EPA-660/3-74-028
DECEMBER 1974
                                        Ecological  Research Series
Cladophora  Distribution  in
Lake Ontario (IFYGL)
                                        National Environmental Research Center
                                         Office of Research and Development
                                         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                 Corvallis,  Oregon 97330

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                      RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into
five series.  These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in
related fields.  The five series are:

          1.   Environmental Health Effects Research
          2.   Environmental Protection Technology
          3.   Ecological Research
          4.   Environmental Monitoring
          5.   Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH STUDIES
series.  This series describes research on the effects of pollution
on humans, plant and animal species, and materials.  Problems
are assessed for their long- and short-term influences.  Investigations
include formation, transport, and pathway studies to determine
the fate of pollutants and their effects.  This work provides
the technical basis for setting standards to minimize undesirable
changes in living organisms in the aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric
environments.

This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development, EPA, and approved for publication.  Approval  does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.

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                                        EPA-660/3-74-028
                                        December 1974
CLADOPHORA DISTRIBUTION IN LAKE ONTARIO (IFYGL)


                       By

    C. T. Wezernak, D. R. Lyzenga, and F. C. Polcyn
                 Grant No. 800778
           Program Element   1BA026
            ROAP 21 AKP,  Task 11

                Project Officer

               Michael  D. Mullin
            Grosse  lie   Laboratory
        National Environmental Research Center
             Grosse He, Michigan 48138
    NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
      OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
             CORVALLIS, OREGON  97330

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                            ABSTRACT

Multispectral remote sensing data were collected along the U.S. shore-
line of Lake Ontario, under the sponsorship of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, as part of the International Field Year on the Great Lakes
(IFYGL) program in Lake Ontario.  Data were processed to show the
distribution of Cladophora in the nearshore zone and to estimate the stand-
ing crop.  Additionally, thermal data in the study area were displayed.

The results show an extensive growth and development of Cladophora in
the study area. Approximately 66% of the nearshore zone in the western
portion of the lake and 79% in the eastern portion is covered by Cladophora.
Several major and minor thermal features and thermal discharges were
evident at several locations along the U.S. shoreline.

This report was submitted by the Environmental Research Institute of
Michigan in fulfillment of Grant No. 800778 under the sponsorship of the
Environmental Protection Agency. Work was completed as of June 1974.
                                ii

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                            CONTENTS
Abstract                                                         ii
List of Figures                                                  iv
List of Tables                                                   vi
Acknowledgements                                               vii
Sections
I     Conclusions                                                1
II     Recommendations                                           2
III    Introduction                                                3
IV    Methods                                                    4
V     Ground Truth Data                                         15
VI    Results and Discussion                                     19
VU   References                                                36
VIE   Appendices                                                37
                                 111

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                             FIGURES
No.
 1    Schematic of ERIM Multispectral Scanner, M7                 5
 2    Airborne Data Collection                                    6
 3    Blackbody Radiation Curves for 100°K to 1000°K              10
 4    Atmospheric Transmission                                 11
 5    Calculated Change in Reflectance of Water with
       Increasing Concentration of Phytoplankton                  13
 6    Data-Processing Locations                                 20
 7    Ratio Imagery, Site 3, Station 222                            21
 8    Ratio Imagery, Site 4, Station 228                            22
 9    Ratio Imagery, Site 5, North Hamlin                         23
10    Ratio Imagery, Site 6, Station 237                            24
11    Power Plant Discharges, Lake Ontario,
       31 July 1972, 9.3-11.7 jura                                 28
12    Power Plant Discharge  Temperatures, Rochester,
       31 July 1972                                              29
13    Lake Ontario at Olcott,  New York, 20 June 1972,
       9.3-11.7 urn                                              31
14    Multispectral  Imagery - Lake Ontario Near
       North Hamlin,  20 June 1972                                32
15    Multispectral  Imagery - Lake Ontario Near
       North Hamlin,  20 June 1972                                33
16    Multispectral  Imagery - Lake Ontario at Point Breeze,
       20 June 1972                                              34
17    Chlorophyll a, Lake Ontario at Niagara, 31 July 1972          35
A-l   Data-Processing Locations                                 39
A-2   Site 1, near Wilson, 31 July 1972                             40
A-3   Site 2, near Station 216, 31 July 1972                         41
A-4   Site 3, near Station 222, 31 July 1972                         42
A-5   Site 3A, near Lakeside, 20 June 1972                         43
A-6   Site 4, near Station 228, 31 July 1972                         44
A-7   Site 4A, Lomond Shore, 20 June 1972                         45
A-8   Site 5, near North Hamlin, 31 July 1972                      46
                                iv

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                         FIGURES (Continued)
No.
A-9    Site 5A, Onteo Beach, 20 June 1972                         47
A-10  Site 6, near Station 237, 31 July 1972                       48
A-ll  Site 7, West of Pultneyville, 31 July 1972                   49
A-12  Site 8, East of Pultneyville, 31 July 1972                   50
A-13  Site 9, West of Sodus Bay, 31 July 1972                     51
A-14  Site 10, West  of Oswego, 31 July 1972                      52
A-15  Site 11, South of Sandy Creek, 31 July 1972                 53
A-16  Site 12, North of Sandy Creek,31 July 1972                  54
B-l    Cladophora Distribution, Site 1, 31 July 1972                56
B-2    Cladophora Distribution, Site 2, 31 July 1972                57
B-3    Cladophora Distribution, Site 3, 20 June 1972                58
B-4    Cladophora Distribution, Site 3, 31 July 1972                59
B-5    Cladophora Distribution, Site 3A, 20 June 1972              60
B~6    Cladophora Distribution. Site 4, 31 July 1972                61
B-7    Cladophora Distribution, Site 4, 20 June 1972                62
B-8    Cladophora Distribution, Site 4A, 20 June 1972              63
B-9    Cladophora Distribution, Site 5, 31 July 1972                64
B-10  Cladophora Distribution, Site 5, 20 June 1972                65
B-ll  Cladophora Distribution, Site 5A, 20 June 1972              66
B-12  Cladophora Distribution, Site 6, 20 June 1972                67
B-13  Cladophora Distribution, Site 6, 31 July 1972                68
B-14  Cladophora Distribution, Site 7, 31 July 1972                69
B-15  Cladophora Distribution, Site 7A, 31 July 1972              70
B-16  Cladophora Distribution, Site 8, 31 July 1972                71
B-17  Cladophora Distribution, Site 8A, 31 July 1972              72
B-18  Cladophora Distribution, Site 9, 31 July 1972                73
B-19  Cladophora Distribution, Site 10, 31 July 1972               74
B-20  Cladophora Distribution, Site 11, 31 July 1972               75
B-21  Cladophora Distribution, Site 12, 31 July 1972               76

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                             TABLES
No.                                                          Page
  1     Cladophora Ground-Truth Data, Station 207                16
  2     Cladophora Ground-Truth Data, Station 216                16
  3     Cladophora Ground-Truth Data, Station 222                17
  4     Cladophora Ground-Truth Data, Station 228                17
  5     Cladophora Ground-Truth Data, Station 237                18
  6     Cladophora Ground-Truth Data, E. of Rochester            18
  7     Cladophora Distribution - Niagara to Rochester            25
  8     Cladophora Distribution - Rochester to Stony Point         27
                                 vi

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                       ACKNOWLE DGMENTS
Several individuals at ERIM contributed to the project.  In particular
the efforts of Mr. Steve  Stewart and Mr. Lewis Munford are acknowl-
edged with sincere thanks.  Mr. Stewart supervised airborne data col-
lection and Mr. Munford produced the scanner ratio imagery and
contoured separations.
                               vii

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                                        SECTION I
                                       CONCLUSIONS

The results of the airborne multispectral data collection program along the U.S. shoreline of
Lake Ontario presented in this report led to the following conclusions:
    (1)  An extensive growth and development of Cladophora takes place in the nearshore zone
        on hard surfaces and other areas of "firm" bottom.
    (2)  Approximately 66% of the nearshore zone between Niagara and Rochester was covered
                                                                                    4
        by Cladophora.   Expressed as dry weight, the standing crop was equal to 1.57 x 10  kg
        per kilometer of shoreline within a strip 350 meters wide.  A shoreline strip of  this
        width extends to approximately the 5 meter depth contour.
    (3)  Because of reduced transparency in the area east of Rochester, data processing ex-
        tended out from  shore only an average distance of 277 meters.  The results show that
        79% of the area of the nearshore zone was covered by Cladophora. Expressed as dry
                                                   A
        weight, the standing crop was equal to 2.6 x 10  kg per kilometer for an average strip-
        width of 277 meters.  Extrapolating the results to a width of 350 meters, the standing
                              4
        crop is equal to  3.3 x 10  kg per kilometer of shoreline.
    (4)  Both major and minor thermal features, which can be expected to influence the biology
        and chemistry of the nearshore zone, were evident  at several locations along the U.S.
        shoreline.  Four power plants are presently located within the study area.  An 8°C
        difference was noted between the power plant discharge and offshore temperatures at
        Rochester.
    (5)  Several thermal fronts and boundaries were evident in the nearshore zone.  A large
        thermal front, showing a 6°C temperature differential between the warmest and  coldest
        waters in the scene, was recorded in the vicinity of Olcott, New York.
    (6)  Remote sensing  provides an effective technique for determining the distribution  of ben-
        thic algae,  thermal monitoring, surface chlorophyll determination, and other large-
        scale measurements dealing with the aquatic environment.

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                                      SECTION n
                                  RECOMMENDATIONS

The potential of remote sensing technology to map aquatic communities, to estimate biomass,
and to identify important changes in the life-history of the community should be further explored.
A carefully controlled series of experiments is indicated as a logical extension of the work ini-
tiated in this program.
A wider use of remote sensing technology should be considered in large-scale studies such as
the International Field Year of the Great Lakes (IFYGL) program in Lake Ontario.  In particular,
the use of remote sensing for surface chlorophyll measurement,  suspended solids loading, and
studies of thermal phenomena such as the thermal bar should be  considered.

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                                       SECTION III
                                     INTRODUCTION

The inflow of nutrient-rich waters from tributary sources together with nutrient loading from
major population centers around Lake Ontario is sufficient to maintain a relatively high level
of productivity in the lake.  In the case of Lake Ontario, productivity is evidenced in part by an
extensive growth and development of Cladophora.
The emergence of a dominant species of algae depends on a number of physical and chemical
factors. In nearshore areas, benthic algae develop under suitable conditions on all hard surfaces.
At one point in the life cycle, the algae become detached through wave and wind action and are
normally deposited on the beach.  For the shoreline property owner, subsequent decomposition
of large masses of Cladophora produces highly objectionable conditions which detract from the
aesthetic and recreational values of the nearshore zone.
Conventional methods of data acquisition to delineate the distribution (and estimate the standing
crop) of benthic algae or aquatic macrophytes are  totally inadequate, particularly when dealing
with large environmental systems.  The utilization of some form of remote sensing technology
is clearly indicated for this  purpose.
The work described in the sections which follow forms part of the U.S. Chemistry-Biology pro-
gram in Lake Ontario as part of the International Field Year on the  Great Lakes (IFYGL).  The
program described in this report was designed to exploit the capabilities of existing remote
sensing technology for the following purposes:
    (1)  To delineate the distribution of Cladophora along the U.S. shoreline of Lake  Ontario
        between Niagara and Stony Point, New York
    (2)  To provide an estimate of Cladophora standing crop by coupling remote sensing data
        with ground truth information
Concurrent with the above, temperature anomalies along the flight line were located. Additionally,
the amount of surface chlorophyll in the Niagara vicinity was determined.

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                                       SECTION IV
                                       METHODS

Data were collected using the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) remote
sensing aircraft.  Multispectral data collection was initiated along the U.S. shoreline on June 20,
1972 and completed on July 31, 1972 from altitudes of 397 m (1300 ft) and 610 m (2000 ft) re-
spectively. Unfavorable field conditions in June 1972 along portions of the flight line necessitated
another mission (in July) to complete the work.
MULTISPECTRAL SENSOR SYSTEM

The ERIM M-7 multispectral scanner was used for remote  sensing data collection . Use of this
instrument permits simultaneous data collection in twelve narrow spectral bands over a wave-
length range from 0.32 to 11.7 //m.  The system includes a  spectrometer  for spectral dispersion
of the radiation and filtered detector arrays placed at the focal points of adouble-ended optical-
mechanical scanner.  Additional detector positions are used for spectral bands in the ultraviolet
and the infrared.
Signals from the detectors are recorded on magnetic tape for  later image reconstruction and data
processing. As an integral feature of the system, reference lamps, an input proportional to the
sun energy, and adjustable temperature reference plates are viewed each revolution of the  scanner
mirror.  The basic configuration of the scanner is shown in Figure 1.
The scanner is positioned in the aircraft so as to provide continuous scanning perpendicular to
the flight line as shown in Figure 2. As the aircraft advances, the rotating mirror scans the
scene over a 90° field of view in a regular manner so that a continuous presentation is built up
line by line. In addition to data collected by the multispectral scanner, photographic data are
normally collected along the flight track. In this particular program, black-white and color
photographic records  were obtained.
REMOTE SENSING CONSIDERATIONS IN CLADOPHORA RECOGNITION

The radiant energy received by an optical remote sensing instrumental system oriented toward
a water body consists of components of (1) scattered  radiation from the intervening atmosphere
and (2) reflected radiation from the  scene. At depths (and wavelengths) where radiation
                                             4

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     TOP OF
    AIRCRAFT
    FUSELAGE
                              THERMAL REFERENCE
                                 GRAYBODY NO. 1
                                                   DETECTOR POSITION NO. 1A
                                                   (2.0 TO
           OPAL GLASS
        DIFFUSING PLATE
 SKY ILLUMINATION
     REFERENCE
THERMAL REFERENCE
   GRAYBODY NO. 2
  TO
 SCAN-
MOTOR
SCAN MIRROR
                   DETECTOR POSITION NO. 2
                       (0.9 TO 2.6/im)
                                    PHOTOMULTIPLIERS (12)

                                                  FIBER-OPTIC
                                                     BUNDLES
                       DICHROIC
                        BEAM-
                       SPLITTER
                              SPARE
                        CALIBRATION
                         REFERENCE
                               PORT
        FOLDING
         MIRROR
         FIELD STOP
         CONDENSING
                LENS
                                         DICHROIC
                                          BEAM-
                                         SPLITTER
                                                                                     FIBER-OPTIC
                                                                                       ARRAY
                                                                                REIMAGING
                                                                                   LENS
                                                                           DISPERSING PRISM
                                                                          COLLIMATING LENS
                                                                          ENTRANCE SLIT
FOLDING
MIRROR
                                                    DALL-
                                                   KIRKHAM
                                                  TELESCOPE
                    FOLDING
                    MIRRORS
DETECTOR POSITION
NO. IB (0.33 TO l.Oum)
REFERENCE
   LAMP
    DETECTOR
 POSITION NO. 3
   (12 CHANNEL
SPECTROMETER
   0.4 TO
                            Figure 1.  Schematic of ERIM multispectral scanner, M7

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                                    SCAN LINE
  GROUND
RESOLUTION
 ELEMENT
   (PIXEL)
DIRECTION OF
    SCAN
                              DIRECTION
                              OF FLIGHT
                             TOTAL FIELD OF VIEW
               Figure 2. Airborne data collection

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penetrates to the bottom, the latter component includes bottom reflectance, volume reflectance
from the water column, and reflectance from the water surface.  In the ERIM multispectral scan-
ner, incident radiation is measured by a  sun sensor and emanating radiation is measured by the
scanner system.  Utilization of this information to describe bottom features which result in ra-
diation changes requires a model or models which account for the important interactions and
their effects.
Since the radiation reflected by bottom features must pass through the intervening water column,
the amount of radiation reaching the sensor at a given wavelength is dependent on the volume
attenuation characteristics of the water.  Attenuation is a function of the thickness of the water
layer and the absorption and scattering properties of the water.  These properties, in turn, are
a function of water quality.
In practice, the sensor output is recorded as voltage (V) on magnetic tape.  Neglecting atmo-
spheric effects, the bottom-reflected signal in a given spectral channel may be written as:
                                TT  ,,    ,   -(sec  0+sec rf>)az
                                V = Vg  + kpe

where   V = voltage received
       V  = surface reflectance
        S
        k = constant which incorporates  solar irradiances and scanner characteristics
        p = bottom reflectance
        9 = viewing angle (from vertical)
        0 = solar illumination angle (from vertical)
        a = volume attenuation coefficient (absorption coefficient + scattering coefficient)
        z = water depth
Since water depth is variable,  the signal  received from  an identical bottom feature will vary with
depth.  From an operational standpoint, a depth-invariant model is required which in effect
permits removal of the signal because of overlying waters and water surface effects.  One possi-
ble approach to the problem is the use of a ratio of two  spectral bands with similar water attenua-
tion coefficients. Writing the above  expression in terms of two spectral bands:

                         V.. - V       /p,\  -(sec
                         v^v^^sp1!6
                          9     ^2     \ 2

       ki
where  r— = kg

In cases where a 1 is equal to a0,

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Therefore, for a given bottom type, the signals received in two channels (when a.. = a_) are
directly proportional to bottom  reflectances and are depth invariant.  This relationship applies
over an area where water quality (volume attenuation coefficient) remains constant. Use of the
above expression for differentiating between Cladophora and background features requires the
selection of spectral bands which meet  the following conditions:
    (1) Attenuation coefficients are equal or may be assumed to be equal.
    (2) Significant differences in reflectance occur in the two spectral bands between Cladophora
        and other bottom features.
Given the problem of differentiating between two different bottom features, the following ex-
pressions may be written, subject to the conditions stated above:
For material A,
                                  V(A,X2) - b(A2)    A
For material B,
The constants "a" and "b" as well as the average values of R. and R^ are determined from plots
of the observed signals in the scene for materials A and B. An intermediate value R.. is then chosen
as a "decision boundary" for separating the two materials.  Classification of the materials in the
scene is made using the criterion, R.  > R... > R_.
The use of a two-channel model was feasible in this particular  case because of the fact that
Cladophora was essentially the only aquatic growth present in the nearshore zone.  The presence
of mixed aquatic communities would have necessitated the use of a more complex multi-channel
spectral signature approach.
PRINCIPLES OF THERMAL REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing techniques for temperature measurement are based on the fact that all sub-
stances above absolute zero (0°K) emit electromagnetic energy.  The radiant emittance of a
perfect radiator or blackbody is described by Planck's law:
                                          ^(ehc/AkT^-1

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where L = radiance at wavelength
      c = speed of light
      h = Planck's constant
      X = wavelength
      T = absolute temperature
      k = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
The above expression applies to a  perfect blackbody, i.e., an object that absorbs all radiation.
Since few objects even approximate a perfect blackbody, the factor e (emissivity) is introduced.
Blackbodies have an emissivity of  1, whereas other objects have an emissivity (less than  1)
which varies with wavelength. Hence, the equation for a graybody is written
Substituting
                                                2
                                                 h
                                        c  -
                                        C2   k
                                            c,e.
                                   Tg	
                                    XV

Therefore, Planck's law indicates that the radiation emitted by an object is a function of the
object's absolute temperature and the wavelength of observation. However, before the above re-
lationship is utilized for radiometric measurements from aircraft altitudes, several factors
must be considered including selection of the operating spectral band. A region of the electro-
magnetic spectrum must be selected where both the water emissivity and atmospheric transmis-
sion are high.
The distribution of emitted energy over a broad wavelength band is temperature-dependent.
The position of the peak of radiant emittance is defined by Wien's Displacement Law:
                                             2898
                                     Xmax =	=
From this relationship, it is evident that the wavelength (X) of the energy peak decreases as the
temperature (T) is increased.  These relationships are illustrated for a blackbody in Figure 3.
Therefore, for most earthbound objects (T = roughly 300°K), the radiation peak occurs at approxi-
mately  10/im.  Atmospheric attenuation at this wavelength is not a serious problem.  A good
"atmospheric window" exists in this region, as shown in Figure 4.

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                                  K
                                        K
                                              K
                                                    K
                                                     400 K
                 10          15          20
                     WAVELENGTH (urn)
25
30
Figure 3. Blackbody radiation curves for 100°K to 1000°K
                         10

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                                Y/A///////X///////V/////;
                                'INFRARED WINDOW^
                                                               INFRARED WINDOW
0.0
                                  56789
                                      WAVELENGTH (jura)
                           Figure 4. Atmospheric transmission

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As indicated above, the observed radiation of any real object (graybody) is dependent in part on
object emissivity. In the case of water, the emissivity in the 8 to 13.5 /im infrared range is very
high.  At lO^m, the emissivity of pure water is 0.993, and at any particular wavelength in the
8 to 13.5 fim range, the emissivity varies between 0.959 and 0.993.  As a consequence of  the high
emissivity, it is frequently assumed that water may be treated as a blackbody.  Although  this
assumption may at times be justified, accurate determinations of water temperature  require that
the "nonblackness" of water be considered in the analysis  of data.
As a consequence of the various physical factors cited above—i.e., emissivity, atmospheric
transmission,  and wavelength peak—airborne infrared techniques for water temperature deter-
mination normally use the 8 to 13.5 fxm spectral region, well beyond the photographic region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.  The infrared sensitivity of infrared film is limited to the portion of
the reflective infrared region below 0.9/im.  A 9.3 to 11.7  jum infrared channel was used  in the
thermal work described in this report.
As a general case, the radiation received by the detector will be modified to a small  degree by
the humidity of the intervening atmosphere, sky radiation, and other environmental factors.
Corrections are applied to the radiometric temperatures as required.
CHLOROPHYLL

The technique  adopted in this study for measuring chlorophyll in surface waters by means of
remote sensing exploits the reflectance changes which occur in the red and blue regions of the
                                                                                2
spectrum due to phytoplankton.  The basis for this approach is illustrated in Figure 5 .  With
increasing phytoplankton concentrations, an increase in reflectance in the red portion of the spec-
trum is accompanied by a decrease in the blue due to photosynthetic pigments and changes in
scattering properties of the water column. Because of path radiance considerations in the blue
region of the spectrum, the technique  is best suited for low altitude aircraft  operations.  The
sharp rise in reflectance near 0.7/im  is another important feature which could be used in a
chlorophyll model, particularly in an eutrophic situation.  The expression used in this investiga-
tion took the form:
                                    log CHpg = a + bRt

where CH-,,, = chlorophyll a
         Kb             —
         a,b - constants
         R    p(0.62 to Q.70 jum)
           1 ~ p(0.42 to 0.48 urn)
In Figure 5, no special importance should be attached to the cross-over point at 0.51/im. The
position of the cross-over point, the shape of the curve, and the position of the peak in the green
region vary  with various water quality factors and phytoplankton species differences.
                                            12

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  10.0
   5.0
w
o
3
W
b
w
OS
   1.0
Z
W

W  0.5
PH
   0.1
     0.4
                        PHYTO. S m
                        0.001 	
                        0.010	
                        0.030	
                        0.100	
                        0.300 	
                                0.5
                                            \ (yon)
0.6
0.7
   Figure 5.  Calculated change in reflectance of water with increasing concentration of
                             Phytoplankton  (after G. Suits)
                                           13

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DATA PROCESSING PROCEDURES

Machine processing of multispectral scanner data for Cladophora recognition was accomplished
by analog and digital processing techniques. The aircraft scanner analog data were converted
to digital format. In the process, six original scan lines were smoothed for each line of digi-
tized data.  The smoothing factor employed was designed to produce a data set with the proper
aspect ratio and to optimally use the redundant data produced by overscanning the scene. Data
were also angle-corrected.
Within each site selected for digital processing, line prints were made through areas containing
Cladophora and background.  Scatter plots were made from selected pairs of channels to deter-
mine voltage offsets and the ratio values that separate Cladophora from background.
By means of the above procedures and with data from spectral bands 0.48 jim to 0.52  nm and
0.52 /urn to 0.57 jum, digital maps were produced. A near-infrared band was used to delete
land areas.  An automatic point count of areas occupied by Cladophora was available for conver-
sion into unit areas.
The ratio technique described above was also used with an analog processor to produce enhanced
imagery.  Although the preprocessing steps normal in digital processing were not included, the
results demonstrated  an improved Cladophora discrimination capability. The importance of setting
the necessary  offsets  was also demonstrated by the results.
The amount of thermal processing performed in this investigation was limited to selected ex-
amples.  The technique used was the standard analog procedure of contoured separations .  The
temperature difference between the hot and cold reference plates was divided into equal intervals
(1°C).  The areas occupied by each interval were recorded on photographic film.  Once the  sep-
arations have been made, temperature differences can be displayed either as individual tempera-
ture contours or as a  color-coded composite. The former method was used in this report.
                                            14

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                                       SECTION V
                                 GROUND-TRUTH DATA

The Great Lakes Laboratory, State University College at Buffalo, furnished ground-truth infor-
mation from five locations in the area between Niagara and Rochester. Remote sensing flights
took place on 20 June 1972 and 31 July 1972.  The available ground  truth data were collected
during the period 27 July 1972 to 1 August 1972.
The ground truth team reports that Cladophora was collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 meter depths
along five transects extending from the shore into the lake. Cladophora was collected from with-
in randomly tossed hoops, each with a surface area of one square foot. The plant material was
scraped from the bottom by divers, refrigerated at 4°C,and delivered to the laboratory for anal-
                                       3 4
ysis of wet, dry, ash, and volatile weights ' .  The ground-truth information made available to
ERIM is presented in Tables 1 through 5.  The Decca coordinates shown in the tables indicate
the location of stations 0.5 km from shore.
The nearshore investigators also report that Cladophora was not found at  locations where sand
constituted the bottom material. Additionally, the investigators report that growth and develop-
ment at depths of 1 to 2  m was limited because of wave action.
Ground-truth information for the area east of Rochester was obtained from the Lake Ontario
Environmental Laboratory, State University of New York at Oswego. The Cladophora data   made
available to ERIM are shown in Table 6.  Ground-truth information was collected during the pe-
riod 18-21 July 1972.
                                            15

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        Table 1. CLADOPHORA GROUND-TRUTH DATA, STATION 207
Distance
  from
 Shore,
   m
  600
  300
  150
  105
   25
   15
                  Date:              27 July 1972
                  Time:              15:00 hr
                  Decca Coordinates:  Red A-22; Green A-45
                  Max. Depth:        4.5 m
Water
Depth,
  m
   6
   5
   4
   3
   2
   1
        Description
Very sparse.  Thin filaments
scraped and stones. Rocks-
included mud in sample
Solid cover; heavy growth
Solid cover; heavy growth
Sandy; no growth
Sandy; no growth
Sandy; no growth
                                Weight/3 sq  ft
                                Wet,       Dry,
106.47   23.11
148.64
 67.97
31.97
 9.20
       Table 2. CLADOPHORA GROUND-TRUTH DATA, STATION 216
              Date:              27 July 1972
              Time:             12:00 hr
              Decca Coordinates: Red 1-8.50; Green B-31.3
              Max. Depth:        4.5 m
 Distance
   from
  Shore,
     m
    600
    140

     70
     35
     20
     10
    4
    3
    2
    1
       Description
  Growth sparse on rocks;
  thin filaments
  Growth sparse on rocks;
  thin filaments
  Moderate growth
  Moderate growth
  Clean bedrock
  Clean bedrock
                                          Weight/3 sq ft
Wet,
g
— &_
73.35
27.86
25.63
27.23
Dry,
16.80
20.70
17.81
21.27
                                   16

-------
       Table 3.  CLADOPHORA GROUND-TRUTH DATA, STATION 222

                Date:              27 July 1972

                Time:              18:00 hr

                Decca Coordinates:  Red G-19.5; Green B-37.25

                Max. Depth:        4.5 m
Distance
  from
 Shore,
   m

   600
   350


   250

   100

    20

    10
Water
Depth,
  m
   4

   3

   2
   1
      Description

Spotty; heavy, heavy
patches-10-12' filaments-
95% bare rock
Little growth only in
depressions in rock

Sand; no Cladophora
Moderate-spotty
Heavy growth; dense

Heavy growth; dense
                               Weight/3 sq ft
                               Wet,      Dry,
                                            527.94  118.47
74.62    12.73

61.63     9.05
45.95    19.02
       Table 4. CLADOPHORA GROUND-TRUTH DATA, STATION 228

                  Date:              31 July 1972
                  Time:             17:15 hr
                  . Decca Coordinates: Red F-15.0; Green B-47.5
                  Max. Depth:        5.5 m
Distance
from
Shore,
m
500
350
200
50
25
Water
Depth,
m
6
5
4
3
2
     10
                   Description

               Sparse; thin filaments
               on rocks
               Sparse; rocks, sand and
               silt

               Very sparse growth

               Sandy; no Cladophora
               Scattered rocks in sand;
               growth heavy on rocks
               Cover half rock, half
               sand
                                                       Weight/3 sq ft
                                                       Wet,     Dry,
100.0
72.92
15.57
42.03
31.17
1.87
                             61.63    11.2

                             35.51     3.38
                                   17

-------
        Table 5.  CLADOPHORA GROUND-TRUTH DATA, STATION 237
       150

        40
        25
        10
                    Data:
                    Time:
                    Decca Coordinate:
                    Max. Depth:
                   1 August 1972
                   16.30 hr
                   Red E-ll; Green 0-34.25
                   6.5 m
Distance
from
Shore,
m
550
350
Water
Depth,
m
6
5
3
2
1
    Description
Large rocks; growth
uniform; 80-90% cover
Large rocks; growth
uniform; 80-90% cover
Smaller rocks; growth
uniform; 80-90% cover
Sand; no Cladophora
Sand; no Cladophora
Sand; no Cladophora
                                                      Weight/3 sq ft
                                                      Wet,
                                                      60.26
                                           Dry,
                                           8.34
                                                      91.87   26.28
                                 108.15    27.65
      m
             Table 6.  GROUND-TRUTH DATA, EAST OF ROCHESTER
                                                         2
                (Cladophora, Dry Weight, Grams Per 1,000 cm )
J= 0)
-U -t->
P. V
ns
l
2
3
5
6
Location: Sodus
Stations: 424-429
11.0150
29.0905
4.9543
2.7741
0.9838
Sterling
418-423
18.2776
0.8652
7.9421
10.4277
26.8677
Lakeside-
Oswego
412-417
36.8439
64.6888
16.1619
800CC
24.6780
8.9294
Nine Mile Pt
406-411
33.9495
1.9615
8.8462
8OORQ
1.4483
0.3725
Stony Pt
400-405
3.3198
3.4668
6.2667
8.7954
34.7932
    NOTE:  Data provided by State University of New York, Oswego.  Collected
18-21 July 1972.
                                   18

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                                     SECTION VI
                              RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Data processing objectives of the program included processing of the data set on a sampled
basis in order to provide an estimate of the area coverage of Cladophora.  The original pro-
cessing plan proposed sampling the data set on a l/20th basis. As initially proposed, this re-
quirement could be met either by processing every 20th scanline or by processing sections  of
the shoreline to provide an equivalent area coverage.  In view of the wide variation in water
quality in the study area, including highly turbid areas, the latter alternative proved to be the
only practical solution to processing the data set.
Approximately 400 km of data were collected.  Of this amount, 25.8 km of data were processed.
The locations selected for processing are shown in Figure 6.
CLADOPHORA - NIAGARA TO ROCHESTER

Typical scenes showing the extent of development of Cladophora in the nearshore zone are
shown in Figures 7 through 10. The dimensions of the areas displayed in the spectral ratio
imagery  are approximately 0.75 km by 3.5 km. The dark areas in the imagery (water areas)
are occupied by Cladophora.  From a purely physical standpoint,  growth is determined by the
availability of hard surfaces.  The light areas  in the imagery represent a loose, unconsolidated
substrate—usually sand.
Analysis of the data indicates spectral  variation within the Cladophora fields.  This is partic-
ularly evident in Figure 9.  The differences in tone may be due to differences in density of
growth, differences in the length of the Cladophora, or other differences related to the life cycle
of the algae.  A demonstration and analysis of the capabilities of  remote sensing technology to
answer these and other questions related to benthic algae is outside the scope of this investiga-
tion.  A carefully controlled series of experiments to answer the above questions is indicated
as a logical extension of the work initiated in this program.
The results of processing of remote sensing data to estimate standing crop of Cladophora for
the area  Niagara to Rochester are summarized in  Table 7.  Imagery showing the location of
each processing section is included in  Appendix A. Individual digital maps for the various sites
processed are included in Appendix B.
                                           19

-------
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ti
WKl KUPIV
LAKI: o
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„,„„ „,,,




._.
__^_— . _ _ *— M*^^_
-- izs^:.-—

INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEAH
FOR THE
j» GRfAT LAKES •»:
^^ LAKE ONTARIO
NAVIGATION CHART 2
TO II UKO KM ir V Jll- MAWOATIM OMV

^^
-'•^V:'"%&'
                                                                                                    [RIM
SS£ SMrSSGSt"-™
                                      x
                           0
                                       Figure 6. Data-processing locations

-------
Figure 7.  Ratio imagery, Site 3, Station 222. 20 June 1972

-------
to
10
                                          Figure 8, Ratio imagery,  Site 4, Station 228.  20 June 1972

-------
10
W


                                        ••V
                                     Figure 9.  Ratio imagery, Site 5, North Hamlin. 20 June 1972

-------
Figure 10.  Ratio imagery, Site 6, Station 237.  20 June 1972


-------
              Table 7. CLADOPHORA DISTRIBUTION — NIAGARA TO ROCHESTER
Site
1

2

3

3A

4

4A

5

5A

6


Date
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72
20 June 72
31 July 72

Length,
km
.__
1.0
___
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.0
—
1.2
1.2
1.8
—
1.3
1.3
1.5
—
1.2
1.2

Max Dist
from Shore,
m
_ __
400
___
400
400
400
500
—
400
400
500
	
400
400
500
—
400
400

Ave Dist
from Shore,
m
• _ _
354
___
373
	
353
—
—
	
340
	
	
--_
345
—
—
___
320
Ave 348
Cladophora,
%
___
75
—
17
72.5
72
82
' —
82.5
70
66
	
66
67
71
—
59.5
55
65.8
Dry Wta
g/m2
— — -.
74.1
	
71.8
	
49.0
	
	
	
76.3
	
	
	
97.1
	
	
	
97.1
77.56
kg/kmb
_ __
1.97 x 104
	
0.46 x 104
	
1.17 x 104
—
—
	 _
1.83 x 104
—
—
	
2.23 x 104
—
—
—
1.75 x 104
1.57 x 104
    aAverage values for 0-5 meter depth range were derived from ground-truth data collected by State
University College at Buffalo investigators, during the period 27 July—1 August 1972.

     kg  dry wt  per kilometer for  strip-width shown.
                                             25

-------
Data processing extended out from shore an average distance of 348 m. At this distance from
shore, water depth is reported to be 5 m or slightly greater. The data summarized in Table?
show that approximately 66% of the nearshore zone was covered with Cladophora and that the
                                                        4
standing crop expressed as dry weight was equal to 1.57 x 10  kg per kilometer of  shoreline
for a strip 350 m wide (5 m depth contour).
Studies of the nearshore zone conducted by other investigators extend to the 6 m depth contour.
If desired, the above information can be extrapolated to this depth.
CLADOPHORA—ROCHESTER TO STONY POINT

The factors which govern the ability of a passive remote sensing system to map bottom fea-
tures include:  (1) the volume attenuation coefficient of the overlying waters, (2) "sea-state" at
the time of the overflight, and (3) illumination conditions.  Within the area between Rochester
and Stony Point, field conditions at the time of the overflight were less than desirable.  As a
consequence, difficulties were experienced in processing the data for this  region.
As indicated in Figure 6, eight processing sites were selected for this section of the lake.
Imagery showing the location of these sites  (sites  7-12) is included  in Appendix A.  Individual
digital maps for the sites processed are included in Appendix B. Data processing results for
the area  east of Rochester are summarized in Table 8.
Due to a reduced transparency in the eastern section of the lake, data processing extended out
from shore an average distance of 277 m as opposed to an average of 348 m in the  area west
of Rochester.  The results summarized in Table 8 show that 79% of the area of the nearshore
zone was covered by Cladophora and that standing crop expressed as dry weight was equal to
       4
2.6 x 10  kg per kilometer for an average strip-width of 277 m.  Extrapolating the  results to
                                                  4
a width of 350 m, the standing crop is equal to 3.3 x 10  kg per kilometer of shoreline.
THERMAL FEATURES

Temperature is an important environmental parameter and has a bearing on all chemical and
biological processes in the lake. Although thermal monitoring was  not the primary objective
of the program described in this report, the use of a multispectral system provided the oppor-
tunity to document thermal features or anomalies in the nearshore zone.  Both major and minor
thermal features were noted at several locations along the U.S. shoreline.
Four power plants  are presently located within the study area.  Cooling water discharges from
these plants are displayed in the thermal imagery shown in Figure 11.  The technique of con-
toured separations displays the temperature levels between  ambient (offshore) and the dis-
charge temperature (see Figure 12). The temperatures indicated correspond to the light areas
in the separations.  An 8°C difference was noted between the discharge and offshore tempera-
tures.

                                           26

-------
          Table 8. CLADOPHORA DISTRIBUTION—ROCHESTER TO STONY POINT


-
MaxDist
Length, from Shore,
Site
7
7A
8
8A
9
10
11
12

Date
31 July 72
31 July 72
31 July 72
31 July 72
31 July 72
31 July 72
31 July 72
31 July 72

km
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0

m
380
360
360
360
360
360
300
300

Ave Dist

from Shore, Cladophora
m
279
342
306
294
291
249
209
244
Ave = 277
%
89
90
87
81
12
93
90
86
79

, DryWta
g/rn^
106.4
106.4
106.4
106.4
106.4
301.5
54.4
54.4
117.8

j.
kg/km
2.65 x 104
3.26 x 104
2.82 x 104
2.55 x 104
0.38 x 104
6.95 x 104
1.02 x 104
1.14 x 104
2.60 x 104
       Q
       Average values for 0-5 meter depth range were derived from ground-truth data collected by
State University of New York at Oswego investigators during period 18 July-21 July 1972.

       ^cg dry wt per kilometer for strip-width indicated.
                                            27

-------
                         Rochester
              Between Rochester and Oswego
                          Oswego
             East of Oswego — Nine Mile Point
Figure 11. Power plant discharges, Lake Ontario, 31 July 1972, 9.3-11.7
                             28

-------

to
to
                       VIDEO:  9.3 - 11.7 ftm
                             23.5° C
                            24.5° C
                            25.5° C

27.5° C
28.5° C
29.5° C
30.5° C
                            26.5° C                                                        31.5° C



                          Figure 12.  Power plant discharge  temperatures, Rochester, 31 July 1972

-------
On a much larger scale, a thermal front was recorded on 20 June 1972 in the vicinity of
Olcott, New  York, approximately 30 km east of Niagara (Figure 13).  The thermal imagery
shown is approximately 0.8 km wide.  The temperature difference between the warm area
(light tone) on the left and the cool water mass on the right (dark area) is 6°C.
Other thermal features of interest are shown in Figures. 14 through 16.  River discharges,
seeps along  the shore, and thermal boundaries in the lake are evident. All of these  inputs can
be expected  to influence the biology and chemistry of the nearshore zone.  The significance of
these can only be interpreted by an analysis of the results obtained by the various nearshore
investigators,
CHLOROPHYLL a

Processing of remote sensing data to determine surface chlorophyll a concentrations was per-
formed at one location. Shown in Figure 17 is a portion of Lake Ontario in the vicinity of the
Niagara River.  Digital processing results show concentrations in the plume as high as 14.0
      o
mg/m on 31 July 1972.  These results are presented primarily to illustrate the potential of
remote sensing for this purpose.  Results can be displayed as either  (1) black-white  or  col or-
coded digital maps,  or (2) as contoured separations.
                                          30

-------
Figure 13. Lake Ontario at Olcott, 20 June 1972, 9.3-11.7 jura

-------
                                                          9.3-11.7
w
i j
                                                                                                        •,

                                                         0.52.0.57
                         Figure 14.  Multispectral imagery — Lake Ontario near North Hamlin, 20 June 1972

-------
                                                            9.3-11,7  //m
' •
'
                                                           0.52-0.57 ,/m
                          Figure 15.  Multispectral imagery —Lake Ontario near North Hamlin, 20 June 1972

-------
                              9.3-11.7 Mm
                            0.52-0.57
Figure 16. Multispectral imagery—Lake Ontario at Point Breeze, 20 June 1972

-------
I


                                                                                                         Lake. Onlarjoijlpjijiiii;
;:::::;:::::::!:::::::i i:I::i:::::::::i
!:H!iiH»i:ii:H:i;iiiiiiiiiii!:ii^;



                                                       Figure 17.  Chlorophyll a, Lake Ontario at Niagara

-------
                                    SECTION VH

                                   REFERENCES
1.   Hasell, P. G., Jr., et al. Michigan Experimental Multispectral Mapping System — A De-
    scription of the M7 Airborne Sensor and Its Performance.  EnvironmentalRe search
    Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.  Report 190900-10-T.  January 1974.  148
    pp.

2.   Suits, G.  Preliminary Results of Water Reflectance Calculations Using AQUACAN.  En-
    vironmental Research Institute  of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.  Unpublished Memo.
    January 1973.

3.   Sweeney, R. A. Ground Truth-U.S. Shoreline, Western Lake Ontario (IFYGL). Personal
    Communication.  Great Lakes Laboratory, State University College at Buffalo, Buffalo,
    New York. November 1972.

4.   Great Lakes Laboratory, State University College at Buffalo. Annual Report, Analysis and
    Model of Impact of Discharge From Niagara and Genesee Rivers of the Nearshore Zone.
    In:  First Annual Reports of the EPA IFYGL Projects. Environmental Protection Agency,
    Corvallis, Oregon. Report EPA 660/3-73-021. December  1972. pp. 218-329.

5.   Moore, R. B. Personal Communication.  Lake Ontario Environmental Laboratory, State
    University of New York at Oswego.  October 1972.
                                         36

-------
                                  SECTION vm

                                  APPENDICES
                                                                              Page
A. Data Processing Locations                                                     38

B. Cladophora Distribution-Digital Maps                                           55
                                        37

-------
       APPENDIX A






DATA PROCESSING LOCATIONS
          38

-------
                LAKI Mntvrr rtifr**
            I.AKI: ONTARIO
to
2
                  CHART NO
                   1971
             j«) f^. ^..™ *....— - ——
                                          .,.,...-,,,..
                                        i: J
                                                                           *
IHTERNATIONAl FIELD YEAR
     FOHTHE
   GREAT LAKES   ,

   LAKE ONTARIO
 NAVIGATION CHART 2
                         ~\^£&
                                                                            MCCJUHIIATKI UKMMI1M
                                                                                   \-
                                                              i
                                                   s
                                        o
                                                    Figure A-l.  Data-processing locations

-------
,1.
o
                  SITE 1-
                                                              WILSON
                                            Figure A-2.  Site 1, near Wilson, 31 July 1972

-------
KEY CREEK
                                                                                       SITE 2
                                   Figure A-3.  Site 2, near Station 216, 31 July 1972

-------
,1.
i 9
                                         SITE 3
                                                                  STATION 222
SHADIGEE
                                              Figure A-4. Site 3, near Station 222, 31 July 1972

-------
                             Lakeside
Figure A-5. Site 3A, near Lakeside, 20 June 1972

-------
POINT BREEZE
                                                         STATION 228
                                                                                      SITE 4
                                    Figure A-6. Site 4, near Station 228, 31 July 1972

-------
Figure A-7. Site 4A, Lomond Shore, 20 June  1972

-------
HAMLIN BEACH STATE PARK
                                                                •SITE 5-
                       Figure A-8.  Site 5, near North Hamlin, 31 July 1972

-------
I.
- !
                                                   Site 5A
Sandy Creek
                                       Figure A-9. Site 5A, Onteo Beach, 20 June 1972

-------
STATION 23 7
                            •SITE 6-
                                                                             BOGUE POINT
               Figure A-10.  Site 6, near Station 237, 31 July 1972

-------
Bear Creek
                               Figure A-ll.  Site 7, west of Pultneyville, 31 July 1972

-------
Fairbanks  Point
Site 8A
                               Figure A-12. Site 8, east of Pultneyville, 31 July 1972

-------
                                                                  SodusBay
Figure A-13.  Site 9, west of Sodus Bay, 31 July 1972

-------
I i.
CO
             West Ninemile  Point
                                      Figure A-14.  Site 10, west of Oswego, 31 July 1972

-------
•
                                                               Sandy Creek
                                    Figure A-15. Site 11, south of Sandy Creek, 31 July 1972

-------
S£
           •Sandy Creek
                                     Figure A-16. Site 12, north of Sandy Creek, 31 July 1972

-------
       APPENDIX B
CLADOPHORA DISTRIBUTION
      DIGITAL MAPS
           55

-------
 n
0
       •
         ;!=;!: iiiiiiHH illli Hfl'!
         i iJliiJIIimmiMi::!!!*:
                                               Figure  B-l.  Cladophora distribution, Site 1, 31 July 1972

-------
Ml
 I
.::'^**^iilb-:.^-
                                   Figure B-2.  Cladophora distribution, Site 2, 31 July 1972

-------
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                                                           Figure B-3.  Cladophora distribution, Site 3,  20  June 1972

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Figure B-4. Cladophora distribution,  Site 3, 31 July 1972

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Figure B-6.  Cladophora distribution, Site 4, 31 July 1972

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                            1200 meters
Figure B-7.  Cladophora distribution,  Site 4, 20 June 1972

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                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (I'li-asc read Instructions on the reverse before comnlvling)
 ntPORT NO.
  EPA 660/3  -74-028
 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
                             7.
 CLADOPHORA DISTRIBUTION IN LAKE ONTARIO (IFYGL)
                                                           3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
             5. REPORT DATE
               December 1974
                                                           6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
 C. T. Wezernak,  D.  R. Lyzenga,  and F. C. Polcyn
             8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
                102600-04-F
. PERFORMING ORG 'NNIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Institute  of Michigan
P. 0. Box 618
Ann Arbor, MI   48107
              10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                1B1026
              11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO,
                800778
I?. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
   Environmental  Protection Agency
   National Environmental Research Center
   Grosse lie Laboratory
   Grosse He.JIT   48138	
              13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                Final Report
              14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
          Multispectral  remote sensing data were collected  along the U.S. shoreline of
.ake Ontario, under the  sponsorship of the  Environmental Protection Agency,  as part of
the International Field  Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL) program in Lake Ontario.   Data
rere processed to show the  distribution of  Cladophora in the  nearshore zone  and to es-
timate  the standing crop.   Additionally, thermal data in the  study area were displayed.
    The results show an  extensive growth and development of Cladophora in the study
irea.   Approximately 66% of the nearshore zone in the western portion of the lake and
79% in  the eastern portion, is covered by Cladophora.  Several major and minor thermal
features  and thermal discharges were evident at several locations along the  U.S.  shore-
Line.
    This  report was submitted by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan in
fulfillment  of Grant No. 800778 under the  sponsorship of the Environmental  Protection
Agency.  Work was completed as of June 1974.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                 DESCRIPTORS
   Cladophora
   remote sensing
   Lake Ontario
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C,  COSATI I icld/GrOUp
 IFYGL  (Lake Ontario)
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
                                              19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
                                                  unclassified
                            21. NO. OF PAGES
                                 84
                                              20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                                                  unclassified
                           22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                          * U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975—697-972 J92 REGION 10

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