PB88-.14S297
Kinetics of: Ingested (222) Rn in
Humans Determined t-rom
Measurements with (133) Xe
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
Prepared for
Health Effects Research Lab.
Research Triangle Park, KC
Dec 87
aatiiiaiejfl5g!iBa33Basffigss3i^gia«^
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EPA/600/1-87/013
December 1987
The Kinetics of Ingested 222Rn In Humans
Determined from Measurements with 133Xe
by
John A.Correia, Ph.D., Steven B. Weise, Ronald J. Callahan, Ph.D.
and H. William Strauss, M.D.
Department of Radiology
Division of Radiological Sciences and Division of Nuclear Medirine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA 02114
CR810942
Project Officer
Norman E. Kowal
Toxicology and Microbiology Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(ftetie renl Inttnicnont on tht ttotnt before comptttintf
. REPORT NO.
KPA/nOO/1-87/013
2.
. TITLC AND SUBTITLE -
HE KINETICS OF INGESTED 222Rn TIN HUMANS
ETERMINED FROM MEASUREMENTS WITH 133Xe
4. REPORT OAT*
'OUT OATC ,001
Ik-comber 1937
i. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHORISI
ohn A. Correla, Steven B. Weise. Ronald J. Callahan,
nd U. William Strauss
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
apartment of Radiology, Division of Radiological
ciences and Division of Nuclear Medicine,
assachusetts General Hospital. Boston, MA
2114
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CBMC1A
II. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CR810942
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
ealth Effects Research Laboratory (UERL)
ffice of Research and Development (ORD)
.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
search Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Project Report/Summary
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/11
S^SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
.0. Norman E. Kowal, BMTB/TMD/HERL/USEPA (CI)
LTfie problem of naturally occurring 222-radon contamination has received a great
deal of public and scientific attention over the past several years, and has become
a major public health issue worldwide. The purpose of the work reported in this
document was to provide information about the behavior of ingested 222-radon in
the digestive system and other organs of the human body. l33-Xenon, an element
which behaves in the same manner as 222-radon in tissue and differs only in
tissue solubility, was used in studies on human subjects. The tissue solubility
differences were accounted for by using the tisiue/blood partition coefficients of
the two gases.\5-Ihis report was submitted in fulfillment of cooperative agreement
CR810942 by Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from 24 October
1983 to 23 April 1886, and itark was completed as of 26 August 1987.
IT.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
. COSATi Field/Croup
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Hill Rtpor
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
900
20. SECURITY CLASS Illilt faftl
UNCLASSIFIED
gPA fvm 2220-1 (R«». 4-77) previous COITION i* OBIOLCTC
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NOTICE
This document: has been reviewed in accordance with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency policy through cooperative agree-
ment CR810942 to Massachusetts General Hospital. Boston. MA and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial
society are accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment.
of the relative risk of existing and new man-made environmental
hazards is necessary for the establishment of sound regulatory
policy. These regulations serve to enhance the quality of our
environment in order to promote the public health and welfare and
the productive capacity of our Nation's population.
The complexities of environmental problems originate in the
deep interdependent relationships between the various physical
and biological segments of man's natural and social world. Solutions
to these environmental problems require an integrated program of
research and development using input from a number of disciplines.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
NC and Cincinnati, OH, conducts a coordinated environmental
health research program in toxicology, epidemiology, and clinical
studies using human volunteer subjects. Wide ranges of pollutants
known or suspected to causg health problems are studied. The
research focuses on air pollutants, water pollutants, toxic
substances, hazardous wastes, pesticides, andnonionizing radiation.
The laboratory participates in the development and revision of
air and water quality criteria and health assessment documents on
pollutants for which regulatory actions are being considered.
Direct support to the regulatory function of the Agency is provided
in the form of expert testimony and preparation of affidavits as
well as expert advice to the Administrator to assure the adequacy
of environmental regulatory decisions involving the protection of
the health and welfare of all U.S. inhabitants.
This document reports the results of research on the
behavior of ingested radon in the human digestive system and
other organs of the body, which was performed because of the
recently recognized public health problem of human exposure to
naturally occurring radon La the environment.
F. Cordon Hueter, Ph.D.
Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
The problem of naturally occurring " -radon contamination has
received a gveat deal of public and scientific attention over
the past several years, and has become a major public health
issue worldwide. The purpose of the work reported in this
document was to provide information about the behavior of ingested
-radon in the digestive system and other organs of the human
body. liiij-Xenon, an element which behaves in the same manner
as "-radon in tissue and differs only in tissue solubility,
was used in studies on human subjects. The tissue solubility
differences were accounted for by using the tissue/blood partition
coefficients of the two gases. This report was submitted in
fulfillment of cooperative agreement CR810942 by Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA, under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period
from 24 October 1983 to 23 April 1886, and work was completed as
of 26 August 1987.
iv
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Abstract
1 INTRODUCTION ................... i
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS .............. 4
2.1 Introduction ................... 4
2.2 Experimental Study Population ........... 5
2.3 Xenon and Radon Partition Coefficients ...... 7
2.4 Radioactivity Administration and Calibration ... 9
2.5 Experimental Imaging Methodology ......... 11
2.5.1 instrumentation and data collection for
ingestion studies .............. 11
2.5.2 subject study protocol ........... 13
2.5.3 inhalation studies ............. 14
2.5.4 data analysis ................ 17
2.5.5 analysis of inhalation data ......... 27
3 RESULTS ...................... 31
3.1 Introduction ................... 31
3.2 Results from Direct Analysis of Quantitative Data. 32
3.3 Results from Analytic Treatments of Quantitative
Data ....................... 33
3.4 Comparisons of Sub-populations .......... 37
3.5 Results of Separate Analysis of Early Ingestion
Data ....................... 41
3.6 Results from Inhalation Studies .......... 41
4 CONCLUSIONS . . . , ............... 46
Bibliography ................. ........ 49
Appendices
A ......................... .... 54
B. . . .......................... 443
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the work reported in this document was to provide infor-
mation about the hehavoir of ingested "2Rn in the digestive system and
other organs of the body. The problem of naturally occuring 222Rn contam-
ination has received a great deal of public and scientific attention over the
past several years and has become a major public health issue worldwide
136)181 [45].
One potentially serious source of radiation dose to the population at
large from 222Rn comes from the ingestion of drinking water laden with
this substance [13][1][5] [44]. To date this problem has been studied only in
a preliminary way. Very little data has been collected in human subjects.
There have been several studies in which a small number of subjects in-
gested radon laden water and were followed over time either by whole body
counting of the penetrating emissions from the 222Rn daughter or by mea-
suring equilibrated 222Rn daughters in expired air 7MBi [3][48] (1][17](13]
[5] [19]. All of these studies suffer from the limitation that direct regional
measurements of organ concentrations could not be carried out with the
experimental preparation used, and the fact that they depend on infer-
ring 222Rn and daughter concentrations from an equilibrated mixture of
the parent and daughters. Also, because of the difficulties in carrying out
the measurements, only a few subjects were evaluated in each experiment.
In the present work we have attempted to use an alternative preparation
which would overcome these limitations. Rather than using 222Rn itself
we have used a substance, I33Xe, which behaves in the same manner as
"2Rn in tissue, differing only in tissue solubility. The tissue solubility
1
-------
differences may be accounted for in situations where organ concentrations
are equilibrated at all times (a usual assumption for compartmental models)
using the tissue/blood partition coefficients of the two gases[51][l6][28).
133Xe is used routinely a.-) in gaseous form for clinical nuclear medicine
lung ventilation and brain organ flow studies[40] [50][29](11][18](37] [32l[12]['25][10]
It has not however been used routinely in dissolved form. 133Xe emits pen-
etrating photons at 81 and 35 keV, the former being within the range of
energy for which clinical scintillation cameras are designed (2j[42][15j[35|.
[26]. A significant effort was expended at the early stages of the project to
develop a method for producing and administering sterile doses of l33Xe in
solution and to the development of human imaging protocols. A series of
animal studies, not reported in this work, were carried out as part of this
development phase.
Thirty-five subjects were imaged after the administration of a drink of
water laden with rnillicurie levels of 133Xe. They were followed for periods
of up to ten hours with a scintillation camera. Organ radioactivity concen-
tration vs time curves were generated for the digestive system, quantUaled
in absolute concentration units and converted to 222Rn kinetic curves using
partition coefficient data gleaned from the literature. Various parameters
were then computed from these 2"Rn concentrations, including cumulative
radioactivity concentrations for 2"Rn and its five daughters, organ mean
transit time for J22Rn and a set of average analytical organ rate constants
for 2"Rn kinetics determined from least squatares fits. Fifteen of the sub-
jects were also studied with high frequency imaging (1hz) during the initial
post-ingestion period to test for rapid escape of radioactivity from the body.
An additional twelve subjects were studied after inhalation of J33Xe to
assess the contribution of "2Rn recirculated from the lungs to the organs
of the body. These studies were conducted because recirculation was felt
to be the major source of muscle and fat radioactivity following ingestion
of "3Rn and might also be a significant source of radioactivity in other
organs.
This project was carried out in a university hospital environment (Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital) because such an institution is the only place
where the imaging technology, experience in handling large (mCi) quantities
of radioisotopes for use in human subjects, and expertise in mathematical
modeling and data handling could all be found in the same institution.
The following chapters of this report present ihe detiuls of experimental
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methods (Chapter 2), Results (chapter 3) and conclusions (chapter 4).
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Chapter 2
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
2.1 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the experimental and computa-
tional approaches used in producing the results reported in other sections.
The overall goal of the work was to determine regional quantitative radioac-
tivity concentrations and cumulative radioactivity concentrations which re-
sult from the ingcstion of 222Rn. The experimental preparation was based
on the administration of a drink of 153Xe, a chemical analog of radon, to
a series of volunteer subjects and following the regional radioactivity dis-
tribution in the body over time with a nuclear medical imaging device.
l33Xe was chosen because it emits penetrating photons (SlkeV and SOkeV)
which are easily imaged and because it is routinely used in gaseous form
for nuclear medical studies.
The remainder of this chapter describes the details of the measurements
and data analysis that were carried out to achieve the stated goal. It
is organized as a series of sections, each describing a separate aspect of
methodology. The order of presentation is chosen to approximate as closely
as possible the chronological steps in arriving at the results. The topics
discussed include:
Subject recruitment and population characteristics
Xenon and Radon Partition Coefficients
Radioactivity Dose Preparation and Calibration
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Experimental Imaging Methodology
Data Analysis
2.2 Experimental Study Population
Paid normal volunteer subjects were recruited by advertising on bulletin
boards at local academic institutions and within the local community. The
advertisments were reviewed and approved by the Massachusetts General
Hospital (MGH) human studies committee. Approximately seventy re-
sponses to the advertisements occured during a two year period. An ini-
tial interview by telephone was conducted with each respondent. In this
interview the nature of the study and its goals as well as the specific mea-
surements to be done were explained to the respondent by an experienced
interviewer. A set of questions concerning the subject's reasons for volun-
teering were also asked for the purpose of psychological screening. During
the phone interviews twenty percent of the responding subjects were elimi-
nated by the interviewer or themselve* decided against participation based
on a disproportionate perception of radiation risk. Approximately ten per-
cent were eliminated based on their psychological status or state of health.
Potential subjects from the above group were re-contacted by telephone
and a time for cither an ingestion or an inhalation a study was scheduled.
Subjects scheduled for ingestion studies were instructed at this time either
to fast for eight to twelve hours, to eat a low fat meal four to six hours
before the study, or to eat a low fat meal one hour before the study. When
a subject arrived on the day of the study, one of the investigators agsiin ex-
plained the overall goals of the study and the specifics of the measurements.
In the course of this discussion the subject was shown the couipment to be
used. A medical history was taken and the subject's diger.tivc status was
confirmed. Finally, the subject was asked to read and sigii an approved con-
sent form and was asked to express any concerns or questions that he/she
might htive concerning the study. No subjects dropped out at this stage.
reB Five studies were judged to be technical failures based on equipment
problems or inability of the subject to cooperate. A total of thirty succssful
ingestion studies and twelve successful inhalation studies wore performed.
The characteristics of the ingestion study population, including the time of
each participant's last meal prior to the study, is shown in Table 2.1. This
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Table 2.1: Subject Population for Ingestion Studies
Subject JO
hern
trrol
»ytr
brock
by rut
clin*
elmden
pling
frccdmtn
gcllop
gmcVinley
h«nd
htwkint
hill
hntchint
jmckinley
krlleher
littell
m»io
mulcorn
m»rmill*n
miller
morgvn
monroe
muchrchr
perk
iMtet
t»ylor
wnolck
wiltie
AVEilAGE
S.D.
i *g*(yr,)
*
i
,
!~48
48
: 40
! 32
i ««
1 *T
i "
1 30
. 33
42
: 20
54
1 40
' 41
45
28
45
21
20
21
25
38
28
27
i 21
27
25
' 25
32
33.1
10.
Stx
.
m
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; r
; f
', m
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; m
; m
; m
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i r
: m
t
: f
: m
m
: m
m
" m
m
r
m
m
m
m
m
f
m
r
weight (Ibt)
180
' 108
! us
! 103
1 16S
115
! iso
| ISO
225
180
;
120
' 140
130
; 175
. 1SS
' 228
ISO
16S
ISO
' 120
140
174
ISO
155 ;
175 i
180
130
168.7(m),
120.0(f)
30(m). 38(f)
height (in)
T2
60
63
62
60
67
65
69
70
60
67
63
68
66
I3S
70
70
72
67
73
70
66
70
68
71
73
71
62 ;
74
GO
70.3(m),
64.n(f)
l.9(m). J.rt(l"i '
time
Sine*
Meal
(hi-.)
12
l.S
I
S
8
8
&
1
ft
0.5
I
1
12
1
6
11
l.S
12
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10
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2
l.S
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$ '
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4
_
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population consisted of twelve females and eighteen males. Their mean age
was 33.1 ± 10.0 years. All but five of the subjects (2 males and 3 females)
had normal body weight for their height and those five were mildly obese.
Six subjects had fasted for more than eight hours, fifteen had had a light
meal within one and one half hours before the study and nine had had a
similar meal four to six hours before the study.
2.3 Xenon and Radon Partition Coefficients
This study exploits the fact that Radon and Xenon, both chemically inert
, behave in a very similar way in tissue and blood. The main differences
in their behavior result from differences in solubility in tissues, a physicnl
effect. Both elements diffuse freely into tissue and blood and their typical
root of egress is by diffusion into to venous blood and subsequent transfer
to air in the lungs. If one assumes that two tissues, blood and intestinal
wall for example, are equilibrated with respect to a given inert gas, then the
concentrations of in the two tissue types t and ji are related by a constant
called the partition coefficient, Af these gases
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(38J17]|9](14][41) [52][53] as well as a resonable amount of human data[38][20]
[23][24j[33][39]f46]l51][28][6][13][17l.
For the purposes of the work reported here the human data was used
where possible. In several instances (the digestive organs in particular) no
human Xe data was available. In these cases however data was available
for animals and for another inert gas, Kr[4][22] [21]|31][33j[41][51] [27J. Di-
gestive organ partition coefficients for Xe were inferred from human Kr and
Rn partition coefficents. This was felt to be justifiable since, for other or-
gans where partition coefficients were known for all three gases, the ratios
among the three were constant. Also, comparisons of partition coefficients
in all three gases in several animal species yielded approximately the same
ratios. The partition coefficients used in the computations undertaken as
part of this work are given in table 2.2.
In the case of fat there is wide range of Rn partition coefficients reported
(from 10 to 20). For the computations in this work the value 11.93 was
assumed to be correct but this decision is arbitrary.
For most of the other organs of interest in this work, the Radon and
Xenon partition coefficients were very similar. This allowed us to make the
assumption of a single phase for these gasses in the digestive system rather
than being concerned about whether the two substances would behave dif-
ferently in the gas phase before entering tissue. One problem with this
assumption is that differing amounts of fat in the food present in the diges-
tive system would dissolve Xe and Rn differently. Therefore experimental
subjects ate only low fat foods in the period before the studies.
Table 2.2: Human Tissue-Blood Partition Coefficients for Rn and Xe
Organ
liver
ttomach
inttttinn
kidney
muicle
fat
brain
Radon A
0.75
0.70
0.76
0.70
0.54
11.93(30.0)
0,76
Xenon X
O.T5
0.72
0.7?
0.68
0.60
9.s
0.02
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2.4 Radioactivity Administration and Cali-
bration
In order to provide a sterile preparation of 133Xe for ingestion, it was neces-
sary for us to develop a method of producing individual (unit) doses of this
gas dissolved in liquid (dissolved Xenon doses are not currently available
commercially) and to develop a safe and effective method of administering
the dose to a human subject. The unit dose and subject delivery systems
must be both sterile and resistant to corrosion from saline. To provide unit
doses from a high-radioactivity source a chrome-plated stainless steel ves-
sel was constructed. The vessel contains a screw-driven press which can be
operated from the outside when the vessel is closed and two fittings which
are compatible with standard sterile hospital fittings. A commercially pur-
chased glass ampule containing approximately one Curie of l33Xe is placed
in the chamber, the chamber is then sealed and filled with saline from a
reservoir which remains connected. The screw press is then operated from
the outside to crush the ampule and the Xe gas is dissolved. Unit doses may
be drawn form the device by adding saline to the inlet port and collecting
displaced saline, already equillibrated with the gas, in a sterile syringe at
the outlet port. The gas/saline solution in the vessel then equilibrates at
slightly lower U3Xe concentration. A schematic of this device is shown in
figure 2.1. It is sterilized before each new ampule is loaded.
The unit dose, about 5cc in volume, is then injected into a sterile plastic
bag containing lOOcc of saline with no air bubbles. The transfer is made
through a sterile injection membrane which was fitted to it along with a
three way valve and a plastic straw. The straw serves as the administration
route to the subject. A sketch of this device is also shown in figure 2.1.
Typically, a unit dose was made up between four and eight hours before
the study to allow for 133Xe equilibration within the bag. Such a dose
consisted of 3-6 mCi of l33Xe with the assumption that 1-3 mCi would be
delivered to the subject and the remainder would adhere to the plastic bag
and valves. The radioactivity level in each dose was measured just prior
to administration and immediately after administration using a standard
nuclear pharmacy dose calibrator (ionizalion chamber based well counter
calibrated to ±10To for IMXe).
At the start of an ingestion study, the subject was told to seal his/her
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I Lead Shield
2 Vinyl Bag
3 Valve
4 Filling Port
5 Drinking Stem
1 Base
2 Cover
3 Window
4 0-Ring #2-124 Viton
5 Bleeder Valve ' O
6 Ampule Crusher Assy.
7 Valve (2) Circle Seal'
8 - Luer Lock Adapter
9 Pipe Fitting 1/8 to 1/4 NPT (#316SS)
10 Millipore Filter Assy. (Cat.#XX35-52500)
11 - (4) #6-32(SS) x l/2in. Cap Screws
i
Figure 2.1: I'pper: Diagram of Sterile Administration Aparatus for l33Xe
Ingestion, Lower: Machine Drawing of'"Xt* l'nil P->se Disponscr
10
-------
lips around the plastic straw and at a signal from the investigator to be-
gin drinking normally. The bag was then opened to the subject. During
drinking the bag was squeezed slightly by the investigator to prevent the
formation of gas bubbles. Typically, it took a subject about twenty seconds
to swallow the lOOcc dose. This simple system worked very well in practice.
In approximately 35 administrations there were no subject complications
or radioactivity spills.
Radioactivity was administered to inhalation subjects from a commer-
cial 133Xe gas delivery system which is routinely used for clinical lung scans.
It consists of a rebreathing reservior containing 3-6 mCi per liter of ra-
dioactive gas mixed with air, and an activated charcoal trap. The subject
is connected to the reservoir via a tight fitting mask. During the first 2.5
minutes of the study, the subject breathed from the reservior and for the
subsequent ten minutes he/she breathed in room air and exhaled into the
activated charcoal trap. The mask was removed after 12.5 minutes and the
subject continued breathing normally for the remainder of the study.
2.5 Experimental Imaging Methodology
2.5.1 instrumentation and data collection for inges-
tion studies
All imaging studies were carried out at the Massachusetts General Hospital
Nuclear Medicine Division in clinical scanning rooms. The radioactivity
distribution in each subject's torso was imaged from the anterior projec-
tion during and after the administration of 133Xe using a nuclear medical
scintillation camera. All but four of the subjects were studied using a Tech-
nicare Q500 rectangular field camera. This camera was chosen because its
large imaging field ( 56 x 38 cm) and its rectangular geometry allow for the
viewing of all of the digestive system and the pelvic area in most adults.
A smaller circular field camera was used to image the remaining four sub-
jects at times when the 0500 camera was unavailable due to an emergency
clinical study. Both of these devices give a projection image with a spatial
resolution of approximately 1 cm (Full Width at Half Maximum response
of a point source of radioactivity). The dead time characteristics of these
devices are such that no significant dead time effects occur below 20,000
11
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detected events per second. This fact was experimentally verified for both
of the imaging cameras used in this study. Since no patient data set was
collected at countrates in excess of the 20,000 event per second limit, no
dead time corrections were made to the data. The sensitivity and limiting
detectibility of the fiSOO imaging camera were measured using point and
plane sources of 133Xe in a torso equivalent scatterer. The sensitivity was
determined to be 11.3 detected events per second per/iCi for a uniform dis-
tribution of l33Xe in a torso-like phantom. The main source of limitation
to detectibility was found to be the presence of a 1,980 event per minute
background due to cosmic rays and other sources of environmental radia-
tion. It was determined that the detection, at 90% confidence, of 0.75/iCi
distributed in the torso requires a approximately fifteen minute imaging
time. This was assumed to be the practical lower limit of detectibility for
our studies.
Image data were acquired using a Technicare 560 nuclear medical com-
puting system which is interfaced to the imaging cameras. This computer
has a specially designed operating system which allows for acquisition and
display of image data, simple image arithmetic and the selection of a re-
gion to be identified on all images in a given data set (Regions of Interest or
ROI's). It was used to produce events vs time curves. Since the Technicare
computer does not have the capacity to carry cut sophisticated compu-
tations on large numerical data sets, all processing beyond the extraction
of ROI data was done on a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX 11/780
computer. Software for the transfer of data from the Technicare 560 to the
VAX 11/780 was developed as part of this project.
A simple device to monitor expired air during inhalation and inges-
tion studies was constructed. It consists of a constant speed pump which
withdraws a continous sample of expired air from a mask or nasal canula,
through a fixed geometry coil in a sodium iodode well detector. The events
measured in one second epochs are recorded on a multichannel analyzer
operated in multiscalar mode. This device gives relative air concentration.
12
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2.5.2 subject study protocol
ingestion studies
The overall approach to collecting 1MXe kinetic radioactivity concentra-
tion data was to place the subject's torso in contact with the scintallation
camera in anterior (front) view and to then administer a 100 c.c drink con-
taining between 1 and 5 mCi 133Xe in saline via a straw connected to the
sterile administration device. At the start of ingestion the image collodion
computer was started and images collected for some time period in order to
follow the tranisit of radioactivity through the digestive system. In practice,
about half the subjects were given the drink while standing because they
were concerned about gagging while drinking in the supine position. These
subjects were followed for ten minutes in the standing position and then
placed in the supine position on the imaging table, realigned, apd imaging
continued. The remainder of the subjects received the drink while lying on
the imaging table. Images of short duration were collected during the ini-
tial 25 minutes. These consisted, in half the subjects, of sixty-four 5 second
images, then thirty-two 15 second images, and then thirty-two 30 second
images. In the remaining half of the subjects, high frequency sampling of 1
or 2 seconds per image was used for the first 4 minutes and then the 5, 15
and 30 second sampling protocol just described was followed. After the ini-
tal thirty minutes, images summing events over one minute intervals were
collected for the remainder of the study. Most subjects were not able to lie
still in the supine position for more than four hours. Therefore, they were
allowed to get up at between three and four hours to take a one hour break.
Before a subject was allowed to get up, three marker sources were taped
to his/her skin at known anatomical points and the sources imaged. The
reference points used were the zyphoid bone at the bottom of the sternum
and the left and right iliac protrusions of the pelvis. The positions of the
sources were marked on the skin before removal as a secondary reference.
The subject then returned after one hour, the marker sources were again
placed on the body, and he/she was repositioned. A second imaging session
of sixty second images was then carried out for two to four hours and, if
necessary, the subject took another break, being repositioned again after
one hour and imaged. The cycle of imaging sessions and breaks was re-
peated ,as long as the subject could tolerate it, for up to ten hours. In ton
of the subjects, only the first imaging session was undertaken due either to
13
-------
equipment scheduling difficulties or subject fatigue.
The image data sets resulting from the above described measurements,
consist of three to ten hours of data having time gaps of approximately
one and one half to two hours including repositioning time in those which
extend beyond four hours. Five subjects were also brought back for imaging
at twenty-four to thirty hours post ingestion to determine if residual 133Xe
radioactivity above the 0.75 /xCi detectability threshold was present. These
subjects were imaged for twenty minutes and a twenty minute background
was collected immediately before or after the imaging study. In all cases,
at least one twenty minute background measurement was made during the
day of the study.
In ten subjects who were imaged at high frequency (typically 1 image per
second), the expired air was sampled through a nasal canula to determine
if a large amount of radioactivity escaped through the lung at early times
after ingestion. Figure 2.2 shows a example of selected images from an
ingestion study.
2.5.3 inhalation studies
The purpose of the inhalation studies which were done as part of this work
was to characterize the response of tissues, particularly muscle and fat but
other organs as well, to "JRn recirculated form the lung in arterial blood.
Each subject was positioned in the same manner as for the ingestion studies
and then connected to the breathing reservoir containing between three and
six mCi ofl33Xe mixed with air, Th? subject breathed from the reservoir
system for two and one half minutes and then breathed room air for the
remainder of the study. The subject's exhalations during the first twelve
minutes of the study were trapped in an activated charcoal trap to minimize
room background. The imaging protocol used in these studies is the same as
that for the ingestion studies. A continous sampling of the subject's expired
air during the brcathup period and subsequent ten minutes was measured
using the counting system described above. These data were used to infvr
the blood arterial radioactivity concentration as a function of time in order
to provide input functions for the various organs (see subsection on data
analysis). Figure 2.3 shows a selection of images from an inhalation study.
14
-------
Figure 2.2: Anterior Scintillation Camera Images at Selected Times During
a Ten Hour Imaging Protocol After Ingcstion of l"Xe. The time (min) at
which each image was taken is shown.
'
J.
.
15
-------
Figure 2.3: Selected Scintillation Camera Images from Inhalation Study.
The times at which the images were taken are shown at the right. Lung is
seen in the early phazc while radioactivity is being breathed. Liver, kidney
and fat arc seen in later images in this female subject
£
-
.
f .?"u-f*ri li
LrVi is**
.5 , 2.0 min.
1.0 , 1.5 hr.
6.0 , 7.0 hr.
-------
2.5.4 data analysis
preliminary data manipulation
Initial analysis of image data was carried out on the Tcchnicare 560 imag-
ing computer. This anlysis consisted of selecting regions of interest and
the production of data sets consisting of events recorded in each region
at each time. ROI's were selected from images which were summed over
time periods of from eight to twenty minutes. This allowed the visual-
ization of anatomic structures which appear at different times during the
data collection interval. These regions were chosen to be smaller than the
anatomic boundary of each organ so that edge effects due to finite scin-
tillation camera resolution and organ shape could be minimized, but large
enough to minimize stastical fluctuations in the measurements due to the
Possion nature of the radioactive decay process. An example of the region
selection process is shown in figure 2.4. In the ingestion studies an attempt
was made to define regions for all organs of the digestive system including
stomach, small intestine, whole intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon,
descending colon(when visualized), and liver. Also a muscle sample from
thigh and a whole body sample based on the outline of the torso in the
image field, were obtained. In several small individuals a lung sample was
also obtained and in several subjects fat was visualized to a degree where
a sample could be obtained.
In the inhalation subjects lung, whole body, fat, liver, whole intestine,
stomach, kidney (when visualized) and muscle ROI's were selected.
When ROI selection and curve generation were completed for a given
subject, the curve data was transmitted to the VAX 11/780 computer for
further analysis.
absolute normalization of curve data
A normalization factor converting measured events per minute per unit ROI
area (N) to organ 133Xe radioactivity concentration was determined for each
subject using the peak counting rate per unit ROI area in the stomach (C).
This rate was assumed to occur at the time at which nil of the radioactivity
was in that organ. The standard stomach volume, V, =
-------
Figure 2.4: Example of Region of Intcrvst Selection for an Ingestion Study.
At left is shown a fifteen Minute cummation Image (Jscil to Define Regions.
At Right is Shown the Selected Regions for stomach, liver, small intestine.
descending colon and ascending colon
18
-------
the study were asked to eat only a small (100-200 cc chewed) volume of
food. The calibration factor (F) is given by F = D/(VtC) where D is the
administered dose determined by measuring ihe dose container immediately
before and immediately after administration. The calibration factors along
with administered doses of lMXe are shown in Table 2.2.
Four of the studies listed in table 2.2 were not performed on the 0500
Gamma Camera. Their calibration factors are not included in the average
which is displayed in the table for that camera.
This method of calibration was compared to the use of a generic camera
calibration derived from a chest phantom. It was deemed superior because
it controls for differences in absorption and photon scatter in different sized
bodies. Using this calibration method the absolute quantitative accuracy
of the data is estimated to be approximately ±20%. This clnim is substan-
tiated by the data of table 2.2. For the sub-population of women all having
approximately the same body build (n = 7) the average calibration factor
is 0.0067±0.00082 (95% confidence) yielding a fractional error spread of
24% including fluctuations due to the small sample size. The sources of
systematic error which cause this variation include differences in photon
absorption and scatterering due to organ geometry and differing distances
of organs from the scintillation camera surface.
primary data processing
The primary data processing leading to absolute organ 222Rn concentra-
tions was carried out on the VAX 11/780. The steps executed on each
organ curve for each subject are as follows:
Normalize data for different collection time.; yielding data in events/minute
and account for collection gaps.
Inspect curve data for transfer errors, verify errors and correct.
Integrate data to uniform one minute time samples. This was done to
reduce the size of the data sets and to make variance weighting nnd
other aspects of non-linear least squares fitting more tractable. The
early data, sampled at high frequency was also treated separately (see
below).
19
-------
Subtract background. An individual background correction for each
region in each subject was generated from background images col-
lected at the time of each study.
Convert Curves to absolute concentrations using measured calibration
factors, correct for partition coefficient differences where appropriate
and correct for difference between133Xe and "3Rn half lives. The lat-
ter correction results in a J"ltn data set which is not decay corrected
(i.e., as measured).
Interpolate data between collection gap endpoints. Single exponen-
tial interpolation was chosen over linear, spline and colocation poli-
nomial interpolations because it gave the best visual impression of
the transitions, most of which occur at late times in the data pets.
This interpolation is only a convenience to simplify plotting and data
integration computations.
Smooth data once with unweighted three point smoothing to reduce
stastical fluctuations and variations in the data due to minor subject
motion and contractions of digestive organs.
These steps lead to absolute organ curve data sets which are sampled
uniformly at one minute intervals. The entire data base is presented in
graphical form in Appendix A and in numerical form in appendix B. An
example of a data set in one subject is presented in Figure 2.5. A separate
data base, which preserves the rapid time sampling of the early phase of
the studies was also prepared for separate analysis. This database includes
data from fifteen subjects and covers the first ten to fifteen minutes of data
collection ( to the time when one minute collection intervals were begun) in
each subject. This data has also been included in the larger data base but
has been integrated to one minute epochs there. A sample of an early data
set is shown in figure 2.6. Air sampling data (by nasal canula) collected
in eleven subjects was also transferred to the VAX 11 '780. An example of
this data in the is also presented in figure 2.6.
The inhalation data sets were treated in the same manner as the inges-
tion data sets to produce organ curves uniformly sampled at one minute
intervals. The resulting data sets, however are in relative and not abso-
lute concentration units. Expired air data in all of those subjects was also
20
-------
1000
STOItAOH
AfiROl
NIUSTIOI
RADON
0 .00 COO 300 400 500
tail iMftiwi
\ l>.tO if
'J
001
FT
*
0 100 200 3CO 400 *00
?M INTIST
g 0 10
g
I
001
..
0 '.00 COO l:>0 400 '>00
t>t '» »l"*Sl
1C :NTnST
rr-ri-1
. \
o :o t- v v.
f oo:
0 100 COD f'OC 400
»H 'dTilft
0 ICO 2CO 300 400 500
WVS--U!
001 r
t.
r
0 100 200 300 4CO 500
10 S-
001
0 :00 COO 100 |;)0 500
til .»»i-ai
Figurr 2.5: Example of Quantitative Radioactivity r* Time Curves for an
Ingestion Study
21
-------
mu«
>/._ _ ' J
;oor
10 r
f,,-,
i
t
I
.a
um
k'"*I ' ' * U i 1 ;
» [ ;Xi» " ^V~^ :
1 ;-^: '
* i ' . 1 . .1.. ..!....
0 2 4 1 10
9 a « «
19 p
0144 I 10
r^
9 1 4 « (*
10 0000 ^" --'-.-...-
SO 1000 ~ *'
00100
00010 »-
I 00001 r-
Jooooo t-
I0 0000 t-
10 0000
ooooo m.'.:
0 J « « » 10
3 I « 6 t 10
C:cnden '.33-XE
Air Curve
Figure 2.6: Example of Radioactivity vi Time Curves M High Sampling
Frequency for the First Ten Minutes of an Ingestton Study. Also shown is
the early expired air curve for this subject
22
-------
transferred lo the VAX 11/780. A complete inhalation data curve data set
is shown in figure 2.7.
Analysis of Ingestion Sttidies
direct cumulative radioactivity computations Cumulative radioac-
tivity concentrations of JJJRn and its sucessive daughters mPo (TV, =
0.051/ir), 1MPb (T,/, = 0.447/ir), IMBi (Tin = 0.328/ir), }|4Po (7, , «
4.44 x 10~'/ir) and 3: Po (T,/, = 22.yrj) were determined form the data
sets uniformly sampled at one minute. The "Jiln cumulative radioactivity
conccnlration(Cfln)was computed from the following expression:
" CRn(t') dt' + CWB(U.,)/AU1, (2.3)
where
-------
the cumulative activities.
where Di(t) is the concentration of daughter i at time t, A< is the decay con-
stant of the t'th daughter, and 6t is the collection time interval ( 1 minute).
This expression takes into account the production of daughter nuclide in the
current epoch plus the production ot daughter at that time from residual
parent assuming that the daughters, once produced do not migrate from
the organ within times on the order of five to ten halflives. The resulting
daughter concentrations were integrated, including a tail correction, using
the numerical integration routine mentioned above to produce daughter cu-
mulative radioactivity concentrations In the case of the daughters, the tail
correction is fairly large in some instances due to buildup of daughter.
Tables of daughter cumulative radioactivities averaged over the subject
population are given in the Results section.
Mean transit tiir";s of 22IRn radioactivity through the organs of the
body were computed from the absolute radioactivity curves by numerically
evaluating the following expression:
f = /'"" tCmgan(t) dtl /'""" Cwflan(0 dt (2.5)
^o Jo
where C^gon(t) is the "2Rn organ concentration.
These mean transit times represent the averagt time for a molecule of
J22Rn to transit a given organ after a tf-function < f radioactivity is intro-
duced into the stomach. The traditional organ tr.usit time is the average
time for a molecule to transit an organ after the ini eduction of a ^-function
into the organ, can easily be computed from the transit times defined above
but are not useful for dosimetry calculations in practical situations and
therefore have not been considered. Transit time data p.vcraged over the
subject population and several sub-populations are presented in the results
section of this report.
non-linear least squares fits to uniformly sampled dnt.n sots It
can be seen from the examples shown in figure 2.5 .nut in Appendix A, that
there is considerable structure in the digestive system curves, especially
those of the stomach, small intestine, ascending rolun and drscrnding colon.
24
-------
This is due to the fact that llir digestive system is pulsitile in the sense
that food and digestive biproducts arc moved through it by non-periodic
muscular contractions. A numbrr of approaches to the modeling of this
data were invcstigated[43] including the possibility of f'ting the data to
pulsitile models. The pulsitile model approach was abandoned when the
results of our simulation studies demonstrated that it was very difficult to
achieve convergence of the fit in the presence of noise. Further simulation
studies demonstrated that simple compartmental models did fit the noisy
pulsitile data well on the average and hence this approach was pursued.
All nonlinear least squares fitting was done using the Marquardt- Lev-
enberg Method (30][34| on the VAX 11/780. An interactive fitting package
including a curve display was written to handle the data sets as part of
this project. Using this package, each fit, its residuals and the raw data
were displayed and evaluated on-line and the fits were repeated as neces-
sary to achieve acceptable convergence and fit quality. In most cases the
errors in the parameter sets determined from the fits (diagonal elements
of the variarice-covanance matrix from the fitting routine) were less limn
ten percent. Typically the residuals of the fits showed structure which was
associated with pulsitile changes in organ data.
The stomach and whole field were fit to a sum of exponentials under
the assumption that they behave like compartmental systems into which a
^-function input has been injected. The function fitted was of the form:
where .4; and kt are the unknown parameters.
The small intestine and whole intestine were treated as compartmental
systems whose input functions were given by the rate of change of radioac-
tivity in the stomach. The model for the concentration in the target organ
in this case is:
C~,-n(0 = £ /' ,l /(O
where f(t) is the input function to the organ.
Two approaches to fitting these data were tried. In the first the con-
centration curve from the organ feeding the orgnn of interest was used to
directly compute an input function and in the second the organ of interest
25
-------
data were fit to a function which is the analytic convolution of the feeding
organ output function, determined from least ?<|uares, with the exponential
response function of the organ of interest For a single exponential input (
denoted by subscript f) and response this function has the form:
d(t) = {AfAikf/d - Jb/JKe-*'1 - e-fc") (2.8)
There were a number of convergence difficulties with the fits using tli-:1
direct numerical the input function from the organ data. As a result of this,
the information reported here is based on fits to the convolved analytic
model. However, in cases where go<.«i fits uere achieved with the direct
approach (approximately f.vo thirds of the subjects) the results of both
approaches were in good agreement.
Convergence difficulties were enour.tered in attempting to fit the as-
cending colon and descending colon data either to an analytic model or
to the model based on a numerical input from the previous organ. Since
this difficulty is still unresolved, no analytic results lor these organs are
presented.
An attempt was made to fit the liver data to the convolved model us-
ing analytic input functions derived from the whole intestine data. The
estimated livei rrvle constants were consistently very large, indicating thai
radioactivity was cleared by the liver as fast as it was input. The liver was
therefore treated in the same nmnner as the whole body and fit t*> a. sum
of exponentials. Lung data were derived from the liver data assuming that
all radioactivity reaching the liver from the portal circulation was rapidly
transferred to the lung. The lung concentrations untie* th'* assumption are
related to the liver concentrations by a scale fartor which is the ratio of the
organ volumes.
Muscle data (and the few direct fat samples obtained) were modeled a*
& compartment which was driven by the fraction of the lung radioactivity
that is re-dissolved in the arterial blood and recirculated. Thus the muscle
input function was taken to bo the lung rurvc times the radon blood/air
partition coefficient. Muscle and fat samples were indirectly obtninrd in fit-
ting stomach and liver curves. The ROI's placed over these organs tended
to view muscle in young males and fat in obese males and most females at
late times . The parameters estimated from exponential components cor-
responing to muscle and fat were grouped with muscle and fat parameters
from direct samples.
26
-------
Cumulative radioactivities of 222Rn were computed from the comparl-
mental parameter sets obtained by least squares fitting. The cumulative
radioactivity for each organ in each subject was computed and then these
results combined to form a population average. Average values of the pa-
rameter sets for each organ over the subject population were also computed.
These data are presented in the results section of this report. The fit pa-
rameters and concentration data computed from them are presented in the
results section of this report where they are compared to computations by
the direct approach described above. Examples of several least squares fits
to the da*a are shown in figures 2.8.
separate evaluation of early data In order to determine whether or
not significant amounts of radioactivity leave the body at early times after
ingestion by direct transfer through the stomach wall, the early data in 15
subjects was analysed separately. The stomach and whole body curves in
these subjects for the first 5-10 minutes were fit to a sum of exponentials
and were also qualitatively inspected in an effort to observe any peaks or
very fast decays. The time of appearance of radioactivity in the organs of
the intestinal system was also noted. Expired air curves measured in ten
of these subjects were also qualitatively graded.
2.5.5 analysis of inhalation data
The inhalation data sets were also analysed by nonlinear least squares. In
this case the the arterial input function which drives a given organ is Jeter-
mined by computing the curve of end tidal expired air concentration. This
method is used routinely for inert gas cerebral blood flow measurements! 10]
. The organ curves were fit to a model which is a convolution of the ar-
terial input function determined in this way with a sum of exponentials
representing the organ responsc(equation 2.6).
27
-------
LUHO
I 00
r
O V> 100 IM) UOO ..'
! o
3
i
00:
r.
o 50 ico !V>
M IHTtiT
0 It)
i') ~
fill
C :'.<) .-
fAT
£
p
j « , r *-* T T T-*- T -v r r~r t ~rv
s
0 f>0 100 IV) ..'DO ^*
i
L_
> 50 100 :*io ;»<) jft.
H nru
S 001 t
Figure 2.7: Relative Radioactivity vs Time Curves for an Inhalation Study
in a Female Subject
28
-------
LSQ Fit »o Summed Exponentials - 3 Compartments
10°
u
**^
0
o
J
10"l
T
10
-2
Tim* thrsj
LSQ Fit to Convolved One Compartment Model
u
u
I
e
o
u
c
o
Sm IntesLme
0 10
005
1
\
I Z
Time(hrs)
Figure 2.8: Examples of Nonlinear Least squares Fits to a Stomach Curvr
(Summed Exponentals) and a Small Intestine Curve (Convolved Model)
29
-------
Tab!-: 2.3:
Subject
Scintillation Camera Calibration Factors Measured for Each
1 Subject ID
hern
i arrol
ayer
: brock
; byrn*
\ elint
. elmdrn
epling
freedrnan
gallop
' gmekinlcy
, hand
hawlcin*
hill
hutehini
jmckinley
kelleher
lilltU
1 maio
malcom
macmillan
miller
morgan
monroe
muchrrhe
park
j laalei
: wetolek
wiltte
! AVERAGE
: S.D: "~
Radioactivity
Administered
(mCi)
0.86
2.13
1.46
1.40
1.36
1.2S
' 1.13
0.64
2.93
0.90
, 1,89
0.95
0.60
2.22
1.94
0,35
2.60
O.SO
1.87
1.79
2.00
2. SO
0.60
2.87
1.47
2.47
2.42
i 1.62
0.42
! 1 54
' 0.77
Cn'.ibralion
Factor
" 0.0104
0.0077
0.0061
0.0066
: 0.0081
, 0.0082
0.012
i 0,0145*
0.0447*
0.0109
0,0187
0.0074
0.0081
0,0062
: 0.0063
0.0315*
0.012
, 0.022
0.010«
0.0076
0.0100
0.007
0.0054
0.0168
0.0106
0.0131
0019
i! 0.0131*
' 0.007S
2 0.0103
* : 0.0040
30
-------
Chapter 3
RESULTS
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the results of the measurements and computations
described in the chapter on methods. As evidenced by appendices A and B,
a very large volume of data has been produced from the original image mea-
surements. In order to provide an understandable and useful presentation of
these results, the information presented here is mostly in the form of tables
of averages over the subject population and several sub-populations. The
results presented here were selected because of their pertinence to dosime-
try calculations. Since it may be of interest to some users of this report
to compute other information, the quantitative radioactivity concentration
data base for 225Rn and it five daughters is included in the Appendices
in both graphical and numerical forms. This data, as wHl as the original
image data are available on industry-standard magnetic tape. Also avail-
able, though not included in the appendices, are the separate database of
ingestion curves sampled at high frequencies and early times, and the in-
halation study data base. The latter two data bases are not included in the
appendices since both provide secondary information in some sense.
In the case of the ingestion studies the results fall into two cnlagories,
those generated directly from the quantitative data base (direct results)
and those generated from parameters derived from least-squares fits to the
curves in the database (analytic results). As discussed in the chapter on
methods, the direct results arc more complete than the analytic results
(do to difficulties in fitting some of the data to simple models) and are
31
-------
therefore treated as the primary results. The analytic results are, however,
fairly complete and are presented as supplimentary support for the direct
results.
The main purpose of the inhalation studies was to determine the effect
of radioactivity reaching the various organs, particularly muscle and fal, via
recirculation from the lungs after ingestion. The results reported here are
therefore aimed toward that purpose at the expense of a detailed reporting
of cumulative radioactivity concentrations and other parameters associated
with the inhalation of *2ZRn.
3.2 Results from Direct Analysis of Quan-
titative Data
Table 3.1 summarizes the results of direct computation of cumulative ra-
dioactivy concentrations of 2"Rn and its daughters per ingested milliairic
of 222Rn. These data represent averages over the entire population of inges-
tion subjects and have been computed as described in the Methods chapter.
In the case of stomach, small intestine, whole intestine, whole body , liver
and muscle the averages presented are over thirty subjects, while that for
ascending colon is over twenty two subjects and that for descending colon
is over ten subjects. The smaller samples in the latter organs are due to
difficulties in selecting unambiguous regions in some cases and to lack of
visualizitation of those organs in others, the latter being tn»e particularly
for the descending colon in studies having relatively short imaging times
and in some fasted subjects where no radioactivity was observed.
The lung cumulative radioactivity concentrations reported in table 3.1
are derived from the liver data assuming that all of the radioactivity ap-
pearing in the portal circulation was delivered to the lung over very short
times.
In most organs the I22Rn concentration was close to zero at the end
of the measuring interval. There are some exceptions to this in the short
studies of the tail correction used to extrapolate the data l<» lung timer.
adequately corrects for this,as demonstrated by computer simulation, in
most instances. The possible exceptions to this are the fat and muscle
samples for which the data of Table 3.1 show significant umlcresitimates
of 222Rn cumulative radioactivity concentrations compared lt> the analytic
32
-------
estimates presented in the following sections.
The standard deviations given in table 3.1 are sample deviations and
in most instances they are fairly large. This reflects normal physiological
variability and differences in digestive status among the subjects.
The daughter cumulative radioactivity concentrations per milllicurie of
222Rn ingested are i^iven in fnCi/cc)-hrs and are computed under the as-
sumption that deposited daughter atoms remain where they arc deposited
and do not migrate during the intervals over which the measurements and
computations are carried out. Measurements in five subjects at times
greater than twenty four hours post-ingestion indicate that the level of
22JRn radioactivity in the body per ingested millicurie is less than 0,75/^Ci.
This supports the arguement that all of the deposited energy due to the
daughters is local with the possible exception of long lived 2!0Pb. Refine-
ments of these estimates could be made by accounting for the kinetics of
the heavy metal daughters.
For the long lived product 210Pb, the entries of table 3.1 are expressed
as total radioactivity concentration under the assumption that virtually all
atoms produced are still present in an organ at the end of the computation
interval.
Table 3.2 gives the mean transit time of 222Rn through each organ aver-
aged over the subject population for a ^-function input to the stomach. It
should be noted that the sample standard deviations in this parameter are
somewhat smaller (percentagewise) than for the cumulative activities. This
is probably due to the fact that the mean transit time is independent of
the absolute calibration factor for each subject and the uncertainty in the
calibration factor is approximately ±20% (Methods chapter). These num-
bers represent a convienient, model independent characterization of each
organ and could be useo, in combination with estimates of initial organ
radioactivity concentrations, for simple dosimetry calculations.
3.3 Results from Analytic Treatments of
Quantitative Data
Non-lineai least squares fits were carried out on the quantitative 222Rn
curves as described in the Methods chapter. The parameter estimates from
these fits, avrnigrd over the subject population arc prosrntrd in table 3.3.
33
-------
Table 3.1: Average "2Rn and daughter Cumulative Activities Computed
Directly from Time-Activitv Curves
Organ
tom«ch
mail intrt*
tine
whole intet-
tine
rending
colon
deicending
colon
liver
lung
mutcle
whole body
fat
"*Rn
(tiCi,'ce)-hr
2.6012.31
0.4410.41
0.3710.4S
0.2110.20
0.33*0.31
0.09fll0.078
0.18±0.14
0.03810.033
0.2910. J6
.0281.015
3liPo
(nCi/cc)-hr
1.8411.43
0.2910. 2S
0.23±0.:«
0.14±U.13
0.2010. Itf
0.05D±0.048
0.204±O.I68
0.023^0.020
010±0 18
0.017±0.009
3Hf>b
(nCi/cc)-hr
I3.«3±11.33
21.&&119.S4
1.81*1.91
0.9310.8T
l.a«il.27
0,4&t0.38
l.S2±l.J8
O.IT±0.15
l.Otl.30
0,12±0.08
"*Ui
(nCi/ce)-hr
0«4t8.62
0.15*0.14
1,17*1.27
i
o.eato.stt
0.«9iO,7T
0,35t030
003T±0.033
' 0,13tO.U
1 07i098
0.081 tO OflO
"MJo 31"rb
(nCi/ec)-hr (nCi/cc)
031 ±029 90.1S11222
0.051 ±0049 15.5ir.*.28
O..T3±0.44 ' 8.44*6.07
0.027*0.023 S.4B±S.70
1 0.03310.023 3.361321
0.011 ±0.009 ; 3.1713.GS
0.020±0.017 5821671
0.00410003 0.8911.08
003110033 10491138
0.00310.0021 0.791076
Table 3.2; Organ Mean Transit Times of "2Rn after Ingestion
Organ
ilomach
mail intestine
whole inteitm*
liver
lung
whole body
Mean Traniil Time (inin)
43.8120.2
102.B138.S
83.0133.1
87.IH33.0
B0.7127 «
-------
In all cases a compartmental model was assumed. As explained in detail in
the Methods chapter, the stomach, whole body and liver curves were fit to
sums of exponentials while the other organs were fit to a model which is an
analytic convolution of an input function derived from a fit to the output
function of the previous organ and a sum of exponentials. Difficulties with
convergence of the fits were encountered in attempting to fit the ascending
and descending colon data. Therefore no results are reported in the table
for those organs. The number of parameters used to describe each organ
was chosen retrospectively after fitting the data to different numbers of
exponentials. In some instances the signal from a given organ was contam-
inated by a contribution from overlying muscle or ;"at. These contaminants
were accounted for by the fits and the parameters of the muscle and fat
components stripped out of the organ curves were grouped with the pure
muscle and fat parameters. Most of the fat samples reported here were
obtained as contaminant signals.
As in the case of the directly computed cumulative radioactivity concen-
tration data, the large sample standard deviations in table 3.3 refect physio-
logical and digestive-status variations in the subject population The errors
in the individual parameter estimates as determined from the variance-
covariance matrix of the fits are less than 10% in all cases and thus repre-
sent only a small contribution to the overall variances. Since the amplitude
parameters of the fits are in quantitative units, these average parameters
can be used to compute cumulative radioactivity concentrations. A possi-
ble problem with this is that in some organs there is a wide variation (an
order of magnitude in the case of the stomach) in the rate constants and
the average rate constant might not yield the correct cumulative activity
as compared to the average of the individual cumulative activities due to
the non-linear effects introduced by exponentiation.
Table 3.4 presents cumulative 212Rn radioactivity concentrations com-
puted from individual analytic cumulative concentrations averaged over the
subject population. A comparison with table 3.1 shows that these argee
well with cumulative activities computed from ths uveinged rate constants
in most instances. Also shown in table 3.-1 are the organ cumulative concen-
trations for "2Rn computed by the direct approach. Again the agreement
is quite good except in muscle and fat. In these cases the analytic values
arc deemed to be the more reliable for the reasons discussed in the last
section.
35
-------
Table 3.3: Average Analytic Rate Constants and Ampltudcs from Fits to
322Rn Ingestion Quantitative Concentration Curves
organ
stomach
tmall intci-
tine
liver
whole body
lung
muiele
fat
whole intet-
tint
n
27
23
27
28
28
75
10
28
At
4.24*2.43
0.5010.66
0.20*0.26
O.as*0.1«
0.50*0.36
0.042*.049
0.0:i±0.010
o.:u±o.38
k|
2.67±2.80
1. 3510.69
3.304:1.73
3.3711.07
3.37*1.97
0.44*0.18
0 OOBt 0.028
0.815*0.47
' Ai
-
! -
0.06*0.07
; 0.21*0.28
! 0.34*0.51
i _
' -
-
' k,
-
-
0.88*0.50
0.84*0.33
0.838*0.33
i
1 _
; -
!
A,
-
-
-
0.042*0.041
0.077*0.075
-
-
-
kj
-
-
-
0.1S±O.I.1
0.53*0.127
-
-
-
Table 3.4: Analytic vs Direct Average "2Rn Cumulative Radioactivity Con-
centration! in (/zCi/cc)-hr
Organ
stomach
j Knoll inteilint
1 whole intettinc
! Mcending tolon
, deicending colon
' liver
lung
muiele
whole body
r»t
analytic
1.67*2.42
0.40*0.41
0.47*0,45
'
1 0.099*008
' 0.18*0.15
1
1 0.099*0.10
|
035*0.39
0.019*0,014
Direct
2.66*2.31
,; 0.44*0.41
j 0.37*0.45 |
1 0.21 ±0.20 |
.1 0.33*0.31 i
. 0.00«±0.078
! 0.17*0.14
0.038*0.033
0.29±0.26
0.03B±0 015
36
-------
Table 3,5 gives an example of the rate constants and cumulative "2Rn
radioactivity concentrations (both direct and analytic) in the individual
subjects for the small intestine. This data, averaged over subjects yields
one entry in table 3.1 or tabl^ 3.3.
Table 3.5: Example of Organ Rate Constants and Cumulative Concentra-
tions in Individual Subjects - Small Intestine
Subject
Ahern
Arrol
Ayrr
Brock
Clint
Elnidnn
Eplinu
Gftllnp
lUnd
lUwk
Hill
Hutch
Jmcknley
K.ll.htr
Liu til
M»io
Mkleom
NUcMiltan
Morgan
Muehrt
Purk
T»»te«
Will.,
>l (flCi/CC)
0.243
0.76
0.032
0.217
1.62
0.123
0.73
0.2S
0,030
3.88
1.20
0.17
0.152
O.U7
0.018
0.23
0.022
2.13
0.215
0.049
0.572
0.160
0.35
Mlir-')
O.T72
0.74
O.-'S
I.T4
2.11
0.1S
1.24
0.43
0.84
0.90
1.00
1.19
1.02
1.81
0.29
0.39
0.53
3.S3
1.13
0.09
J.7J
2.08
1.39
Anmlytic
(ltd/te)-hr
0.33
1.69
0 755
0.219
l.Ot
1.01
0 15
0.42
022
0.09
1.036
0.43
0.078
o.ss
0.096
1.042
0.34
0.38
0.17
009
O.S7
0.30
0.16
Oirrtt
(nCi/rclhr
031
1.93
o.ios
0.200
1.023
076
0.1ft
0.60
0.076
007
0.80
0.53
0.075
0.20
002
0.09
057
0.48
0,19
0.11
0.68
0,26
0.15
3.4 Comparisons of Sub-populations
ajIRn cumulative radioactivity concentrations and mean transit times com-
putcd by the direct approach were compared among several sub-groups
of subjects. These include males, females, fasted subjects and the two
catagories of fed subjects. The cumulative radioactivity concentration val-
ues for the groups are presented in table 3.6 and the transit time values in
37
-------
table 3.7. As before, the standard deviations are sample standard devia-
tions.
One tailed T-tests[34] comparing these two parameters among the groups
were carried out to test for differences. The results of these tests are sum-
marized in tables 3.8 and 3.9. These tables give the prccentage differences
between pairs of subject groups for a given parameter and the probability
that this difference is due to noise alone from the T-tests. Differences with
P 0.10 are not assumed to be significant but may demonstrate trends which
would emerge if a larger population were studied. More differences reached
significance for the mean transit times than for the concentrations. This
is again a reflection of the superior statistical quality of the transit time
estimates.
Several features of these differences should be mentioned. First, females
show higher cumulative radioactivity concentrations and corrispondingly
longer transit times in most organs than males. This is probably due to
the fact that overall body retention of inert gases is expected to be higher in
females than in males due to the presence of more fatty tissue. The stomach
in females shows a faster mean transit time while the stomach cumulative
concentration difference does not reach significance. This is consistent with
the fact that stomach emptying times in females are faster than those in
males. Both of the fed groups (
-------
Organ
itomftch
mall intestine
whole
intetline
ascending
colon
dricendinR
colon
liver
lung
imucle
hole body
foiled
2.24±260
0.48±0.3J
037±0 1«
0.25*0.24
0.20±0.09
0.17±0.04
0.30±O.OT
0,0fl±0.04
0.29±O.IS
fed (IKr)
3.14±2.3«
0.44±0.46
0.40±O.S4
0.17±0.1S
0.43±0.3«
0.10±OO»
0.19±0.18
o.o4±o.oa
0.34±0.31
fed (4.6hr)
i es±o.7i
0.4B-t0.a-4
0.2»±0.l«
0.31±0.31
0.20±0.07
00«i003
0 12±0.00
0.02±0.0l
0.17±00«
mitlri
?.«1:200
0. 3110.18
02810.18
0.20*0. It
O.ISiO.OH
0.0940.07
O.l7i0..l»
O.Q4i004
0.31 iO 31
ffmaln
2(l7t2fl3
0 B3tO 52
0.40tOfl3
0.1H0.2S
0 13f 030
n ioio n*
0 .ISiU .14
0.0410.03
02910 Jl
Table 3.6: Average Radon Cumulative Activity Concentrations in (/iCi/cc)-
hrs for Different Subject Sub-Groups
Table 3.7: Mean Transit Times (min) of Ingested J22Rn for Different Subject
Sub-Groups
Org»n
lomach
im«ll intcttine
whole
intotine
cending
colon
deicending
colon
liver
lung
muicle
whole body
fatted
37.0±18.ft
lM.7±fl«.7
138.3i47.S
H1.0±70,9
!CT.8ifl2.2
93.31:30.0
93. 3 ±30.0
180.6±43.7
105 8i74 6
fed(lhr)
48.1±21.32
948±4S.O
107.9±338
129.4±«1.5
144.0±88.S
89.5±31.3
89.5±31.3
137.0±53.5
789±24.1
fed (4-ehr)
3T.8±10.4
69.8±24.0
74.7±19.6
101.0±21.0
at.o±4.a
51 0±13.t
S1.0±13.&
854±11.3
SS 6±3i.4
m&tei
no.etiso
i 81.2±31,2
10I.O±39.7
1I8.0±39.4
1
103.2121.0
774 + 29.0
77.4t:o.n
138.3iDO T
73.8131. H
fcmnlei
49.0124.0
j 111.3465. 7
105.S1388
1 147.1*78.2
j ;
1 IT1.0i92,2
1
' K0.0f.18 1
flOOlw.rt
M3.3 150.1
«74131 S
39
-------
Table 3.8: Percent differences and levels of significance by T test Of cumu-
lative radioactivity concentrations in sub groups
Organ
tomach
tnutll tntetline
whole
intcitinc
ascending
colon
descending
colon
liver
lung
muicle
whole body
Filled/ Fed
25 (P .20)
8(.)
'()
31 (P 38)
-S3 (P .10)
41 (P .05)
37 (P 02)
SO(P .10)
1S(.)
Far rd/(Shr)
i .P. 28)
2(.)
22 ( P. 25)
!»(-)
0.01 (.)
84 (P .01)
60 (P .01)
87 (P. 01)
41 (P .05)
Fed/(Shr)
47 (P .03)
.!(.)
28(.)
4S (P .25)
S3(P .10)
40 (P .10)
40 (P .12)
50 (P .05)
SO (P .10)
mule/remote
-13(-)
-42 (P .03)
-43 (P .10)
46 (P .25)
-58 (P .10)
'IO(-)
-10(.)
0(.)
8(.)
Table 3.9: Mean transit time differences and levels of significance by T-Test
among sub-groups
Organ
tomach
mull inleitinc
whole
inteitinc
atcending .
colon
descending
colon
liver
lung
muiele
whole body
Faded /Fed
21 (P .10)
17 (P 20)
22 (P 0.10)
I4(.)
14(-)
«()
«()
24 (P .05)
2S(P .03)
Fatl«d/(Shr)
10(.)
39 (P .10)
48 (P .01)
11 (P. 10)
(1 (P .OS)
45 (P .01)
45 (P 01)
52 (P .01)
20 (P .01)
Fed/(Shr)
21 (P .10)
26 (P .10)
31 (P .03)
20 (P .20)
43 (P 0.12)
43 (P .01)
43 (P .011)
38 (P .01)
29 (P .05)
mule/female
19 (P .10)
-30 (P .05)
-MO
-21 (P .12)
-40 (P. 10)
24 (P .10)
-24 (P .10)
«()
-16(P .08)
40
-------
3.5 Results of Separate Analysis of Early
Ingestion Data
A group of fifteen ingestion subjects were imaged at high frequency (typ-
ically 1 sec images for 2min and 5sec images thereafter) during the initial
ten minutes after the beginning of ingestion. In nine of these subjects the
expired air from the respiratory system was sampled during the same pe-
riod. The purpose of these measurements was to determine if there were
large transfers of radioactivity out of the body via routes such as direct
transfer across the stomach wall.
The results presented in table 3.10 suggest that such loss does not occur.
As can be seen in the table, when single exponental rate constants fit to
the early stomach data are compared to the stomach rate constants from
fits to the full data sets, in many cases the early rate constants are smaller
than those from the complete data set reflecting the pulsitile nature of
the stomach and in all other cases they are approximately the same as
the rate constants from the full data sets. In the fasted subjects there
was a rapid disapearance of radioactivity from the body (k ~~ 10/ir"1) but
tho radioactivity can be traced through the small intestine to the lung.
In all instances where the expired air was monitored, the appearance of
radioactivity in the lung correlated with arrival of radioactivity at the liver
via the small intestine. The whole body rate constants show the same type
of behavior as the stomach rate constants again yielding no evidence of an
early escape from the body of large amounts of radioactivity.
3.6 Results from Inhalation Studies
The purpose of the inhalation studies was to assess the effect of "2Rn
radioactivity reaching the various organs via recirculation from the lung.
Recirculation occurs because a fraction of the radioactivity reaching the
lung from the portal circulation of the liver is dissolved in arterial blond
and carried throughout the body by blood flow. This phenominon is tin*
primary source of radioactivity in the muscle and fat following ingestion of
an inert gas(49][51|.
Table 3.11 shows the rate constants for the clearance I3IH.n front vari-
ous organs after inhalation of 2"Rn. These rate constants were obtained
41
-------
by non-linear least squares fits to the inhalation organ curves. The model
assumed was a sum of exponentals convolved with the experimentally mea-
sured arterial input function from th" lung.
All of the major organs showed a very fast turnover of J22Rn which was
consistent with clearance by blood flow. In Table 3.11 organs have been
grouped for simplicity. The data of table 3.11 for all organs other than
muscle and fat may he interpreted as meaning that rcr.irculation effects
in high flow organs are negligible compared to direct effects of ingcstion
because of the rapid clearance of radioactivity due to blood flow. In fat and
resting muscle however the accumulated radioactivity is significant because*
of slow clearance by blood flow. Multiple fat and muscle samples i"crc
taken in each individual. Many of these samples were slower components
of fits to the organ curves. The mildly obese subjects in tl,e inhalation
group usually had a fat component in each abdominal curve and most
females showed distinct fat deposits in the hips and breasts in the image
data. Muscle samples were reliably obtained fioin the abdominal curves of
lean males as well as from hip and thigh muscle when possible. The rate
constants for muscle and fat determined from the inhalation studies agree
well with those obtained from the ingestion studies.
Muscle and fat cumulative radioactivity concentrations for ingestion
were computed from the inhalation single exponential rate constants and
amplitudes. The amplitudes were put on an absolute scale by using the
average scintillation camera calibration factor from table 2.3 (methods sec-
tion). The input function used for this computation i& made up of the two
fast components from the ingcslion lung curves multiplied by the air-blood
partition coefficient for 222Rn (A = 0.187). The result of this calculation is
compared to the direct and analytic esitmates of muscle and fat cumulative
2"Rn concentrations computed from the ingestion data in Table 3.12. The
inhalation fat estimate agrees fairly well with the direct ingestion compu-
tation but is low compared to the ingestion analytic estimate by a factor
of three. The inhalation muscle estimate is about a factor of two lower
than either of the ingestion results. A possible explanation for these dis-
crpancies is that, since the rale constants are very similar, many «>f llir
muscle and fat samples used in the ingestion computations may have btvn
contaminated with signal from digestive organs producing artificnlly high
curve amplitudes. Another possible explanation is that the radioactivity
is more uniformly distributed in tin- body as a result of inhalation ilinn
42
-------
Table 3.10: Early Ingestion Rate Constants for Stomach nnd \Vn«j!e Uudy
lubjcct
ayer
arrol
cline
elmcttn
gallop
gmekinlcy
hand
hill
hulthini
htlleher
maie
malcom
nmnrne
park
Unlri
ample
time (tec)
I
2
1
early torn-
nth rate
-------
it is for ingestion, causing the calibration factors to undercompe'isate for
absorption and scatter in the inhalation case. A separate calibration for
the inhalation studies could possibly remedy this.
44
-------
Table 3.12; Comparison of Muscle and Fat rcsiilu from Inhalation and
Injestion Studii-s
parameter
amplitude
(MCi/cc)
rate constant
Analytic
cumula-
tive concentra-
tion (MCI/CC)-
hr
Direct cumu-
la.
tive concentra-
tion (yCi/cc)-
hr
ingeition mu«-
ele
0.042
0.442
0019
0.026
inhalation
muicle
D.OS2
0.-137
0.0107
.
ingetlinn fat
0021
0.002
0099
0038
inhalation fat
0.027
0.087
0.0343
.
45
-------
Chapter 4
CONCLUSIONS
A database consisting of Quantitative radioactivity concentrations per in-
gested mCi of *"Rn has been produced from measured data in thirty sub-
jects. l33Xe ingestion kinetic curves were measured in each subject for the
otgans of the digestive system, muscle, fat, lung and whole body. From
these data, kinetic curves of radioactivity concentration per mCi of mltn
ingested for the five radon daughters have also been produced. These data
are presented in graphical and tabular forms in the appendices of this re-
port. They may be used as a basis for dosimetry calculations and kinetic
studies by other investigators. In addition, a database of "2Rn kinetic
curves at high sampling frequency (1 sec) and a data base of 2"Rn relative
concentrations after inhalation of that gas have also been produced. These
latter databases are not included in the appendices but are available along
with the primary data base on industry standard magnetic tape.
Quantitative ci-mulalivc radioactivity concentrations for *"Rn and its
daughters have been computed by direct manipulation of the kinetic curves.
For 2"Rn, these concentrations vary from a high of 2 66 /iCi/cc per mCi
ingested for the stomach through values in the range of 0.30 /iCi/cc por
mCi ingested for the intestinal system and whole body to a low of 0.038
and 0.026 /^Ci/cc per mCi ingested for muscle and fat respectively (table
3.1 ). The cumulative concentrations of radon daughters, presented in table
3.1 , are in the one to ten nanocurie range for all daughters except the IMIIK
lived 210Pb for which the stomach concentration is 99.15 nC'i/cc. Tlu-sr
cumulative concentration data constitute a body of information for radon
dosimetry compulations.
46
-------
Fits of compartmental models to the 222Rn kinetic curves confirm the
results of the direct computations and also form a useful data set for dosimc-
try studies and additional, more detailed, modeling studies. The average
kinetic rate constants over the subject population arc given in table 3.3.
Organ Mean tiansit times for Z22Rn after ingestion have also been com-
puted. These data indicate that the majority of the radioactivity is cleared
from most organs within ten hours. Exceptions to this are fat and to some
degree muscle. Measurements in five subjects at times greater than twenty
four hours post ingestion indicate that no l33Xc radioactivity was present
in any individual at the 0.75/iCi level (table 3.2).
The results of high frequency measurements at early times post-ingestion
indicate that there is no rapid escape of radioactivity from the body by
routes other than through the intestines. Although a fast component was
observed in fasted subjects, it was consistent with a fast component seen
in the analysis of the one minute data extending over the entire imaging
period and it correlated with radioactivity transiting the small intestine at
early times.
Inhalation measurements confirm that the turnover of "2Rn radioactiv-
ity recirculated from the lungs is rapid in the major organs and does not,
therefore, contribute significantly to cumulative radioactivities. Estimates
of rate constants for muscle and fat from the inhalation studies agree well
with those from the ingestion studies. However, estimates of muscle and
fat tissue concentration using the inhalation data vary by up to a factor nf
two with respect to those computed directly from the ingestion data. These
differences are most likely due to technical factors such as the inappropriate
use of ingestion calibration factors for the inhibition studies.
Differences between the male and female sub-populations were observed
as were differences between subpopulations having different digestive sta-
tus. Females appear to have higher cumulative radioactivity concentrations
and longer mean transit times than males. Fasted subjects have higher
concentrations and longer transits than fed subjects in general and those
fed one hour before the study have higher valuos of these parnmelers than
those fed five hours before the study. Dilfrrrrircs mixing « digestive stnttis
groups reached significance in fewer instances than those in llir malo,'f««inale
groups possibly because of small sample sizrs. Tin- digestive group differ-
ences mentioned here arc not conclusive for this reason.
The work completed in thir. project ran !>« rxlnidrd and improved in
17
-------
several ways. Organ radiation closes cnn be generated for 2Z2Rn and its
daughters directly from the cumulative concentration data. The kinetic
curves can be used as a basis for attempting to model the digestive system
in more detail, to model the migration of the daughters within the body
and to take into account a"Un bound to food in the digestive system. .
The inhalation data could be used to generate a separate dosimetry data
base for z"Rn inhalation, although more subject measurements might be
needed first. Further work could be done to improve the fits of convolved
models to the organs of the lower digestive system since this presented a
source of difficulty in the present investigation.
Also, the experimental preparation developed in the course of this work
could be used for more extensive studies of the effects of digestive status
and different types of dietary intake on J"Rn kinetics.
18
-------
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53
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APPENDIX A
Quantitative 222Rn and Daughter Concentrations
vs Time in Graphical Form
The following graphs present the quantitative radioactivity va time
curves for "2Rn and its daughters for the ingestion subjects studied in this
project. The JJ5Rn. and the daughter curves both have units of/iCi/cc. The
order of presenlaiton is such that the J3JRn curves for all subjects are given
first then all subject curves for each daughter are sucessively presented.
This data is available in tabular form (Appendix B) and on industry
standard magnetic tape along with subroutines to read and manipulate it
in FORTRAN 77.
51
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TIME (MINUTES)
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10~2
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TIME (MINUTES)
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
0
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RADON
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WH INTEST
0.010000
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u
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MACMILLAN
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ASC COLON
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TIME {MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400 5C
TIME
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8
o
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HACMILLAN
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SM INTEST
1.00
0.10
0.01
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
STOMACH
10.000
1.000
0.100
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1.000
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TIME (MINUTES)
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MAIO
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STOMACH
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o 1.00
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SM INTEST
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0 100 200 300 400 500
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME: (MINUTES)
00
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8
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MAIO
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0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
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1 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1
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0 100 200 300 400 500
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MONROE
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u
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0.1
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MORGAN
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
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i i i i ii i ii i iriinIT
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
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TIME (MINUTES)
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0 100 200 300 400 50<
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0.100
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0 100 200 300 400 500
T04E (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
0.01
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
PARK
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WH INTEST
ASC COLON
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TAATJES
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIKE (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 20
TIME
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (WNUTES)
SM INTEST
ASC COLON
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
ID
'5
o
1
H
LIVER
i i i i | i i i i | _
\
X
" i r I I 1 i I i i i i i i 1 i l i i 1
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
o
v
o
10
~5
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
io
-4
O
10
t5
o
ASC COLON
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
VH INTEST
10
-4
o
c
o
w
L>
ss
10"
GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Po-818
t I I t I I ' ' ' I ' I «
0 50 100 150 200
TOTE (MINUTES)
o
i
w
55
8
WH FIELD
i i i 1 i i i » l i i
I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I
0 50 100 150 200 oo
TIME (MINUTES) CO
o
x.
G
f 10
u
o
-6
MUSCLE
-i i l i l i l l I I l l I I I l I l I
/s
\-^V
v-. -
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i i i i
0 50 100 150 200
TIMt (MINUTES)
-------
u
u
*^r
z.
o
I
z
w
o
8
10
10
-3
-4
10'
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Po-218
STOMACH
I....I....I....I...:..
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
z
o
w
o
10
-4
1 10
-5
LIVER
I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I I I M I j I 14-g
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
CO
~ 10
o
^
o
z
to
o
z
o
-4
10
-5
WH FIELD
" I I I '
-iiii I i i t i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i r
0 LOO 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Po-218
STOMACH
u
>.
G
o
I
w
u
8
0
10
10
-3
-4
-5
i i i i i i i t
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
;i i i i i i i » i i T r r i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i t-
Tv I I I I I -
o
1 10
-5
o
8
1 11 I i < i i ! i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 000 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
SM 1NTEST
WH INTEST
z
o
z
u
o
§
io~^
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME {MINUTES)
o
u
o
I
10
-5
T^T'"!""!'"'!'
i i i i I i i i I I i i r i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Po-818
MUSCLE
10
-5
u
u
o
^r
z
o
I
M
CJ
10
-6
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I !! I I I I I I I I I I I
i i i i i i
0 100 300 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
10'
10
-5
M
O
2
8
JIM I i i i riTTi i i i i i i M i i i
rs. I I I I I
-i i t i I i i i i I i t i i I i i i i I t i i i i i i r
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
u
u
10
10
-3 d
-4 __-,
10
io
-5 .
-6
STOMACH
HAND
XE INGESTION
Po-218
100 200 300
TEME (MINUTES)
400
o
^c
o
w
u
LIVER
10
-5
10
~6
V*
"i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (.WNVTES)
g
P
z
u
'I I I
LT LUNG
I I I I I I 1 I i I I i I i i ; i I I i1
^
10
~5
io
i-
~6
i ^ t i i i i i t 1 i i
0 100 200 300 400
TtME (MINUTES)
O
G
Z
o
8
io
-6
WH INTEST
i i i i i i i i.
'
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
u
1 10
z
o
H
3
z
w
o
2
O
o
-6
10
-7
MUSCLE
HAND
XE INGESTION
Po-218
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINITTES)
o
o
i-
w
o
55
8
WH FIELD
-I I ( I I I T I I
= 10
-5
10
-6
T I II I ! t
0 100 200 300 400
TIME
CO
-------
O
\
O
z
O
f-
i
z
w
O
z.
o"
u
O
O
O
HAND
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io
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10
cTCMACf?
I I I I I i I M I 1 I I I I I | | I
0
10~6 h-
rr~i i i 1 i i r i 1 i i i i I i i i i 1 i
100 200 300 400
TIME (MiriUTES;
LT LUNG
""I11"!""!
Ul I I I I I i I i I i i i i » i -i-i-i I t i i
0 100 200 300 400
TO(E (MIN17TES)
..IYER
10~5
O
3
O
I 10~6
w
O
z.
8
C
O
Vfc
O -. CL
5 10 ^
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1
1 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' II I 1 Ml
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i X. :
:- ^v^^- :
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'i 1 1 1 1 « 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l_ i 1 1 ( 1 , 1 p
) 100 200 300 400
TIME (WNUTTS)
3MINTEST
1 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' l 1 ' ' ' « j i I I I I f l n
"A 1 -
-\\
. t
"t
\^*f\ __
\. Wv !
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (WNUTES)
-------
XE INGESTION
Po-218
ASC COLON
CJ
U
'
z
o
W
O
8
10
-5
10
-6
I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
WH INTEST
V
H
o
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10'
^Ti r i r
i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I t i i i I i i
0 100 200 300 400
HUE
MUSCL2
o
u
c
u
u
I
10~6
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0 100 200 300 400
TDME (UIHUTESt
^
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1
WH FIELD
r1"!11"!11"!"
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0 100 200 300 400
T1UE (KUOITESI
-------
HAWKINS
XE INGE3TION
Po-218
STOMACH LCVER
0.0010
o"
o
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"^
O
P
£
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1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1
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8
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':, , , , 1 , , , , i , , , , 1 ?
0 50 100 lr>0 0 50 100 150
TIME (MINOTES) TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST LG [NTEST
| 10~5
c
z
o
u
o c
ly 1 Jl \J
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o
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X*
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1 _^^^^^^^^^^^ 1 1
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tl
CD
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
TIME (UINUTE3)
-------
o
M
O
O
10
£
"b
0
VTH 1NTEST
HAYTKINS
XE INGESTION
Po-218
50 100 150
TIME (MiNUTES)
W
10
-6
10
ry
~7
0
MUSCLE
i i i 1 i i i
50 100 150
HUB (MINUTES)
0.0001
o
o
c
u
o
o
TO FIELD
i i i i \*
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\
N
"-,
\
fil
IIIIII1III
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HILL
XE INGESTION
Po-218
SM INTEST
u
o
u
*»
2
O
I
w
u
x.
10
10
-4
-5
c III! *^-"
10 FT~I I I I I I I I ! I I I I I i I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
T0». (UiNCTES)
STOMACH
o
t>
z
o
p
10
-4
e 10
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w
o
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
DtS COLON
u
g 10
-5
u
o
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TCWE (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10
-5
o
V
z.
o
I
u
o
O
o
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i rii i i i i i ^^
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l....l...,l...,l!...l
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HILL
XE INGESTION
Po-218
LIVER
u
CJ
u
^
2
O
H
z
M
U
10
-5
-I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
O
§
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10'
WH FIELD
_n i i
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 11
k ... i .... I .... i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HILL
XE INGESTION
Po-218
STOMACH
hi I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I I
10
-3
o
H
w
o
o
u
10
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
M
O
LIVER
10
-4
10
-5
g to
-6
I II II I i I I I til
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (HDJUTBS)
o
o
q
Ul
o
z;
o
10
-5
10
-6 ._
I M I I I I I M I I I I I I I I I | I M I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME t MINUTES)
o
o
z
o
10
-4
10
-5 _
0
I I I | I I I I I l l l l I l I I I I I
i < i i I i i i i I i i i i
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
o
I
z
M
LJ
2;
O
o
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Po-218
10
10
-3
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10
10
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0
=-J1IIIT-]II I I I I
, , , , I , , ,
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
£
o
W
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te
8
SM INTEST
10
-4
10
10
-5
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0
T I r T ' ' I t
I I I I II I I I I I I I-
200 400 60(
TIME (MWUTES)
o
CJ
o
o
10
-4 C3
WH INTEST
iIT
10
-5 _
10
-6
0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
o
to
o
10
-4
2 10
-5
10
-6
WH FIELD
T I ' ' ' '
. . . . I . .
0
200 400 60(
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
W
u
z
10"
10'°
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Po-818
LJVER
0
A 1
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
oa
2
O
2
U
O
o
o
FAT
10
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0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
£
z
u
o
2
O
ASC COLON
10
-5
10
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r\
JL
JI
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200 400 60(
TIME (WNUTES)
-------
VJ
(^
o
c
z
o
7.
w
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Z
O
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HUTCHINS
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Po-216
DESCENDING
0
ll
00
400
600
c
o
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10
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it I 1 I I I I 1 I"
o
TIME IMiNUTES)
200 400
TIME (MIN'JTES)
60(
PO
-------
STOMACH
J.MCWNLEY
XE INGESTION
Po-218
LIVER
^^
u
o
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u
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| 0.0001
5
z
w
u
o
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(
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINOTES) TIME (MINUTES)
£ 10~5
G
o
i io~6
z
u
0
Z
o
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SM INTEST
/^^-*^ ' "
J ^"^^-^^^^
-; % -
-,
i -
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o
I
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u
o
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8
L tNTEST
I'^'l" "1" "1' "'I'E
- : V\
-/ x /^
r ^-^' ^-_
-
1 1 ! 1 -
iiiilitititiiiliitiii
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINLTTES)
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MNUTES)
-------
J.MCKJNLEY
XE INGESTION
Po-218
WH 1NTEST
MUSCLE
^_
,
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^
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2
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-------
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z
o
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2
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10
-4
10'
10
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KELLEHER
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Po-218
LG INTEST
0
200 400
TtME (MINUTES)
600
10
-4
C
1 10
1
z
W
o
8 10~6
0
LIVER
..-.-r-r-p-, r , | , , , r , -
I !
: i i i i I i i i i I i i t i
£00 400
TIME (MINUTES)
600
LT LUNG
MUSCLE
o
L>
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1C
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10
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600
u
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10
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1 1
1 1
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1 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 1
r 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i
200 400 600
T*UF fVTWTITT^l
i iMc* \ JUT
-------
KELIEHER
XE INGESTION
Po-218
RT LUNG
CJ
o
I
z
w
u
o
o
10'
10
-6
0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
8
o
I
w
8
10
-4
10
10
-5
-6
FT!IiIIIr
^ '
1 l 1
0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
10
o
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O
i 10
u
o
Z
o
o
10
10
-3
-4 _J
-5 _
-6
STOMACH
0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
SH FIELD
10
-4
I 10
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z
CO
o
z
8
T I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0
800 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
LJTTELL
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Po-218
SF1'
-------
).000010000
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LITTELL
XE INGESTION
Po-218
MUSCLE
i i i i I i i
o
t-
z
8
10
~
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WH INTEST
. -/
*
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1 I 1 1
K' ' ' '
1 !
1 :
i t i i i i
O
50 100 150
TIKE (MiWUTES)
0
50 100 150
HMC OOHlJTIS)
WH FIELD
u
z
o
z
j
0
50 100 150
HUB (MiWl7TE3>
-------
8
o
o
I
w
(_>
te
10
IO
~5
"6
MACMILLAN
XE INGESTION
Po-218
ASC COLON
1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
. I.... I.... I.... I... .E
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
1
o
fc
8
c
~
1Q
-6
DES COLON
n i i i I i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i r 1 i i i i-
0 100 200 300 400 5C §
TIME (MINUTES) «H
o
P
o
55
8
10
-5
10
7
~7
HIP
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
to
U
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1
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10
-6
LIVER
i ( " i
0 100 200 300 400 5C
TIME (UWUTK3)
-------
o
f-
z
w
CJ
z.
8
MACMILLAN
XE INGESTION
Po-218
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
SM INTEST
i i l I i i i l I I t I i I i l i i | i i I i:
i I i ' ' t \ I I I I I I I I I 1 I t 1L
0 100 200 300 400 500
TtWE (MINUTES)
o
i
w
8
STOMACH
10
10
_0
-4
10
-5
10
-6
llI I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I-
;rn i i i i i i i i i i i
% I I
i t ! i i i i ' i i i i I i t t i I i i i i-
0 100 200 300 400 5C
TIME (WMUTE3)
CD
o
o
o
Z
O
1CT
t! I I
10
-4
10
10
-5
TR COLON
i i i i i rr i i I i i i i i i i i
WH INTEST
I I II
=T"i i i I i . i I t i i i I i . i i I i i i i-
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (M'NUTES)
o 10
-4
I 10
o
o
-5
" I " ' | " I :
I I I I
i » i i I i i I I I t I I I I I i < i I i : I I
0 100 200 300 400 5C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MAiO
XE INGE57ION
Po-218
STOMACH
u
z
o
w
u
8
10
10
-3
-4
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
o
H
W
O
10
~5
-I I I I I I 1 I I I T lilllilflllllll-t
-i i i i I I I I I I I I I I I i I i i I I I i
0 100 200 300 400 500 CD
TIME: (WKIJTES)
fj
2
O
O
o
SM INTEST
F"
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
> i i i i i I i i i i I i
1 1 1 -J_L
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LG [NTEST
10
-*
10
io
~5
-6
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (VONTJTrS)
-------
MAIO
XE INGE5TION
Po-218
VH 1NTEST
10
-4
2
O
w
O
O
10
-5
i i i I i i r rr T riiiriiiiiiiiii-t
I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
-5
o
I
e
10
-6
MUSCLE
l i i l l i i i i | i i i l ' l l l l i l l I
j i l l l [ i i i l !
i.... I .... I.... I.... I. J
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (imajras) CO
WH FIELD
10
-4
o
u
c
o
o
10
-5
i I i i i 11 i i 11 I 11 i i 11 11 i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TfflE (
-------
u
o
1
M
U
10
r 10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
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MALCOM
XE INGESTION
Po-218
STOMACH
= 1 I ( I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
1
LTVER
10
-5
8 10
-6
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-I i I i It I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
Ul
o
I
LG INTEST
10
-6
I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
TfH INTEST
§ 10
-5
o
CO
i
10
-6
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 13
' * ' -
i i t i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i 7
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MALCOM
XE INGESTION
Po-318
O
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MUSCLE
10
10
10
£ 10
P 10
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-8
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10
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n i i i I i i I I i i i i I I i i j
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WNUTES)
UO
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WH FIELD
10
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10
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TT1
hi i i i I t i i i I i i i i t I I 1.1.. I I I I I I I I'
0 100 200 300 400 500
TOIE (MINUTES)
u
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10
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g 10
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10
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SM INTEST
-I I 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I < I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I -
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MIHUTESi
-------
MONROE
XE INGESTION
Po-218
STOMACH
S 10
o
1
w
ij
5 10
10
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
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10
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME
z
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o
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10
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VH IKTEST
::i"llllTrrTT"rlTri1
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
u
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10
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10
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MUSCLE
1111111 * 11111111111
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
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z
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2
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8
10
MONROE
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Po-218
-4 _
10"^
0
100 200 300
TIME (MINUTES)
co
-------
MORGAN
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Po-218
STOMACH
LIVER
1
I io-+
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TIME (MINUTES)
U
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SM INTEST
10-4
u"
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0
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TIME (MINUTES)
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (KD4UTCS)
-------
fj
u
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O
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MORGAN
XE INGESTION
Po-218
io~D b-
' i i i I I i . l I I I l . I i I i i I i
05
O
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
200
-------
u
o
z
o
M
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z
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10
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ID
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HURCHE
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Po-816
STOMACH
1 1 1 lil
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
G 10
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LIVER
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
u
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WH FIELD
i 10
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z
o
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10
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MURCHE
XE INGESTION
Po-318
STOMACH
LTVER
10 3
U _ 1
| 10
o
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5 10 °
w
2:
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TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
-1 1 1 F i 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 t
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10-4
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) 100 200 300 400 50«
TIME (MINUTES)
DBS COLON
1' 1^1 1 ' ' " i
r\ i
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIWE
0 100 200 300 400 50t
TIME ji
-------
MURCHE
XE INGESTION
Po-218
(J
-------
STOMACH
10
-3
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o
I
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S5
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10
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PARK
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Po-218
i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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STOMACH 2
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10
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10~°
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME
CO
SM INTEST
I! i I I I I 1
10
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z
o
u
o
10'
i" " i' i(" i"'' r=
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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2
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10
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LIVER
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1111; 1111111 i 111
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
PARK
XE INGESTiON
Po-818
u 10
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O
I
M
O
O
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10
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1 I I I I I M I t I I I I I I I
i i i i I i i i i I i : I . I ! I I I I I I I I I II
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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8
I 10-5
u
10
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ASC COLON
I I I I I I I M I I I M i M ! I | I I I i I I
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ii I i i i ; I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WNUTES)
MUSCLE
WH FIELD
o
z
o
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10
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10
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TM I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I
L/V
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TtWE (MINUTES)
§ 10-* LJ
z
o
10
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u
o
z.
o
0 ICO 200 300 400 500
TIME OONITTESI
-------
u
z
u
1
w
o
10
~f 10
10
10
-4
-5
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TAATJES
XE INGESTION
Po-218
ASC COLON
0 IOC 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINC7TE3)
10
o
o
u
o
7.
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o
10
e 10
10
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JXUSCLE
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
0.000010000
0.000001000
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
TIME ,'MINUTES)
-------
CJ
z
o
w
u
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10
10
10
10
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10~8
TAATJES
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Po-218
SM INTEST
=iiiiij i i t I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I-
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WIMUTES)
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w
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10
10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 50C p
TIME (MINUTES) J>
~ 10
u
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2
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WH INTEST
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
U
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o
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o
8
10
10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
TiME (MINUTES)
-------
TAYLOR
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Po-218
STOMACH
LIVER
iO~3
G"
v.
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1
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CM
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 20
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
ASC COLON
| 10"4
0
z
o
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 20
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
z
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DBS COLON
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TAYLOR
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Po-218
II 1
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
o
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E.. . . I . . . . I, ,, ,L
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
z
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10
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LG INTEST
., , , , r , , , l- ,, ,
1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
r^.1:
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
o
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10
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10
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WH INTEST
i i i i i i i i r i r i i i \
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0 50 100 150 20
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
TAYLOR
XE INGESTION
Po-216
0.0010 i
u
1 10
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w
u
Ss
o
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i I i t i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 50 100"' 150 200
TBIE (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
WILTSE
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Po-216
LIVER
o
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TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
iiii IIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIII ii ii
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TIME (MINUTES)
ASC COLON
jj^'s^i^i^
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (WNVTES)
-------
u
o
v
O
w
z
o
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VfH 1NTEST
WILTSE
XE INGESTION
Po-218
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1111 11LLIIIII
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10
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w
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10
1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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0 25 50 75 100 125
(MINUTES)
2
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10
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ii iiii iiiiiiiii iiii iiii
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J
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
o
c
55
WH FIELD
I 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 | I i 1 1 I
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I t 1 1 ! 1 1 I I 1 I I I f 1 I t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 k 1 I 1
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
u
o
w
o
o
10
~3
10
I0
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0
"b
AHERN
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
SM [NTEST
I ! i
i i i i
I i t t i I i i i i I i i i t I i i
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
I 0.0010
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o
z
W
O
8 0.0001
STOMACH
.I....I....I....I7I
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
OJ
CO
8
z
o
u
o
o
o
io
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50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
v
1
o
o
10'
10
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io
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WH INTEST
.1... .I....!.... 1.:
0 50 100 150 EOO
TIME (MTCUTCS)
-------
10'
10
o
p
Z
w
u
o
o
10
10
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c
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r*
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AHERN
XE INGESTION
Pb-2I4
ASC COLON
0 50 100 150 200
TiME (MiNUTES;
00
00
T-4
o
o
10
10
10
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LIVER
I 10
o
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- I I I I I t I I < I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
Z
CJ
o
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1 t I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I
0 50 100 150 200
TiMt (V3NUTES)
-------
ARROL
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
STOMACH
0.0100 til I M I I > I I I I I I I I I I M
u
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100 200 300 400 500
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LIVER
5 10
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£
z
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w
u
2
8
10~5
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0 100 20.) 300 400 500
TIM1: (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
LC [NTEST
~ 10
o
o
u
o
2
O
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10
10
10
-3
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TOfC (MINUTES)
10
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2 10
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o
o
10
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1 i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I r
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES*
-------
w
z
8
cj
e
z
o
z
u
o
o
o
ARROL
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
WHJNTESTT
10
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I....I....I....I....I!
0 100 200 300 400 500
-------
STOMACH
AVER
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Pb-2I4
h' I I I I l l I I I i i i i i< i l l it I I I I I I I 41
0.0100
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
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100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
ASC COLON
AVER
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Pb-214
10
u
w
o
o
I
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10
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10'
I I I I I I I
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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10
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H
o
10
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10
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DBS COLON
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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2
O
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10~5
10~6
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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o
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SM INTEST
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
0.0100
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0.0010
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5 0.0001
I
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Pb-214
STOMACH
I I III 1 Tl I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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10
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0
100 200 300 400 500
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
u
o
2
10
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10
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WHINTEST
i I i i i i i i i r i i i i i i i i i i i i i u
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MDflJTCS)
-------
STOMACH
BROCK
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Pb-214
LIVER
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10 J
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0 25 50 75 100 12
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
BROCK
XE 1NGESTION
Pb-214
WH IHTEST
G" 10~
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TCME (MINOTES) TIME (MNUTE3)
O
WH FIELD
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u
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0
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150
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Pb-214
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0 50 100 150
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0 50 100 150
HUB (WNUTES)
Z
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10
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SM INTEST
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
o
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10-4
10
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ASC COLON
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
CLINE
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Pb-214
VH INTEST
MUSCLE
10 J
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0.0100
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Pb-214
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (WNUTES)
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 50 100 150 20C
TIME (MINUTES)
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STOMACH
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0
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50 100 150 20(
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WH INTEST
10 4
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
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100
150
-------
SM INTEST
I I I
x~
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o
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Pb-214
r.
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
STOMACH
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50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
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10
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WH INTEST
^,, I,
0
50 100 150
TIME (MDflJTES)
-------
STOMACH
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Pb-214
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
VTH INTEST
GALLOP
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BI-214
VH FIELD
10
10-4
u
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z
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50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
O
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0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
200
-------
STOMACH
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GALLOP
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Pb-214
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50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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l
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10
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0 50
100 150 300
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10
v
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10
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t-i i i i I i t i t I i i i i I i .
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
10
ASC COLON
M-1 ' ' | ' ' ' i [ i l i M ' ' l
10
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TIME (MINUTES)
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GALLOP
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Pb-214
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50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
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0 50 100 150 200
Tu'C (MINUTES)
z
0
0
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io
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10
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0 50 100 150 300
TIME (WNUTES)
CO
O
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C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
STOMACH
u
u
o
§
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0.0100
0.0010
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
B
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10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
HUG (10NUTES)
HH FIELD
10
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u
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2
U
O
2
O
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
0.0100
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i
S 0.0001
W
cj
X
8
STOMACH
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
1111 * 111111111111111111111
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME {MINUTES)
o
p
w
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LIVER
10
-4
10
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1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I t I I
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0 100 200 300 400 500 O
TIME OONUTES)
o
o
o
o
2
u
O
55
o
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SM INTEST
Ell I I I I I M I I I T^T I I I I I I I I I I I I I I-
J- ~'J I II.
10
10
10
-4
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TtUE (MINUTES)
Z 10
-4
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-5
u
o
z
8
10
-6
WH INTEST
i M i i < i i i i i i i i i i i i i i r
I"11!"11!
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0 100 200 300 400 SCO
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
V
u
o
I
M
u
8
10
-4
10'
10
-6
10
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TTTT
MUSCLE
I I I I M I I I II I I I I 1 I I I II
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
' ' I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
I I i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
g
o
I
H
O
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10
Wl FIELD
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10"
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MNUTES)
CO
O
-------
K 10
u
u
o
I
u
o
o
10
10
-3
-4
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STOMACH
0 100 200 300
TIME (MINUTES)
HAND
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
i i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i
400
z
o
1
CONC
10
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10-5
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LIVER
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
u
CJ
10
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LT LUNG
1 10
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o
u
o
o
10
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..I....I....I....
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
*i
o
u
o
10-4
10~5
10~6
10~7
WH INTEST
_ II I _
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (kINUTES)
-------
~ 10'
<_>
TVS
u
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2:
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10
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Pb-214
1 i i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400
TOtE (MINUTES)
I
s_x
z
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10
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VTH FIELD
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~l I I I III I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I l~
I j i i i i pi f | .i_i__i_i._i iiii |__|__| i /Mk
0 100 200 300 400 O
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
I
w
o
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10
3
10
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10
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STOMACH
HAND
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Pb-214
i i 1 i i i i ! i i i i I i t i i I i i
100 200 300 400
TOfE (MINUTES)
8
z
o
H
O
8
10
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10
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LIVER
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
ca
(J
J
K
O
u
z
o
10
-5
10
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LT LUNG
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
O
O
10
-4
10
o
£ 10
o
-6
SM INTEST
~i i i i I i i i i I t t i t I t i i i I i t r
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (lONUTES)
-------
_i
10
-4
o
I
w
o
o
o
10
10
10
-5
-6
-7
HAND
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Pb-214
ASC COLON
i I i i i i I i i i i i i i i t I
0 100 200 300 400
TLWE (MINUTES)
TO INTEST
o
I
I
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10~5
10~6
~\ i i i I i i i i I i i i i i i i i t I i t r
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (WNUTES)
MUSCLE
o
10
-5
s 10
u
o
sc
o
10
-6
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I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I C
0 ICO 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
10
-4
o
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z
o
-5
u
o
10
-6
WH FIELD
I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I i ' I I r
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (VONUTCS)
-------
0
HA'KKINS
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Pb-214
STOMACH
LEVER
§ 0.0010
c
z
o
§
S 0 0001
SE
o
u
c
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| 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
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10-4
1 l°~5
z
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Z
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) 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES) TiMB (MINUTES)
10 4
u
u
o
5 R
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u
u
z
8 ,-?
SM INTEST
_ i i i i i i i i i i i i i
1 /^^ I
- /
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- -
- -
10-4
u
I 10~5
0
i io~6
u
o
0 ry
0 10~7
LG INTEST
; i i i i i i i i i i t i i i r
- /^^ ~
~
i =
- I-'
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HAWKINS
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Pb-214
10-4
|
O
\ 10~6
w
o
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0 10~7
C
2
O
5 io~5
o
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WH INTEST
- i i i i i i i i fill f
r s^~~~ -
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~, , 1 , , , , h
) 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
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^ 10~5
1
O
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H
O
8 10-8
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MUSCLE
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1- /"^ -i
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T *
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> 50 100 150
HUE OONUTE3)
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
10
-3
g 10
W
O
2
8
10
-4
-5
HILL
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Pb-214
SM INTEST
-I I I ( I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I [ I I I~I~T
0 100 200 300 400 500
TEME (MINUTES)
10"
o
o
I
M
10
-4
10
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STOMACH
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0 100 200 300 400 500
HUE (MINUTES)
H
J? 10~4
^N.
o
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2 10"
w
DES COLON
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
I 10
~5
o
t-
,0
-B
MUSCLE
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
2
o
I
z
w
u
z.
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
HILL
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Pb-214
UVER
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
s io-14
I
w
0 10
-15
DUODENUM
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0 100 200 300 400 500**
TIME OONUTES)
t? 10
-13
(
i
* 10
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o
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LG INTENT
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i i i i I i i i
i i i I i i i i I i i i i I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
^
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o
u
o
10
-4
10
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WH FIELD
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
u
u
SS
8
U
cj
CJ
q
z
o
u
o
o
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STOMACH
HILL
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Pb-2i4
10
-3
10
-4
10
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~\ 1111111111111 * i»11111111?
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10
-4
10
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10
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u
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
o
w
o
o
1
u
o
I
10
4
10"
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
1TH FIELD
G 10
-4
10'
j., ,-j,. ..,,,,,, | ,,,, | .T^ryr
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME {VONUTKS)
-------
u
z
o
I
z
w
o
z
10
10
-2
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10
~5
HUTCHINS
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Pb-214
TIIT
STOMACH
Tir-T-
TiTr
0
' ' 'IL
j I iiiLIll
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
600
o
t-
w
o
I
io~3
10-4
10~5
0
SU INTEST
I
I
200 400
TIME (MINUTES;
60( 0
H
u
v
j;
z
z
M
CJ
10
10
-4
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10
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0
VH 1HTE5T
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200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
c 10
£
O
u
u
I
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10
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0
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J-L . , , 1 . . . .
200 400 60(
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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Pb-214
200 400
TIME (MINITTES)
600
FAT
10
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U
O
Z
o
o
ID"7 fc-
J 1 1 1 1 1 1 U
0
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TIME (JONUTKS)
-------
HUTCKiNS
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Pb-214
10
c
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£
2
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0
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
600
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ii i r i i i LI i-
200 400
TIME (MLNTJIES)
60(
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J.MCK1NLEY
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Pb-214
STOMACH
0.0010
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£
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50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
I i i i I I I I
200
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
10
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0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
LG INTEST
200
-------
J.MCK1NLEY
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Pb-214
VH INTEST
MUSCLE
4 fV 4
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WH FIELD
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10
2 10
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10
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LG INTEST
- i i i i I i i i i
KELLEHER
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Pb-214
200 400 600
TtME (MINUTES)
2 10
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TIME (kINUTES)
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0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
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10
10
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0
MUSCLE
i i I i i t i I
200 400 600
TIME (UINUTES)
-------
10
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1 10
2
O
I
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0
200 400
TtHE (MINUTES)
KELLEHER
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Pb-214
600
O
2;
8
10
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10
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10
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0
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
t i i t I i i i i I U
600
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TIME (MINUTES)
u
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0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
LITTELL
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Pb-214
STOMACH
SMINTEST
2 o.ooio
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TIME (MINUTES)
TIME (YOHUTES)
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3.000010000
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Pb-214
' ' ' ' 1 ' J_J
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TIME (MINUTES)
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WH INTEST
0
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50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
o
u
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o
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10
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10
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i i i i i i
50 100 150
TCME (MINUTES)
-------
o
I
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10
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10
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Pb-214
ASC COLON
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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TIME (10NUTE3)
CM
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TtME (MINUTES)
o
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10
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t i I i i i i I i i i i I i i .. I
100 200 300 400 5C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
z
o
M
o
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O
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MACMILLAN
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Pb-214
SM FNTEST
I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I
I I I I
I I I 1 I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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8 10
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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0 100 200 300 400 5C
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
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1
10
10
-3
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10
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P.... i,,,, i,,,, i,,,, i,,, j
0 100 200 300 400 500
TO4E (MINUTES)
u
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10
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£ 10
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10
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WH INTEST
I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I J ( I t
-^^w I I I I
i I i i i i I i t i i I i i i i I i i i i~
0 100 200 300 400 5C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
MAIO
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Pb-214
S 0.0010 =-
O
i o.oooi
z
w
O
O
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
2
O
U
O
z
O
O
10
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10
10
10
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-5
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SM 1NTEST
t I i i i i I i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
O
z
O
O
LG INTEST
10
O
10
-4
10'
10
-6
10
-7
:i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i 5
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MAIO
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
10
u
z
o
I
u
o
10
10
10
-3
-4
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WH INTEST
"I I I I I I TT ri'TTT fTTTTT
1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10"
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l
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8
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
00
c*
-------
MALCOM
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
z
o
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o
o
o
LG INTEST
10
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10
-6
10
-7
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIKE (MINUTES)
WH INTEST
~ 10
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u
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o
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o
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I
I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MALCOM
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
0.00010000
0.00001000
0.00000100
0.00000010
o.ofjoooooi
o.oloooooo
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0.08000000
0.08000000
MUSCLE
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (10KUTES)
OJ
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10
10
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10
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I I I I I
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (M1NLTTES)
o
p
u
u
o
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10-4
10~5
10
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i i i 11 i i i i I i i i i i t i i i j i i i i i i . i-t
w I .rf^"**^. ' * I ~a
i i i i I t i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MONROE
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
STOMACH
0.0100
1 0.0010
I
t-
w
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8 0.0001
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
z
o
i
u
8
LIVER
10
-4
10
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0 100 200 300 400
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CM
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O
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I
10
10
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~ i i i I I I I t I I I I I 1 I i r i i I i
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
o
u
o
z,
o
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10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
o
i
M
U
8
WH FIELD
MONROE
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Pb-214
10
-3
icr* =-
0 100 200 300 400
TIKE (MINOTES)
CO
-------
0.0010
u
2
o
1
w
o
2:
o
o
0.0001
STOMACH
MORGAN
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
200
z
w
o
10
4
£ 10
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I I I I I I f I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
CM
SM INTEST
MUSCLE
10
S 10
u
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1
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200
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10
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10
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
WH FIELD
MORGAN
XE INGESTION
Pb-214
10
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z
o
2 m-5 _
w
o
z
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
-------
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o
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w
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o
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o
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MURCHE
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Pb-214
STOMACH
10
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME {MINUTES}
WH FIELD
^ 10
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10'
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0 100 200 300 400
TCME (MINUTES)
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME
CO
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o
o
c
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o
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10
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MURCHE
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Pb-214
I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I L
~t i i i I i i i i I t i i ' I i i i i I i i i T~t
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME
1 10-5
w
o
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10
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LtVER
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0 100 200 300 400 50t
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
u
o
1
10
9 10
10
-4
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-6
Sk INTEST
i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
u
8
DES COLON
-3
10
e 10-*
10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 50«
TIME (HDWTCS)
-------
t? 10
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2 10-
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10
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MURCHE
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Pb-214
VfHINTESTT
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10"
o
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10
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8
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0 100 200 300 400 50«
TIIiE
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10
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O
2
O
f;
Z
u
o
o
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
0.0100
0.0010
z
O
1 o.oooi k-
M
z
o
PARK
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PL-214
STOMACH
I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
~2
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10"
g
I 10"
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1 io~4
M
2
s
10
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STOMACH 2
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
GO
CO
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SM INTEST
10
o
u
r 10
u
o
7.
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
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1
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
10
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M
10
10
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Pb-214
WH INTESTT
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TEME (MINUTES)
10
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10~6
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME OONUTCS)
CO
CM
10-4
10~5
o
z
u
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8
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
VH FIELD
10
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I io~4
u
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
B" io~4
o
w
u
a
o
o
10
10
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ASC COLON
TAATJES
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Pb-214
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (UINUTES)
0.00010000
0.00001000
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0.06000001
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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TAATJE3
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Pb-214
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
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TIME (MINUTES)
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WH FIELD
o
o
u
c
o
u
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
£
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
TIME
-------
STOMACH
TAYLOR
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Pb-214
u
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u
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
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z
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0 50 100 150 200
TEME (MINUTES)
10
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o
u
o
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10
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10
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0 50 100 150 20
TIME (VONUTES)
-------
TAYLOR
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Pb-214
10~3
w"
0
o
o
f-
1 10-5
u
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TIME (MINUTES)
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0 50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150 20
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Pb-214
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
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10~2
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10
10
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WESOLEK
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Ei i i i I i i i i i i i i i I ! t i i I i i i i I i i iE
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
10
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TIME (MINUTES)
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u
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TIME (MINUTES)
5
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ASC COLON
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TIME (MINUTES)
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«TH 1NTEST
10
10
10
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TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
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0 100 200 300 400 500
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STOMACH
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0.0010
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
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WILTSE
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Pb-214
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10 4
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TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (KIHUT&S)
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AHERN
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Bi-214
ASC COLON
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (VONUTES)
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Bi-214
s- 10
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TIME (MINUTES)
o
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10
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LG INTEST
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES),
o
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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Bl-214
MTH 1NTEST
MUSCLE
10~3
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BI-314
10
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TIME (UIKUTESJ
WH FIELD
10
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TIME (MINUTES)
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WHUTE3)
-------
w
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TIME (MINUTES)
DES COLON
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-------
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 25 50 75 100 12
TIME (MINUTES)
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WH INTEST
BROCK
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Bi-214
MUSCLE
10 4
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TIME (MINUTES)
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BYRNE
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STOMACH
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TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
10
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Bl-214
WH FIELD
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0
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TIME (MINUTES)
150
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150
0 50 100 150
TIME (VOLUTES)
-------
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Bi-214
VTH INTEST
MUSCLE
10 ^
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
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Bi-214
LEVER
w
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0 50 100 150 200
TMC (MINUTES)
0 50 100
TIME (UNUTES)
-------
2
O
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M
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2
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1
ELMDEN
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Bi-214
io~7 t-." _;
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
I I I
MUSCLE
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0
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TtNE (MINUTES)
WH INTEST
s 10~4
1 io~5
1 io-6
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g 10~7
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TIME (MINUTES) ^
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TINE OOWITCS)
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ASC COLON
EPLING
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Bi-214
io-*
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CONCENTRAT1
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50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150
0
50 100 150
TIME (VOmjTES)
-------
EPLIKG
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
STOMACH
/I
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o
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TIME (MINUTES)
10~3
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TIME (MINUTES) !£
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WH INTEST
_ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 2
^"T!
r , , , i , , , , i , , , , n
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
GALLOP
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Bi-214
MUSCLE
^ 10 3
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r~ 1 T^
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 If 200
TIME (ttlNUTES)
-------
STOMACH
GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
LCVER
10~3
8
2
O
| 10~5
w
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10 °
SM INTEST ^ ASC COLON
_ 4
y ^
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n~i i i 1 i i i i i i i i . 1 . . . . -h
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0
1 10-5
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0
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E ' ^ 1 -
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
1 10
w
CJ
S;
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STOMACH
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
10
10
-2
-3
-4
10
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" I I I I I . I M I I I I M I I I I II I 1 I I
" I ! I ' I
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
- 10-4
O
O
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o
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M
I io-7
LIVER
I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t
| i i i I t i i i I i i t i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i r
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MWUTE3)
2
O
u
o
o
10
-3
10
-4
10
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WK FIELD
I I I ' . ' 1 I I H I I I M II i
MM
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
y
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z
o
p
3
M
U
O
o
o
o
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o
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STOMACH
C.MCKINLEY
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BI-214
10~^
10~3
10
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10
10
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111 =
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TttfE (MINUTES)
SU INTEST
10~4
10~5
10~6
10-7
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r^^
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III! Mil M I E
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LEVER
10-4
y
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TIME (WNUTES) :
(
WH INTEST
-i I I "TI 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C
IT ^^^-i
f =
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1 1 1 1 1 I I t t 1 i t t t ' i i t t I i t i i 1 i i i r
S
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (UDJUTE3|
-------
MUSCLE
C.MCKINLEY
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Bi-214
8
o
2
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I
2
M
O
10
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I f I I I I I I I I I I 11
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
I
z
M
O
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
10
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JTH FIELD
I I I I M I I I I I I I M I I I I
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
C-l
-------
8
2
O
w
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2
10
-3
10
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STOMACH
1 1 1-
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
HAND
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
o
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55
M
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fc
io
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LIVER
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
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0
1
10
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LT LUNG
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
0 100 200 300 400
T[ME (MINUTES)
o
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10~4
10~5
3 10'
o
10
-8
WH INTEST
" I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I t I I I I I l"
0 100 200 300 400
TIME {MINUTES)
-------
CJ
z
o
z
M
O
a
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10
10
10
£ 10
10
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HAND
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Bi-214
MUSCLB
Ii i i < I i i i i ! I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
10
-4
^ 10
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I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I M I
10
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8 10
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I.... I.... I.... I..I!
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
STOMACH
-------
HAND
XE INGESTION
BI-214
in 4
10 *
f 10~6
o
7,
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10~5
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= / =
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) 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
-i i i i i i i i i t i i i i iiii lit
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10~"4
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WH fNTEST
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) 100 200 300 400
TIME (VONUTES)
VTH FIELD
; / S
I f =
(S.
0)
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
HAWKINS
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Bi-214
LtVER
10-3
CJ
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SM INTEST
-iiii i i i i i i i i t
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LG INTEST
- i i > i i i i i i iiii t
r /^^^ i
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0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HAWKINS
XE INGESTION
Bl-214
P~nTT
o
u
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H-
M
O
O
10
10
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10
WH IMTEST
i i ir|
' ' '
j tiL
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j iL
0
50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150
WH FIELD
p I I I I I I l I I I ' ' I
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t i
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0
50 100 150
TIWE (MINUTES)
o
I
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w
o
10"
10
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10
10
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0
MUSCLE
50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150
04
-------
SM INTE3T
HILL
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
f 1 1 f 1 1 1 1
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2 10
S
4
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o
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TEWE (MINUTES)
DBS COLON
o
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
STOMACH
tiM I 1 j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I M ^
g
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fc
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (KINVTES) QQ
MUSCLE
10 4
10~5
10~6
1CT7
10~8
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HILL
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
UVER
DUODENUM
in-4
j. \j
§ ro~5
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2;
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TIME IMINUTES)
LG INTEST
-l M I 1 i i I I 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 1 1 j I 1 M 1 i
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TIME (MINUTES) . J
WH FIELD
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r"/^ ^ 1
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MlrlUTES)
0 100 200 300 /'X) 500
TIME (VONTJTES)
-------
HILL
XE INGEST10N
Bi-214
STOMACH
u
v
z
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10
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TfWE (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10"
u
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z
o
o
z
o
o
10
10
10
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-7
I I i 1 I 1 I I t I I I I I I I 1 1 L 1 1 I
0 100 200 300 4^0 500
TIME (MINUTEJ1
LIVER
o
I
s-
w
5s
O
U
10
10
10
10
-4
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0 100 200 300 40(£"500'
TIME (MINUTES)
00
WH FIELD
~ 10
o
u
o
z
o
10
10
-5
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
CJ
2
O
I
M
O
o
o
O
P
u
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35
8
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
10
10
10
10
-2
-3
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STOMACH
I 1 i I
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0
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
VTH INTEST
600
10
10
10
-4
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0
. I . . . . I . . , , |:
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
600
z
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1
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8
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10~4
10~5
10~6
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10~6
10
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SM INTOST
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200 400
TIME (MINUTES;
\TH FIELD
i i I i i i t I i i i t
0
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
60(
-------
u
z
w
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8
10
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1C
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C
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0
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
JIL
200 400
TttlE (MINUTES)
I
600
CD
0$
0
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2
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FAT
0
200 400
f [ME (MINUTES)
600
10~4
10~5
o
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2
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10
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0
200 400
TIME (VOKUTES)
60(
-------
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
Descrnding Muscle
« 10~5
J
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2
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TIME (MINUTES) . TIME (MINUTES)
CO
CD
OJ
-------
J.MCK3NLEY
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Bi-214
STOMACH
LIVER
10 3
> 10~4
c
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2
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1 .^__
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0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES) **
CO
SM INTEST LG [NTEST
10-4
g io"5
1 io~6
1 io-7
5 10~6
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III! IIII 1 _
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J.MCK1NLEY
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Bi-214
INTEST
MUSCLE
io-4
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TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
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TIME (10NUTES)
IO
GO'
CM
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
KELLEHER
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Bi-214
LG INTEST
LIVER
10-4
x-v
0 C
> 10
c
1 io-6
a
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1 10
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(
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TIME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES)
iii r
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-i
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600.
T
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s
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KELLEHER
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Bi-214
10
y 10
o
X.
£
z
o
w
fc
8
o
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10
10
10
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0
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10'
200 400
TELiE (MINUTES)
STOMACH
600
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i i i i I i i i i 1 T
0
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
^ 10
10
-4
-5
o
H
g 10
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W
o
25
8
10
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i i
11 i j i i i i t
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
SH FIELD
10
-4
I 10
-5
O
o
^
o
10
10
-6
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0
600
00
OJ
i i i i I i i t i II
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
LITTELL
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Bi-2i4
STOMACH
SM INTEST
£
p^
c
RATION
i-
W
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TIME (MINUTES)
ASC COLON
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TIME (MINUTES) |J
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0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
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LITTELL
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Bl-214
MUSCLE
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0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
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w
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0
50 100 150
TtME (MINUTES)
§
o
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10
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10
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10
-7
10
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0
WH INTEST
1"
a
1 , , ,
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till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
00
03
-------
z
o
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W
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10
1C
10
10
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10
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MACMILLAN
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
ASC COLON
I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1-4
0 100 200 300
TIME (MINUTES)
400 500
o
£
2
O
P
2
W
10
10
10
10
10
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DES COLON
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1111=
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0 100 200 300V 400 5C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
V
z
o
H
M
U
SS
o
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10
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
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10
MACM1LLAN
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Bi-214
SM INTEST
~l I I t I I I I 1 i I I i I I I I I I I I I I l~
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
z
o
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10"
10
10
-4
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STOMACH
:, ..... . . , ! .-m p ,
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
01
TR COLON
WH INTEST
z
o
u
o
z
o
10
10
i 10
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
z
o
u
o
z
8
10
-3
10-4
10~5
10
-6
10
-7
= i i i I I I I i I I i I i i I i i I i I i i I ir
0 100 200 300 '00 5C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MAIO
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
STOMACH
M I I I
~ 10
o
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I
M
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10
10
-3
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I I t I I I
I I I I
I....I.T
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
u
10
10
-s- 10
z
o
o
z
o
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
-6
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-8
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LEVER
\
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o
p
2
1-
z
w
o
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o
1
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r- ^^^^^ -=
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m _
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) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WNUTES) '
*
LG INTEST
=t- 1 i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i i-t-g
-/^ ^* -J
Lr _4
c
r "~
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35
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
WH IKTEST
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
10
~
AW
-4
10"
2
O
I
w
o
8
10
-9
1 1 1 1
i i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i i i i i i IT~
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
WH HELD
« 10
10
o
z
o
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10
-4
~5
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I I I . I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 III
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10
g 10"
H
g
:t i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i t i i I i i i i I i i
0 tOO 20Q 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
-------
MALCOM
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Bi-214
STOMACH
u
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10
10
n
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w
8
10
t-
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IT
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LG INTEfTT
o
z
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o
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10~5
10~6
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
10
io
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e
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10
"7
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
TfH INTEST
-«B»
Oi
O
10
10
10
10
10
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME
-------
0
10 J
| 10~4
£
§ 10~5
i""f
p*
I iO~6
0
WH FIELD
_1_L 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I_|_J
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MALCOM
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Bi-214
0.00010000
0.00001000
O.OQ000100
0.0^000010
o.ogoooooi
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0.09000000
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) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WNVTES) l£
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SM INTESTT
i
^M 1 1 | 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I_M
lr/^ ^\^^n
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3 i
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 40* 500
TIME (VCDHJTES)
-------
MONROE
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
10 2
y" _Q
u
1 io-4
i
1 10~5
8
(
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1C 4
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0
STOMACH
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TIME (MINUTES)
WH INTENT
_ ' > ' i i ' ' i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i n
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TIME (MINUTES) ' J
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MUSCLE
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TIME (MINUTES)
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
M
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2
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10
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5
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10
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WH FIELD
MONROE
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Bi-214
I I t I ~
"i i i i I t t i i I i t i i I i i < i I t i t r
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
d
-------
MORGAN
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
STOMACH
LIVER
10 3
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u
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o
1 icr5
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TEME (MINUTES)
10--
1 10~5
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g
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8
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3
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) 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES) !_
CM
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2
8 io~°
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1 io-7
0
0
SM INTEST
p 1 i 1 1 I I I I | I I | i | | | | i i;
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MORGAN
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
WH FIELD
o
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z
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-------
z
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1
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MURCHE
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STOMACH
HI I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
10
10
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10
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i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i t i i
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
~ 10
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S
& 10
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o
l
10
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w
£
8
10
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LIVER
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
u
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z
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z
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WH FIELD
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10
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
2
O
w
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2
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MURCHE
XL' INGESTION
BI-214
10
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a 10
10
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STOMACH
l I l I l I I I I I I I I I I I l i l l I I I l
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TEWE (MINUTES)
LIVER
10'
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0 100 200 300 400 50i
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9
u
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Z
g
z
u
o
o
o
10
10
10
10
10
-4
SM INTEST
^ 1 i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i iL
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
u
o
a
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10
10
-3
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10
10
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-8
DES COLON
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0 100 200 300 400 50t
TIME (VONUTES)
-------
IO
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CONCENTRATION
10
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MURCHE
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Bl-214
I I I I I M
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
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io
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w
0
8 10-9
r-...l....l....i....(...ri
0 100 200 300 400 50«
TIME (VONVTES)
u
c
o
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WH FIELD
10
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c
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10
I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I
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1 P
t i i i 1 i i i t i i i i r
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
«M
O
CO
-------
10
-2
STOMACH
PARK
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
b*-» I I I I l l l I I I I I I l l I I I l l l
8 10~3
z.
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2
W
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10
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10
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I I I I I I I M I I I I M I h+.
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TtWE {MINUTES}
SM INTEST
o
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10
10
10
10
10
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STOMACH 2
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (WNUTES)
L[VER
-i i i i I i i i i i i i i i I i i r i i i i i 1111 =
ill I =
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u
8
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
\TH INTEST
PARK
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Bi-214
10 J
g 10-4
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0
| icr6
W
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8 10~7
(
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) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
A
10 4
a io~5
I 10-6
§
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1 10~7
z
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MUSCLE
JJ ' ' 1 ' 1 1 1 -TTTT- -TTT-T -TTTT -FTl
1 -
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TEWE (MINUTES)
I
10~3
10-4
10~5
o
I
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to-7
ID-8
ASC COLON
-TT
'
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
CO
10
-3
10
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Z
p
I 10
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w
o
o
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
H
W
u
10~3 F7
n 10
10
S 10
10
-5
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ASC COLON
I ! I I
TAATJES
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Bi-214
I I
Uf,
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TtUK (MINUTES)
1C
o
CO
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10
10
I 10
Ul
O
10
10
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
I I I I I I
r ' i '" i" '4
I i i i i I i j i i I i i i t I i i i i 1
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
z
o
I
u
o
o
o
u
^
z
o
o
z
o
o
SM INTEST
TAATJE3
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
i i i i i i t i t i i i i i i i « i i i
10
10
-3
-4
10
10
-5
-6
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MiNUTES)
WH FIELD
i I I I I M l I I I l I I I I I I I I I i i ij
i i 1 i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
C
o
I
w
o
s
u
o
z
o
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10
10
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STOMACH
' ' I l l l l i i i M i M i i i i i I
Ti
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lilt'
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
TIME (M1HUTES) 33
O
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WH INTEST
fcl I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I M I |J
c 10
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I 10~6
10-'
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
TAYLOR
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
LIVER
10~3
t?
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1 10~4
0
P
I 10-5
M
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10~6
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w
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2
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2 «V
0 10
s _8
0
[-1 1 t"I- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=/ ^^°
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) 50 100 150 2C
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
r .^ *~ L-^^
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rr I
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50 100 150 20
1 10~4
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2
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ASC COLON
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50 100 150 20
T01E (MINUTES)
TIME (VOKUTCSt
-------
TAYLOR
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Bi-214
DBS COLON
TR COLON
10 3
| 10-4
I io-5
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CONCENTRATI
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TIME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES) O
CO;
10 4
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LG INTEST
§ x^^ i
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0
t> » v
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1 10~6
1 io-7
8
WH INTEST
B-+- 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1
rX'
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p
= ., ., 1 , , ,. 1
rn T T 1 ~n
-1
:
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
0 50 100 150 20
TIME (10NUTE3)
-------
10
H 10
u
c
z
o
1
I-
M
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10
-2
-3
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10
10
-5
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WESOLEK
XE INGESTION
Bi-214
STOMACH
I i I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I M I I I I h
I....I....I....L...I:
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
1
o
ejj
ai
o
z.
8
10~3
10-4
10~5
i 10
-6
10
-7
SM INTEST
'I M l i l l l l I l I 11 I l l l l i i i it
-i < I i I i i i I I i I I i I i i i t I t [ , , [ , , ^
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
u
o
z.
o
10
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10
10
SM INTEST
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
2
O
u
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10-4
10~5
10
10
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10
r-t
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ASC COLON
|i i i II l l l l I » M i I i l i i i l i l l i H li
{ ' ' ' ' . i i i i l i i ig
=i t i t I i t t i I i i i t I i t i i I . . , , | , t ^
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
W
CJ
o
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10
H 10
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* 10
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10
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«ro INTENT
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Bi-214
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
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10-4
10~5
10
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10
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LIVER
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IT.
10~8 Err.. I.... I.... I.... I.... I .-T^
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (kONVTES)
u
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o
1
u
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10
10
10
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-5
WH FIELD
.11111111111111
I I 14
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i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
WILTSE
XE INGESTJON
Bi-214
LIVER
10 3
o
I 10-4
£
O C
P i n °
2
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SM INTEST ASC COLON
10~^
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-------
WILTSE
XE INGESTION
Bl-214
-, ^ 4
10 ^
§ io-5
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«TH 1NTEST
-i i i i i i i i i OTT i i i i itii i i i i-
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a " / a
* ~
rr ^
sr .
Ti i i 1 t i i i i | i i 1 i M 1 1 L r LJ_ < i~i~C
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TIME (MINUTES)
HIP
i i i i i i ) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i t
\-/^ -!
i
= 5
<>
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1111 till"
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MUSCLE
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r / i
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r -i
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TIME (iONUTES)
VH FIELD
t t i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
r/ i
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TLME (MINUTES)
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME
-------
AHERN
XE INGESTION
Po-214
SM INTEST
STOMACH
10 5
| 10~6
v
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TIME {WIM7TES)
WH FIELD
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TIME (10NUTBS)
WH INTEST
ri i i i l * ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' -1
_|_ 1
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0 50 100 150 200
T[ME (MINUTES)
0 50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
AHERN
XE INGESTION
Po-214
ASC COLON
ic
io
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8
10
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ll I I I I I I I I I I I
i i i i i i $
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0 50 100 150
TtME (MINUTES)
HIP
200
10
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2 10
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10
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
K ry
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10
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (VONUTES)
-------
u
o
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p
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8
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XE INGEST10N
Po-214-
10
10
10
10
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STOMACH
L| I I I I I I i I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I
i i i
I i i t i I i i i i I j i i i I l t l ill
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
\
W
o
8
10
-5
10
10"
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I I I I I 1 I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I M
10
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Hi t i i I i i i i
I i i i i I i i i t I t i t i I i i i i I r
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
10
-4
o
w
s
u
o
z
o
o
10"5
10~6
10~7
l i l l l l i i l i l l l
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
K
O
8
10
10
10
10
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l l l I I l I l i I l l i i I l l M I M I I I fc
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (KD4UTCS)
-------
o
W
O
2
8
o
u
z
o
u
o
o
IKTEST
ARROL
XE INGESTION
Po-214
10
10
10
10
10
-5
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i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i t I r
0
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
10
5 10
-5
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TtME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
10
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£ 10
c
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8
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10
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l,,,,l,,,,l...,lr
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-CO
TH
CQ
-------
« 10
o
u
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2
O
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AVER
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Po-214
I I i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I t i i T
0 100 200 300 400 500
TtWE (MINUTES)
LTVER
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10-* En
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
o
u
u
c
o
u
o
o
HH FIELD
:' i i i I i i i 11 i i r i i i i i i i 11 i i i 11 i jt
10
10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
z
o
M
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O
U
10
10
10
10
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-8
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10
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ASC COLON
AYER
XE INGESTION
Po-314
I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i-
0 100 200 300 400 500
TOtE (MINUTES)
10
10
10
-5
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I 10
10~8
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10
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DES COLON
100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
2
U
o
z
o
10
10
P 10
10
-6
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LIVER
-i i i i I i i i i 1 i tii I i i i i I i i i i I i i i-
0 100 200 300 400 500
TO4E (MINUTES)
8
10
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10
-9
10
-10
SM INTEST
n ri ri i i i i la
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i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MDflJTES)
-------
o
o
u
o
M
u
S5
8
10
-4
a 10
10
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STOMACH
AVER
XE INGESTION
Po-214
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
8
o
I
w
io-4
10~5
10-6
10
-7
8 10
-8
ZTI I I I I
TR COLON
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME: (VONUTES)
CO
WH FIELD
WH INTEST
10
y 10
z
o
u
z
o
10
10
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-8
t..!....!....I....I....I.
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
z
o
tf
10
10
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10
10
10
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-8
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jTT i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
BROCK
XE INGESTIGN
Po-214
STOMACH
LIVER
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
0 25 50 75 100 12
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
BROCK
XE INGE3TION
Po-314
WH INTEST
UUSCLE
i n~~5
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£ 10~6
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CONCENTEUTION
t » »-» i-
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TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
: /" =
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TIME (MNUTCS)
CO
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
o
u
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STOMACH
BYRNE
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Po-214
8
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p
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XE 1NGESTION
Po-314
WH FIELD
i- t I I l I I I I i i I
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1 1 ._! 1 1
ei
0 50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
L50
-------
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XE INGESTION
Po-214
STOMACH
(nCi/CC)
r RATION
CONCEN1
(nCi/CC)
z
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TtWE (MINUTES)
10~4
10~5
10~6
io-7
10~8
io-9
SM INTEST
1 III 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 | I 1 1
a .
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= i t i i itii i » r t 1 i i i =
0 50
) 100 150
TCME (MINUTES}
U
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^ 10
io
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LT ' ' ' I '
0 50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
ASC COLON
10
10
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2
O
S 1U
I 10-10
150
Cl
CO
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
CLINE
XE JNCE5TION
Po-314
Yfll INTEST
MUSCLE
10~5
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0
C ry
I 10 7
O
1 10~8
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0
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WH FIELD
10~D
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0
2
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1 r< y
PT 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 i ' ' ' ' ' -i-s
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IA
CO
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
ELMDEN
XE INGESTION
Po-214
LIVER
io-4
(J
| 10~5
CONCENTRATION
H- * I-*
0 0
1 1
10"7
n
1 io-8
g io-9
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0
MUSCLE
- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1-
1 _,. t JL
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tlllllllt 1 1 1 1 1 1 f ^ 1 1
t rt^5
10 ^
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1 io~6
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VH FIELD
.1 i i i | i i i i 1 i i i i | i i
+
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I ,..!,,,. l,,,,l...
I!1!
;
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20C
^
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
0 50 100 150 20C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
ELMDEN
XE INGESTION
STOMACH
iwm
10-4
G"
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£ 10~5
c
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£
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TfWE (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES)
r
r-
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55
O
SM INTEST DES COLON
ii* III! Ill) Illit
r X^ -
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- / 3
*
^"
r^^
r
; »
'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' i 1 i i i i 1 t i i i F
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1 U
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0
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. 1 1 1 I 1 t t i i 1 i i i i 1 ., . .~^
0 50 100 150 200
TIME fM MUTES)
0 50 100 150 20<
TIME CKmUTES)
-------
ELMDEN
XE INGESTION
Po-314
WH INTEST
^ 10"6
Z ry
O | /\~~ ^
5?
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1 10-8
0
o
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L/^ ;
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-lift liii il*...l
° 5° *21_ 15° 20° 0 50 100 150 20(
TIME (IOMJTCS)
-------
u
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10
10
1°
8 io
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-6
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1 io-io
EPLING
XE INGESTION
Po-214
ASC COLON
=-| - 1 - 1 | - 1 1 I I - 1 I I - 1 - 1 I
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTSS)
CM
CO
u
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0
io
10
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-7
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10
10
10"
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LIVER
50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150
o
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0
s
10
10
-6
0
50
100
150
TIME
-------
EPLING
XE INGESTION
Po-314
SM INTEST
5
0
25
ic
io
10
7
-8
'9
-« ' '1IIII 1IIIIu
Jj
0
50 100
TIME {MINUTES}
WH FIELD
150
= i i i
o
P
o
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10
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t I 1 Illll
0
50 100 150
TIME
STOMACH
10
w
o
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u
10
1 10
z
8
10
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1' n
- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 4
0
50 100
TIME (WNUTES)
WH INTEST
150
CO
10
10
io
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z.
u
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I
l_ t 1 1
r
1 1 1 1
, , | , , J^
t 1 1 I 1 1 it 111
0
50 100 150
TIME (VOKUTES)
-------
8
o
o
,-4
10
10
-5
-6
STOMACH
GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Po-314
0 50 100 !50 200
TCME (MINUTES)
IV,
-6
V
V
2
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H
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10
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8 10
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MUSCLE
Itl
0 50 100 150 200 ^|
TIME (MINUTES) CO
13
2
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P ( 1 1 1 1 1 1
10
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10
Q
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I 1 I I I I I I I
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
u
o
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10
~"~ «3
10
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WH FIELD
I i i t i I i i i i I i i i i I i
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
I
2
M
u
ss
10
-5
io
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GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Po-214
STOMACH
0 50 100 150 200
TIKE (MINUTES)
\
v
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2
o
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w
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10
~6
io
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10
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10
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LIVER
i I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
03
CO
o
V
u
o
z
o
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10
10
10
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-6
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' '
SM INTEST
III 1 1 1 1
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
10
§ 10
£ 10'
z
I 10
-5
-6
-8
10
-io
ASC COLON
- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T i i i I i t i i I i i i i I l l l l
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
WH INTEST
GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Po-214
VH FIELD
10 5
I 10-6
c
l io-7
t-
5
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8
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r^ =
i i t i 1 t i i i 1 i i i i 1 * i i i 1 i
) 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
TtWE (MINUTES) T]ME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
i i i i I i i i
i
M
r /
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5
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111 -h
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III! 1 1 1 1 1 -
CO
CO
CO
0 50 100 150 200
TIKE {MINUTES)
-------
z
O
I
M
O
Z
O
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u
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U
O
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C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Po-814
STOMACH
10
10
10
10
-4
-5 i_
-6
-7 _
-I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I P
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
FIELD
10~5
10~6
10
-7
10~° =-
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LIVER
£
0
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u
8
10~5
10~6
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10-8
in-9
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C
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'I ^\^_^_:
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: =
' 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
CO
-------
STOMACH
II l i l l l t l i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
C.MCK1NLZY
XE INGE3T10N
Po-214
10'
o
y
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I
w
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8
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
io
10
-5
8
10
-8 ^_
'n i t I i t i t 't i i i I i i i iI i i t i i ii . r
0 100 200 300 400 500
-HUE (MINUTES)
CO
CO
SM INTEST
10
i n
10
-5
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2
o
Z
o
10
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in~9 I I I I I
iU PTT t I I I r l l I i l i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i , £
0 100 200 300 400 500
T.ME (MINUTES)
10-
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ID
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10
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Fl I I 1 I I l 1 l I i i i i I i t i i I i i t i I ,j^
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MUSCLE
C.MCKINLEY
XE INOESTION
Po-214
10
o
o
o
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w
LJ
z.
o
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10
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10
L
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1
1 1 I i » i 1 1 i 1 1 i i 1 1 i 1 1
0 100 200 SCO 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
o
o
1-
H
O
WH FIELD
10
-5
10
-6
i 10
-7
ID-
"i c i i I i i i i I i i i i I i t i i ( t t t » I i i i p
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME
CD
CO
CO
-------
HAND
XE INGESTION
Po-214
STOMACH
z
o
w
2
8
10
10
10
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-6
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i i i i (-
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i-
0 100 200 300 400
TOME (MINUTES)
LIVER
10
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c
o
1
rj
rj
Z
10
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pi i i i i i i i i I i i III'11'!1
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0 100 200 300 400
TIME (WNVTES)
CO
CO
10
u
S 10
Z
o
Z
o
o
10
10
-6
-7
-8
-9
LT LUNG
_l I I I I I t I I II I I I II I I t
i i i i I i i i-
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (KCINUTES)
10
-6
-7
1 IO-8
1 10
u
o
10
-10
WH INTEST
11'''' i'''' I" 1
I
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (KDAJTES)
-------
HAND
XE INGESTION
Po-814
MUSCLE WH FIELD
10 6
u" 10~7
w
i io~8
2
0 Q
t- 10
£
1 lO'10
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0 ICO 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MlfUTTSS) TIME (lOmJTES) QQ
CO
CO
-------
STOMACH
HAND
XE INGESTION
Po-314
LIVER
10~5
o
CJ
1 10~6
0
% 7
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w
8 10-8
(
1U
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TIME (MINUTES)
LT LUNG
1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 | I 111
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rf -|
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1 10"8
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TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
:i i i r rr i i i i i i i i i i i i i r
1J J
r- s
CO
CO-
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400
TH4C (UmUTES)
-------
10'
~ 10
ASC COLON
i i i
HAND
XE INGESTION
Po-214
0
u
10
10
10
-io
fe,
' ' ' i ' ' i i I ' ' ' t
100 200 300
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
400
10"
iiii i i
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o
10
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z
u
1C
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i=l i I I
I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 -- L..L
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
o
v
z
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M
O
u
I
WH INTEST
' i " ' ' I ' ' " I ' ' |
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0
100 200 300 400
TIME
FIELD
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
J_L
CO
I'''' 1" '' I'' H
i i i i i t * i i *
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HAWKINS
XE INGESTION
Po-814
STOMACH
LEVER
io-4
I io-5
u
z c
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2
z
w ?
0 1(1
o
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g
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0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
10~6
CJ
C 1 U
1 io~B
1 10~9
o
1 10-io
= 1 1 i I j 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 £
r- /^ -i
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10~7
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3
:
1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | t 1 1 1 | £
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50 100 150
TIME OOMJTES)
LG INTEST
1 i ' *jjj ' ri
^^"^ B
jf E
/ -i
|
I
, , 1 .... 1 .... ri
CO
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
TIME (UWUTES)
-------
VTH IHTEST
HAWKINS
XE 1NGESTION
Po-214
MUSCLE
G
u
c
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t-
»
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\
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0
CONCENTR
10 °
10~6
10~7
10~8
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10-10
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t* 1 ^^
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81
10
c
r'^-^--^
f-/ a
3 =
f~ 1 1 I"*
^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F
> 50 100 150
TIME (MINXES) TIME (MINUTES)
10~5
10~6
WH FIELD
" ' ' | '
L/^^ J
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io-7
10~Q
c
p-
:, , , , , , , , 1 , , , , 1 !
I 50 100 150
w
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
« 10'
~ 10
o
W
O
z.
o
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10
10
-5
-7
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HILL
XE INGESTION
Po-214
SM INTEST
'III I
?l I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T
0 100 200 300 400 500
TftfE (MINVTES)
w
o
10
-5
10
-6
I io-7
10
-8
STOMACH
I I I I I I T I I I I I I I I I I I I 1
=1 I I I I 1 I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I II t I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME OONUTES)
u
o
z
o
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10
H 10
r 10
10
10
-5
-6
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-8
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DBS COLON
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
O
I-
u
o
7S.
8
10
-6
£>
I 10
-7
10'
10
-9
MUSCLE
I I i i I i I I I i i I i i i I I t i i i I 7
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
LIVER
HILL
XE INGESTION
Po-314
DUODENUM
IV
o
S io-7
z
O
t-
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M
u
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= f "~--^^^
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1
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0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
TttfE (MINUTES) TJME (jONUTES)
LG INTEST tH FIELD
| A i _
10 l4
| 10-«
U , R
i 10~16
i
1 10~17
1 lo-ia
u
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r A -i
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u
o
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CJ
z
8
10'
10"
10
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10'
STOMACH
=i-J ' ' I ' ' ' ' I " i i I i i I i i i i J_L
= /^-^' 1111 =
gr~i i i I i i i i I i i i i i | i i I i i i i -TT
0 100 200 300 400 500
TtKE (MINUTES)
HILL
XE INGESTION
Po-214
£
^c
z
I
w
o
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10
10
LIVER
I I I I I I I I I I TT
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
(J
\
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u
O
10
10
10
-6
-7
-8
MUSCLE
i i i i I i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME < MINUTES)
_c
z
u
o
o
10
-5
< 10
-6
& 10
-7
10
8 L
WH FIELD
i i i i | i i i i i i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
CJ
2
w
CJ
c
U
u
o
I
u
o
55
O
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STOMACH
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Po-214
i i r i iiiiiiiii
200 400
HUE (MINUTES)
600
10~5
10~6
10
10
-7
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iiiiiiiii
iii i <
JI L
0
200 400 600
(MINUTES)
o
M
o
O
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SM INTEST
10
10~6
iO~7
10~8
. . . \
0
200
TIME (MINUTES)
. i . . . ._d
400 60( CO
CO
10
200 400
TIME (VONUTES1
60(
-------
u
2
2
t^
K.
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7.
W
U
a:
8
10
-6
10
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0
UVER
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Po-214
200 400 600
TIME (MINUTES)
u
z
o
o
I
10
10
10
-6
-7
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10'
9
FAT
0
200 400 600
TIME
-------
:j
o
z
o
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HUTCHINS
XE INGEST10N
Po-214
DE5 COLON
MUSCLE
p , , , , 1 . 1 , . 1 1 . i . b 1
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7 ^f j g 10~7
10 F" "1 *
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TIME IM:NVTSS»
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) 200 400 60(
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
-------
J.MCKIKLEY
XE IHGESTION
Po-214
STOMACH
LTVER
u 10~5
fj
t IO-6
o
t;
1 io-7
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2
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10 8
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§ 10-^
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TIME (MINUTES)
SM IHTEST
r~ /^ 1
u/ -;
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T
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
in ^
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> -7
I
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s 1 U
2
CJ Q
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^
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CO
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINOTES)
0 50 100 150
TIME (UIWTES)
200
-------
J.MCWNLEY
XE INGEdTION
Po-214
VfH 1NTEST
MUSCLE
« 10~6
(J
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1 10~7
7.
§ 10~5
t-
z
I 10-9
8
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I I I I I I I
200 400
TIME (MINUTES)
LT LUNG
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600
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0
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Po-214
50 100 150
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50 100 150
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3.000001000
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TIME (MINUTES)
5
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0 100 200 300
TIME (MINUTES)
400 5C
WH INTEST
10'
10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 5C
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-------
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
MALCOM
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Po-214
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8
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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0 100 200 300 400
TiWE (MINOTES)
CO
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 100 200 300 400 50t
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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10~D
10~6
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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-------
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0 100 200 300 400 50C
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TAATJES
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Po-814
10
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10
10
10
10
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-8
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME {MINUTES/
ffH FIELD
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10
10
10
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
HE INTEST
U I I I I I I I I I I I I I I rr
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10
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10
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10
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TIME (KINTJTES)
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TAYLOR
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10 *>
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TIME (WKUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
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TIME (MINUTES)
-------
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Pb-210
SM INTEST
10
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Pb-210
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Pb-210
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TIME (MINUTES)
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0 25 50 75 100 12
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MUSCLE
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0 50 100 150 20C
TIME (MINUTES) CO
o
o
10~5
10"6
a 10
i 10
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-8
10
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MUSCLE
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
O
o
o
I
10
10
8 10
1 10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
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VH FIELD
I I < I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1
0 50 100 150 20C
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
w
u
o
10~2
ID'4
10~6
STOMACH
:l I I I I I I I I j I I I I I I I I
ELMDEN
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
0
10
10
10
£ 10
1 10
UJ
o
z
o
o
io
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-3
-4
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-6
-7
3
. ..I....!...
50 100
100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
ST+-I i i I i i i i i i i i i j i i r
~- ' ' l
! ^^
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
C
0 50 100 150 200
TtME (MINUTES)
I I I I I I I I i I I I I |~~H
' 100 150 20(.
TIME (MINUTES)
*^
CO
10~3
10-4
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s
10~6
10
10
-8
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DES COLON
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0 50 100 150 20(
TIME (MINUTES!
-------
2
O
t-
w
o
2
8
10"3
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10~5
10"6
io-7
10"8
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10-10
ASC COLON
l i I I
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Pb-210
i i t i I i i i i I i i t i I t t
J
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
£' ' ' ' { I l l l I I I I l I I I I l bj
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0
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100
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
o
s_^
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i
u
o
z
o
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WH INTEST
100 150
(MINUTES)
FJELD
20(
10
p 10
-3
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io
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10~8
10~9
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0 50 100 150 20(
TIME (KIKUTES)
CO
o
CO
-------
EPLING
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
ASC COLON
10 3
§ 10~5
1 10~7
1 10~8
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y io-9
3 1Q-10
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0 50 100 150
TtWE (MINUTES)
HIP
0.00010000
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0.09000010
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0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
§
u
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10~5
10~6
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CD
co
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r~
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0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
INTEST
EPLING
XE INGE5TION
Pb-2IO
STOMACH
10 3
10-4
J-*
3 10~5
I io~6
1 10~7
| 10~8
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C 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 ! 1 1 1 j
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8
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0 50 100 150 0 50
i i i i i i ii
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^
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^^
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1 1 1 1 1 1 *l
100 150
TCME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD WH INTEST
10 3
10~4
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U
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g 10~
| 10~7
1 10-6
3 10-9
pill ill "l^ ' ' ' p
r s^^~^ "i
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r/ H
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10~3
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1 io~6
1 10~7
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CO
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
0
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
10
u 10
tj
c
10
1 10
I 10'
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
-7
EH"
STOMACH
GALLOP
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Pb-210
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
C
o
t-
w
o
IS.
8
10-4
10~5
10
10
10
10
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10
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MUSCLE
i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I 5
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
o
u
u
o
Z
o
CJ
10
10
10
5- 10
P 10
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10
LIVER
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
O
o
^
o
u
o
o
o
I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I
i 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
u
o
2
O
I
I
z
8
o
o
o
o
u
o
z
8
10
10
1 10
10
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10
-
10~3
10
10
10
10
10
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7
-8
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GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
STOMACH
1 1 i i i 1 I I
r- /
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
1 1 I 1 1 1
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
o
I
f»
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o
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8
LIVER
10
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10
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r~ i i i ~n
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0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
CO
ASC COLON
0 50
I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I
> 100 150 200
TIME fwn.irrrsi
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
s
10
10
-3
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10~5
io
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10
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a i i i i
VfH INTEST
I i i i ( I i i i i I i i i : I
GALLOP
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
10
n 10
H
I
-3
-4
10
10
-7
-8
1
VH FIELD
_i_
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (VOWTES)
CO
u
u
o
3
IO-4
10~5
- 'r^'r^TiL^-
10
r 10
10
10
-6
-7
-8
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MUSCLE
^j,,,, i,,,, i,,, ,1
0 50 100 150 200
HUE (MINITTES)
-------
C.MCKFNLEY
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
STOMACH
LIVER
10 l
10~2
I 10~3
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0
cc
1 io~6
8 10~7
1 1 II [III 1 1 1 1
Y
t~
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|
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i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i II L\
\
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§
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Q
10 *
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1 io~5
1 10~6
| io-7
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8 10-9
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|
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 I 1 |
1
1
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B
1 i i i i 1 t i i i 1 i i T-H
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
TQ4E (MINUTES) TIME (WNUTES) 0J
C5
C»3
WH FIELD
10~2
10~3
I io-4
~ 10~5
o
1 10
p 10~7
u
1 10~8
jLJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l^lj
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IJ_^
i
S
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^
ii
I
.
i i i i . , , ,i,l
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
STOMACH
10
10
10
-*
"5
M
U
y
10
10
10
10
-3 =__
-4 |_
-5
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10- < -f-
10~B C-
10~
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MJNUTES)
LIVER
3*-* ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' »
IS
=/
I-
r~
| i 1 1 i iiii i i-i-|
-j
-
!
) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10 3
8 io~4
I 10-5
1 lO-6
1 io-7
W p
1 10~B
8 io-9
c
SM INTEST
=1111 iiii iiii
1 ^x^-*""~
s i
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^
ITT i i > i i i iiii
IIII IIII 1 1 1 E
i
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1
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f s
) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
WH INTEST
:iiii iiii i i i i | i i i \ i ( i i i i i i i £
rr ~i
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o
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
O
i
M
U
O
O
C.MCKINLEY
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
MUSCLE
10~3
io-4
10~5
10~6
10~7
10~8
io-9
io-10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
1 1 1 I 1
~~/ ~~
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4
1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINOTES)
u-
o
z
H
WHFIEID
10 -
10~3
io-4
10~5
10~6
io-7
10~8
J_l . 1 j 1 1 1 1 Jil 1 1 1
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III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-Jfc
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i i i
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HAND
XE INGEST10N
Pb-210
STOMACH
o"
0
u
c
0
H
i
z
w
o
z,
o
o
10~2
10~3
4-
10
10~5
10~6
10~7
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1
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5
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0 100 200
II IIII 1 Llg
_:
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I
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1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III-
300 400
TEME (MINUTES)
LT LUNG
u"
0
z
o
2
U
o
z;
o
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10~3
10-4
10~6
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1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 I III"
M
=
1
1
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Z
IE
IIII 111"
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
10
10
10
10
1 10
10
B
o
o
I
M
8
u
u
z
o
-3
-4
-5
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10-9
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10
10
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>-5
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1 10~6
I 10~7
10
10
-8
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10
-10
I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
WH INTEST
t I I I I I I I
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
io-4
3- 10~5
o c
> io-6
" io-7
10"6
z
o
I
1 io110
8
ID'9
MUSCLE
HAND
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
I I I I
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
0 100 200 300 400
THE (MINUTES)
o
o
I
o
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10"^
10-4
10
10
-5
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10"8
10~9
VTH FIELD
=.... I.... I.... I.... I.. r-
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HAND
XE INGEST10N
Pb-210
STOMACH
2
0
5
10"3
io-4
10~5
10"6
io-7
10~8
0
-I 1
i i l i i i i i i r i i i i i I i i t
- 1 i t i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i i i i i 1 t i e
100 200 300 400
TtME (MINUTES)
UVER
§
10"
10
10
|l I I I I I I T I T I II
-5
-6
10
9
i | i |
iliiiiliiiiliiiilii
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
1 10
1 10
-6
-7
o
z,
o
o
io
-9 L_
LT LUNG
* * I I I I
~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I L I L 1 I I I f
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST
10
10
~4
,0
io
-6
r7
-8
1
i i i 1 i i i i i i
0 100 200 300 400
T1MF (MINUTES)
-------
HAND
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
ASC COLON
10~3
^^,
§ 1CT5
£ a
£ 10~5
2 ry
O 1 H~ '
CONCENTRATI
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1
) 100 200
i 1 1 1 1 1 III
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300 400
TIME {MINUTES)
MUSCLE
io-4
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1 1°~6
§ 10~7
£ Q
i io"b
1 io-9
1 io-10
0
= 1111 i i i i i i i i
Br~ /
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= i [ i i 1 i i i p 1 i i i
100 200
1 I 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 E
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1
1
I
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t F
300 400
WH INTEST
10~3
IO-4
1 io~5
* 10~6
o _7
£ 10
£ Q
a IO-B
| io-J
c
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300 400
HUE (MINUTES)
10~"
10~4
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1 7
s lo~
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0
S 10
WH FIELD
-
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= ;
|
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-
±
i
1,71
TIME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400
TJUE
-------
o
o
w
u
2:
o
10
10
10
2 10
10
10
-z
-3
-4
-5
-6
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0
STOMACH
, I.,, 11
HAVKIMS
XE INGE3TION
Pb-210
50 100 150
TEME (MINUTES)
C
o
p
w
£
10-4
10~5
10-6
io-7
10~8
io-9
io-10
P"
r
= I I,
0
LIVER
I ' ' ' ' IVZ
JL_L
50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150
2
O
u
o
o
o
10
10
10
~5
~6
10
1C
"8
'9
SM INTEST
iir
0
i t f i
50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
10
10
8 10"
I 10
| 10
i 10
O
O
10
-9
10
-10
LG INTEST
i i ir
I'll
0
1 L_L
50 100 150
TJMC (VtmUTES)
-------
b
10
-3
10~5
_ 10~6
1 io-7
i io~8
1 io-9
8 io-10
0
HAWKINS
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
i i I i i i i ' i i i i I i
50 100 150
TIKE (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
10~3
o 10-4
\ _e
I 10-6
| io-7
M _
I 10-8
iO~9
0
i- ^
r/
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S3
W~
50
i i i i i i i
-j
i
, 1 , , , , 1
100 150
MUSCLE
T~Ii i i i i irr
I I
_^^-
0
50 100
TIME ttONUTCS)
150
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
HILL
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
SM INTEST
10~2
10~3
1 io-4
f 10-5
c£
1 io-7
55
SO
ID"
C
111. i . iij 1 1 .
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5
r-
"i i i i i i i i i i i i
) 100 200
1 1 1 1 1 III 1 | 1
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1
"i
*
i
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1 till 1 1 l 1 1 3
300 400 500
TIME (MIN17TES)
DES COLON
10"3
t? 10~4
a 10~5
g io-8
1 io-9
Mill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
/
III! Illllllt
IT
|
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TLWE (MINUTES)
X.
o
O
i
t-
w
O
u
o
STOMACH
10
10
* 10
10
10
10
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-8
:i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i
- i
rr
IT,. .1. ,,,!,,,.
| ' ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' \l
i
1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 *
0 100 200 300 400 500 00
TIME (MINUTES) O
MUSCLE
10
10
10
5 10
10'
-3
-4 E-
-5
-6
10
10
-8
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ii i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME {MINUTES)
-------
10'
~ 10
8
10
s,^
I 10
1 10
z
w
U
z
o
o
-4
-5
10
10
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-8
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HILL
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
=T. 11 I t i . t I i . i I i i 11 I i i . its
0 100 200 300 400 500
TtWE (MINUTES)
10
-12
i-13
o 10'
O - -
O -I *-*
c ,-15
10
10
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g
0
DUODENUM
!""!"1T'_LlLli:r
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (IQNUTES)
o
,-16
z 10
I ,^-18
io
-1
LG INTEST
i . i i i i i i i . . i i i i i
i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i 111
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
10
§ 10
I 10
I 10
U
0
-3
-4
-5
-6
10
-9
WH FIELD
i i i i i . i
i i . i . i i i i i i . i * i i i
rt 1 Illlllllllllltlllllli 1 -T
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (KINUTCS)
-------
STOMACH
HILL
XE INGEST10N
Pb-210
LIVER
10 2
o 10~3
CJ
\
1 10~5
frm
w 1Q
o
fc
O r,
0 icr7
c
10 3
§ 10~5
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2 ^
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g 10-8
1 10-9
-M M Ml I | MM r ITT- 1 I) 1 JJ-
^i -
r i
M~l II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 | | | | j~|
) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
MUSCLE
_i_i i " i i i i i i i t i i i i t i i i i i i i
3 i
1 1
r H
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g 10-4
1 10::
yr i \J
u
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8 K~8
C
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r~
i
3
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) 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (iONUTES)
VH FIELD
10 3
^S. A
$ io-4
1 10-^
1 ^
i io-8
i "1L1
r- ^
Y
3
BE
K
t
m
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lf|lt!l 1 1 1 1 ( I
M
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i "n
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (KINUTES)
-------
HUTCHINS
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
STOMACH
G"
G
c
z
O
I
w
u
8
10"3
i ^N *""* 'M
1 U
10~5
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^vw
n
0 100 200 300 400 500
TtME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400 50«
TIME (M1WJTES)
CO
-------
«fH INTEST
MURCHE
XE INOESTION
Pb-210
MUSCLE
10~3
G- io-4
1 10~5
f iO~e
1 io-7
c
1 1 t 1 I 1 1 1 ! till 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 I 1
_ S^~~
/
lilt 1 J 1 J 1 I 1 1 I f 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1
in-4
10
a io~6
§ 10-8
S 10-9
8 io-10
'1 i i T r i f i i ; rifj (i*ij iiii i
l i 1 ' i^J-
f
i r i i 1 i i i i 1 i ) i i 1 i i i i 1 i i > i
) 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 50«
TIME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES)
10~3
~ 1C'4
§ 10~5
3 «
z 10~6
o
i io~7
I 10-9
3 1Q-9
WH FIELD
r ' i i 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 j 1 M 1 I 1 1 1 1 1
i~ /^~~^ -1
3~7 "I
3~f ;
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F~ ~1
^- 1 I -i
S : i i 5 f'li I I I f 1 i t i i ! I t i i E
CO
0 100 200 300 400 500
TCME (WtNUTESI
-------
PARK
XE INGE3TION
Pb-210
STOMACH
STOMACH 2
10 2
ft T
s io~d
QJ
£ 1 n~~^
aT
0 R
fe 10 °
s
1 ID'6
z
8 IO-7
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r
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r ^.
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io-1
10"2
1 10-3
V
S- A
z iD
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1 10-5
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8 -7
1 fl
II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
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3
i
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j
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III 1 1 1 1 IIS
,
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l
=
m
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2
1 '
iii i 1 1 i i « t-
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES)
SM INTEST LIVER
10 2
I 10-4
0 5
I 10"6
<
a: __ 7
p 10'
z iu
U Q
I 1C'8
" ID"9
1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 1
1 1 f-
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i i t i i i i i 1 i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 i r-
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10 °
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I 10~5
1 10~6
P i n 7
z 1 vJ
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8
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iii 1 1 i i it;
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i
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&
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ill i i r i 1 i i~
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
rj*
-------
PARK
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
WH INTEST
ASC COLON
_3
B 1C'4
1 io-5
z a
g 10~6
I 10~7
1 io-8
° in-9
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a
Y
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g
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PH-f 1 i 1 i 1 1 l_l_l
1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 l
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10 3
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1 10~5
z 10~6
O
-------
TAATJES
XE INGEST19N
Pb-210
ASC COLON
O.G 10000
0.001000
&000100
-------
TAATJES
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
SM INTEST
STOMACH
10 3
u 10~4
^
1 10~7
1 io~8
8 10~9
C
10~3
§ io-4
o c
c 10
1 10"6
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10 2
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B to"13
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1 10~6
1 10~7
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r/ i
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p _
I- 1
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= i i i i 1 i i i i i i i i i i i _i f | J -:
) 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 50C
TtME (MINUTES) TIME W^^S)
WH FIELD
E| | | | 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M
!/ ~i
5 ~~1
1 E
| i
i ~~l
i i ~n
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10 3
G 1 0
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rr
^J. O
z 10
2 -7
u 10"°
O Q
WH INTEST
I i i i t I I i 1 I 1 M M I I I 1 1 M 1 1 1 1
1 ,, i- 1 1
S~"^
/ _
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\
:
i i i t 1 . . i 1 t t i i 1 i i i i 1 i i t i 1
CO
0 100 200 300 400 500
TOME (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400 r_OC
TltfE (lONUTES)
-------
o
o
10
~3
I 10
£ 10
io
~5
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TAYLOR
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
STOMACH
i
i i i i I i i i i I i i i i :
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
o
is
10
10
-3
-4
r 10
10~5
-6
10
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0
LIVER
i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i
50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150 20
co
o
o
u
u
z.
o
o
10
10
10
10
10
1 10
10
10
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
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SM INTEST
l I I I l I I l I I I I
I I T
i i i i i i i i i i
0 50 100 150 200
TIME (MINUTES)
\
I
10~3
IO-4
10~5
g
io-7
10~8
10~9
ASC COLON
ST
1111
j i
0 50
i 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
1
2G
-------
o
I
w
u
8
u
u
z
o
z
o
o
IO
10
lo
10
1Q
2
3
^
5
6
DBS COLON
I FTT
TAYLOR
XE INGESTIQN
Pt>-210
t i
10
~3
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
LG INTEST
200
10~5
10~6
10
~0
: i i i 1 i. i i t I i i i t I i t
0 50 100 150
TIME (MINUTES)
200
o
w
o
2:
u
o
z
8
TR COLON
10
10
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
-6
g 10'
10
10
-8
-9
I I I I I
.1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I i I I t
0 50 100
TIME (MINUTES)
150 20
00
CO
1C
"3
I 10~4
I 10~5
o
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* 10-6
10
~8
I i I
I i i » i r i i i i t i i
0
50 100 150 20
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
STOMACH
WESOLEK
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
SM INTEST
0
10 *
8 ID"3
X 10-4
1 10~5
K fi
W
o _.
2: < n 7
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10 2
10~3
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O C
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t- 1 U
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1 10
1 io-8
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1
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i i i i i i i i i i i
i
B
J
Z
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0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINLTTES) TIME (MNUTES)
SM INTEST ASC COLON
10 2
10~3
| 10-5
1 ID'6
1 io-7
8 10
o
io-9
_ 1 IIII IIII IIII IIII 1 1 1
s^~"
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1 10~5
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1 10~8
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Mil i i i i 1 irn
CO
0 100 200 300 400 500
TOIE (MINUTES)
0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (lONUTES)
-------
8
WTH 1NTEST
HESOLEK
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
O
u
o
z
o
8
0 100 200 300 400 500
TCME (MINUTES)
WH FIELD
10"2
10~3
10~5
10~6
10"8
ll 1 II 1 II II II JTTT
^_
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a
i
^r~r i i ! i > i i 1 i i i i 1 i i
TT'I Ml lll:
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i
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1
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (MINUTES)
LTVER
10 *
10 3
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icr8
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JLI i ;
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TIM'
X^
1 1 1 1
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M i i i 1 i i i i 1 i t i i 1 i |
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0 100 200 300 400 500
TIME (KENUTES)
-------
WIITSE
XE INGESTION
Pb-210
LIVER
iu *-
10"3
I io-4
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0
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0 25 50 75 100 125 0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINOTES) T^E (MNUTES)
SM INTEST ASC COLON
iw
8 e;
§ 10
I 1Q-6
2 7
O r\
§ 10"9
o
io~ o
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
-------
WILTSE
XE 1NGESTION
Pb-210
10 J
io-4
§ 10~5
o
| io-7
1 in-8
1 10-9
0
WH INI
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S 1
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i i i i l i M l M J-J.
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0 25 50 75 100 125 0 25 50 75 100 125
ia»E (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES)
10 *
10-5
0" c
> 10~6
(j
G ry
~ 10~7
1 10~8;
tz ^ Ci-
u 10
O .'
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HIP VH FIELD
gi-i i i i i i i i i i i i
1 ^-""*~"1
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s .'
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Ll 1 1
1 1 1 1 III 1 IM J_^
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0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES)
0 25 50 75 100 125
TIME (MINUTES?
------- |