FOR
                      PRESEP.VATIVE TREATMENT OF TIMBER

                                      by

                          J. K. Jain and Satish Kumar
     This report summarizes expfrirrents with two grades of fuel oil (high
viscosity and low viscosity).  In these experiments, 10% mineral turpentine
was added to the high viscosity oil.  This brought the specific viscosity
and surface tension down to a level similar to  that of low viscosity oil.
Absorption and penetration by wood was also tested, and the modified high
viscosity oil was shown to be useablc as a substitute, for low viscosicy
in wood preservative mixtures.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Timb. Dev. Association,  Vol. XXVI, No. 1, January
            1980, pp. 5-11.
        659. SINGLE-DOSE AND REPEATED-EXPOSURE  TOXICITY  OF A COMPLEX
               WASTEWATER FROM hOINITIOSS MANUFACTURING PLANTS

                                      by

                           Charles A. Tyson  et  al.


     The wastewater from munitions manufacturing  plants, called  condensate
water  (CW) , was tested as to its  toxicity  in aninals.  Groups  of dogs, rats
and mice were given various doses of  the substance,  and  then the animals
were analyzed, some after one dose and  others after  repeated exposure to the
CW mixture.  The chemicals concentrated on,  2,4-  and 2,6-dinitrotoluene;
both were  found to cause harmful  effects in  each  type of sniml  including
compensatory anemia and neurological  disorders.  A number of other  symptoms
were also  found confirming the obvious  danger present in moderate levels of
CW concentration.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Toxicology and Environmental  Health, Vol. 9, No. A,
            1982, pp.  545-565.
                                      370

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     660. SINGLE  STAGE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE-PLANT WASTEWATERS
             WITH A HYBRID SUSPENDED-GROUTH-FIXED-FILM REACTOR

                                      by

                  Bernard W. Medwith and John F. Lefelhocz


     Two biophysical treatment systems, one a rotating biological surface;
the other a  suspended growth system; both of which use powdered activated
carbon,  were used  to reach a e~>al of 10 milligrams per liter ammonia-nitro-
gen concentration  in coal, coke and power plant waslewateis.  ncviver.  the
high cost associated with constant use and reuse of activated carbon lod
to the  development of a hybrid single-stage suspended-growth-fixed-filra
bioreactor that uses povd*red "okc br«>pzp or coal dust as  tl.e fixed-film
support.  This paper outlines tbis development.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of  the  '.6th Industrial  Waste Conference, Purdue
            University, 19b2, pp. 68-7f>.


       661.  SOME ASPECTS ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAVY  MCTAT.S  IN SEWAGE
               SLUDGE AND  RELATED PRODUCTS USED AS FERTILIZERS

                                       by

                               Arne Andersson


     TMs study determined the  average concentrations  of * number  of heavy
medals  in nanure,  which is used as  fertilizer.   The  general effect? of  the
metals  on plants  were  also discussed.   Sewage  sludge which Is to be used in
place of manure could  be  assessed  as  to its relative heavy metal concentra-
tions.  Knowledge of crop  characteristic*,  initial metal concentrator?  in
the  soil, and metal concentrations  in sewage sluuge  to be applied  may  ~*
used to pr-jdict effects on crop production.

REFERENCE:   Swedish Journal of  Agric.  Res.,  Vol.  7,  1977, pp. 1-5.


     For  articles on related select see Nos.  193. 206, and A06.
                                      371

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      662.  SOURCE ASSESSMENT SOLVENT EVAPORATION DECREASING OPERATIONS

                                      by

                            T. J. Hoogheera et al.


     Cescribed are emission from solvent decreasing and fabric scouring
operations:  cold cleaning, open top vapor degreasing, conveyor vapor de-
greasing, and fabric scouring.  The potential effects of the hydrocarbonated
emissions from these operations were calculated and included in this report.
Solvent conoumntion will increase through 1980 at a rate of 4% per year
resulting in a 26% increase in emissions in 1980.  However, the same emis-
sion standards will be in use in 1980 as were in use in 1974.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-79/019f, PB-80-128812, 1979, pp. 1-133.

     For articles on related  subject see Nos. 407, 408, and 409.

              663. STATE OF THE ART OF TEXTILE WASTE TREATMENT

                                      by

                 Department of Textiles, Clerason University


     Mtthods used on waste treatment in  textile  industries were studied.
The data was gathered  from three main sources;  the  textile industry design
of waste treatment plant and  regulations from state and federal levels con-
cerning the discharge  cf wastes  into the strearas and natural reservoirs.
Several subjects discussed in this  article were  characteristics of textile
waste, treatment methods used, the  co^t  of waste treatment operations and
effects of textile wastes on  receiving water.   Suggestions are made in rela-
tion to using more up-graded  methods of  improving waste treatments currently
in use at the textile  industries.   This  report  relates  information about
textile industries and their  problems, available solutions,  and notices of
further reading resources.  References include  reports  on  synthetic fiber,
detergent, instrumentation, plant and water waste manufacturing and treat-
ments.

REFERENCE:  F.PA Water  Pollution  Control  Research Series,  12090  ECS, February
            1971, pp.  1-347.


     For articles on  related  subject  see Nos.  ^54  and  514.


                                      372

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             664.  STATUS ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS:  ARSENIC

                                      by

                             S, R. Archer et al.
     Arsenic, which is found naturally in metal ore deposits, is produced
commercially as a by-product during the processing of nonferrous ir.etal ores.
Estimated 1974 consumption of arsenic in the United States was 22,300 metric
tons with the sole U.S. producer, the ASARCO copper smelter  in Tacoma, Wash-
ington, supplying approximately 8,700 metric tons  (as arsenic trioxide).

     In addition to arsenic trioxide and arsenic metal,  there are at least
45 other arsenic compounds of commercial significance produced in the U.S.
The largest use of arsenic is in  the production of agricultural pesticides,
which includes herbicides, insecticides, desiccants, wood preservatives, and
feed additives.

     It is recognized  that atmospheric emissions of arsenic  from smelting
operations constitute  a major pollutant  source.  Substantial amounts of
arsenic escape to  the  atmosphere  from pyroraetallurgical  copper operations.
An estimated 4,500 metric  Tons  of arsenic were released  to  the atmosphere
in 1976 by prio-ary nonferrous smelters;  nsarly 90% of  this  total was a
result of copper production.  Other  emissions  sources  include  lead  and  zinc
smelters, glass production plants, coal  burning facilities,  arsenical com-
pound production plants, and pesticide  application.   Evidence  indicates that
disposal of high arsenic-containing  wastewater and solid wastes has a poten-
tial impact  greater  than  that of  air emissions. One  veterinary Pharmaceu-
ticals plant has been  measured  with  a raw waste loading of  10,00^ g/m
arsenic and  50 g/nj3  to 60  g/n3  after treatment.

     Since arsenic is  a suspected carcinogen,  regulations have been or  are
being~establiched  for  human  exposure in air and water.   Two arsenical pesti-
cides  have  recently  had their  registrations cancelled.   Based upon  tne
information  ^resented  tn  this  report, several items  should be considered in
future studies.  Control  methods are needed for arsenic fume and  fugitive
emissions  froa pyrometallurgical smelt«r operations,  and treatment  methods
are  needed  for discharge  of  high arsenic-containing wastewaters   Production
statist-ic*  and process information is needed to better understand  the pro-
duction  of  arsenicals, and fixation am! disposal of nigh arsenic-containing
solid  wastes should  be studied  including leaching from existing sites.

REFERENCE:   EPA-6UO/2-79-201b,  December 1979.
                                      373

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             665.  SURVEY  OF TAR,  HYDROCARBON AND METAL POLLUTION
                        IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF OMAN

                                      by

                             K. A. Burns et al.
     Oman!  coastal waters was the location of studies conducted over oil
pollution.   The  tankers in operation caused accidental leakage of oil during
loading processes.  Shellfish analysis was consistent with the chemical
analyses of beach tar observations.  A definite increase •>£ oil pollution
appeared froia southern Oman to the Strait of Hormuz.  Hydrocarbons of high
levels were lacking in the tissue of the Shellfish, and this was visible
when the tows were under way and not as nuch oil was in the water as had
been expected.  Crude oil seems to be the main pollutant ir. the Oman seas.
The cause of tar to sink comes from the sunlight fractions and photo-chemical
condensation.  This causes weight in the residues, and therefore, they sink.
Through analyses it was important to have differentiating hydrocarbons for
essential data interpretations.  Other important factors would be a selec-
tion of species of Shellfish.  Further investigation was suggested to be
conducted.

REFERENCE:   Marine Pollution - Bulletin,  Vcl. 13, No. 7, 1982, pp. 240-247.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 8, 411, 418, and 516.

      666.  SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
     HEAVY DISTILLATES AND RESIDUES BY ELVTION ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY

                                      by

                             D. M. Jewell et al.


     Modifications of  techniques  used in  the isolation of heavy  hydrocarbons
from heavy distillates and residues were  tested.   Elution adsorption chroma-
tography accompanied by multiple  on-line  detectors was  the  specific  technique
discussed  for hydrocarbon classification.   This  method has  proven  satisfac-
tory  In  testing  kerosene, cracked or virgin gas  oils, FCC  feedstock  and
residuals.   The  system was found  to be  valuable  in analyzing  acids,  bases,
neutral  nitrogen compounds,  total saturates, total aromatics, raonoarooatics,
di +  triaromatics  and  polyaronatics.

REFERENCE:   Analytical Chemistry. Vol.  44,  N'o.  i-i, December 1972,  pp.  2318-
             2331.
                                      374

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      667.  TEXTILE DYEING WASTE WATERS:  CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT

                                      by

                             Roderick H. Horning


     Twentv textile systems were selected as a good crossection of differ-
ences in textile waste water treatments.  The waters from  these systems were
analyzed raw and treated with all results included.  .The types of treatments
were biological, chemical, and physical.  Also statistical work-ups on heavy
ffietal content in dye baths are presented along wich lists  of dye bath addi-
tives and dyeing methods.

REFERENCE:  EPA-6CO/2-78-098, PB 285-115, l'J7a,  pp. 1-312.


                    668. THERMAL STABILITY  OF ASPHALTEXES

                                       by

                    Jose 0.  Hernandez  and  Eduardo Cliroen


      This  paper  presents  insults of the application of thermal analysis  tech-
niques  to  asphaltenes  from Venezuelan  oils, with the  purpose of creating
their contribu'ion to  the  volatile and residual parts of the organotnetallic
compounds.  To  extract asphaltenes from crude oils, the procedure used was  a
determinant factor on  their properties.  There were two main methods  used to
separate  asphaltenes  from resir. and oils.   One method was by precipitation
with perchloric acid  from a toluene-acetic acici dispersion.  The other method
used aliohatic  hydrocarbons as selective rolvents.  The asphaltenes were
taken from six  different heavy crude oils.  They are LagunilJas, Bachaquero,
Tia Juana. Bosc3n, MeLones and El  Pao.  The results showed that the content
of asphaltenes  in crude oils has. no relation to API gravity.  Also  between
 35 to 602 of  vanadium content In crude is  asphaltenic vanadium.  A,x the
oiis showed similar thermal behavior,  but  the var.adiun comple-es in the
 Bosc3n asphaltenes have a greater  therrruil  stability.

 REFERENCE:  American Chemistry Society. Division of Petroleum Chemistry,
             Vol. 24,  No. 4, 1979,  pp.  1009-1013.
                                       375

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             669.  TOXIC POLLUTANTS  CONTROL:   PROGRESS AT LAST

                                      by

                                 P.  S. Wood


     This report  discussed the implementation of a toxic pollutant act pro-
posed by the  EPA.   One section which dealt with toxic pollutant standards
was found to  contain a number of flaws.  The problems with this particular
section were  eventually solved by placing the majority of toxic waste regu-
lations under other sections of the act.

REFERENCE:  Journal WPCF, Vol. 49, No. 1, 1977, pp. 6-9.


             670. TOX1CITY REMOVAL IN TEXTILE PLANT WASTE WATERS

                                      by

                   Gary D. Kawlings and Daryl G. DeAngelis


     This is the first oi *»  two-part  report which  is  designed  to determine
the toxicity of textile plant waste waters and  efficient  treatment processes
for the waste.  This paper acts as an introduction to the project and gives
primary objectives of the study.  Samples  of various  waste were analysed and
categorized by the presence  of  certain  priority pollutants and by relative
toxicity.  Various plant  sites  which  produce effluents containing high
pollutant concentrations were selected  to  study the  reduction  in  toxicity by
selected  tertiary  treatment  waste water controls.

REFERENCE:  JALCA, Vol.  74,  1979, pp. 404-417.


      For  articles  on  related subject  see Nos.  195, 196, and  422.
                                      376

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  671. TREATMENT OF  A WOOD PRESERVING EFFLUENT CONTAINING PENTACHLOROPHENOL
                 BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND CARBON ADSORPTION

                                      by

                       B.  E. Jank and ?. J. A. Fowlie


     This study was  designed to provide information to help determine the
best practicable  technology (BPT) for treating wood preserving effluent.
Thii-  'fa   s used  to help develop regulations concerning waste discharge.
Data was gathered  from three different procedures:  1. modifying the pre-
viously  used activated sludge system, 2. using the activated sludge system
in association with a granular activated carbon column system, and 3. the
sole use of the activated carbon system without the activated sludge treat-
ment.  The second  phase utilizing both systems along with oil removal and
flow equilization technology was the preferred method for pentachlorophenol
(PCP) removal.

REFERENT:  Proceedings of  the 35th  Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
            University, pp. 63-79.


              672. THE TREATMENT OF  CADMIUM PLATING WASTEWATERS
                       BY ACTIVATED  CARBON ADSORPTION

                                      by

                            Chir.-Pao Huang et al.


     Because of the  potential hazards  of  excess  cadmium in the  environment,
 this study was conducted  in an attempt  to develop a  new treatment  method for
 cadmium containing wastes.  Activated  carbon adsorption was studied  with
 aodel systems of cyanide  and  fluoborate baths.  Enhanced cadmium removal by
 activated  carbon pretreated with carbon disulfide was also assessed.  The
 factors found which  most  critically  affected cadmium adsorption included
 carbon  type,  pH, carbon dose/cadmium (II) concentration and ionic strength.
 The process  overall showed an appreciable level of cadmium removal near the
 neutral pH level in a  short period cf time.

 REFERENCE:   National Conference otx Environmental Engineering, 1979,  pp.
             375-382.
                                      377

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                      673. TREATMENT OF COAL COKING AND
                        COAL GASIFICATION WASTEWATERS

                                      by

                              Richard G. Luthy


     This study discussed the biological oxidation of coal refinery efflu-
ents.  Results are given of water pretreatment by solvent extraction,
ammonia stripping and biological treatment techniques.  Experimental results
were used for the engineering and design of a basic biological treatment
system.  Also determined were biological growth constants and removal
efficiencies for various contaminants.  Contaminants which were adequately
controlled include BOD, COD, phenolics, ammonia-nitrogen and cyanogen-
nitrogen.  Most of the treatments resulted in relatively low microbial
yields.  Results also showed that single stage nitrification was also a
feasible method under certain circua'stances.

REFERENCE:  Journal WPCF, Vol. 53, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 325-339.
           674.  TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTEWATER USING PffiSICAL-
                     CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

                                      by

                  Richard Osantowski and Anthony Geinopolos
     Pilot studies were performed concurrently at two coke plants to Inves-
tigate the effectiveness of physical-chemical and biological treatment in
neeting steel industry BAT (Best Available Technology) Guidelines for the
by-product coke making subcategory.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution
            Abatement November 1980, EPA 600/9-81-0-.7, 1981, pp. 379-394.
                                     378

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    675.  TREATMENT  OF TEXTILE WASTEWATERS IN A BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL SYSTEM

                                      by

                   Thomas N. Sargent and Thomas L. Rinker


     A report  concerning activated sludge in the biological aspect and alum
coagulation in a chemical sense were tested in a synthetic fabric dyeing and
wastewater treatment.  In order for treatment to be conducted on these
fabrics,  an industry was selected.  Blue Ridge-Winkler (BRW) was one such
place for producing basically natural fabrics where particular types of
wastewater could also be examined.  Wastewater characteristics were selected
and equilized  for physical and chemical values.  General description,
equalization,  and the activated sludge treatment were ail correlated in
response  to wastewater treatment.  During the performance of data operations,
there were break-downs in the mechanics, but a separate table of summaries
was submitted  in order to compare data.  In order to summarise a cost for
the operation, water  volume and total pounds were used to conclude
360,000,000 gallons of water volume and 30,000,000 pounds were utilized.

REFERENCE:  EPA Environmental Research Lab, Athens, Georgia, pp. 1-20.


          676. TREATMENT OF WATER AFTER HYDRAULIC UNLOADING OF COKE

                                      by

                           N. T. Pokhodenko et al.


     A two stage method of coke unloading by hydraulic means is explained.
This procedure results in the production of large quantities of wastewater
containing suspended coke particles.  The size and concentration of suspended
coke particles was measured at different stages of treatment.  The wastewater
is normally treated and recirculated  for further use.  The use of a settling
tanV with a filter bed appeared to be the most desirable  treatment method.
This system would reduce suspended matter to the degree  that essentially w>
corrosion of equipment would result.

REFERENCE:  Bashkir Scientific-Research  Institute for Petroleum Processing
            Translated from Khimiya  i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, 1979,
            pp. 291-295.
                                      379

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                  677. TREATMENT OF WATER CONTAINING CYANIDE

                                      by

                 Wendell N. Christensen and Larry W. Poulter


     Sodium chloride is added to water which is '.hen passed through at least
one electrolytic cell.  There, electrolysis of the sodiun chloride produces
chlorine molecules and sodium hydroxide.  The water then flows into the
presence of metal-cyanide comtaminants.  The chlorine and caustic immediately
react with the metal-cyanide compounds to produce metal hydroxide precipi-
tates, while the cyanide is decomposed and liberated from the water in carbon
dioxide and gaseous nitrogen.  As part of th^.s reaction, the sodium chloride
is reformed, so that the same brine can be recycled and the process repeated
without further additives.  The optimum pH of between 7 and 8 may be main-
tained as needed by addition of snail amounts of hydrochloric acid to the
system.

REFERENCE?  United States Patent, No. A, 029, 557, June 1A, 1977.


        678. TWO-STAGE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTE WATER

                                      BY

                          Richard Osantowski et al.
     The report documents a pilot -plant  study of  the use of advanced waste
treatment methods in upgrading metallurgical coke making waste waters to
Best Available Technology (BAT)  levels.  Mobile treatment units, operable
at a flow rate of 19 I/rain, were used.   Mathods used included two-stage
activated sludge treatment for removal of organic carbon compounds and
ansnonia; filtration and activated carbon were also  studied as polishing
steps.  For each treatment studied,  samples  (including  toxic pollutants) and
operational data were obtained lor l^ter use in assessing and comparing
treatment adequacy.  The study showed that high levels  of organic pollutant
removal were achieved in the 1st stp^e of biological oxidation.  Abnormal
operating conditions in the coke plant waste water  pretreatment system dur-
ing the testing resulted in ammonia  levels as high  as 2000 mg/1, making it
nececsary t^ dilute the 2nd stage feed before nitrification could be
achieved.  Ammonia reductions of > 97% were achieved in the 2nd stage.
Activated carbon and filtration  effectively removed suspended solids, total
organic carbon, color, and thiocyanate.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/2-81-052, April, 1981, pp. 1-244.
                                     380

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                679. ULTRAFILTRATION/REVERSE OSMOSIS RECYCLE
                     SYSTEM FOR WOOD PRESERVING INDUSTRY

                                      by

                        Allen Shum and Richard Brown
     This program deals with information compiled during the start-up and
adjustment phase of a wood preserving plant operation to incorporate a
wastewater recycle system.

     The design of the completed treatment system is principally based on
the technology of three systems of separation; that is, equipment is pro-
vided for the removal of contaminants from the wastewater stream successively
by primary filtration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis.  Moreover,
facilities are also incorporated for the recycling of the treated water.

     Although the treated water may be used as boiler feed water, this demon-
stration project indicated that filtration is not an economical secondary
treatment system for wood preserving wastewaters.  Other developments for
pretreatment are needed to diminish various fouling characteristics of
wastewater to extend life of the reverse osmosis unit.  Discussions on
attempts at pretreatments and alternatives are included in the report.

     This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. S805179 by'Pacific
Wood Treating Corporation under the sponsorship of ths U.S. Environmental
Protection /gency.  It covers a period from July 15., 1977, to December 14,
1981, and work was completed as of October 14, 1980.

REFERENCE:  EPA, Grant No. S-805179, pp. 1-5.
                                     381

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     680. ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM FOR LATEX PAINT VIASTEWATER TREATMENT

                                     by

                            Audrey  Chou Wykpisz


    This was a pilot study  conducted to determine,  the feasiblity of using
an ultrafiltration system  for  the  treatment of latex paint wastewater.   The
system appeared to be an adequate means of waste polishing; however, because
of the high cost of the system,  it was not competitive with previously  used
methods.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of  the Industrial  Waste Conference, Vol. 35, 1981,
           pp. 416-424.
                    681.  WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL

                                      by

                               N. J. Wienstein


     The sources and amounts of waste oils, present and future, recycling
and disposal methods and  their environmental impact was developed by liter-
ature search and surveys  of oil related industries.  The elaborations of
this data are in this report.

REFERENCE:  PB-236-148, EPA-670/2-74-052, 1974, pp. 1-327.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 208, 426, 428, 429, 432, and
433.
                                      382

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                    682. WASTE WATER  TREATMENT METHOD

                                    by

                              Jack F.  Tate
   A method of disposing of  certain process effluent waste streams by
Injecting them into subterranean  formations which entails inhibiting the
formation of solid precipitates which plug the subterranean formation.  The
Kthod of inhibiting the  formation of precipitates involves lowering the pH
of the mixed streams by optionally removing any organic phase created there-
by before injection.

8EFERENCE:  United States Patent  Office,  No. 3,817,859, June 18, 1974.
                683. WESTERN ELECTRIC BUILDS MODERN PLANT
                   FOR  TREATING METAL FINISHING WASTES

                                     by

                           S. F. O'Connor et al.
    Several aspects of a Western Electric waste treatment are discussed.
This plant  concentrates on metal finishing wastes, while somewhat  smaller
Mounts of  several other wastes are also treated.  The facility treats such
WStes as acid-alkali wastes,  chromium waste, cyanide and combined wastes
Ming neutralization, oxidation, reduction and solids removal and dewater-
tag procedures.   One aspect of the system is the potential use of reclaimed
Wter.  Other  than waste segregation v-roblems, the system has existed as an
effective means  of producing a sufficiently purified effluent.

KFERENCE:  Water and Wastes Engineering/Industrial, Vol. 6, No. 7, July
          1969, pp. D-16 - D-19.
                                    383

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                       684.  WOOD PRESERVATION PROCESS

                                      by

                                John Schroder


     A wood  treatment process is presented utilizing either water-borne or
air-borne  preservatives.   Procedures are given including sterilization,
forcing water out of  the  wood by stream pressure, and the application of
the preservative to the wood.  The preservative is a copper/chrome/arsenic
solution to  prevent the precipitation of salts.  One major aspect of this
procedure  is the presence of sulphuric acid in the solution to keep pH
levels sufficiently low.

REFERENCE:  Australian Patent WO 82/01848, June 10, 1982, pp. 1-16.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 201 and 435.
                                      384

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         685.  APPROXIMATIONS FOR VERTICAL INFILTRATION RATE PATTERNS

                                      by

                               Robert E. Sraith
      A history of time-varying surface-soil infiltration rate approximation
formulas and models ranging from simple two and three variable formulas on
up to complex computer models involving several variables pertinent to
greater accuracy in approximation of infiltration rates are discussed in
this report.  Utilization of these approximations is linked to the assump-
tions used in any formula or model and the error produced or reduced by
judicious screening of these assumptions as related to their accuracy.

REFERENCE:  ASAE, #75-2010, 1975, pp. 1-17.
        686. ASSESSMENT OF WATER LOSS PATTERNS WITH MICROLYSIMETFRS

                                      by

                    A. S. Rogowski and E. L. Jacoby, Jr.


     This paper studies ways to develop a practical method  of experimentally
evaluating evapotranspiration  
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             687.  CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE AUTOMATIC
                          (NONWEIGHING) LYSIMETERS

                                      by

                            G. A. Reichman et al.
     This report discusses the construction of twelve lysimeters.  The use
of automatic water tables controls the lysimeters fur.ction.  Hecla loamy
fine sand replaced natural soil, and time clocks were installed.  The system
bettered losses up 2 cm during   24 hour period.  Excess water vas also
removed up to 4 cm in the same amount of tine.  Presently, data shows satis-
factory function of the nonweighing lysimeters and the controlled water
tables.

REFERENCE:  Transactions of the ASAE, 1979, pp. 1343-1346.
          688. DEVELOPMENT AND INSTALLATION OF A SIMPLE MECHANICAL
                           WEIGHING TYPE LYSIMETER

                                      by

                        S. P. Bhardwaj and G. Sastry


     Lysimeters were made from natural materials which were light weight.
There are four components that make up the assembly:  the concrete struc-
ture, platform weigher, tank for the lysiraeter and a retaining tank.  Within
the lysimeter tank (120 cm cube) is a system for measuring runoffs and seep-
age losses.  Soil monolith and support bridges are two other components of
the lysimeter.  Even in the remotest of areas, the system is easily suitable
for budgeting find cvapotranspiration studies.

REFERENCE:  Transactions of the ASAE, 1979, pp. 797-802.
                                     386

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             689. ET ESTIMATES WITH THE  MODIFIED  PENMAN EQUATION

                                      by

                           E. Gordon Kruse  at  al.


     This report discussed the accuracy  of  using  the  modified Penman equa-
tion for the estimation of plant evapotranspiration  (Et).   Another modifi-
cation which would consist  of revising  corn crop  coefficients was also
suggested for more accurate results in future  tests.   Estimates, which were
derived from solar radiation amounts, along with  several other variables
were then compared with measured Et values.  Some  deviation betwo.en esti-
mated and actual values were noticed when corn planes were  studied, while
values for alfalfa Et coincided c^sely  with each  other.  The study con-
cluded that this method gave adequate estimates for  irrigation and schedul-
ing purposes.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Division,
            Specialty Conference on Water Mai'.gement  for Irrigation and
            Drainage", July 20-22, 1977,  pp. 245-255.


    690. AN ECONOMICAL HYDRAULIC LYSIMETER—CONSTRUCTION AOT CALIBRATION

                                      by

                                Ram K. Gupta


     This paper shows results on the jonstruction  and calibration of a low
cost lysimeter with a sensitive weighing device.   The lysimeter has proved
to be a very useful tool for evapotranspiration -scudies; it provides con-
tinuous measurements of water loss from  the soil  and  the growing plants it
contains under field conditic^s.  The lysimeter, which is composed of a
locally fabricated hydraulic load cell for  the weighing device, a coconut
oil drum as the inner tank which is filled  with soil,  and a read out system
with a provision to read weight changes  in  si:. lysimeters,  cost clmost four
hundred rupees (equivalent to .13 of the U.S.  ioilar).   The lysimeter is
susceptible to 100 g (equivalent to 0.04 mm c-i water).   The lysimeter
appears to be a promising experimental technique  for  studying different
aspects of evapotranspiration and water  balance for different crops grown,
                                     387

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under different microclimatic conditions.  The main features of assembly are
low cost,  easy fabrication,  simple and convenient operation and fairly good
precision.

REFERENCE:   Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol. 21, 1973,
            pp. 377-381.


        691. AN ECONOMICAL HYDRAULIC WEIGHING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION TANK

                                      by

                          A. S. Dylla and L. M. Cox


     In collecting evapotranspiration data,  several types and  sizes of lysi-
oeters  have been  used.  Even though the nonweighing tank  is merely economical
and is  less limiting as to size that may be  constructed,  the weighing-type
tank allows more  accurate determination of soil moisture  changes, or evapo-
transpiration,  over shorter periods of time.  Weighing  tanks range from
pick-up-and-weigh to the sophisticated electronically recording weighing
scales.  One study on a hydraulic pillow supported evapotranspiration tank
revealed temperature drift.  The temperature problem was  attempted to be
corrected by using a standpipe manometer.  Readings from  the tanks showed
the standpipe indicated to be somewhat erratic.   Some hydraulic weighing
tanks used the butyl tubing-supported tank and weighing system.   The results
showed that water-filled butyl irrigation tubing  provided a flexible sup-
porting pad that tends to resist inbalanced  loads.  The cylindrical  tank
also conforms easily to taking undisturbed and vegetated  soil  monoliths.

REFERENCE:  Transactions of  the ASAE, 1973,  pp.  294,  295, and  301.

                  692. FIELD TEST OF  SOIL WATER  FLUX  METERS

                                      by

                             Christiaan  Dirkseri


     The  drainage  flux of  soil waste  was measured by  using hydraulic resis-
 tant flrx meters.   The resistance changes with the adjustment in the soil.
 Therefore,  the soil water  flux and  the  meter are equal, and results can be
 retained  from the  calibration  of  the  resistance.   At  times the match is not
 perfect,  so the  leftover  samples  of divergence or convergence flow are cal-
 culated a part from the  flux set  up in  the soil.   By installing the meters
 horizontally, the  soil fluxes  were undisturbed while  measurement was taken
 With the  aid of  a  spring,  the  plates  were put in p].*oe allowing movement of
 the meters  at any  time.   In this  test,  two different sized fluxes were used
 and both  gave satisfacotry results.

 REFERENCE:   American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 74-2039,
             June 23-26,  1974,  pp. 1-12.

                                      388

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               693.  FREQUENCY OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
                        RATES IN CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS

                                      by

                             Norman J. Rosenberg


     In Mead,  Nebraska at the University of Nebraska's Evapotranspiration
Research Facility,  studies are being directed toward the development of test
methods for increasing the water use efficiency of crops grown under irriga-
tion.  With very accurate lysimeters, daily evapotranspiration are measured,
but very little evidence on daily rates is available from these studies yet.
Nevertheless,  a brief look of the data into probability form may help supply
information needed  for engineers on the nature of irrigation water demand in
one large region of the country from which no other lysimetric data are
available.

REFERENCE:  Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage, July 1972, pp. 203-206.


  694. HYDRAULIC LOAD-CELL LVSIMETER, CONSTRUCTION, CALIBRATION, AND TESTS

                                      by

                             T. A. Black et al.


     This paper describes the construction and calibration  of  two 35rmetric
ton, hydraulic load-cell lysimeters that contain  suction drainage systems.
Capacity pressure transducers measure the pressures, and it was found that
butyl-nylon  load cells contain an athylene cool-water mixture.  The sensi-
tivity of the lysimeter is 0.02 of evaporation.   The evaporation measured
daily from the lysimeter and two independent mlcrometerological methods
agreed within a short range.  Lysiraeter measurements of evaporation, taken
on a normal June day, showed bs.-e soil lagged measurements  using the two
other methods by not quite 1.5 hours.  The reason for  the soil lag measure-
ment wis because of differences between lysimeter thermal regime and the
surrounding soil.  It was found that  thermal regime  differences could be
minimized by the use of foam plastic  insulation  of  the  tank walls.  The pro-
duction of the lysimeter appears to be adequate  under  the difficult condi-
tions of this test, and it is anticipated  that  less  thermal error will occur
when used under vegetation.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society American  Proce-dings,  Vol. 32, 1968,
            pp. 623-629.

                                      339

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                  695.  IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VAN BAVEL-MYERS
                        AUTOMATIC WEIGHING LYSIMETER

                                      by

                     Norman J.  Rosenberg and K. W. Brown


     Three  modifications were made on each of two weighing lysiraeters
installed at  Mead, Nebraska to correct problems that affected the accuracy
and performance  of the  instruments.  The modifications were:  making the
underground parts  drainage to keep them water free; moving the electrical
junction of the  strain  gage load cell to maintain the high resistance
between the cell and the ground; relocating the mechanical damping unit for
easier accessibility.

REFERENCE:  Water Resources Research, 1970, pp. 1227-1229.


             696.  INFILTRATION AND WATER DEPLETION IN LYSIMETERS

                                      by

                               Hasan K. Qashu


     This  study examines an attempt to present and describe water use by five
plant species grown in lysimeters  and to discuss influence of vegetation on
some elements of the hydrologic cycle.  Prediction equations were imposed and
used to estimate soil water regimens, infiltration, and runoff in lysimeters
with vegetative cover.   The study  indicated that  the procedure of measuring
the elements  of water balance is useful in areas with limited data. As physi-
cal meaning of the cause and the effects  in surface water/soil water con-
tinue, hydrologic relations must be obtained  through a mathematical analysis
of a time-varying system.  For  evaluation of  two  elements,  runoff and water
storage in the hydrologic cycle derived equations  for estimating soil water
depletion and infiltration predictors are very useful first approximations.
They disclose the importance of vegetation, particularly  plant species, as
a principal factor in the rainfall-runoff process,

REFERENCE:   Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 33, 1969, pp.
            775-778.
                                      390

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      697. IRRIGATION CONTROL USING TENSIOMETERS  AND  SALINITY  SENSORS

                                     by

                            J. D. Oster  et  al.
    This study discussed  the  use  of  salt sensors and tensiometers in main-
taining the leaching  fraction  of high frequency irrigation systems.  This
control system was based on comparisons with experimental measurements.
Also established were appropriate  sensor-placement depths and control levels.
These  figures were found to vary considerably with low rather than high  fre-
quency irrigation.  The  feasibility of this type of project will depend  on
several factors which are  still under consideration.  These include the
following:  1. effects of  water application on control sensor location,  2.
the predetermination  of  number, location and depth of control sensors, and
3. the effectiveness  and cost  of a totally automated control system.

REFERENCE:  Transactions of the ASAE, 1976, pp. 294-298.

                    698. LABORATORY STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR
                           OF A SANITARY LANDFILL

                                      by

                      A. A. Fungaroli and R. L.  Steiner
     This paper provides a description of  a  portion  of  an  experiment of
 sanitary landfills in a temperate, humid environment.   The mam  objective
                                                                     ;   ;,

                                                              <   u;i   -




 meter  experiment  and  the  temperatures o.  cr.e j-y            orpa1- detail
 qualities  and  composition of the leachate are discussed in great detail.
 REFERENCE:   Journal WPCF, Vol. «, No.  2, February 1971, pp. 252-267.
                                      391

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     699.  A LARGE,  UNDISTURBED, WEIGHING LYSIMETER FOR GRASSLAND STUDIES

                                      by

                            Joe D. Anr.ijo et al.


     This  article outlines the design, installation, operation, and costs of
a lysitaeter used in a delicate prairie grassland.  Due to the nature of the
prairie grassland,  a lysimeter that could be installed and operated with as
little disturbance as possible to the soil -was designed.  The "undisturbed"
feature allows for greater accuracy in measuring evapotranspiration ir.
natural circumstances, and the apparatus worked beyond the design expecta-
tions .

REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1972, pp. 827-830.


               700. LYSIMETER  AND WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

                                      by

                   Senpo E. Mustonen  and  J. L.  McGuinness


     Estimations of evapotranspiration  from watersheds were  developed  from
 data from weighing lysitneters.   It  was  shown  that evapotranspiration  from
 lysimeters was greater  than  that  of corresponding watershed  evapotranspir-
 ation measurements, but these  differences may be  reduced in  time with
 advances in lysimeter technology.   The  prediction equations  developed  were
 useable throughout the  year  in the  case of lysimeters, but ground cover type
 coefficients  had to be  used  when watershed areas  were considered.  The
 equations  were based on lake  evaporation, soil moisture, and precipitation.
 REFERENCE:
Water Resources Research, V^l.  3,  No.  4,  1967,  PP.  989-996.
                                      302

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                         701. LYSIMETER SYSTEM CHECK

                                      by

                               J. E. Middleton


     This lysineter provides a quick dynamic sensitivity check as opposed to
the static weight procedure.  Certain malfunctions can be indicated by this
new method.  This method can be used on various types of readout systems.
Calibration can be achieved during tne check procedure.

REFERENCE:  Agricultural Engineering, July 1972, pp. 14-15.
               702.  A LYSIMETER SYSTEM FOR WATER TABLE CONTROL

                                      by

                              S. P. Shih et al.
     This study examined the construction and evaluation of lysiroeters for
controlling the water table.  Evaluations were made on techniques of average
values, standard deviation, and outflow responses to excess rainfall.
Materials and dimensions of the lysimeters were discussed along with their
cost.  Water table control was acceptable with a low standard deviation.
This system was concluded as being a cost efficient and effective lysimeter
design for controlling water table levels.

REFERENCE:  American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1977, pp. 1-15.
                                     393

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               703. PAIRED HYDRAULIC WEIGHING LYSIMETERS FOR
                      EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT

                                     by

                           D. C. Kincaid et al.
    Errors in measurement of evapotranspiration  by lysineter  can be  reduced.
This lysiraeter system reduces errors by  incorporating two  inner  tanks,  each
having its own independent hydraulic weighing  apparatus in one outer  tank.

REFERENCE:  American Society of  Agricultural Engineering,  Paper  No. 79-2513,
           1979, pp. 1-7.
         704. RATIO BETWEEN  EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM LYSIMETERS AND
                EVAPORATION  FROM SMALL EVAFOR1METERS USING
                   2- AND  3-HOUR PERIODS OF MEASUREMENT

                                      by

                         J. C.  Wilcox and W. K. Sly


    Measurements  of evaporation were taken from two kinds of evaporimeters
and evapotranspiration from lysiraeters including broir.egrass.  Soil moisture
and content was  under surveillance every 2 or 3 hours from dawn to dusk.
Ihe contents were  kept at a 100 to 60% water capacity during the testing.
Polynomial regression was shown by an increase in potential evapotranspira-
tion and  evaporation.  The main effect toward regression is apparently from
light  on  the stomatal opening.   Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration
had no diurnal effects as far as temperature, wind or dew were concerned.

REFERENCE:  Canadian Journal  Plant Science, Vol. 54, March 18, 1974, pp.
           559-564.


     For  article on related subject see No. 36-
                                     394

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                  705.  REMOTE SOIL-WATER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

                                      by

                       R. W. Wengel and G. F. Griff}*


     A modification of  commercial soil-water samplers at.2 u-?ed (small (H--
meter tubing and a taggle value) for remote satnplir.g.  There are three
advantages to remote sampling.  These advantages include the elimination of
soil compaction due to  traffic at the site, the ability to sample frequently
and/or repetitively, and the lessening of intersample contamination due to
residual solution in long lines.  A discussion and description nf techniques
and tn ilpment are included in the article.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971, pp.
            661-664.
            706.  SOIL MOISTURE TENSION TRANSIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH
                    EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A WATER TABLE

                                      by

                         V.'. C. Bianchi and Rhys Tovey


     Lysimeters completed recordings of soil moisture tensions containing
loam soil and having a controlled water table.  Several strain gauge-pressure
transducer-tensiometers were placed at different levels from 20 to 110 cm
above a 158 cm vater table.  Moisture was inconsistent in velocity of nom-
ing and evening moisture tension progression.  This interpretation came from
results of low tension decreasing in moisture film continuity between soil
and tensiometer bulbs.  These were relative to the few roots in contact with
the bulbs.  This caused measurements to be biased toward tensions linked
with the root system.  It was then discovered when daily tension went over
400 cm of vater,  soil-bulb continuity was lost.  This caused the normal
wave form of daily evaporation demand to be lost.  By putting the tensio-
aeters in the root absent fro:n capillary fringe to record changes of evapor-
ation, results could be tested.  The testing method for analyzing water
table uptake was based on velocity of the tension waves caused by soil pro-
file evaporation.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1970, pp. 496-
            501.

                                     395

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                   707.  SOIL-WATER SAMPLING USIN^ PAN AND
                      DEEP PRESSURE-VACUUM LYSIMETERS

                                      by

                    Richard R.  Parizek and Burke E. Lane
     Two types of lysimeter systems are reviewed and compared.  The upgraded
pressure vacuum could sample down to 50 feet and the sampling duration can
be extended 2 months beyond the usefulness of a pan lysimeter system,  but
cannot sample bacteria or suspended particles.  On the other hand, pan lysi-
aeters (trench systens)  can only sample gravitational and perched ground
water.

REFERENCE:   Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, 1970, pp. 1-21.
            708.  A TECHNIQUE USING POROUS CUPS FOR WATER SAMPLING
                    AT ANY DEPTH IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE

                                      by

                               Warren W. Wood
     This paper describes an improved design of the Parizek-Lane system that
allows the collection of water samples at any certain depth, saturated or
unsaturated.  A check value in the cup assembly prevents pressurization of
the porous cup.  This tvpe of structure allows an entire collection at any
depth without the loss of samples.  An improvement over past designs is
illustrated by a detailed description of construction and operation.

REFERENCE:  Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1973, pp. 486-
            488.
                                     396

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        709. UNSATURATED  FLOW PROPERTIES USED TO PREDICT OUTFLOW AND
                EVAPOTRANS PI RATION FROM A SLOPING LYSIMF.TER

                                      by

                    David G.  Scholl and Alden R. Hibbert
     To  d3termlne  the moisture flux, hydraulic gradients, and dynamic con-
ductivity  of  a  soil  lysimeter, field measurements were used to find the soil
moisture content and pressure potential.  To find the soil content and pres-
sure  level,  the moisture flux, hydraulic gradients, and dynamic conductivity
were  used  for the  determination of results.  Outflow and evapotranspiration
were  then  determined from the measurements.  During the first phase of
analysis,  evapotranspiration was eliminated by shutting off the surface with
a sheet  of plastic.   Moisture flux was determined by the change in depth and
time. These  results correlated with the outflow measurements.  Evapotrans-
piration was  solved  by the second study phase when the plastic sheet was
removed  and grass  was put in place.  The results from the lowest level in
the profile did agree with the actual outflow.

REFERENCE:  Water  Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 1973, pp.
            1645-1655.

            710. USE OF A LABORATORY LYSIMETER TO DETERMINE SOIL
                        MOISTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

                                      by

                                 H. D.  Scott


     This paper looks at  the  rt-yort on  the classroom-laboratory use  of a
lysimeter instrumented with  tensiometers and  access  tubes  to  determine the
capillary conductivity, soil  waste  diffusivlty,  and  soil bulk density.  The
technique used a.slight modification of the in situ  capillary conductivity
isethc-< given by Rose, Stern,  and Druwnond.  The  technique  has several advan-
tages over previously used classroom-laboratory  techniques.   These  include
the use of relatively inexpensive materials,  some  additional  related experi-
ments, having  students  use radiation instruments for experience in  calculat-
ing  soil water  fluxes,  and readily  accessible reading could  be obtained.
The major disadvantage  seems to be  the  number of calculations required.

REFERENCE:   Journal of  Agronomic  Education, Vol.  4,  August 1975,  pp. 28-32.
                                      397

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        711.  THE USE  OF LYSIMETERS IN THE HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
                           OF THE UNSATURATED ZONE

                                      by

                                  G. Kovacs


     Experimental  basins are frequently used for data over surface runoff
origination from precipitation.  To avoid difficulty in finding data, lysi-
meters were installed in soil moisture zones for experimental analysis.
Lysineters arc experimental areas in themselves and are used to study water
balance and the effect on soil moisture zones.  The investigation during
surface runoff has to be directly measured data for acceptable evaluation.
Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the different types of lysimeters.
Some parameters can be measured directly, while others must be calculated
through different  methods.

REFERENCE:  Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 21, December 1976, pp. 499-516.


     For articles on related suoject see Nos. 433, 435, and 519.
                                      398

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        712. CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION  OF  LIQUID DAIRY MANURE

                                     by

                            J. L. Smith  et  al.
    This research involved  developing  and  evaluating  a subsurface  injection
machine.  It was found  to be economically  feasible compared to  other methods.
Injection of liquid dairy manure  caused environmental  effects,  soil salinity
to increase, and fecal  colifonn moved  to ground  water.   Both of these pro-
blems  can be eliminated by proper management and site  selection.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-77-117,  PB  272-350,  1977,  pp. 1-56.


    For articles on  related subject see Nos. 20, 21,  22,  45, 48,  49, 137,
152, 254, and  255.


                 713.  DISPOSAL OF PULP AND PAPERMILL  WASTE
                 BY  LAND APPLICATION AND  IRRIGATIONAL USE

                                      by

                        I. Gellman and R.  0. Blosser


    Physical  soil characteristics, microbial activity, organic decomposition
In soil, current and  growth  of supplemental irrigation practices,  and water
salinity and quality  for  irrigation are aspects to be  considered and  impor-
tant  in studying land disposal of mill effluents.  Eighteen mills  were  also
studied and all report summaries  are included.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of  the 14th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
           University, Vol. 104, 1959, pp. 479-494.


     For articles on  related subject see Nos. 24, 61,  and 155.
                                     399

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         714.  EFFECT OF LONG TERM LAND DISPOSAL EY SPRAY IRRIGATION
                 OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES ON SOME CHEMICAL
                 PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL AND SUBSURFACE WATER

                                      by

                            D. C. Adriano at al.
     Subsurface waters of two varieties, perched and groundwater, were
monitored at daily and monthly intervals.  Thess vattrs were taken from two
irrigated land disposal sites of food processing waste waters.  Samples of
soil profiles were taken up from depths of up to 6.6 meters.  Calculated
inputs of 4£7 kg/ha of total nitrogen and 101 kg/ha of soluble orthophos-
phate were taken from cannery wastes yearly from site one.  Frora site two,
562 kg/ha total nitrogen and 52" kh/ha orthophosphate were selected and
analyzed.  Nitrate ranged in subsurface waters at 7 to 16 ppm from the first
site.  Groundwaters from site 2 ranged from 2 to 41 ppm.  Nitrate was
analyzed as stable in percolation streams below root zone level.  While
major irrigation input was carried out, nitrate was found in levels above
public health standards in the surface waters.  Passing ^nvironraent standards
was PO' on a regular basis except when discontinued during the winter.
Residual accumulation rate in soil could have been lowered by harvest removal
to help materially extend the life of these systems.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1975, pp. 242-
            248.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 61, 158, and 161.
                                      400

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               715.  LAND DISPOSAL OF POTATO STARCH PROCESSING
                       WASTE WATER IN THE NETHERLANDS

                                      by

                     F. A.  M. de Haan and P. J. Zwerman


     The feasibility of disposing  of potaco starch processing waste water
by land disposal methods was studied.  The report emphasized the amount of
water which can be purified by the soil.  The utilization of nutrients by
plants and the effects of waste applications on farm economics were also
discussed.  This research was instituted in an attempt to prevent surround-
ing waters from being further contaminated.  Applications to sandy soil
resulted in complete oxygen demand removal, while peaty soils were somewhat
less effective.  Land disposal of this type of waste water was s^-.cvn  as being
an economical form of waste treatment.

REFERENCE:  Agronomy Paper, No. 1008, 1972-1973, pp. 222-228.


     For articles on related subject see Nos.  62, 70, 71, 76, 81. 64,  303,
333, 483, and 607.


                 716. LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER IN HAWAII

                                      by

                           Gordon L. Dugan et  al.


     This project was  undertaken  to  determine  if  secondary  treated effluent
waste water could be used  to irrigate or  to supplement  irrigation of sugar
cane.   During  a  two year study,  both of  these  ideas were  tested  and supple-
mental  irrigation of the cane was found  to be  the most  desirable.

REFERENCE:  Journal WPCF,  Vol.  47,  No.  8,  1975,  pp. 2067-2087.


     For  article on related  subject see No. 338.
                                      401

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   717.  LAND TREATMTNT OF WASTERWATER--TECHNOLOGY WITH  EXCITING POTENTIAL

                                     by

                              Nora Goldstein


    This report describes three wastewater  treatment  systems,  two  of which
are in operation  and one in the final stages  of  construction.  The opera-
tions are utilizing land treatment as their  man source of waste disposal.
The descriptions include facilities, design  and costs  as compared to
advanced  wastewater treatment  (AWT).  In each  case,  land treatment irriga-
tion with wastewater was perferable over (AWT) because of overall cost and
disposal  efficiency.

REFERENCE:  BioCycle, January/February 1981, pp.  34-37.


    For  article on related subject sea No.  87.


          718. ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH
                      CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION

                                     by

                            J. L. Smith et  al.
    This study was conducted  over  land  spreading used in dispersing organic
wastes.  This has a positive atfeet on  the soil.   Concerns governing this
procedure are in five different  areas ;?nd whether its potential for odor and
insects to aesthetics and runoff pollution.  Subsurface injection covers
these three concerns usually,  but the real concern lies in soil pollution and
the economical situation.   Therefore, knowing changes needed to come about a
subsurface injection machine was purchased within economical boundaries.  A
daily check was administered over the quanity and quality of the water
installed in the ground.  Soil samples  rnd the ground water was monitored on
a continual basis to find different information beneficial to the research.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings  3rd Int. Symposium on Livestock Wastes, 1975, pp.
           606-610.

    For articles on related subject see Nos. 88, 178, 179, and 369.
                                     402

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              719. PCB  AND PCX COOTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
                     NEAR SITES OF MANUFACTURE AND USE

                                     by

              Charles L.  Stratton and Jackson B. Sossbee,  Jr.


     This  report  discussed the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls  (PCBs)
and polychlorinated  terphenyls in the environment from industrial waste
emission.   PCB and PCT  contamination was found in different areas and dif-
ferent  concentrations,  but was still traced back to the industrial sites.
Waste found was believed  to have travelled through the air because of its
distribution.   Treatment  facilities showed pollutant reduction to some
degree,  while  contamination has still been found in water, soil, and  sewer
samples.

REFERENCE:   Environmental Scie^c° and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 13, December
            1976, pp. 1229-1233.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 106 and 498.


                 720.  PCBs AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

                                      by

                         W. Klein and I. Welsgerber


     This  is a survey of  polychlorj..iated biphenyl residues and accumulation
in the  environment and  metabolic pathways of PCBs involving animals and
plants.  Model studies  with technical PCB as well as with pure individual
components are presented.  Metabolic studies and photochemical experiments
are discussed.

REFERENCE:  Environment Quality Safety, Vol. 4, 1976, pp. 237-250.
                                     403

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                      721. PETROLEUM WASTES IN THE SOIL

                                      by

                               John 0. Harris


     It is difficult to predict amounts of petroleum wastes applied to the
soil since most of it occurs through accidents.  These wastes vary from
gases to fluids of various densities to tar-like solids.

     Some sources of petroleum wastes are oil field production, gaseous and
liquid hydrocarbons and asphalt.  Means of natural deterioration of these
wastes are physical, chemical and biological.  Moisture, oxygen, temperature
and minerals influence the growth of microbes in biological deterioration.
The handling of oilspills often determines the extent to which petroleum
wastes affect the soil.  The acceleration of microbial decomposition is dis-
cussed as a procedure for the clean-up of oilspills.  Three tables of data
are included in this article.

REFERENCE:  Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil Conservation Society
            of America, 1976, pp. 249-253.


         722. POTENTIAL TOXICITY TO PLANTS AND FOOD-CHAIN RESULTING
                   FROM LAND TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

                                      by

                           Rufus L. Chancy, Ph.D.
     This report discusses the possible toxic effects of disposing
hazardous wastes by land treatment methods.  This phytotoxicity can be
caused by waste constituents like soluble salts, toxic organic matter and
various heavy metals which become concentrated in the soil.  Only a few
elements which nay reach toxic levels have been found to be absorbed into
the edible parts of plants.  With this in mind, using proper management pro-
cedures can result in an equal, if no improved crop yield from a land treat-
ment site.

REFERENCE:  Hazardous Waste Control Research Institute, Silver Spring, M0,
            Proceedings from Conference on Risk and Decision Analysis for
            Hazardous Wast Disposal.

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            723.  THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF FOUR PESTICIDES IN TAP
                  WATER AND WATER FROM FLOODED RICE PADDIES

                                      by

                             K. W. Brown et al.
     Each year in the United States flooded rice fields are sprayed with
pesticides.  Four of the pesticides tested £01- static bioassay were pro-
panil, nolinate, carbonfuran and carbaryl.  The toxicity was present in tap
water and floodwater and caused death of fish when the water found draining
channels and reached the fish.  The toxic limitation median of 96 hours was
tested in tap water with perspective of the four pesticides.  The results of
field applied pesticides were lower in the water from field? in which the
residual levels of pesticides had been applied.  In addition, pesticides
located in the field watei. --^re more toxic than that found in the tap water.
There were differences present in carbonfuran determined by static flow and
an intermittent flow.  The difference existed in tap water, bu  not in field
water.  In conclusion, all but aolinate were sirailar or greater than the 96
hour value concentration.

REFERENCE:  Western Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 14, 1979, pp. 49-
            54.

     For articles on related subject see Nos,  111, 392, and 630.

                724. SOLVING INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER PROBLEMS
                            WITH LAND APPLICATION

                                      by

                      Jiramv W. Otta and C. David Costa
     Obtaining desired levels of wa.stewater treatment is directly related to
the care and planning involved in the design and management of the site.
Both must be correctly handled to maintain good treatment and prevent irre-
versible environmental damage.  This report contains four case studies from
a paper company, brewery, raisin packing firm, and a tomato processing com-
pany.  They are included to show the effectiveness of proper design and
management of wastewater treatment sites.
REFERENCE:  1980 Summer Meeting of the A.S.A.E., Vol. 80-6010, June 1980,
            pp. 1-19.
     For articles on related subject see Nos. 120 and 190.
                                     405

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               725. SPENT MOTOR OIL EFFECTS ON SOIL AND CROPS

                                      by

                                Joel Giddens
     The main purpose of this paper is to determine some of the effects of
spent motor oil upon soil properties, plant growth, and the nitrogen require-
ment for plant growth in soil treated with oil.  Peanuts, cotton, soybeans,
and corn were successfully grown when amply fertilized, mainly with nitrogen,
and the oil rates were up to 31,111 liters/ha per pot.  The higher oil rates
helped reduce the growth of sorghum and weeds.  Of the corn grown on newly
oil-treated soil, it held less litrogen and manganese, but the same phos-
phorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and lead as plant grown on untreated
soil.  The zinc and manganese content of corn tissue was increased because
of previous oil applications.  Also the growth of corri was increased by
increasing the nitrogen application rates.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1Q76, pp. 179-
            181.
                                      406

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        726.  INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE PROPERTIES A.':D SELECTED
         CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON RUNOFF LOSSES:  A SIMULATION STUDY

                                      by

                         J. D. Dean and L. A. Mulkey


     This report demonstrates the usefulness of models for studying pesti-
cidal interaction in the environment, specifically on runoff losses.
Management practices including conservation, application amounts and appli-
cation tine which affect losses were discussed.  A simulation study on
pesticides was then completed.  The study showed how half-life and conser-
vation practires affected runoff losses.  Results are conclusive that all
factors including climate, pesticide, properties, and soils should be con-
sidered if selecting some type of management practice.  This is in light
of the fact that most variables studied had some impact on runoff losses.

REFERENCE:  Modeling Studies, EPA Athens, Georgia, pp. 715-733.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 8, 124, 134, 201, and 421.


            727. NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF DRAIN SPACING

                                      by

                              William T. Moody
     This report discussed the derivation of an equatian used for calculat-
ing agricultural drain spacing, time, configuration, and soil properties.
An approximate formula is presented by which Hcoghoudt's equivalent depth
may be determined to correct for losses due to convergence of flow to the
drains.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of
            American Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 92, June 1966, po. 1-9.
                                     407

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                728. SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF PREDICTING FALL OF
                         WATER TABLE IN DRAINED LAND

                                      by

                   Herman Bouwer and Jan van Schilfgaarde


     Using the steady-state theory and abrupt drainage of pore space,  this
method is a good, simple, accurate formula for simple drainage design.
Powever, it is n^t as accurate as some other formulas.  This procedure is
for predicting rate fall of the water table in ditch-drained and/or tile-
drained land.

REFERENCE:  Transactions of the ASAE, 1963, pp. 288-291 and 296.


              729. TRANSPORT OF POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS IN RUNOFF
                   WATER FROM LAND AREAS RECEIVING ANIMAL
                              WASTES:  A REVIEW

                                      by

                              R. Khaleel et al.
     Animal wastes deposited on land react as being the most degrading to
the water during a water runoff.  The extent of this study was performed on
three samples of land.  One being in a feedlot, another being on pasture or
range land, and the third being from cropland and such.  The climate, how
the wastes were deposited, and management of the land were taken into con-
sideration during the time of testing.  The passage of nitrogen and phos-
phorus, oxygen compounds, were tested for the affect the wastes had on them
during a water runoff.  The affect on nitrogen and phosphorus did differ in
time of application depending on whether it was winter and spring or in the
summer and .'all.  Various things of importance like the method used in
application of the wastes made a difference in the transporting of these
nutrients.  Little data has been received over this matter, but further
research will be done.

REFERENCE:  Water Research, Vol. 14, 1980, pp. 421-436.
                                     408

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           730.  ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICE-
                 SPECIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
                                      by
                             Janes Levin et al.
     Describes the hazardous waste generated and its management in special
industry classes SIC 355, special machinery, and SIC 357, computing and
accounting machinery.  Plant distribution, size, age, processes, and pro-
ducts are described.  Analyzed iypes and totals of potentially hazardous
generated wastes are given and estimated for 1977, 1983.  Methods are now
used and better alternative methods are discussed.

REFERENCE:  EVA- 530/SW-141C, PB 265-981, 1977, pp. 1-230.
      731. TiE CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT FACTORS, VIBRATION,
                     CLINOSTAT AND RADIATION ON  ROOT TIP
                            CELLS OF TRADESCANTIA

                                      by

                           K. M. Marimuthu et  al.
     Four packages of Tradescaiitia were  constructed.  Two  of  these packages
were earth bound controls subject to:   1.  nothing  and  2.  gamma irradiation
by strontium 85.  The other  two  packages were  flown  in space and one was
subject to gamma irridiation in the  same manner as  the  control.  The flown
packages were recovered  after 2  days  and calculations  made — flight and non-
flight controls showed no difference  in chromosome structure; irradiated
flight package showed higher abnormality than  the  irradiated nonflight
control.  This nuclei adnormality was attributed  to  a  synergistic relation-
ship between the weightlessness  and radiation.

REFERENCE:  Radiation Research,  Vol.  42, 1970, pp. 105-119.


     For articles on related subject  see Nos.  13,  47,  50, 151, 226, 241,
and 712.
                                      409

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              732.  DAMAGE INCIDENTS FROM IMPROPER LAND DISPOSAL

                                      by

                               Eiaery C. Lazar


     The problem of the disposal of hazardous wastes has become a significant
matter of concern due to the growing implementation air and water contamina-
tion control project, ocean dumping bans, and cancellation of pesticide
registration.  The end result of these activities has been an increase in
tonnage of land-disposal wastes, with adverse results on public health and
the land.  The problem shows its greatest activity in ground water contamina-
tion via leachate, surface water contamination due to runoff, air pollution
from open burning, subliTnation, evaporation and wind erosion, poisoning
through the food chain and by direct contact, and fires and explosions at
land disposal sites.  Various case studies demonstrate these problems.

            Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 1, 1975/1976, pp. 157-164.
REFERENCE:
                    733. DETECTION OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED
                    SOMATIC MUTATION IN CHINESE HAMSTERS

                                      by

                         B. J. Dean and K. R. Senner
     A process was tested which detects somatic mutations in organs of
laboratory animals which have been exposM  to carcinogenic and mutagenic
chemicals.  Lung cultures of hampsters were studied after an intrapericoneal
dose of a direct acting mutagen and  a weak  carcinogen were administered   In
each of these cases, cell density was found to  De higher m control cultures

REFERENCE:  Mutation Research,  Vol.  46,  1977,  pp.  403-407


      For article  on related subject  see  No. 203.
                                      410

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       734. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT  FOR  EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
            AND NEW SOURCE  PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE BASIC
       FERTILIZER  CHEMICALS SEGMENT OF THE FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING

                                      by

                       Effluent  Guidelines Division


     This  document  presents  the findings of an extensive study of the  ferti-
lizer industry  for  the  purpose of  developing effluent limitations guidelines
for  existing point  sources and standards of performanca and pretreatment
standards  for new sources  to implement sections 304, 306, and 307 of  the
Federal Wattr Pollution Control Act,  as amended (33 U.S.C. 1551, 1314, and
1316, 86 Stat.  816  et.  seg.) (the "Act").

     The study  included a  detailed and extensive exemplary plant survey,
contacts with consultants  and government officials, and literature search.

     The industry survey  involved data gathering, sample collection and
analysis,  and personal visitation with responsible plant operating personnel
to obtain  first-hand information on treatment  technology in cosMaercial use
and technology  in development and pilot plant  stages.

     The  three  wain outputs from the study were:  industry categorization,
recommendations on  effluent guidelines, and definition of  treatment tech-
nology.  The fertilizer industry was divided  into five categories for more
aeaningful separation and division of waste water treatment and  development
of effluent guidelines.  These subcategories  are phosphate, ammonia, urea,
ammonium nitrate and nitric acid products.  The phosphate  subcategory
includes all ancillary operations necessary for phosphate  production  (e.g.
sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid).  Effluent guidelines  for  best practic-
able control technology currently available,  best available technology
economically achievable, and new source  performance  standards are recommended
for each categorj.

     Treatment technologies such as either in-process  or  end-of-process add
on units are available or are  in advanced  development  stages  to enable
existent and future fertilizer plants  to meet the  recommended effluent
guidelines.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 440/1-74-011-a, March 1974.
                                      411

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     735.  DISPOSAL OF INSULATION BOARD MILL EFFLUENT BY LAND IRRIGATION

                                      by

                                A. H. Philipp


     This report discusses the use of spray irrigation of insulation board
mill effluent as a method of disposal.  To date, the plant has been
thoroughly satisfied with the economics, efficiency and fertilization advan-
tages of this system.  One concern was the use of spray irrigation at a  high
latitude location.  Low temperatures, especially during the winter months,
do inhibit the use of a spray-type system.  This problem was alleviated  in
this case by the construction of a series of storage lagoons.  The only  pro-
blems arising here are initial cost of the lagoons and an odor which is  pro-
duced by anaerobic bacterial action which may be controlled by sodium nitrate
addition.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed., Vol. A3, 1971, pp.  1749-
            1754.


                736. DISPOSAL OF WASTE OIL BY LAND SPREADING

                                      by

                        B. R. Maunder and J. S. Waid


     This report  discusses using  land spreading techniques  for the disposal
of waste oil and  fats.  Procedures  for  this  process are mentioned along with
an explanation  of  hydrocarbon oxidation by  soil microorganisms.  Finally, a
bri-f introduction to  several related studies on  oil decomposition rates,
economics, and  characteristics  of  treated  coil  is given.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of  the  Pollution  Research Conference, June 20-21,
            1973,  pp.  163-176.


     For articles on related  subject see  Nos. 61, 574, and  713.
                                      412

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           737. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF MULTIJUR1SDICTIOSAL
                        PROBLEMS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

                                      by

                             E. Samierson et al.


     Unsatisfactory waste -management practices exist, but can not be con-
veniently blamed on the absence ot suitable disposal technology.  Yet,  even
though there are cases with complete lack of regulations, the problems  stem
from overlapping jurisdictions, including incompatible or conflicting
requirements.  With these levels of government and other agencies in Canada,
this tends to pose a problem.  Even in one level of government many of  the
departments and agencies have overlapping interests when concerned about the
disposal of wastes.  New international agreements like Ocean Punplng Conven-
tion increase the demands on land for waste management.  Although waste
management has not been a major factor in past land planning, there will be
no hesitation to form management now.  Various countries have recognized the
need for waste management planning.  A raore comprehensive approach can  be
adopted by balancing the conflict or healthy economy with acceptable environ-
ment.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
            Management, October 1973, pp. 317-326.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 299, 577, and 578.

     738. FACTORS I>fPORTANT IN THE CALCUATION OF HYDfAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

                                      by

                             R. J. Kunze et al.


     This report discussed the modification of a formula used to calculate
hydraulic conductivity in soils.  The primary modification consisted of
extending moisture characteristics and a reduction of the number of pressure
classes.  Derived saturated conductivity figures were compared  to experimen-
tally gathered data by the use of a matching  factor.  A number  of factors
such as air entrapment and electrokinetics are not included in  the formula.
The use of the natching  factor, however, can  still produce rapid estimates of
hydraulic conductivity.
REFERENCE:  Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 32, 1968, pp.
            760-765.

                                     413

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          739. THE FLUCTUATION TEST AS A MORE SENSITIVE SYSTEM FOR
         DETERMINING INDUCED MUTATION IN L5178Y MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS

                                      by

                               J. Cole et al.


     To analvse spontaneous mutation and the rates involved, a series of
Luria-Delbruck Fluctuation tests were run.  These tests were done in order
to compare Ouabain negativity and mouse lymphoma cells of a mouse.  In doing
the fluctuation testing, it was found more sensitive and easier to compare
rautagens than most other tests.

REFERENCE:  Mutation Research, Vol. 41, 1976, pp. 377-386.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 481 and 483.


         740. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE MAKES AN EXCELLENT SLUDGE DEODORANT

                                      by

                     Peter J. Pountney and James Turner


     This report discussed the use of hydrogen peroxide as a chemical treat-
metn method for hydrogen sulfide odor.  Previously used methods including
ventilation and chlorination were found to be inadequate methods of treating
this odor.  Hydrogen peroxide was found to react chemically with hydrogen
sulfide to break it down into sclphur and water.  This method was concluded
to effectively eliminate the unwanted odor.  In one project discussed,
hydrogen peroxice was to be used in conjunction with a type of aeration
system to reduce both the odor and the sulfides produced in the plant.

REFERENCE:  Water and Wastes Engineering, September 1979, pp. 56-59.


     For articles on related subject see Nos. 307, 312, and 321.
                                     414

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              741.  HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATS DIVERSE WASTEWATERS

                                     by

                             William C. S trunk


     This study examines how  diverse wastevaters are treated with hydrogen
peroxide.  Hydrogen peroxide  has  been used  to treat sludge bulking,  to des-
troy phenol as a source of  supolenental oxygen, and to oxide a number of
reduced sulfur compounds.  When sulfide odors or other suicide compounds
like mercaptons, thiosulfate, and sulfur dioxide are used it deserves evalu-
ation.  Hydrogen peroxide can also destroy  phenol  and free available chlo-
rine.  Hydrogen peroxide can  be a source of supplemental oxygen,  a  control
agent for filamentous sludcc  bulking  or a prevsntative for rising sludge
resulting from denitrif icat ion.  With  the proper application of hydrogen
peroxide, it can often effect on improvement or ccnnlete elimination of the
problem.

REFERENCE:  Industrial Wastes, January/February 1979, pp. 32-35.


                       742.  "INSTANT" WASTES TREATMENT

                                      by

                                D. J. Molloy


      A  lagooning and  sprav irrigation  system was  developed  to solve the
 Nestle 's instant coffee-tea  wastes problems at their processing  plant in
 Sunburv  Ohio.  After ™ch study  on the problen,  an unusual approach was
 adopted'  -t  orovid,d for  satisfactory handling of wash water, blowdowu
 water  and 'waste .iquid  product  resulting  fro, the Brewing of  «ffee and
 tea   "he new method  pumped  the  effluent fron. a sump to r. 750,000  gallon
 Soon where  it settles  for  a  certain  time  period.  After this  period the
 lagoon wnere     ,       in-a-re tract owned  bv Nestle.  T  is distributed to
                             ^»;
 waste! discolor and, in so.e instances,  kill bushes and shrubbery  but
                                                          '-
                                      415

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especially at  joints.   3.  Motorized values and timing devices do not serve
the specific purpose.   4.  The spray should be confined to the owner's pro-
perty.   Detention reservoir must be ei.ough to handle the effluent over the
winter  months.

REFERENCE:   Water Works and Wastes, Vol. 1, pp. 68-70.


     For articles on related subject see Kos. 281 and 283.


     743. INTEGRATING ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS INTO WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING

                                      by

                       B.  P. Warkentin and R. N. Yong


     This report deals with problems involved when using interconnected,
cyclic  ecological parameters in linear engineering action.  The ridgeness
of ecological  use argues that the natural system should not be changed.
Reasons given  are unpredicted side effects that frequently occur, and change
is not  wanted.   The engineering method is based on factors such as cost/
benefit analysis for the client.  This leads to the presumption of disadvan-
tages of factors being external to the analysis.  During planning stages,
ecological concerns can be brought into the waste management technology.
Things  to consider are the "carry capacity" of the environment and of people,
the policy of  land use in relations to the cost of land and water management,
other possibilities, and values in relation to external factors contributing
to the  economic level.  External factors can be changed by altering the
basis of cost  per benefit calculation.  This would put some demand on chang-
ing attitudes  in respect to waste management.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
            Management, October 1973, pp. 327-331.

   744. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CAUSES AND REMEDIES OF THE UNPRODUCTIVENESS
           OF  CERTAIN SOILS FOLLOWING THE REMOVAL OF MATURE TREES

                                      by

                             L. T. Karcos et al.


     This study was concerned with controlling the arsenic toxicity of soils
after the removal of mature trees.  In most instances, the application of
ferrous sulfate decreased the soluble arsenic level to relatively low amounts.
Where this treatment failed to significantly increase plant yields, phosphorus
fertilization  provided the adequate growth stimulation.  Arsenic was found to
be considerably more toxic when existing in the arsenite rather than the
arsenate form.
REFERENCE:  Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., Vol. 410, 1941, p. 25

                                     416

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          745.  IRRIGATION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF PULP MILL EFFLUENTS

                                      by

                    Russell 0. Blosser and Eben L. Owens


     Laboratory soil column tests were used to study the reduction of bio-
logical oxygen deir.and, removal of color, effects ol sodium adsorption ratio
as related to soil dispersion, and effluent pH in pulp mill waste effluent.
A sand loam, silt lead, and two clay loams were the Soils used.  Overall
results concluded that for optimum treatment and soil/vep.etation quality,
these guides should be considered:  application of less  than 200 Ib per acre
per day on these soil tvres for BOD reduction of 952-t-, site investigation
for color removal, effluent pH of 6.5-9.0, and an effluent sodium, adsorption
ratio of 8 or less; however,  clay soils  require a very low SAR to Reap soil
deflocculation from occurring.

REFERENCE:  Water 5, Sewage Works, September 1964, pp. 424-432.


           746. A LAGOON-GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO  TREAT SWINE WASTE

                                       by

                            D. M.  Sievers  et  al.


     Thi= studv was  conducted at  a  finishing  house  for  2QO head  of  swine.
The  study began in March 1972,  and  continual  data was gathered.   Different
procedures  for diluting sludge and  dispersing the wastes were  done.   Water
wac  added to  the  sludge after finding some two  feet  of  build up  of  the  lagoon
bolt-on.   Flume stations we-e  set  up in which  the  flow of sludge  passed.
Tests  were  taken  from the flumes  to a laboratory in Kansas City, Missouri.
The  water samples were refrigerated and then  analyzed.   Two years later in
August 1974,  stainle* steel  samplers were taken to the  site to select soil
for  testing.   A check was being made to locate  any chemical ^^'  Some
of the samples  identified sodium phosphorus,  copper, zinc and  arsenic in the
extracts.   Nitrate  was what  determined  them In the extracts ^^2^4.
Further testing  was done on the quality of the water in the reservoir and
analyses were taken from the terrace soil

REFERENCE:   Managing Livestock Wastes,  1975,  pp. 541-548.

      For article  on related subject see No. 698.


                                       ..17

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                747.  THE LANT> AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

                                      by

                  Joseph S. Pizzuto and Charles VI. Townley


     This report discussed several aspects ci the land disposal of hazardous
waste.   The report first defined hazardous waste and mentioned several dar.-
gers of its improper disposal.  The use of landfills and their requirements
for proper construction was then discussed.  Firally, a number of possible
alternatives to landfill disposal were defined.  These alternatives included
rapid-response techniques, incineration and cheraical decontaminants.  Other
proposals included "vaste-to-energv plants", temporary holding facilities
and deep-well injection.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, March-April 1931,
            pp. 79-81.

     For article on related subject see No. 607.

                  748. LAND APPLICATION OF WASTE MATERIALS:
                   UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS AND FUTURE  OUTLOOK

                                      bv

                              W.  P.  Martin et  al.


     Land  is  currently  considered  the  disposal site for treated  and untreated
 wastes.  Land application of  wastes can  only be considered in cases where it
 lends  itself  to good  crop, siivicultural  and land management practices.
 Though  a  great deal  is  knovn about land  application of waste materials,  many
 questions  go  unanswered,  utilization  of  waste materials as ooposed to dis-
 posal  has  been gaining  approval.  There  are, however,  drawbacks  to utiliza-
 tion through  land aoplication.  Specific sources of concern are  heavy petals,
 pathogens,  nutrient  elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, persistent
 organics in herbicides,  pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, organic
 loadings,  waste water and heat, radioactive wastes, salinity, and the
 possible sacrifice  of aesthetic values.   A recent suggestion regarding the
 above hazards is a  soil quality index and an establishment or guidelines  to
 follow the index.
 REFERENCE:  Land Application of Waste Materials Soil Conservation Society
             of America, 1976, pp. 300-307.
      For articl- on related  subject see No. 80.
                                      418

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                    749. LAND DISPOSAL OF OILY WASTEWATER
                        BY MEANS OF SPRAY IRRIGATION'

                                      by

                              D. M. Neal et al.


     This report examined the effectiveness of land treatment as a form of
oily wastewater disposal.  Various application rates affected the soil some-
what, but no harmful effects were found due to the changes.  Some of these
minor disturbances were altered organic carbon content, bacterial population
and soil pH.  Decreasing bacterial population in columns receiving high
applications may indicate a toxic condition developing„  Decreasing pH was
accounted for due to biological activity and the production of organic acids
and alcohols.  Financially, the project was a success  in that enough by-
products have been salvaged to cover the total project cost.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
            Conference, 1976, p. 757.

     For article on related subject see No. 84.

                        750. LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTES

                                      by

                              Raymond C. Loehr


     Industrial waste waters can be treated by land treatment means; however,
care is essential to integrate  the proposed waste water, potential site
selection, and vegetation  in a way that will not produce adverse environ-
mental conditions.  The most frequent problems of this nature are leaky dis-
tribution systems, blocked outlets, swamping effect, unliarvested vegetation,
direct runoff to water ways, and anaerobic conditions  in the soil.

REFERENCE:  Wateruse—Proceedings  of  the 2nd National  Conference, 1975,
            pp. 683-6C7.


     For article on related  subject see  No. 608.
                                      419

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      751.  MANAGEMENT OF LAND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR ADEQUATE RENOVATION

                                      by

                                Earl A. Mvers
     This paper reviewed a Perm State study into the proper ir-.uagenent of
land treatment disposal systems.  The system used is described in detail,
and results are given from treatment of food processing, cooling water,
sanitary landfill leachate, paper mill, cigar rectory, septic tank sludjre,
and animal waste.  Proper management of such treatment should include ade-
quate size and flexibility of the system as well as having the system managed
by experienced personnel.  The report also mentions the management of over-
land flow disposal systems.
REFERENCE:  Uateruse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
            pp. 664-670.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 3'», 88, and 717.

              752. OPTIMIZATION OF LAND CULTIVATION PARAMETERS

                                      by

                             K. V. Brown et al.


     Studies on the effect of amending soils with API oil-water  separator
sludge were conducted.  The purpose was to  find what effect  the  sludge had
on germination and yield of rye grass.  This provided information for  the
acceptable sludge loading rates and to eliminate mechanisms  which affected
plant response.  Four soils were  mixed by proportion with petrochemicals and
refinery wastes.  Folio-wins was the application of  the nix onto  rye  grass
and yields and emergence were analyzed.  Periodically the soil wettability
was determined.  Over a 17 month  testing period, eight plant harvest cycles
were completed.  Petroleum iiydrocarbons with a concentration as  low  as 27.
v/v decreased  the rye grass yield and  seemingly through  two  methods.   But
long term  impairment stemmed  frora water, air, and nutrient  impairments
related  to recalcitrant hydrophobic hydrocarbons.   Sludge did suppress emer-
gence and  ary matter yield over long periods of time and was according to
the proporation of waste applied.
REFERENCE:  EPA Disposal of Hazardous  Wastes 6th Research Symposium, March
            17-20, 1980, pp.  254-259.
     For articles on related  subject see Nos.  88,  178,  179,  182, 348,  350,
369, 718,  and  727.

                                     420

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            753.  TH''  OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED FROM SOIL ORGANIC
                   MATTER BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT

                                      by

                         Yasuo Harada and Akio Tnoko
     The experiment was concerned with the effect of hydrogen peroxide on
the pro
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    755.  PETROLEUM REFIKEKY SOLID AND SEMI SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES

                                      by

                    Ronald J. Lofv and Curtis J. Schmidt
     This report discussed the various disposal methods presently in use for
the disposal of solid and secisolid petroleum refinerv wastes.  Methods such
as landfilling, land faming, laszoons, pits, incineration, and chemical fix-
ation are discussed.  Methods and efficiency of each process are included.
The report also gives the percentage of each method in use as well as pre-
dicted waste treatment trends.

REFERENCE:  Wateruse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
            pp. 1172-1175.
            756. POINT MUTATIONS  INDUCED  BY PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS

                                       by

                                   A.  Carere


     A test was undertaken  to  determine the mutagenic  effects of pharmaceu-
 tical drugs.  The  technique used  was  a "plate test" in which the suspected
 substance is added to a  sample of the chosen  bacteria.  Res-. .Us showed six
 of about one hundred of  the drugs tested  to be mutagenic.  In subsequent
 tests, however, results  varied.

 REFERENCE:  Mutation Research, Vol.  29, 1975, p.  235.


     For articles  on related subject  see Nos. 106 and  721.
                                      422

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              757. PONDING AND SOIL FILTRATION FOR DISPOSAL OF
                     SPENT SULPHITE LIQUOR I* WISCONSIN

                                      by

                           T. F. Wisniewski et al.


     The disposal of spent sulphite liquor, which entails carbohydrate ar.il
lignin coripouna control, was discussed.  Lagoons, seepage ponds, and irri-
gation procedures were the forns of soil filtration under concern.  Easily
fermented carbohydrates were readily decomposed according to general results.
Lignin compounds were not shown to be biologically attacked, but are thought
to be strongly absorbed, especially by colloidal type soils.  Undetected
lignin breakdown, although not proven, may occur.  The primary concerns of
this type of disposal are not to overload the soil, control flooding, and
protect ground water suoplies.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings of the 10th Industrial Waste Conference, 1955,
            pp. 480-496.

     For article on related subject see No. 187.

                    758. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH L51178Y
                    TK HETEROZYGOTE f-njTAGEN ASSAY SYSTEM

                                      by

                                Donald Clive


     The mammalian cell culture system helps bring together the gulf between
microbial systems and whole mammal systems that have been used in mutagenical
studies.  Lymphoma cells have been known to retain both mammalian architec-
ture and certain parts of mammalian metabolism.  An interesting quality of
mutagenesis is they emphasize classification as being strong, weak, or of
intermediate potency mutagens.  Various hycanthone analogs are being studied,
one of which has put forth possible negligible mutagenicity at levels inhi-
biting growth.  Tests are in the process of finding new and safe hycanthone
substitutes for use in the control of schistosmiasis.  Mutagens do not attack
in single file but en masse; target cells not being intraperitoneal, but
gonaaal.  Here the issue is not only dead fetuses, but an imperceptibly
debilitating numbers, and where Salmonella sapiens do not exist.

REFERENCE:  Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 119-125.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 391, 392, 630, and 722.

                                     423

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        759.  REUSE  OF WASTES IN THE PRODUCTION OF GRANULAR FERTILIZERS

                                       by

                              J. C. Barber et al.
     This  paper  discussed contrcllir.e air and water oollution from fertilizer
production plants bv reusing waste water.  The primary factor in accomplish-
ing  this was  found to be the production of firm, closely sized fertilizer
granules,  using  adecuate granulation nrocesses.  Ciking of the fertilizer may
be prevented  by  formaldehyde applications before granulation.. The control of
unnecessary spills by careful procedures is also mentioned.

REFERENCE: Wateruse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975, po.
            1181-1189.
        760.  RIDHF.-ANTi-EURFOW IRRIGATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL

                                       by

                              F. H. Schraufnsgel


     This report discusses 'he use of ringe-and-furrow irrigation for dis-
posing of industrial waste.  The ridpe-aid-furrow method  is  one of manv types
of land treatment of waste materials.  It  consists  of flooding furrows
between crop rows with liquid waste, wh .ch moves laterally  through its ridges
between furrows where the crop is grown.   This, as  with most land treatment
methcJs, car. provide adequate reductio-i of substances including phenols,
cyanides, iron, manganese, copper, zirc, potassium, and even radioactive
wastes in some cases.  Although ridge-and-furrow irrigation  displays some
advantages such as operating costs ar.d the ability  to operate during winter
months, it has lost much of its use of spray  irrigation methods.

REFEFENCE:  Journal of Water Pollution Control  Fed., Vol.  34, 1962, pp. 1117-
            1132.

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         761 ,  THE SELECTION AND INDUCTION OF 5-IODO-2-DEOXYURIDINE AND
             THYMIDIN'E VARIANTS OF P383 MOUSE LYMPKOMA CELLS WITH
                      AGENTS WHICH ARE USED EOR SELECTION

                                       by

                                Diana Anderson


     5-IODO-2-Deoxyuridir.e (K'd?), 5-BReXO-2-Deoxyuridin<2  (BUdR), azaguanine,
and pyrir.idine thymidinf; (TcR) hcwe been used to select  the variant cells of
maranals that  were previously treated with suspected mutagens.  Recent obser-
vation and study has revealed that to some extent  these  selective agents may
act as rautagens, thus increasing the frequency of  variants or decreasing the
frequency of  variants due to non-survival of doubly injured cells.  This
phenomenon could involve the netabolic pathways used bv  a variety of agents
and correspondence between paths used for tnutagens or selectors.

REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 33, 1975, pp.  399-406.

     For article on related subject see No. 453.

                     762. SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL:  LAKDEARMINC;

                                       bv

                               R. L. Huddleston


     The spreading of industrial wastes into the upper soil zone goes by many
names; howevev, landfarroing is the officially accepted terw by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agencv and it is the most appropriate term for the
process.  Advantages presented by landfarning are:  1. cost efficiency, 2.
relative environmental safety, 3. recvcling waste  via natural processes, 4.
simplistic processes '.hat are low-maintenance and  less likely to go wrong,
5. possible improvement of fertility and soil structure.  This article
describes how landfarming works and which wastes are suitable for landfarming.
Also, detailed in this article are the factors that control biodegradation.
Operational steps in landfarming include site selection, site preparation,
waste application, soil-waste blending and post waste addition care.

REFERENCE:  Chemical Engineering, February 26, 1979, pp. 119-124.


     For articles on related subject see No. 40 and 120.


                                      425

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             763.  SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTES DISPOSAL

                                       by

                                 R. R. Parker


     This article is a review of the present spray irrigation techniques  for
industrial vaste effluents used in Canada.  Most of the techniques deal with
overcoming the climatic problems by Canada's geographical location.

REFERENCE:  Canadian Municipal Utilities, 1965, DO. 28-32.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 192 and 725.
                 764. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR WASTEVATEP DISPOSAL
                       IN SMALL RESIHENTAL SUBDIVISION'S

                                       by

                                T. C. Williams


     Portions of a symposium on the  land disposal of waste effluent are pre-
sented in this report.  It was decided that  the discussion should be divided
by the catagorization of wastes into  industrial wastes and sewage wastes, and
separate discussion of application procedures, namely spray irrigation.  One
topic of concern was the need for secondary  treatment of waste before land
application.

     A table is given showing the various treatment systems considered along
with the energy requirements of each.  The systems included a trickling
filter system," aerated lagoons, anaerobic natural pond svstem and activated
sludge.  The energy required oer SOD  removal was als*. given.

REFERENCE:  National Symposium on Ultimate Disposal of Wastewaters, 1977,
            pp. 301-311.


     For article on related subject  see No.  123.
                                       426

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                     765. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY WASTES

                                       by

                            Gerald V. Lawton et al.


     The effectiveness of spray irrigation for disposing of dairy wastes was
studied by selecting and building an actual spray irrigation system for a
five plant area.  The waste produced contained primarily nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium concentrations.  These three elements contributed to the ferti-
lization properties of the effluent.  A slight problem was encountered with
excess sodium arising from salt used in the milk processing plant.  Although
other values varied widely between plants such as BOD, COD, pH and so on,
spray irrigation still appeared to be a promising alternatix'e for disposing
of waste of this type.

REFERENCE:  Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 31, No. 8, August 1959,
            rp. 923-933.


               766. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL PASTES

                                       by

                               Richard A. Woodley
     This report studies  irrigation system as  a disposal method of organic
chemical waste.  The program  included  spray spot selection, application time
control, elimination of surface  runoff and control  of  surface ponding.  This
system was managed so  that  total treatment of  all Applied waste occurred.
Modificc,i.ionr, have also been  made for  operation in  sub-freezing weather.
Spray irrigation was concluded as being an effective disposal method for low
volume, high BOD waste waters as long  as the application rates varied with
changing conditions such  as waste characteristics and  moisture and soil con-
ditions.

REFERENCE:  Industrial Waste  Conference I-oceedings, 1968,  pp. 251-261.
                                       427

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                       767. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF VEGETABLE
                           AND FRUIT PROCESSING WASTES

                                        by

                                   H. G. Lulcy


      This  paper discussed the use of spray irrigation for the disposal of
wastes  coming from the H. J.  Heinz Company.  The report concentrated on the
idea  that  areas previously thought to be poor sites for spray irrigation
usage may  be  modified to meet requirements.  Factors affecting a  site suit-
able  for spray irrigation include:  1.  land slope, 2. soil surface  cover,
3.  layers  of  soil, 4. groundwater table depth, and 5. type and amount of'
effluent.   Data from the two  studies done here show thd sucessful adaptation
of  spray irrigation to land at both extremes of the accepted design criteria.
One of  the problems in this instance was the runoff of liquid into  a running
stream.

REFERENCE:  Journal WPCF, Vol. 35, No.  10, October 1963,  pp. 1252-1261.


                768.  SPRAY IRRIGATION OF WOOD DISTILLATION WASTES

                                        by

                        R. C.  Hickerson  and E.  K.  McMahon


     This  report discussed  the use of spray irrigation as a  means of dispos-
ing of wood distillation wastes.   The process  waste was composed  of Lime Lee
and water  column waste  with a significantly smaller amount of decanter over-
flow waste containing high  phenolic concentrations giving the waste most of
its color.   Of  a number of  different  types tested,  all Dut alcohol pot resi-
dues and decanter  overflow  waste  were acceptable  for spray irrigation pur-
poses.  The report  includes design of the spray system and cost.  Soil
analysis of irrigated land  showed a need  for additional fertilization, pri-
marily phosphate,  potassium and nitrogen  compounds.

REFERENCE:   Journal WPCF, Vol.  32,  No.  1,  January  1960, pp.  55-64.


     For article on related subject see No. 125.
                                      428

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        769. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF CANNERY WASTES
                              L. C. Glide et al.


     An extensive research program was conducted to assess the use of spray
irrigation as a means of cannery waste disposal.  Measurements were made of
effluent quantity, composition, and hydraulics.  The program also consisted
of testing soil storage capacity, nutrient movement, and biological strata.
The procedure 3howert several advantages including over tertiary treatment
concepts, increased crop production, and increased treatment efficiency.  The
report discusses a wide variety of factors concerning spray irrigation as a
treatment and disposal process.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed., Vol. ft3, 1971  pp. 2011-
            2025.
               770. STABILIZATION OF SOIL? BY PKZNOT.TC ALCOHOLS

                                       by

                            Yu. V. Pokonova et al.
     This report was concerned with  the use of phenolic alcohols for stabi-
lizing soils chemically.  a-Chloroethyl ether was the hardener used for this
experiment.  The hardening of the phenol was examined using electron micro-
scope procedures.  Results showed strong, stable structures being formed.
The use of a-chloro ethers as an experimental hardener produced higher
strength characteristics than previously used hardeners.

REFERENCE:  Journal App. Chenistry U.S.S.K., Vol. 46, N^. 9, Part 1,
            September 1973, pp. 2380-2384.
                                      429

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                          771. STUBBLE MULCH FARMING

                                       by

                         T. M. McCalla and T. J. Arrr.v


     "Stubble tnulching" is a system of crop residue management sweep til-
lage instead  of soil inversion.  The goals of  subsurface tlllaRfi is to
leave desirable quantities of plant residue on  the surface  for soil erosion
control at all tiires.  Managing on this basis ^equires harvesting, tilling,
planting, and cultivation operations  that keep  -/ep.ctative residue material on
the soil from seeding to seeding.  Generally, small grain residue, wheat
monoculture, or limited sorghum residue in a wheat sorghum  rotation are used,
although any residue may be used.  "Stubble mulching" is applicable to any
cropping system.

REFERENCE:  Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 13, 1961,  np. 125-197.


   772. SULFUR1C ACID FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMMOMTATED IRRIGATION WATER:
             IT. REDUCING CALCIUM PRECIPITATION' AND SODIUM  HAZARD

                                       by

                             S.  Miyamoto  and  J.  Ryan


     Ananoniated water was  treated with ammonia  and sulfuric acid  separately.
Theoretical  calculations were raade  to determine calcium precipitation  and
poten-ial  problems  from excess  sodium.  The ammonia  treatment did increase
exchangeable sodium and in some cases reduced water  infiltration rates as  well
as causing severe calcium  precipitation.   Sulfuric acid,  on the other  hand,
reduced exchangeable sodium and calcium precipitation as well as preventing
a decrease of  infiltration rates.   In light of the data presented  the use of
sulfuric acid  in  treating  ammoniated irrigation vater can be beneficial.

REFERENCE:  Soil  Science Society American Journal, Vol. 40, 1976, pp.  305-309.


      For article  on related subject see No. 413.
                                       430

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           773.  TREATMENT Or RFFINHRY OILY \,'A"TES BY LAMD FARMIN'C-

                                      by

                 Robert L. Puddleston and Jeffrey D, Meyers


    Those responsible for the disposal of oily rsfinerv wastes  have become
more and more favorable to land farming as the best neans of  disposal of
these wastes.

    Depending upon the characteristics of the test areas, a  54  to  67%  loss
in oil weight was found over a period of  twenty months.  It  was indicated
bv ,T 19 to 49? total weight of organic compound loss that a  significant
anount of the oil had been chanecd into  sc.il microbial mass  or  nartlv
degraded organic matter.  No leachlna of  oil total organic compound or
heavy netals was found.   The conditions  of growth bv the plants was not
apparently beneficial bv  the oil  lors rate.  The analyses and results  are
presented in table forn at  the end of the article.

Kf.FF.RENCE:  American  Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 75,  No. 190,  1979,
            up.  327-?3«.

     For article  on related  subject  see  Nos.  4, 419,  and  423.

                  774.  run MATE  LIQUID '--ASTK  DISPOSAL METHODS

                                      bv

                                 J.  R. Conner


     This  paper  presents a general discussion of  waste  disposal methods.
 Ultimate  disposal  methods can be either storage, c^nsfer.  or  treatment
 processes.   Storage  methods such as la^cnim- only retain the  waste for
 a eiven period  of tine until another alternative can be found   Transfer
 JrSSures such as waste burial and hauling wastes to a central la.oon can
 L cate.ori.ed  into either retrievabJj - nonretJ-£^ ^ £•£.,_

                 ^T^                                             ^i
            uses, effectiveness, and costs of some of these  methods are also

 mentioned.

 REFERENCE:  Plant Engineering October  19, 1972, pp. 88-92.

     For article on related subject  see  No. 441.
                                      431

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                  775. AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM S
                          APPLIED '.'ASTK-'ATFf; SLUDGE

                                      bv

                         J. A. Rvan and D. R, Kcenev
    Emphasis is upon the amount of r.itrogen -f resent  in wastewater slurry.
This nitrop.cn content vhen applied to soil is  Creator than the amount use-
able by the crops.  It is known that volatilization  can decrease the total
nitrogen of this slurry vhen air drved,  therefore, decreasing the chance of
excess nitrogen contaminating groundwater.  Rates of nitrogen volatilization,
soil factors on volatilization, and application rates are discussed, experi-
mentally tested, and reported on.

REFERENCE:  Journal WPCF, Vol. 42, No. 2,  1975, pp.  386-393.

    For articles on related subject see  Nos.  134 and 138.

      776. DETERMINATION OF TRACF HAZARDOUS ORGANIC  VAPOR POLLUTANTS IN
               AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE? BY GAS  CHROMATOGRAPFY/MASS
                            SPECTROMKTRY/COMPl'TER

                                      by

                           E. D. Pellizzari et al.


    Organic vapors were collected  from  surrounding  air  samples  from three
different  locations.  These locations were Houston,  Texas; Raleigh, North
Carolina;  and Los Angeles, California Basin.   Gas chromatography cartridges
were used  in gathering  these  air samples.  The vapors were thermallv desorbed
and examined with a capillary pas-liquid chronatograph  joined with a large
spectrometer.  Data was recorded on magnetic  tape and brought  into affect
the normal quanity spectra and  main part fragmentograms.  The  overall back-
ing of hydrocarbons from various automobiles  were eventually brought about
from one another, and  twenty-one non-metallic chemicals were found.  Some
of these halogens were  carcinogen  vinyl  chloride  and trichloroethylene.
Others were various oxygens,  nitrogens,  sulfur and  silicon compounds.

REFERENCE:  Analytical  Chem.stry,  Vol.  48, No. 6, flay  1976,  pp. 803-807.
                                      43:

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            777. A NEW METHOD FOP DECOMPOSITION" AND COMPREHENSIVE
           ANALYSIS OF SILICATE? BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION £PECTRO>5F.TRY

                                      by

                               Redrich Bernas
    This new method of decomposing  igneous  rocks  is  far  superior  to conven-
tional methods.  It utilizes  a volatilization Loss free  teflon  decomposition
vessel in which naterJal  is decomposed  by use c"~  a floric-boric acid matrix.
Being a single step method, there is  no need  for  interfering  added chemical
factors.  Diagratcs, procedures,  and results of use are fully  explained
therein.

REFERENCE:  Analytical Chenistry, 1968, pp. 1682-1686.
             778. RAPID  ANT> INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF
               POLY CHLORINATED BTPHF.NYLS AND PHTHALATES IN AIR

                                       by

                               C.  S. (Uara et at.
    Gas chroraatogrsphic packing, a s.i^nle, sensitive, and inexpensive solid
 sampling process which is used to detect phthalate esters, polychloronated
 byphenyls  (PCBs) and DDT was described.  Since florisil was found to absorb
 organic chemica'.s  when exposed to contaminated air, it was used as an air
 sampling absorbent.   Florisil was very efficient in trapping such substances
 as DEGP, DDT,  and  PCRs.  Other organic compounds could also he absorbed and
 -eparated  by'this  method bv usin* various other absorbents or eluant com-
 binations.  'This procedure was four.d to be successful and could possioly
 be used to monitor air in industrial plants and other working areas.

 REFERENCE:   Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 47, November 1975, pp. 2319-2320.
                                       433

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            779. WHAT  HAPPENS TO HERBICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT?

                                      by

                             J. B. Weber et al.


   Herbicides  are  no longer a subject of agricutural irsterest, but arc now
a concern  for  today's ecologically oriented society.  A sordid picture of
herbicides has  been painted by the press.  This article is intended to pro-
vide  inii-rviation concerning herbicides and the environment.  It discusses
the forces that act on herbicides such as biological decomposition, chenical
decomposition,  and  photodecorr.oosition.  Six transfer processes are also
discussed.    These are absorption and exudation bv plants and animals;
retention  in vegetation and then transference in harvested products; adsorp-
tion  by soil particles; movement  through the air and into the atmosphere;
surface runoff  of herbicides into bodies of water;  and movement  through the
soil.  None of  the  processes above can be isolated since all are  closely
interrelated.   The  transfer processes are usually reversible and  in dynamic
equilibrium with the svsten.

REFERENCE:  Weeds Today, Winter  1973, pt>. 16-17 and 22.


    For article on related  subject see No.  203.

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              780. DAMAGE INCIDENTS FROM IMPROPER LAW DISPOSAL

                                      by

                               Emerv C. Lazar
    The problem of the disposal of hazardous wastes has become a significant
natter of concern due to the growing  implementation air and water contamin-
ation control projects, ocean dumping bans, ai;d  cancellation of pesticide
registration.  The end result of these activities has been an increase in
tonnage of land disposal wastes with  adverse res-alts on public health and
the land.  The problem shows its greatest activity in ground waste conta-
mination via leachate, surface water  contamination due to runoff, air pollu-
tion frota open burning, sublimation,  evaporation and wind erosion, poison-
ing through the food chain and by direct contact, and fires and explosions
at land disposal sites.  Various case studies  demonstrate these problems.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 1. 1975/1976, pp. 157-164.
                                      435

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                      781. CHEMICAL MONITORING OF SOILS

                                      by

                       Dale E. Baker and Leon Cbesnin


     The objectives of this article are to consider aspects of environ-
mental quality in which soils mav serve as sources of sinks for toxic sub-
stances in air, water, arid the food chain; and to look over and interpret
methods and concepts essential in soil chemical monitoring.  The article
deals with these objectives through discussions covering soil pollution
sources, soil and vatt?r composition monitoring, methods of chemical analy-
sis, monitoring of macroelements, monitoring of microelements, toxic trace
elements and organotr.etallic complexes and recommendations for further
research.  Each discussion covers specific subtopics:  1. soil pollution
source-agricultural pollutants and soil erosion, animals wastes, industrial
and municipal wastes, 2. soil and waste composition tnonitorlr.g-total compo-
sition results, labile concentrations and ionic activities, and bioassay
techniques for chemical monitoring of soils, 3. methods of chemical analysis-
precision and accuracy and instructional methods, &. monitoring of macro-
elements—soluble salts, nitroeen-nitrite, nitrite, ammonia—and nitro-
do:nines, phosphorus, potassium,  calciurs, magnesium, and sulfur.  Monitoring
of microelements—boron, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, iodine,
selenium, cobalt, fluorine, vanadium, nickel, and lithium; and toxic ele-
ments, orgsnoraetrallic complexes—cadmium, lead, nickel carbonyl, antimony
beryllium, mercury, and arsenic.

     Numerous tables are included for a better understanding of each dis-
cussion.

RFFERENCE:  Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 27, 1975, pp. 306-374.
                                      436

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               782. PARTIAL STERILIZATION' 0? SOIL BY VOLATILE
                        AND NON-VOLATILE ASTISF.PTICS

                                      by

                                'valter Buddin


     True partial sterilization has been compared with cor-.non antiseptic due
to the ir.itial decrease in bacteria nu-nbers ani killing of protozoa and
nitrifying organisms.  Larger protozoa were killed abundantly in the cul-
tures submitted by the soil sterilization.  The rate of ammonia, production
of ammonia, and productiveness was increased.  Sterilization was obtained
only through volatile antiseptics.  For  a beneficial detection of steriliza-
tion, the tes^s should be combined.   Flora  can be  influencod bv substances
in the soil and sinyle flora can  have high  levels  of numbers as a general
rule.  The intensity of effect  from the  shades could be detected between the
action of substances used.  Increasing  the  productive  capacity of soil can
be done by volatile antiseptics.  Those  results were  from laboratories and
pot culture houses.  More  information is hopefully going  to be obtained
through analysis and more  research.   The objection of  the testing is to find
a species of bacteria which can be  subjected  to potential poisons and remain
productive and produce pure cultures.

REFERENCE:  Journal  of Agricultural  Science,  Vol.  16,  1914, pp. 417-451.

     For articles  on  related  subject  see Kos.  3,  176,  225, 281, 322, 369,
717, and 753.
                                      437

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           783.  STUDIES ON ENVIORN-MY-NTAL CONTAMINATION RY URANIUM
              3. EFFECTS OF CARBONATE ION ON URANIUM ADSORPTION
                        TO AND DESORPTION FROM SOILD

                                      by

                             T. Yamamota et al.


     Previous testing was done on various soils  for the affect uranium had
on then excluding the carbonate ion  factor.  Thiej soils  including alluvial,
sandy, and volcanic ash soils were air  dryed and  exposed  tc carbonate ions.
The uranium adsorbed into the soil was  at about  100°'.  Uranyl mixtures of
1-50 yg Uranium/ml conbined with carbonate  solution of 4.3-109 ug Carbon-
ate3~/ml were the ratio used  for adsorption in  the soil.  Soils absorbed
with uranium were washed five times  as  part of  the experiment.  The water
was distilled and passed through Buchnew Funnel  with  a paper filter known
as Toyo.  Desorption experiments were done  on three water samples taken from
the Yoshii River and two streams known  as  the Ikego and the Nakatsugo.  With
uranium soil adsorbing  from  7.1-500  yg  L'raniirn/g and  carbonate ions ranging
from 4.3-43.3 ug/rol, it caused  the desorotion level to be lowered in the
soils adsorbing uraniuin at  the  precent  of  1.2%.

REFERENCE:  Journal of  Kadiat.  Res., Vol.  14, 1973, pp. 219-224.


     For articles on related  subject see Nos. 419,  514, and 723.
                                      438

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       784. A DOUBLE TUB*7 METHOD  FOR MEASURING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
                     OF  SOIL  IN SITU ABOVE  A WATER TABLE
                                       by

                                Herman Bouwer
     Methods used to  find  in  situ  in  saturated  soil  is not easily perfected
in the above-the-water-table.   In  this  instance,  a method of measuring
hydraulically the conductivitv  in  in  situ  in  soil is presented.  Essentially,
the process takes place  in a  saturated  section  of soil.  An auger hole is
drilled in which two  concentric  tubes are  placed. Measurements are bassd on
the rate of change  and  the water  level of the  inner tube.  The flow between
the tubes are separated  due to  continued intake of water in the soil.
Because of different  water levels,  dimensionless  parameters were used to
measure the water levels.   These parameters were  designed for three types
of soils, a  uniform  soil  and soils underlain with components of lower and
higher conductivitv.  As a variable the depth of  material with different
conductivity was selected.

REFERENCE:  Soil Science Societv of America,  Vol. 25, 1961, pp. 334-339.

         785. EFFECT  OF  LONC  TFRM  I_AND  DISPOSAL BY SPRAY IRRIGATION
                 OF FOOD PROCESS INT- WASTES ON SOVF CHEMICAL
                 PROPERTIES OF  TKF. SOIL AND SUBSURFACE WATER

                                      by

                            D.  C.  Adrian et al.
     Subsurface waters  of  two varieties,  perched  and  groundwater, were
monitored at daily  and  nonthly intervals.   These  waters were  taken from two
irrigated land disposal sites of  food processing  waste waters.  Samples of
soil profiles were  taken up from  depth of up to 6.6 meters.   Calculated
inputs of 487 kR/ha of  total nitrogen and 3.01 kg/ha of soluble orthophosphate
were taken from cannery wastes yearly from site one.  From site two, 562,
kg/ha total nitrogen and 522 kg/ha orthophosphate were selected and
analyzed.  Nitrate  ranged  in subsurface waters at 7 to 16 ppm from the first
site'.  Groundwaters fron site two ranged  from 2 to 41 pom.  Nitrate was
analyzed as stable  in percolation streams below root  zone level,  while
major irrigation  input  was carried out, nitrate was found in  levels above
                                      439

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public health standards  in  the  surface  ..ar.ers.  Passing  environmental stand-
ards was PO^ on a regular b^sis except  whey,  discontinued during the winter.
Residual accumulation  rate  in soil  coula  h.vve  been lowered  by harvest removal
to help materially  extend the life  of  thcFc-  s-'steins.

REFERENCE:  Journal of Environmental Duality,  Vol. A,  No. 2, 1975, pp. 242-
            2A8.

            786.  A  TECHNIQUE USING  POROUS CUPS FOR WATER SAMPLING
                     AT ANY  DE?T!! IN THF. UVSATUFATED ZONE

                                       by

                               Warren W. Woo:':


      This  paper describes an improved design of the Parizek-Lane system  that
 allows the collection of water  samples at any certain depth, saturated or
 unsaturated.   A check value  in  the  cup assembly prevents pressurization  of
 the porous cup.   This  type  of  structure allows an entire collection at  any
 depth without the  loss  of  samples.  An improvement over past designs is
 illustrated by a detailed  description  of construction and operation.

 REFERENCE:  Water  Resources  Research,  Vol.  9, No.  2, Anril 1973, pp. 486-488.

      For article on related  subject see  No. 6.


              787.  TRANSIENT-FLOW CONCEPT IN SUBSURFACE  DRAINAGE:
                              ITS VALIDITY AND  USE

                                        by

                                  Lee D.  Dumm


       Bv addinP the more accurate details of a curved water table  surface  to
  the  basic  transient-flow theorv, a substantial increase in the  agreenent  ot
  cotuteTvalues to measured values of water table height and  drain  spacxng
  con,utea  vaioes                  comparisons done in Australia,  Canada, and
  l^na  In which"th/^sur^ values'were in close element  with the pre-
  viouslv  computed values for those  places.

  REFERENCE:  Transactions of the ASAE, 1964, pp.  1*2-146 and 151.


       For article on  related subject see No.  519.
                                        440

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                788. MOVEMENT OF PROMKTRYNF, THROUGH CONGAREE
                           SOIL INTO GROUND WATER

                                      by

                            K. S. LaFleur et al.


     The movement of prometryne, a  tvpe of herbicide, through the soil  and
into a shallow sroundwatei table was determined.  The chenical was monitored
in both the soil and the  ground w?ter for 16 months.  Upper Cavers of  the
soil ccmsistantlv retained hip.her concentrations of the substance than the
layers below them.  Infiltration into the water table was discovered two
months after the initial  prometryne application.  Data concerned with the
experiment included rainfall,  pore  volunes, runoff and drainage.  A nost-
experiment check found  no prometrvne concentrations in the  ground water
after a period of 20 months.

REFERENCE:  Journal of  Environmental Quality,  Vol. 4, No. 1,  1975, DP. 132-
            133.

     For articles on related  subject see  Nos.  41, 479, and  482.

            789. NITROGFN REMOVAL  IN A  SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL  SYSTEM

                                      by

                              A.  Andreoli  et al.


     Ctoundwater contamination was the  result of nitrates in individual
          .«.                    1
      the system can be developed for use of re.ovin* nitrates fro. subsur-
 face wastewater disnosal systems.
 REFERENCE:  Prog. Water Technology, Vol. 12, 1980, PP. 967-976.
      For article on related  subject see No. 440.

                                      441

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         790. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION' OF POLYCKLORTNATF.D BIPHENYLS.I.
        IDENTIFICATION OF SOMf METABOLIC PRODUCTS FROM AROCLOR 1242

                                      by

                   Klaus L.  E. Kaiser and  Paul T. S. Wong


     Aroclor 1242 was introduced  to a lake water bacterial cultural  to assess
the bacterial degradation of the  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) present.
Positive degradation was shown even at high  concentrations.  A number of
metabolites were identified  through the  use  of combined gas chromatographic/
mass spectromctric analysis. Of  these metabolites, no chlorine content was
found at all.

RKFEREN'CE:  Bull, of Environmental Contamination and Toxicologv, Vol. 11,
            No. 3, 1974, pp. 291-296.


     For articles on related subject  see Nos.  217,  224, 226, 227, and 522.


      791. BIODECRADATION  0^ PETROLEUM  IN SEAWATER  AT  LOW TEMPERATURES

                                      by

                           R. H.  Atlas, and R. Bartha


     Samples of polluting oils were taken from cold ocean water and  tested
 for  the  intensity  of  biodegrartation present.  The  samples were treated with
 petroleuva  and stored  in incuDation of temperatures  5 through 20°C.   The  low
 temperatures caused  lags and slow degradation with  bicdepradation   Quanti-
 tative  gas was used  along with C02 to monitor biodegradation and allow  for
 analysis to  take  olace.  The lag periods were changed when a different
 sample  was used rather than  fresh petroleum.  A form of weathered petroleum
 was  applied, and  the results from this procedure proved low temperatures
 caused  a slow down in biodegradation.

 REFERENCE:  Canadian Journal of Microbial,  Vol. 18, August 21, 1972, pp. 1851-
             1855-
                                      442

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  792.  DEGRADATION OF 2,4-D AND A7RA7INF /•'; THREE SOIL DEPTHS TN THE FIELD

                                      by

                              T. L. Lavy ot al .


     (2,4-dichlcron>henoxv)  acetic  acid  (2,'-D)  and  2-chloro-4-(ethylaraino)-
6-(isopropylar. Walker ard R. R.  Colwell
  esrsers   ;„„.,.>,  f.^fi-o-c   streotomvcin,  and
 phenol red a on^, t,  f.npx -c ,.           .^      ^ ^^   n ^

 Sat a c^rtMn yeast LSiu,  could be successfully used  to isolate  petroleum-
 degrading yeasts  and  fun
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             794. INTF;?ACTIO:?  BF.-IVPEN  POLYCHI.ORINATET)  BI^KEKYLS
            (VCBs) AM)  hMTL  MlCROFl::;;rr .   FFfKCTS  OF  AROCLOR-1254
                AND OTl'KS  PCHs  ON ASPEROILLUS  FLAWS CULTURES

                                      by

                              '!.  A.  Murado et al.


     Polychlorir.ated  binhenvls  f.s xar.obiotic compounds  have  a  large environ-
mental spread.  The  study  was conducted in ordir  to  find results concerning
PCB and biochemical  affects  en  living things.   Results  show  accumulation,
metabolism, toxicological  and distribution dat:a needs to be  studied further,
but these four  characteristics  are important to T>CR.  Durine incubation PCB
did not change  metabolically, but induced growth  in  cultures.   Aroclor found
in the incubation had a high magnitude  of 1232 and a low of  1260.  This was
a result only if  the microorganisms were grown in a  liquid culture of 25 ppm
Aroclor series  of  32, 42,  48, 54, and 60 percent  chlorine.

REFERENCE.  Pollution Environmental Contamination Toxicology,  vol. 15, 1976,
            pp.  768-775.

     For articles  on related subject see Nos. 302, 315, 320, 330, and 332.

          795.  MERCURY-RESISTANT BACTF.RIA AND PETROLEUM DEGRADATION

                                       by

                        J.  D. Walker and R. R. Colwell


     This paper looks at samples collected in Colgate Creek, which  is located
in Baltimore  Harbor of Chesapeake Bay,  from the  samples of concentration of
mercury  in  water and sediment, and the  oil extracted from water and  sediment
was determined.  The samples showed the concentration of mercury in  the  oil
to 4,000  times  higher than  in sediment, and 300,000  times higher than  in
water  samples.   The oa^er suggests that  in a heavy metal-enriched environ-
ment,  mercury and those heavy metals soluble in  oil  may concentrate  in  the
oil,'and  the  mercury-resistant microorganisms present in  the mercury-rich,
oil-laden  samples are capable of utilizing oil.

REFERENCE:   Applied Microbiology, Vol.  27, No. 1, January 1974, pp.  285-287.


      For articles on related subject see  Nos.  337 and  717.


                                      444

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                      796.   MTCKOH-IAI. DhCRADAT ION OF MODEL
                         PFTROLr.l'M AT LOW TEMP FEATU
                        J.  P.  "alker and K.  R.  Colwell


     Model petroleum  w.is  usrc to determine  the extent of petroleum degrada-
tion by bacteria,  yeasts  arui  f-.mgi .  N'ur.ners of degrading organisms are
associated with  the benzene-extractable concentration.  Degradation was
related to temperature  of  the environment,  especially low temperatures and
to the type of nurr.ber of  microorganisms in  the original sample.

REFERENCE:  Microbial Kcology, Vol. 1, 1974, pp. 63-95.

     For articles  on  related  subject see Nos.  34G, 350, ar.d 351.

          797. C-OLE OF  EXCRETKO CHLORTETRACYCLINH IN MODIFYING THE
                   DECOMPOSITION PROCESS IN FEEDLOT WASTE

                                       by

                            G. Keith Elmunci  et  al.
     A concern  about  water and air pollution b -ought about in feedlots
started this  study.   Changes from outsida effects can alter the state of the
feedlot.  Outside weather, temperatures, the nutrients giver, to the  animals
are examples  of  a few conditions.  Reports have found antibiotic supplements
can increase  weight  gain, conversion of feed in anina] and produce-a healthy
stable animal.   Drugs induced into an animal's system can cause unhealthy
conditions  for  the animals as veil as the public.  These conditions  break
down the decomposition that naturally  take place in a digestive system.
Therefore,  the  excretions nay be loss biodegradable.  This all results  in
environmental pollution expectation.

REFERENCE:  Bulletin  of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,  Vol. 6,
            No.  2, 1971, p. 129.


     For articlo>s on  related subject see Nos. 35, 94, 352, 353, 355, 356,
357, 377, 389,  390,  391, 498, 654, 719, and 723.
                                      445

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                 798.  A TrXENODY COXCF.KMNG THE BIODEGRADATIOM
                           OF OIL I':. KATU:U\L WATERS

                                       by

                                G,  D.  Floodgate


     Microbial  degradation of oil  in  the- marine '-ivironraent can be defined
by the degradatior,  ot  a complex and variable mixture of  hundreds of sub-
strates oy unknown  mixed populations  of microorganisms  in  an erratically
changing medium.  Bioc-gradation is not th.? only means  by  which oil is
changed chemically.

     The author describes several  experiment designs and the problems that
come with each.   These designs are experiments that  approach an ecological
problem strictly fron a biochemical point of view.  A description of various
advantages and  disadvantages of several experimental methods are given.  The
methods mentioned are  the hatch culture method and continuous culture tech-
niques.  A lengthv  description tells  of interpretation  of  data.  These are
also approached  with  an advantage-disadvantage perspective.

     The main emphasis in concluding  this article is on  the need for a
broader ecological  approach to the problem of oil degradation and for an
increase in  the study  of the problem.

REFERENCE:   The  Microbial Degradation  cf Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 17-24.


     For articles on  related subject  see Nos. 190, 191,  413, 428, 453, and
770.
                                      446

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         799.  LAKDFARMING SHOWS PROMTS FOK REFINERY WASTE DISPOSAL
                               H. E. Know3. ton


     Landfarraing is 3  safe and effective method  of disposal of many organic
petroleum wastes.  Oily  sludges  and  biosolids  (from  less  than 200 to more
than 600 bbl/year/acre)  are  spread several  Inches  thick and cultivated at
regular intervals  to provide oxygen.

     A landfarri site should  be chosen  carefully  so that it can be controlled
and limited  frora surrounding environments  as much  as possible.  However,
when a landfartn site is  monitored and  controlled properly (oil content,
nutrient content,  and  PH regulated), this  can be a very effective disposal
technique.

REFERENCE:   Oil and  Gas  Journal, May U,  1979, pp. 108-116.


     For article  on  related subject see No. 129.
                                       447

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             800. MEASUREMENT OF  PHTHALATE  ESTERS  IN MARINE AT.R

                                       by

                              C.  S.  Giam  et al.


     A detailing of  the  sampling, analysis, and  evaluation of polyurethane
foam, asnberlite XAD-2, and  florisil  as absorbents  to concentrate atmospheric
phthalate ester plasticizers  in marine atmospheres.  As  a result of several
trial', the high-volume  polyurethane-foam/glass-fiber-filter absorbent
showed the best characteristics fcr  sampling with  a relatively small margin
of error.

REFERENCE:  Proceedings  of  the  4th Joint  Conference on Sensing of Environ-
            mental  Pollutants,  1977, pp.  188-190.


     For articles on related  subject see  Nos. 20,  21,  22, 28, 170, 175, 203,
444, and 698.


       801. 1977  SCREENING  SURVEY FOR MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC PRIORITY
                POLLUTANTS  IN PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTEWATERS

                                       by

                                 F. M. Pfeffer


     This report  describes the involvement of the Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory in screening petroleum refinery  effluents  for
priority pollutants by the EPA's sampling and analysis procedures of  March
1977.

REFERENCE:  Symposium Measurement of Organic Pollutation in Water/Wastewater,
            ASTM  STP 868, 1979, pp.  181-190.
                                      448

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          802. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT:
          ISOLATION AND  CHARACTERIZATION  BY CHROMATOGRAPHY, VISIBLE
                     ULTRAVIOLET, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

                                      by

                         Walter  Giger and Max  Blumer


     This is a report  of a  continuous study into  the origination and fate
of hydrocarbons  in nature.   Methods  for isolation, fractionation, and
analysis of polycyclic aromatic  hydrocarbons  from environmental samples such
as soils and near-shore  marine sediments  are  discussed also.

REFERENCE:  Analytical Chemistry, Vol.  46, No. 12, 1974, pp. 1663-1671.


     For articles on  related subject see  Nos.  376 and 718.

            803. THE  RELATIVE TOXICITY  OF FOUR PESTICIDES  IN TAP
                  WATER AND WATER FROM FLOODED RICE  PADDIES

                                       by

                              K.  W.  Brown et  al.


     Each  year in the United States flooded  rice fields  are sprayed with
pesticides.   Four of   the pesticides tested for static bioaosy  were propanil,
tnolinate,  carbonfuran and carbaryl.  The toxicity was present  in  tap water
and  floodwater and caused death of fish when  the water found in draining
channels  reached the fish.     The toxic limitation median of 96 hours was
tested in  tap water with perspective of  the  four pesticides.   The results of
field  applied pesticides were lower in the water from fields In whinb  the
residual levels of pesticides had been applied.  In addition,
pesticides located in the fielrt water were more toxic than that found  in the
tap  water.   There were differences present in carbofuran determined  by static
flow and an intermittent flow.  The difference existed in tap water, but not
in field water.   In conclusion, all but  molinate were similar or greater
than the 96 hour value  concentration.

REFERENCE:  Western Journal of  Environmental  Studies, Vol. 14, 1979, pp. 49-
             54.

      For articles on  related  subject see Nos.  36, 126, 197, 519, 705,  707,
and 708.
                                      449

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          804. ADSORPTION7 AND OXIDATION OF BENZIDINE ANT) ANILINE
                      BY MONTMORILLONITE AND HECTORITE
                       T. Furukawa and C, W. Brindley


     A nu:nber of calculations were taken  from bensidine and aniline adsorp-
tion in aquet us hydrochloride solutions.  The solutions took in sodium,  cal-
cium, and lithium of  displaced  cations  that were  inorganic.  Adsorption  of
benzidine increased  the  pH  when under controlled  conditions.  Species
involved were mainly  at  a pH  level of <  3-2.  Coloring was used as a bene-
ficial factor in testing when compared  to adsorption data.  Blue coloring
appeared more effective  on  hectorite when dissolved oxygen on H202 was used.
Yellow was used more  under  acid conditions.

REFERENCE:   Clays and Clay  Minerals, Vol. 21, 1973, pp. 279-288.


                  805. A COMPARISON  OF  ANALYSIS METHODS FOR
                       HYDROCARBONS  IN  SURFACE SEDIMENTS

                                       by

                       J. W. Farrington and B. W. Tripp


      This  experiment compared  three procedures for extracting hydrocarbons
 from surface sediment samples.   The methods, 1. methanol:  benzene Soxhlet
 extraction with hydrochloric acid pretreatment, 2. without hydrochloric acid
 treatoent, and 3.'alkaline hydrolysis extraction, all showed  similar extrac-
 tion characteristics.   Analysis of  portions of the extracted hydrocarbons
 showed a wide rsnge of  hvdrocarbons including biogenic types.  All three
 techniques studied appeared  to be adequate meaas of hydrocarbon extraction.

 REFERENCE:  Marine Chemistry,  1975, pp.  267-284.


      For articles on  related subject see No. 143, 444, 531, 536, 538, and

 775.
                                       450

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                    806,  A  COMPARISON OF  FOUR METHODS FOR
                  MEASURING RESPIRATION  IN  ORGANIC MATERIAL

                                      by

                            Keith  Van Cleve  et al.


     Infrared gas analysis  (i.r.g.a.), gas  ohromatography   (g.c.), KOH
absorption of carbon  dioxide (b.a.), and  the Gilson  respirometer were the
four methods that were compared for the  measurement  of  respiration of birch
forest-floor organic  matter prepared  in  an  uniform manner.  While the mois-
ture level was kept constant,  estimates  of  respiration  were made at a con-
scant temperature and at  variable temperatures.   The i.r.g.a. and b.a.
methods were high,  the Gilson  method was  intermediate,  and  the g.c. method
i-as low in r.he estimates  of respiration.  Estimates  for the g.c. were low
du.'. to the closed system  used.

     The minimum sensitivity at 25°C  of  the g.c.  and the Gilson were 3.8 and
3.6 vg of carbon dioxide, respectively.   The minimum sensitivity of the b.a.
method, 44 ug of carbon dioxide,  might have been  improved by using a micro-
liter burette for titrations.   The least  minimum  sensitivity  aquired with
the i.r.g.a. was 0.31 ug  of carbon dioxide. Certain conditions must be
maintained in order  to avoid adverse  effects when estimating respiration.

REFERENCE:  Soil Biol. Biochem.,  Vol.  11, 1979, pp.  237-246.
                 807.  DETERMINATION OF ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC
                       HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS

                                       by

                                 J. S. Warner
     Chemical  ionization mass spectronetry,  a process w:..ch  can detect very
low levels of  hydrocarbons in marine organisms,  was used  to  test for ali-
phatic and aromatic  hydrocarbons in large quantities of marine organisms.
This process was  primarily concerned with determining the  aromatic type.
Three fractions were found:  a saturated fraction,  a mono- and diaromatic
fraction, and  a triaroraatic fraction.  Olefinic  hydrocarbons, which are
                                      451

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frequently present  in marine  samples, were  found with the aromatic hydro-
carbons in fractions 2  and 3  according  to the  amount of saturation.  These
hydrocarbons were found to be good  petroleum indicators.

REFERENCE:  Analytical  Chemistry, Vol.  48,  March 1976, pp. 578-582.

     For articles on related  subject see Nos.  5, 466, and 561,

        808. A DOUBLE  TUBE METHOD FOR MEASURING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
                     OF SOIL IN SITU ABOVE A WATER TABLE

                                       by

                                 Herman Bouwer


     Methods  used to find in Situ in saturated soil is  not  easily  perfected
 in  the above-the-water-table.  In this instance, a method  of measuring
 hydraulically  the  conductivity of in situ in soil is presented.   Essen-
 tially, the  process takes place in a saturated section of  soil.  An  auger
 hole is drilled in which  two concentric  tubes are placed.   Measurements are
 based  on the  rate of change  and the water  level of the inner tube.  The flow
 between the  tubes are  separated due to continued intake of water  in  the soil.
 Because of different water levels, dimensionless parameters were  used  to
 measure the  water levels.  These parameters were designed for three  types of
 soils, a uniform soil  and soils underlain  vith components of lower and higher
 conductivity.  As a variable the depth of  material vith different  conductiv-
 ity was selected.

 REFERENCE:  Soil Science  Society of America,  Vol. 25, 1961, pp. 334-339.

      For articles on related subject see Nos.  24 and 474.

           809. INCORPORATION OF  LIQUID HYDROCARBONS INTO AGAR MEDIA

                                        by

                               J.  N. Baruah et  al.


       Emulsifiers can  be used to disperse liquid hydrocarbons in an agar
 media  However, they are unstable in autoclaving,  and by developing sub-
 strates or influencing the nicroorgan*„. they cause  inaccurate test results.
 Now hydrocarbons can  be incorporated into agar media  by first adsorbing
 hydrocarbons  into  silica gel, and then mixing the silica with  the agar med.a,
 vhich produces a homogeneous, translucent agar in whxch colony formations
 can easily be seen.

 REFERENCE:   Applied Microbiology, Vol.  15. No. 4, 1967, p.  961.

       For  articles  on  related subject see  Nos. 6,  31,  77.  165,  168,  and 313.

                                       452

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                 810.  INVESTIGATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
                            BY REVERSED PHASE HPLC

                                      by

                           L. Szepesy and M. Czencz


     This article investigates  the use of  high-pressure, high performance
liquid chroraatography.   This method gives  a better separation and can even
be used to prefraction complex  samples tor further analysis.  It also has
new possibilities for  specific  selectivity of  aromatic compounds because of
the use of reverse phase packings.

REFERENCE:  Periodica  Polytechnia, Vol. 24, No. 2-3, 1980, pp. 123-137.


     For article on  related subject see No. 794.


         811. METHODS  FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WASTES 1978

                                      by

                          John  F.  Koop, Gerald  McKee


     This is  the third edition of analyzation  procedures used by EPA labor-
atories for examining  ground or surface water, domestic and industrial
waste effluents.  It provides  tests procedures for physical, inorganic,  and
selected organic particulates.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/4-79/020,  PB-297-686,  1979, pp. 1-463.


     For articles on related subject  sec  Nos.  886, 343, 688, and 800.

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    812. A MODLL FOR THE  TRANSPORT  OF  PESTICIDES  IN SOIL WITH DIFFUSION-
                CONTROLLED  RATES  OF ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION

                                       by

                                  M.  Leistra


     A simulated model  of the  downward movement of a pesticide in soil was
utilized to study diffusion-controlled rates  of adsorption and desorption.
Lateral transportation  occurred by  diffusion  through a soil region with a
stagnant liquid phase.  Pesticide concentration was significantly affected
by rapid lateral diffusion, while shorter diffusion distances had a weaker
influence.  Mobility was  closely  related  to  the initial soil condition
being highest when  beginning in a mobile  region.

REFERENCE:  Agriculture and Environment,  Vol. 3,  1977, pp. 325-335.

     For article on related subject see No.  447.

                          813.  POT CULTURE EXPERIENCE

                                       by

                                J. A. Voelck.
     This paper  covered several different areas related  to  the application
of various substances to crops and soils.

     The first experiment studied the influence of four  salts on wheat
plants.  Zinc and  copper salts were found to be stimulating at low levels,
but toxic as larger  applications were applied.   When manganese and cerium
salts were added tc  wheat, no significant change was found  in plant growth
or plant yield.

     The second  experiment compared line to magnesium in soils.  These
studies showed that  a higher ratio of lime to magnesium  in  the soil was
beneficial to plants whereas a lower lime ratio was detrimental.

     The third experiment analyzed sulfur as a fertilizer which resulted in
no significant effects on the growth of a variety of crops.
                                      454

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     The final study  consisted of  determining  the  effects of lithium phos-
phate and magnesia  on the tomati plant.   Both  substances when added to the
soil were found  to  be toxic to the plants used.

REFERENCE:   Journal Royal Agr . Soc. (England), 1913,  pp. 411-422.


     For articles on  related subject see Nos.  109, 777,  and  802.


          814.  PREDICTED BIOCONCENTRAT10N FACTORS AND SOIL  SORPTION
                COEFFICIENTS OF PESTICIDES AND OTHER CHEMICALS

                                       by

                                Eugene E. Kenaga


      To calculate  soil sorption,  equations were used on the coefficients and
 bioconcentration components  including 358 compounds.  Pesticides were mea-
 sured mostly from  known  water values.   Experiments were done for the highest
 values of bioconcentration factors that could be  calculated, and values were
 possible to find.  The highest value of bioconcentration factors was found
 in chemicals retaining water solubility of  less  than 0.1 ppm.  In comparison,
 the coefficients are also located in low water solubility.  Some 10/ of the
 bioconcentration  factor  values exceeded 1000, and in order  to find the
 environmental importance, it should be  experimentally confirmed   Thirty
 percent of  the  coefficients were  also over  1000.   To calculate the values  in
 water  is a  simple  situation that  is useful  for estimation of partitioning  in
 soil and in animal tissues.  This is good in order of possible prevention  of
 potential hazards.  In conclusion, the  low solubility  in water prevents a
 good indication between insecticides and herbicides.

 REFERENCE:  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol.  4, 1980, pp.  26-38.


             815  A RAPID METHOD OF EVALUATING DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS
                "   AS INHIBITORS  OF UREASE ACTIVITY IN SOILS

                                         by

                          L. A.  Douglas and J.  M. Bremner
               urea^
    lrt       termination,  and the  method  can be  adapted  to study the rate
  of inactivation of  urease inhibitors m soils.
  REFERENCE:   Soil  Biol.  Bioche... Vol. 3, No.  4,  1971,  pp.  309-316.
                                        455

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            816. WASTE  WATER RENOVATION THROUGH SOIL PERCOLATION

                                       by

                                 Matt K. John


     A study was done on effluent renovation by soil percolation.  This
involves the leaching of secondary effluent through three differing soil
types:  fluvial deposited  soil, glacial lake-shore soil, and marine
deposited soil.  Analyses in 22 leachate collections showed that the
influence of varying soil properties, and the effects of continuous use
were the mechanisms of  the removal of phosphorus.  Renovations of effluent
phosphorus  occurred most with percolation through acidic Milner soils
(marine deposited)  which are high in aluminum and iron.  Squilex soil
(fluvial) removed  more  phosphorus from the first leachings due to its higher
exchangeable calcium content.  Over a long term, Glenmore soil (glacial
lakeshore)  proved  to be the better of these two alkaline soils.  Levels of
leachate NG-^-N were found tt be lower than original NO-j-N effluent.  Through
all three soils,  NO-j-N  enrichment lasted during effluent percolations.
Cations that accumulated caused effluent concentrations  to lower in the
Milner soils.

REFERENCE:  Water,  Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, 1974, pp.  3-10.


     For articles  on related subject see Nos. 126, 208,  404, 427, and 515.
                                      456

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                     817. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY ASSISTS ARMY
                          SEARCH FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES


     The  U.S.  Army is utilizing aerial photography to supplement their
search  for  hazardous waste sights which the army has left  behind in the past.
Aerial  photographs are used in conjunction with historical  imagery; other
governmental  archives and srny records are in search for these sites.
Magnified steroscopic viewing and photo enlargements are some techniques
used to make  identification of various objects of areas easier.  This method
provides  an alternative for determining specific areas of  potential danger
which cannot  easily be determined from the ground.

REFERENCE:  EPA,  October 1982, pp. 1-4.

                818. AEKIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE


     This report  discusses the use of aerial photography for emergency
response.   The EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory helps the
Agency  in providing photography services around the clock  to EPA response
teams in  the  emergency areas of a chemical fire and spills of hazardous sub-
stances into  the  environment.  Aerial photography provides a quick overview
of the existing problem; they are tailored to the specific needs of each
incident.   A  study of aerial photographys shows information  on conditions at
the site  such  as  the location and extent of visible spillage, vegetation
damage, and potential transport of chemicals via drainage  conduits.  Aerial
photographs also  provide information of safety planning, including popula-
tion evacuation and reoccupancy and determination of a control area.

REFERENCE:  EPA,  December 1982, pp. 1-3.

             819.  AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY HELPS ASSESS SEPTIC SYSTEMS
     Aerial photography can be used in assessing failures  in soptic systems.
Aerial photographs  are taken with r.olor and infrared cameras,  then studied
under powerful  stereoscoptic techniques.   An analyst using these t-achniques
can pin-point the  indicators of septic system failures.  False indicators
that do not correspond to system failure  can also be distinguished.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 1982, pp.  1-4.
                                      457

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      820. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY  TO  SUPPORT  CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
     This paper discusses  the  use of  aerial  photography to support chemical
exposure assessments.   Aerial  photography  has  been used in studies on the
environmental  impact of industrial facilities, coal extraction, septic tank
failures, hazardous waste  sites,  and  wetlands  development.  They are also
using aerial photography to improve approaches to monitoring air, water,
soil, food, and other  environmental pathways in order  Lo assess the degree
and extent of  chemical exposures  to man.   Aerial photography has been used
before in projects  such as pollutant  leakage into waterways or aquifers used
for drinking water  supplies  and  the  proximity of pollutions to chemical
spills and explosions.  But recently, efforts  are being made to link aerial
photography capabilities in a systematic  manner with  the design of exposure
monitoring networks.   Several ways in aerial photography have already proven
ro be an extremely  useful and cost-reducing tool in efforts to monitor our
exposure to toxic chemicals in our environment.

REFERENCE:  EPA,  October 1981, pp. 1-4.


                         821. AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING

                                       by

                              Glenn E. Schweitzer


      Three  types of airborne surveyirg are described:  multispectral  scan-
ning,  lasers  survey, and aerial  photography.  Multispectral scanning  records
radiant  energy reflected by the  ground surface  that has been split into  11
different  wave lengths corresponding to ultraviolet through infrared  on  the
electromagnetic spectrum.  Laser fiuorosensing  records the intensity  of
laser induced fluorescence, which is directly proportional to the concentra-
tion of  chlorophyll-a  or dissolved organic  carbon in the surface layers  of
a body of  water.  Laser "liders" record time  delays between laser firing and
the return of back-scattered  light from laser pulse interaction with  air-
borne particles and droplets  in  an aerosol  layer.  Aerial photography can be
ueed to identify hazardous waste sites and  contamination of areas by  hazard-
ous materials.

REFERSNCE:  Environmental  Science &  Technology, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1982, pp.
             338a-346a.
                                       458

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                           822.  SEEING  is  BELIEVING
     This paper discusses  the  use of  an instrument called Enviro-Pad for
aerial photographic  imagery.   The device consists of  two cameras set at
different angles which  are designed for counting on light aircraft.  The
device provides an efficient means by which  information on waste disposal
areas can be obtained.   This  instrument produces economical, high-resolu-
tion images of  the desired area.  Use of these instruments can be arranged
by state or local officials in cooperation with the EPA.

REFERENCE:  EPA, 600/4-82-056, July 1982, pp.  1-4.
                823.  USING ,ic.AlAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR LOCATING AND
                      INVESTIGATING HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES


      This  report discusses th= use of aerial photography of  hazardous waste
sites.   This imagery is used to locate and describe various  waste sites.
Aerial  photographs are used to supplement other sources of  information
including  historical photographs and data.  Classifications  are made from
this  information into such categories as liquid waste dirposal sight, active
landfills, and unidentifiable scars.  Emphasis is made on potential dangers
to  residences and the environment.  Aerial photography provides an efficient
means of documenting a wide variety of data on waste disposal  sites.

REFERENCE:  EPA, September 1981, pp. 1-4.
                                       459

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          824. THE FLUCTUATION TEST AS A MORE SENSITIVE SYSTEM FOR
         DETERMINING INDUCED MUTATION IN L5178Y MOUSE LY>!PHOMA CELLS

                                      by

                               J.  Cole et  al.


     To analyse  spontaneous mutation  and  the  rates  involved, a series of
Luria-Delbruck Fluctuation tests were run. These tests were done in order
to compare Ouabain negativity  and mouse  lyrnphoma cells of a mouse.  In
doing the Fluctuation  testing,  it was found more sensitive and easier to
compare tnutagens than  most other tests.

REFERENCE:  Mutation Research,  Vol.  41,  1976, pp. 377-326.


     For articles on related  subject see No.  254, 731, and 732.


            825.  POINT MUTATIONS INDUCED BY PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS

                                       by

                                   A. Carere


     A  test was undertaken to determine the tnutagenic effects of pharmaceu-
 tical drugs.   ';Ihe technique used was a "plate test" in which the suspected
 substance  is added to a sample  of the chosen bacteria.  Results  showed  six
 out  of  about one hundred  of the drugs tested to be tnutagenic.  In sub-
 sequent tests, however, results varied.

 REFERENCE:   Mutation Research,  Vol.  29, 1975, p. 235.


      For articles on related subject see  Nos. 60, 473, and 733.
                                       460

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                     826.  RECENT  DEVELOPMENTS WITH L5178Y
                     TK  HETEROZYGOTE MUTAGEN ASSAY SYSTEM

                                       by

                                 Donald Clive
     The mammalian  cell culture system helps bring  together the gulf between
microbial systems and  whole mammal systems that  have  been used in mutagenical
studies.  Lymphoma  cells have been known to retain  both  mammalian architec-
ture and certain parts of mammalian metabolism.   An interesting quality of
mutagenesis  is  they emphasize classification as  being strong, weak, or of
intermediate potency mutagens.  Various hycanthor.e  analogs are being studied,
one of which has put forth possible negligible amtagenicity at levels inhi-
biting growth.  Tests  are in the process of finding new  and safe hycanthone
substitutes  for use in the control of schistosmiasis. Mutagens do not attack
in single file  but  en  masse; target cells not being intraperitoneal, but
gonadal.  Here  the  issue is not only dead fetuses,  but an  imperceptably
debilitating numbers,  and where Salmonella sapiens  do not  exist.

REFERENCE:   Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 119-125.

        827. THE  SELECTION AND INDUCTION OF 5-IODO-2-DEOXYURID1NE AND
             THYMIDINE VARIANTS OF P388 MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH
                      AGENTS WHICH ARE USED FOR SELECTION

                                       by

                                Diana Anderson


     5-IODO-2-Deoxyuridine  (lUdR) , 5-BROMO-2-Deoxyuridine  (BUdR), azaguanine,
and pyrimidine  thymidine (TdR) have been used to select  the variant cells of
mammals  that were previously treated with suspected mutagens.  Recent obser-
vation and  study  has revealed that to extend these selective agents may  act
as mutagens, thus increasing the  frequency of variants,  or decreasing the
frequency  of variants due  to non-survival of doubly injured cells.  This
phenomenon could involve  the metabolic pathways used by a variety  of agents
and correspondance between  paths  used by mutagens or selectors.

REFERENCE:   Mutation Research, Vol. 33, 1975, pp. 399-406.
                                      461

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                  828.  ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES  FROM LONG-TERM
                   LAND APPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL  EFFLUENTS

                                       by

                             T.  D.  Hinesly et al.


     This report  contains the results of various chemical analyses performed
on soil and plant samples collected from sewage  effluent disposal sites
during March  1975 at Bakersfield,  California  and at  Lubbock, Texas in June
1976.  At both  sires approximately 16 rngd of effluent is: applied daily
throughout the  year on land used for the production of row and forage crops.
Parts of both farms have been annually irrigated with sewage effluent for
more than 35  years.  Except for changes in phosphorus concentrations, soil
chemical properties were not markedly affected by sewage effluent irriga-
tions.  Long-term irrigations with sewage effluent have caused very little
change in the chemical composition of plants grown on the disposal sites.

     From the few data available,  it appears that long-terra disposal of
sewage effluent on farm land may have caused unacceptable concentrations of
nitrates in groundwaters.  This problem could be easily corrected at both
sites by storing  effluent during winter months.   With adequate storage
facilities, effluent applications could He regulated  so that nitrogen inputs
were in balance with nitrogen uptake by ^»op plants.   If they were managed
to remove nitrogen, soils at both sites have potential capacities for
removing contaminants from wastewaters for many  more  years.

REFERENCE:  EPA,  430/9-78-003,  June 1978, pp. 1-31.


     For articles on related subject see Kos. 1, 65,  714, 731, and 733.
                                      462

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     829. LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF  LAND APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER:
               HOLLISTER,  CALIFORNIA,  RAPID  INFILTRATION SITE

                                       by

                            Charles E.  Pound  et al.


     After a one  year  sampling  ard analysis  program  period, the rapid Infil-
tration  treatnenc technique in  use at  this site was  found to be effectively
reducing:  chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total oxygen
detnanjv  nitrogen, and  fecal coliform.   Trace elements were not removed as
well as  other  effluent constituents, but  only lead exceeded drinking water
limits for waste  water and for  shallow groundwater aquifer.  Full project,
operations, and  analyses descriptions are included.

REFERENCE:  EPA-600/2-79-084, 1978, pp. 1-149.

     For articles on  related subject see Nos. 67, 75,  79, and 739.

                     830. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH L5178Y
                     TK HETEROZYGOTE MUTAGEN ASSAY SYSTEM

                                       by

                                 Donald Clive


     The mammalian cell culture system helps bring together the  gulf between
microbial systems and whole mammal  system that have been  used  in mutagenical
studies.  Lymphoma cells have been  known to retain both maramalian architec-
ture and certain parts of mammalian metabolism.  An interesting  quality of
rautagenesis is they emphasize classification as being strong, weak,  or of
intermediate  potency mutagens.  Various hycanthone analogs  are bcir.g studied,
one of  which  has put forth possible negligible mutagenicity ?.t  levels  inhi-
biting growth.  Tests are  in the  process of  finding new and safe hycanthone
substitutes for use in  the control  of  schistosmiasis.  Mutagens  do not attack
in single file but en masse; target cells not being intraperitoneal, but
oonadal   Here the issue  is not only  dead fetuses, but an imperceptably
debilitating numbers, and where Salmonella  sapiens do not exist.

REFERENCE:  Environmental  Health  Perspectives, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 119-125.


      For articles on  related subject  see  Nos. 91, 100, 102, 103, 108, 112,
 113, 109, and 825.

                                       463

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        831. THE SELECTION AND  INDUCTION OF 5-IODO-2-DEOXYURIDINE  AND
            THYMIDINE VARIANTS  OF P388 MOUSE LYMTHOMA CELLS WITH
                     AGENTS WHICH ARE USED FOR SELECTION

                                      by

                                Diana Anderson


     5-IODO-2-Deoxyuridine  (lUdR) ,  5-BROMO-2-Deoxyuridine  (BUdR),  azaguanine,
and pyrinidine  thymidine (TdR)  have been  used  to select the variant cells of
mammals that were  previously  treated with suspected mutagens.  Recent obser-
vation and  study has revealed that  to  extend  these selective agents may act
as mutagens, thus  increasing  the frequency of  variants, or decreasing the
frequency of variants due to  non-survival of  doubly  injured cells.  This
phenonraenon could  involve the metabolic pathways used  oy a variety of agents
and correspondance between paths used by  mutagens or selectors.

REFERENCE:  Mutation Research, Vol. 33, 1975,  pp. 399-406.


      For  articles  on related subject see Nos.  115 and  117.
                                       464

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               832. COST  COMPARISONS  OF  TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
                 ALTERNATIVES  FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES—VOLUME I

                                       by

                   Warren G. Aansen and  Howard  L. Rishel


     Unit costs  are  estimated  for 16 treatment  and  5 disposal techniques
applicable  to hazardous wastes from the  organic chemicals, inorganic chemi-
cals, and electroplating  and metal finishing  industries.  Each technology
was evaluated by unit process  or modules, and computer-linked models
developed for calculating capital and operating costs  at  the unit process
level.  Costs were aggregated  at the technology level  including applicable
indirect costs  and maintenance costs.  Data files were designed to indi-
cate economies  of scale for 5  levels of  through put.   Life cycle average
unit costs  are  presented  in both tabular and graphic  form.

REFERENCE.   EPA-600/2-80-188,  December 1980.

     For articles on related subject see Nos. 132  and 133.


            833.  PLANNING FOR LAND-BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
                SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

                                       by

                     Maurice Baker  and Lee A. Christensen


     The  use of air and water  for  disposal of wastes from production and
 consumption is no longer acceptable.  One of the alternative means of dis-
 posal  is  land disposal.  Decisions concerning utilization and disposition
 of residual wastes is  influenced by  a large number of variables.

     This article discusses the economics  related to waste management in
 terms  of  cost analyses,  externalities,  government actions, materials flow,
 1oint  products, and  stock  and  flow resources.  Means  for attaining environ-
 mental goals are by  a  legal-regulatory  approach and an economic incentive
 aooroach   Opportunity costs  will  influence  whether a  residual will be used
 1» a production  process.   Some objectives  of  land application are minimizing
 waste  treatment  costs, disposing of wastes in  an environmentally acceptable
                                       465

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manner supplying  nutrient  or water requirements of crops  and recharging
ground aquifers.   Some options for institutional  structures discussed are
acquisition and management options, fee simple acquisition, less than simple
and contractual agreements.  There is a long discussion of a decision frame-
work  for considering land  application and a discussion of cost of land appli-
cation systems.

REFERENCE:  Land  Application of Waste Materials  Soil  Cons. Soc. of America,
            pp.  278-288.


      For articles on related subject see Nor. 71, 83, 87, and 391.
                                       466

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