PB82-109856
Health Implications of Coal Related
Energy Development: Mining Impacts
Battelle Columbus Labs., OH
Prepared for
Health Effects Research Lab.
Cincinnati, OH
Sep 81
***"
V
?
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
NYIS
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EPA-600/1-81-060
PB8Z-109836
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF
COAL RELATED ENERGY DEVELOPMENT:
MINING IMPACTS
by
M. A. (Bell) Zanetos, D. A. Savitz, J. C. Warling, N. Sachs
Battelle, Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio
Grant No. R805700-01
Project Officer
Daniel G. Greathouse
Epidemiology Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Repository Material
38fmanent Collection
n
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
VS. OtP*«I««r Of COMMCICt
SmKFKtt. VA 21(1
US EPA
Headquarters and Chemical Libraries
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(pCO-
i-
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-81-Q6Q
QRD Report
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
Pit?
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Health Implications of Coal Related Energy Development:
Mining Impacts
5. REPORT DATE
September 1981
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. A. (Bell) Zanetos, D. A. Savitz, J. C. Warling,
N. Sachs
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
Bio-Environmental Sciences Section
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
_2BNIE
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-8057-0001
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Sinclair Street
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report. 1/1/78-4/30/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/10
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
CO
03
16. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project was to establish a method for prospective
epidemiological analysis of the health effects associated with the development of
western coal sites. Particular emphasis was placed on potential community health
effects related to mining, especially mining effluents which may enter drinking
water supplies in hazardous quantities. The study area is defined as United States
EPA Region VIII which includes Colorado, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas.
This research effort involved: (1) development of criteria for selecting communities
suitable for future in-depth study and selection of several such communities;
(2) characterization of health and environmental quality in the region as a whole;
(3) formulation of data requirements for a prospective epidemiological study; and
(4) evaluation of the quality of environmental, health, and demographic data
currently available for such a study in these communities.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Environmental Health; Coal Mining; Drinkin
Water Contamination; Western Coal Region;
Alkaline mine drainage
Epidemiology
Energy
Coal Mining
68G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report)
Unclassified
2O. SECURITY CLASS fThis page)
Unclassified
21
22l PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED
FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY
THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT
IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS
ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED
IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE
AS MUCH" INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.
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DISCLAIMER
The report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names constitute endorsement.
ii
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FOREWORD
The United States is increasingly aware of the need to depend on its own
resources for energy production. Also apparent is the necessity of pro-
tecting the environment and the health of the population. In pursuit of
means to concurrently achieve these ends, the Health Effects Research
Laboratory supports a variety of programs designed to identify and charac-
terize potential health effects associated with different forms of energy
production. Since coal is a relatively abundant resource in the United
States, much of the research effort has focused on energy production from
this source.
The report that follows focuses specifically on potential health effects
due to mining of western coal reserves. It addresses issues related to
community health rather than occupational health hazards and focuses on the
identification and evaluation of environmental, health, and demographic data
necessary to evaluate mining effects on health through prospective study.
James B. Lucas
Acting Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project was to establish a method for prospective
epidemiological analysis of the health effects associated with the
development of western coal sites. Particular emphasis was placed on
potential community health effects related to mining, especially mining
effluents which may enter drinking water supplied in hazardous quantities.
The study area is defined as United States EPA Region VIII which includes
Colorado, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas. This research effort
involved: (1) development of criteria for selecting communities suitable
for future in-depth study and selection of several such communities; (2)
characterization of health and environmental quality in the region as a
whole; (3) formulation of data requirements for a prospective epidemio-
logical study; and (4) evaluation of the quality of environmental, health,
and demographic data currently available for such a study in these
communities.
The selection of communities for in-depth study included an analysis of
current and planned or projected expansion of coal mining, demographic
description, and consideration of public water supply. Criteria were
established, based on this work, for considering a community a potential
site for further in-depth study. Any community was included if it was
located within 20 miles of a currently operating, new, or expanding mine;
had between 1,000 and 30,000 residents; and was supplied with public water
through a single-source surface water supply.
Each community so identified was assigned to one of two categories
depending on whether or not its water supply was likely to be impacted by
mining activities. The purpose of this was to identify one set of communi-
ties expected to exhibit water-mediated health effects due to mining and
another set of similar communities expected to show effects due to mining
exclusive of the water-mediated effects. Comparison of suitable health
status indicators between study communities (water Impacted) and control
communities will yield an estimate of the magnitude of health effects
attributable to contamination of public water supplies by mining activities.
The distinction between study and control communities was based upon the
location of mining activity in relation to the location of the intake for
the community's public water system. It was required for those communities
categorized as study (water-impacted) sites that (1) coal mining exist
within 20 miles upstream from the community water intake, and (2) drinking
water be drawn from the impacted river downstream from the mine.
Craig, Hayden, and Rangely (all located in Colorado) were identified as
possible study sites. Potential control sites are Canon City and Steamboat
iv
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Springs in Colorado and Green River, Kenmerer, Rock Springs, and Sheridan in
Wyoming. These candidates for study and control communities are character-
ized according to quantity of coal raining, relative importance of coal
mining to the community's economy, validity of the community's designation
as a study or control site, quality of water monitoring, presence of air
monitoring, proximity to other control and/or study sites, availability of
other information, and presence of coal-utilizing facilities, such as
electric power generating facilities.
Characterization of health and environmental quality in the region as a
whole involved obtaining and assembling baseline data on demographic trends,
health status, community health and sanitation services, and environmental
quality. A cursory examination of aggregate data was performed to identify
trends in environmental quality and any unusual patterns of morbidity and
mortality. One important activity in this task was the calculation and
analysis of standardized mortality ratios for the region by county. The only
cause of death category which showed any geographical relationship to mining
activity was deaths due to motor vehicle accidents. This was expected since
mining activities tend to increase the amount of traffic in mining areas.
Failure to find additional effects is not surprising considering county
(rather than community) rates were studied to demonstrate effects that would
be expected in only a small proportion of the county residents. Moreover,
mortality may not be the most appropriate indicator for detecting the effect
of mining activity on health status. While the results suggest that there
are no blatantly unusual patterns of mortality in the region, more infor- ...
mation on health status must be obtained in order to examine water-mediated
health effects due to coal mining in specific communities.
A critique of the quality of existing environmental, health, and demo-
graphic data for use in a prospective epidemiological study is presented in
the report along with recommendations for the type of data needed and
methods by which it can be secured.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. R805700-01 by
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. This report covers the period January 1, 1978, to
April 30, 1980, and work was completed as of April 30, 1980.
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Abstract iv
Figures vi
Tables . vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
Overview: Energy Development and Human Health 1
General Outline of Project 8
2. ISSUES AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 10
Water Quality 10
Air Quality 16
The Social Environment 18
Community Economic Status 19
Transportation 21
Health 22
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25
Defining Exposure 25
Data Acquisition and Characterization 25
4. CRITIQUE OF DATA QUALITY ...... 99
Coal Mining Activities 99
Impacted Communities 99
Water Quality 100
Air Quality 101
Health Status 102
5. SITE SELECTION PROCESS 106
Rationale 106
Criteria for Site Selection 106
Final Site Selection 110
Detailed Characterization of Study Site Candidates. . . 115
Community Profiles 150
Bibliography 162
Appendices
A. Coal Mining 168
B. Developing or Expanding Mines 226
C. Analysis of Mortality Rates 240
D. Water Supplies in Potentially Impacted Communities 257
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FIGURES
Page
Number
1 Coal Fields of the Conterminous United States 6
2 Geographic Distribution of Current
Mining Activity in EPA Region VIII 27
3 Geographic Distribution of Developing
Mining Activity in EPA Region VIII 29
4 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Malignant Neoplasms (Total) in~EPA Region VIII. 86
5 Geographic Distribution of SMR's from Deaths Due to Malignant
Neoplasms of the Digestive System in EPA Region VIII 87
6 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths
Due to Malignant Neoplasms of the Respiratory
System in EPA Region VIII 88
7 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Malignant Neoplasms of the Urinary Tract in EPA
Region VIII 39
8 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Major Cardiovascular Disease in EPA Region VIII 90
9 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Ischemic Heart Disease in EPA Region VIII 91
10 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Cerebrovascular Disease in EPA Region VIII 92
11 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Respiratory Diseases in EPA Region VIII 93
12 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Cirrhosis in EPA Region VIII 94
13 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Motor Vehicle Accidents in EPA Region VIII 95
vi
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14 Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
Suicide and Homicide in EPA Region VIII . 96
15 Locations of 19 Study Site Candidates 114
TABLES
Number Page
1 Distribution, by Basin or Region, of the Coal Reserve Base
and of Total Remaining Identified Coal Resources of the
United States, January 1, 1974 4
2 Selected Demographic Characteristics of Counties in EPA
Region VIII Which Currently Have Coal Mining Operations 30
3 Selected Demographic Characteristics of Counties in EPA
Region VIII Which Are Slated for Expansion of Coal
Mining Operations 33
4 Communities Within 20 Miles of Currently Operating Mines 35
5 Communities Within 20 Miles of Expanding Mines 38
6 Demographic Information on Communities With More Than
1000 Residents in 1975 Located Within 20 Miles of a
Currently Operating Mine 40
7 Demographic Information on Communities With More Than
1000 Residents Located Within 20 Miles of a Developing
Mine 44
8 Site Specific History of Water Quality Monitoring
Activities: Energy Impacted Areas 49
9 Site Specific Surface Water Quality Data for the "Energy
Funded Sites" as Designated by EPA Region VIII Plus
Others Located Within 20 Miles of Coal Mines 52
10 Descriptive Statistics for 18 Selected Water Quality Parameters
at 58 Surface Water Monitoring Sites in Mining Areas 59
11 Site Specific History of Air Quality Monitoring
Activities: Energy Impacted Areas 66
12 Air Quality Monitoring Sites Near Mines/Mine Expansions 68
13 Measures for Evaluating Health Status, Environmental
Quality, and Community Health and Environmental Services 76
vii
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14 Type of Health Status Information Available 79
15 Causes of Death for Study 83
16 Comparison of Cause-Specific Mortality Rates
(per 100,000) in Western States and U.S. Total 84
17 Results of Log-Linear Analysis of SMR Categories
for Motor Vehicle Accidents 97
18 Distributions of SMR Categories for Motor Vehicle Accidents
Across Levels of Current Mining Operations 97
19 Adequacy of Information Available on the
State Level for Evaluating Health Status 103
20 Communities Within 20 Miles of Mining With More
Than 1000 and Fewer Than 30,000 Residents 108
21 Communities Within 20 Miles of Mining With More Than
1000 and Fewer Than 30,000 Residents Which Are Served
by a Single-Source Surface Water Supply System 109
22 Relationship Between Coal Mining and Drinking Water in
Communities Within 20 Miles of Coal Mining With More
Than 1000 and Fewer Than 30,000 Residents and With a
Single-Source Surface Water Supply. ...» Ill
23 Study Site Candidates: Estimated Mining,
Demographic and Other Characteristics 112
24 Coded Presentation of Study Site Characteristics From Table 21. .. 113
25 Study Site Candidates: Estimated Mining,
Demographic, and Other Characteristics 116
26 Coded Presentation of Study Site Characteristics
From Table 23 117
27 Mining Plotted on Detailed County Maps 118
28 Water Monitoring Sites Plotted on Detailed Maps 121
29 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Craig, Moffat County, Colorado 122
30 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Hayden, Routt County, Colorado 123
31 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Rangely, Rio Blanco County, Colorado 125
viii
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32 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado 126
33 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Green River and Rock Springs,
Sweetwater County, Wyoming 127
34 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming 129
35 Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
Water Intake of Sheridan, Sheridan County, Wyoming 130
36 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of Craig,
Colorado 131
37 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
Hayden, Colorado 133
38 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
Rangely, Colorado 135
39 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
Canon City, Colorado 136
40 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
Steamboat Springs, Colorado 138
41 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of r
Green River and Rock Springs, Wyoming 140
42 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
Kemmerer, Wyoming 141
43 Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
Sheridan, Wyoming 142
44 Average Drinking Water Quality Parameters in
Study Site Candidates 144
45 Ranks and Correlations of Surface Water and Drinking
Water Constituents in the Study Site Candidates 147
46 Rating of Study Site Candidates on Selection Criteria 151
A-l Current and Future Coal Mines in Colorado . .' 168
A-2. Current and Future Coal Mines in Montana 193
A-3 Current and Future Coal Mines in North Dakota 197
A-4 Current and Future Mines in South Dakota 205
ix
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A-5 Current and Future Mines in Utah 208
A-6 Current and Future Coal Mines in Wyoming 217
B-l Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in Colorado 225
B-2 Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in Montana 229
B-3 Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in North Dakota. . . 231
B-4 Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in Utah 233
B-5 Coal Mines under Development or Expansion in Wyoming ..... 235
C-l Average Annual Death Rates per 100,000 for Five-
State Area 240
C-2 Standardized Mortality Ratios (By County) 241
D-l Inventory of Public Water Supplies: Impacted
Communities 253
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW: ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH
Energy production is, and will continue to be, a major concern of
society. While one facet of that interest must concern technological
development necessary to discover and harness new sources of energy, clearly
there must be a concomitant consideration of the environmental and human
health effects of developing these resources. Although it is unreasonable
to expect or demand "zero risk" or no health costs associated with energy
production, scientific definition and measurement of the health costs and
the degree to which they may be predicted and ameliorated through sound
energy development policy merits intensive investigation. In examining the
potential health impacts of the rapid expansion of mining activities in the
western coal region, the present program explores but one facet of the
energy production picture in the United States. Nevertheless, the sheer
magnitude of projected increases in mining activity and the relative paucity
of knowledge concerning nonoccupational, environmentally mediated health
effects of mining activities underscore the need for careful epidemiologic
studies in mining communities. Only then can the nature and magnitude of
potential health effects be ascertained and the indirect effects of the
current energy development policy be discovered. Ultimately, insights
gained from this program and subsequent" epidemiologic studies regarding the
human costs of energy development may be used to establish a more informed
bases for future decisions regarding the development and/or.expansion of
energy resources.
Projected Coal Energy Development in the U.S
Coal is abundant in most parts of the United States and, along with
petroleum and natural gas, it has contributed significantly to our indus-
trial and economic growth. Of the three fuels, coal is by far the most
abundant with recoverable resources of coal containing about ten times as
much heat value as the combined recoverable reserves of petroleum and
natural gas.
Since the mid 1930's, the United States has experienced a fourfold
increase in the use of energy. Most of this increased demand was met by
increased use of petroleum and natural gas (Averitt, 1975). This growth was
further accelerated after World War II by: (1) a prolonged period of indus-
trial and economic growth, (2) increased rate of population growth, and (3)
considerable increase in per capita use of energy. Accompanying the
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increased use of petroleum and natural gas was a surge in imports of
petroleum, beginning in the late 1950's, followed by a decline in domestic
petroleum production in the late 1960's and early 1970's. About the same
time, it became apparent that reserves of both fuels were smaller than
formerly believed. Throughout the long period prior to OPEC (Organization
of Petroleum Exporting Countries) the unit costs of petroleum and natural
~gas were, relatively low, and these fuels were more convenient to use and
more-environmentally acceptable than coal. Higher prices for petroleum and
natural gas will undoubtedly encourage the use of atomic energy, coal, and
other sources of fuel for the generation of electricity and lead to
increased use of coal, oil shale, and bituminous sands as sources of
synthetic fuels and pipeline gas (Averitt, 1975). Faced with the above
conditions, namely, depleting reserves and increasingly negative cost
factors associated with petroleum and natural gas, and a relative abundance
of coal, the United States has become firmly committed to the development of
new coal-based energy technologies such as coal gasification, coal
liquefaction, and fluidized-bed combustion.
Besides these new markets, the electric utility industry has established
a trend toward the increased use of coal. During the past 20 years, the
utility industry (which is the largest single consumer of coal) has in-
creased its use of coal at an extremely rapid rate. Further, rapid prolif-
eration of coal-fired power plants is expected to continue throughout the
next 20 years due to:
(1) Anticipated steady growth of the electric utility industry—recent
EPA projections forecast a 226 percent increase in coal-fired
generating capacity between 1976 and 1986 for the six states of EPA
Region VIII (U.S. EPA, 1976). Other regional analyses predict
similar trends.
(2) Construction of coal-fired generating plants in areas previously
served by natural gas and/or conversion orders directing large
industrial users of natural gas to switch over to coal. In 1977,
the Federal Energy Administration issued coal conversion directives
to 56 major industrial plants presently burning oil or gas.
Earlier in 1977, similar directives were sent to 74 utility com-
panies and similar notices were sent to 32 planned industrial sites
requiring that the plants be built with coal burning capability.
Other industries targeted for future directives include chemical,
food, fabric, metal, film, and refined oil products manufacturers
(Anonymous, 1977).
(3) Gradual phase-out of older gas-fired generating plants. Taken
together, the trends outlined above forebode vast increased in
demand for coal, particularly the low sulfur coals from the western
United States. Various governmental and private agency projections
are consistent with this forecast (Asbury et al., 1977; Corsentino,
1976; U.S. EPA, 1976; Averitt, 1975).
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;. . In response to tbe increasing demand for coal, rapid expansion of coal
mining activity is anticipated. Important determinants of the location of
this expansion include the location of proven coal reserves, characteristics
of the coal (rank, grade, specific gravity), thickness of the beds,
thickness of the overburden, and a variety of commercial factors including
labor, equipment, and transportation costs.
Table I shows the distribution of the coal reserves base and total
remaining identified coal resources of the United States as of January,
1974. Reliable projections indicate that the majority of future mining
expansion will take place in the western United States (Corsentino, 1976).
As is evident from Table 1, Regions 6 and 7, the northern and southern Rocky
Mountain regions, together account for nearly one-half of the "demonstrated
reserve base" and approximately 60 percent of "resources in thin beds and
inferred resources" and "total remaining identified resources". The very
large reserve base in Region 6, the northern Rocky Mountains, represents
41 percent of the total in column 1. This large tonnage and percentage re-
flect the fact that the coal beds are very thick. Numerous and closely
spaced, the coal-bearing rocks lay nearly flat and the topography is
relatively flat over thousands of square miles in North Dakota, eastern
Montana, and northeastern Wyoming. Thus, much of the coal in Region 6 is
within reach using strip mining methods. The more modest reserve base in
Region 7 as compared with that of Region 6 reflects the fact that in most of
Region 7 the coal-bearing rocks are on the edges of moderate to steeply
dipping structural basins. This coal is less accessible; underground or
drift mining methods must be used in these settings (Averitt, 1975).
High rank bituminous and anthracite coal in the continental United
States lies almost exclusively in the eastern half of the country. About
99 percent of the subbituminous coal and lignite lies in the western half of
the country. In large part these differences are due to differences in
geologic age (Pennsylvanian in the east and Cretaceous or Tertiary in the
west). The younger western coals attain high rank only where there has been
deformation and alteration by mountain building processes or by the intru-
sion of igneous rock. Subbituminous coals and lignite of the western states
are lower in heat value and are somewhat more difficult to ship and store
than the more widely used bituminous coals of the eastern states. However,
the low rank coals of the western states are well suited to the production
of electric power and the production of synthetic gas and liquid fuels.
Receiving much attention today is the sulfur content of coal. Sulfur in
coal has several undesirable effects. First, it lowers the quality of coke
and the resulting iron and steel products. It contributes to corrosion,
formation of boiler deposits, and more importantly to air pollution. Sulfur
impurities in coal spoils (in the eastern United States) inhibit growth of
vegetation. Leaching of sulfuric acid from mines' contributes directly to
the pollution of streams, while sulfur oxides emitted into the atmosphere
from combustion of high sulfur coal contribute to both air pollution and
acid rain formation. Averitt (1975) states that about 65 percent of the
identified coal resources in the United States are low in sulfur
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TABLE 1.
DISTRIBUTION, BY BASIN OR REGION, OF THE COAL RESERVE BASE AND OF
TOTAL REMAINING IDENTIFIED COAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES
JANUARY 1, 1974(a'b'c)
Demonstrated
base, 0-1,
Reserve
000 ft
overburden
I*
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
a>
Baa lit or Region
Northern Appalachian basin
(PA, OH, UV. and MD)
Southern Appalachian basin
(eastern KY, VA, TN, NC,
CA, and AL)
Michigan baaln
Illinois baaln (1U, IN, &
western KY)
Western Interior basin
(IA. KS. MO, OK, AR, & TX)
Northern Rocky Mountains
(ND, SD, MT, WY. & ID)
Southern Rocky Mountains
(CO, UT, AZ, & NM)
West Coast
(AK. WA, OR, & CA)
TOTAL
Tons
93
20
~
89
19
175
24
14
434
Percent
21
5
—
20
4
41
6
3
100
Overburden 0-3,000 ft
Resources In thin beds
Inferred resources, 0-1,000
ft overburden; and Identified
resources In all beds
1,000-3,000 ft overburden
132
36
__
126
63
606
211
123
1,297
> Total remaining
identified resources
225
56
_ _
215
82
781
235
137
1,731
(a)
Source: Adopted from Averltt, 1975.
(b)In billions (]09) of short tons.
(c)
Dashes (--) indicate negligible amount of coal. Figures are for reserves
and resources In the ground. At least lutlf of the reserve base is recoverable.
Includes coal In the measured and Indicated (demonstrated) category in beds 28 In or more thick for bitum-
inous coal and anthracite, and 5 ft or more thick for subbltuminous coal and lignite. Maximum overburden
Is 1,000 ft for subbltuffliiioua coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite, and 120 ft for lignite. May Include
coal outside these parameters if such coal la being mined or is considered to be commercially mlnable.
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(0-1.0 percent). Much of this low-sulfur coal is subbituminous coal and
lignite concentrated in the Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains. The
remaining 35 percent of coal reserves are of medium (1.1-3.0 percent) and
high sulfur (over 3.0 percent) content. In contrast, much of the remaining
medium and high-sulfur coal occurs in the bituminous coal of the central and
eastern United States.
Until"recently; when the electric utilities were confronted with the
problem of complying with sulfur dioxide control regulation, western coal
supplied only local markets. Due to its relatively low thermal value and
high delivery costs, western coal could not successfully compete against
eastern and midwestern coals in their respective market areas. Today the
market structure has shifted due to increasing specific demand for
low-sulfur coals. Utilities view substitution of lower sulfur western coals
for eastern coals as one potential means of forestalling the addition of
costly emissions control equipment. Rapid increases in production costs of
eastern and midwestern coals relative to the cost of transporting western
coal and, as mentioned, the higher prices and reduced availability of
alternative fuels further increase demand. In view of this situation, the
general feeling now is that western coals will become a principal source of
energy for United States utilities.
By convention, the United States is usually divided into three coal-
producing regions—western, eastern, and midwestern. The geographical
boundaries of these regions are depicted in Figure 1. The western coal
region includes two great coal provinces: the Northern Great Plains
province covering eastern Wyoming, and the Rocky Mountain province which
includes western and southern Wyoming, most of Colorado and Utah, and
northeastern New Mexico. The Hanna Region and the Powder River Basin of
Wyoming and Montana are currently the most important exporters to distant
markets. The Williston Basin (part of the Northern Great Plains Region) and
the Unita Region represent secondary sources (Asbury et al, 1977). Due to
superior export opportunities, a great deal of attention is being focused on
the future development of huge coal reserves located in the Powder River
Basin.
As of May, 1976, 154 new mines or expansions of existing mines were
planned, proposed, or under development. Forty-five new mines were to be
located in Colorado, 33 in Wyoming, 30 in Utah, and the balance in ten other
states. If all of these future western mines were developed according to
present plans, an additional 472.1 million tons of coal per year would be
realized. Future mines in Wyoming alone would increase production by 139.8
million tons per year, while 77.7 million tons per year and 64.5 million
tons per year are anticipated for Utah and New Mexico, respectively. The
remainder of the production increase is distributed among the other states.
Considering both the location of coal reserves (see Table 1) and the
specific areas slated for greatest expansion, it is clear that the bulk of
the increase in mining activities will take place in the states of Montana,
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GREAT PLAINS PROVINCE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
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Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, and Utah. The focus of the
present program has been confined to a geographic area consisting of these
six states.
Assessment of Health Effects Delated to Increased Mining
'._..-- Assessment of the potential social and environmental costs of energy
development includes a wide range of concerns, such as public health,
occupational health and safety, environmental stability and diversity, and
social stability. These concerns have prompted the development of a great
variety of methods for measuring impacts and costs (U.S. FEA, 1977; Bozzo et
al. , 1978; Morris and Novak, 1977; University of California, 1978). Unfor-
tunately, these reports outline general approaches which have not been
applied to specific communities as yet. In attempting to quantify and/or
project the impacts of energy development in terms of human mortality,
morbidity, or changes in health status (either positive or negative),
detailed empirical studies of health status of residents in specific
impacted communities are essential.
Two different sets of health effects must be considered in evaluating
the causal effects of energy development on health status. First, the
possible etiologic significance of the products and processes employed in
the various industrial activities must be investigated. Another set of
effects arising as a result of boom town conditions (e.g., increases in
population, inadequate housing, crowding, unmet demand for health and
sanitation services) need to be examined as well. Three generic types of
health problems can be anticipated: the first set is related to the .
occupational environment; such problems are primarily the province of
industrial hygiene. These problems have been studied elsewhere and will not
be considered in the present program. Second are the potential problems
which can be traced to pollution of the environment by industrial activity
itself. Third, many significant health and social problems are related to
the rapid and unplanned community growth which accompanies intensive devel-
opment of coal resources. Problems arising from these "boom town condi-
tions" include excess demands on community environmental and sanitation
services (e.g., inadequate water supplies, sewage systems, and solid waste
disposal systems). Other boom town phenomena which impact on the individual
or family level include higher rates of physical illness and injuries,
mental illness, various types of social disruption, and shortages of needed
medical services at both primary (physicians, dentists) and secondary
(hospital, clinic, nursing home) levels of care.
This report primarily addresses Impacts of the second type above.
However, problems of the third type are also examined to the extent that
they represent bona fide health, rather than sociological, problems.
Because of the extensive breadth of health impacts outlined above, the
current program focuses on a limited set of impacts, namely those resulting
specifically from increases in mining activity. It was recognized from the
outset, however, that industrial activities connected with construction of
highways, commercial establishments (especially electric power plants), and
housing inevitably accompany increases in mining, and produce health effects
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of their own which must be considered as part of the overall costs of
development. It is essential to realize that changes in health status
subsequent to mining expansion reflect these indirect effects in addition to
direct mining-related impacts.
This report summarizes work in the areas of: (1) identifying those
communities most likely to be impacted by the development of western coal,
(2) examining existing environmental data in and around these communities,
and (3) assembling available data on health status and community health and
environmental services in the impacted areas. These data provide valuable
"baseline" characterization of these populations. When coupled with
periodic reassessment of the relationships among health and environmental
parameters in the form of prospective epidemiologic studies, needed
information concerning the potential health impacts of mining could be
generated.
GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this project was to establish a method for prospective
epidemiological analyses of the health effects associated with the develop-
ment of western coal sites. Particular emphasis in the program was placed
upon potential health effects related to mining activities, especially
mining effluents which may enter drinking water supplies in hazardous
quantities. Specific tasks include the following:
(1) Identifying and characterizing potentially Impacted communities,
including an analysis of planned and projected expansion of coal
mining;
(2) Obtaining and assembling baseline data (ca. 1975-1978) on the above
communities with respect to demographic trends, health status,
community health and sanitation services, and environmental
quality;
(3) Performing a cursory examination of aggregate data (regional,
state, or county levels) for trends in environmental quality,
compliance with relevant standards, and unusual patterns of
morbidity and mortality;
(4) Evaluating the adequacy of existing environmental, health, and
demographic data as a basis for future prospective epidemiologic
studies;
(5) Formulating data requirements for prospective studies and searching
for methods by which the requisite data (or suitable alternatives)
can be secured;
(6) Developing criteria for selecting specific individual communities
for in-depth studies. Priorities for this task include:
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(a) volume of projected expansion (coal tonnage)
(b) amount of projected community growth (population, jobs, etc.)
(c) location with respect to mining
(d) size and representativeness of the community
(e) absence of major sources of pollution unrelated to mining
(f) quality of existing health and environmental data.
These topics are addressed individually in subsequent sections of the
report. Much supplementary data is also contained in the appendix.
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SECTION 2
ISSUES AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS
Investigators concerned with estimating the type and potential magnitude
of impacts from western coal development have identified several key areas
of concern. Many of the national energy policy concerns are reflected in
the report of the Rail Commission (Rail, 1977). Examples of area-specific
issues are addressed in the various Environmental Impact Statements alluded
to later in this section. In general, there seems to be a consensus that
impacts are expected in at least six generic areas, including: (1) water
quality; '(2) air quality; (3) social jsnvironment; (4) sanitation and public
health (due to rapid population influx); (5) economic structure; and
(6) transportation. An overview of each of these types of impacts is given
in this section.
WATER QUALITY
Introduction
The chemical quality of surface water in the western United States is
highly variable due to diversity in geology, size of drainage basin,
aridity, and seasonality of streamflow. Few generalizations applicable to
the entire region can be made. Also, there are limitations on the dis-
tribution and amount of available data, particularly with respect to
groundwater. There is a critical need for longitudinal studies of water
quality comparing values of various parameters pre- and post-mining in order
to assess the trends in quality of surface water and groundwater that may be
related to mining and reclamation activities (NAS, 1974).
Mine development generally progresses in three distinct phases: (1)
construction of the associated facilities; (2) mining of coal (and perhaps
other materials, e.g., clinker and gravel for roads) and concurrent
. reclamation; and (3) abandonment of the mine upon completion of mining.
Each of these phases has associated with it a series of environmental
impacts which must be considered in order to have a total picture of mining
impacts. The construction phase precedes the actual mining activities. It
includes construction of the coal handling facilities, railroad spur and
loop, access and haulage roads, warehouse, administrative offices, mainte-
nance buildings, explosive materials storage, water pumping, waste disposal
systems, stream diversion, communication lines, power transmission lines,
and electric utilities. At many sites, construction activities also include
the quarrying of clinker for use as road building materials, stream
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diversion lining, and railroad subgrade construction materials. All of
these activities create disturbances of the local terrain (USGS, 1978a).
During the mining operation, surface waters are impacted as a disruption
of the existing drainage patterns. The amount of disruption varies in that
surface drainage systems can be built to store and/or route produced water,
runoff, and sanitary sewage. The degree to which the quality of surface
water will be impacted will depend to some degree on the design of the
storage and routing system. The chemical quality of intermittent streams is
often proportional to the magnitude of the flow. Thus, changes in flow due
to diversions and altered topography may have varying impacts. Concentra-
tion of sediment increases as flow increases, whereas, concentration of
dissolved solids decreases as flow increases (USGS, 1978b).
One parameter which gives a general indication of suitability of surface
water for industrial use is total dissolved solids (TDS). TDS varies with
discharge during periods of high flow and is lowered by dilution. TDS
increases in areas where rivers are underlain by highly soluble materials
such as shale (NAS, 1974).
Groundwater varies in quality principally because of geological
diversity in the west. Water recovered from sedimentary rocks varies from
brackish in deeply buried marine shales to very pure in shallow aquifers.
Groundwater in valley alluvium is derived mainly from local recharge and the
quality varies according to the rock type in the drainage basin. Again, as
with surface water, quality is highly variable and governed by local
conditions. To be reliable, observations must be specific to the mine site
(NAS, 1974).
The effects of the mining on groundwater are: (1) removal of the coal
aquifer; (2) a change in the recharge-discharge relationships; (3) a possi-
ble change in the quality of water in some aquifers; (4) an increase in the
consumptive use of groundwater which decreases the supply available for
other uses; and (5) lowering of water levels in local aquifers.
Coal seams are frequently aquifers. Hence, interception and removal of
the coal is bound to have both quantitative and qualitative effects on
groundwater. Disturbances in aquifers will undoubtedly occur because spoil
material would be expected to have different hydrologic characteristics than
the original material; spoil will probably transmit water more readily than
the coal it replaces, leading to increased quantities of groundwater in some
localities and decreases in others (USGS, 1978b).
Water changes in quality as it moves through various strata. Mining of
the coal and disturbance of the overburden alter the chemical quality of the
water by changing the sources of constituents, the rock material and bio-
sphere, the hydraulic, thermal, and chemical gradients, and the rates of ion
exchange and sorption. The net result of these changes cannot be predicted,
but the quality of the groundwater reservoir formed by the spoil is likely
to be of significantly poorer quality than the water in the undisturbed
local aquifer. Specific changes will depend on constituents of the rock
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material and biosphere which is disrupted. Alteration in hydraulic,
thermal, and chemical gradients and rates of ion exchange and sorption will
affect water quality (USGS, 1978b).
In general,, the quality of surface and groundwater in the upper Colorado
River Basin is very good in the mountainous and headwater areas but
gradually worsens as one moves downstream. Sediment loads are generally
high In the streams that drain the Colorado Plateau. IDS concentrations may
reach 2,000-3,000 mg/1 in some streams. The variation in water quality
among the western rivers also implies a variation in the withdrawal rates
that each can tolerate without causing excess salinity downstream.
Sedimentation and salinity present serious problems in many of the areas
under consideration for expansion of mining. These and other specific
impacts are described more fully in the next section.
Surface Water Impacts
Location of Water Impacts—
In characterizing the various potential water quality impacts from
mining, it is useful to distinguish between impacts which occur at the
location of the mine (on-site Impacts) from those which occur at some
distance from the site (off-site impacts). The National Academy of Sciences
first suggested this classification scheme for coal mining impacts, and
their findings are summarized here (NAS, 1974).
On-Site Impacts—The primary on-site impacts include the effects of soil
erosion, channel erosion, and disruption of surface drainage and groundwater
aquifers. Channel erosion and sedimentation may become problematic if
mining activities result in the addition of significant quantities of water
to surface discharge. Downcutting and widening initiated by the augmented
flow of storm water runoff may produce a channel to which the normal runoff
is not adjusted. Tributary channels may no longer be used if the base level
of the main channel to which they are graded is lowered. Channel deepening
and enlargement, unless checked, can cause production and transport of large
quantities of sediment to downstream channels or reservoirs.
Surface mining operations disrupt the channels of ephemeral streams and
damage upland slopes. Altered drainage patterns create two major problems:
a change in the channel slope and increased flow velocity resulting in
increased bed and bank erosion; and a decrease in runoff volume and loss of
recharge to alluvial aquifers in the downstream valleys. Either of these
problems can be serious in an arid or semi-arid environment.
In most of the western coal fields, the coal beds that lie close to the
surface are also aquifers. Removal of the coal by mining operations often
intersects the aquifer which is the source for hundreds of local wells.
Consequently, flow patterns in the aquifer are changed and some parts
undoubtedly would be dewatered. Also, as the coal/aquifer is removed, the
groundwater is discharged into the mine pit, necessitating the pumping of
the unwanted water into nearby surface streams. Additional flow into these
ephemeral channels can cause both erosion and changes in water quality.
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Presently, the extent to which the aquifer characteristic of the stratum
formerly occupied by the coal might be restored is unknown.
Off-Site Impacts-—The primary hydrologic impacts of surface mining which
occur away from the site are: (1) changes in the volume of surface flow
(both increases and decreases); (2) loss of groundwater; (3) deterioration
of water quality; (4) channel erosion caused by increased sediment loads;
(5) destruction of aquatic habitats;"and (6) possible increases in endemic
diseases among users of water contaminated by mining.
Changes in land configuration as they apply to stream channels (see
above) could possibly impact streams at some distance from the site of
mining. Sustained increases in flow could cause severe bank erosion and
sedimentation problems in the major valleys of the western coal region.
Major decreases in flow caused by consumptive uses of water at the mine will
serve to decrease recharge to aquifers and lower groundwater levels.
Industrial water requirements for surface mining operations are
relatively small and do not generally present serious problems of aquifer
depletion or competition with existing uses (except for mining in conjunc-
tion with mine-mouth electric generating facilities). The principal
consumptive use of water in mining operations is in dust control on access
and haulage roads. The most common source of this water is the surface and
groundwater that accumulates in mine sumps. Auxiliary water requirements
for domestic and sanitation purposes at a typical mining operation (e.g.,
Decker, Montana) seldom exceed 5000 gallons per day (SCPRL, 1974).
Restoration of surface-mined lands requires inputs of large quantities
of water. Rehabilitation practices which consume water include irrigation
of vegetation planted on reshaped spoil piles, on-site use of water for
retaining stockpiles of topsoil and mine spoil banks (interruption of
surface flow causes internal drainage), permanent irrigation on some
rehabilitated mine areas, and replacement of water supplies diminished in
quality or quantity by prior mining activities with alternate sources.
Serious political conflicts can arise to the extent that expansion of
mining activities (directly or indirectly) reduces the amount of water
available to downstream users. Many of these users have established rights
to these waters over a period of years prior to mining and are engaged in
operations contingent on the continued availability of water. For example,
much runoff is used for flood irrigation of meadows and stored for livestock
use. Although this flow probably accounts for only five to ten percent of
the flow reaching perennial streams, it takes on great significance in the
arid west, for it supports the productive use of over 50 percent of the land
(NAS, 1974).
Physical and Chemical Impacts—
Coal extraction can result in a variety of physical and chemical impacts
to aquatic systems. Physical impacts from mining activities can include
collapse of stream beds overlying older mines, diversion of water to a
different surface drainage system or subsurface aquifer (resulting in loss
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of flow in the original stream and/or contamination of an aquifer), and
erosion of spoil and refuse areas with subsequent sedimentation in aquatic
systems.~ Potential chemical impacts to surface waters can be grouped into
three general categories, namely, suspended solids (siltation), alkaline
mine drainage, and nutrient enrichment (Dvorak et al., 1977).
.~~ Suspended Solids—Coal deposits in the west are located in arid and
semi-arid areas characterized by frequent and extended periods of drought
which are interrupted by brief, intense storms. These factors encourage
erosion, making erosion rates on western rangeland among the highest in the
United States on noncultivated land. Disturbance of these areas during
mining and the lengthy period required for revegetation provide considerable
potential for accelerating erosion and sediment loading to aquatic systems.
The actual extent of aquatic degradation from suspended solids is dependent
on the extent of area disturbed, its distance from a water body, and amount,
form, and intensity of precipitation (Dvorak et al., 1977). Sediment
transport in mining areas can be as much as 1000 times greater than that in
undisturbed land. This, in turn, causes clogged reservoirs, premature aging
of lakes from eutrophication and siltation, and direct and indirect toxic
effects on aquatic biota (Dvorak et al., 1977).
Alkaline Mine Drainage—Western coals, by virtue of their generally low
content of sulfur and pyrite, tend not to produce acid mine drainage
problems of the type seen in the eastern and midwestern United States. Due
to geologic and climatic characteristics, overburden and deposits between
coal seams in the west frequently contain high concentrations of one or more
soluble constituents. The most common of these include sodium, calcium,
magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, and occasionally chloride.
Likewise, due to edaphic and climatic features, ground and surface waters in
the southwest (Black Mesa) and Northern Great Plains (Powder River Basin)
usually contain comparatively high concentrations of varying combinations of
these constituents. (Data on the actual concentrations of these and other
constituents in surface waters near mining areas are presented in a later
section.) Generally, however, water in these areas is classified as hard
(high in calcium and magnesium), and alkaline (high in carbonate and/or
bicarbonate). If the dominant cation is sodium, the water is considered
saline.
Results of available research indicate that leaching of soluble salts
from mine spoils and their transport into receiving surface waters by
precipitation, runoff, or pumping constitutes one of the most significant
water quality problems expected in both the southwest and Northern Great
Plains coal regions (Dvorak et al., 1977).
Reported effects of mine discharges from western coal mines upon
receiving waters are site-specific, but viewed from a regional perspective,
the effects most commonly reported are increases in: (1) hardness (due to
increases in calcium and magnesium); (2) alkalinity (especially due to
bicarbonate); (3) sodium; (4) sulfate; and (5) total dissolved solids (TDS).
The effects of these changes on biota are variable and depend on such
factors as relative amount of pollutant present, sensitivity of the species
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'present, and degree of dilution as determined by flow rate (Dvorak et al. ,
1977). Effects on humans depend on the extent to which these changes in
surface water are reflected in drinking water supplies.
Nutrient Enrichment—Nutrient enrichment of receiving waters occurs when
nitrogen and phosphorus contained in chemicals used for mining are carried
away from the site as runoff. Discharge of these compounds can result in
algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels.' These changes in turn cause
alteration in biotic community structure. Oxygen depletion can also promote
the production of toxic chemicals such as ammonia (by reduction of nitrates)
or hydrogen sulfide (by reduction of sulfates) (Dvorak et al. , 1977).
Groundwater Impacts
Impacts of groundwater resources from surface mining are less direct
than the physical and chemical impacts on surface water described above.
The most frequent groundwater impact appears to be the interception of
groundwater aquifers as coal and overburden are removed. Both quanti-
tative and qualitative changes can result. Interception of aquifers and
subsequent lowering of the water table is serious in the west because
precipitation rates are not usually sufficient to Insure recharge of the
aquifer. As indicated earlier, often the coal bed itself is an aquifer.
While this water may not be of good enough quality for domestic use,
significant use is made of these waters by livestock. Also, the groundwater
normally carried by the aquifer (coal bed) may be discharged into the mine
pit after the coal has been extracted. This water is sometimes removed by
pumping it into nearby streams where the alkaline or saline characteristics
of this waste may alter water quality or affect aquatic organisms in the
streams. Finally, after completion of mining, spoils used to refill the pit
may generate highly mineralized leachates as groundwater percolates through
them. These leachates could subsequently contaminate surface and
groundwater systems (Dvorak et al., 1977).
Summary
Water concerns are among the most visible and politically charged of all
the problems which have been identified and discussed in connection with
energy development in the western United States. Competition for water and
concerns for its quality are long-standing traditions in this energy-rich
but water-poor area. Availability of water for development or expansion of
mining seems to dominate the issues addressed in the Environmental Impact
Statements for proposed new facilities in the western coal area. Moreover,
most of the attention has been focused on the quantity of water available
for use rather than the quality of the water postdevelopment.
Several assessments have concluded that the energy developments being
proposed for this region do not create new problems as much as they exacer-
bate existing ones (White et al., 1977; USGS, 1978b). It is generally
agreed that water quality impacts of western energy resource development
could include some of all of the following: (1) runoff from mines, spoils
piles, facilities, and urban areas; (2) increasing concentration of various
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salts in surface waters due to consumptive uses of water; (3) accidental
introduction of pollutants from evaporative ponds to surface water; and (4)
contamination of groundwater springs and ponds.
As either point or nonpoint sources, energy resource developments
apparently will not create as much of a salinity problem as would some other
uses, particularly agricultural irrigation. In general, the amount of water
consumed (i.e., withdrawn and not returned) by such developments should not
have much of a salt concentrating effect on area surface streams. These
findings are.important for policy decisions regarding choices between
alternative development schemes (U.S. EPA, 1977).
AIR QUALITY
Introduction
The extraction of millions of tons of coal annually from the western
coal region will result in deterioration in air quality. Maximal air
quality impacts are expected to occur when the developing mines reach their
full production capacity, and to taper off over the remaining years of coal
production at each site. Both direct impacts of the mining operation itself
and indirect impacts due to population influx, increased vehicular traffic,
and coal transportation are anticipated. This section provides a general
overview of the relationships between various aspects of the mining
operation and their impacts on air quality.
General Impacts
Air quality impacts are expected to vary directly with the number of
acres of nonvegetated land at a given time. At most of the mining sites,
hundreds of nonvegetated acres will be exposed to wind action at some point
over the course of mining activities.
Undoubtedly, particulates in the form of fugitive dust will be the
primary threat to air quality (USGS, 1978b). Gaseous emissions including
sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide are expected to pose
problems, but to a lesser extent. Activities of the mining operation which
emit air pollutants include: (1) removal, transport, and storage of top-
soil; (2) blasting, removal, deposition, and storage of overburden; (3)
blasting, extraction, and transport of coal to storage areas; (4) coal
processing (crushing, etc.); (5) transport of coal by unit train to utiliza-
tion site; (6) replacement of overburden, topsoil, revegetation, and other
reclamation processes; and (7) transport of people and material in and
around the mine area (USGS, 1978a). Enlargement of the labor force produces
an influx of population, which in turn, generates air quality deterioration
due to increased vehicular traffic, home heating, power generation, etc.
Annual baseline total suspended particulates (TSP) near major traffic
routes and coal handling facilities could be increased by a factor of 3.5
(USGS, 1978a). In some cases, the increments in TSP will be enough to cause
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violation of state guidelines and/or federal primary ambient air quality
standards. Increases of thousands of tons of participates annually (as
projected by many mines) are expected to produce substantial reduction of
visibility in the vicinity of the mines. Likewise, dustfall will increase
significantly (USGS, 1978a).
Gaseous emissions from mining operations will probably have a lesser
impact on air quality than particulates, and violations of air quality
standards are not expected. NQg fumes from blasting and coal bank fires
could create acute pollution episodes which would harm organisms downwind of
the mine and produce visibility reduction as well. These, however, are
expected to be temporary and intermittent problems (USGS, 1978a).
The air quality of mining areas will also be impacted by two other
activities, namely, the transport of coal via unit train and the increase in
population due to coal mining development. Not only will the unit trains
emit gaseous and particulate pollutants from the diesel engines, but also
there would be approximately a two percent loss of coal to the atmosphere in
the form of dust from open coal cars.
Specific Projected Impacts
Air pollutant emissions associated with the projected ten million ton/yr
mining operation at Coal Creek Mine have been projected using various source
factors and estimated emission rates (USGS,, 1978b). For example, stripping
operations are expected to produce 1.5 tons of fugitive dust for each acre
of land disturbed per year. Soil erosion by wind is expected to contribute
0.08 tons of fugitive dust for each acre of land reclaimed for five years
post-reclamation (0.02 due to natural soil erosion by wind). On-slte unit
train exhaust emissions were modeled based on an assumed fuel consumption
rate of 1,800 gallons of diesel fuel per million ton-miles, with estimated
EPA emission factors for locomotives. Off-site unit train exhaust emission
estimates were similarly derived based on 1,000 unit trains per year carry-
ing ten million tons of coal per year over the productive life of the mine,
with train emission rates as above. Estimated coal dust emission along the
railroad corridor from the Coal Creek mine was placed in the vicinity of
200,000 tons annually (USGS, 1978b). Population-related emissions were
projected based on an estimated population increase of 1,650 people combined
with EPA per capita emission factors for population increases.
Combining the estimated impacts from the various sources above,
emissions from proposed new mining operations or expansions of existing
mines can be projected. Similar estimates have been made for total
emissions in the eastern Powder River Basin coal mining region under various
development scenarios. The air quality impacts of new mining activities are
expected to be substantial. One estimate, for example, placed emissions
from the anticipated development of the coal deposits in the Powder River
region at from ten to 12 percent of total emissions for the state of Wyoming
(USGS, 1978b).
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Summary
It iSrnot possible to accurately predict the effects of the above
emissions-on local and regional air quality unless atmospheric dispersion
patterns peculiar to the site are known. Then, atmospheric effects can be
simulated using dispersion models. Nevertheless, it is known that in areas
,of high coal mining activity, particulate concentrations can often exceed
T,000 mg/m^." Most projections indicate that applicable annual air
quality standards for particulates (60-75 yg/m^) will probably not be
exceeded'through 1985, but that it is very likely that 24-hour standards
will continue to be violated regularly, as they are now under undisturbed
conditions. There is some indication that oxidants may violate standards,
but modeling data are not available. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
sulfur dioxide are not expected to violate standards.
THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
The rapid growth in population that is experienced by many western
communities as a result of coal mining expansion creates some potentially
serious social problems. These problems are aggravated by the unique
characteristics of the area. The area is very sparsely populated, thus many
interpersonal relationships (financial and other) are based on an informal
system of trust. This system must be replaced by a more impersonal and
formal mode of interaction as longtime residents of a community cope with
the large influx of newcomers (Richards, 1977; Hanks et al. , 1977).
One of the major problems in these communities is inadequate housing.
Because the mining companies are able to pay relatively high wages to
compete for labor, construction costs must increase. Newcomers, who tend to
be primarily young adults with young children, are finding it difficult, if
not impossible, to purchase their own homes (Brown, 1977; Uhlmann, 1977).
As a result, trailer and rental living are accepted as the only
alternatives, with crowded housing conditions developing rapidly.
Another problem these communities are facing is the inability to provide
recreational facilities suitable to the new patterns of living. Tradition-
ally, camping, fishing, and hunting have been the preferred forms of recre-
ation for the slow-paced, rural lifestyle. The more regimented eight-hour
day, 40-hour week lifestyle demands more immediately accessible types of
recreation such as bowling, swimming, and theaters (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown,
1977),
A third difficulty is the inability of community services, both public
and private, to meet the rapidly increasing demand. Most community services
such as water and sewer facilities, schools, and health care can meet a five
to ten percent annual increase in demand (University of Wyoming, 1978; Hanks
et al. , 1977). Some of the mining impacted communities are, however,
doubling or tripling in size in two to three years (University of Wyoming,
1978).
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', These three conditions, which result from the mining boom, appear to be
increasing the incidence of a multitude of social and mental health
problems. There is much depression and child abuse, especially among the
female population. This is most likely a result of the crowded living
conditions and inadequate recreational opportunities (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown,
1977). The unsettled home life and crowded schools, which cannot provide
sufficient extracurricular activities, are contributing to childhood social
and behavioral disorders (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown, 1977). Likewise, the law
enforcement agencies are not prepared to deal with juvenile delinquency
(Uhlmann, 1977; Brown, 1977; Hanks et al., 1977). The predominantly male
working population is turning to alcohol, prostitution, and gambling for
relaxation due in part to the lack of more acceptable social and
recreational outlets (Brown, 1977; Hanks et al., 1977). The population of
senior citizens, whose social network has been based on family
relationships, is forced into isolation as social networks shift from a
family to a peer orientation. Also, their fixed incomes are no longer
sufficient because of massive inflation (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown, 1977; Hanks
et al., 1977). In considering these problems, it is important to keep in
mind that the discussions in the above citations are not based on empirical
data; increases in social problems may be proportional to increases in
population size; actual rates may not be changing (Hanks et al., 1977).
It is necessary to point out that there are some social advantages to
the boom conditions as well as the many disadvantages listed above. Hanks
et al. (1977) point out two such advantages:
(1) Financially, business entrepreneurs and high ranking mining company
employees reap tremendous profits.
(2) There is a substantial decrease in unemployment and poverty levels.
Richards (1977) also suggests that the boom communities may be
attracting attention that will produce government financial support
for schools, health facilities, and other areas where there is, and
has been, a need.
COMMUNITY ECONOMIC STATUS
A rapid increase in the population of a community such as that initiated
by the opening of a new mine or expansion of an old one can create some
serious financial problems for the community involved. Gilmore et al.
(1976) conceptualize these problems as a mutually reinforcing triangle with
three components. These three problem categories are discussed briefly with
a cursory analysis of factors which influence their respective magnitudes.
Inadequate Local Services
Local services provided by both public and private sectors may not be
able to accommodate the rapid increase in population. This results mainly
from two conditions: (1) employment in community services may be unable to
19
-------
compete effectively with comparatively higher paying opportunities with the
mining companies; and (2) capital for investments, from both public and
private sources lags far behind the generated needs (Gilinore et al. , 1976;
Denver Research Institute, 1975). For example, expensive labor for housing
construction may lead to complete dependence upon trailer dwellings. This
form of housing tends to cluster on the fringes of communities where it is
difficult to provide adequate water and sewer facilities (Gilmore et al. ,
1976; Uhlmann, 1977). Tax revenues do not rise proportionately to the
population, since few of the newcomers are able to purchase property. This
is especially troublesome since many of the migrants are young families with
children and thus place a heavy burden on local schools, roads, etc., with-
out contributing the tax dollars needed to improve such services (Uhlmann,
1977; Denver Research Institute, 1975). Other community services which may
lack adequate support are health care facilities, community protection
agencies, and recreational facilities (Gilmore and Duff, 1975; Denver
Research Institute, 1975; Uhlmann, 1977).
Lowered Quality of Life
-The lack of community services, as described above, can create a
situation in which a large part of the community is living under unsatis-
factory conditions. The original inhabitants share the now limited re-
sources with the newcomers. Because residents must share limited tangible
commodities, intangible qualities also suffer. The feeling of community
deteriorates, and the two groups, original Inhabitants and newcomers, become
competitive, neither accepting the other (Gilmore et al., 1976; Denver
Research Institute, 1975).
Decreased Productivity and Profitability
Residents dissatisfied with the quality of their personal lives can lead
to lower employee productivity. This appears in the form of high rates of
absenteeism and turnover, lowered production per shift, and difficulty in
recruiting labor. Due to these labor problems, companies' profits suffer
which, in turn, causes decreasing tax revenues for the local community.
Capital for investment in private sectors of community services such as
hospitals is also decreased. Consequently, the series of problems has
become a mutually reinforcing triangle (University of California, 1978;
Gilmore et al., 1976).
Factors Influencing the Magnitude of the Problems
The above description is a superficial view of this issue, since each of
the issues raised has many facets. Gilmore et al. (1976) and University of
California (1978) address the following factors which could influence the
magnitude of the various problems discussed. (1) The problem of insuffi-
cient public revenues can be exacerbated when the increase in population is
in one taxing jurisdiction and the Increase in assessed valuation due to the
energy developments is in another jurisdiction. (2) The permanence and rate
of population growth affect the whole gamut of problems. In general, the
faster the growth rate, the more severe the problems. (3) Often there is a
20
-------
large amount of uncertainty regarding development. Greater certainty of
development Increases the willingness of public officials to Incur public
debts and may also lower lending rates. (4) Communities which have revenue
sources such as Income or sales tax that reflect the population Increase
more rapidly may avoid some of the lag time Involved with property tax as a
source of revenue. (5) The basis of the community's economy prior to the
establishment of mining and other industries in the area may affect the
availability of labor, the attractiveness of the area to newcomers, and the
degree of antagonism between newcomers and established residents. Power
generating plants will increase the competition with agriculture for water
resources. This competition further strains the relationship between
newcomers and the original inhabitants. A community with a large tourist
economy may be very attractive to prospective employees. The tourist trade
itself, however, may be severely damaged by the aesthetic degradation of the
area that accompanies strip mining.
In conclusion, the problem triangle as described here is only a super-
ficial view of the issue. The economic and financial problems resulting
from boom town growth are much more complex and involved. While the scope
of this report does not provide for further analysis of this particular
problem, detailed studies of the problem have been undertaken by the
University of California (1978); and Gllmore et al. (1976).
TRANSPORTATION
Coal development affects transportation by two distinct mechanisms.
First, the influx of population inevitably causes increased motor vehicle
traffic, and the residents' new housing generates the need for additional or
upgraded roads. This issue is one of many facets of rapid community devel-
opment, and. is not specific to the expansion of coal mining activities. The
general problem of meeting the public's transportation needs is addressed
from an economic perspective in the previous section.
The second transportation concern is the impact of coal movement in the
area. Shipping coal by truck or rail has the potential to produce accidents
and injuries to both transportation workers and the general public.
Collisions involving coal trucks or trains fall clearly in the realm of
health impacts of coal development.
Several attempts have been made to determine the national health costs
of coal transportation. Sagan (1974) estimated that ten percent of the
2,300 annual railroad-related deaths are a result of coal transportation to
electricity generating facilities, or 230 deaths annually. An additional
2,000 injuries were estimated also as an impact of coal transportation by
rail. This calculation ignores truck and barge transportation of coal, and
any transportation of coal for uses other than electricity generation.
Similar (crude) methods have been employed by others to estimate the loss of
life due to coal transportation for electricity. A synthesis of these
studies by Comar and Sagan (1976) indicates that 0.55 to 1.3 deaths occur
annually in transporting coal to supply a 1,000 megawatt power plant.
21
-------
I Studying transportation in the small western communities locally
impacted, by coal mining is somewhat more difficult than national analyses,
and the above calculations are not easily extrapolated. The coal produced
at western mines is either hauled by truck to its end-use site, truck to
train to end-use site, or directly by train to end-use site. The local
effect of coal transportation would be in the form of motor vehicle or
pedestrian accidents involving the trucks or trains. In order to
extrapolate the natibnal~averages cited earlier to a community, it would be
necessary to compute deaths/injuries per mile traversed by train or truck,
and the number of train or truck miles traversed in the vicinity of the
community; This cannot be done accurately. A more reasonable approach to
the study of coal-related transportation injuries in small communities would
be a search of hospital admissions and death certificates for all
transportation injuries. Then, a case-by-case consideration of the
identified incidents would determine which were coal-related.
In summary, effects of train and truck traffic on coal mining impacted
communities are nearly inevitable. There is some probability that the
vehicles shipping coal will kill or injure some community residents. Unfor-
tunately, there is no readily available quantitative data on such risks at
the comovnity level, and national estimates are not very useful for such
purposes.
HEALTH
The health of the populations impacted by coal mining is the ultimate
focus of this study. The preceding five issue areas are deserving of
concern in their own right, but it is their role as mediators of a coal
mining/health relationship which is of special concern. In this section,
the manner in which the changes in the social, economic, and physical
environment engendered by mining could affect health is described. The
specific health parameters expected to change as a result of environmental
impacts will be noted when possible. In this way, the reader can compare
these anticipated health changes with the readily available health indices'
(described in a later section) to evaluate the adequacy of routinely
reported health measures as indicators of coal mining impacts.
Effects of Changes in Water Quality
Although the link from mining-impacted surface and groundwater to
.tap water is tenuous, for discussion purposes, the chemical alterations in
the water sources will be assumed to be qualitatively similar. One expected
effect is a general increase in the chemical material in the water as re-
flected by total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, and hardness. There
is a speculative link of TDS and conductivity with decreased cancer mortal-
ity (Burton and Cornhill, 1977), but this has not been replicated. A better
established association is that between water hardness and (decreased)
cardiovascular disease (Neri et al., 1974).
22
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It is interesting to note that while the above nonspecific water factors
are associated with decreased disease rates, a variety of specific ions are
linked to negative health outcomes. Increased sodium and/or nitrate may
produce hypertension (Calabrese and Tuthill, 1977; Morton, 1971).
Furthermore, toxic metals (which may be increased due to coal mining) are
associated with a broad range of illnesses (MAS, 1977). These include
gastrointestinal and urinary tract cancers (Berg and Burbank, 1972),
hypertension (Perry, 1972), and other cardiovascular diseases (Neri et al.,
1974). Although a listing of the health effects speculatively associated
with water quality alterations does not narrow the scope of inquiry
substantially, several health outcomes are pinpointed as essential for
consideration, including hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases and
cancers in organs exposed to ingested water (gastrointestinal and urinary
tracts).
Effects of Changes in Air Quality .
The major air quality concern is with increased participates as a
consequence of coal mining and related activities. Particulates are
associated with a variety of respiratory •impairments, including chronic
bronchitis (U.S. DHEH, 1969). In addition to this nonspecific effect,
selected components of particulate matter may have other respiratory and
nonrespiratory impacts (e.g., cadmium and hypertension, polyeye lie organic
matter and lung cancer). Precise suggestions of health impacts other than
chronic respiratory disease would require chemical characterization of the
particulate matter in the mining area of concern.
Effects of Changes in the Social Environment
The negative social changes characteristic of boom towns might be
expected to exert a strong influence on the health of community residents.
The most obvious effects would be anticipated on traditional "social ills".
including alcohol and drug abuse, violence (homicide, suicide), and
psychological disorders. The physical effects consequent to these behaviors
are numerous (e.g., cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, venereal disease).
In addition, the social transformation might produce physical health
changes in more subtle ways (Cassel et al., 1960; Cassel, 1976). There are
potential effects on hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, as well
as the generalized detrimental effects of stressors on health (Eyer, 1977).
Effects oj^Changes in Economic Status
The major concern in regard to the community's economic condition is the
effect of inadequate social, medical, and public health services on health
status. With rapid population growth there is a risk that community envi-
ronmental services will not expand quickly enough to meet the increasing
demand. As a result, environmental contamination could occur. Inadequate
sewage disposal could lead to contamination of drinking water supplies with
fecal wastes (NGPRP, 1974). Communicable diseases caused by enteric
pathogens such as typhoid and infant diarrhea could be spread rapidly under
23
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such conditions. Personal hygiene would suffer if the water supply were
insufficient, thus increasing the risk of person-to-person transfer of
intestinal pathogens. Where solid wastes are not disposed of properly, dis-
ease carrying rodents and insect vectors can find favorable breeding
grounds.
Rapid population growth can also create conditions in which supply of
and access to primary health care is limited. "This would result in
inadequate school immunization programs, poor follow-up of identified health
problems, and less ability to screen the population for latent problems,
leading, to more serious manifestations of disease conditions. There are
some positive changes in health to be anticipated by the few members of the
community reaping financial benefit which may be accompanied by improved
access to medical care.
Increased traffic is a direct consequence of rapid community growth.
Increased vehicular emissions contribute to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
in the air, thus increasing the risk of cardiorespiratory ailments and other
problems related to these chemicals. Also, traffic accidents would be
expected to increase in boom town situations with their substantial economic
and health tolls. In addition to accidents resulting from transporting coal
(discussed earlier), the increased number and concentration of residents
would be predicted to compound this problem.
Effects of Changes in Transportation Networks
Transporting coal by truck or train entails risks of accidents.
Residents of the coal-impacted communities are placed at some risk of injury
or death as a result of the movement of coal transporting vehicles in their
vicinity.
24
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_ .SECTION 3
RESEARCH METHODOLGY
DEFINING EXPOSURE
Before setting out to measure changes in health status which may be
associated with increased mining, it is essential to select appropriate
measures of exposure ("dose") and response. Levels of exposure in a
community are usually determined through sampling and analyses of environ-
mental media (e.g., air, water) or human tissues and fluids (e.g., blood,
urine, hair). Response, on the other hand, is commonly measured by changes
in health status as reflected in rates of mortality, morbidity, hospital
usage, or community health surveys.
The first part of this section describes our efforts to identify
specific communities which are already being impacted by the development of
the western coal fields, or by virtue of their location, are likely to be
impacted in the near future. The types and sources of demographic data on
these communities are outlined. Next, available monitoring data are given
such that environmental quality in the vicinity of the impacted communities
can be characterized. The final part of this section describes some of the
major indices of community health status, the type of data required to
calculate each measure and the degree of availability of the requisite data
for various communities in the western coal area.
DATA ACQUISITION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Coal Mining Activities
Mapping of Current Mines—
In order to identify potential effects of coal mining on human
populations, it was first necessary to characterize the current status of
mining activities in the areas of interest. The most up-to-date information
available was obtained from the U.S. Department of the Interior's Mineral
Industry Location System (MILS). This service of the Bureau of Mines
maintains a current computer file on mining which was searched for informa-
tion on coal mining in all six EPA Region VIII states. Each coal mine was
listed by name with identification of its county, type (surface or under-
ground), current production status, and precise location (latitude/
longitude).
25
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~_ For mapping purposes, all mines listed as "current producers" were
Included. It should be noted that there was no Indication of annual
production, tonnage provided, so that some of the mines listed on the map may
be quit%vsmall. In addition, L. R. Rice of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in
Denver (personal communication) stated that some of the mines undergo
frequent changes in production status. That is, short-term variations in
the price of coal and transportation costs cause some mines to terminate and
others toicommence production. "Keeping these imperfections in mind, all
currently active mines were denoted on a map of EPA Region VIII, according
to their latitude/longitude coordinates. Appendix A contains a listing of
those mines currently producing coal (as well as planned mines which are
discussed in the following section). The mine name, location, and type were
obtained from the MILS printouts.
When available, supplementary data from the Keystone Coal Industry
Manual (Nielson, 1977) were used as a source of coal analysis, past
production, and current employment data. The MILS mine listing was more
extensively used, however, since it is a more current source of data.
-Figure 2 is a reproduction of the results of this mapping process (i.e.,
the mines listed in Appendix A). One of the most noteworthy features of
western coal mining is the type of mining (surface or underground) as a
function of geography. The mines in North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming are
nearly all surface, whereas those in Utah are nearly all underground. In
Colorado, both types coexist with about twice as many underground as surface
mines. It should be kept in mind in examining Figure 2 that the extreme
variability in mine production (with greater quantities from surface mines)
makes the number of mines an imperfect reflection of actual tonnage mined.
In fact, the apparent concentration of. mines in Utah, Colorado, and North
Dakota, with sparse mining in Montana and Wyoming is inverse to actual coal
production.
Mapping of Future Mines—
The information required for locating and quantifying coal mining
development was obtained from a variety of sources, but primarily from the
Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978). This document is a
compilation of all energy-related expansion in western states, including
coal mine development, updated as of August, 1977. It should be noted that
mine development is often contingent on such factors as water availability
and is thus subject to unpredictable changes. For that reason, the future
coal mine information provided in Appendix B should be viewed as the current
best conjecture of development and expansion plans.
The mine name, location, coal analysis, and future production were
compiled by Rich (1978), and supplemented as needed with the information in
Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8719 (Corsentino,>1976), and the MILS
printouts (USBM, 1978). In order to determine the degree of expansion
(increase), the baseline production for 1975 or 1976 was obtained from the
Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
26
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Figure 2. Geographic distribution of current mining
activity in EPA Region VIII.
-------
Mines were included on the map shown in Figure 3 if they had a projected
tonnage in 1980 or later and could be located with latitude/longitude
coordinates, township/range coordinates, or detailed descriptions of
proximity to towns or rivers. Current production was noted as the pro-
duction for 1976 or, if unavailable, 1975, as indicated in the Keystone Coal
Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977). The absence of any current value was
interpreted to mean no current production. The future level was taken as
the maximum projected value supplied by Rich (1978), or, if a range was
projected, the midpoint of that range. The difference in these two values
(current and future) was used in the symbolic napping scheme (see Appendix
B, Footnote b).
The locations of developing and expanding mines are indicated in
Figure 3. Comparison with current mines (Figure 2) shows that much of the
expansion is projected to occur in currently mined areas. The geographic
distribution of planned underground and surface mines parallels the current
mining pattern. The outstanding feature of Figure 3 is the extensive
development in Montana and Wyoming. Campbell County, Wyoming, for example,
has plans for increased production of over 100 million tons of coal per year
by the mid 1980's. " ~ - - '
Impacted Communities
Based on the presence of current or future mining activities, coal-
impacted counties in the region were categorized as current-impacted or
future-impacted (counties could be included in both listings).
Identification--
Tables 2 and 3 list those counties which contain current and future
mines, respectively, along with several important characteristics (to be
discussed later). In addition to the county tabulations, individual
communities, both current- and future-impacted, were identified. The only
criterion for inclusion as an impacted comuunity in Tables 4 and 5 was
location within a 20-mile radius of a (current or future) mining site.l
Finally, a subset from the list of impacted communities of those with
populations of greater than 1,000 persons in 1975 (U.S. Department of
Commerce, 1977 a-e) was identified (Tables 6 and 7). The latter set of
communities was of special interest since their population size makes them
more suitable for epidemiologic study than smaller towns.
Characteriza tion—
Information on the impacted areas was obtained on both county and
community levels. This information is described in detail below.
^Categorization of communities was independent of the status of its home
county; mines near county borders often result in impacted communities
outside the mining county.
28
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Key: Mining Increase
<) <2.0 tons/yr
2-5.99 tons/yr
.0 tons/yr
Figure 3. Geographic distribution of developing mining
activity in EPA Region VIII.
29
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TABLE 2. SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTIES IN EPA REGION VIII
WHICH CURRENTLY HAVE COAL MINING OPERATIONS(*'
State County
Colorado Adam
Boulder
Delta
Frcoont
Carfleld
Gunnlson
Jackson
La Plata
Las Anloaa
Mesa
Moffat
Montroae
Pitkln
Rio Blanco
Route
Weld
Montana Big Horn
l-ake
Musaelshell
Rosebud
Yellowstone
1970
Population
185,789
131.889
15,332
21,942
14,821
7,578
1,809
19.199
15.744
54,374
6.332
18.366
6.185
4.842
6.592
89.297
10,057
14,445
3.734
6,032
87,367
Percent
White
97.7
98.4
98.9
98.2
99.5
98.8
99.2
94.6
98.8
99.0
99.4
97.7
98.7
98.9
99.4
98.2
59.8
84.5
99.9
69.7
98.2
Percent
In Largest
Nonwhlte
Group
0.7
0.5
0.6
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
4.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.6
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.7
38.9
15.2
0.1
30.2
1.2
Employment In ,..
Mineral Industry*
Group
Identity
Negro
Negro
Other
Negro
Other
Other
Other
Indian
Negro
Negro
Other
Indian
Negro
Other
Other
Japanese
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Median
Age
23.0
24.2
39.0
35.9
30.4
21.5
25.9
76.4
31.9
30.4
31.1
28.9
27.0
26.9
28.5
24.4
23.5
29.8
38.0
26.5
26.3
Percent Birth Rate
Over 65 Per 1000
3.6
7.0
18.5
17.6
11.3
4.8
4.9
9.9
15.5
11.9
10.5
10.1
3.9
8.2
9.7
8.8
6.9
13.5
16.3
10.2
8.1
19.1
16.2
12.6
12.0
14.9
15.9
18.8
15.9
14.6
14.9
17.9
16.5
15.9
18.1
13.9
16.8
21.5
14.5
13.4
20.8
16.8
Death Rate
Per 1000
4.3
6.2
13.4
15.1
9.7
6.1
7.7
11.4
14.3
9.6
10.1
9.3
4.2
8.0
7.8
7.6
10.0
11.8
13.3
11.1
8.1
Number
NA(C>
200
NA
200
400
NA
NA
100
NA
500
200
700
NA
600
100
200
NA
NA
NA
NA
400
Percent
Population
0.2
0.9
2.7
0.5
1.0
3.2
12.7
1.5
0.2
0.5
(continued)
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TABLE 2. (Continued)
State Count/
North Dakota Adams
Bowman
tturke
Dunn
Grant
Mcllenry
Me Ken 2 ie
McLean
(teccec
Morton
Hunt rail
Oliver
Slope
Stark
Hard
WUllams
Utah Carbon
Emery
Gar field
Iron
Kane
Sevler
1970
Population
3.832
3,901
A, 739
4,895
5.009
8.977
6,127
11,251
6.175
20.310
8.437
2.322
1.484
19,613
58,560
19.301
15,647
5.137
3,157
12,177
2.421
10.103
Percent
White
99.8
100.0
99.6
91.7
99.7
99.8
90.7
95.0
98.8
99.4
90.8
99.4
99.9
99.7
96.7
97.9
9B.7
99.4
99.2
98.1
99.0
98.9
Percent
In Largest
Nonvhlte
Group
0.2
0.3
8.1
0.2
0.1
9.0
4.8
1.2
0.5
9.1
0.6
0.1
0.3
2.1
1.9
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.6
1.0
0.9
Employment in ,, *
Mineral Industry^ '
Group
Identity
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Filipino
Indian
Negro
Indian
Other
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Median
Age
31.0
28.5
33.4
25.3
28.9
30.6
28.4
12.1
32.0
25.6
29.9
25.6
18.9
22.1
23.2
26.9
30. B
27.6
26.4
22.4
27.3
29.7
Percent
Over 65
12. a
11.0
12.4
8.3
9.0
12.4
9.9
31.7
10.8
10.2
11.7
6.3
6.9
8.9
6.9
9.6
10.9
11.2
9.6
7,6
9.8
12.7
Birth Rate
Per 1000
17.4
14.7
16.8
18.1
13.5
15.1
13.4
12.1
17.6
15.7
15.7
17.8
18.2
20.1
22.0
17.1
16.2
16.2
14.9
24.7
19.6
14.9
Death Rate
Per 1000
11.6
11.0
12.2
9.6
8.4
9.5
9.5
9.3
11.6
8.0
10,7
4.3
8.6
7.2
6.2
9.3
8.1
8.7
9.1
6.8
8.2
9.6
Number
NA
NA
200
NA
NA
NA
200
NA
200
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
NA
400
1,000
300
NA
200
NA
NA
Percent
Population
4.2
3.3
3.2
0.5
2.1
6.4
5.8
1.6
(continued)
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CO
K)
TABLE 2, (Continued)
Scats
Wyoming
County
Canpbell
Carbon
Converse
Hot Springs
Lincoln
Slierlduu
Sueetwater
1970
Population
12.957
13.354
5.938
A. 952
8.640
17.852
18,391
Percent
White
99.0
98.5
99.2
97.0
99.5
98.9
97.5
Percent
In Largest
Nonulilte Croup
Group Identity
0.7
0.7
0.5
2.6
0.2
0.4
1.3
Indian
Negro
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Negro
Enploynent In ...
Mineral Industry1"''
Median
Age
23.2
30.0
31.4
35.0
26.7
35.5
29.0
Percent
Over 65
4.9
9.5
12.8
16.5
9.3
15.8
9.6
Birth Rate.
Per 1000
16.8
13.1
11.0
8.9
18.4
14.5
15.6
Death Bate
Per 1000
6.7
9.1
10.2
13.2
8.0
13.7
10.8
Hunter
700
300
200
200
400
NA
1.100
Percent
Population
5.4
2.2
3.4
4.0
4.6
6.0
(a)
(c)
List of counties la based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
Thin la the mineral Industry employment for tlie year 1967 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1973).
NA - Not Available.
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TABLE 3. SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTIES IN EPA REGION VIII
WHICH ARE SLATED FOR EXPANSION OF COAL MINING OPERATIONS(a)
State
Colorado
Montana
North Dakota
County
Adam
Delta
Elbert
Cunniaon
Jackaoft
La Plata
Laa AnUaa
Heaa
Mot (at
Rio Blanco
Routt
11 ig Horn
HcCone
Roaebud
Builelgli
Dunn
McLean
ttercer
Population
185,789
15,286
3.903
7,578
1,811
19,199
15,744
54,374
6,525
4.842
6,592
10,057
2.875
6.032
40,714
4,895
11,251
6,175
Percent
White
97.7
98.9
99.3
98.8
99.2
94.4
98.8
99.0
99.4
98.9
99.4
59.8
99.4
69.7
98.8
91.7
95.0
98.8
Percent
In Largest
Nonwhlce
Group
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
4.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
38.9
0.6
30.2
1.1
8.1
4.8
1.2
Croup
Identity
Negro
Other
Indian
Other
Other
Indian
Other
Negro
Other
Other
Other
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Median
Age
22.8
39.6
33.6
22.3
27.3
26.3
32.0
30.2
29.7
26.9
28.4
23.4
28.5
26.2
25.2
25.5
31.7
31.5
Percent
Over 65
3.6
18.5
14.0
4.8
6.6
9.9
15.5
12.0
10.2
8.2
9.8
6.9
10.0
10.2
7.9
8.3
12.1
10.8
Birth Rate
Per 1000
19.1
12.6
8.7
15.9
18.8
15.9
14.6
14.9
17.9
18.1
13.9
21.5
11.6
20.8
19.0
18.1
12.1
17.6
Death Rate
Per 1000
4.3
13.4
10.8
6.1
7.7
11.4
14.3
9.6
10.1
8.0
7.8
10.0
8.9
11.1
7.3
9.6
9.3
11.6
Employment In.. .
Mineral Industry1 '
Percent of
Nunber Population
NA(C)
NA
NA
NA
NA
100 0.5
HA
500 °-«
200 3.1
600 12.4
100 1.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
200 3.2
South Dakota
Utah
Carbon
Eoery
Curfield
Kune
15.647
5.137
3,157
2.421
98.7
99.4
99.2
99.0
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.0
Japanese
Indian
Indian
Indian
30.8
28.0
26.6
27.5
10.9
11.2
9.8
10.0
16.2
16.2
14.9
19.6
8.1
8.7
9.1
8.2
1000
300
NA
NA
6.4
5.8
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3. (Continued)
State
WyoBlng
County
Albany
Campbell
Carbon
Convene
Hot Springa
Lincoln
Sheridan
Swvutwater
Population
26,431
12,957
13.354
5.938
4.952
8.640
17.852
18.391
Percent
Ulilte
97.8
99.0
98.5
99.2
97.0
99.5
98.9
97.5
Percent
In Largeet
Nonuhlte
Croup
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
2.6
0.2
0.4
1.3
Employment In...
Hlneral Induatry1 '
Croup
Identity
Negro
Indian
Negro
Indian
Indian
luJiun
Indian
Negro
Median
Age
23.2
23.4
29.7
31.3
36.5
26.7
36.8
28.9
Percent
Over 65
6.2
4.8
9.6
12.8
16. 5
9.2
15.9
9.6
Birth Rate
Per 1000
20.2
16.8
13.1
11.0
8.9
18.4
14.5
15.6
Death Rate
Per 1000
6.4
6.7
9.1
10.2
13.2
8.0
13.7
10.8
Nunber
NA
700
300
200
200
400
NA
1100
Percent of
Population
5.4
2.2
3.4
4.0
4.6
6.0
(a)
Lint of counclee la baaed on
«u of Mlnea Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
Thla la the mineral Induatry employment for thu year 1967 (U.S. Department of Commerce. 1973).
(c)NA - Not Available.
-------
TABLE A. COMMUNITIES WITHIN 20 MILES OF CURRENTLY OPERATING MINES
(a)
State
County
Coaatunlty
Oi
Colorado Adaais Aurora. Bennett. Brighton. Commerce City, Eastlake, Federal Heights, Henderson, Northglenn,
Thornton, Wstklna, Westminster
Arapahos Englewood, Strasburg
Boulder Allenspatk, Boulder, Eldora, Cold Hill, Hygiene, Janustown, Lafayette. Longwnt, Louisville,
Lyons, Marshall, Huderland, Nlvot, Plnecllffe, Ward
Cose 11la Chana, San Pedro
Custsr Greenwood, Roalta, Sliver Cliff, Ueatcllffe, uet»ore
Delta Bowie, Crawford, Grand Mesa. Uotchklss, Lazaar. Paonla
Denver Denver
Freaont Canon City, Florence, Hillside, Parkdale, Fenroae, Portland, Texas Creek
Carfleld Carbondale. Cardiff, Clenwood Springs, New Caatle, Rifle, Silt
Cilpln East Portal. Idaho Springs, Holllnsvllle
Cunnlson Marble, Soneraet
lluerfana Cuchsra. La Vata, Maitland, Walsenburg
Jackson Coalwint. Cowdrey, Kings Canyon, Rand, Ualden
Jefferson Arvada, Golden, Wheat Ridge
La Plata Ourangu, Hesperus, Kline, Marvel, Mayday, Redaeaa, Triable
Larlder Berthoud, Campion, Glendebey
Las Anlaaa Agullar, Boncaibo, Culnare. lloehn*, Janaen, Ludlou, Model, Stonewall, Trinidad, Valdai, Uaston
Mesa Cameo, DuBeque, Frultvale. Glade Park, Grand Junction, Lena, Mack, Mesa, Molina, Palisade,
Whitewater
Moffat Axial. Craig, llanlltou. Lay. Hoffat
MoiuecuM Mancos. Mesa Verde National Park
Montrosn Bedrock. Naturlta, Nucla. Redvale, Uraban, Vlncorwa
Pitkln Baaalt, Redstone, Snownaas
Pueblo Beulah, Stone City
(continued)
-------
TABLE 4. (Continued)
State
Colorado
County
•to Blanco
Routt
Sen Miguel
Ueld
Meeker, tlo Blanco
llayden. Hllner. Oak Creek,
Norwood
Ault, Cornteh, Eaton, Erie
Cnnnunlty
Plilppaburg. 8t*aaboat Springe. Toponae, Yaasa
. Kvana, Frederick, fort Up tun, CiUton, Cllcrvtt, (Jill, Craeley,
Manoiu
North Dakot*
Bl| Horn
Uk«
Hu»bua, Lamon, Lignite, tortul
Croeby, Hoonan
D(3d««. Dunn Center, Halllday. Kllldeer, Manning. Marahall. New Hradec
Klgtn, Hull, Ullli, New Leipzig
Burt, Havelock. Mow England
Cranvtlla, Karl»ulie, Slaxoe, Velva. Voltaire
Arnegard, Keane, Handaciie, Watford City
Butt*, i'alklrk. C«rrl»on, Han, Kaub, Nlverdale, Rosuglan, Ruao, Underwood, Uaahburn
Baululi, Golden Valley, linien, Pick City, Stantun. Zap
Alwint, Glen Ullln, llubcun, Judnoii, Mundun, New Salt*
Balden, New Town. PalorBO. Farcliall, Plata, Stanley
Center. Fort Cl«rk, llunnover, llun.Ur
(cuntlniied)
-------
TABLE A. (Continued)
State
County
Community
North Uakota Slope Anldon, DoSart
Stark Dlckinaon, Cladatone, KUIiardton. Taylor
Ward Douglaa, Hlnot, Sawyer, Surrey
Wllllama typing, McGregor, Trenton, Whealock, Ullliaton
Utah Carbon Caatle Gate, Clear Creek, Columbia, Dragerton. Helper, Hiawatha. Mutual, Price, Scofleld,
Spring Glen, Sunnyalde. Wattla, Wellington
Emery Caatla Dale, Cedar, Clawaon, Cleveland, Elmo. Emery, Ferron, Huntington, Moore, Hounda,
Orangevtlle, Uoodeide
Carflald Bryce Canyon, Cannonvllle, llenrlevllle, Rubya Inn, Tropic
Iron Cedar City, Enoch, Hamilton* Port, Iron Springy, Kanarravllle, Summit
Kane Clen Canyon
Sanpete Gphralm. Fatrvlew, Indlanola, Hayfleld, Mllburn. Mount Pleaaant. Spring City
Utah Colton, Gllluly
Uaaatch Soldier Summit
Uaahlngton New Harmony, Plutura
Wyoming Campbell Gillette, Keclude, Kocky Point, 80tat. Wonton. Wildcat, Wyodak
Carbon Elk Mountain, Hanna. Kortea Dam, Leo, Medicine Bow, Semlnoe Dam. Walcott
Converse Clenrock. Parkerton
Crook Stroner
Hot Springe Craaa Creek, Hamilton Dome,
Lincoln Dlamondvllle, Elkol, Frontier, Kenmerer, Opal, Sage
Park Meeteetae
Sheridan Acme, Big Horn. Dayton, Parkman, Hanclieeter, Sheridan, Wolf. Wyarno
Sveetuater Bitter Creek, Creen River, llallvllle. Honell. Peru, Point of Rocka, Quealy, Reliance, Rock
Springe, Superior, Thayer Junction, Wtnton
(a)
UShM, 1978.
-------
TABLE 5. COMMUNITIES WITHIN 20 MILES OF EXPANDING MINES
(a)
Slut*
County
CuaMunlly
CO
OO
Colo»do Adaaw Aurora, Rvanntt. Brighton. Coaanrce City, Uatlake. Federal llelgBte. Headereon, Nurthglenn, Thornton.
Uatklaa. Weitalnatar
Arapahoa Byera, biglawood. Littleton. Straaburg
Delta Bowl*, Cedaredge, Crawford, Delta, Grand Meaa. Hotchklai, Ljiur. Orchard City, Paonla
l)«nvar D«nv*r
Dougla* Parkar
Elbart Klbart, (lliabirth, Klowa, Muthaaon, SUla
El Paao Calban. kanah
Carflald Crand Vallay. Ufla
Cmmtaon Hurbla, Soawraat
Jackvon Coaliwnt, Cowdray, Klnga Canyon, Hand, Ualdan
Lu Plata Bundad, Duraiigo, Haaperua, KllM, Marval. Mayday, Kadaaaa, Trlaila
Larlaar Clandavay
Laa Anlaaa Afullar, Boncarbo, Gulnara, Janaan, Ludlow, Noehna, Stonewall, Trinidad, Valdai, Vigil, Weaton
Hcaa CaMa, Collbrun. OuBuque. Haia, Molina. FalUadu
Muifat Ailal. Blue Mountain. Craig, Dlnoaaur, Elk Spring!, Hamilton, Uy. Maaaadona, Moffat
Montasuata Hancoa
Klu Blanco M«ek«r. Kangaly
Muutt tlaydan, Hllncr. Oak Creek, Fhlppaburg, Staaailioat Sprlngi. Yaaipa
Maid Waltanburg
Montana llg Horn Buuby, Decker, Klrky, Lmlga Craaa, Wyola
McCone Brockway, Circle, Waldon
Koaebud Brandanberg, Colatrlp, tana Ueer
North Dakota Bllllnga Falrfield
Burlelgh Baldulii. Bluauirk, MeKenzle, Wilton
Vunil UU-IBO, Uumi Cvnter, Ualllduy, Kllldcer, Haunlng
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5. (Continued)
State
County
Cowninlty
North Dakota
(Coat'd)
Utah
Uyoalng
McKenzle
McLean
Mercer
Morton
Oliver
bard
Carbon
Emery
Carflald
Sanpete
Utah
Uaaatch
Albany
Cm.pb.il
Carbon
Converae
Hot Spring*
Laraaile
Lincoln
Park
Sheridan
Sweetwater
Ulnta
Cruaay Butte
ralktrk. Carrlaon. Max. Mercer, Raub, Rlverdalo, Rodeglun, Ruoo, Turtle Uku. Unduruood, Uaihburn
Beulah, Golden Valley, llaten. Pick City. Stanton. Zap
Mandan, St. Anthony
Center, fort Clark. Hannover, Hensler
Douglas
Castle Cate, Clear Creek, Helper, Hiawatha, Mutual, Price. Scofleld, Spring Glen, Wattll, Wellington
Caatel Dal«, Clauaun, Cleveland, Eiao. Enury. Per run, Huntlngton, Moore, Orangevllie
Boulder, Ktcalante, Hatch
Alton, Glendele, Mount Camel, Ordervllle
Fairvlev, Indlanola, Mllburn, Moroni, Mount Pleasant, Spring City
Colton, Cllluly
Soldier Suawit
Bonier, Vyoailug
Echeta, Gillette, Recluae, Kozet, Savageton, Ueaton, Wildcat, Uyodak
Elk Mountain, tlanna, Korteii Da*. Leo, Medicine Bow, Kuwlina, Seainoe Da*. Sinclair. Walcott
Bill, Glenrock, Parkerton. Versa
Crues Creek, Huiailton Dove
Farthing
01aK>n
-------
TABLE 6. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ON COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 1000 RESIDENTS
IN 1975 WHICH ARE LOCATED WITHIN 20 MILES OF A CURRENTLY OPERATING MINE
(a)
State County Community
Colorado Ad«M Aurora
Brighton
Commerce City
Federal Heights
Nortliglenn
Thornton
Weatalnater
Arapahoe Englevood
Boulder Boulder
Lafayette
Lou uino nt
Louisville
Lyons
Delta Paonlu
Denver Denver
Fremont Canon City
Florence
Carfleld Carbondale
Clenwood Springs
Rifle
lluerfano Walaenburg
Population
1975
110.060
11.132
16.238
6,350
35.118
24.757
24,008
35.870
78.560
4.686
31.811
3.134
1.193
1.331
484,531
12,791
3,153
1,128
5.351
2,016
4,018
1971
107.586
10.560
17.026
6.001
31.781
19.905
22.573
36.923
75.904
4.505
29,092
2,996
1,144
1,143
515.358
11,853
3,277
875
4,370
2,046
4,132
1970
76.477
8,309
17.407
1,502
29.259
15.329
19.877
31.695
66.870
1.498
23,209
2,409
958
1,161
514,678
11,011
2,846
726
4,106
2.150
4,329
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
10.4
6.5
-1.3
61.5
1.9
11.7
4.0
1.2
3.1
6.5
7.1
5.7
4.7
2.8
-1.1
3.1
2.1
10.6
5.8
-1.2
-1.4
Per Capita
Income ($)
1974
5,146
4,745
3,845
5,960
4.685
4,401
4,635
4.892
4.919
4,430
4.821
4,487
3.483
4,162
5,585
3,658
3.763
4,049
4,732
4,836
4.432
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Income
1969-1974
11.1
11.8
11.4
10.8
11.5
13.3
10.8
10.1
9.1
10.8
10.8
12.4
9.7
12.1
11.6
13.3
12.8
10.1
11.3
11.3
15.1
(continued)
-------
TABLE 6. (Continued)
State
County
Population
Community
1975
1973
1970
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
Per Capita
Income (S)
1974
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Income
1969-1971
Colorado Jefferson
La Plata
Larimer
Laa Anlraas
Mesa
Moffat
Rio Blanco
Koutt
Weld
Montana Musselshell
Yellowstone
Arvada
Golden
Wheat Ridge
Durungo
Bertlioud
Trinidad
Grand Junction
Craig
Meeker
llayden
Steamboat Springs
Eaton
Erie
Evans
Fort Lupton
Greeley
Johnstown
La Salle
Plattevllle
Windsor
Roundup
Billings
74,254
12,864
29.437
11,771
2,651
10,063
27,729
5,426
1,986
1,338
3,013
1,629
1,662
3,455
3,041
47,362
1.580
1,780
1,024
2,426
2,235
68,987
61,701
11,658
30,169
11.212
2,251
9,952
25,661
4.497
1,798
992
2,552
1,464
1,233
3,218
2.830
45,018
1,481
1.501
944
2,049
2,294
66,887
49.844
9.817
29.778
10.333
1.446
9,901
20,170
4,205
1,597
763
2,340
1,389
1.090
2,570
2.489
38,902
1,191
1,227
683
1,564
2,116
63.205
9.3
5.9
-0.2
2.6
15.9
0.3
2.9
5.5
4.6
14.4
5.5
3.3
10.0
6.6
4.2
4.1
6.2
8.6
9.5
10.5
1.1
1.7
5,177
5,645
6,119
4,149
4,310
3,409
4,395
4.833
4,206
5,492
6.219
4,560
3,651
4,147
3,582
4.554
3,950
5,311
3.670
4.077
4.375
4,910
12.0
11.4
10.3
11.5
11.0
14.0
11.4
14.5
16.2
17.6
19.1
15,1
10.8
10.8
10.4
11.9
9.2
12.8
10.3
10.5
15.2
12.8
(continued)
-------
TABLE 6. (Continued)
Population
State County
North Dakota Adams
BOMUI)
Divide
Mcllenry
McLean
Mercer
Morton
Mountrall
Ward
Williams
Utah Carbon
Emery
Iron
Sanpete
Comunlty
llettlnger
Bowman
Crouby
Velvft
Carrluon
Beulah
tlaxen
Hebron
Mundan
Nuw Town
Paralmll
Stanley
Ml not
Wl Ilia ton
Helper
Price
Wellington
Hunting ton
Cedar City
Epliralm
Mount Pleasant
1975
1,609
2.014
1,487
1,240
1,574
1.421
1.549
1.082
12,560
1.671
1.009
1.831
32,790
11.364
2.198
7,391
1,146
1,303
10,349
2,380
1,743
1973
1.551
1,838
1.536
1.194
1,608
1,390
1,341
1,054
11,370
1,695
1,036
1,638
32,452
11,178
1,983
6,884
1,011
1,072
9,908
2,306
1,644
1970
1.655
1.762
1,545
1.241
1.614
1.344
1.240
1,103
11,093
1,428
1,246
1,581
32,290
11,280
1,964
6,218
922
857
a, 946
2,127
1,516
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
-0.5
2.7
-0.7
0
-0.5
1.1
4.7
-0.4
2.5
3.2
-3.6
3.0
0.3
0.1
2.3
3.6
4.6
9.9
3.0
2.3
2.9
Per Capita
Income <$)
1974
6.971
7.390
5,278
4.927
4.592
5,707
5.690
2,960
4,099
3,715
3,874
4,728
5.047
4,773
4,156
4.442
3,079
3.650
3,553
2,836
2,976
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Incone
1969-1974
28.4
32.7
22.9
20.8
15.5
21.9
19.9
9.9
17.2
13.5
15.4
17.9
14.8
15.6
12.6
14.2
11.9
22.0
9.0
7.8
9.3
(continued)
-------
TABLE 6. (Continued)
LO
Population
State County
Wyoming Campbell
Converse
Lincoln
Sheridan
Sweetvater
Community
Gillette
Clenrock
Keninerer
Sheridan
Green River
Rock Springs
1975
8.215
2,071
2,658
11,617
7,423
17^773
1973
7,801
1,868
2.315
11,088
5,201
14,091
1970
7,763
1,515
2,292
10,856
4,196
11,657
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
1.1
7.0
3.0
1.3
14.6
10.0
Per Capita
Income ($)
1974
5,793
4,057
4,578
4,551
4,937
5,358
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Income
1969-1974
12.0
11.8
11.6
10.2
14.8
16.5
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce (1977a-e).
-------
TABLE 7
TABLE 7.
INFORMATION ON COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 1000 RESIDENTS
ARE LOCATED WITH1H 20 MILES OF A DEVELOPING MIHE Incoiao
1974 1969-1974
5.146
4.745
1,845
5,960
4,685
4.401
4.615
4,892
5.501
1.519
4.162
5,585
1,906
4,836
4,149
3.409
4.83)
4.206
4.526
5,492
6.219
6,646
4,914
11.0
11.0
11.1
10.8
11.4
11.1
10.7
10.1
9.7
11.6
12.1
11.6
10.1
11.3
11.5
14.0
14.5
16.2
14.2
17.6
19.1
20.6
14.1
(cOfitlnuud)
-------
TABLE 7. (Continued)
-ts
tn
Population
State County
North Dakota McLean
(Conc'd)
Mvrcar
Mutton
Utah Carbon
Emery
Sanpete
Uyomlng Canphell
Carbon
Converee
Lincoln
Sheridan
Swaetvacer
Community
Carrlaon
Beulah
Hazim
Mandan
Helper
Price
Wellington
lluntlngton
Mount Pleasant
Gillette
Rttwllna
Glenrock
Kennerer
Sheridan
Green River
Hock Spring*
1975
1.574
1.421
1.549
12.560
2.198
7,191
1.146
1.101
1.741
a, 215
9,592
2,071
2.658
11,617
7.421
17.771
1971
1,608
1,190
1.141
11,170
1.981
6.884
1,011
1,072
1,644
7,801
8,685
1,868
2,115
11.088
5,201
14.091
1970
1.614
1,144
1.240
11.091
1.964
6.218
922
857
1.516
7,761
7.855
1.515
2.292
10,856
4,196
11,657
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
-O.i
1.1
4.7
2.5
2.1
3.6
4.6
9.9
2.9
1.1
4.2
7.0
1.0
1.1
14.6
10.0
Per Capita
Income (5)
1974
4.592
5,707
5,690
4.099
4.156
4,442
1.079
1,650
2,976
5,7«1
4,697
4.057
4,578
4,551
4,917
5, 15°
Annual
Percent Chen|a
In Per Capita
IncOM
1969-1*74
IS. i
21.9
19. »
17.2
12.6
14.2
12.0
22.0
9.1
12.0
14.0
11. a
11.6
10.2
14.8
16. 5
(a)
Source! U.S. Department of Cuuierce (1977a-e).
-------
Information on Counties—All 224 counties in the region (both mining and
nonmining counties) were characterized by a set of socioeconomic and
demographic parameters. A comprehensive listing was desired as a broad
description of the entire region and to establish a background from which
any unique characteristics of mining counties could be discerned.
A variety of parameters were tabulated from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census and other sources. "Population as of 1970, 1975, annual growth rate
from 1970-1975, and percent urban were obtained for each county from the
Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977 a-e) and
City and County Data Book (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1973). Employment
characteristics obtained from the CCDB (1973) include percent of population
employed; percent of work force in agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
entertainment, and hospitals and health services; and percent of land area
in farms. Economic and housing characteristics examined were median family
income, median level of schooling, percent of housing owner-occupied, and
percent of housing lacking some plumbing facilities. Tables 2 and 3 contain
selected items from the complete list.
These data were obtained for several purposes. A major use was simply
to describe the nature of the region as a whole, and the special features of
mining counties compared to the region. Another concern was the impact of
these parameters on health phenomena. In order to effectively study coal's
impact on health, simultaneous consideration of socioeconomic and
occupational influences is essential.
Overall, as Tables 2 and 3 show, the region is sparsely populated,
except for the Denver and Salt Lake City metropolitan areas. The only
summary statement to be made for most social and demographic characteristics
is that there is extreme variability. On the county level, for example,
annual percentage population growth rate ranged from -3.6 to 20.6 percent.
Similarly, employment and economic/housing characteristics are difficult to
summarize for the region as a whole. It is of interest in this report to
characterize mining counties relative to nonmining counties. Such
comparisons convey some notion of the cluster of social and demographic
characteristics related to coal mining in the west. Mining and nonmining
counties are very similar on most demographic parameters (percent urban,
employment profile, etc.). One of the few differentiating characteristics
of mining counties is a higher rate of population growth (3.0 versus 2.0
percent annually). This would be expected due to the ongoing increase in
coal utilization in the United States. Another (somewhat cruder) measure
which was studied in relation to social and demographic variables was
"percent of work force in mining." Although this includes all forms of
mining, coal mining is one of the major contributors. Employment in mining
was positively associated with total employment, median income, and median
years of schooling, but negatively correlated with percent of land in farms;
employment in agriculture, manufacturing, or hospitals; percent of housing
lacking some plumbing; and total population. Overall, counties with mining
seem to be more rural, with fewer competing employment activities such as
agriculture.
46
-------
Information on Communities—The communities of 1000 or more residents
within 20 miles of a current or future mine are of special importance
because of their potential usefulness in an epidemiologic study. The only
readily available comprehensive data source was the U.S. Bureau of the
Census's Current Population Survey (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977a-e).
This provided the population figures for 1970, 1973, 1975, and the per
capita incomes in 1969 and 1974. From these data, the annual percent
changes in population and per capita income were calculated. Tables 6 and 7
present this information.
Mining-impacted communities have a wide range of growth rates and
population sizes. Most of the communities (except metropolitan Denver) are
quite small, with populations less than 15,000. The limited data makes
further discussion of these communities difficult without addressing them
individually.
Water Quality
Introduct ion—
This section describes efforts to obtain and analyze readily accessible
(i.e. , from state and Federal agencies) environmental monitoring data from
the vicinity of mining-impacted communities. Three types of water quality
data were examined: data on surface water, groundwater, and public drinking
water supplies. In each case, an attempt was made to match mining-impacted
communities (see Figure 3) with any water quality measurements taken during
the past seven to eight years. To the extent possible, levels of specific
constituents of water have been tabulated for each of the relevant
monitoring sites.
Data on groundwater supplies are extremely scant with respect to
analysis of specific constituents. Although various special studies have
sampled thousands of wells in the western coal region, the emphasis has been
on determining the quantity of water available rather than its quality.
Consequently, little can be said regarding human exposure levels from
groundwater except in cases where wells are the source of public water
supplies.
Finished water from public water supplies is routinely analyzed for
chlorine, fluoride, and bacteria in accordance with quality control
procedures of the water treatment plants and state health department
requirements. Turbidity, pH, color, iron, hardness, and alkalinity are also
monitored by most water treatment plants. Substances in drinking water such
as heavy metals and organic compounds, which are important to human health,
are spot-checked at infrequent intervals according to most of the municipal
suppliers surveyed. Consequently, the bulk of the discussion of water
quality is concerned with surface water, since they are more often monitored
for the parameters of interest. However, measurements of water parameters
before the water is treated for public consumption provide only indirect
information regarding potential human health hazards. Inferences must be
made regarding the impact of treatment on levels of these parameters. If
the discussion concerns measures of finished water it will be so stated.
47
-------
Surface Water—
Water quality impacts are best determined by documenting changes in
various water quality tests or biological samples taken at pertinent
locations with respect to the site of mining operations. The most commonly
measured parameters used to indicate water quality can be grouped into the
following general categories: (1) physical - including pH, temperature,
dissolved and/or suspended solids, and stream bottom conditions; (2) chem-
ical-including nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, etc.), "trace" metals
(copper, zinc, etc.), salinity (sulfate, chloride, etc.), and organic
material [commonly measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which may
produce a depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water as organics are
reduced by bacteria]; and (3) biological - bacteria and other aquatic life
(NGPRP, 1974).
At present, water quality in the western coal region is measured only at
selected locations and for selected parameters. In general, most water
quality data are from the D.S. Geological Survey, U.S. EPA, and state water
quality sampling stations. The specific locations of monitoring sites and
the parameters measured at each are shown in Table 8. The sites tabulated
include all sites designated as energy impacted by U.S. EPA Region VIII. In
addition, any site located within 20 miles of active or expanding mining
operations was included, bringing the total to approximately 60 sites.
Sampling frequency at most sites is either monthly or biweekly.
Table 9 presents a tabulation of water quality data for each of the
monitoring locations listed in Table 8, and the information is summarized in
Table 10. Observations associated with each site represent the mean or
average of a variable number of samples taken during the period 1971-1978.
For-most parameters and sites, the figures given are based on 30-100
samples. Entries of -0.99 in Table 9 indicate that data was missing or that
the parameter was not measured at the site(s) noted. Although there is
substantial variability in the data, several general observations can be
made from Table 10. Water in the impacted areas is alkaline (pH ranges from
7.47 to 8.44) and very hard (total hardness ranges from 100.0 to 2521.8;
over 300mg// total hardness is usually regarded as very hard). There is
also a noticeable deterioration of chemical, physical, and biological
parameters as one moves downstream from the headwaters of individual rivers.
This degradation is the result of hydrologic, geologic, and anthropogenic
influences. Except for a few limited areas, however, the water quality is
satisfactory for irrigation, livestock watering, recreation, and municipal
and industrial purposes (NGPRP, 1974).
Wide variations in the mineral quality of water may be noted in
individual streams throughout the western coal region. High quality water
is found in the Yellowstone River. Dissolved solids in the Yellowstone near
its mouth range from a low of 230 mg// to a high of 655 mg// with an average
of 460 mg//. In contrast, the Powder River contains poorer quality water.
Dissolved solids in the Powder River near Moorhead average 1552 mg// with
highs and lows of 4080 and 676 mg//, respectively. Suspended sediment
concentrations and loads vary widely at a given site both throughout the
region and throughout the year. The sediment load is normally light
48
-------
TABLE 8. SITE SPECIFIC HISTORY OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING ACTIVITIES: ENERGY IMPACTED AREAS
P-
VO
S
(A
»l
N 3
s*
Colorado
09244410
09246550
09247600
09249750
09093000
09304800
09306300
09095300
Montana
06205200
06217500
06294B40
06295000
06296120
06307610
06326510
12355500
06179500
06180400
06178000
06178150
06179000
06179200
06294700
06307B30
06308500
g
«rl
M
Ya»|» River, below dltferalon, near llaydeii
Yaapa Klver belou confluence with Elkhead Cr,
Yaiapa River, below Yaupa Project Dlveralon
Ullllaitii fork River, below Hamilton
Parachute Creek, near Grand Valley
White Klver neer Meeker
White River abovo Rangely
Logan We ah Deer DcBeque l (1975-76)
Yellow Stone Rlviir at Laurel
Yellowatone River at Hunt ley
Yellowetone River at Myere
Yellowatone River near Mllee City
Tongue River below Hanging wonan Creek
Yellowatona Rlvar near Terry
M*at F k Ho 't* «i '' "e*r Co*u*ul* Fella
Big Morn Ktver at Bighorn*
Tonguti Rivar at Brandenburg Hrldgvl
Tongue Klver near Mi leu Cltyl
M
a
' . i
8
M
II
197S-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
™"
«•>
»
~~
"
.
(1974-7S)
<19?4-7S)
(19M-75)
3
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
t
t
t
.
VuCTica
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975.-
J
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
t
7
§
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
I
7
7
Meuls
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
p|
1975-
1975-
1975-
..
..
••
..
I
1974-
1974-
1974-
1975-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
•s-
^1
s-5
9 •
Wt (A
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
*
•H
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
S
1975-
..
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
o
rH
m
1975-
•-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
-.
--
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
3
tactcri
.-
--
--
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7
—
--
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
7
7
7
(continued)
-------
TABLE 8. (Continued)
1/1
o
Monitorial Site
Cod* tiuaber
Horth Daliote
06330000
063)8490
06342 MO
06349700
06340000
06)40500
Utah
09302000
09306900
09)14500
09328500
HyomlM
06298000
06299980
0630}500
06306300
06313000
M323MO
M 124000
06)24970
063)2800
06384500
06426500
06247850
06209400
09211200
I
4
1
MUaourl tlver at Vlltliton
Mliaourl River et Carrlaoa
HI ••our 1 liver et tiemerk
Mleeeurl liver at Scheldt
SprUf Creek et Cap
Ralfe Creek naar Haiea
Ducheene llv*r near laadlett
Whit* liver upetraeai confluence with Craen Liver
frtce River at Voodflde
Sen Rafael liver neat Craee liver
Tongue River near Dayton
Tongue River at Itonarctt
Cooaa River balow Sharldan
Toagua liver at State Line
South Fork fowaar liver at Kayca*
rioey Creek at Ugcroe*
Clear Creek near Arvada
Little fowdar liver and Dry Creak near U««too3
Little MUMurl at New Havan
Chtyenn* Klvar near Stat« Line
Belli oourche Rlvtr balow Moor .croft
•alia Fourcha liver at Devll'a Towar
Green Klver near Labar|e
I
•.:
22
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
•-4
a
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
•utrleau
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974*
197}
197}
I
1974
1974
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
19744
197}
197}
.!
1974
1974
197}
1974
1974
••
™~
1974
1974
1974
1974
--
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
1 Suspended
Sadlaaati
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
—
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
1 Turbidity
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
i
1974
1974
197S
197}
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
(Flow)
197S
(Flow)
197}
—
(Flow)
197}
1974
197}
S
1974
1974
1974
1974
197}
197}
197}
197}
1974
1974
(Fecal
coil-
forme)
197}
(Facal
coil-
forme)
197}
~~
-------
TABLE 8. (Continued)
Monitoring Sic*
Code (hjaber
VYOSJOJI
09216000
09216810
09216880
09217000
09217010
09224050
10027000
g
ft
u
I
tit Ssndy below Eden
Klllpecker Creek at south (Rock Springe)
Utter Creek below Little Bitter Creek
Green River near Creen River
Creen River below Creen River
1U» Fork near Dleeundvllle
Twin Creek at Sage
2
•O 3
v 3
2 i
197S
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Chsaical
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
3
8
I
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Metal*
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
ii
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Suspended
Sediment*
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Turbidity
1975
1975*
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
3 ;
it i
» I
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
XSite listed as operational, but no years of operation or Monitoring activities reported.
2Slte only operated years shown; no Information as to emnltorlng activities reported.
3Two nunbera given: 06324970 and 96324900.
Data for tliac year only.
-------
TABLE 9. SITE SPECIFIC SURFACE WATER QUALiH fcATA FOR THE "ENERGY FUNDED SITES" AS
DESIGNATED BY EPA REGION VIII PtUN btHERS LOCATED WITHIN 20 MILES OF COAL
• MINES(fl)
en
K>
oo
e a)
•H TJ
M O
O U M
U a)
•H
•H
*
-0.99
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.02
0.19
-0.99
0.61
0.17
0.72
0.11
0.92
1.48
0.02
0.14
0.29
0.35
rag/1
at
- g
*"i 3
O -H
in o
"id
*H a)
QO
26.14
30.25
30.62
43.54
55.21
71.50
71.52
92.79
66.18
73.86
49.00
53.67
234.17
28.43
38.55
51.27
53.34
||
<"H OT
o a)
at a
(0 bO
*r\ flfl
°
8.55
11.21
11.27
22.29
36.61
20.18
25.38
65.34
15.52
61.66
22.00
11.43
189.57
8.72
13.82
18.98
19.44
-a
0)
>
R
3 T4
M T)
•H O
a w
16.65
22.58
25.86
20.43
60.50
36.32
66.59
127.97
105.91
110.03
49.00
16.33
562.91
16.83
27.17
47.51
58.43
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
00
d 41
*J _1
•H ^J
M O
O O l-i
•rl 4) ,0
l-til
MONTANA
06296120
06307610
06326530
12355500
06180400
06178000
06178150
06179000
06179200
06294700
06307830
06308500
NORTH DAKOTA
06330000
06338490
06342500
06349700
06340000
06340500
& '"'
•H 0
•a 01
,Q 4J O
H O ^
56.60
9.32
137.56
3.10
27.94
10.89
51.74
20.61
25.05
32.85
25.47
107.14
85.90
1.97
8.57
10.97
19.86
62.40
in
4-1
•H
d
:=>
•a
n)
|_j
7.99
8.30
8.30
8.08
8.44
8.21
8.31
8.43
8.36
7.85
8.17
7.96
7.72
8.17
8.30
8.29
8.08
8.08
4J
8
o
•2
at
0
0.59
1.05
0.71
-0.99(*>)
13.47
6.90
13.16
16.11
15.21
0.34
0.82
0.68
0.01
0.47
0.73
0.18
0.37
0.24
0)
4J
a>
H
•rl
0.20
0.11
0.19
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
0.88
0.17
-0.99
0.24
-0.99
0.12
-0.99
0..15
0.15
0.18
-0.99
0.21
mg/1
n
T<
•H M
O 0)
W fi>
^S
18.86
41.04
21.66
6.98
17.24
4.1.53
41.42
53.17
48.53
28.37
42.34
44.04
20.62
20.13
20.54
20.89
47.75
35.43
•a
41
0 1
(A -H
to -a
•H O
o w
51.55
38.80
60.39
0.92
246.47
212.74
240.08
266.19
281.05
92.93
48.76
62.44
55.71
57.69
57.59
58.57
222.18
233.68
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
in
t>0
•S-S
mn u
O O M
4J ft)
•H »
4J
•H
•o
•H W
•83
55
-0
182
-0
-0
3
11
14
990
3
32
388
41
78
121
23
2
14
/— V
rt
(Jacksoi
.99(b)
.31
.99
.99
.24
.91
.52
.24
.75
.08
.25
.67
.06
.83
.24
.43
.98
w
*»>
3
P
•a
i^
at
TJ
3
4-1
« M
P.1— '
8.12
8.19
7.86
7.80
7.97
7.90
7.80
7.76
7.97
7.91
8.15
7.47
8.04
7.89
7.91
8.09
7.95
«J
4J
s
Bicarboi
282.
242.
316.
281.
146.
212.
265.
191.
183.
232.
373.
140.
311.
467.
226.
161.
246.
65
06
07
74
56
84
60
92
43
11
55
00
62
79
20
10
40
«
4-1
Carbona
1.00
2.25
1.23
0.19
0.90
0.13
0.64
0.01
0.59
0.71
0.26
-0.99
0.38
0.03
0,30
1.24
0.08
Nitrate
0.17
0.12
1.48
0.47
-0.99
0.05
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
0.05
-0.99
rng/1
(A
W
0)
•H a
«JTJ
4J H
£3
482.10
277.83
1279.50
1213.40
127.11
213.42
317.52
1043.30
220.06
486.38
794.80
493.33
926.21
478.97
688.28
174.75
885.75
•o
*" -
58
O -H
o) o
WrH
•H
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
Ln
M
0 41
•H TJ
t-l O
0 U M
4J <1)
•H 4) ,Q
8.4JS
s w a
WYOMING
09216810
09216880
09217000
09217010
09224050
10027000
^\ '*" ^
4J i3
-rl 0
•a to
•H in ^
^3 *J O
M -H to
3 a 3
93.03
575.94
20.38
26.50
4.91
29.36
4J
•H
ti
'O
M
n)
•a
u
pa
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
H1K/1
00
a v
•H -a
M O
o o n
*j at
rj jj Q
O -H 3
S W £
COLORADO
09244410
09246550
09247600
09249750
09093000
09304800
09306300
09093500
09093700
09095000
09246500
09304550
09306380
MONTANA
06205200
06217500
06294840
06295000
06296120
06307610
06326530
12355500
06180400
06178000
•o
•H
M
O
jQ
°
8.19
9.99
10.12
4.29
6.07
33.99
39.76
12.53
146.07
9.17
13.00
18.43
36.75
6.22
6.65
7.89
10.26
8.02
3.38
11.93
0.44
7.49
7.88
01
*j
H id
-0
H -H
O M
CO O
(0 9
•H r-i
a fa
0.21
0.23
0.23
0.17
0.57
0.24
0.31
0.80
0.28
0.70
0.30
0.33
0.53
0.47
0.46
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.29
0.41
0.11
0.48
0.52
•a
0)
r"4 flj
O U
CA -rl
ca H
•H *H
a w
9.29
7.88
6.77
10.26
16.36
14.46
13.48
17.94
8.18
15.34
5.15
12.40
9.01
14.36
12.98
10.62
10.59
11.24
4.65
9.55
4.70
8.81
8.05
01
r>>4
0
CO O
CO O
•H H
(=> H
97.35
114.24
107.09
86.55
22.00
164.67
105.00
46.67
38.41
45.00
52.00
61.99
206.67
48.67
100.30
35.83
44.15
59.26
54.75
26.50
21.70
54.11
62.94
•a
a*
H
o
co *a
w at
•H 0)
5.70
1.40
1.63
2.00
2.91
2.50
4.66
1.91
-0.99
2.16
1.00
-0.99
10.00
5.40
5.27
2.33
5.62
2.45
3.15
3.33
0.90
0.20
0.83
ct/100 ml
P
o
r-H m
a) -H
o H
r-4 M
o -a
CO -H
ca H
•H O
« CA
* 160.63
200.03
213.86
282.69
464.89
406.41
513.67
918.14
547.43
784.67
367.00
261.50
1273.90
173.30
263.43
381.07
396.07
397.17
459.30
442.33
107.62
761.77
896.18
T3 M
0) 4J
•a a
o a)
at I
a-H
co -a
3 01
CO M
47.74
15.00
49.22
144.00
20.17
116.86
340.34
212.89
513.50
-0.99
41.25
550.99
-0.99
90.71
137.85
218.33
295.17
401.21
57.82
514.11
107.00
-0.99
57.37
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
Oi
Monitoring
Site Code
Number
MONTANA
06178150
06179000
06179200
06294700
06307830
NORTH DAKOTA
06330000
06338490
06342500
06349700
06340000
06340500
UTAH
09302000
09306900
09314500
09328500
WYOMING
06298000
06299980
06305500
06313000
mg/1
Chloride
10.27
9.28
17.20
11.12
3.98
9.59
8.82
9.15
9.06
6.10
4.42
89.59
39.17
65.54
52.78
2.00
2.00
5.71
175.66
Total
Sulfate
245.15
328.88
323.16
323.26
211.46
177.01
172.37
170.69
171.35
469.43
366.50
499.02
192.18
2039.10
1726.70
5.58
66.76
148.05
1459.50
Dissolved
Fluoride
0.56
0.33
0.51
0.44
0.31
0.54
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.47
0.40
0.57
0.34
0.40
0.33
0.15
0.20
0.36
1.43
Dissolved
Silica
7.99
5.47
7.14
9.86
5.25
10.80
7.50
7.82
7.47
10.44
11.76
12.10
12.40
8.94
9.60
7.10
6.56
9.56
13.24
Dissolved
Iron
51.92
43.85
31.05
52.65
40.26
107.27
21.74
18. 33
20.00
148.00
116.43
29.06
26.67
31.03
85.17
80.59
49.43
108.57
76.80
Dissolved
Lead
1.33
2.20
0.33
2.36
6.11
2.00
1.84
1.90
1.50
2.36
3.47
3.44
1.60
3.00
3.58
1.85
1.60
2.14
2.78
ct/100 ml
o
•-I <4-<
0) v<
O»-l
01 O
In O
-0.99(b)
-0.99
-0.99
60.42
-0.99
-0.99
0.96
6.59
106.03
-0.99
425.39
-0.99
71.65
-0.99
-0.99
18.06
-0.99
30344.00
478.30
TOR /I
Dissolved
Solids
921.27
1062.30
1068.20
582.37
509.73
440.07
415.56
415.88
417.14
1086.10
1056.90
1144.00
542.36
3001.40
2800.50'
134.96
269.36
410.88
2531.50
Suspended
Sediments
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
2327.30
-0.99
440.92
-0.99
152.93
166.67
119.96
273.81
262.08
2777.40
4281.10
5760.50
-0.99
-0.99
78.17
22995.00
(continued)
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
O)
oo
U)
a
^ u
O T>
M 1-1
M r-l
•rl O
a M
331.43
798.11
2076.30
1129.00
2882.30
1519.30
1132.50
248.40
2055.90
6673.90
2030.60
398.91
425.14
326.67
558.58
•a w
01 «J
•o o
o 8
01 S
(X-rl
w *d
9 at
(OCA
15.50
138.69
835.89
-0.99
2296.40
2317.30
-0.99
5.50
166.78
-0.99
-0.99
985.20
-0.99
-0.99
81.77
(a) Observations tabulated are means based on a variable number of observations at each site.
In most cases, values reported were based on 30 to 100 samples.
(b) -0.99 indicates no data reported or few observations (i.e., <10).
-------
TABLE 10. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR 18 SELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
AT 58 SURFACE WATER MONITORING SITES IN MINING AREAS
Ul
vo
Parameter
Turbidity
(Jackson units)
PH
Bicarbonate (mg/1)
Carbonate (mg/1)
Nitrate (mg/1)
Total Hardness
(mg/1)
Calcium (mg/1)
Magnesium, dissolved
(mg/1)
Sodium, dissolved
(mg/1)
Chloride (mg/1)
Sulfate, total
(mg/1)
Fluoride, dissolved
(mg/1)
Silica, dissolved
(u>g/l)
Geometric
Mean
28.317
8.070(a)
245.443
0.530
0.177
'',208.025
67.169
32.298
74.183
12.800
215.128
0.402
8.696
Range
1.970
7.470
108.400
0.010
0.010
100.970
22.350
6.980
0.920
0.440
5.580
0.110
3.250
- 990.24
- 8.44
- 665.50
- 16.11
- 1.48
- 2521.80
- 292.83
- 437.86
-1302.00
- 1365.00
- 2899.60
- 1.43
- 17.94
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
18.693
8.020
216.247
0.352
0.112
259.091
57.444
26.083
- 42.895
- 8.120
- 278.581
- 0.797
- 0.277
- 366.201
- 78.540
- 39.993
52.601-104.620
' 9.035
157.709
0.355
7.956
- 18.134
- 293.452
- 0.455
- 9.504
(continued)
-------
TABLE 10. (Continued)
cr>
O
Parameter
Iron, dissolved
(yg/D
Lead (ng/1)
Fecal Coliform
(per 100 ml)
Dissolved Solids
(mg/1)
Suspended Solids
Ong/D
Geometric
Mean
55.787
2.435
176.132
608.429
236.477
Range
4.390
0.200
0.690
107.620
5.500
- 332.50
- 10.60
- 5118.00
- 6673.90
- 22995.00
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
46.735
2.023
68.149
488.426
140.526
- 66.594
- 2.932
- 455.215
- 757.917
- 397.944
(a) Arithmetic means.
-------
la the upper reaches of a given stream. Sediment concentrations have
historically been detrimental to consumptive uses of water as well as to
fisheries and recreation in some stream reaches. The average sediment loads
at the mouths of the Yellowstone and Powder Rivers are 0.27 and 0.40 AF/sq.
mi./year (NGPRP, 1974).
Biological quality of surface water, characterized by nutrients,
dissolved oxygen, and bacterial concentrations, is considered good except
for some localized problems. Some areas are considered to be deficient in
nutrients to support aquatic life. On the other hand, some areas contain
quantities of nutrients at such levels as to indicate the potential for
problems from overgrowth of aquatic plants if further stimulation occurs.
The dissolved oxygen level of streams ranges from excellent to satisfactory
throughout most of the year. However, a marked reduction in oxygen levels
may be found during the summer below some municipal and industrial waste-
water outfalls and in some reaches with low flows resulting from diversions
and natural conditions. Bacterial concentrations are generally low due to
low levels of population and industrial activity in the region. The effect
of diversions and return flows on stream temperatures is more noticeable in
summer months because of the increased demand at that time for domestic,
irrigation, and industrial water (NGPRP, 1974).
Only sparse data are available to describe the radiological quality of
streams. Concentrations of radioactivity in the samples that have been
taken are below limits generally recognized as safe. Data on the biological
water quality in the region are scarce. While fishery information is
generally available, data for plankton, benthos, and other aquatic organisms
are particularly limited (NGPRP, 1974).
For the group of sites designated as mining impacted, we calculated
descriptive statistics for the 18 water quality parameters shown in Table 9.
Literature reviews indicated that these were likely to be the most sensitive
indicators of water quality impacts in the west. In all, 58 sites were
examined in the mining-impacted group. Because other nonmining factors were
not taken into account, the figures presented serve merely to give a general
impression of the levels of various parameters at the sites; they^should not
be taken as indicator of human exposure levels in the various mining-
impacted communities.
Our data confirmed the fact that surface water in the area was indeed
hard (over 300 mg// being regarded as very hard) and alkaline. Various
salts were abundant as shown in Table 10. Sodium was quite high; in several
locations it was over 1000 mg//. Similarly, while most of the sites
recorded less than the U.S. PHS Drinking Water Standard of 250 mg// for
chloride, many sites registered mean chloride levels above 1000 mg//.
Sulfates were also quite high; the mean sulfate level,-418.30 mg//, was
above the U.S. PHS standard for drinking water of 250 mg// . Although it is
not really reasonable to compare drinking water standards to surface water,
such comparisons may convey a rough impression of potential human exposures
for those substances such as sulfates which are not removed from water by
any common treatment process.
61
-------
3 Heavy metals including iron and lead were low to moderate at the sites.
Means for iron were below the 0.3 mg/i U.S. PHS Drinking Water Standard at
all but one of the 58 monitoring locations. Similarly, none of the sites
had a mean lead concentration over 10.6 mg/i (the U.S. PHS Drinking Water
Standard is 50 mg/1). Turbidity, dissolved solids, and suspended sediments
showed such marked variation (both within and between sites) that general
trends could not be discerned.
Plotting the geographical distribution of the various constituents of
water is a useful way of looking at the data. Preliminary analyses for
hardness, total dissolved solids, sodium, and lead provided evidence that
high levels of these constituents often occur downstream from older mining
areas (as defined in Section 3: Research Methodology), but the converse is
not always true. To further clarify the matter, detailed analysis of
potential nonmining sources of these constituents would have to be done for
each monitoring site. In view of the fact that surface water quality data
have limited value in documenting human exposure through drinking water,
such detailed analysis (on a regional basis) would not appear warranted.
Groundwater— ~ '~
Although groundwater is not used as extensively as surface water in the
western coal region, there is sufficient reliance on shallow groundwaters
for human consumption and other uses to make the potential impact of coal
development on groundwater supplies important. Although numerous samples of
groundwater have been assayed throughout the recent decades, no comprehen-
sive regional analysis of groundwater has been published or, to our knowl-
edge, even initiated (NGPRP, 1974). As indicated, many states (especially
Montana) have extensive sampling programs for wells. Unfortunately, these
do not shed much light on the nature of human exposures via drinking water
because: (1) they concentrate almost exclusively on the quantity of water
(hydrologic and aquifer characteristics) rather than its chemical con-
stituents and (2) sampling is nearly always done on a once-only basis, with
no provision for repeated sampling in the same location. Consequently, it
is not possible to generate much of an impression about the quality of
groundwater in the area as a whole.
After requesting all available groundwater quality data from 1970-78 in
the six western coal states, we discovered that chemical data was available
for only a small minority of the sites listed in the NAWDEX Site Directory
(USGS, 1978c). In the state of Utah, for example, chemical data was
available for only ten wells. No repeat samples were taken at any of the
locations. In Montana, chemical data was available for only two of the
NAWDEX sites; again only one sample per well was analyzed. In Wyoming, only
11 sites reported data on chemical constituents of groundwater with no
repeat samples at the same locations. Data on groundwater quality was much
more extensive for the state of Colorado; 116 sites reported results of
chemical analysis of groundwater samples. Unfortunately, however, each of
the wells was sampled only once. No recent data (1970 to present) was
available for the states of North and South Dakota.
62
-------
With the exception of Colorado, most of the existing chemical data have
been obtained from the shallower aquifers of the Northern Great Plains.
These aquifers include alluvium or relatively recent alluvial and terrace
deposits. They have been utilized to a high degree for domestic and
agricultural purposes since they require only shallow drilling (NGPRP,
1974). The quality of water drawn from the alluvial and terrace aquifers in
the Northern Great Plains is highly variable due to: (I) the varied
occurrences of alluvial material in proximity to different bedrock
formations, (2) the relatively short distances of travel from areas of
recharge to areas of withdrawals, and (3) the increasing tendency of surface
waters that recharge the alluvial aquifers to become contaminated by
activities such as agricultural irrigation and urban water use (NGPRP,
1974). In other words, shallower aquifers respond more quickly to
contamination of surface and near-surface waters than do aquifers located in
deeper bedrock. Similarly, alluvial aquifers are exposed to greater
opportunities for evaporation, which tend to concentrate any salts present.
Water flowing through bedrock aquifers usually deteriorates in quality
as it progresses down-gradient through the formation. The deterioration is
caused by weathering of minerals contained in the formations, with
weathering or "leaching" taking place continuously as the water moves
through the formation. One exception to this, noted by NGPRP (1974), is
that in some cases, water is actually purified as it passes through coal
aquifers. The coal apparently acts as a filter and water quality (in terms
of dissolved gases and organics) could actually be improved, although there
do not appear to be any published reports of this occurring.
Even within a single aquifer, there is a high degree of variability in
water quality. Several factors account for this, including the typically
- shallow depth of many aquifers, the varied distance from areas of recharge
and withdrawals, and lateral changes in lithology. Together, these factors
make it exceptionally difficult to describe regionwide groundwater quality
in terms of averages.
Studies of Specific Locations—The NGPRP Water Quality Subgroup Report
(1974) summarizes various studies which have examined water quality for
various aquifers in the Northern Great Plains. Water quality character-
istics for samples taken from principal aquifers in the Yellowstone River,
the Powder River Valley (Montana), Rosebud County (Montana), the Little
Bighorn Valley, principal aquifers in North Dakota (including the area near
Beulah and Hettinger in Adams County), and principal aquifers in South
Dakota are tabulated in the NGPRP (1974) report. Much of this data is from
the 1920's through the early 1960's.
More recently, special studies have examined groundwater conditions in
three major mining areas in the Northern Great Plains: the Gasgoyne area in
North Dakota, the Gillette, Wyoming, area, and the Birney-Decker area in
Montana. A brief summary of the NGPRP findings for these three areas is
presented below:
63
-------
The Gasgoyne area Is on the western edge of the Williston Basin. Ground-
water movement is generally northeastward toward discharge areas along
the Missouri River Valley. Major constituents in the water are calcium,
magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate. Dissolved solids range
from about 1,500 to 2,000 mg/A. Concentrations of calcium and
magnesium generally decrease with increasing depth as sodium and
bicarbonate become the dominant ions.
The Gillette area is near the eastern edge and the Birney-Decker area is
in the north-central part of the Powder River Basin. Groundwater in
the deepest of the shallow aquifers—Basal Hill Creek-Fox Hills in
Montana, or Lance-Fox Hills in Wyoming—flows generally northward and
discharges by upward leakage along the Yellowstone River Valley and
along the lower reaches of the Tongue River and Powder River Valleys.
The direction of groundwater movement in the Fort Union and Wasatch
Formations is controlled largely by the local topography. Water enters
the system along the interstream divides and moves downward and
laterally toward the nearby valleys. Much of the water is discharged by
springs, seeps, or wells, but some enters the alluvium along the stream
valleys where it augments streamflow.
Major constituents in water from bedrock aquifers in both the Gillette
and Birney-Decker areas are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and
sulfate. Dissolved solids average about 2,000 mg/1 in the Gillette area
and about 1,500 to 2,000 mg/l in the Birney-Decker area. As in the
Gasgoyne area, amounts of calcium and magnesium decrease with depth and
the amount of sodium increases.
Detailed and specific information on the areas investigated is contained
in the report by the Groundwater Subgroup entitled Shallow Groundwater
in Selected Areas in the Fort Union Coal Region (NGPRP, 1974).
Recent study has indicated that substantial amounts of water may be
available from deep aquifers in some areas of the coal region. Near the
Black Hills this groundwater has less than 1,000 mg/£ dissolved solids
but in much of the coal region TDS ranges between 1,000 and 2,000 mg/l .
The water may be suitable for energy development, but is marginal to
unsatisfactory for irrigation or other specialized uses demanding water
of good quality.
Further information in deep groundwater is contained in the Ground-
Hater Subgroup report entitled Possible Development of Water from
Madison Group and Associated Rocks in Powder River Basin,
Montana-Wyoming (NGPRP, 1974).
Summary--
Activities directly associated with coal mining, land reclamation, and
domestic water uses which increase as a result of population growth will
probably cause some degradation in groundwater quality in the western coal
area. Examples of specific cases of groundwater pollution of contamination
caused by these activities are available (NGPRP, 1974). Less obvious
64
-------
sources of contamination of groundwater supplies also occur with mining
development, however. Often overlooked is the fact that saline and
sodium-rich soils occur in many parts of the region. Construction
activities may disturb the soil sufficiently to enhance leaching of salts
and precipitation of the salts on the ground surface. According to the
NGPRP (1974) report, the adverse effect on land quality by evaporation of
salts can be seen near areas of road construction, especially in Montana and
eastern Wyoming. Additional salinity in soils is bound to have adverse
impacts on groundwater quality in these localities.
Air Quality
Air quality monitoring stations near coal mines in the west are listed
in Table 11 and a detailed description of the station (including the
pollutants monitored and an indication of the distance from the pertinent
mines) can be found in Table 12. A fairly large number of sites are within
20 miles of coal mines, although few of those monitors are actually at the
mine sites. Almost all sites analyze total soluble particulates (TSP), and
many in Colorado also analyze benzene-soluble organic fraction (BSOF). A
few monitoring stations provide more detailed data on such pollutants as
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone.
Health Status
This section of the report describes the efforts and products of a
search for an adequate intraregional indicator of the health status of the
population. Such an indicator is needed to compare and contrast small
geographical units within the region with one another as well as with the
region as a whole. Since communities will be the units of study for more
detailed analyses, they would be the ideal units for comparison within the
region. Therefore, communities were considered the optimal units with
counties the second most desirable units. The type of information sought
can be arranged into three categories: health services information,
morbidity data, and mortality data. These three categories are each
addressed below in terms of the data desired, agencies contacted to obtain
that information, and the data actually received from the agencies. A
description of the ideal data to suit our needs is presented in Table 13.
The contrast between ideal data and that which was actually available (Table
14) is significant.
Health Services Information—
The data in this category include the following measures (see Table 13):
(1) the type, number, capacity, and accessibility of health services
facilities by county or community (e.g., the number of hospital beds, size
of population served, and percent occupancies); (2) the type, number, and
location of personnel to provide health services (e.g. , the number of
obstetricians by community or by county); and (3) secular trends in the use
of treatment facilities categorized by discharge diagnosis.
65
-------
TABLE 11. SITE SPECIFIC HISTORY OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING ACTIVITIES: ENERGY IMPACTED AREAS
o\
Holillur li>H
CaJv NlMkl
ituiilh Drtkota
0760001
0700002
O9HOIIOI
1 120001
IH all
OiBWW
0140001
07BOOOI
DI6OOOI
0400001
0400002
~
Wy.Hnlim
OOoOOOl
OOHOIHII
0100001
O10IMMJ2
OH20INII
062IMXII
0440002
022O002
OIHOOOI
04HOIK)I
OIHOOO4
O/i4IIOO'J
IIVJMXIl
DIHIKIOh
II7IMKII6
I'olm utlu
OUBIKNI1
UBoOOOl
O'JttUOlO
1 520001
IS2IHKI2
04HIMHII
IH6(MMJI
HJMXMI2
1 B60DO I
Sit*
»4ir
! (41)
KOI
F01
KOJ
F01
(46)
F01
F02
KOI
KOI
Ft))
KOJ
F02
__
--
(52)
F01
KOJ
FO)
KOI
Fin
KCII
KOI
FOI
KOI
KOI
KOI
FOI
Kill
FOI
KOI
(06)
KOI
KOI
FOI
FOI
KOI
KOI
KOI
KOI
KOJ
Location
Buffalo
Bui lulu
Boll* PutirclMi
LeMfton
&•«(!• P«>«
Hunltngton
Price
Cudar City
Bull(ro| Butiln
U«riw«A|k HNrtna
Vuriwl
C«lna«llU
Buffulo
Clllvto
l.uyl. (A) Dunl Slid
U.k. (B) Du.l Sit*
Ntrw C* ft lit
«ufk Spring*
Aflon
Irvnn •jincli
tturki Buneli
Muw Cmlle
Bill
Kootvrur
Wlwut l«iwl
IhiuKlu*
P.ur Ick Ur»w
HlfU
Cruml Vullvy
Grnnd Junction
Fruit i
fullti.KJe
Crulg
Ncuk«r
KuiiKL-ly
Bluik Sulfur Creek
fttUl S'lll1"1"*'
(Dual Silt)
1974
1974
1974
1977
1975
1975
1975
1974
1977
•rt 1977
•FY 1977
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1975
1975
1974
1975
--
1976
1976
1977
I97fc
1970
1974
1975
1974
1974
1974
—
1974
1971
u| PurllculatB SOj - NO,
HnriiruiM BubbUr
1974
—
—•FT 1977 1975
•" -•
»_
—
— .
'--
"
«
—
—
— »FY 1977
--•n 1911 1974
—«FY 1977 1975
..
—
—
—
—
—
—
1976
1976
1976
•--- 1976
--
—
—
—•FY 1977
—
—
—«FY 1977
1974
— «KY 1977
— — — -
SO2 - MO, 0«ono
Coutlnuoui Continual!* otliur
1977
..
—
—
1977
1974 — (g»t«Unt« to Monitor TSP
SO. only 1975 — HI-Vol «nd MeMbntna anil
SO] only 1975 — NO, •ml 802 conclnuuuii
S02 only 1975 — Monitoring 1977; Kanab to
SO} only 1975 — Monitor HI-Vol TSP and
1977 .. contlnuoui SOj, NO,. 1977)
•« 1977
•FY 1977
—
1974 ~»n 1977
— •
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1976
—
—
—
—
-.
—
— — — —
(continued)
-------
TABLE 11. (Continued)
Monitoring Site
CoJe Number
Montana
020OOOI
0160001
09BOOOI"
1240009
1. 140001
1 J6000J
0060009
OJ00004
0060010
OJ40001
1160027
116002V
North Dakota
OOBOOOI
OU.OOOI
05600
-------
TABLE 12. AIR QUALITY MONITOIUNG SITES NEAR MINES/MINE EXPANSIONS
Site Number Location
rollutanca Honltored
K*tlMt*d rroxlMlty to HlnlDi ArM
0>
CO
Colorado (0»)
0020001 rOl
0120001 roi
0120002 roi
OKOooi roi
0240001 roi
0100001 roi
0410001 F01
4301 f. 72o4 St.
Adama (City)
Adama Co.
7*22 Crandvlew Ava.
Jefferaon Co.
W. 57th Ave. n Oarrlaon St.
Arvada
Joffaraon Co.
1611 rioremce St.
Aurora
Adama Co.
15 S. Huin St.
Brighton
Adama Co.
Courthouaa, Katon t 7th St.
Canon City
Frtwont Co.
CourtUouea
Craig
Hoffat Co.
OB00001
101 Haln St.
Flor«nc«
Frciwnt Co.
Tsr. tsor
TSr only
Sailing Index, CO, tO., UK, 0.
Uindeneed, Direction '
TSP only
isr, isor
Tsr. tso'r
isr, Bsor
06800OJ roi Fir* Station. 10th and 2nd Ava. TSP. BSOF
Durjnga
La Data Co.
OddUOOL rOl 111 K. Ird Ava.
Rlfla
Carduld Co.
0920001 roi 8th and Colorado Ava. (Courthoua«)
Craunwuod Springa
Carflald Co.
TSP. tsor
TSf.
< 20 ml. fro* CoenMrce City mining are*
~ 20 ml. from older mlnea near Boulder
rrederiek
Lafayette
< 20 ml. from older mine* Bouldar
rradarlck
Lafayette
< IS ml. from Commerce City mining
< 21 ml. from Commerce City,
Lafayette
rrederiek mining araae
*• 5 mi. north of older mining erea at
riornnce
< J ml. from mining area* Craig
Hamilton
Hoffat
Axial
~ 15 ml. from mining area near Ueiperue
At ilca of aavaral old ulnaa aaar riorance
< 10 •!!<• from mlna at Maw Caatla
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12. (Continued)
vo
Slta Nuuuar
Colorado
0980010
1000003
1000004
1120001
1300001
1420002
1520001
1320002
13)0002
1510003
1860003
18&0001
Location
Pollutanta Moultorad
Eitlutcd ProxiBlty to Mining Araa
(continued)
FOl
FOl
roi
FOl
FOl
FOl
FOl
roi
F03
F03
F03
roi
5th and Rood Sta.
Grand Junction
Meaa Co.
6 tli St. and 10th Ava.
Creelay
Ueld Co.
lac Ava. and 10th St.
Creeley
Ueld Co.
North Park High School
Jackaon Co.
CllUn Dairy
Ktd Mcaa
La Plata Co.
Centennial Walla
Littleton
Arapahoe
100 W. Pabor St.
Frulta
Meaa Co.
15 Lake a Park
Pallaada
Meaa Co.
Masa Verda National Park
Nontezuma Co.
Fire lookout Station
Monte Verda Park
Konteiuuui Co.
Black Sulphur Creek
Rio Blanco Co.
Courthouae
Meeker
Rio Blanco Co.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP,
TSP.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP
TSP.
TSP,
TSP.
BSOF
BSOF
ISOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
Wltlilo 2) •! of ~ 20 oldar Bine*
~ 1} •!. N of several oldar alaaa
< 1) Bl. lion alnlng naar Evan«( Clll, ate.
< 23 Bl. froB Coalnont and Ualdan
At alta of Btnlng In Rad Meaa
~ 30 •!. froB Comma re a City alnlng araa
At alta of old Blnaa In the north central
Meaa Co. araa
Saaia aa above
< 10 Bl. froB La Plata Co. altaa Haaparua
and Mayday
S»a a a abqye
Northaaat of Maakar naar older Blnaa
At Maakar
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12. (Continued)
Sit* Nwaber
Location
Pollutant! Monitored
KatlMtod rroxtaitt)r to Mlnlo| Area
Colorado (continued)
1860002 roi Water TreatMBt Plant
Rangely
Rio Blanco Co.
1*20001 rot 116 6th St. (Courthouae)
Steaafcoat Springe
Routt Co.
2200001 roi City lull
Johnatown
UeU Co.
-J
o
2200004
220000}
2240002
roi
roi
roi
U Salla
Weld Co.
riatteviiie
Weld Co.
70th and Ut
WeatBilnatar
Admit Co.
Montana (27)
0080006 rOi Lock wood School
' Bllllnga
Yellowetona Co.
0080006 C02 Lockwood School
Billing*
Yellowatona Co.
008000; C01
Radio Station KCUL
Bllllnga
Yellow*ton« Co.
0080008 C01 City Hall
Bllllnga
Yellowatune Co.
0080009 C01 Grand Ave. School
Bllllnga
Yellowstone Co.
TSP, BSOP
TSP. ISOP
TSP. UOP
TSP
TSP
TSP. BSOP
so,
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
At
aaac two expanding alnta
< S •!!•» (roai mint* at Staanboat Sprloga
Alao fairly claaa to Hllaar-Haydaa Blalng
— 10 ml. tram ClUraat-Plattevllla Biloea
Located at nloaelte <* •!.) la LaSalle
Located within 1 ml. of Bine
~ 20 ml fro* Coaauirca City Bine area
Within 2 •!. of older Binea near tllllnga
Sane aa above
Saaw aa above
Sane aa above
5a»e aa above
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12. (Continued)
«U«
UK ,il luu
I'ullulaiU* Honltorud
Ketleutitd Proximity ta Mining Arou
Hontan* (continued)
006003) C01 Ill-ball Trucking
lining*
Yellowstone Co.
OOU0052 FOS UlvlHlun uivl Grand
Billing*
, Yulluuutona Co.
0080053 F01 27th and Montana
Bllllnga
' ' Yellowstone Co.
0080054 F01 11th and S. 27th Ste.
Billing!
Yellowstone Co.
1360003 P03 UM Goer Hountcla
Ron«bud Co.
1360026 P03 AnliUnd Ranger District
Hueebud Co.
1360027 F02 UN Slta
Ravalll
Koaubud Co.
1360027 F03 UN Sice
Roaebiid Co.
1360028 F02 McCrae Slta
RodebuJ Co.
1360028 F02 NcCraa Site
Rombud Co. •
North Dakota (33)
0100001 FOl 213 6th St.. M.
Blaanrck
Burlalgh Co. (•»/ be too urban)
0100001 P01 21S N. 6th St.
BlBMarck
Burleigli Co.
SO,
CO. S02, N02, KMtC,
Sana ee above
CO
TSP, SO., NO
TSP
Within 2 mi. of older Blnei oear Bllllnge
Saaui a a above
Seae aa above
Sane a* above
Ulthln 20 at. of Colatrlp and Brandenbarg
Lane D««r
San* aa above
TSP, SO.. NO., TllC, mac, Hethane, Near Colatrlp. UM D««r, Brandenberg
TSP, S02. N02, Oj
TSP. CO. SO,. NO,,
Near Colitrlp. Lam. Deer, ftrandenberg
Hear Colatrlp. Lean Deer, Vrandmbarg
TSP, Soiling Index, Bete. Fluoride < ] mi. Item Mining at Blaaarck
Nitrate. Sulfate Uyilrogan loa, SO,
Sulfatlon. NO '
TSP
Sana aa above
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12. (Continued)
Site Number •
Location
rollutanta Monitored
tatlmated 'natality to Mining Araa
North Dakota (continued)
0100002
0160001
0720001
0720002
07*0001
0760001
N> 07(0002
0820001
0860001
1160001
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
FOl
South Dakota
Utah <46>
0140001
OL60001
ro2
roi
220 t. l»th St.
Blamarck
lurlalgh Co.
rolaka Angua Ranch
Bowman Co.
Radio Tower north of town
HcLaao Co.
1 mile* Ml of Waabburn
HcUan Co.
210 Jod Ava. . HU
Hundaa
Norton Co.
Water Treatment riant
Hercar Co.
Woodward Cnvlcona Tower
Mercur Co.
Tower at Parahlll
Hountrall Co.
Warren Rockenback fata
01 Ivor Co.
20} E. Broadway
Vllllaton
umiane Co.
Nona
Huntlngtun
Carbon Co.
Cadut City
Iron Co.
TSP. Bata, fluoride. Mltrata.
ftulfate Hydrogen Ion. lulJatlon
TSP, Bata, fluoride. Nitrate
Sulfat*
TSP. Beta, fluoride, (ulfata
Hydrogen Ion. Sulfaflon
TSP. Beta, fluoride. Mltrata.
Sulfate, Hydrogen, BOj. Sulfatlon,
TSP. Bata, fluoride, Mltrata.
Sulfata Uydrogea lot., SO,,
Sulfatlon. NOj *
Same aa above
Sana ae above
Sane ae abova
Sana aa above
Sana aa abova
TSr, S02
TSP. SO^
< i ml. fro* mining at Btanarck
Within 2) nl of nlua at Scraaton, Caagoyna
Cloaa la Carrlaon mining area
< 1 ml. from Uaabburn mine alte. Cloaa to
Underwood
~ 2 nl. from mining activity Handan and
Blemarek
Near Hagea
~ within 10 nl. of Ooldan Valley and Zap
Within 10 ml. of mlnee In Parahlll-Beldan
area
Within 1 nl. of nlnee at Center
In town but near older Wllllaton mine
Wlihln 10 ml. of mining complex at Helper
Caatla Cracn, ate.
Near «lta of oldar mlnea at Cedar City
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12. (Continued)
Bite Number Location
Pollutant! Honltored
EatlMtad PioiUlty to tuning ArM
Ut«b (continued)
0280003 POJ Eatery County TV Tower
taery Co.
0400001 F03 Green Canyon
Kane Co.
0400001 F03 CUn Canyon
Kane Co.
.P780001
Wyoming (52)
Price
Carbon Co.
OOoOOOl rO} Colltn. Tmnaaltter
Caaipball Co.
0080002 F03 Reno Junction
Curopbell Co.
0280001 F01 400 S. GllUtta Ave.
Gtllcite
Caapbell Co.
0320001 F01 Green Klver
Sueutuater Co.
0580001 F01 Frlv«t« reilJenc.
Kavillna
Carbon Co.
0620001 F01 416 D ridge Ava.
Hock Spring*
Sveetwatec Co.
0620002 F01 104 Uellvlew
Rock Sprlnga
Sveecuatur Co.
0620001 KOI 1516 Subletta
Kock. Springs
Svaetuater Co.
TSP
TSP. S02
TSP. S02
TSP. S02
TSP. S02. NO.
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP. SOj
TSP,
TSP
Maar »ln«a at Halpar and Prlca
Near oldar «ln«« naar Craan Canyon
N««r older nln«a near Craen Canyon
Hear llvlper, Price, Spring Craen mining
areae
Within 10 mi. at tuny nlnea In the Uyodak
area
Ulthln 10 ml. of Mining coaplex in SE
corner Caapbell Co.
Wltliin 10 ml of mining conplcx near Gillette
Within 5 miles of nine* near Rock Springe
and Green River
Within 20 "lUs of alnlng cooplax at
tUwllna-Slnclalr-Wolcott
Cloee to Blnea at Rock Springe
Sane aa above
Sane aa above
(continued)
-------
TABLE 12. (Continued)
Site Number
Pollutant* Monitored
In t leu tad Proximity to Mining Araaa
Wyoming (continued)
roi Story
Wyarno
Slier I dan Co.
0700001 rOl 212 2nd St.
Granger
Sweetwatar Co.
0700002 J02 me Plant
SueaLwatC'r Co.
0700001 J02 me Plant
Sveetwatar Co.
0700004 JQ2 me Plant
Sweetwatar Co.
0700005 J02
0700006. J02
0700007 F01
070000/ COJ
me Plant
Sweetwaler Co.
me Plant
Sweetwatar Co.
q Private reaidenta
Swaetwater Co. near Eden
Teitea Gulf
Sulfur
Sueetwater Co.
0700008 J02 T«>aa Cult
Sulfur
Swimcwacer Co.
0700009 J09 Tc>a» Gulf
Sulfur
Swe«twnter Co.
0700010 J02 Texan Culf
Sulfur
Svcetwater Co.
0700011 J02 Allied Clienlcal Co.pan/
Creua Rlvar
Swcctuatar Co.
TSF
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP, Wlnd«p««d. Wlw, Direction
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
~ 2J *1 (roai •!»•• at Wyarno
~40 ail. U of Rock Sprlnga iilniag area
Vlthla 10-20 mi. of lock Spring* Blnlng
area
Saaw a* above
SaaM aa abova
Save a* above
Within 10-20 ml. at lining coaiplax at
Rock Sptlnga
Within about 30 mi. of mining conplex at
Rock Sprlnga
Near Rock Sprlnga mining complex
Saete aa above
Same aa above
Sae>e an above
Thaie two altaa may related acre to mining
than anything elee.
(continued)
-------
Table 12. (Continued)
Situ Nunltar Location Pollutant* Hanltorad Eitlut«l Vtatlmlty to Mlnlnf Arua
Wyoming (continued)
0700012 J02 Allied Che«ic«l CoBpany TSF Naar Allied Ch««ical «lnlng complex
Svotttwutei: Co*
070001) J02 Creen River TSP Sana a< above
^j Sueetuacer Co.
Ul
0700014 J02 Graen Rivet TSP Sana a* abuv«
Sveotuater Co.
070001$ J02 Crec-n Rivet TSP Sana ai above
SvaaCuatar Co.
-------
TABLE 13. MEASURES FOR EVALUATING HEALTH STATUS, ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY, AND COMMUNITY HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
AttrlUita To
ta Evaluated
I. ttaalth Status of
th« Population
Factor* That
Should Ba Considered
Causes ol Mortality
Cauaaa of Morbidity
Currant Haalth rroblean
Ml* Requited
O\
Crude Mortality rataa
A»*. race, HI and ctuaa specific mortality rataa
Comparative Mortality rataa auch a> atandardized
Mortality ratio* (SMR'a) far various local,
county, atata. rational, or national Juris-
diction!
Relative significance of leading causes of
daaih or "proportional aortallty ratios"
(m'a) for varloua Jurisdictions
SUM a* Mortality data
Annual or aaaaonal rataa of coaaMinicabla
diaaaaaa
Annual tranda la occurranca of daoth and
diaaaaa, •(• cod cauaa (pacific
(•cant and currant outbraaka of Infcetloua
diaaaaaa
Tranda In oaa of traataant (acllltlaa by
dlacbaria dla|noala
II.
Tranda In
Population
Annual Mtaa of Population Changa
A(a Coopoaltlon of the Population
Birth ratal
tata of population Incraaa* (dacrcaaa)
Annual aatlsataa of population
Population projactlona:
»lu>rt ranga—annual projacclona for naxt
flv« yaara
long ranga—projactlona at flva yaar intervala
Age apaclflc aatlutca and projactlona aa above
III. Haalth Scrvlcaa
Public Haalth Sarvlcaa
l**raonal Hftalth S«rvlcea
Kvccnt. current, and long-ranga trenda In
occurranc« of coM»unicabl« dlaeaaca
Ratei of fatal and infant nortalfty
Hat«> of childhood diaaaaaa and deatha
Halarnal aortallty rata
Katcii of Imunlzation for comunicabla dlaeiiae
Ratttv and tranda In Morbidity and Mortality
compared with atat« and national standards
(continued)
-------
TABLE 13. (Continued)
Ac tribute To
be Evaluated
Fee turn Tint
Should Be Cunnlclarad
Dec* Required
111. Health Servlco
1. Environmental Quality
Pereoiul Health Services
Health Service Area
Delivery of Servlceu
Food Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation
Air Qunllty
Water Quality
NuUe
Type nuaber. capacity, anil accessibility of
facilities for health vervlcee
Type, nuaber, and location of personnel to
provide health aarvlcea
Delineation of prlnary dlatrlct end regional
health aervic* area
Health aervlcea utllliatlon aurveya, national
health aurvey
Recent and current outbreak! of food-borne
toxins and pathogena
Result* of inspections of food proceaalng and
food handling establishments
Kecent end current occurrence of rodent and
arthropod-borne pathogens
Condition of premises hygiene
Air quality data
Water quality data
Nolae intensity HaeureMnti
11. Coununlty Envlronnental
Service*
Muter Supply
Seuagu Dlapoeal
Type(a) of *ource(«) and capacity
Type and capacity of treatment facility
Type and capacity of water ttorage facility
Geographic extent and capacity of distribution
ayateei
Proportion of duelling unite served by eyecei
Percent of jyite* capacity uaad by system
coeiponenti
Type and capacity of treatment facility
Geographic distribution and capacity of
collecting ayateai
Type and capacity of effluent and solids disposal
systeai
Proportion of duelling units served by ayitea
Percent of eysta* capacity used by syitau
components
(continued)
-------
TABLE 13. (Continued)
Attribute To
Ba Evaluatad
Fuciora That
Should B« Conaldcrad
Data taa,ulrad
II. CMaunltjr InvlronMntal
Sarvlcaa
Solid Wait* Dlapuul
Typ« and capacity el dlapeial tj»t»m
Tjfpa and capacity at collactlni «y«t«»
Cao|taphlc covara|a of collactlng ayacn
Proportion of raaidancaa and bualp**ata
atrvad by ayataai
Parcant of ayataai capacity uaad by ayata
CO
-------
TABLE 14. TYPE OF HEALTH STATUS INFORMATION AVAILABLE
(a)
State
Morbidity
Mortality
Manpower
Facilities
Colorado
Number of reportable
diseases by county -
1977
Number of deaths by
county by selected
cause of death - 1976
& 1977
Central-NE USA
Montana (USA)
School entry Immu-
nization by county -
1977
Labor force disabil-
ity Indicators for
the state - 1970
Recordable occupa-
tional Injury & Ill-
ness for acute -
1974 & 1975
Death rates by county
1970-1976
Crude and age adjus-
ted death rates and
SMR's for selected
causes by county -
1975 & 1976 aggre-
gated.
Various measures of
Infant mortality by
county through 1976
Number of deaths
from selected causes
by county - 1976
Population to physi-
cian ratios by
county -1975
Number of MO special-
ists by USA - 1975
Number of RN's and
LPN's by field of
practice and county
of employment
Number of 4 MD spe-
cialists and popula-
tion to physician
ratios by county -
1976
Number of RN'fl by
county - 1976
Various hospital
utilization rates by
county - 1975
Hospital financial
duta by county - 1976
Nursing care and
Intermediate c.nre
facilities utiliza-
tion rates by county •
1976.
Number of general
hospital beds by
county
Number of patient
days by hospital -
1976
(continued)
-------
TABLE 1A. (Continued)
State
Morbidity
Mortality
Manpower
Facllltlea
North Dakota
Various tabulations
of reportable
diseases and Immuni-
zations
Number of deatlia
from selected causes
by county - 1975 &
1976
oo
O
Unaturn USA
Utah
Wyoming
Ntnuber of reportable
diseases by county -
1977
Number of reportable
diseases by county -
1974
Various Measures of
Infant Mortality by
county - 1976 & 1976
Death rates for 5
leading causes of
death by county -
1976
Number of deaths
from selected
causes by county -
1975
Number of deaths
front selected
causes by county -
1971-1975 (Indivi-
dual years and
aggregated)
Number of 8 health
professionals by
county
Number of 16 health
professionals by
county - 1976
Number of 14 health
professionals by
county, population
to professional
ratio for 6-1976
Various Measures of
utilization of hospi-
tals, long-tern care
facilities, custo-
dial care facilities
by facility - 1976
Various measures of
hospltallzatlon by
hospital - 1976
Several measures of
utilization of hospi-
tals and nursing care
facilities by county -
1974
(a)
Unless otherwise Indicated, Informal Ion has been obtained from State Health Departments.
-------
To obtain this information, the appropriate staff within the State
Health Departments of each of the five states were contacted, as well as
some Health Systems Agency personnel. Most of these organizations provided
the number of specific types of health professionals by geographic units,
usually by county. The aggregation of type of health personnel varied among
the agencies as did the time span for tabulations. Data on hospital
facilities including number of hospital beds and percent occupancy by
hospital or by county were also received from a large portion of the
agencies contacted. A few agencies provided similar measures for facilities
other than hospitals, such as nursing homes. No utilization measures
classified according to discharge diagnosis were received.
Morbidity Data —
Preferred indicators of health status include morbidity measures such as
incidence and prevalence rates of nonreportable, nonfatal diseases, as well
as annual and seasonal trends in rates of communicable disease. Age- and
cause-specific rates for chronic diseases of adulthood are especially
desirable indicators for geographical comparisons.
This information was requested from State Health Departments and Health
Systems Agencies. The only measure provided by the majority of agencies
contacted was the number of reportable diseases by county. Percent of
school populations immunized (by county) was provided by two agencies
contacted. In addition, this effort yielded several morbidity measures
which are more useful for economic than for epidemiological analyses, such
as functional labor force disability rates and reportable occupational
injuries and illnesses.
oray which are useful indicators of the health status of a
population are: age-, sex-, and cause-specific rates of mortality; com-
parative rates of mortality (age- and cause-specific) for comparable
geographical units; and the relative significance of leading causes of
death, that is, proportional mortality.
The same agencies (Health Departments, Health Systems Agencies) were
asked to provide this type of information. All of the agencies Contacted
provided an aggregation of number of deaths by cause and by county. How-
ever each agency aggregated the causes of death differently and used unique
tlml'spans f« tabulations. Cause-specific rates had been calculated by two
of the agencies and comparative cause-specific rates by one. None of the
agencies could provide a simultaneous tabulation by age and cause for number
of deaths by county.
The National Center for Health Statistics was also contacted to obtain
mortality data. Information received from this organization -consisted of
The numbers of deaths for 34 selected causes by county and numbers of^ea
for 69 selected causes by age, race, sex, on the state level (U.S. DHEW ,
1975).
81
-------
Calculation of SMR's—The intent of this data collection effort was to
find an indicator of health status which could be used to compare small
units within the region with one another as well as with the region as
whole. The information received from State Health Departments and Health
Systems Agencies was either not the type of data desired or it was not
organized in a consistent fashion among all the agencies, but the National
Center for Health Statistics provided a consistent data source for all
counties within the region. " This information was used in combination with
data from the Bureau of the Census to calculate a comparative mortality
rate, that is, a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) indirectly adjusted for
age, race, and sex for 11 causes of death for each county.
For the purpose of this study, 11 causes of death were chosen for
calculation of county standardized mortality ratios. The causes of death
investigated included the following: total malignant neoplasms, malignant
neoplasms of the digestive organs, malignant neoplasms of the respiratory
system, malignant neoplasms of the urinary organs, major cardiovascular
disease, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory
diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, motor vehicle accidents, and suicide and
homicide. These causes are listed in Table 15 along with their respective
ICDA numbers. Note that within the major categories of malignant neoplasms
and cardiovascular diseases, there are subdivisions. Each of these causes
was chosen either because it was a major contributor to total mortality or
because it may in some way be related to impacts of extensive expansion of
mining. For example, malignant neoplasms of the digestive system or urinary
organs may be related to water pollution from mining, motor vehicle
accidents to transportation problems, and cirrhosis or suicide and homicide
to socioeconomic impacts of mining expansion. There was a constraint,
however, in that rare conditions could not be considered due to small
populations at risk.
Since this area is not typical of the united States as a whole for the
causes of death of interest, age-race-sex specific mortality rates for this
five-state area, (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, Utah) were used
for standardization rather than using the rates of the United States as a
whole. As illustrated in Table 16, the area has lower death rates for
malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease, while death rates for
suicide and homicide, and motor vehicle accidents are somewhat higher in
this area than in the United States. Sixteen death rates were calculated
for each of the 11 causes of death, one for each age «25, 25-44, 45-64,
>64), race (white, nonwhite) and sex group. The total number of deaths in
the five-state area from a given cause in a given age-race-sex category was
divided by the size of the population in the corresponding category for the
five-state area to derive age-race-sex specific rates for the standard
population. These rates were then used to indirectly adjist the crude,
cause-specific county mortality rates, as described below.
An SMR was calculated for each of the 11 causes for each county by
dividing the observed number of deaths by the expected number of deaths.
The observed number of deaths was obtained by averaging the annual number of
deaths for a given county and cause for the years 1974, 1975, and 1976. The
82
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TABLE 15. CAUSES OF DEATH FOR STUDY
Descriptor
ICDA No.
Malignant Neoplasms
M.N. of Digestive Organs
M.N. of Respiratory System
M.N. of Urinary Organs
Major Cardiovascular Disease
Ischemic Heart Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Influenza, Pneumonia,
Bronchitis, Emphysema,
and Asthma
Cirrhosis
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Suicide, Homicide
140-209
150-159
160-163
188, 189
390-448
410-413
430-438
470-474
480-486
490-493
571
E810-E823
E950-E978
83
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TABLE 16. COMPARISON OF CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATES (PER 100,000) IN WESTERN STATES AND
UNITED STATES TOTAL
00
Disease Category
Malignant Neoplasms
Cardiovascular Diseases
lachemic Heart Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Respiratory Diseases
Cirrhosis
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Suicide-Homicide
Age-Sex-Race
Adjusted Rate for
Five Western States,
• 1974-1976
153.9
434.2
267.4
94.8
52.2
17.3
32.5
25.2
U.S. Total Rate,
1975
171.7
455.8
301.7
91.1
38.1
14.8
21.5
22.7
Ratio of Western
States to U.S. Total
0.896
0.953
0.886
1.041
1.370
1.169
1.512
1.110
-------
expected number of deaths was derived by applying the age-race-sex specific
rates for a given cause of death in the standard population (Appendix C,
Table 1) to the age-race-sex population distribution of the county. County
population distributions were available in the 1970 Bureau of the Census
reports. The 1970 distribution proportions were applied to the 1975 county
population totals in order to estimate the 1975 age-race-sex structure.
This serves to make the observed and expected deaths more consistent in the
years for which the numbers were calculated.
SMR's are presented in Appendix C, Table 2. The geographic distri-
butions of these values are presented in Figures 4 through 14. From
observational comparisons of these distributions to the distribution of
mining activity in the area (illustrated in Figures 2 and 3), it appears
that the only disease categories elevated in the areas currently impacted by
mining are motor vehicle accidents, cirrhosis, and perhaps suicide-homicide.
However, more rigorous analyses are required to adequately assess the effect
of mining activity on county mortality.
While the SMR can be used to compare the cause-specific mortality of
each county with that of the region as a whole, comparisons of the SMR's
between counties are not valid due to the variability in age distributions.
That the SMR for one county is greater than the SMR for a second county does
not necessarily imply that the risk of death in the first county is greater
than the risk of death in the second.
An alternative method for comparing mortality experiences between
counties was to classify SMR's qualitatively and examine the effect of
mining by log-linear analysis. For each cause of death, the significance of
the departure of a county's SMR from its expected value of one (1.0) under
the null hypothesis was tested by X2 with one degree of freedom. Here
X2 equals the observed minus expected deaths squared divided by expected
deaths. County SMR's were then classified as significantly higher,
significantly lower, or not significantly different from expected at p <0.1.
The distribution of these quantile levels of mortality experience were
compared across counties to determine the effect of mining activity on
cause-specific mortality.
Two factors, the extent of current mining operations and the percent of
the work force employed in mining, were used to define the mining activity
of a county. Current mining production was not considered a sufficient
indicator of a county population's involvement in mining since mining
employees may in fact reside in counties without mining operations. A third
factor, percent of the population employed in manufacturing, was included in
the analyses because of its possible confounding effect. Activities and
exposures associated with manufacturing may also affect mortality due to the
causes examined and thus may mask or enhance differences if not taken into
account.
Current mining production consisted of three levels: no current mining,
one current mining operation and more than one current mine. After ex-
amining the distribution of mining and manufacturing employment, low and
85
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I I 0.000 - 0.699
0.700 - 0.829
0.830 - 0.929
0.930 - 1.029
1.030 * OVER
Figure 4. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
malignant neoplasms (total) in EPA Region VIII
-------
0.000 - 0.569
//A 0.570 - 0.769
0.770 - 0.999
1.000 - 1.179
1.160 + OVER
Figure 5. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
malignant neoplasms of the digestive aysteui in EPA
Region VIII
-------
oe
00
j 0.000 - 0.539
V/A 0.510 - 0.719
0.750 - 0.939
0.910 - I.I79
I.I60 * OVER
Figure 6. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
malignant neoplasms of Che respiratory system in
Region VIII.
-------
0.000 - 0.189
0.190 - 0.649
0.650 - 0.919
0.950 - 1.399
1.400 * OVER
-------
0.000 - 0.789
0.790 - 0.869
0.870 - 0.956
0.960 - I.OS9
1.060 » OVEK
Figure 8. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
major cardiovascular disease in EPA Region VIII
-------
I 0.000 - 0.709
Y/A 0.710 - 0.819
KAAJ 0.820 - 0.939
w.
0.910 - 1.079
1.080 * OVCR
Figure 9. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
ischemic heart disease in EPA Region VIII
-------
..,
r .
- 0.609
- 0.719
- 0.889
890 1.0/9
I.OHO * ovLR
Figure 10. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
cerebrovascular disease in liPA Region VIII
-------
I I 0.000 - 0.539
0.510 - 0.739
Q.740 - 0.929
I.210 * OVER
Figure 11. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
respiratory diseases in EPA Region VIII
-------
0.000 - 0.139
0.140 - 0.429
0.430 - 0.709
0.710 - 1.039
1.010 * OVER
Figure 12. Geographic, distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
cirrhosis in EPA Region VIII
-------
0.000 - 0.759
0.760 - 0.989
0.990 - 1.319
1.320 - 1.869
1.870 + OVER
Figure 13. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to motor
vehicle accidents in EPA Region VIII
-------
000 - 0.369
0.370 - 0.679
;>ixl 0.680 - 0.899
Y&M 0.900 - t.259
I.260 « OVER
Figure 14. Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to suicide
and homicide in EPA Region VIII
-------
high levels were set at less than five percent and greater than or equal to
five percent of the work force employed respectively.
Of the 11 causes of death examined by log-linear analysis, motor vehicle
accidents was the only cause for which SMR categories appeared to depart
from expected, although total logit variation did not quite reach the .05
level of significance. Examination of the summary results presented in
Table 17 reveal significant differences across levels of current mining
production. No effects from mining employment and no significant inter-
action effects were observed. Table 18 shows the distribution of SMR
categories across levels of current mining. Estimates of the log-linear
parameters divided by their standard errors indicate that significantly
fewer high SMR's (and significantly more nonsignificant SMR's) are found in
counties with no current mining operations. Frequency distributions for SMR
categories by mining activity factors for each cause of death are presented
in Appendix C.
TABLE 17. RESULTS OF LOG-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF SMR
CATEGORIES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
Summary of Logit Analysis
Source df Component
Due to Current Mining Activity (C)
Due to Mining Employment (M)
Due to Manufacturing
Employment (F)
Due to Interaction (CxM)
Due to Interaction (CxF)
Due to Interaction (MxF)
Due to Interaction (CxMxF)
Total Logit Variation
4
2
2
4
4
2
4
22
13.45
4.39
5.45
2.13
3.96
0.74
2.25
32.37
.01
.12
.07
.75
.43
.69
.69
.07
TABLE 18. DISTRIBUTION OF SMR CATEGORIES FOR MOTOR
VEHICLE ACCIDENTS ACROSS LEVELS OF
CURRENT MINING OPERATIONS
SMR
HIGH NS LOW
Current Mining Operations None 14 151 9
1 7 16 1
>1 6 20 0
97
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There are two relevant conclusions which can be drawn from these
comparisons. First, there are no areas within this region with blatantly
unusual patterns of mortality; the area is reasonably uniform in terms of
the health status of the population, although small populations allow for
some large perturbations in SMR's. Second, more detailed information on
health status must be obtained in order to examine specific areas such as
"commmities within the region.
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SECTION 4
CRITIQUE OF DATA QUALITY
COAL MINING ACTIVITIES
Conclusions
In addressing the quality of the available data, current and future
mining can be considered jointly. The coal mining tabulations used in this
report are the most accurate comprehensive listings available, but still
suffer from certain inadequacies. The major problem is the changing
operational status of current mines (start-ups and shut-downs) and uncertain
development of future mines. As noted earlier, marginally viable mining
operations are sensitive to slight fluctuations in the cost of coal and
transportation, so that a mine listed as producing currently may actually
produce only sporadically. Future coal production is even more tentative.
Changing environmental protection standards, water availability, and
competition for resources all serve to make proposed coal mining uncertain.
In addition to these problems, the characteristics of the mines are not
likely to be perfectly accurate (e.g., location, chemical characteristics of
the coal). Finally, production of current mines could not be quantified in
many instances.
Recommendations
The solutions to all of these problems rely on obtaining information
specific to each mine. The mine operators or developers could verify some-
of the descriptive information on the mine and at least estimate the
production and the likelihood of implementing any future plans. Contact
with the local authorities responsible for environmental protection, water
usage, etc., would be a useful supplement to the mine owners' data. It is
obviously not essential to pursue such information on every mine, but those
of greatest relevance should be studied in such a manner.
IMPACTED COMMUNITIES
Conclusions
The approach taken to identify mining-Impacted areas (both current and
future) was intended to be an initial screening and is adequate for that
purpose. The characterization of the areas in terms of demographic, social,
and economic characteristics is rather crude, and definitely inadequate for
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>ny detailed analysis. There are two major problems. First, the available
data is,not sufficiently detailed. For example, the employees in a county
engaged in manufacturing is available, but not a breakdown into such
categories as metal smelting, chemical production, etc. Second, most of the
information is tabulated on a county basis and not on the community level.
In these large, sparsely populated counties, the county's average for a
given variable may be a poor approximation for the community of interest.
Recommendations
The only approach to overcoming this data insufficiency is to obtain
community-level data on a site-by-site basis. ~ That is, for those communi-
ties of special interest, the local authorities should be contacted directly
to obtain the desired demographic, social, and economic data. The goals of
this study do not, however, suggest that this process be carried out for
every coal-impacted community.
WATER QUALITY
Conclusions
Monitoring data are available regarding the quality of surface water,
groundwater, and public water supplies in or near mining-impacted
communities. Not only does the amount and quality of the data vary
considerably between those three types of data, but also their relevance
from a human health standpoint differs.
As indicated, comprehensive data on surface water is available only for
recent years (1975 to present). Monitoring sites, in general, are well
placed with respect to locations of the mines such that mining impacts on
water quality, if present, should be detected. The frequency of sampling
and the constituents monitored at each site are appropriate and should
provide adequate quantitative data for studies of potential ecological
effects of mining. Potential human health effects are linked to surface
water quality only indirectly, since surface water is normally treated by
various methods (filtration, sedimentation, chlorination, iron removal, pH
adjustment, etc.) prior to human consumption. Due to the limited knowledge
of the effects of water treatment on levels of various constituents of
finished water, data on the chemical composition of raw (surface) waters
provide only a rough indicator of the actual doses of these constituents
present in drinking water. There is little historical data on water
quality, so past exposure levels in most communities cannot even be
estimated reasonably.
Present groundwater data are especially deficient in providing infor-
mation on levels of specific constituents. Extensive well-sampling programs
are underway but the emphasis of these programs is on the quantity of water
available rather than its quality. Little can be said about human exposures
from groundwater except where wells are the source of public water supplies.
100
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The specific source(s) of drinking water can be identified for most
communities by means of the Inventory of Public Water Supplies (U.S. EPA,
1978). This has been done for all potentially impacted communities as shown
in Appendix D, Table 1. Municipal water treatment plants routinely analyze
samples of finished water for chlorine, fluoride, and bacteria in accordance
with their own quality control procedures and state health department
requirements. Turbidity, pH, color, iron, hardness, and alkalinity are also
monitored by most plants. The water poses a nuisance to facilities or
equipment or elicits complaints from consumers unless these parameters are
kept within certain limits. Substances such as heavy metals or organics,
while potentially important from a human health standpoint, tend only to be
spot-checked at infrequent intervals (i.e., in accordance with Safe Drinking
Water Act provisions).
Recommendations
Comprehensive analyses of tap water are nonexistent for these mining
communities. Clearly, sampling of treated drinking water is essential if
human exposure levels are to be established. Protocols for systematic
sampling of tap water need to be developed as part of any epidemiologic study
of mining impacts. Particular emphasis should be placed on securing
baseline exposure data for a wide range of potential pollutants, possibly by
means of a pilot program. Pilot program results could suggest the most
efficient and economical sampling protocol for future studies and/or
document excessive exposure levels in specific communities or areas.
AIR QUALITY
Conclusions
Air quality has not traditionally been a major concern in the sparsely
populated western coal mining areas, and the region's air has not been
sampled intensively. Although the number of sites listed in Table 12 is
fairly large, most of these monitors are distant from the mines. A single
monitor located several miles away gives little indication of such critical
factors as which direction the mine-related air emissions travel and where
roads or railroad tracks are located relative to the air sampler. Locating
the monitors in population centers is certainly a rational means of identi-
fying human exposures, but it reveals little about the role of coal mining
on air quality. Also, the recent initiation of monitoring in many of these
areas limits one's ability to ascertain parallel changes in mining and air
quality over time.
The second major consideration concerns the chemicals which are analyzed
at the stations listed in Table 12. Almost all stations monitor TSP, which
is consistent with a focus on coal mining particulate emissions. Even
monitors several miles from a mine would detect dramatic increases in
particulate matter. Very little else, however, is monitored. Many of the
air quality changes consequent to population influx, industrial processes,
and coal burning would not be detected with the current sampling network.
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Several other problems are Inherent in the lack of specificity of TSP.
Natural sources of particulates (e.g., from dust storms) are not distin-
guishable from mine-related or other sources of particulates. In addition,
a variety of toxic substances are associated with participate matter, e.g.,
cadmium. The variability in chemical composition (and thus variability in
chemical toxicity) of particulates is not reflected in aggregate measures of
TSP. _ '_
Recommendations
The recommendations to be made for air quality monitoring depend on the
purpose for which the data are desired. In order to fully understand the
nature of air pollutants generated by coal mining and related activities,
the number of monitors would have to be greatly expanded. Other sources of
pollution (motor vehicles, industries) would necessitate expansion of the
number of air pollutants analyzed. If the focus is protection of health
rather than characterizing air quality per se, then current monitoring
should continue to be close to population centers. Baseline conditions are
relatively pristine in most areas, however, and it is very unlikely that any
long-term excursions above standards will occur. The TSP monitoring which
is done would indicate any dramatic changes in air in the population
centers. Thus, until new population centers arise or other major sources of
air pollution are created, the current network of stations will adequately
survey human exposures in the area.
HEALTH STATUS
This section addresses the adequacy of the accessible data used to
characterize the health status of the population. The goal was to acquire
data which could be used to compare and contrast small geographical units
within the region, covering health services information, morbidity data, and
mortality data. In this section, each of these categories is addressed
again, supplying conclusions from data acquired thus far, and recommending
means of acquiring more desirable information. Table 19 summarizes this
section.
Health Services Information
Conclusions—
The number of health professionals per county was obtained for most of
the area. However, the forms of aggregation of health personnel by the
agencies yielded incongruent categories. In addition, time spans utilized
for tabulations varied among the agencies from which information was
received. Numbers of hospital beds and occupancy rates by hospital or
county were received for a large portion of the five-state area. This
information can be used to describe health care systems of individual
counties, and to plan health policy and funding within a county. However,
since it is not consistent in terms of measurements, this information could
102
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TABLE 19. ADEQUACY OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE
STATE LEVEL FOR EVALUATING HEALTH STATUS
Data Required
Data Obtained
Mortality
2
Morbidity
Use of
Health Facilities
Age and cause specific
rates of mortality
Comparative rates of
mortality
Incidence and prevalence
rates of various diseases
Utilization rates by dis-
charge diagnoses
Numbers of deaths from
selected causes
Age adjusted rates for
specific causes for two
USA's out of seven such
agencies contacted
SMR's for one HSA
Numbers of reportable
diseases and percent of
school population immu-
nized
Measures of utilization
such as number of patient
days, percent occupancy,
number of beds available
-------
not be used for such purposes as comparison of availability or accessibility
of health care in different areas.
Bee ommendations—
The desired measures of health services information have been discussed
previously (Table 13). They are: (1) the type, number, capacity, and
accessibility of health services facilities by community; (2) the type,
number, and location of personnel to provide health services; and (3) trends
in the use of treatment facilities by discharge diagnosis. It would not be
feasible to collect this information on a systematic basis for the whole
western coal region. Such an effort, however, would be reasonable if it
included only those communities selected for detailed analyses. This data
could be obtained via a survey of health care facilities and personnel in
the community and an analysis of hospital discharge data and physician's
office records. This could be accomplished simultaneously with analyses of
hospital and office records for the purpose of obtaining morbidity data.
Morbidity Data
Conclusions-- -- _ . .._ ...._.
The agencies contacted for morbidity data provided numbers of cases of
reportable diseases by county and percent of school populations immunized.
This type of information is important for some purposes (e.g. , monitoring
and controlling infectious diseases), but generally does not lend itself
well to descriptions of the health status of small areas nor to the study of
epidemiological relationships in these areas. These types of diseases and
conditions are no longer major contributors to disability within the United
States.
Recommendations—
Measures of morbidity which are more desirable for the purpose of this
program are incidence and prevalence rates of those nonreportable, nonfatal
chronic diseases of adulthood such as hypertension and chronic bronchitis
(see Table 13). These types of diseases are more significant contributors
to poor health in modern society than are communicable diseases, and are
more likely to be affected by coal mining activities. Since it appears that
such information has not been aggregated on any area-wide basis, it is
suggested that data of this nature be secured for selected communities via
analysis of hospital discharge data and physicians' office records. A
household health survey could supply additional information of this nature.
Incidence and prevalence rates of site-specific tumors can also be
useful Indicators of an area's health status. Such data could be acquired
for community or county units by searching computer-recorded statistics from
state tumor registries or the Third National Cancer Survey conducted by the
National Cancer Institute which included the entire state of Colorado
(Williams et al., 1977).
104
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Mortality Data
Conclusions—
All of the agencies from whom mortality data were requested provided an
aggregation of number of deaths by cause of death and by county. However,
each State Health Department or Health Systems Agency aggregated the causes
'into different categories and used unique time spans for its tabulations.
Actual rates (as opposed to counts) were calculated by only a few of these
agencies and tabulations of rates by age, cause, and county of death were
calculated by none. Therefore, since this mortality data was not congruent
throughout the region, it could not be employed to characterize the health
status of county units in the region. The information obtained from the
National Center for Health Statistics did, however, provide congruent
area-wide tabulations of deaths on the county level (U.S. DHEW, 1975). This
was used to calculate cause-specific standardized mortality ratios, which
permit useful descriptive comparisons of the area on the county level.
Excess mortality from specific causes can be detected using this
information, and the relationship between these anomalies and various social
or demographic characteristics (as possible explanations) can be explored.
Recommendations—
Although the calculated SMR's are useful for broad comparisons, the
identification of subtler problems in specific geographical areas
(communities) would require more detailed information. Examples would
include site-specific cancer death rates, and more detailed divisions of
cardiovascular disease deaths. Apparently, the only way to provide a more
detailed data set of this nature would be to sort through death certificates
manually. This would be a costly and time-consuming procedure, and,
therefore, it is not recommended that such a task be undertaken for the
entire region. Study of selected communities in this manner might be
worthwhile. The procedures recommended previously for gathering further
morbidity data, however, would provide a superior basis for characterizing
and comparing the health status of specific communities.
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SECTION 5
SITE SELECTION PROCESS
RATIONALE
The overall objective of this research program is the selection of one
or more commmities which will be impacted by increased coal mining. This
is the first major step in evaluating the potential for adverse health
effects as a consequence of this activity. Since there is a focus on
drinking water-based impacts, the selected communities should include some
which are subject to coal mining pollution in water and others which are
not. This would serve to Isolate the water-mediated effects of coal
development on health.
Compilation of health and environmental quality data on communities with
developing mines and current mines will provide a baseline for conducting
prospective studies of environmental changes and health consequences of coal
mining activities. Research efforts up to this time have been directed
toward characterizing the entire western coal region in order to identify
specific sites that are representative of the area. Effort has also been
devoted to identifying communities which would be eligible as potential
study sites. The characterization of the region and the initial steps taken
in selecting a coal-impacted community were described in earlier sections.
Site selection began with the Identification of all communities within a
20-mile radius of a current or developing mine. Those communities with
fewer than 1,000 residents were subsequently eliminated because it was felt
that they were too small to be suitable for retrospective epidemiological
studies. A larger study population is needed to derive reliable estimates
of morbidity and mortality rates and provide Information on some of the more
uncommon conditions that may occur very infrequently in small populations.
The remainder of this section describes additional steps that were taken in
order to choose sites that are adequate for the purposes of this study.
Each criterion for elimination of candidates is explained and the new list
yielded from that elimination step is included.
CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION
Population Size
Only communities with more than 1,000 residents were included in the
list of eligible study sites as it appears in Tables 6 and 7. Communities
were excluded if they had a population greater than 30,000 are were a
106
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suburb of a city of greater than 30,000. It was believed that larger
communities would have many confounding factors affecting the health of the
population. For example, a large amount of traffic contributes considerably
to air pollution and may conceal any such contribution from mining activity.
A large community is more likely to have varied bases for its economy.
There may be several primary industries, any or all of which may have a
significant impact on the health of the population. It would be extremely
difficult to associate community health problems directly with mining in
such an area. In addition to the multiple types of industrial activity,
urbanization itself has an impact on health status. Most importantly, urban
communities are rather unrepresentative of this generally rural area.
The list of communities with populations greater than 1,000 and less
than 30,000 (and not a suburb of a community of greater than 30,000) is
shown in Table 20. These communities were subsequently evaluated on the
nature of their public water supply and the spatial relationship between
mining activity and the drinking water source.
Community Water Supply
The second criterion in screening study site candidates was the nature
of the public water supply system. Acceptability was defined as a single-
source surface water supply. This was based on several considerations.
Groundwater sources were eliminated since there is much less pollutant
mobility in groundwater than in surface water. With less movement, the
impacts of the mining effluents in water systems would not be transmitted to
as large an area, and might not be transmitted at all, depending on the
location of the water table and geological formations in the area in
relation to the location of the coal deposits. In addition, there was
virtually no information on baseline chemical conditions for groundwater.
The single-source requirement is based on a need to categorize communities
clearly into exposed/unexposed relative to mining, rather than allowing
for communities with partially impacted water systems. In addition,
interpretation of chemical analyses of water quality would be complicated if
the water input were derived from several sources.
This requirement of a single source surface water supply resulted in a
substantial decrease in study site candidates (Table 19). Acceptable
communities number 15 in Colorado, and 4 in Wyoming.
Location of Mining Activity Relative to Drinking Water Source
The final major criterion is not actually a basis for eliminating
candidate communities, but rather a basis for dichotomizing the 19 communi-
ties listed in Table 21. In order to be considered a- study community (one
which would be expected to demonstrate water-mediated health effects from
mining), coal mining must exist within 20 miles upstream from the community
water intake, and drinking water supplies must be drawn from the impacted
river or stream downstream from the mine. Communities with downstream
107
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TABLE 20. COMMUNITIES WITHIN 20 MILES OF
MINING WITH MORE THAN 1,000 AND
FEWER THAN 30,000 RESIDENTS
-------
TABLE 21. COMMUNITIES WITHIN 20 MILES OF
MINING WITH MORE THAN 1,000 AND
FEWER THAN 30,000 RESIDENTS WHICH
ARE SERVED BY A SINGLE-SOURCE
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
COLORADO
Berthoud Lafayette
Canon City Louisville
Craig . Lyons
Delta Meeker
Durango Rangely
Erie Steamboat Springs
Evans Walsenburg
Hayden
WYOMING
Green River
Kemmerer
Rock Springs
Sheridan
109
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or "off-stream" mining, and those whose water was not obtained from the
impacted source, are considered control sites (those which would not be
expected to demonstrate water-mediated health effects). Table 22 shows that
there are far more in the group of potential control sites (15) than in the
group of potential study sites (four).
FINAL" SITE SEU5CXIOIT
Based on the preceding steps, the candidates in Table 23 were derived.
Since the ultimate study sites will be selected from this list, an effort
was made to characterize these communities in some detail. In fact, all the
pertinent information which could easily be obtained from published data
sources was utilized in compiling Table 23.
There are two purposes to compiling this array of information: (1)
desirable and undesirable features of the communities for study purposes can
be easily identified, and (2) matching of sets of the communities can be
carried out using the characteristics in the table as criteria. For the
latter purpose, the items were categorized (Table 24). This facilitates
comparisons among the communities by making identification of approximate
equivalence a simple task of matching the numbers. With this layout of the
information, the similarities and differences between any pair of commu-
nities are easily identified. Finally, the geographic location of these
communities is depicted in Figure 15.
In order to confirm the accuracy of the list, the 19 study site
candidates were re-examined in detail on two criteria. First, the nature of
the drinking water source and its location relative to the mining activity
were clarified by contacting the municipal water suppliers. Coal mine
locations were verified using the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1978 information.
Second, the degree of urbanization in areas surrounding study site candi-
dates was subjectively evaluated for its representativeness of western
mining areas. Factors given consideration in this evaluation were county
population density and proximity to a large city.
The clarification of the nature of the drinking water source and its
location in relation to the mining activity produced several changes in the
list of study site candidates. It was discovered that Kemmerer, Wyoming
could not be considered a study site as originally believed. Careful
examination of the local geography indicated that the mining activity was
downstream from the community's water intake. Consequently, Kemmerer was
changed to the category "control community." Meeker, Colorado, in Rio
Blanco County and Durango, Colorado, in LaPlata County were eliminated from
the list when it was discovered that their drinking water source was
groundwater. Walsenburg, Colorado, (Huerfano County) and Delta, Colorado,
(Delta County) were eliminated because they had multiple-source drinking
water supplies.
110
-------
TABLE 22. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COAL MINING AND
DRINKING WATER IN COMMUNITIES WITHIN
20 MILES OF COAL MINING WITH MORE THAN
1,000 AND FEWER THAN 30,000 RESIDENTS
AND WITH A SINGLE-SOURCE SURFACE WATER
SUPPLY
Study Communities Control Communities
Colorado Colorado
Craig Berthoud
Hayden Canon City
Rangely Delta
Durango
Wyoming Erie
Evans
Kemmerer Lafayette
Louisville
Lyons
Meeker
Steamboat Springs
Walsenburg
Wyoming
Green River
Rock Springs
Sheridan
111
-------
TABLE 23. STUDY SITE CANDIDATES(a>: ESTIMATED MINING, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Area Coil Mlnliig
Current
Sit*
Typ*(c) to
nnage(d)
Projected
Tonnage (a)
Percent
Annual
Clum(« In
Per Capita
1975 Population. Income. 1974
Population
1970-1975
(dollara)
Coal-Baaed
Population
Penalty In
Eleectrlclty County Latitude
Production («Ua)
Current
Future (')
(pereona/ (naareat
•4 •
1) degree)
STUDY COMMUNITIES
COU>HADO
Craig
Hayden
langely
WYOM1MC
Keawerir
Mixed
Surface
Mixed
Surface
2.7
10.1
o'
4.1
J.8
1J.Z
3.7
9.5
5.426
1.338
1.792
2.458
5.5
14.4
2.4
1.0
4,833
S.492
4.526
4,578
ISO
ISO
0
710
1,956
1.956
550
1,540
1
1
1
2
41
41
40
42
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
COLORADO
Borthoud
Canon City
Belt
Dura go
Erie
Evan
Lafa «tta
Loul villa
Lyon
Mock r
Steavboat Springe
Uala«itburg
KYOH1MC
Green River
Ruck Springe
Sheridan
(a) Criteria for
Underground
Mixed
Mixed
Uni)er|round
Mixed
Underground
Mixed
MUed
Mixed
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground
Mixed
Surface
Inclualon In thle
a elngla-eource eurfaca water
InrliuUtll all
•Inlng within 20
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0
7.5
0.3
0
1.4
11. 5
category
aupply.
•llaa and
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
in
0.3
1.6
11.3
47.0
aret (I) coal
all Hlnea In a
2.651
12.791
3.632
11.771
.662
.455
.686
,141
,»93
.986
.011
.018
7.423
17,771
11.617
•Inlng within
cluat«r that
15.
1.
-0.
2.
10.
f
f
t
t
,
• .4
14.6
10.0
1.3
20 -llea, (2)
4,310
1,658
1.519
4.149
3.651
4.147
4.430
4.487
3,481
4.206
6.219
4,432
4.937
5.358
4.551
population
la within 20 eillea at Ita
0
43
0
6
267
0
267
267
267
0
180
11
16
516
8
greater than
cloaeat point
0
43
0
0
246
0
246
246
246
0
436
11
15
2,015
508
1,000 and leae
34
14
11
11
22
22
176
176
176
1
1
4
2
2
1
than
; current production
40
38
39
37
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
37
42
42
45
lO.OOO. and (1)
wae aasuaed to
continue unleau otherwlae noted; unavailable data were aaaumed to indicate no production.
(c) The pre-tonlniint type of nlnlng In the area la Hated; "nliieil" la Riven when neither type clearly predoxlnatea.
(d) Illgheat In yeara 1975-1979 (•llllouo of toin per year).
(e) Illglieat In 1980 or later (ullllona of tona per y«ur).
(f) Future value In the eatleuitcj production after existing expansion planl have been Implemented.
-------
TABLE 24. CODED PRESENTATION OF STUDY SITE CHARACTERISTICS FROM TABLE 21
(a)
Current Projected
Site Typed*) Output (c> Output*'1)
1975
Population'*)
Rate of
Change lit
Population,
1970-1975<"
Pur Capita
Incowt* .
1974 W
Coal-Baaed
Klectrlulty
Production
Current*"'
Future'1'
Population
DxnaltyO)
UtltuUe")
STUDY COMMUNITIES
COL.OKA1H)
Craig
Hayden
Range ly
WVOMINC
Ron.erer
COLORADO
burthoud
Canon City
Delta
Durango
Erie
tvuny
Lafayette
l.ouUvllU
l.yonu
Huuker
Steamboat Sprlnga
WaleeitUurg
UVOHIMB
Cretin River
Hock Spring*
Sherldun
H 2 3
S 3 3
M I 2
S 2 3
U
H
H
U
H
U
H
M
M
U
S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
S 1 1
.
U 1 2
N 2 3
S 3 3
3
1
1
2
CONTROL
2
4
2
4
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
4
4
2
3
1
2
COMMUNITIES
3
2
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
I
3
1
4
4
3
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
. 1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
3
4
(a) All of Tahiti 2J'» footnotes are applicable; unltu in footnotes c-k. correupond to thane In Table 23.
(b) U - Underground; S • surface; H - mixed surface and underground. («) I - 0-J.999; 2 - 4,000-4,999; 3 - 5,000-K
(c) 1 - 0-0.S; 2 - 0.6-S.O; 3 • 5.1*. (h) 1 • 0-50j 2 - 51-500; 3 - SOOt.
(d) 1 - 0-0.5i 2 - 0.6-5.0; 3 - S.1+. (1) 1 • 0-50; 2 • 51-500; 3 - 500-1,000; 4 • 1.000+.
(e) I - 1,000-1,999; 2 - 2,000-3,999j 3 - 4,000-5.999; 4 - 6,000+. (J) 1 - SI; 2 " 2-7; 3 - 8-35; 4 • (176).
(f) 1 - <3; 2 - 3-6; 3 - >6. M 1 - 37-3B; 2 - 39-40; 3 - 41-42; 4 - 43+.
-------
2Q> V -H ""
-• .»Ht»< .• *
i*on r* • e«*rirtp -X
- r / *M« ^UA
1 Craig
2 Hayden
3 Rangely
4 Kesmerer
5 Berthoud
6 Canon City
7 Delta
3 Durango
9 Eri*
10 Evans
11 Lafayecce
12 Louisville
13 Lyoas
14 Meeker
15 Steamboat Springs
16 Ual»enburg
17 Green River
18 Rock Springs
19 Sheridan
Figure 15. Locations of 19 study site candidates
114
-------
Evaluation of the degree of urbanization lead to the elimination of the
following Colorado communities: Berthoud in Larimer County; Erie,
Lafayette, Louisville, and Lyons in Boulder County; and Evans in Weld
County. All of these areas are unrepresentative of western mining areas due
to their proximity to the Boulder metropolitan area.
The revised list of study site candidates is presented in Table 25,
along with pertinent information about each community. There are two
purposes to compiling this array of information: desirable and undesirable
features of the communities for study purposes can be easily identified, and
matching of sets of the communities can be carried out using the character-
istics in the table as criteria. For the latter purpose, the items were
made categorical (Table 26). This facilitates comparisons among the
communities by making identification of approximate equivalence a simple
task of matching the numbers. With this layout of the information, the
similarities and differences between any pair of communities are easily
identified.
DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF STUDY SITE CANDIDATES
The nine remaining study sites have been examined in much greater
detail. The location and status of mining were verified, and data on
drinking and surface water quality parameters were tabulated.
The location and status of mining were verified by re-examining original
information sources. These sources included MILS (U.S. Bureau of Mines,
1978), U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 8719 (Corsentino, 1976)
and 8772 (Rich, 1978), and the Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977). All available mining information was compiled in Table 25. In this
table, all of the mines near each of the communities are listed along with
data on that mine. The column titled "Dot No." in Table 27 refers to
mapping that was done on large detailed county maps (these maps are
discussed further below).
As discussed in Section 3, Research Methodology, surface water quality
data were acquired from the U.S. Geological Survey for many water monitoring
sites considered to be mining impacted or near communities considered to be
mining impacted. A list of the monitoring sites relevant to the nine
remaining communities was tabulated (Table 28) and the chemical analyses
were summarized (Tables 29-35). This included all monitors in the same
county as the community of interest and on the same stream from which the
community derives its public water supply. Water quality parameters in-
cluded were those which were believed to be potentially related to mining or
health and/or recorded for drinking water. The site number refers to the
location of that monitor on the detailed maps mentioned previously. The
distance, in miles, of the monitor from the community drinking water intake
is also provided.
The drinking water quality data is given in Tables 36 through 43 for
each community, and Table 44 summarizes this information. Analyses of
115
-------
TABLE 25. STUDY SITE CANDIDATES(a): ESTIMATED MINING, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
sit*
STUDY COMMUNITIES!
Colorado
Craig
llayden
Rangely
CUNTKOL COMMUNITIES
Colorado
Canon City
Steamboat Springs
Wy
Mined
Surface
Mixed
Mixed
Surface
Underground
Surkace
Mixed
Surface
r supply.
i Coal Mining.
Current.
Tonnage l<"
2.7
10.1
0
0.1
7.5
0
4.1
3.4
11. 5
»)
Projected 1975
Tonnag*(*> Population
3.8
15.2
1.7
0.1
12.4
1.6
9.5
13.3
47.0
5.426
1,138
1.792
12,791
1,011
7.421
2,658
17.7J3
11,617
I within 20 Miles
Percent
Annual
Cliang* In
Population,
1970-1975
5.1
14.4
2.4
3.1
S.I
14.6
3.0
10.0
1.3
Population
Denelty In
Per Capita Coal-Based Electricity County
Incosn, 197
(dollara)
4,811
5.492
4.S26
1,658
6.219
4.937
4,378
5.158
4,351
(2) population greater
4 Production <*Me)
Current
180
180
0
43
180
16
710
516
8
then 1,000 end
VututeU>
1936
1956
530
41
436
15
1540
201S
508
le*e than
(persons/
•q •!>
1
1
1
14
1
2
2
2
7
30.OOO. and (3)
Latitude
(nearest
degree)
41
41
40
IB
41
42
42
42
45
a aingle-
(b) Include* all lining within 20 lilies and all nines In a cluater that li within 20 Bile* at It* cloaeat point; current production we* a»«uMd to continue
uuleua otherwla* noted, and unavailable data were aesuaad to Indicate no production.
(c) Thtt predominant type of nlnlng In the area la Hated, and "nixed" la given whan neither type clearly predominates.
(d) Miglieut In yuaru 1975-1979, In •llllona of tons per yuar.
(a) Highest In 1980 or later. In •lltlona of tone per y«ar.
(f) Future value Is the estimated production after existing eipanslon plans have been l«ple«tnled.
-------
TABLE 26. CODED PRESENTATION OF STUDY SITE CHARACTERISTICS FROM TABLE 23(a)
.Site
STUDY COMMUNITIES
• Colorado
Craig
llayden
Range ly
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
Colorado
Canun City
Steunboat Spring*
Wyoalng
Green Klver
Keoimerer
Rock Spring*
Sl»±rldan
Type 1S74<&)
3
1
1
4
2
4
2
4
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
Coal-Baaed
Electricity
Production
Current'*1' Future"'
2
2
1
1
2
1
j
1
4
4
3
1
2
l
4
3
Population
ItenaltyU)
.
1
3
1
2
2
Latitude {k)
2
1
3
,
(a)
All of Table f>'» footnotea are applicable; unite In footnote* c-k correspond to tlioue in Table 24. (l) 1 • 0-3.999; 2 " 4,000*4,999; 3 • S,000+.
(I) u •> Underground; S • Surface; H - Mixed surface and underground.
1 • 1,000-1.999; 1 - 2,000-3.999; 3 - 4,000-5,999; 4 - 6.000+.
(O 1 - <3; 2 - 3-6; 3 - >6.
) 1 - 0-50; 2 - 51-500; 3 • 500+.
(i) 1 - 0-50; 2-51-500; 3 - 500-1,000; 4 - l.OOOt.
-------
TABLE 27. MINING PLOTTED ON DETAILED COUNTY MAPS
00
State 4 Dot
County Mo.
COLORADO
Preeont 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Moffat 1
2
3
4
Klo Blanco 1
2
1
Mine Ken*
Black Dl«aw>nd
Caldlroia Ho. 1
Canon Monarch
Cedar Canon Strip
Cedar Canon
Underground
G.g.C. S4A
Gulden Quality
No. 5
Heating*
Nuwlln Creek
Twin Plnaa
Colowyo Mine
Trapper
UlUlu»> Fork
No. 1
Ulae Hull
No. 5
Gordon
Rlitnau
No. 2
Umtuntid
Location (deecrlptlon/
coordinated)
N 38° 17'53"
U 105° 09 '53"
N 38" 20'45"
U 105° 10'27"
N.38° 16'06"
U 105" 09 '02"
M 38° 20*50"
U 105" 11*05"
N 38° 20' 55"
U 105° 11 '30"
M 38° 17 '20"
U 105° 10 '15"
M 38° 20'05"
U 105° 11*35"
6 •!. SU of Florence
T 20 S, R 69 U
N 38° 20*25"
U 105° 10*43"
T 3 N. R 93 U
28 Hi. SU of Craig
T 5-6 N,, R 91 W
6 •!. SU of Craig
N 40° 25*10"
U 107° 38*45"
N 40° 25 '55"
U 107" 39 "OO"
T 2 N, R 101 U; T 1 N,
R 101 U; 6 ml. ME of
N 40° 06 '50"
U lOii" 50'JU"
T 2 N, R 93 U
Typ*
Surface and
Underground
Underground
Underground
Surfece
Underground
Surface
Underground
Surface
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
Surface
Underground
2 Underground
1 Surface
Underground
Production In Htlllona
of Tona Far Yeer
0.04 (1976);
0.06 (1977)
0.002 (1976);
0.00) (1977)
0.04 (1977)
0.05 (1977);
0.05 (1980)
0.25 (1977);
1.0 (I960)
0.4 (1977);
2.2 (1979)
0.4 (1977);
0.6 (1980)
1.5 (1980); 2.3 (1985);
3.7 (1990)
0.04 (1978)
Owner
Coapnny
C.E.C. Mineral*
Cedar Canon
Coal Co.
C.E.C. Mineral*
Golden Quality
Coal Co.
Robert M. Halting!
Newlln Creek
Coal Corp.
Twin Plna* Coat
Co.
Colowyo Coal Co.
Utah International
Inc.
Eaplre Energy
Corp.
Moon Lake
Electric Co.
Suwanee Mining
Co., Inc.
Northern Natural
Location
Florence, CO
Florence, CO
riorenci, CO
Canon City, CO
•eulah, CO
Canon City, CO
Canon City, CO
Craig, CO
Craig. CO
D«a Plalna, IL
Roouevelt, UT
Mucker, CO
Billing. MT
(continued)
-------
TABLE 27. (Continued)
State »
County
COlGRAOO
Bout!
Dot
No.
1
I
J
4
J
i
7
a
y
10
11
12
U
14
jj
U
17
11
Mine Haste
Ap*H
Ape«
Ho. 2
Hater
Uuwaon Unit
Dentun Strip
Edna
Ellt'e Property
Energy Strip
No. 1
Energy Strip
1,0. t
Energy Strip
No. 1
Haydea CuUli
Johnn 1 a'1 a
Coal Nine
HvaJuu*
No. 1
Peabudy fit
Scitece
Seneca Strip
Mo. 2
Sun .
UnnaMd
*
Location (description/
coordlnatea)
II 40° U'02"
H 107° 02'04"
H 40° 17 Mi"
U 107° 01 'JO"
t 7 H. R 87 Wj S ml.
NU of minor
T 6 H. B 88 U; 2 nl.
E of Hayden
H 40° 18'4i"
U 107° 20 '00"
N 40° 15 'iS"
U 107° JO '40"
T 6 N, R 87 Ui 2 ml.
S of Bear River
N 40° 20' M>"
U 107° 0)'*i"
N 40° 21 'IV
U 107° 11 "JO"
T S H. R 86 Wj i ml.
Se of Hllner
10 ml. S of Hayden
N 40° U'U"
U 107° 02' 14"
T 6 N, R 87 U
N 40°^6'ii"
U 107° 07 '41"
H 40° 26 '00"
U 107° 06 MS"
T 5-6 K. R 87 U;
7 ml. St. of lleyden
H 40° 19'5b"
U 107° 10' «2"
10 ml. V »f Steam-
boat Sprint*
Type
Under firauna
UndrrgrAu
-------
TABLE 27. (Continued)
Stale 4 Out
County Nu.
WYOMING
Lincoln 1
2
1
4
Sheridan 1
£
O
3
4
S
Sweelvater I
2
1
4
i
6
Mine SUM
llkol
Skull Point
Sorenaen
Twin Track Project
lit Hum
No. 1
[•»l and Wen
Uet-trr rllnra
rSO Mine
No. I
Spring Creek
MlH*
fuunf.i. Tanner,
4 Squirrel
Cftctb. Vnnaaed
Slack Suite
Ck.n*a.
JU B.IJ.tfr
Ml. ic
Long faiiynn
Rainbow
No. o
N.i. I
Utcetlon (deicrlptlon/
coordinate*)
N 41? 48*20"
* 110° J/'JO"
T tO N. R 117 W
N 41° 48*20"
U 110° 37'JO"
T 21 N. R Hi U|
Adjacent to
Elkol/Soreneen
N 44* Jl*i4"
M 106° J8'»"
N 44° 01*00"
W 106° Jl'00"
N 44° 12* 41"
W 104° Jl'iO"
N of Decker (NT)
Near Deckei (NT)
N 41° 14*40"
W 108° 40' IV
T 2« N. a ;: y
H 41° 46'li"
W I0o° 41'20"
T 21 N. R 104 U;
NU ol Sii|K-rlur
N 4l"oJI*W
M 41° 41 'i'."
U IIW" II 'IS"
Type
Surface
Surface
Surface*
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
J----JK.
Surf «c«
U,,d.,.ru«,«l
Underground
Umlcreround
Production In Hllllona
of Tone Per Tear
l.S (I97«)l!
I.I (1980)
1.0-2,0 (1980)
2.) (1974) J.O-
4.7 (1980)
1.0 (1980)
0.7} (I97.){
l.i (1980)
10.2 (I97»)|
20.0 (1981)
0.) (1978)
10.0 (1980)
t.O (I980)|
li.O (19B4)
4.2 (1980)
*,0 (I«S4)
J.4 (1976):
7.4 (19»0)
0.1 (1976)
Coeipany
Keiwere'r Coil
Co.
me Corp.
KcieMrer Coal
Cr. '
Rocky KoiMteU
Soersr Co.
81s Horn Coal
Co.
Deckar Coal
Co.
Aab Creek
Mining Co.
Pacific Power 4
Llfhl Co.
SUM Oil Co.
Slack Suite Coal
Co. (MWC)
•--I/ H)n»»lln
tnerfy Co.
Irldger Coal Co.
(PPI.C)
Rocky K>«untaln
Eni-rgy Co.
Ci.lue.klne Mining
Co.
Slankhuri; Ctrnl Co.
Owner
Location
Frontier, HY
Frontier. Iff
Denver CO
Sheilda*. WT
Decker, MT
Ukewond, CO
Portland. OR
Denver. CO
Sheridan. UT
Denver. C»
Rock Springe. UY
Denver. CO
lock Spring*, It
Denver. CO
-------
TABLE 28. WATER MONITORING SITES PLOTTED ON DETAILED MAPS
Scat* County Map No.
Sice Kuaber
County Map Xo.
Site Sua'aer
Colorado
_
Fremont
--^
Koffat
Kio Blanco
ioutt
i
1
2
3
4
~~-'. — ^
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
07094500
07096000
000007
000129
07097000
^— *-, _^^
09246550" - -
092475CO
09247500 -
402627107390700
402456107413500
402650107541900
U7&J1.UUU
UVwU J;f
4032121080519
402709108263000
000040
09260050
--02811108384500
43300910S4 64200
402910108515300
403144108534900
403146108584900
67-001
67-006
09304200
09304500
rtftAA/ ^
QUUtJ*O
09304800
OC0117
40122108241200
09306300
40104S106544800
401418106562200
.09237500
40223C106493000
oocoas
4023561065COOOO
40254410o493600
402737106493700
09239000
40275910o4931«
09239500
402921106502700
40293410o505400
40259810t>515200
Colorado
'
'
Uyooisg
Route
(coa'e)
Lincoln
St eridaa
Swaeewacer
i
I
!
: !
15
16
17
18
19
20"""
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
4
5
Q
7
a
9
10
u
12
13
,
15
16
17
13
19
4C3000i065ii7;o
40301510652:000
4030171065 25
CCOC.rJ
W-OOCCC43-1
C9I..7000
000531
0-J217C10
OOC531
ofCiOl
;eC503
5e."2%
• » • -^ t
** ^--
-------
TAULE 29. SURFACE WATHK. QUALITY PARAMKTKKS<°) HI RELATION TO DRINKING
WATER INTAKE OF CRAIG, MOFl-'AT COUNTY, COLORADO
Sll<
Nuaber
1
2
1
4
}
6
7
8
9
nUKncc tie*
Water InUh*
(»11«.)
.,c«»
0
11
11
}}
100
D)
14}
151
»H
7.89
(40)
8.04
(8)
8.0}
(40)
8.50
(1)
8.60
(I)
8.90
(1)
7.69
8.2)
Nlirtt*
(•I/O
0.01
(1)
O.U
(5)
0.01
(1)
0.01
(1)
0.01
(1)
0.01
(1)
0.27
(46)
__ .
—
M*rdnc»
(•I/t)
118.10
(40)
11}. 4)
(7)
115.44
•"•"•
1
140.00
(1)
14}. 49
(689)
"»"
}4.00
Cilctug.
29.62
(40)
10.0)
28.91
••"
- —
11.00
U)
(ill)
•"—
14.00
BSB
10.7}
(40)
9.81
10.12
*™~
"™ ™
11.00
(1)
14.61
(ill)
1 ' '
4.70
Sodlu*
21.08
(40)
21.11
0)
21.07
"•••
-
24.00
<*>
11.79
(H4)
~
- —
Sullnl*
10.22
(40)
19.24
(10)
57.01
(19)
«— ™
71 -
77.00
(0
(688)
97.6)
(12)
10.00
[»•/«<*>
0.67
(ID
0.40
(i)
0.50
(10)
0.00
(1)
0.00
(1)
0.00
(1)
0.94
(17)
™ ~~
Chroclu.
2.18
01)
— —
1.1!
<«>
~~™
»••— »
•""""
3.7}
(U)
-
—
**'"nUi
0.}}
(U)
0.21
(4)
0.78
(9)
*""* '
M-W
'
0.81
(U)
•"-"""
>
1.91
(ID
2.00
(S)
2.10
(10)
1.00
(1)
1.00
(1)
1.00
(1)
(17)
•M—
—
«#x»
1.00
(11)
1.40
(i)
2.50
(10)
1.00
0)
2.00
0)
0.00
(1)
1.29
(17)
*~ •-*-
—
1-
to
K>
8
9
10
11
11
1)
14
"
1»
17
M
14}
151
120
228
2)2
15}
Hi
3nl
144
144
(711) (46)
8.2)
__ .«.
8 17 —
(56)
b.50 0.00
(') (1)
8.40
(It
(•.MO
(1)
8.50
(I)
8. tO
(I)
(689)
14.00
(1)
"~ ~~ '}«)' ~ ~ - ~
— — 0.00 — 2.00
(1) (D
__ __ — — — — ~— - —
. — _..
— — — •*— — — —
1J.}Q 61.00 '
(2) (2)
(17)
—
MW
•""••
0.00
(1)
— —
—
— —
—
—
ul.Jrli
ll.*; iki-^n i«
(O l-i'J, 1 ,,-rl
(• * H;g,"lvi .IUUiui.1 ft IT M-*-\ie^r, fiMltlvi' dl -If
»* Jcmifrrfti«.
-------
OJ
TABLE 30- SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS*") IN RELATION TO DRINKING
WATKR INTAKE OF HAYDEN, ROUTT COUNTY, COLORADO
Ill*
1
1
1
4
*
I
I
•
'
10
II
11
II
14
t)
ti
II
II
PUt.nc* fiom
(.lit.)
•».4.4
-11. »
-14.J
-14.4
-14.0
-li.4
-11.1
. ,:;;;;,!, ";;;;;;• -JK,
• ||(1 IT -— 1- , _
(i)
1.14 o.o; — —
(M (i)
1.11 Ul.ll 41.11
(1) (3) O)
' 140.00 IB. 00
(1) (1)
8.}l 1)2.40 106.85
O«) <14) (14)
I. 11 0.04 1)0.00 36.00
(J)
(12) (1)
J 09 !--• r- mmm -m-.r
6.1i O.Oi
S.'mW"
— — — o.oo —
(i)
— — — S.WJ —
(t)
14.11 1.10 32.11
O) (0 0)
Jl.OO 11.112
(1) (4)
11.91 ».(.» 18.44
(14) OS) (34)
15.00 7.HU 30. DO 0.0*
(I) (1) (1) («>
(i)
m_. „ _ :I ... • 51 , r^ -__,.„-
(i)
— — — — —
».*! 10.111 14.07 0.04
«>)• (1) (I) (i)
.
,
. '
•
Arm'uU Cupper l.traj
1.00 0.00
(1) (1)
1.00 0.0(1
(1) (»
— — —
— — ,
— — —
0.1,7 O.SO 1.25
(1) (4) (4)
0.00 1.00 11.110
(1) (1)
— — —
— _ —
— • — —
— — —
— ' — —
— — —
— — —
(continued)
-------
•£ ; TABLE 31. SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS(^° IN RELATION TO DRINKING
O
CD i
a
=3 ;
OQ
i
•o ,
OQ
d>
or I
=3
PC- i
1
NJ
Ul
Dlatanc* iron
Sit* Water Intake
Niutber (*1U«) pll
. 1 -B6.4(c)
2 -80.0
2 -BO.O
1 -61.8
4 -61.6
J -54.6
6 -47.9
7 -36.7
8 -25.7
9 - 4.0
8.61
(4)
9.11
(2)
8.08
(15)
8.31
(8)
8.15
(6)
8.41
(62)
8.21
(52)
8.51
(10)
8.40
(2)
8.28
(36)
Nitrate
(.g/O(6)
0.13
(15)
0.09
(9)
0.09
(5)
___
0.09
(1)
^^_
Hirdneee
(-»/»)
141.75
(4)
160.00
(2)
179.11
(15)
176.22
(9)
197.00
(8)
242. Bl
(54)
261.22
(41)
265.06
(11)
260.00
(1)
278.41
(17)
I.KX.J_t \J i. f.\
<3U»>
—
54.60
(15)
53.67
(9)
57.12
(8)
71.12
(41)
59.00
(1)
70.27
(37)
S3»
—
9.95
(15)
10.41
(9)
11.08
W
—
20.07
(41)
28.00
(1)
24.70
(37)
D.L\J Uljil
Sodiua
(•g/O"0
1.46
(15)
4.26
(9)
16.11
(6)
15.92
(41)
110.00
(1)
62.86
(15)
MV^U UUU
Sulface
(og/t)
88.67
(15)
72.89
(9)
91.19
(8)
117.61
(49)
137.40
(41)
158.56
(12)
160.00
(1)
166.84
(37)
nil . v
jULiUKAUU
C*d«lu« Chroalun
(Mg/O(b> (Mg/O(b)
—
0.67
(9)
2.00
(1)
1.00
(8)
1.11
(9)
10.00
(1)
5.44
(9)
I
Araenlc
(Mg/l)(k)
1.00
W
—
—
—
0.92
(26)
—
1.00
(1)
1.57
(23)
(£g/«*b>
—
—
1.70
(10)
6.00
(1)
2.11
(9)
(^
1.00
(4)
—
—
—
2.50
(10)
—
7.00
(1)
4.11
(9)
(•) Th* nuaber provided far each pirustcr rapreaent* the nuun value; the following ouaber In porontheuin !• th« nuabar of taanurtffntm on which
th« noon In bawd.
(b) DlMolved.
(c) MugitClv* dliCincAn >r< upatreaa, ponttlve dlitaocca ar« douiiucce»«.
-------
Ni
TABLE 32. SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS^5 IN RELATION TO DRINKING
WATER INTAKE OF CANON CITY. FREMONT COUNTY, COLORADO
Dlatauca from
811* U4ttr Intake Nitrate
2 0.8
2 0.8
3 5.8
4 15.8
(a) Tha nu»b«r
8.33 0.16
(151) (69)
8.21
(49)
8.60
(1)
7.98 0.30
(21) (21)
provided for each paraM
Hardneea Calcium Hafnaelum Sodium
120.37
(127)
138.45
74.00
(1)
205.82
(22)
31.13
(106)
—
— —
55.05
(22)
mta ton memt
8.45
(106)
—
——
16.45
(22)
> value: tha
10.78
(106)
——
25.64
(22)
Sulfate Cadattn Chromlu* »r*enlc Copper Lead
(127>
31.89
(45)
23.00
(1)
119.41
(22)
CollovlitB Dua^tar la parcntheaaa ia the number of meaaureiaente on which
tlM main it b*Md.
(b) DliMlvud.
(c) Megicive diiitintca* «r« up»cr«». poaitlv* dl»t«nc«« tr* dovmtrean.
-------
TABLE 33. SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS^) IN RELATION TO DRINKING WATER INTAKE
OF GREEN RIVER AND ROCK SPRINGS, SWEETWATER COUNTY. WYOMING
Sit*
Ntmbor
, 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
Ulitanc* fro*
Water Intake
-48.
-44.
-40.
-32.
-27.
-25.
-21.
-20.
-15.
- 9.
6(c> 8.10
(1711
B _^_
3
7
6
7
o a. 11
(115)
0
9
5 —
HItr«t«
0.05
(2)
0.02
(1)
0.01
U)
0.02
(1)
o.oo
U)
0.00
(1)
0.06
(2)
0.00
(1)
0.00
O)
Ilirdnciu
174.17
(166)
170.00
(I)
160.00
(1)
170.00
(O
170.00
(1)
260.00
(1)
224.20
(143)
250.00
(1)
260.00
(I)
C«lclu.
46.72
(16$)
44.00
(O
42.00
(1)
43,00
U)
41.00
(1)
60.00
(1)
56.38
(143)
58.00
(1)
60.00
(1)
Hagneilim
(«g/O
13.95
(166)
14.00
U)
14.00
(1)
14.00
(1)
15.00
(1)
26.00
(1)
20.23
(143)
26.00
(1)
26.00
(1)
SoJlu.
19.25
(166)
25.00
(U
26.00
(1)
28.00
(1)
28.00
(1)
77.00
(1)
45.44
(143)
80.00
(1)
73.00
(1)
Sul(*t* Cad«lu« Chromlua Arienlc Copptr
(•g/l) (m/l) (li»/O*b) (M8/O
167.18
(143)
.
250.00
(O
240.00
(1)
Lead
3.75
(12)
(continued)
-------
TABLE 33. (Continued)
N>
00
Dlaianca fro*
Slta Water Intake HUrate
Nuaibar (aiUaa) pH (•i/t)(b)
11
12
11
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
(a)
- 4.4
1.1
1.6
2.5
2.5
1.2
12.4
24.8
28.9
17.1
0.00
(1)
8.17
(1)
8.05 0.10
(681) (49)
8.74
(5)
8.30 0.08
(48) (18)
8.49
(7)
8.58
(16)
8.52
(16)
8.49
(19)
Hardneaa Calclup Kafneelue
(•«/!) (•§/») (b) (•»/t)
260.00 59.00 27.00
(1) (1) (1)
210.50 56.91 21.12
(657) (558) (558)
228.11 55.48 21.80
(60) (60) (60)
.
— — —
i Sodluai Sulfata CarfuliM
<»»/t)(b) (-S/I) (H8/<>(t
79.00
(1)
48.44
(655)
51.82
(60)
—
—
following lumber
250.00
(1)
167.12 1.62
(611) (11)
5.71
(7)
176.15 2.21
(60) (13)
— —
In parentheaea
Chroalua
'> (MS/O'b)
110.00
(1) •
1.67
(12)
10.71
(7)
0.77
(11)
—
la the niMber
Araenlc Copper
(MB/»Xb>
1.08
(11)
11.14
(7)
6.62
(13)
^-~
which
(h) Ulfliolvtid.
(c) Ntigntlve illfltanceH are upBtr«a«, pouicivu dlatancew are
-------
TABLE 34. SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS(a) IN RELATION TO DRINKING
WATER INTAKE OF KEMMERER, LINCOLN COUNTY, WYOMING
H
vo
Slta
Nimbar
1
2
DlaCunca fron
Uacar Incaka
(•llaa)
-20 *(C)
3.0
pH
7.69
(3J>
Nitrate
(•g/t)
0.09
(3)
Hardnoaa
164.00
(5)
250.00
(33)
C*lclua Magn«0iu«
(i.g/l)fb' (•g/t) (ng/t)(>>:
22.20
(S)
112.67 0.08
(33) (10)
Chronluu
3.00
(10)
Amenlp
(ng/*) '
1.40
(10)
(Mg/t)*b> (|ig/t)(b)
_ _
1.40 1.90
(10) (10)
(ft) The nunbur Drovlilad for each p«ia*«Car repmstinca Ihe Mean value; ch« following uuaber in p*renlhefl«a !• tba niwbar of •••HuraiMnta on which
th* maun 1* b«a«d.
(b) DlHuolvttd.
(c) Nagiclv* dlicanc** «ro up«tr«a», poilciv* dlvtuncei ara downitcciw.
-------
TABLE 35.
SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS*0) IN RELATION TO DRINKING
WATER INTAKE OF SHERIDAN, SHERIDAN COUNTY, WYOMING
Dletance ((«•
Site Uater Intake
Umber (•!!•>)
1
2
3
4
5
u>
(b)
(c>
-6.7«>
0.9
9.7
10.6
Zl.l
PH
7.31
(9)
7.77
(22)
7.83
(20)
7.82
(185)
The niwber provided for
the maun ii baaed.
Dlaaolved.
Negative dletimceii
Ml t rat.
(•«/»)
0.54
(7)
0.37
0.01
(2)
each pan
• ra upacrvM.
1 Hardnea* Calclup
tb> (a«/t) (•g/t)(b)
11.74 3.60
(7) (7)
24.65 7.84
(27) (19)
J15.05 S9.21
(184) (114)
water rvpreaente the awaa
Haftiieiluai
—
—
-^
1.67
(12)
la the number
as* <»» »»»
— — —
— — _ _
— — —
0.2S 2.38 2.88
(12) (16) (16)
of MaaurcMnte on which
-------
TABLE 36. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING WATER OF
CRAIG, COLORADO
Date of Sampling*
. Paraneter (units)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TU)
Color (Cobalt unite)
Total Herdneae «• CuCOj (ng/1)
PUenolphthaleln Alkalinity («g/l)
Total Alkalinity (ng/1)
Dissolved Sol Ida (»g/l)
Specific Conductance (patioa)
CIIEMICAlS(b) (»R/1)
Anuaonla aa N
Aracnlc
Buro|t
Calcium aa CaCOj
Chloride
Fluoride
Hagnealu*
Nitrate aa N
Plioaphate aa t
tatanulum
Sodium
Sulfate
April 4,
1974
10
0
220
0
156
565
0.12
0
0.07
206
16
0.25
3
0
0
84
25S
June 8,
1972
2.9
5
59
4
76
H7
268
0
0
0.04
36
6
0.3
6
0
0.01
40
55
July 20.
1977
0.32
182
0
128
340
600
0
109
15
0.95
18
0.1)
0
4
45
130
September 21, November 16,
1978 1976
0.15 0.2
3
155
0
115
240
480
0
<0.005 0
0.04
100
15
0.6 0.5
12
0
0
35
85
(continued)
-------
TABLE 36. (Continued)
CJ
to
Data of Sampling**'
PtruMter (unit*)
TOIIC METALS (•»/!)
BariuB
Cidalua
ChroBlua
Cupper
Iron
Utd
Mang*n**«
Hcrcury
Molybdunua
SclcnluM
Silver
Zinc
April 4,
1974
0
0
0
0.3
0
0
0
0
0.1
June fl,
1972
0
0
0
0.05
0
O.OS
0
0
July 20,
1977
0
0
0
O.S
0.07
0
0.12
0
0
0.07
Scpteaber 21,
1978
a
0
0
0
0
<0.005
0
Novenbar 16,
1976
'0
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
(a) Sampling dates are In order within the calendar year to convey any
seasonal trends.
(b) Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.
-------
TABLE 37. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINSIHED DRINKING WATER OF 11AYDEN, COLORADO
U)
u>
January 19,
Paraoeter (unit*) 1978
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TU) 2.5
Color (Cobalt unit*)
Total lUrdnea* of CaC03 (ng/1)
Phenolphtlialeln Alkalinity (ng/1)
Total Alkalinity (ng/1)
Dlaaolved Solid* (ng/1)
Specific Conductance (tinhoa)
Aouunta a* H
Aruenlc
Boron
Calclun •• CaCOj
Chloride
Fluoride
MagnealuB
Nitrate a* M
Phoaphate a* F
Potaaulun
Sodlun
Sulfate
April 5,
4.6
0
188
0
124
360
566
0.04
0
0.05
188
11
0.65
0
0
0
33
140
Date
June 8,
1972
3.9
30
32
0
44
99
128
0
0
0.06
20
7
0.7
3
0
0.10
17
25
of Sa«pllnR(*'
September 21, October 4,
1978 1976
2.0 3.1
D
120
0
110
200
320
0
<0.005 0
0
80
10
0.3 0.4
9
0.3
0
20
40
October 12,
1977
2.0
132
100
165
277
0
34
15
0.20
24
0
<0.03
2
17
39
(continued)
-------
TABLE 37. (Continued)
, ' Data of Se»pllnnv"
Parameter (unit*)
TOXIC METALS (gg/l)
Barliw
Cutmlum
Chroalua
Copper
Iron
Lead
Hangantaa
Hercury
Holybdaniai
Selenluat
Silver
Zinc
. January 19, April 5,
1978 1974
0.14
0.2
0
0.5
June 8,
1972
0.05
0.60
O
0.0003(c)
0
0
September 21,
1978
0
0
o
o
<0.005
October 4.
1976
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
October 12,
1977
0
0
0
<0.01
0.55
0
0.06
0
<0.05
(a) Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year to convey any seasonal trends.
(b) Nontoxic and nonmetals.
(c) The mercury sample was taken June 7, 1978.
-------
TABLE 38. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING
WATER OF RANGELY. COLORADO
Parameter (units)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TO)
Color (Cobalt units)
Total Hardness as CaC03 (mg/1)
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (mg/1)
Total Alkalinity (mg/1)
Dissolved Solids (mg/1)
Specific Conductance (umhos)
CHEMICALS (mg/ll
Ammonia as N
Arsenic
Boron
Calcium as CaCOj
Chloride
Fluoride
Magnesium
Nitrate as N
Phosphate as P
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
TOXIC METALS (ma/1)
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
May 6,
1975
0.81
0
272
4
190
575
840
0
0
0
188
42
0.2
20
0
0
75
189
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.002
0.4
Date of
June 8,
1972
37.0
20
170
0
108
304
460
0
0
0.08
119
27
0.3
12
0
0.08
41
105
0
0
0
0.25
0
0
0
0
S«oli«
July 20,
1977
0.62
446
0
256
880
1410
0
221
84
0.3
55
1.6
0
6
122
340
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
November 17,
1976
j^
0
275
0
180
610
800
0
0
0
170
50
0.2
26
0
0
85
180
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
(a) Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year
to convey any seasonal trends.
(b) Non-toxic metals and non-metals.
135
-------
TABLE 39. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OP FINISHED DRINKING WATER OF
CANON CITY, COLORADO
a\
Data of SuBpllng(a)
February 21,
ParaMtar (unit*) 1973
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (Til)
Color (Cobalt unit*)
Total llardnaaa ee CaCOj (•!/!)
Phanolphthaletn Alkalinity («g/l)
Total Alkalinity (•»/!)
Dlaaolvad Solid* (•«/»
Spaclfle Conductance (iwhoe)
CtlU»CALS*k) (at/I)
AMonla aa H
Araanlc
Boron
CalcluB •• CaCOj
Chlortda
Fluor Ida
Hagnenlua
Nltrata aa N
Pluiapltata •• f
fotanalua
Sodluai
Sulfata
. 3.0
126
a
104
199
13S
0
0
0.04
96
1)
0.5
a
a
0.02
IS
39
, March 17,
1972
3.0
0
133
0
100
19)
290
0
0
0
101
1)
0.5
a
0
0.02
14
40
Jun« 28. Saptnbar 23, Saptaaber 27,
1977 1971 1978
0.2
6
100
70
140
250
0
0
0
0
70
11
0.3
9
0.1
0
2
7
40
6.1 0.15
0
131
24
112
184
262
0.12
0 <0.005
0.16
99
10
0.3 0.3
a
0
0
2S
45
October 1,
1974
0.43
0
149
0
108
203
312
0
0
0
10
51
0.4
34
0
0
14
0
October 19.
1976
0.14
1
150
0
90
170
210
0
0
0
105
10
0.3
11
0.3
0
10
40
(continued)
-------
TABLE 39. (Continued)
Dace of Sanitllng
February 21, March 17,
ParMMiler (unit.) 1973 1972
TOXIC HETALS (mK/1)
Barium
CudnilujB
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Hanganeae
Mercury
HolybdenuB
S«lttnliM
Stiver
Zinc
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.05
June 28. September 23,
1977 1971
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0.73
0
0
0
0
W
September 27
1978
0
0
0
0
0
0
, October 1,
1974
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
October 19.
1976
0
0
0
0
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
(a) Sampling dates are In order within the calendar year to convey any seasonal trends.
(b) Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.
-------
TABLE 40. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING WATER OF
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, COLORADO
CJ
CO
Data of Suipllni
Paraaatar (unlta)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TV>
Color (Cobalt unltp)
Total Hardnaaa aa CaCO, (•(/!)
Fhenolphthalaln Alkalinity Ug/1)
Total Alkalinity (ag/1)
Dlaaolvad Sol Ida (•»/!)
Specific Conductance (pahoa)
CIIEMICALS(b)(«R/l)
Aaoonla aa N
Araanlc
Boron
CalctuB aa CaCO}
Chlorlda
Fluoride
MagnealuB
Nltrata aa N
Phoaphata aa P
Fotauvltui
Sodlua
Sulfata
February 20,
1974
2.3
10
24
0
36
35
40
0.04
0
0
16
9
1.2
2
0.23
0
3
2
Juna 9,
1972
8.S
30
20
0
16
25
22
0
0
0.05
a
5
1.1
3 '
0
0.05
1
5
July 22,
1977
0.29
16
0
8
20
40
0
12
5
0.17
1
0.46
0
2
2
<5
September 22, Oc'tobar 4
1978 1976
0.3S 0.3
13
16
0
24
30
30
0
<0.00i 0
0
10
5
0.2 0.1
1
0.6
0
s
5
(continued)
-------
TABLE 40. (Continued)
Date of SaapUnR(a)
Parameter (units)
TOXIC METALS (•«/!)
Barium
Cadnium
CUromlua
Copper
Iron
Lead
Kanganeae
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
February 20.
1974
0
0
0.65
0.4
0
0
0
0
0.14
June 9.
1972
0
0
0
0.60
0
0
0
0.30
July 22,
1977
0
0
0
0.1
0.10
0
0
0
0
0.02
September 22,
1978
0
0
0
.
0
0
<0.00i
0
October 4
1976
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(a) Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year to convey any
seasonal trends.
(b) Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.
-------
TABLE 41. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING WATER
OF GREEN RIVER AND ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING
Date of Sampling
Parameter (units) February 9, 1978 March 1, 1979
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TU) 2.30
Color (Cobalt units) 2.0
Total Hardness as CaCOj (ag/1) 230.0
Phenolphthaleia Alkalinity (ag/1)
Total Alkalinity (ag/1)
Dissolved Solids (ag/1) 403.6 169.0
Specific Conductance (mho*) 621
CHEMICALS(b)(ag/1)
Amonia as N
Arsenic <0.001 <0.001
Boron 0.06
Calciua as CaC03 57.6
Chloride 12.0 3.0
Fluoride 0.23 0.21
Magnesium 20.64
Nitrate as N 0.03 0.54
Phosphate as ?
Potassium 1.943
Sodium 53.0
Sulfate 172.0 156.0
TOXIC METALS (ag/1)
Barium
faitm-tnn
Chrooium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Hercury
itolybdenua
Seleniua
Silver
Zinc
0.04
<0.001
<0.001
0.006
0.119
<0.001
0.002
<0.0002
<0.001
<0.001
0.367
0.10
<0.001
<0.001
0.008
0.052
<0.001
0.016
< 0.0002
<0.001
<0.001
0.018
(a) Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year to
convey any seasonal trends.
0>) Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.
140
-------
TABLE 42. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINK-
ING WATER OF KEMMERER, WYOMING
Date of Sampling
Parameter (units) June 16, 1973 October 3, 1973
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TO)
Color (Cobalt units)
Total Hardness as CaC03 dag/1) ' 143
Phenolphthaleln Alkalinity (mg/1)
Total Alkalinity (mg/1)
Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 626
Specific Conductance (umhos) 284
CHEMICALS(b)(mz/l)
Ammonia as N
Arsenic <0.005 <0.007
Boron 0.03
Calcium as CaC03 35
Chloride 4.6
Fluoride 0.6 0.1
Magnesium 44
Nitrate as N . 0 0.2
Phosphate as P
Potassium . 0.9
Sodium 5.3
Sulfate 14
TOXIC METALS (mg/1)
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
<0.5
<0.001
<0.01
<0.01
<0.001
<0.005
<0.01
<0.5
<0.001
<0.01
0.04
0.1
<0.01
<0.05
<0.001
<0.05
' 0.04
(a) Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year
to convey any seasonal trends.
(b) Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.
141
-------
TABLE 43. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING
WATER OF SHERIDAN, WYOMING
Parameter (unit*)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TV)
Color (Cobalt unit*)
Total Hardna** •• CaCOj (ag/l)
rhanolphthalaln Alkalinity (a*/!)
Total Alkalinity (*>g/l)
Dlaaolvad Solid* (•*/!)
Specific Conductance (uahoa)
fbt
CHEMICALS* '(•«/!)
Aaatonla a* M
Aracnlc
Boron
Calcliui aa'C.COj
Chloride
Fluoride
Haynaaluat
Nitrate a* N
rltoaphat* •• P
Fotaavluat
Sodlu*
Sulfat*
Date of Sampling1"'
January 19, February 14, June 2, P*ce*>b«r 9,
1978 1973 . 1967 1967
_ „ * •)
3tt **
150 "•
211
<0.1 <0.007 0-°l
0.12
10 4.6
4S 0 o
0.1 0.1 °-4
2.9 3.6 4
1.6 0.09 0.07 0
0.9 0.7
25 1.6
4.1 4.8 8
(continued)
-------
TABLE 43. (Continued)
CO
Date of Sampling"*
Parameter (unlta)
TOXIC HETALS (•«/!)
Barium
CadmluB
CliroHliui
Cupper
Iron
Lead
Mungan«««
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Sliver
Zinc
January 19,
ma
<0.5
•cO.OOl
<0.01
<0.01
<0.001
-------
TABLE 44. AVERAGE DRINKING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN STUDY SITE CANDIDATES***
Conwunlty
Hardness (ng/1)
Calcium («g/l)(b)
Hagneulum (ng/l)
-------
TABLE 44. (Continued)
Community Cadmium (PK/U
Cruljj
Hayden
Range ly
Canon City
Steamboat Spriiigu
Green Kiver and
Kock Springs
Ktiiuuerur
Sheridan
0(5)
0(5)
0(4)
0(7)
0(5)
<1(2) 1)
<1(2)
0.33(3)
(b) / j i \ ( b)
Chromium (pg/1) Arsenic (pg/1)
STUDY COMMUNITIES
0(5)
0(5)
0(7)
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
0(5)
0(4)
0.33(3)
<1(2)
)
Cu|)|>er (|ig/l) l.uud (|iH/l)
125.0(4) 0(5)
47.5(4) 0(5)
0(6) 0(7)
212.50(4) 0(5)
0(4) 0(4)
0(2) 1.33(3)
7.00(2) <1(3)
40.00(1) <10(2)
(a) The number provided for each parameter represent a the mean value; the following number in puruntliesoa Is tho
number of measurements on which the mean is baaed.
(b) Dissolved.
-------
drinking water were not done at regular or frequent intervals making this
information adequate only for general comparisons.
One area of concern which was investigated in only a cursory manner is
the relationship between surface water quality and drinking water quality.
The treatment processes utilized by public water suppliers are quite
variable (see Appendix D) and the effect of these processes on specific
water constituents is often uncertain. Using the surface and drinking water
information for the nine study site candidates (eight water supplies),
rank-order correlations were computed (Table 45). Although the data is very
sparse, there is some indication that minerals are transmitted from surface
waters to drinking water. Unfortunately, there are too few data to draw any
inferences about trace elements.
In order to determine the relative positions of the surface water
monitoring sites, the drinking water intakes, and the mines, these three
items were plotted on detailed county maps. This illustrated whether the
mining was upstream or downstream from the drinking water intake and the
relative positions of monitoring sites and coal mining.
Criteria for Comparison of Candidates
Although the nine remaining study site candidates are homogeneous, in
that they were carefully selected to meet several criteria, significant
differences remain. Additional considerations were specified in order to
further reduce the list of candidate communities. It should be noted that
many of these considerations have elements of subjectivity, and the
researchers' judgments (based on all available empirical data) were used.
Quantity of Coal Mining—
Although all nine sites are potentially impacted by coal mining, there
is great variability in the annual coal tonnage produced in the areas. The
communities impacted by the greater rate of coal production are obviously
more desirable for study. Since mining serves as an indirect measure of a
potential exposure, more intense mining would be expected to produce greater
effects on the community's residents. Since the linkages from mining to
water pollution and from water pollution to health are tenuous, the study
sites should be selected to maximize the probability of detecting these
effects.
Relative Importance of"Coal Mining to the Community's Economy—
This factor is related to the size of the town, the quantity of the
mining, the proximity of mining to the town, and other economic activities
in the area. A given production level (tons of coal mined per year) has
different implications for a town of 1,000 than for a town of 15,000. Also
competing economic activities (e.g. , recreation) would tend to dilute the
importance of coal mining. Although epidemiologic studies require large
populations to obtain reliable disease rates, in this instance a small
population with few non-coal economic activities is most desirable because
small communities would be more intensively impacted by coal mining
146
-------
TABLE 45. RANKS AND CORRELATIONS OF SURFACE WATER AND DRINKING WATER CONSTITUENTS IN THE
STUDY SITE CANDIDATES(a)
(b) (b)
Hardness Calcium
Community
sw
D(e)
S
D
Magnesium
S
D
Sodlun,(b)
S
D
Sulfate(b)
S
D
Cadmium^
S D
STUDY COMMUNITIES
Craig. CO
Hay dun, CO
Rangely, CO
115(6)
140(4)
278(1)
129(5)
101(6)
291(1)
30(7) 113(2)
33(5)
70(1)
68(4)
175(1)
9.8(5)
13.0(3)
24.7(1)
9.8(5)
7.8(6)
28.3(1)
21(3)
20(4)
63(1)
51(3)
21(4)
81(1)
39(5)
68(4)
167(2)
131(3)
54(4)
203(1)
0.4 0
0.4 0
1.0 0
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
Oman City, CO
Steamboat Springs, CO
Green River/Hock Springs, UY
Kenimerer, UY
Slier Idiin. UY
120(5)
115(7)
230(3)
250(2)
30(8)
-------
TABLE 45. (Continued)
00
Community
Chromiun
-------
activities and competing economic production would tend to dilute the
effects of coal mining. The chosen sites should experience as intense and
undiluted an impact of coal mining as possible.
Clarity of Water-Impacted Areas—
Although the categorization of communities as study or control sites is
presented as a dichotomy, the actual status of some communities is somewhere
between these extremes. To emphasize differences in community health based
on mining/water impacts, the study sites should fall neatly into one
category or the other, and not be ambiguous on this criterion.
Quality of Water Monitoring—
Surface water monitoring activities in the western coal mining areas
under consideration are quite variable both in the number of monitoring
stations and in the chemicals analyzed. Obviously, it is desirable to have
monitoring stations close to the drinking water intakes and to have those
stations analyzing such constituents as toxic metals in addition to usual
water parameters.
Presence of Air Monitoring—
There is some variability among the nine sites in the extent of air
quality sampling. It is advantageous for a community to have air quality
data available, in part because air quality may be affected by surface
mining. In addition, an epidemiologic survey should take air pollution
exposures into account as a significant influence on health.
Proximity to Control Sites—
The spatial arrangement of the nine study site candidates indicates a
cluster of communities (northwestern Colorado and southwestern Wyoming) with
two distant sites (Canon City, Colorado, and Sheridan, Wyoming). Choices
within the cluster are preferred since exposed and control sites (in terms
of mining/water impacts) can be close to one another. This allows for
matching of the two communities in terrain, climate, etc. , and also would
facilitate travel between them as required in an epidemiologic field study.
Availability of Other Information—
Several detailed studies of western coal areas have been completed, and
communities surveyed in such research documents are preferable. The level
of detail is variable, but often such topics as environmental quality,
socioeconomic character of the area, and projected changes consequent to
coal mining are covered. This criterion is based not on inherent character-
istics of the communities, but rather on the pragmatic advantage of being
able to utilize the material compiled by others.
Presence of Coal-Utilizing Facilities—
Since coal-utilizing facilities have their own potential environmental
and health impacts, it is Important that their presence be noted in site
selection, whether this factor increases or decreases desirability of a
site is not, however, entirely clear.
149
-------
Because coal burning pollutes the air and water through stack, releases
and leaching of bottom ash, the presence of such facilities makes isolation
of mining-based pollutant effects quite difficult. However, mine-mouth
electricity production is increasingly common at large western coal mines.
In fact, many of the large expansions are linked to coal-burning power plant
construction. Thus mining areas with coal-utilizing facilities would suffer
from greater difficulty in isolating mining effects but be better represent-
atives of the expanding western coal mining areas.
Community Profiles
The following sections provide an overview of the information readily
available on the nine study site candidates. These descriptions include
objective information on geographic and demographic characteristics as well
as subjective evaluations of the data quality (i.e., quantity of coal
mining, relative importance of coal mining, etc.). Table 46 provides a
categorical representation of each of those factors for all the communities.
Although such simplified schemes sacrifice some detail, it does provide a
summary of community profiles. Greater detail can be found in the text
which follows. ....-__.
Craig, Moffat County, Colorado—
The 1975 population of Craig, Colorado, was 5,426. The annual
population growth rate from 1970 to 1975, 5.5 percent, was somewhat higher
than the growth rate for the entire state (2.9 percent). The per capita
income in Craig is $4,833, considerably higher than the state average of
$4,030. Moffat County is located in the northwest corner of Colorado, and
approximately two-thirds of its inhabitants reside in Craig. The median age
in the county is 31.1 years, 10.5 percent of the residents being over 65.
More than 99 percent of the population is white.
Mining activity which would potentially have an impact on Craig's water
is located between 25 and 50 miles upstream in Routt County (east of Craig).
There are 18 mines in this area, 11 of them surface. They are all medium
size mines, each providing around one million tons per year. Projections of
future production are similar to levels of current production. The distance
between the mining activity and Craig's water intake would greatly dilute
any impacts that the mining might have on the drinking water quality. This
detracts from Craig's attractiveness as a study site, since its status with
respect to potential exposure would be somewhat tenuous. There are addi-
tional mines downstream from Craig, approximately eight to ten miles south-
west of town in Moffat County. Two of these are surface and one is
underground. An additional surface mine exists 28 miles southwest of Craig.
These are currently small producers (0.25 - 0.4 million tons per year) with
plans for up to three million tons by 1980.
Colorado Ute Electric Association has plans for start-up of a large (350
- 1,520 Megawatts) coal-fired electric generating facility just south of
Craig. This would be a major additional source of pollution, possibly
confounding and/or camouflaging impacts from mining pollution. This will
make mining impacts extremely difficult to detect if the facility is at the
150
-------
TABLE 46. RATING OF CANDIDATE STUDY SITES ON SELECTION CRITERIA^
Ul
Crlterl«(b)
Quantity of Coal Mining
(0 - little, 1 - very much)
Relative Importance of Coal Mining
(0 - minor importance, 1 - major Importance)
Clarity of Mining/Water Impact Status
(0 • uncertain, 1 " very clear)
Quality of Water Monitoring Data
(0 - poor, 1 • excellent)
Quality of Air Monitoring Data
(0 - none, 1 - some)
Proximity to Other Sites
(0 - near. 1 - distant)
Availability of Other Information Sources
(0 - not available, 1 • available)
Presence of Coal-Burning Power Plant
(0 • present, large; 0.5 - present,
email; 1 » absent)
STUDY COMMUNITIES
Craig. CO Hay den, CO
1 1
1 1
0.5 1
1 0.5
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 0
Range ly, CO
0
0,4
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
0.5
CONTROL
Canon City, CO
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
COMMUNITIES
Steamboat Springs, CO
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
(continued)
-------
TABLE 46. (Continued)
(b) CONTROL COMMUNITIES
Crlt"*« Keanerer, Iff Rock Springe. Iff Sheridan. HY
Quantity of 'Coal Mining 1 i i
(0 • little. 1 - very much)
Relative Importance of Coal Mining In, i
(0 - minor importance, 1 • major Importance)
Clarity of Mining/Water Impact Status 1 i i
(0 - uncertain, 1 • very clear)
Quality of Water Monitoring Data 0.5 1
(0-- poor, 1 • excellent)
Quality of Air Monitoring Data 0 l
(0 • none, 1 » some)
Proximity to Other Sites 1 i
(0 - near, 1 - distant)
Availability of Other Information Sources 1 1
(0 - not available, 1 - available)
Presence of Coal-Burning Power Plant 0 0.5
(0 - present, large; 0.5 - present,
small; 1 • absent)
0.5
1
0
0.5
0.5
(a) Details of the criteria can be found in the text.
(b) All Iturns are scaled with larger values Indicative of greater desirability.
-------
mine mouth and/or located upstream from the drinking water intake. Agri-
culture is the only other activity which contributes significantly to the
economy.
Surface water quality monitoring is fairly thorough on the Yampa River
near Craig. There are three monitors within 11 miles of town, all of which
measure several mineral parameters and toxic metals. There are many addi-
tional monitors on the river further downstream. The air quality monitor in
Craig measures nitrates and sulfates as well as total suspended particulates
(TSP) and benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF). Overall, the environ-
mental quality monitoring is relatively comprehensive in Craig as compared
to other communities under consideration.
Review of other data sources pertaining to this area indicates that the
United States Bureau of Land Management has published an Environmental
Impact Statement and Supplement concerning northwestern Colorado (U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, 1976). This region includes Craig, Hayden, Steamboat
Springs, and Rangely. This document would be valuable in identifying
features of the community pertinent to an epidemiological study, such as
current environmental quality and socioeconomic characteristics.
Craig is located in the cluster of candidate communities in northwestern
Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. Therefore, it would be well matched with
other communities within this cluster in terms of climate, geography, etc.
Also, it would be easily accessible from any of the other communities except
Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon City, Colorado.
In summary, Craig's only major detriment is that it is not close to the
mining activity that would potentially impact its drinking water supply,
tending to dilute its status as a study vs. a control site. The mining in
the area does constitute a significant portion of the community's economy,
its major competitors being agriculture and electricity generation. The
environmental monitoring activity is comparatively good. It is in a favor-
able location relative to other potential study sites, and the United States
Bureau of Land Management's Comprehensive Environmental Impact Statement
would be quite useful.
Hayden, Routt County, Colorado—
Routt County is located in northwestern Colorado. The county population
is almost exclusively white (over 99 percent). The median age in the county
is 28.5 years; this is-fairly typical of the eight communities under con-
sideration. Hayden, with a population of 1,338 in 1975, is located in the
west-central portion of the county. It grew very rapidly between 1970 and
1975 (14.4 percent annually). The per capita income in the community,
$5,492, is relatively high compared to the other mining communities and the
state as a whole.
As was mentioned in the discussion of Craig, there are 18 mines in Routt
County. All but three of these mines are located between 0.5 and three
miles upstream from Hayden on the Yampa River drainage system. Nine of
those mines on the Yampa River drainage system are surface. The other three
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mines, two surface and one underground, are approximately one and one-half
miles south of Craig. Currently, the mines in the county produce around ten
million tons per year. Production is estimated to increase to 15 million
tons per year by the early 1980's.
Other industries which contribute significantly to the economy of Routt
County are agriculture, coal-based electricity production, and recreation.
There Is a great deal~of"nearby mining which is directly upstream of
Hayden's drinking water supply. However, these impacts might be hidden or
confounded by pollution from the generating facility, if it is upstream from
the community. Often these facilities are built at the mine mouth, and
waste products are stored in piles that would be vulnerable to leaching
toxic substances into the water. Air pollution from the generating facility
would also have a potential impact on the health of the residents. In addi-
tion, the generating facility Is a significant competitor for the town's
labor resources.
All surface water quality parameters of interest are monitored eight
miles upstream and two miles downstream from Hayden. There are a number of
other monitors at various intervals upstream, but there is no regularity to
the measurements taken. A monitor 0.3 miles downstream analyzes for all the
toxic metals of interest. The air quality monitor in the area analyzes for
only TSP and BSOF. The overall environmental surveillance seems adequate
relative to other communities.
Hayden is in a location that would be easily accessible from all the
other communities under consideration except Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon
City, Colorado. This would facilitate travel among study sites and matching
of communities.
The Northwest Colorado Environmental Impact Statement and Supplement by
the United States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
1976) provides much information concerning Hayden that would be useful in
planning an epidemlological study.
From these criteria it appears that Hayden would be a desirable study
site. The only major potentially negative factor that must be considered is
the influence of a large electric generating facility.
Rangely, Rio Blanco County, Colorado—
Rio Blanco County is located in northwestern Colorado, and Rangely is
located in the northwestern part of the county. Approximately two-thirds of
its 5,349 inhabitants reside in the two communities of Meeker and Rangely.
The population is almost 99 percent white and somewhat younger than the
population in the other communities under consideration (the median age
being 26.9 years). Rangely's population of 1,792 (1975) residents increased
at an annual rate of 2.4 percent between 1970 and 1975. This growth rate is
slightly lower than that for the state of Colorado as a whole. Per capita
income in Rangely is $4,526.
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Tnere are three identified mines in Rio Blanco County. Only one of
these mines is in the vicinity of Rangely. This mine is approximately five
miles upstream from Rangely, situated on a major tributary of the White
River. It is expected to increase its production gradually with a goal of
3.7 million tons per year by 1990. Included in this mining complex are two
underground and one surface mine. Two other mines are located in the
eastern portion of the county near Meeker. Other energy-related activities
near Rangely may include an oil shale mine and plant and a coal-fired
electricity generating facility. Plans for both of these operations are
tentative with indefinite start-up dates. At the present time, mining and
agriculture are the only major economic activities in Rio Blanco County.
The only surface water monitor which would provide information useful
for a study is four miles upstream from Rangely, between the community's
water intake and the mine. This monitor is analyzing all pertinent para-
meters except nitrates. There are other monitors on the White River, but
they are too far upstream from Rangely to be of use. The air quality moni-
tor in the vicinity of Rangely is providing information on nitrates and
sulfates as well as TSP and BSOF. Overall, the environmental quality inform-
ation is adequate relative to other sites, although it would be useful to
have surface water quality data from directly upstream of the mine.
The cluster of communities in northwestern Colorado and southwestern
Wyoming includes Rangely. Therefore, Rangely would be readily accessible
from any of these communities and fairly well matched with them in terms of
such parameters as altitude, geography, and climate. Rangely is also in-
cluded in the Environmental Impact Statement covering northwestern Colorado
by the United States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
1976).
In summary, Rangely's status as a study community is adequately clear,
although a larger amount of mining would have a greater and thus more
readily detectable impact. There is little other activity in the area to
confound the study as the plans for oil shale mining and electricity pro-
duction are very tentative and are not expected to be pursued in the near
future. The environmental data is not as complete as would be desired.
There is published information available concerning the area, and it is
close to most of the other communities under consideration.
Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado—
Canon City is a community with approximately 13,000 residents located in
central Colorado. Between 1970 and 1975 its population grew at an annual
rate of 3.1 percent, which is very similar to the growth rate for the entire
state of Colorado (2.9 percent). The per capita income was only $3,658 in
1974, lower than the state average of $4,030. Fremont County has a popula-
tion which is fairly old (median age of 35.9) and- almost exclusively white
(98.2 percent). Approximately half the residents of Fremont County live in
Canon City. Mining activities in the vicinity of Canon City are concen-
trated approximately ten miles to the southeast, directly south of Florence
and east of the San Isabel National Forest. A total of ten mines were
determined to be active in the area according to the sources described
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earlier.. There is approximately an even mix of surface and underground
mines and all are of moderate size. The largest estimated annual tonnage
for any mine is 0.07 million tons, and both current and future total annual
tonnages for the region are only 0.1 million tons. This makes Canon City
one of the least desirable sites in terms of coal production. Furthermore,
the population is large (for this part of the state) and somewhat distant
from the mines. According to the criteria outlined earlier, both of these
factors tend to dilute the impact of"coal mining, and thus discourage
selection of Canon City as a study site.
Canon City's designation as being free of coal mining impacts on
drinking water is quite clear. The drinking water intake is located a short
distance upstream from town on the Arkansas River, while drainage from the
mined areas enters the Arkansas River more than five miles downstream from
Canon City.
Water quality monitoring on the Arkansas River near Canon City is rather
poor. Although there are three monitors within ten miles, and one within
one mile, none analyze for toxic metals. Only the most basic mineral char-
acteristics of the water are reported. An air quality monitor located in
Canon City records TSP (total suspended particulates) and BSOF (benzene
soluble organic fraction).
Relative to other study site candidates, Canon City is isolated. The
nearest community on the list is over 200 miles away, which would be a major
inconvenience in executing a field study of Canon City and another
community.
Finally, a search for other data sources specifically relevant to the
Canon City area produced virtually no information. This seems to reflect
the impression that this part of the west is not a critical element in coal
energy development.
Overall, the only major desirable features of Canon City as an investi-
gation site are the clarity of its designation as a control site and pres-
ence of an air quality monitor. The undesirable features include relatively
distant and small coal mines, large population, little surface water analy-
sis, and absence of any useful site-specific studies.
Steamboat Springs, Routt County, Colorado—
Steamboat Springs is located in the east-central portion of Routt County
which is in northwestern Colorado. The median income in Steamboat Springs,
$6,219, is substantially higher than that in the other communities under
consideration as well as the state as a whole. The population of the com-
munity grew 5.5 percent annually between 1970 and 1975. Routt County's
population is almost exclusively white (over 99 percent). The age distri-
bution in the county is similar to that for most of the other communities,
the median age being 28.5 years with 9.7 percent of the population over 65.
There is extensive mining in Routt County approximately one to three
miles west (downstream) of Steamboat Springs. Consequently, its status as a
156
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control community is unequivocal. The mines in the county are currently
producing approximately ten million tons per year, and it is estimated that
they will be producing 15 million tons per year by the early 1980's. A
significant proportion of the economy in Steamboat Springs is derived from
the recreation business, as the community is basically a ski resort area.
The relatively transient population in resort areas makes them undesirable
candidates for an epidemiologic study. Agriculture also has a significant
role in the economic activities of~the area.
Steamboat Springs takes its public water supply from the Fish Creek, a
tributary of the Yampa River. There is a monitoring station on Fish Creek
approximately two miles downstream from the community's water intake. The
monitor is located Just upstream from the confluence of the two streams.
This monitor is measuring only three of the water quality parameters under
consideration: pH, nitrates, and sulfates. There are numerous monitoring
sites on the Yampa River downstream from Steamboat Springs. However, since
the Fish Creek is not a major tributary of the river, information provided
by Yampa River monitors would not provide information specific to this com-
munity. Air quality parameters measured in the area of Steamboat Springs
are nitrates, sulfates, TSP, and BSOF. - - -
The Northwestern Colorado Environmental Impact Statement by the United
States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1976) contains
information concerning the area of Steamboat Springs that would be very use-
ful in designing and implementing an epidemiologic study. In addition,
Steamboat Springs is in a favorable location relative to most of the other
communities under consideration, as part of the cluster of communities in
northwestern Colorado and southwestern Wyoming.
Although there are several factors concerning Steamboat Springs that
make it attractive as a control site (location, amount and location of
mining, availability of supplemental data), there are also conditions which
are undesirable in epidemiological studies, most specifically the transient
population consequent to the resort activity.
Green River, Sweetwater County, Wyoming—
Sweetwater County is in the southwestern portion of Wyoming. Its popu-
lation is 97.5 percent white, and the age distribution of the population is
similar to that of the other areas under consideration as study sites, the
median age being 28.9 years with 9.6 percent of the population over 65.
Most of the 30,000 residents of Sweetwater County live in either Green River
or Rock Springs. Green River's population in 1975 was 7,423. The community
grew rapidly between the years of 1970 and 1975 (almost 15 percent annual-
ly). The median income in 1974 was $4,937, which is somewhat higher than
the median income for the state as a whole ($4,566).
There are three surface mines in Sweetwater County which will have an
estimated production of approximately 13 million tons per year by 1984.
Three underground mines in the county will not be contributing significantly
to this production. The mining is located east of Green River in the cen-
tral part of the county (one mine being located in the extreme eastern
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part of the county). The drainage from all the mining areas flows into
completely different systems of streams than the one from which Green River
takes its water supply. Consequently, the drinking water in this community
will not be impacted by the mining. Mining is the primary economic activity
in the county; manufacturing and agriculture also contribute substantially.
The percent of the county population employed in mining, manufacturing, and
agriculture is 19.2, 8.1, and 3.8 percent, respectively, with 38.0 percent
of the total"county population employed.
The water monitoring activity on the Green River (from which the
community of Green River takes its public water supply) is satisfactory.
The dissolved minerals of interest (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate)
are measured 4.4 miles upstream and 2.5 miles downstream from the intake
point. The monitor 2.5 miles downstream also provides data on the toxic
metals of interest (cadmium, chromium, arsenic, copper, and lead). Infor-
mation on these metals from upstream is only provided by a monitor 50 miles
away. There are many other monitors both upstream and downstream which are
analyzing for the minerals of interest. Total suspended particulates (TSP)
is the only relevant air quality parameter which is being measured in the
vicinity-of Green River. — - - —• — -
There are two sources of supplemental information on Green River: the
Southwestern Wyoming Environmental Impact Statement by the United States
Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1978) and United
States Geological Survey Hydrology and Economic Development Report (Lowham
et al., 1976). This information would prove very useful in designing and
implementing an epidemiologlc study.
Another desirable feature of the Green River area is that it is part of
the cluster of communities in southwestern Wyoming and northwestern
Colorado. Therefore, it would be easily accessible from all of the other
communities under consideration except Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon City,
Colorado.
A negative influence on Green River's desirability as a control site for
an epidemiologic study is its size. Its population is more than twice as
large as most of the other communities under consideration. This is also
reflected in the percentage of the county population employed in
manufacturing. The extent'of the impact of community size and the manu-
facturing industry will depend on the type and amount of manufacturing
located within the. community. An industry with extensive pollution
potential would be a problem in that impacts of this pollution would
camouflage the presence or absence of mining impacts.
Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming—
Lincoln County is located in the southwest corner of Wyoming. Its
population of approximately 10,000 residents is almost 100 percent white and
somewhat younger than the population of other areas under discussion, the
median age being 26.7 years. Kemmerer is located in the south-central
portion of the county. The population of Kemmerer grew at a rate of 3.0
percent annually between 1970 and 1975 to reach a 1975 population of 2,658.
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Its per capita Income In 1974 was $4,478. Both Kemmerer's growth rate and
per capita Income are very close to those figures for the state as a whole
(2.6 percent and $4,566, respectively).
There are four large surface mines in Lincoln County 6-12 miles
southwest of Kemmerer. The drainage from the mined area enters the stream
supplying Kemmerer's drinking water downstream from the intake point. Thus,
Kemmerer is clearly not mining/water impacted. The current production of
4 million tons per year is expected to increase to 9 1/2 million tons per
year in the near future. Agriculture is the other major economic activity in
the area of Kemmerer. There is a coal-based electricity generating facility
in the vicinity of Kemmerer, which is expected to double its output in
the near future. This additional source of pollution would make iso-
lation of mining Impacts difficult if the facility is upstream from the
intake for the community's water supply. In such a location, the facility
would have a potential impact on the water supply that would be labeled
"nonimpacted" for the purposes of the study.
There are two surface water quality monitors near Kemmerer; one
is 20 miles upstream and one is 3 miles downstream. Neither monitor ana-
lyzes all the parameters of interest. The monitor upstream provides
information on all the minerals but none on toxic metals. The other pro-
vides data on all the toxic metals and most of the minerals. There is
no air quality monitoring activity in the area.
There are two useful sources of information and data specific to Kemmerer.
These include the Southwestern Wyoming Evironmental Impact Statement by the
U.S. Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1978), U.S.
Geological Survey Hydrology and Economic Development Report (Lowham et al.,
1976). Information provided in these documents would be extremely useful
in designing and implementing an epidemiological study.
Kemmerer is located in a position relative to the other communities
that make it easily accessible from all areas except Sheridan, Wyoming
and Canon City, Colorado.
Although the environmental monitoring in the area of Kemmerer
is not completely satisfactory, it alone would not be a basis for exclu-
sion. However, the question of the effect of the electricity generating
facility is extremely important and needs to be examined further. Other
factors such as the amount of mining and the availability of supplemental
information are positive influences in Kemmerer's desirability as a study
site.
Rock Springs, Sweetwater County, Wyoming—
Rock Springs is approximately in the center of Sweetwater County,
which is located in southwestern Wyoming. Of the 30,144 inhabitants of
Sweetwater County, 17,773 (over half) reside in Rock Springs. The population
of the country is 97.5 percent white, the median age is 29.9 with 9.6 percent
of the population over 65. The median income of the residents of Rock Springs
is $4,358. The community grew at _an annual rate of 10.0 percent between 1970
159
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and 1975. The growth rate of Rock Springs Is considerably higher than that
value for the state as a whole (2.6 percent).
There are three surface mines in Sweetwater County which will have an
estimated production of 13 million tons per year by 1984. The three
underground mines in the county will not be contributing significantly to
this production. The mining is located to the north, east, and south of
Bock Springs. Since Rock Springs takes its water supply from the same
source as Green River, its drinking water will not be impacted by the
mining. As was mentioned in the discussion of Green River, the drainage
from the mined areas flows into systems of streams that are completely
separate from the stream supplying drinking water to the two communities.
The three major economic activities in the county are mining, manu-
facturing, and agriculture; 19.2, 8.1, and 3.8 percent of the population are
employed in each of these areas, respectively. It is reasonable to assume
that most of the manufacturing activity is taking place in the community of
Rock Springs, since a large proportion of the county population is
concentrated there. This could present a problem, depending on the nature
of the manufacturing. If the manufacturing pollutes the area sufficiently
to produce health impacts, it would be difficult to attribute the presence
or absence of health effects directly to the mining activity. In addition,
the size of Rock Springs is very atypical of the communities under
consideration as study sites. The relatively larger amount of traffic and
different social environment of a larger community could have a significant
impact on the health of the residents.
The surface water quality monitoring pertinent to Rock Springs is the
same as that for Green River, since the two communities share the same water
supply. As was discussed with respect to Green River, this monitoring
activity is satisfactory but not ideal. There are three air quality moni-
tors in the area of Rock Springs. Total suspended particulates (TSP) is the
only relevant air quality parameter measured by each of them.
There are two sources of supplemental information concerning the area of
Rock Springs: the Southwestern Wyoming Environmental Impact Statement by
the United States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
1978) and the United States Geological Survey Hydrology and Economic
Development Report (Lowham et al., 1976). Rock Springs is part of the
cluster of communities in southwestern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado.
Both of these points are positive factors concerning the choice of Rock
Springs as a control site for an epidemiological study. Other assets are
the amount and location of mining in the area, but the size of Rock Springs
makes it rather undesirable.
Sheridan, Sheridan County, Wyoming—
Sheridan County is located in north-central Wyoming. Its population is
mostly white. The residents in the county are considerably older than in
most areas under consideration as study sites. The median age is 36.8, and
15.9 percent of the population is over 65. About 60 percent of the county's
19,924 inhabitants reside in the community of Sheridan. This community grew
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at a much slower rate than other communities under consideration as well as
the state as a whole. Between 1970 and 1975 the annual growth rate was only
1.3 percent annually. The per capita income for the community of Sheridan
($4,551) is very similar to that for the state as a whole ($4,566).
The 11.5 million tons of coal mines per year in the vicinity of Sheridan
are taken from five surface mines. This production is expected to increase
to a total of 47 million-tons of coal per year by 1985. This mining is
located between approximately six and 30 miles downstream from the community
of Sheridan. Since the community takes its water supply from several miles
upstream, the mining will have no impact on its drinking water supply.
Agriculture is the only other major economic activity in the county. There
is a small amount of manufacturing in the county which is most likely
located in the community of Sheridan.
A medium sized coal-fired electricity generating facility is being
constructed in the area of Sheridan. As has been discussed, pollution from
such a facility may camouflage or confound mining impacts.
The closest surface water quality monitoring activity to the community
of Sheridan is approximately one mile downstream. At this site, and another
one seven miles upstream from the community, measures of pH, nitrates, hard-
ness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfates are taken. The nearest
monitor providing data on concentrations of the toxic metals of interest is
almost 11 miles downstream from the community of Sheridan. The only
relevant air quality parameter being measured in this area is TSP.
With Sheridan serving as a control site, travel between study site and
control site would be difficult and time consuming, as Sheridan is many
miles from any of the other communities under consideration. All of the
candidate communities except Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon City, Colorado are
close enough together that travel between-any pair of them would be
relatively easy.
There are two sources of data concerning the area of Sheridan: Effects
of Coal Strip Mining on Water Quality (Dettman et al. , 1976) and Land
Reclamation Annual Report (Carter et al. , 1978). These would be of some use
in designing and implementing an epideiniologic study.
In summary, there are several factors which make Sheridan attractive as
a choice of a control site in an epidemiological study. The mining in the
area is extensive and will clearly have no impact on the community's water.
In addition, mining is a relatively large part of the community's economy.
However, there is a medium sized coal-fired electricity generating facility
in the area; the surface water quality data as well as sources of additional
information are of limited use; and Sheridan is not' in a desirable geo-
graphic location for a study such as the one under consideration.
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U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1977a. Current
Population Reports Population Estimates and Projections: 1973 (Revised)
•-- and 1975 Population Estimates and 1972 (Revised) and 1974 Per Capital
Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places in Colorado. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Series P-25, No. 654, Washington, DC. 15
pp.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1977b. Current
Population Reports Population Estimates and Projections: 1973 (Revised)
and 1975 Population Estimates and 1972 (Revised) and 1974 Per Capital
Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places in Montana. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Series P-25, No. 674, Washington, DC. 12
pp.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1977c. Current
Population Reports Population Estimates and Projections: 1973 (Revised)
and 1975 Population Estimates and 1972 (Revised) and 1974 Per Capital
Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places in North Dakota.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Series P-25, No. 682, Washington, DC.
33 pp.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1977d. Current
Population Reports Population Estimates and Projections: 1973 (Revised)
and 1975 Population Estimates and 1972 (Revised) and 1974 Per Capital
Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places in Utah. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Series P-25, No. 692, Washington, DC. 13
PP-
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1977e. Current
Population Reports Population Estimates and Projections: 1973 (Revised)
and 1975 Population Estimates and 1972 (Revised) and 1974 Per Capital
Income Estimates for Counties and Incorporated Places in Wyoming. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Series P-25, No. 698, Washington, DC. 11
pp.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1969. Air Quality
Criteria for Particulate Matter. U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Publ. No.
49, Washington, DC. 225 pp.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Center for
Health Statistics. 1975. Vital Statistics of the United States. Vol.
II. Mortality. Pt. B. U.S. Public Health Service Publication No.
78-1102, Hyattsville, MD. Various paging.
165
-------
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1976. Northwest Colorado Coal and
Supplement. Final Environmental Statement. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, DC. Various paging.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1978. Proposed Development of Coal
Resources in Southwestern Wyoming. Final Environmental Statement. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Hangement, Washington, DC.
— Various paging. ~ ~ ' ' ~
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Energy Activities. 1976.
Existing and Proposed Fuel Conversion Facilities Summary. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII, Denver, CO. 57 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. Drinking Water and Health,
Recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences. Fed. Reg.
43(132):35764-35779.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Inventory of Public Water
Supplies - Computer Printout. Inventory of Public Water Supplies for
EPA Region VIII, Denver, CO. U.S. EPA Health Effects Research
Laboratory, Field Studies Division, Cincinnati, OH. (Unpublished)
U.S. Federal Energy Administration, Office of Coal. 1977. Western Coal
Development Monitoring System. Quarterly Summary, August 1, 1977. U.S.
Federal Energy Administration, Energy Resource Development,
FEA/G-77/306, Washington, DC. 29 pp.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1978a. Proposed Mining and Reclamation Plan Spring
Creek Mine, Spring Creek Coal Company (A Subsidiary of Northern Energy
Resources Company, Inc.), Bighorn, Montana. Prepared in cooperation
with Montana Department of State Lands. U.S. Geological Survey, DES
78-30, Washington, DC. Various paging.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1978b. Coal Creek Mine, Campbell County, Wyoming,
Proposed Mining and Reclamation Plan. Draft Environmental Statement.
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Various paging.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1978c. National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) Site
Directory. Computer Printout of Active Surface and Groundwater
Monitoring Stations. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
Columbus, OH. (Unpublished printout)
University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 1978. The
Impacts of Increased Coal Use in the Rocky Mountain Region. University
of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Regional Studies
Program, Los Alamos, NM. 247 pp. (Draft)
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166
-------
White, I. L. , M. A. Chartock, R. L. Leonard and others. 1977. Energy from
the West: A Progress Report of a Technology Assessment of Western
Energy Resource Development. Vol. III. Preliminary Policy Analysis.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Energy, Minerals, and
Industry, EPA-600/7-77-072c, Washington, DC. Pp. 961-1137. (NTIS,
PB-271 754)
Williams, R. R., N. L. Stegens, and J. W. Horn. 1977. Patient interview
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potentials of these data. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58(3): 519-524.
167
-------
TABLE A-l. CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN COLORADO1
HIM and
Location
of Min« Type of HIM
Matklna1 Lignite Surface
N 39*47'
V 104*39'
Mel Martinet Surface
M 37*10*
V 107*16'
H
Farmer 'a Mine Underground
N 38*55'
V 107*46'
King Mine (6 mi. Underground
E. of Paonla
In Delta Co.)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(•llllon tona/yr)
12.5 In 1983
0.25 in 1976
O.OS In 1977
0.25 In 1978
0.3 In 1980
1.0 In 1982
0.3 In 1980
Coal Analyala
Holat - 30Z
A»h - 301
Sulfur - 0.3-
0.4Z
Btu/lb -4,000
Molat - 4-51
Ash - 6-7Z
Sulfur - 0.4-
O.SZ
Btu/lb - 11,600-
12.090
Molat - 6-7Z
Ash - 3.2-5.4Z
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.6Z
Btu/lb - 11,500
Molat - 2.9-
6.1Z
Ash - 4.3-
8.1Z
Sulfur - 0.4-
1.2Z
Btu/lb - 12.900
t»ploy»ent(b)
Planned
Current Future
0 660
10
345
8(c> 175
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
vo
Name and
Location
of Mine Type of Mine
Converse Underground
N 38B54'
W 107°37'
Old Blue Ribbon Underground
N 38°57'
W 107°32'
Station Creek Surface
N 39° 18'
W 104°17'
Unnamed (1 mi. Underground
E. of Somerset
in Gunnison
County)
Hawk's Nest East Underground
N 38°56'
W 107*28'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
1.5 in 1980
Potential
0.1 in 1976
0.01 in 1977
0.05 in 1980
1.0 in 1982
2.0 in 1980
0.2 in 1975
0.5 in 1978
0.75 in 1979
Employment
Coal Analysis Current
Sulfur - 0.4- 10
0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,000
Moist - 6.0- 10
6.9%
Ash - 3.2-
5.4%
Sulfur -0.4-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,700-
13, 100
Lignite 0
10
Ash - 6% 90
Sulfur - 0.4% (105 in
Btu/lb - 12,500
Planned
Future
85
10
66
600
150
1976)
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
•vl
O
Name and
Location
of Mine
Grizzly Creek
N 40C32'
W 106021'
Lorencito
N 37"08'
W 104*49'
Maxwell
N 37"10'
u 104°52'
McGinley
N 39"16'
W 108&32'
McKinley #1
(near FruiCa,
Mesa County)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.5 in 1979
2.0 in 1980
Underground 0.5 in 1981
1.0 in 1982
Underground 0.10 in 1978
0.25 in 1979
0.60 in 1980
Underground 0.25 in 1976
0.025-0.1 in 1978
0.25 maximum
Underground 0.1 in 1977
Coal Analysis
Moist - 20%
Ash - 102
Sulfur - 0.6-
0.7%
Btu/lb - 9,000
Moist - 6%
Ash - 9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 13,700
Coking Coal
Moist - 8-9%
Ash - 8-9.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
40
0 500
100
85
35
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
•CMC
N 39°08'
W 108°20'
CMC 01
Mesa County
Wise Hill 05
N 40°26'
W 107039'
Colowyo
N 40°13'
W 107°50'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.07 in 1975
0.15 in 1978
0.5 in 1979
Underground 1.4 in 1977
Start-up,
1976
Underground & 0.5 in 1975
Surface 0.4 in 1977
0.6 in 1980
Surface 0.25 in 1977
3.0 in 1980
Coal Analysis
Moist - 5-6%
Ash - 7-11%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 11,990-
13,010
Moist - 16.0%
Ash - 5.8%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10.600
Moist - 8.5-
23.3%
Ash - 2.7-
9.4%
Sulfur -0.2-
1.0%
Btu/lb - 10,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
38
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Unnamed (2 mines Surface
20 ml. S. of
Craig, Moffat
Co.; 14 mi. E.
of Steamboat
Springs, Routt
County)
1.0 in 1980
75
Thompson Creek
If'a 1 & 3
N 39°19'
W 107°19'
Gordon
N 40°ir
W 108°43'
Peanut
N 38°56'
W 107°00'
Underground 01 0.035 in 1977
0.25 in 1978
0.5 in 1979
#3 0.035 in 1977
0.25 in 1978
0.5 in 1979
2 Underground 1.5 in 1980
1 Surface 2.3 in 1985
3.7 in 1990
Underground
Moist - 2.3- 12
3.62
Ash - 7.6-
14. 1Z
Sulfur - 0.6-
1.2%
Btu/lb - 12,800-
13,900
Moist - 13% 0
Ash - 9Z
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 11,100
Anthracite
320
700
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
w,
Name and
Location
of Mine
Peacock
'N 37°17'
W 108003'
Lincoln
N 40°02'
W 104°57'
Mt. Gunnison
N 38°52'
W 107°26'
Bear
N 38°55'
W 107°27'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.06 in 1978
Underground 0.2 in 1976
0.15 in 1977
Underground 0.5 in 1981
2.5 in 1985
Underground 0.13 in 1975
0.2 in 1977
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 3.5-10.7%
Ash - 3.4-11.3%
Sulfur - 0.6-4.0%
Btu/lb - 11,400-
14,000
Moist - 23.5-
25.0%
Ash - 6.5-
8.5%
Sulfur - 0.3-
0.4%
Btu/lb - 9,100 -
9,500
Moist - 10.4%
Ash - 4.5%
Sulfur - 0.47
Btu/lb - 11,846
Moist - 4.5-7%
Ash - 2.8-
8.9%
70
51(0
Sulfur - 0.4-
1.0%
Btu/lb - 12,170-
13,690
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Allen
N 37*09'
W 104*59'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.6 In 1975
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
W«>
Orchard Valley
N 38°52'
W 107839'
Underground
0.5 in 1976
0.5-0.7 in 1978
1.0 in 1980
Moist - 10-11%
Ash - 3-4%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.44%
Btu/lb - 12.000
Eagle Underground 0.2 in 1975 59
89
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
•vj
Ui
Name and
Location
of Mine
Coal Basin
N 39°13'
W 107°21'
Rienau 02
N 40°07'
W 107°51'
Edna
N 40°20'
W 107°01'
Energy 02
N 40°23'
W 107°09'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.1 in 1976
0.13 in 1979
Underground 1976 prep
£. Surface 0.04 in 1978
Surface 0.8 in 1975
1.1 in 1976
1.0 in 1979
0.85 in 1980
Surface 1.0 in 1976
1.1 in 1978
Coal Analysis
Moist - 4.2%
Ash - 9.7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 13,600-
15,150
Moist - 10-11%
Ash - 2.0-4.0%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 13,200-
13,400
Moist - 7.7-
12.5%
Ash - 3.3-13.2%
Sulfur - 0.6-
1.2%
Btu/lb - 10,400-
12,000
Moist - 10%
Ash - 4.1-9%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 11,300-
11,590
Employment
Planned
Current Future
65
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Energy #3
N 40°23'
W 1070.021
Energy tfl
N 40°21'
W 107°03'
Sun
N 40°20'
W 107°20'
Coal Basin
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.5 in 1975
0.5 in 1976
0.5 in 1978
Surface 1.7 in 1978
Underground Planned 0.3
Prep, plant >0.5 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 11%
Ash - 7.2-9%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,820-
11,300
Moist - 5.7-
10.4%
Ash - 8-17.8%
Sulfur - 0.5-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,400-
11,380
Moist - 11%
Ash - 4.2-9.5%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,900-
11,600
Moist - 6%
Ash - 7%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 15,000
Employment
Planned
Current Future
37(c)
65
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
•vj
-vt
Name and
Location
of Mine
Dutch Creek #1
N 39°11'
W 107°20'
Dutch Creek 82
N 39°llt
W 107°20'
L.S. Wood
N 39°12'
W 107021'
Nucla Strip
N 38°17'
W 108°35'
Seneca Strip tf2
N 40°26'
W 107°02'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.1 in 1976
0.16 in 1979
Underground 0.2 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
0.32 in 1979
Underground 0.4 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
0.31 in 1979
Surface 0.1 in 1976
0.11 in 1979
Surface 0.7 in 1975
1.5 in 1978
Coal Analysis
Moist - 4.0%
Ash - 8.3%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 14,000-
15,280
Moist - 4.0%
Ash - 8.3%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 14,000-
15,280
Approximately
the same as
Dutch Creek Si
Moist - 6-8%
Ash - 9.4%
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 11,550
Moist - 8-10%
Ash - 9.5%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
11,130
Employment
Planned
Current Future
77
18(c)
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
00
Name and
Location
of Mine
Somerset
H 38°55'
W 107°28'
Unnamed
N 37°39'
W 104 "52 '
Ramey
N 37°18'
W 104°35'
Unknown
N 37°22'
W 104"57'
King
N 37°15'
W 108"05'
Pricco
N 37*11'
W 104°43'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground 1.0 in 1976 Moist - 3.8- 280 *c)
1.0 in 1978 8.22
Ash - 6.7-12.0%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,070-
12,970
Surface 0.05-0.10 in 1979 Bituminous
Underground
Underground
Underground 0.02 in 1978 Moist - 2.4-4.6%
Ash - 2-7.3%
Sulfur - 0.15-1.2%
Btu/lb - 12,700-
14,000
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Highland
N 37°08'
W 104°27'
Nu Gap f 3
N 39°35'
W 107°39'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground
Underground 0.001 in 1978 Moist - 3-42
Ash - 6%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.5%
Btu/lb - 13.000
Unnamed
12 mi. W. of
Steamboat
Springs
Routt County
L.S. Wood, 03
N 39°11'
W 107°20'
Unknown
N 37°14'
W 104°4l'
Eureka
N 37°12'
W 104°41'
Surface &
Underground
Underground
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
oo
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Four Mile
N 39°24'
W 107°18'
Ullliarosfork *1
N 40°25'
W 107°38'
Unknown
N 37°14'
W 104°30'
Jewell
N 37°24'
W 104°40'
Cedar Canon
N 38°20'
W 105°11'
Current and
Planned Future Employment >
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground
Surface
Underground
Surface 0.05 in 1977 Moist - 13.85%
Ash - 8.15%
Sulfur - 0.44%
Btu/lb - 9,207
Surface 0.002 in 1976 Moist - 9-10%
0.003 in 1977 Ash - 9.9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,290
Canon Monarch
N 38°16'
W 105°09'
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
oo
Name and
Location
of Mine
Twin Pines
N 38°20'
W 105°10'
Casselman
N 40°17'
W 104°36'
Blackbird
N 39°02'
W 108°18'
Farmer Mutual
N 39°13(
W 108830'
Caldirola //I
N 38°20'
W 105°10'
Bowie
N 38e55'
W 107°33'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Underground 0.045 in 1977 Moist - 8.9-11%
0.045 in 1978 Ash - 0.62
Sulfur - 7.3-
12. 8%
Btu/lb - 10,560-
12.080
Underground
Surface
Underground
Underground
Underground Moist -6.5%
Ash - 4.7%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 13,600
Employment
Planned
Current Future
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Type of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
Employment
Coal Analysis
Planned
Current Future
oo
Christenson
N 40°18'
W 104*36'
Underground
Bookcliff
N 39°11'
W 108°28'
Underground
George Cocharan
N 39°14'
W 108e31'
Underground
Black Diamond
N 38°17'
W 105°09'
Peabody Pit
N 40°26'
W 107°07'
Quatro
N 37°02'
W 105°02'
Morley
N 37°02'
W 104°30'
Surface
0.04A in 1976
0.06 in 1977
Moist - 8.9-13%
Ash - 7.9-17.1%
Sulfur - 0.3-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,000-
11.290
Surface
Underground
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Type of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Employment
Planned
Current Future
oo
Canadian Strip
N 40°41'
W 106°06'
Wilson Creek
25 ml. So. of
Craig
Moffat Co
Surface
Surface
Johnnie's
N 40°16'
W 107°02'
Prosperity
N 40°15'
W 104840'
McLaughlin
N 37°08'
W 104*30'
Sunlight
N 39°24'
W 107°19'
Apex V 2
N 40°18'
W 107°02'
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground 0.012 in 1978
Underground 0.10 in 1977
0.25 in 1980
Moist - 4-5.4%
Ash - 4-8.5%
Sulfur - 0.5-1.3%
Btu/lb - 13,500
Moist - 6-9.2%
Ash - 3-12.1%
Sulfur - 0.5-0.7%
Btu/lb - 12,400
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
00
Name and
Location
of Mine
Gunbarrel
N 40°01'
W 105*16'
Sunset
N 40°18'
W 10A°36'
Boyer Peacock
N 39*12'
W 108°29'
Grasso
N 39°13'
W 108*30'
Scran ton
N 39°47'
W 104'40'
Whitfl Ash
N 40°17'
W 104°36'
Coal Gulch
N 39°21'
W 108°42'
Hunter Gulch
N 39°18'
W 108°3A'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Surface
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground 0.025 in 1978 Bituminous-
coking type
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
00
Ul
Name and
Location
of Mine
Bohlender
N 40°16'
W 104 °36'
Marr Prep P
N 40°43'
W 106°16'
Corcoran
N 39°14'
W 108°31'
Jarvis
N 39°13'
W 108°30'
Corley S & A
N 38°17'
W 105°10'
Buddy
N 40°17'
W 104°36'
Anclior ^1
N 39°19'
W 108°39'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground
Proc. Plant
Underground
Underground
Surface
Underground
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Type of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
Employment
Coal Analysis
Planned
Current Future
00
a\
Golden Quality
N 38°20'
W
Underground
Idle in 1976
Moist - 9.9-10.7Z
Ash - 7.4-10.AX
Sulfur - 0.4-0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,920
11,400
Farmer
N 39° 20'
W 108°41'
Kannah Creek
N 39°00'
W 108°15'
Kelehen
N 39°20'
W 108°42'
Lane
N 39°21'
W 108°42'
Thomas
N 39°13'
W 108°30'
Unnamed
N 39"01
W 108°31'
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
oo
•vj
Name and
Location
of Mine
Tomahawk
N 38°55'
W 102°00'
Limon
N 39°21'
W 103°52'
G.E.C. S & A
N 38°18'
W 105*10'
Hastings
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.08 in 1977
0.25 in 1978
Surface 0.3 in 1977
0.8 in 1978
Surface Joint output
with Black
Diamond to
total no more
than 0.1
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 8-14%
Ash - 9.3%
Sulfur - 0.9%
Btu/lb - 11,600-
12,090
Moist - 33%
Ash - 11-17%
Sulfur - 0.17-
0.43%
Btu/lb - 7,000
Moist - 7.5-8.2%
Ash - 9.5-11.2%
Sulfur - 0.8-1.3%
Btu/lb - 11,160-
13,680
Bituminous
6 mi. SW of
Florence
Fr emon t __Cp_un_ty
Canadian Strip
N 40°44'
W 106°18'
Surface
0.12 in 1977
Moist - 12.8-
16.1%
Ash - 3.2-19.2%
Sulfur - 0.6-1.4%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
11.160
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
CD
oo
Name and
Location
of Mine
Hay Gulch
N 37°17'
W 108°03'
Del Agua Strip
N 37"21'
W 104°39'
Healey Strip
1.5 mi NW Agui-
lar
Las Animas Co.
Trapper (Craig)
N 40°27'
W 107°34*
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.025 in 1978
0.05 in 1980
Surface Small
Surface 0.15 in 1978
Surface 0.4 in 1977
2.2 in 1979
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 5-6%
Ash - 7-10%
Sulfur - 0.6-1.6%
Btu/lb - 11,800-
14,000
Moist - 2-3%
Ash - 8-9%
Sulfur - 0.6-
0.7%
Btu/lb - 12,256
Moist - 16%
Ash - 5.7%
Sulfur - 0.3-0.5%
Btu/lb - 9,500-
11,500
Williams Fork
Strip tf2
N 40°28'
W 107°34'
Surface
Denton Strip
N 40°18'
W 107°20'
Surface
Idle
Bituminous
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
OQ
vo
Current and
Name and Planned Future
Location . Production
of Mine Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Eilt's Property Surface then 0.15 in 1977
N 40°28' Underground 0.25 in 1978
W 107°09'
Hayden Gulch Surface 1.0 in 1978
10 mi. S of
Hayden
Routt County
Meadows ffl Surface
N A0°28'
W 107°09'
Red Cannon 01 Underground 0.005 in 1977
N 38°56'
W 107°58'
Newlin Creek Underground
N 38°18'
W 105°10'
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 8%
Ash - 10%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
12.000
Moist - 14.5%
Ash - 6.7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 12.000
Moist - 9.5%
Ash - 9.1%
Sulfur - i;6%
Btu/lb - 11,000-
12.500
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
vo
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Eastside
N 39°36'
W 108°17'
McClane (test
site)
N 39°26'
W 108°47' .
Hawk's Nest
West 03
N 38°56'
W 107°28'
O.C. 02
N 38°55'
W 107°28'
Blue Flame
N 37°17'
W 108°03'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.001 in 1977
0.008 in 1979
Underground
Underground 0.5 In 1978
0.75 In 1979
Underground 0.004 in 1978
Underground Very small
Coal Analysis
Moist - 3-4%
Ash - p-7%
Sulfur - 0.6-0.8%
Btu/lb - 12,700-
13,200
Moist - A. 4-7.1%
Ash - 3.2-9.1%
Sulfur - 0.3-0.5%
Btu/lb - 12,400-
13.400
Moist - 9.5-10.1%
Ash - 4.3-6.0%
Sulfur - 0.3-0.6%
Btu/lb - 11,500-
12,500
Moist - 3.8%
Ash - 3-5.9%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 13,000-
14,000
Employment
Planned
Current Future
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Anchor-Tresner
Unit
N 39°19'
W 108°39'
Cameo
N 39021'
W 108°05'
Unnamed
N 40°34'
W 107807'
Blazer
N 40°34'
W 107°07r
Dawson Unit
N 40°29'
W 107°14'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.125 in 1977
0.3 in 1978
Underground 1977 prep
0.5 in 1979
0.9 in 1980+
Underground 0.25 in 1977
Underground 0.1 in 1977
or 1978
2.0-4.0 max
Coal Analysis
Moist - 8%
(washed)
Ash - 8%
Sulfur - 0.6-
1.0%
Btu/lb - 12,000
Moist - 6-8%
Ash - 7-11%
Sulfur - 0.4-0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,500
Moist - 8-9%
Ash - 9-10%
Sulfur - 0.5-0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
12,000
Moist - 7%
Ash - 8%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 11,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
VO
Name and
Location
of Mine
Elder
N 38°09'
W 108'17'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.001 in 1977
0.01 in 1978
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 3%
Ash - 7-8Z
Sulfur -0.7%
Btu/lb - 13.806-
14.400
(a)
(b)
(c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
-------
TABLE A-2. CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN MONTANA
(a)
vo
U)
Name and
Location
of Mine
East Decker
N 45°05'
W 106°53'
Rosebud
N 45°50'
W 106°35'
Sarpy Creek
N 45°49'
W 107°04'
Circle West
N 47°23' .
W 105°34'
Young's Creek,
Tanner Creek,
Squirrel Creek
Unnamed
N 45°03'
W 107°00'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mines (million tons/yr)
Surface 10.2 in 1976(?)
20.0 in 1981
Surface 9.2 in 1976
19.1 in 1980
Surface 6.5 in 1980
15.0 in 1982
Surface 5.0 in 1983
Surface 6.0 in 1980
16.0 in 1985
Coal Analysis
Moist - 24.1%
Ash - 4.3%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 9,700
Moist - 24.6%
Ash - 8.9%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 8,703
Moist - 23%
Ash - 11%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 8,500
Moist -34.9%
Ash - 6.9%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 6,930
Moist -24%
Ash - 3.5%
Sulfur - 0.25%
Btu/lb - 9,400
(b)
Employment
Planned
Current Future
128(C) 435
275 1260
990
0 200
435
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-2. (Continued)
vo
•p-
Name and
Location
of Mine
Spring Creek
N 45°08'
W 106°53'
East Sarpy
Creek
N 45°55'
W 107°00'
McCartney
Dlaine Co.
Nance
Tongue River
Rosebud Co.
Absaloka
Big Horn Co.
Big Sky
N 45°49'
W 106"37'
Savage
Richland Co.
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 10.0 in 1980
Surface Preliminary plan-
ning stages
Surface Preliminary plan-
ning stages
Surface Preliminary plan-
ning stages
Surface 4.0 in 1975
A.I in 1976
Surface , 2.1 in 1975
2.4 in 1976
Surface 0.3 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
•
Moist - 25. IX
Ash - 3.62
Sulfur - 0.35%
Btu/lb - 9,373
Moist - 23% 120(c^
Ash - 10%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 8,450
Moist - 26.3% 25(c)
Ash - 10.4%
Sulfur - 0.75%
Btu/lb - 8,450
Moist - 27% 19
-------
TABLE A-2. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Type of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
VO
tn
Storm King
N 46°15'
W 108°26'
Martin's Peat,
Inc.
N 47°50'
W
PM Surface
N 45°49'
W 108°18'
Unnamed
N 45034'
W 106*11'
Unnamed
N 46°16'
W 108°27'
Underground
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-2. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Unnamed
M 46*16'
W 108°20'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
(a)
(b)
(c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
-------
TABLE A-3. CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN NORTH DAKOTA
(a)
vO
Name and
Location
of Mine
Husky
N 47°56'
W lOl'Ol'
Coteau
N 47°26'
W 101°49'
Falkirk
N 46°49'
W 100°A7'
Gascoyne
N 46°08'
W 103°04'
Beulah
N 47°16'
W 101°46'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.14 in 1975
0.13 in 1976
Surface 7.0-7.5 in 1981
14.0-15.0 in 1985
Surface Under construc-
tion
5.0-6.0 in 1981
Surface 1.9 in 1975
2.5 in 1976
Surface 1.3 in 1976
2.2 in 1981
4.4 in 1985
Coal Analysis
Moist - 35%
Ash - 7%
Sulfur - 1.2%
Btu/lb - 6,500
Moist - 36%
Ash - 7.4%
Moist - 39.5%
Ash - 6.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 6,415
Moist - 43%
Ash - 5-8.5%
Sulfur - 0.75%
Btu/lb - 5,900-
6,250
Moist - 34-37%
Ash - 5-8%
Sulfur - 0.5-
0.7%
Btu/lb - 6,700-
6,900
Employinent^^
Planned
Current Future
8(c>
12 360
21 300
73 73
(65 in 1976)
110 280
(58 in 1976)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
00
Name and
Location
of Mine Type of Mine
Glen Harold (TT) Surface
N 47*16'
W 101*19'
Center Surface
N 47*05'
W 101*16'
Dunn Center Surface
N 47*23'
W 102*53'
Noon an Surface
N 48*52'
W 102°53'
Velva Surface
N 48*01'
W 101*01'
Indian Head Surface
N 47*14'
W 101°00'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
3.8 in 1976
1.9 in 1975
1.5 in 1975
1.7 in 1976
4.4 in 1978
13.0-14.0 in 1982
0.4 in 1975
0.4 in 1976
0.3 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
0.8 in 1975
1.1 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 37-42%
Aah - 4.0-6.51
Sulfur - 0.3 -
l.OZ
Btu/lb - 6,000-
7,000
Moist - 39%
Ash - 6.2%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 6,650
Moist - 34.0%
Ash - 8.0%
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 6,800
Moist - 34.5%
Ash - 8%
Sulfur - 0.55%
Btu/lb - 7,100
Employment
Planned
Current Future
147 147
(151 in 1976)(c)
38 80
(53 in 1976)
0 300
23(0
28
54
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
vo
VO
Name and
Location
of Mine
Unnamed (Heart
Type of Mine
Surface
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Butte area)
N A6°42'
W 101°55'
Unnamed (south
of Beach)
N 46852'
W 103°58'
Surface
Arrowhead
N 46°21'
W 102"59'
Bains Sub-
Bitumlno
N 45°59' '
W 102 "18 '
Chamberlain
N 46000'
W 102°30'
Knife River
N 46°04'
W 103°02'
Larson B-N
N 48°52'
W 102 °52'
Mineral loca-
tion
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Consolidated Coal
N 47*15'
W 101 '59'
North (KRCC)
N 47*17'
W 101*42'
Smith-Ullman-
Olson
N 46*01'
W 102*30'
Larson
N 48*53'
W 102*54'
Dakota Collier-
ies
N 47*15'
W 101*52'
Dakota Lanonite
N 46*08'
W 103*35'
Cunt her
N 46°09'
W 101°53'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Surface
Mineral loca-
tion
Surface
Surface-
under-
ground
Surface
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
O
h*
Current and
Name and Planned Future
Location Production
of Mine Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Dakota Star
N 47°22'
W 101°38'
Carbon C.oal
N 46°50'
W 101°34'
Knife River
N 46°08'
W 103°02'
Nygard
N 47°56'
W 103°09'
Grishkousky
N 47°08'
W 101°47'
Fleramer
N 46°53'
W 101e18'
Roy Kern
N 46°09'
W 103°15'
Coal Analysis
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Surface
4.0 after 1985
Moist - 37%
Ash - 6-7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 6,800-
6,900
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
N>
O
Name and
Location
of Mine
Type of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
Coal Analysis
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Cuater (Truax
TR)
N 47°37'
W
Surface
Glen Harold
(CCC)
N 47°18'
W
Hanging Cross
N 46*45'
W 101*42'
Surface
Surface
Knifer River
N 47*14'
W 101% 7'
Surface
Landaker
N 48°03'
W 102'15'
Surface
Art Kobs
N 47Dllf
W
Mineral loca-
tion
McKinley, Nelson
N 48°06'
W 103°32'
Underground
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
NJ
O
OJ
Name and
Location
of Mine
Freyer
N 47°10'
W 101*35'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
North & South
BE
N 47°12'
W
Center Strip
N 46°59'
W 101*33'
Sampson Mine
N 47°14'
W 102°A2'
Nokota Co. 01
South of Max
McLean County
Mineral loca-
tion
Surface
Surface
Surface
6.6 after 1982
Rennera Cove
Renners Cove
Mercer Co.
Surface
3.0 after 1980
Moist - 37%
Ash - 7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 6,700-
6.800
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-3. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Washburn
Washburn
McLean Co.
Underwood
N 47'27'
W 101*07'
Garrison
N 47°38'
W 101a26'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 5.0 after 1985
Surface 1.5 after 1985
Surface 3.30 in 1984
Coal Analysis
Moist - 38%
Ash - 4.4%
Sulfur - 0.5X
Btu/lb - 7,100
Employment
Planned
Current Future
(a)
(b)
(c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
-------
TABLE A-4. CURRENT AND FUTURE MINES IN SOUTH DAKOTA
(a)
M
O
I/I
Name and
Location
of Mine
Lignite Pit
N 45°37'
W 103°16'
Lignite Pit
N 45°49'
W 103°15'
Lignite Pit
N A5°30'
W 103°10'
Lignite
N 45°35'
W 102°48'
Phillips
N 45e26'
W 102°49'
Lignite Pit
N 45°52'
W 103°25'
Lignite Pit
N 45°54'
W 103°16'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Surface
Surface
Surface
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-4. (Continued)
N>
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Lignite Pit
N 45°28'
W 103°09'
Lignite
N 45°35'
W 102*48'
Seidell
N 45°35'
W 102°21'
Lignite Pit
N 45°52'
W 103°25'
Lignite Pit
N 45°54'
W 103C17'
Cooke
N 45°33'
W 102°08'
Lignite
N 45°40'
W 102°27'
Lignite Pit
N 45°50'
W 103° 15'
Type of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
Coal Analysis
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface &
Underground
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-4. (Continued)
O
•vl
Name and
Location
of Mine
Lignite Pit
N 45°29'
W 103°09'
Cornelia
N 45°45'
W 102°40'
Lignite
N 102°39'
W 45°49'
Lignite Pit
N A5°51'
W 103°16'
Lignite Pit
N A5°35'
W 103°07'
Jones
N 45"34'
W 102°51'
Lignite Pit
N 45°41'
W 102845'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Surface
Surface &
Underground
Surface &
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground
Surface
(a)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USMB, 1978).
-------
TABLE A-5. CURRENT AND FUTURE MINES IN
Name and
Location
of Mine Type of Mines
Soldier Canyon Underground
N 39*41'
W 110°37'
Braztah Underground
«,4,5,6
N 39°A3'
W 111°55'
Deer Creek Underground
N 39°22'
W m°06'
Wilberg Underground
N 39°19'
W 111008'
Straight Canyon Underground
(Near Castle Dale,
Emery Co.)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
O.S In 1976
1.0 in 1978
03 & 5 - 0.3 in
1975
4>3 & 5 - 0.9 in
1976
6.5 in 1980 (all)
1.0 in 1976
2.2 in 1978
0.2 in 1976
2.2 in 1980
2.5 in 1980
Coal Analysis
Moist - A. 5%
Ash - 8. 4%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 12..500
Moist -5.7%
Ash - 9.7%
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 12,300
Moist - 3.5%
Ash - 5.6%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 13,300
Moist - 5.4%
Ash - 9.2X
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,500
EmployTnent(b)
Planned
Current Future
160 345
2,250
860
760
860
Perron Canyon
(Near Perron,
Emery Co.)
Underground 1.0 in 1980
345
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
o
<£>
Name and
Location
of Mine
Emery
(near Emery,
Emery Co.)
Emery Strip
(near Emery,
Emery Co.)
John Henry
N 37°10'
W 111°32'
Unnamed
(near Alton,
Kane Co.)
Escalante
(Near Escalante,
Carfield Co.)
Unnamed
(Carbon Co.)
Unnamed
Factory Butte
(Wayne Co.)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Underground 0.04 in 1.975
0.08 in 1976
1.4 in 1980
Surface 0.5 eventually
Underground 0.4 eventually Moist - 5-8%
(Delayed) Ash - 4-8%
Sulfur -
0.43-0.8%
Btu/lb - 11,700-
12,500
Surface 11.5 in 1982 Sulfur - 1.1%
Btu/lb - 10,200
Underground 6.0 in 1985
Dependent on
water avail.
Underground 0.5 in 1980
Planning stages
Surface 1.0 in 1980
Start-up 1976
(continued)
Employment
Planned
Current Future
82(c) 483 .
33
183
760
2,070
170
345
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
ro
*-*
O
Current and
Name and Planned Future Employment
Location Production Plannec
of Mine Type of Mines (million tona/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Unnamed Underground 1.0 in 1980
(Sevler Co.) Planning stages
Intermountaln Underground 10.0 In 1985
Power Project
(Wayne Co.)
Utah 92 Underground 0.2 In 1975
N 39"43' 0.3 in 1976
W 111°10' 0.7 in 1978
Dellna tl Underground 1.3 in 1978
(Near Clear
Creek, Car-
bon Co.)
Dellna t 2 Underground 0.8 in 1979
(Near Clear
Creek, Car-
bon Co.)
O'Connor #1 Underground 0.2 in 1980
(Near Clear
Creek, Car- •
bon Co . )
Unnamed Underground Unknown Sulfur - 0.5%
(Near Sunnyside, Btu/lb - 12,000
Carbon Co.)
345
340
240
415
275
70
790
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Star Point 03
(Near Wattis
Carbon Co.)
Southern Utah
Fuels 01
N 38*55'
W 111025'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mines (million tons/yr)
Underground 1.0 in 1981
Underground 1.0 in 1977
1.5 in 1978
Employment
Coal Analysis Current
Moist - 9% 185 (
Ash - 9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 11,200
Planned
Future
345
°) 520
Gordon Creek tf3
(Near Helper,
Carbon Co.)
Swisher 05
(Near Huntington,
Emery Co.)
Underground 0.2 in 1977
Underground 0.2 in 1979
Moist - 6.3%
Ash - 6.22
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 12.500
Moist - 6.5%
Ash - 4.9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12.700
70
70
Huntington
Canyon #4 .
(Emery Co.)
Thompson
(Thompson,
Grand Co.)
Underground 0.2 eventually
Underground 0.6 in 1979
Moist - 4.8%
Ash - 5.3%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 13.200
10 (c) 70
70
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
to
Nane and
Location
of Mine
Rilda Canyon
(lluntingtqn,
Emery Co.)
Beehive
N 39*19'
W 111*05'
Deseret
N 39*19'
W 111*05'
Sunnyside fl
N 39*33'
W 110*22'
Sunnyside 12
N 39*33'
W 110*22'
Sunnyside 03
N 39*33'
W 110*22'
Central Prep
Plant
(Sunnyside ,
Carbon Co.)
Type of Mine
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Prep Plant
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
0.2 eventually
0.56 in 1975
0.68 in 1976
0.5 in 1976
0.82 in 1975
0.65 in 1976
Temporarily
Inactive
0.2 in 1975
0.1 in 1976
0.06 in 1975 Moist - 52
0.81 in 1976 Ash - 6%
Sulfur - 0.9Z
Btu/lb - 13.500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
70
70 (0
65(C>
280
55 (c)
20(c>
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
ro
Name and
Location
of Mine
Starpoint * 1 & 2
N 39°31'
w ni-oi1
Gordon Creek
02 & 3
N 39°41'
W 111*04'
Cordon Creek 06
Huntington
Canyon
N 39°22'
W 111°07'
King
N 39°30'
W 111°04'
Wellington •
(Carbon Co.)
Geneva (East
Carbon,
Emery Co.)
Type of Mines
Surface &
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Surface &
Underground
Prep Plant
Underground
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
0.45 in 1975
0.55 in 1976
0.4 In 1976
Under Develop-
ment
Opened March,
1977
0.5 in 1975
0.6 in 1976
0.7 in 1975
0.67 in 1975
0.60 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 9%
Ash - 8.50%
Sulfur - 0.65%
Btu/lb - 11,500
Moist - 9%
Ash - 10%
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 11,500
Moist - 7X
Ash - 12%
Sulfur - 0.86%
Btu/lb - 13,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
165
78
3(c)
10(0
44
286
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Leamaster
N 39*25'
W 111*08'
Shakespeare
N 37*39'
W 111*58'
Western Mines -
Gene
N 39*27'
W 110*20'
Emery Pit
N 38*51'
W 110*15'
Co-Op
N 39°24'
W 111*07'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Underground
Underground
Underground
Surface
Underground
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Trail Mountain
N 39*18'
W 111*11'
Underground
Cordon Creek
N 39*41'
W 111*04'
Surface
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
t-o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Sun Valley
N 38°46'
W lll'lS'
Carbon Fuel 03
N 39°43'
W 110e53'
Larson-Rlgby
N 39°34'
W 111°12'
Thompson
N 37°34'
W 113°03'
King 05
N 39°31'
W Ille05'
Black Ace
Thompson, Grand
Co.
Ivle Creek
Erne ry •
Emery Co.
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
t
Underground
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-5. (Continued)
ro
Current and
Name and Planned Future
Location Production
of Mine Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Colomblne 11 Underground
Scofield,
Carbon Co.
Black Hawk Underground
Coalville,
Summit Co.
Knight Underground 0.5 in 1978
Salina, Sevier
Co.
Unnamed, South Underground 1.6 in 1981
of Hiawatha,
Emery Co.
MacKinnon 12-3, Underground
West of Hiawatha,
Carbon & Emery
Cos.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
-------
TABLE A-6. CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN WYOMING
(a)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Stansbury 01
N 41° 41'
W 109 °11'
Rainbow 18
N 41°31'
W 109"13'
Jim Bridger
N 41°46'
W 108°45'
Big Horn 01
N 44°53'
W 106°58'
Elkol
N 41°42'
W 110°34'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground Opening planned
for 1976
1.4 in 1980
Underground 0.1 in 1976
0.2 in 1980
Surface 3.4 in 1976
7.5 in 1980
Surface 0.8 in 1976
1.5 in 1980
Surface 1.0 in 1975
1.8 in 1976
1.1 in 1980
Coal Analysis
Moist - 17.5%
Ash - 4.7%
Sulfur - 1.1%
Btu/lb - 10,500
Moist - 11.4%
Ash - 4.2%
Sulfur - 0.9%
Btu/lb - 11,700
Moist - 20.5%
Ash - 9.7%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 9,300
Moist - 24.5%
Ash - 5.8%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 9,300
Moist - 20.4%
Ash - 3.0%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 10,200
Employment
Planned
Current Future
30 275
70 70
(83 in 1976)
120 200
(165 in 1976)(c)
69 69
35 80
(150 in 1976) (c)
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
ro
H"
oo
Name and
Location
of Mine
Grass Creek
N 43*55'
U 108841 '
Dave Johnston
N 43002'
W lOS'SO1
Vanguard 02 & 3
N 41°53§
W 106°39'
Medicine Bow
N 41°55'
W 106'46'
Rosebud
N 41e54'
W 106'30'
Seminoe 92
N 41*54'
W 106°30'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
0.7 in 1980
Surface 2.7 in 1976
Underground 1.0 in 1975
1.1 in 1976
«2 (1.0-2.0 in
1980)
#3 (0.5 in 1978)
Surface 2.8 in 1976
3.6 in 1980
Surface 1.8 in 1975
2.2 in 1976
Surface 2.9 in 1975
2.7 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 12.1%
Ash - 9.0%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 10,800
Moist - 26.3%
Ash - 12.0%
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 7,500
Moist - 13.0%
Ash - 11.5%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 9,800
Moist - 12.0%
Ash - 7.5%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,200
Moist - 14.2%
Ash - 8.2%
Sulfur - 1.0%
Btu/lb - 10,300
Employment
Planned
Current Future
100
13l(c>
120 120
(150 in 1976)(c)
135 135
(125 in 1976)
115
121
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
N>
,_
10
Name and
Location
of Mine
Seminoe 01
N 41°53'
W 106°48'
Wyodak
N 44°17'
W 105°21'
Bell Ayr South
N 44°05'
W 105°22'
Sorenson
N 41°42'
W 110°34'
Rawhide
N 44°29'
W 105*25'
Rochelle
N 43°36'
W 105°14'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 2.4 in 1975
2.6 in 1976
Surface 0.8 in 1975
2.2 in 1980
Surface 3.3 in 1975
7.3 in 1976
10-15 in 1980
Surface 1.7 in 1975
2.3 in 1976
3.0-4.7 in 1980
Surface 8.5 in 1980
Surface 5.0-11.0 in 1985
Coal Analysis
Moist - 29.2%
Ash - 9.6%
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 8,200
Moist - 26.2%
Ash - 5.3%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 8,800
Moist - 20.9%
Ash - 4.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 9,500
Moist - 31.0%
Ash - 6.0%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 8,100
Moist - 28.0%
Ash - 5.6%
Sulfur - 0.3%
Btu/lb - 8,400
Employment
Planned
Current Future
166(c>
28 190
250 350
300 350
48(c) 560
225
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
ro
Is)
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
FMC Mine,
Skull Point
N 41*42'
W 110°38'
Eagle Butte
N 44*26'
W 105°25'
Cordero
N 44*03'
W 105*21'
Jacobs Ranch
N 43*42'
W 105°41'
East Gillette
N 44*19'
W 105*28'
Black Butte
N 41*36'
W 108*41'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 1.0-2.0 in 1980
Surface 30>0 in 1980
Surface Under construction
12.0 in 1986
Surface Under construction
14.0 in 1983
Surface Planned open 1977
5.0-11.0 in 1980
N
Surface 4.2 in 1980
Planned open 1977
Coal Analysis
Moist - 20.9%
Ash - 4.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 9,500
Moist - 29.2%
Ash - 9.6Z
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 8,200
Moist - 29.0%
Ash - 5.8%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 8,500
Moist - 31.5%
Ash - 5.7%
Sulfur - 0.46%
Btu/lb - 8,000
Moist - 17.7%
Ash - 8.5%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 9,700
Employment
Planned
Current Future
60 100
0 350
400
62(c) 300
300
35 200
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
NJ
NJ
Name and
Location
of Mine
Thunderbird
Campbell Co.
PSO Mine
N 45°00'
W 107°00' ,
Buckskin Mine
Campbell Co.
Carbon County
Coal
N 41°53'
W 106*27'
Twin Creek
N 41°47'
W 110°34'
Caballo
N 44°08'
W 105°18'
Red Rim
N 41°42'
W 107°31'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 3.0 in 1980
Tentative
Surface Start in 1976
0.5 in 1978
Surface 4.0 in 1980
Very tentative
Underground 0.8 in 1976
2.5 in 1980
Surface Planning stages
3.0 in 1980
Surface Planning stages
12.0 in 1980
Surface 2.5 in 1980
Coal Analysis •
Moist - 27.7%
Ash - 13.4%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 7,600
Btu/lb - 8,200
Moist - 11.5%
Ash - 6.6%
Sulfur - 0.9%
Btu/lb - 10,800
Employment
Planned
Current Future
225
50
250
90
200
150
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
ro
to
Name and
Location
of Mine
China Butte
N 41*31'
W 107*38'
Coal Creek
Campbell County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Surface 1.0-3.0 in 1980
4.0 in 1982
Surface Under development
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Rimrock 41, 2 & 5 Surface
N 41°53'
W 106e38'
Long Canyon Underground
N 41°47f
W 109°10'
Black Thunder Surface 7.0-10.0 In
N 43°40' X9&0
W 105e15' 20.0 in 1982
South Haystack Surface 2.5-3 0 in 1°78
N 41°23'
W 110*34 '
Atlantic Rim Surface 2 0 in 1983
N 41°31'
W 107*27'
Moist - 2ft. 1% 61
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
NJ
Name and
Location
of Mine
Cherokee
N 41°42'
W 107°45'
Pronghorn
N 44°03*
W 105°21'
Cravat
N' 43°00*
W 110°40'
Stevens North
N 4 3° 08'
W 105Q45'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 6.0 in 1984
Surface 5.0 in 1981
Surface Unknown
Surface 5.0 in 1985
Coal Analysis
Moisture - 21.92%
Ash - 14.56%
Sulfur - 1.75%
Btu/lb - 8,000
Moisture - 26.96%
Ash - 5.3%
Sulfur - 0.42%
Btu/lb - 8,590
Employment^)
Planned
Future
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-6. (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
North Gillette
N 44*26'
W 105*26'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
(a)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielaon,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).
* 'Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
-------
TABLE B-l. COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN COLORADO
(*)
to
K>
Ul
Man* and
Location
of Mlna
Watklna* Llfnlta
M M'47'
U 104 '3V
Adana County
Convaraa
M Jl'14'
U 10»*17*
Dalta County
Farnar*a Hlna
II !»•»»•
U IOJ'46*
balta County
Mn| Hlna (a nl .
t. ol raonla)
Dalta County
Old llua Ribbon
M 38'JI'
U 107*12'
Oalta County
Orchard Vallay
N M'12'
U 107*)9'
Oalta County
Station Ctaafc
M }*'ia*
U 104*11'
llbart County
Currant and
Plannad Putura
Production
(nil lion toni/yr)|
Typa of Mlna Hap Color lndlciler<>>
Surlaca 12.) In 1*11
lad
Uodarsroucul 1.1 in 1»»0
Potanttal
llua
Underground 0.1 In 1»«0
1.0 In 1*11
llua
Undaitround 0.} in 1»«0
llua
Undaiground 0.1 In l*7a
0.01 In 1*77
0.05 In 1*10
llua
Utidartround O.J In 1*76
O.i-0.7 In 1*7«
i.o in i»ao
llua
Surfaca • 1.0 In 1*112
llua
E*p)oy
Coal Analyala Currant
Molat - 101 0
Aah - 101
Sulfur - 0.1-0.4S
Itu/lb - 4.000
Sulfur - 0.4-0.61 10
Itu/lb - 12.000
Molat - »-7J
Aah - 1.1-J.4X
Sulfur - 0.4-0. it
Itu/lb - 11.500
Molat - 2.»-a.lI 6
Aah - 4.1-I.U
Sulfur - 0.4-1. 21
Itu/lb - 12, (00
Molat - ».0-t.n 10
Aah - 3.2-1.41
Sulfur - 0.4-0. tX
Itu/lb - 12.700-11.100
Molat - 10-111 140 HI
Aah - 3-41
Sulfur - 0.4-0.441
Itu/lb - 12.000
Llinlta 0
MM
PUnnad
Futura
.60
a)
141
171
10
44
ca
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
H*me and
Location
of Mine
Ht. Cunnison
V 38*52*
U 107*26'
Cunnlson County
Unnamed (1 •!. I.
of Somerset)
Cunnison County
Grizzly Creek
H 40*32'
U 106*21*
Jackson County
Merr Strip 11
M 40*44*
W 106*09*
Jackvon County
Hay Gulch
H 37*17*
U 108*03*
La Plata County
Lorcnclto
H 37*08*
U 104*49'
La« Anlaas County
Maxwell
V 37*10*
W 104*52*
La a Anlaas County
Current and
Planned future
Production
(•illion tons/yr):
Type of Mine Hap Color Indicator"1)
• Underground 0.5 In 1981
2.5 in 1985
Green
Underground 2.0 In 1960
Creen
Surface 0.5 In 1979
2.0 in 1980
Creen
Surface 0.2 In 1975
0.3 In 1980
Blue
Surface 0.025 In 1978
0.05 in 1980
Blue
Underground 0.5 in 1981
1.0 in 1982
Blue
Underground 0.10 in 1978
0.25 in 1979
0.60 in 1980
Blue
Employment *>c)
Coal Analysis Current
Moist - 10.41
Ash - 4.5Z
Sulfur - 0.47;
Btu/lb - 11.846
10
Moist - 20Z
Ash - 10Z
Sulfur - 0.6-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 9,000
Hoist - 11. 0-14. 41 36
Ash - 2.1-10.81
Sulfur - 0.2-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 10.040-13,290
Moist - 5-6X
Ash - 7-101
Sulfur - 0.6-1.6Z
Btu/lb - 11,800-14,000
Moist -61 0
Ash - 91
Sulfur - 0.6Z
Btu/lb - 13,700
Coking Coal
Planned
Future
600
40
500
100
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
to
Name and
Location
of Mine
Cameo
N 39*21'
V 108*05'
Mesa County
Colowyo
N 40*13'
M 107*50'
Maffat County
Unnamed (20 ml.
s. of Craig) •
Moffat County
Vise Hill 15
N 40*26'
W 107*39'
Moffat County
Cordon
N 40*11'
W 108*43'
Klo Blanco County
Apex 12
N 40*18'
M 107*02'
Koutt County
Dauson Unit
M 40*29'
W 107*14'
Routt County
Type of Mine
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground &
Surface
2 Underground
1 Surface
Underground
Underground
Current and
Planned Futur*
Production
(million tons/yr):
Map Color Indicator l^)
1977 prep.
0.5 in 1979
0.9 in 1980+
Blue
0.25 in 1977
3.0 in 1980
Green
1.0 in 1980
(Total with Unnamed.
Moffat County)
Blue
0.5 in 1975
0.4 in 1977
0.6 in 1980
Blue
1.5 in 1980
2.3 in 1985
3.7 in 1990
Green
0.10 in 1977
0.25 in 1980
Blue
0.1 in 1977 or 1978
2.0-4.0 nmxlmun
Green
Coal Analysis
Moist - 6-8Z
Ash - 7-11Z
Sulfur - 0.4-0. 6Z
Btu/lb - 12,500
Moist - 8.5-23.3Z
Ash - 2.7-9.4Z
Sulfur - 0.2-l.OZ
Btu/lb - 10,500
Moist - 16. OZ
Ash - 5.8Z
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 10,600
Moist - 13Z
Ash - 9Z
Sulfur - 0.4Z
Btu/lb - 11,100
Moist - 6-9. 2Z
Ash - 3-12. IX
Sulfur - 0.5-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 12,400
Moist - 7Z
Ash - 81
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 11,500
Employment (°)
Planned
Current Future
244
75
72 150
(90 in 1976) W
0 700
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
HUM and
Location
of Kin*
Edna
N 40*20'
U 107*01'
Routt County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(•llllon toni/yr):
Typa of Mine Map Color Indicator*"'
Surfaca 0.8 In 1975
1.1 In 1976
1.0 In 1979
0.8S In I960
Coal Analyiia
MoUt - 7.7-12.52
Aah - J.3-13.2X
Sulfur - 0.6-1. 2X
Btu/lb - 10.400-12,000
Employment
Planned
Current Future
75 ,l\
(77 In 1976)
Unnamed (14 •!.
E. of Steamboat
Springe)
Routt County
Surface 1.0 In 1980
(Total with Unnamed.
Moffat County)
Blue
75
tsJ
S>
oo
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Based on Bureau of Hlnea Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines Information
Circular 8719 (Coreentlno, 1976); Keystone Coal Induetry Manual (Nlelaon, 1977); and Mineral
Industry Location Systems (USBM, 1978).
In order to be Indicated on the map, a nine had toi (1) have development planned for 1980
or later and (2) be located with latitude-longitude or by come other detailed description.
Ttie total increase In tonnage was calculated as the maximum projected value minus the cur-
rent value with blue • 0-1.00, green - 2.0-5.99, and red - 6.0 or greater (Theae wore con-
verted to symbols In this report, Figure 3).
Unleaa othervlee noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Hlnes Information Circular
B772 (Rich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelaon, 1977).
-------
TABLE B-2. COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN MONTANA(a)
NJ
ttane and
Location
of Mine
East Decker
N 45*05'
U 106*53*
Big Horn County
Sarpy Creek.
N 45*49'
W 107*04'
Big Horn County
Spring Creek
N 45*08'
U 106*53'
Big Horn County
Voung's Creek,
Tanner Creek,
Squirrel Creek
Unnamed
N 45*03'
W 107*00'
Big Horn County
Circle West
N 47*23'
W 105*34*
McCone County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(nllllon tons/yr);
Type of Mine Map Color Indicator *°)
Surface 10.2 In
20.0 in
Red
Surface 6.5 in
15.0 In
Red
Surface 10.0 in
Red
Surface 6.0 In
16.0 In
Red
Surface 5.0 In
Creen
1976(7)
1981
1980
1982
1980
1980
1985
1983
Coal Analysis
Moist - 24. IX
Ash - 4.3Z
Sulfur - 0.6Z
Btu/lb - 9.700
Moist - 23Z
Ash - 111
Sulfur - 0.7Z
Btu/lb - 8,500
Moist - 24Z
Ash -3.51
Sulfur - 0.25Z
Btu/lb - 9.400
Moist - 34.91
Ash - 6.9Z
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 6,930
Employment (c)
Planned
Current Future
128^d) 435
990
435
0 200
(continued)
-------
TA11LE B-2. (Continued)
Current and
Na»
a and
Planned
Future
Production
Location
of
Mine
Roaabud
N
H
45*50'
106*3i
Roaebud
i
County
(i
Type of Mine Map
Surface 9.
19.
Red
2
1
•lllion
toaa/yr); .
Color Indicator**'
In 1976
In 1980
Coal
Holat
Aah -
Sulfur
Btu/lb
- 24
8. 92
- 0
- 8
Analyaia
.61
.n
.703
Employment (')
Currant
275«>
Plannad
Future
1.260
N)
U)
O
(b)
(c)
(d)
'Baaed on Bureau of Minea Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mlnaa Information
Circular 8719 (Coraentlno, 1976); Keystone Coal Induatry Manual (Nlelson, 1977); and Mineral
Industry Location Syatema (USBM. 1978).
In order to be Indicated on the map, a mine had to: (1) have development planned for 1980
or later and (2) be located with latitude-longitude or by some other detailed description.
The total increaae In tonnage waa calculated aa the maximum projected value mlnua the cur-
rent value with blue • 0-1.00, gruen • 2.0-5.99, and red - 6.0 or greater (Theae were con-
verted to aynbola in thla report, Figure 3).
Unleaa otherwise noted, employment figurea are from Bureau of Nines Information Circular
8772 (Rich. 1978).
From Keystone Coal Induatry Manual (Nlelson, 1977).
-------
TABLE B-3. COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN NORTH DAKOTA^3)
M
Naae and
Location
of Mine Type of Mine
Falklrk Surface
N 46*49'
W 100*47*
Burlelgh County
Dunn Center Surface
N 47*23'
W 102*51'
Dunn County
Garrison Surface
N 47*36'
W 101*26'
McLean County
Nokota Co. fl Surface
(South of Max)
McLean County
Underwood Surface
N 47*27'
W 101*07'
McLean County
Waehburn Surface
Washburn
McLean County
Beulah Surface
N 47*16*
U 101*46'
Mercer County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr):
Map Color Indicator (b)
Under construction
5.0-6.0 In 1981
Green
13.0-14.0 In 1982
Red
3.30 In 1984
Green
6.6 after 1982
Red
1.5 after 1985
Blue
5.0 after 1985
Green
1.3 In 1976
2.2 In 1981
4.4 In 1985
Green
Coal Analysis
Holat - 39.51
Ash - 6.81
Sulfur - 0.61
Btu/lb - 6,415
Moist - 34. OZ
Ash - 8.0Z
Sulfur - 0.8X
Btu/lb - 6,800
Moist - 3BZ
Aah - 4.4Z
Sulfur - O.SZ
Btu/lb - 7.100
Moist - 34-37Z
Ash - 5-8Z
Sulfur - 0.5-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 6,700-6,900
Employment ^c)
Planned
Current Future
21 300
0 300
110 280
(58 In 1976) W
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-3. (Continued)
N«M and
Location
of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(•11 lion toa«/yr)|
Type of Mine M«p Color Indicator^)
Coal Analys.lt
Current
Planned
Future
Coteeu
N 47*26'
W 101*49'
Mercer County
Surface 7.0-7.5 In 1981
14.0-15.0 In 1985
Red
Dakota Star
M 47*22'
V 101*18*
Mercer County
Surface
4.0 after 1985
Green
Rannert Cove
Rennera Cove
Mercer County
Surface
3.0 after 1980
Creen
Moist - 36X
Aah - 7.4X
12
360
Moist - 37*
Ash - 6-7X
Sulfur - 0.7Z
Btu/lb - 6,800-6.900
Molat - 37Z
Aah - 71
Sulfur - 0.7X
Btu/lb - 6.700-6,800
(e)
(b)
Based on Bureau of MInea Intonation Circular 8772 (Rich. 1978); Bureau of Mines Information
Circular 8719 (Coraentlno, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Ntelaon, 1977); and Mineral
Industry Location Systems (USBM, 1978).
In order to be indicated on the map, a nine had to: (1) have development planned for 1980
or leter and (2) be located with latitude-longitude or by soste other detailed description.
Ttie total Increase in tonnage was calculated as the maximum projected value minus the cur-
rent value with blue • 0-1.00, green • 2.0-S.99, and red - 6.0 or greater (These were con-
verted to symbols In this report, Figure 1).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mlnea Information Circular
8772 (Mich, 1978).
'From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson. 1977).
-------
TABLE B-4. COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN UTAll(a>
ro
u>
u>
Have and
Location
of Hlno
traitah. 13. 4,
i and 6
N 39'43'
U HO'55*
Carbon County
O'Connor 11
(Near Cl«»r
Creek)
Carbon County
Unnamed
Carbon County
Star Point 43
(N«ar Uattls)
Carbon County
Eaery (near Eatery)
Encry County
Perron Canyon
(Hoar Ferron)
Eawry County
Straight Canyon
(Hoar Castle
Dale)
Enery County
Unnannd. South of
Hiawatha
EJxery County
UUberg
N M'191
U 111*06'
EJMry County
Type of Hln«a
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(Billion (oni/jrr):
Hap Color ln
-------
TABLE B-4. (Continued)
N«M tnt
Ural Inn
of HIM
tscilinti (N««r
IiciUntt)
CarfUld County
IfcincMd (H««i
Alton)
K*a« County
UniuMd
Savltr County
IntirMuntiJn
Fowl frojcct
Utyiu County
Uuuxd (factory
lull*)
U*yn« County
Cuff tut MM|
runMd r*tur«
Froductloo
(•11 1 Ian toni/yr)|
Tyf* ol Him* rUr Color J»dlc.tor'k>
Un4oi|tound t.O la 1(1}
D*p*rut»t on w*l«r
•v«llobl«
••<)
Sufdc* 11.) lo >»»:
Rod
Underground 1.0 In 1910
fl*antn| ot«|
1-Unn.d
Coal Anilyili Current Fulurt
2.070
SuUuf - l.lt 760
Itu/lb • 10.100
3* 5
140
US
(c)
'Baaed on Bureau of Mlnea Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Hlnea Information
Circular 8719 (Corsentlno, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson, 1977); and Mineral
Industry Location Systems (USBH, 1978).
'in order to be indicated on the map, a mine had tot (1) have development planned for 1980
or later and (2) be located with latitude-longitude or by some other detailed description.
The total increase in tonnage was calculated aa the maximum projected value minus the cur-
rent value with blue • 0-1.00, green • 2.0-5.99, and red • 6.0 or greater (These vere con-
verted to symbols in this report. Figure 3).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Circular
8772 (Mich, 1978).
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelaon, 1977).
-------
TABLE B-5. COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN WYOMING(a)
Naae and
Local ion
of Mine
Red Rl»
N 41*42*
VJ 105*31'
Albany County
Bell Ayr South
N 44*05'
U 105*22'
Campbell County
Black Thunder
N 43*40'
W 105*15'
Campbell County
Buckskin Mine
Campbell County
Cabal lo
N 44*08'
W 105*18'
Campbell County
Cordero
N 44*01'
W 105*21'
Campbell County
Eagle Butte
N 44*26'
W 105*25'
Campbell County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr):
Type of Mine Hap Color Indicator (b)
Surface 2.5 In 1980
Green
Surface 3.3 In 1975
7.3 In 1976
10-15 In 1980
Green
Surface 7.0-10.0 In 1980
20.0 In 1982
Red
Surface 4.0 In 1980
Very tentative
(None)
Surface Planning stages
12.0 In 1980
Red
Surface Under construction
12.0 In 1986
Red
Surface 30.0 In 1980
Red
Coal Analysis
Hoist -
Ash - 5.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Hoist -
Ash - 4.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Btu/lb -
Hoist -
Ash - 9.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
26. 21
3Z
0.6Z
8.800
28. U
8Z
0.3t
8,600
8,200
29. 2Z
6Z
0.8Z
8,200
Employment 'c)
Planned
Current Future
250 350
61 250
250
150
400
0 350
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-5. (Continued)
CO
o>
Na*e and
Location
of Mine
East Gillette
N 44*19'
W 105*28*
Ca>pbell County
Jacobs Ranch
N 43*42'
W 104*41*
Caapbell County
Prongliorn
N 44*03'
W IOS'21*
Campbell County
Rawhide
N 44*29'
W 10S*25*
Campbell County
Roche lie
N 43*36'
W 105*14'
Cavpbell County
Thundcrblrd
Campbell County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(alllloD tons/yr):
Type of Hlne Map Color Indicator *b>
Surface Planned open 1977
5.0-11.0 In 1980
Red
Surface Under conat ruction
14.0 In 1983
Red
Surface 5.0 In 1981
Green
Surface 8.5 In 1980
Red
Surface 5.0-11.0 In 1985
Red
Surface 3.0 In 1980
Tentative
(None)
Coal Analyst*
Molet - 31. 5t
Ash - 5.7X
Sulfur - 0.46Z
Btu/lb - 8,000
Most - 29.02
Ach - 5.8Z
Sulfur - 0.51
Btu/lb - 8,500
Hoist - 26.9%
Ash - 5.3X
Sulfur - 0.42Z
Btu/lb - 8,590
Moist - 31. OX
Ash - 6.0Z
Sulfur - 0.4Z
Btu/lb - 8,100
Hoist - 28. OZ
Ash - 5.6Z
Sulfur - 0.3Z
Btu/lb - 8,400
Hoist - 27.71
Ash - 13.41
Sulfur - 0.6Z
Btu/lb - 7,600
Euploy»ent(c)
Planned
Current Future
300
62 300
48 560
225
225
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-5. (Continued)
NJ
U)
HaM and
lo» Crack
« 43*5$'
W 108*41'
Hoc Sprla|* Couocy
Current anil
Manned Future
Production
(million toni/yr>:
Type of Hln* Map Color Indicator1*'
Surfaca 0.8 In 197)
2.2 in 1980
Surface 2.0 In 1*81
Craao
Oodartrouod 0.8 In 1976
2.5 In 1980
llu.
Surfac* 1.0-3.0 In 1980
4.0 In 1982
Graan
Surfaca 2.8 In 1976
3.6 In 1980
Uua
Ondarground 1.0 In 1975
1.1 In 1976
12 (1.0-2.0 In I960)
n (0.5 In 1)78)
llu*
Surfac* 5.0 In 1»85
Graan
Surf a c*
0.7 In 1980
Blua
Coal Ajxalyila
Molft - 29.21
Sulfur - 0,8*
Itu/lb - 1.200
Main - 13. 7S
Sulfur - 0.89!
ttu/lb - 10.698
Holit - U.JX
Aih - 6.6X
Sulfur - 0.9Z
Scu/lb - 10.800
Holit - 12. OX
Aah - 7.JI
Sulfur - 0.51
Itu/lb - 10,200
Mol.c - 13. OS
Aih - 11.51
Sulfur - 0.4X
Bcu/lb - 9,800
Holat - 12.lt
Aab - 9.01
Sulfur - 0.4X
Scu/lb - 10.800
U 1 a .C«>
flannad
Currant future
26 190
90
135 1))
(125 In 1974) ta>
120 120
(150 In l»76)(d'
100
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-5. (Continued)
U)
CO
Naa* and
Lo4«tteo
at Klaa Type of Kin*
Ukal Surf act
* 41*42*
W 110*14'
Uocsli County
DC HIM. Surface
Skull Joint
I 41*42*
W 110*11'
Lincoln County
Sorenaoa Surface
X 41*42*
V 110*)4'
Lincoln County
twin Cteek Surface
X il*47*
W UO*J4'
Llncole County
111 Horn 11 Surface
X 44*5)'
V 104*S«'
Sh«rU«n County
Hack luite Surface
S 11*34'
U lOI'll'
Su«otv«t*r County
Cherokee Surface
S 41*42'
• ior*;5'
Swaetwttet County
Currenc and
Mtnoad Future
ft eduction
(•lllleo tooi/yr>:
Mae Color Indicator1*'
1.0 la 1975
1.1 In 1974
1.1 la 1910
'llue
1.0-2.0 la ItlO
1.7 la 117}
2.1 in 1974
3.0-4.7 la 1910
1.0 In 1910
Ore en
O.I la 1974
1.5 la 1910
Hue
4.2 la 1910
Manned op«a 1977
Green
4.0 In 1914
ltd
Coal Analyili
BoUt • 10.41
A>b - i.o:
Sulfur - 0.71
Itu/lk - 10,200
Haiti - 20.9X
Ask - 4. II
Sulfur - 0.4X
Itu/lb - 9,500
Molit - 20.91
A>b - 4.K
Sulfur - 0.6X
Itu/lk - 9,500
Molit - 24.5!
A.h - 3.IZ
Sulfur - 0.7:
Icu/U - 9.100
Molit - 17.7:
Aah - 1.5:
Sulfur - O.C
Icu/lk - 9.700
MoUt - 21.9::
Aah - H.J6I
Sulfur - 1.75*.
Itu/lb • 1.000
(c)
Manned
Current fututi
(ISO In 1974)")
60 100
)00 350
200
69 69
35 ZOO
(continued")
-------
TABLE JJ-5. (Continued)
ro
Name and
Location
of Mine
Jim Bridger
N 41*46'
W 108°4S'
Sueetuater County
Rainbow 18
N 41*31'
W 109°13'
Sueetuater County
Stansbury 11
N 41*41'
W 109°ir
Sweetwater County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr);
Type of Mine Map Color Indicator*1"'
Surface 3.4 in 1976
7.5 in 1980
Green
Underground 0.1 In 1976
0.2 in 1980
Blue
Underground Opening planned for
1978
1.4 in 1980
Blue
Coal Analysis
Moist -
Ash - 9.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Moist -
Ash - 4.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Moist -
Ash - 4.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
20.51
n
0.5X
9,300
11. «
22
0.9X
11.700
17. 5Z
7X
1.1Z
10.500
Employment 'c'
Planned
Current Future
120 200
(165 in 1976)(d)
70 70
(83 in 1976)(d)
30 275
(a --.«.-
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 6772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8719
(Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nieison, 1977), and Mineral Industry Location System
(USBM. 1978).
( ' In order to be Indicated on the map. a mine had to: (1) have development planned for 1980 or later and
(2) be located with latitude-longitude or by some other detailed description. The total increase in ton-
nage was calculated as the maximum projected value minus the current value-with blue • 0-1.99, green •
2.0-5.99, and red - 6.0 or greater (these were converted to symbols in this report, Figure 3).
Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
(d)
From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson, 1977).
-------
APPENDIX C
ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY RATES
SEX-AGE
DISEASE
CATEGORY WHITE MALE
WHITE FEMALE
NON-WHITE MALE
NON-WHITE FEMALE
1 24 25-44 45-64
TOT MN(') 6.9 27.4 264.2
GI-MN (t>> 0.1 4.3 63.4
RT-MN (c) 0.3 4.4 96.0
UT-MN N) O.I 1.0 13.5
CARDIO '4.1 42.4 559.6
ISCHEMIA 0.3 27.3 429.0
C£REBR(9) 1.0 5.5 52.1
£ RESPIRC') 3.7 3.9 54.5
o
CIRRIIS(') 0.1 3.4 51.5
MV ACC(J) 41.8 50.7 33.2
SU-IIOMCO 14.5 46.7 47.0
±65
1208.9
347.5
296.5
82.8
4098.8
2674.4
810.8
548.6
58.0
53.1
51.5
1 24
5.1
0.1
0.1
0.1.
3.3
0.1
1.1
3.1
0.2
15.3
4.9
25-44
11.4
4.4
1.8
0.4
17.6
4.6
6.3
4.0
5.2
14.0
15.8
45-64
232.5
45.4
31.0
6.5
204.7
122.5
47.2
25.5
26.1
13.3
17.7
±65
745.6
254.2
60.4
32.7
3163.1
1786.1
861.8
314.8
22.4
21.3
14.4
i 24
4.2
.0
.0
.0
4.9
.0
2.3
10.8
0.5
73.5
45.2
25-44 45-64 ±65 1
32.6 279.2 1131.8 3
9.3 89.2 273.9 1
4.7 104.4 346.6
1.4 20.5 104.2
91.7 716.3 2867.2 5
38.6 472.8 1720.8
20.0 118.6 564.7 0
18.6 77.6 557.4 12
79.1 151.7 89.7 1
125.7 74.0 72.7 26
156.9 89.2 89.7 16
24
.9
.4
.0
.0
.9
.0
.6
.3
.4
.8
.2
25-44
35.7
4.S
3.1
.0
34.4
10.3
12.0
12.0
72.7
53.6
43.3
45-64
314.2
90.5
33.5
9.1
280.7
135.5
105.9
48.0
96.9
20.8
20.8
±65
671.6
277.8
59.1
37.2
2887.8
1524.8
678.2
P12.2
28.4
21.9
15.3
(a) Total malignant neoplasms.
(b) Malignant neoplasms of the
(c) Malignant neoplasms of the
(d) Malignant neoplasms of the
gastrointestinal
respiratory
tract
system.
.
urinary tract.
(e)
(f)
(9)
(h)
(0
(J)
(k)
Major cardiovascular disease
Ischemic heart disease.
Cerebrovascular disease.
Respiratory disease.
Cirrhosis of the liver.
Motor vehicle accidents.
Suicides and homicides.
.
-------
TABLE C-2. STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS (BY COUNTY)
IsJ
STATES 1Y
COUNTY
_ -c otoftA CO-
ADA HS
ALANOSA
ARAPAHOE.
ARCMULETA
a AC A
BOULDER
CMAFFEE
CHEYENNE
CLEAR CREEK
CONE JOS
COSTILLA
CROHLEV -
. CVSTEft
DELIA
DENVEft
DOLORES
DOUGLAS
EAGLE
ELBERT
2
E
1.170
0.014.
0.521
0.952
1.039
0.551
0.922
0.971
1.015
0.563
1.001
0.737
1.4,77
0.101
1.064, n
1.691
0.1.14,
0.776
0.528
^
M
(J
1.067
0.54.6
0.71}
0.8SS
0.64,1
0.601
0.604,
1.24.3
0.622
0.294.
1.312
1.051
0.94,6
1.072
1.4,29.
0.507
0.911
0.899
\
_J.15%
1.117
0.927
0. 330
1.212
1.04.2
O.«74t
0.919
1.190
2. J31
0.531
0.631,
0.063
1.270
0.908
1.051
1.3Z1
1.24.8
1.04.1
O.S67
S
I
O.«l)
1.712
0.17«,
.000
0.516
0.4,10 _
0.4,67
1.3Z2
1.4,2)
0.757
.000
.000
0.7)7
2.11 5
0. 74. 1
1.14,7
.000 .
0.306
.000
.000
V
o
»-*
JJ»»
0.74,1
0.791
0.930
0.699
0.10)
0.601
1.911
1.021
_•_•£'*
0.711
JjJL'JL.
0.71)
1.117
J-9??_-
0.136
1.4,81
0.4,88
0.599
1
1.1)0
0.7*2
1.766
0.91S
0.672
0.11)
0.625
0.954,
1.121
9.500
0.5St,
1.3))
0.4>57
0.04,0
0.955
0.4,4.)
1.500
0.4.05
0.710
3
0.167
0.669
0.751
fl.m
0.699
0.051
1.509
0.694,
1.201
0.515
0.611
0.04.6
0.762
1.91)
1.164,
0.4.4.1
0.4)11
0.107
2
S
1.359
0.109
o.oio
1.364,
1.016
1.701
1.969
1.221
1.21)
_Ltll»
?}«»6
0.504.
_fiil.*J_
.100
1.217
1.002
.000
0.66).
0.113
0.600
G
0.010
0.906
0.64,2
1.629
.001
0.584,
0.4.61
1.4,21
.001
1.362
1.250
.010
,000
1.51)
1.294,
.001
l.)54,
0.26)
.000
3
0.74,4,
0.754,
0.521,
1.0)0
2.330
1.910
1.797
0.555
1.4.99
_1.«,10
1.64,9
3.2)6
0.194,
0.911
_J.602
.000
0.711
1.4.2)
t,2d9
\
1.14.0
l.*3)
0.102
.000
0.74,9
1.791
0.751
1.615
0.91*
1.106
0.599
1.4,9)
O.)0l
.*•'•?«
0.792
If."*
0.707
• 0.51*
1.24,9
0.561
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2, (Continued)
3
runs iv g
COUNTY **
s
I
*J
1
3 so \ 2
B 0 «
* 2fl 3 :
3 3
•COtOKAPO- __ .
CL PASO
FREMONT
CtMICLB
CUM*
GRAND
CUNNISON
HINSOAIC
HUfRFANO
JACKSON
JCFFfRSON
K10MA
KIT CARSON
LA PLATA
LAS AN IMA 5
LINCOLN
LOG AN
MESA
MINfRAL
1.912
0.919
1.411
0.911
0.791
o.iot
1.067
1.191
0.9S6
l.lll
1.24.9
1.027
1.099
0.121
1.900
1.161
l.lll
•.906 1.
0.600 I.
.*•*»». . 9t
.001 t.
.III 1.
0.121 0.
1.612
0.997 1.
1.701 0.
1.012 0.
1.206 0.
1.1.21 0.
1.197 1.
1.020 1.
0.671 . 0.
, 0.*S1 .. 1.
1.069 0,
1.111 1.
(.171 1.
.Ill
902 (.1
ZOt 0.
119 .
%5fc (•
6*1 2.
000
110 0.
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919 0.
170 ].
066 1.
9J1__I.
126 1.
169 1.
02
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III
716
919
III
•69
III
9*6
1.12
166
•01 ,
109
»*«.
925
017
9«,0
000
0.091
1.117
«.6T2
1.669
• .956
(.761
• .906
1.130
I.I**
O.I3A
».*/9
(.795
_0.7SS
0.030
l.*75
1.169
1.1(6
1.171
(.115
(.199
1.161
1.6(6
0.6*Z
0.909
0.766
1.91*
1.266
1.336
1.166
0.919
0.920
0.062
1.119...
1.61Z
1.072
0.060
0.66Z
0.926
0.11*
O.tll _,
0.169
0.7*0
0.609
0.667
1.710
«.S*7
1.701
• .537
».<.6«
._»•"•-
0.636
.0.716 _
0.619
• .696
1.975
.000
1.20".
1.361.
0.911
1.19*
(.26*
1.17*
.100
• .991
.III
1.92*
1.261
1.640
_ 1.196
0.760
0.650
l.lll
1.161
1.130
0.432
.001
1.070
• .691
0.176
.010
.000
0.156
6.260
1.99?
2.997
1.611
0.071
0.600
1.676
0.611
1.601
2. MO
1.266
0.761
.010
0.637
1.117
1.333
1.561
1.566
1.201
2.»*l
1.137
1.55?
1.61*
2.720
0.177
_•••»
1.991
2.012
1.121
1.611
1.271
1.061
I.7Z?
I.57J
2.961
1.919
.III
.000
1.120
1.715
1.116
1.616
1.6(3
1.116
1.216
1.761
l.lll
1.11*
1.191
1.226
1.765
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
STATES IT
COUNTY
f»
u
-COLORAOO-
N)
-P-
HOFfAT
_ NONTE*ONA_
NON THOSE
NOR CAN
01CRO
OU*»f
PARK
PHILLIPS
PI1KIN
PROMERS
PUf BLO
RIO BIANCO
«IO CRANOC
ROUTT
SACUACHC
SAN JUAN
SAN MIGUEL
SEOGMICK
SUMHIT
TELLER
(
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
„
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
.625
0.631
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i.9.53 «.v3?L_
.675 0.617
.720
.-•?*._„
.719
.923
.753
.071
.895
.771
.975
.135
.701
.305
.720
.097
.633
0.961
0.570
... 0,31$
1.309
0.156
0.115
1.165
0.817
.000
0.790
O.ZJ9
1.Z57
.000
1.159
1.171
0.606
1.055
1.021
0.987
0.736
0.9ZS
0.506
0.517
0. 711
1.155
1. 118
0.203
1.162
0.321
0.769
. 000
1.000
1.229
0. 707
0.710
.000
0.637
1.390
0.372
0.759
0.601
0.01*
0.891.
0.921
1.029
*»%U _lj**»
_ .100 O.(91
0.569 1.210
.000
0.600
0.889
I.9ZO
0.710
.000
0.087
.000
.000
0.832
1.100
0.610
0.511
1.060
0.996
1.200
1.015
0.696
0.607
0.097
0.592
0.052
0.160
0.301
0.500
0.616
0.756
0.922
1.166
0.531
0.787
1.396
0.1S9
0.922
1.077
1.169
0.687
0.7SO
0.638
1.121
0.506
0.719
0.117
0.317
0.520
0.591
1.051
0.962
0.903
!s«/L
0.350
0.137
0.796
0.593
0.786
1.61*
o.soo
1.026
.000
0.609
0.610
0.911
1.107
1.320
1.156
0.201
,000_
0.351
0.553
0.716
I.IK
1.230
0.937
0.631
0.132
.000
1.569
0.019
.000
0.221
0.5*7
O.S66
0.667
0.612
D.83J
.000
.000
0.100
0.310
0.906
1.191
0.966
1.158
0.939
1.220
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
JL«_>
0.8
1.0
1.5
0.9
0.7
1.8
1.1
O.ti
1.01
.01
. I.9J
1.9'
..... *•»<
1.91
1.171
0.853
1.019
jum
1.639
_2.386
_J.Z5»_
O.C.V
1.777
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
MATES IT
CMOMtK
"• f.
1 *
P M
P o
"3 5
? ?
a E
7
o
§
S 3
H 2
S 9
1 9
3 3
w «^
" a
c §
9 §
3 S
S vk
-COXOR«OQ-
WASHINCtOM
WE 10
»0«A
-NOMTANA-
BEAVERMC^O
QIC HORN
BLA1NC
pROAOMATER
fAKOOH
(AHIEK
CASCADE
CHOUIEAU
COSIER
PAMULS
OAWSOM
__OCtR LOOCE
f ALL OK
fEROUS
riAtHtAO
(.<9fc
(.r»i
(.7(1
l.Zfl".
1.119
,.,„
1.1.1*
I.*t7
l.**r
i,(f(
(.*ZI
(.«zr
i,»i*
(. m
(.9f»
i.ztr
(.9I*>
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••"i.
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J.39".
i.m
i.nr
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I.U*
)t6I7
••111
(.fit
l.(7t>
1:114.
1.3(1
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JO'l
f.tl*
(.S(^
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(.Mr
i.m
n/«
(. ri*
._§•»»>.
i. rtr
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0. 198
1. 3(Z
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(.139
1.1(9
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j. rz9
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t.zi r
i.*-»"i
(.977
t.litl
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(.-7*
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l.»3» _
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I.Z(9
1.6*1
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«.<••*
(.»(» ..
!.(<•?
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• .969
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(.(37
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1.196
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1.013
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(.797
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1. 76t
(.631
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(.697
(.S(7
(.761
(.739
1.93Z
(.130
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l.*U
1.19*
1.99<>
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(.37«.
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1.1.31
1.999
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1.096
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1.517
__(.695
(.679
I.(
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
STATES IT
COUNTY
5 ~&
E A
H 0
*-**-» *"* ^
t* -o £ ^
Is IB § |
3 2 **
i i • i
i s* i
-MONTANA-
^GALLAIIN
GARFIELO
GLACIER
GOLDEN VAUEr
GRANITE
HILL
JEFFERSON
JUDITH BASIN
_LAKE
_ LEWIS « CLARK
LIBERTY
LINCOLN
MC CONE
HAOISON
HE A CHER
MINERAL
NISSOUL*
MUSSEL SHELL
PARK
0.009
H.313
1.3Z7
1.311
0.997
O.OVl
O.V19_
1.056
0.177
1.165
o.vso
1.001
1.V26
0.9VO
0.971
0.396
0.6)2
0.5Z5
l.bOl
O.«61
1.1Z5
0.660
1.000
0.1Z3
1.333
O.OV2
l.UO
1.111
0.761
1.090
0.737
0.75V 0.603
r_in__o* y fO ^_a
_ 1.190
1. 731
0.9-.5
1.601
0.057
.000
_1.0ZZ
.000
1. 71,7
0. 770
1.150
1.002
0.960
1. 19V
0.670
0.79V
.000
0.079
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.000
0.57)
0.605
1.012
_0.570
1.06)
7.613
1.133
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O.V72
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2.791
0.7V6
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o.ett
0.910
0.059
0.027
1.00*
0.660
0.703
0.95*
0-90V
1.300
1.139
1.209
0.619
0.975
0.590
0.91V
0.032
_UZ.#* ».*«>
(.610
0.769
J.596
0.669
1.01*
0.615
0.591
0.916 _
0.000
1.557
1.102
1.112
0.510
0.616
0.551
0-920 __
0.729
0.905
o.ooo
0.791
1.271
0.601
C.7S5
0.001
0.30V
0.951
0.719
0.500
0.7V 7
0.769
0.61Z
0.913
0.256
_0.991
_J.120
0.0 7_1
2.V06
0.951
O.V13
O.V16
1.17V
0.903
0.155
0.991
(.09V
• 0.930
O.V72
1.155
1.600
1.0V5
0.976
1.07V
(.053
Jf.*'l *i".'._
.tOO 1.322
_.ooo
0.6V5
1.036
1.099
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0.301
1.020
0.000
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0.761
0.295
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0.627
_0.3fO
0.393
O.V03
0,;69|
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2.V27 (.609
V.7I2 1.16S
I.V06 (•*»>
(.073 0.711
0.615
(.070
(.9(1
1.150
0.016
(.Oil
1.707
1.061
0.677
0.92«_
2.666
1.61*
O.V69
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1.172
.(((
1.037
I. ISO
0.519
J.296
_ 0.952
(.10*
0.020
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
ITAUS IT
COUNTY
-HONTANA-
CflROLCWf 2.
_,rnIlllPS 1.
, rONDFRA 1.
fOMtU 1.
PRMRIC 1.
RAVAILI 1.
R1CHIANO 1.
LJ ROpSWlT 1.
Roscauo o.
_SANO£RS 1.
, SHERIDAN i.
S 11 «R, 60M 1 .
_ ST1LLMMER 0.
SMtEI CRASS 1.
1EIOM 1.
_tOOLI 1.
TREASURE 1.
VALlEt 1.
NHEAKANO 1.
3*1
• 11
JIU
•21
IM
912
• 05
•51
7JO
1*9
• 07
1*7
•1*
671
.III
(.691
».«>*
,(00
1.115
1.152
1.191
1.199
I.MI
O.lll
1.201
t.215
_ 0.619
1.511
1.519
1.352
.100
1.911
I.7J6
*. 6*9
1.671
(.691
1.626
,»•*»» , ^
!•_»*!
0.579
._._..,•»__
l.(22
1.7*0
1.631
1.919
_.,.«-•»•._
1.511
1.711
6.179
1.6(1
(. *46
I.Zr*. 1.191 _..|.Z9J _
_.»»« •.•»! • .(*•
...((».. __f.67« ••••»
I.*9I 1.016 0.972
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1.196
1.115
• .11%
Il566
0.605
1.711
1.107
1.559
1. 151
1.102
__U»tL
1.861
i.m.
I.«7J_
• .616
jLt"!.
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• .••7
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• .117
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1.401
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1.502
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1.325
1.015
t.«62
• .510
• .619
•••»' .....
(.191
(.771
I. (16
1.151
1.062
0.612
1.012
1.2*7
1.26*
t.25J
• .561
(.*](
1.536
.III .III
,.%,,
1.102
1.9 7fc .(••
0.710 l.**Z
0.520
0.712
1.679
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(.21%
0.70*
1.519 .(01
1.171 0.5*1
1.052 1. 9(1
l.%U _Z.»61
1.592 1.245
Z.16I .0(0
1.1*1 I. (11
1.1*2 (.709
0.0*0 2.6bO Z.%99 l.(73
1.211
(.529
1.09*
1.001
1.571
1.591
0.1.60
o.rn
0.580
„. *•*"
... •«»*'
1.509
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1.551
1.911
0.361
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1.021
2.345
2. J77 (.%51
2.901 1.173
2.109 1.161
l.*93 (.901
(.6*1 1.153
(.702 0.972
0.342 1.116
2.119 •.,•!•
(.IK .(01
I.%(Z (.967
.Oil .III
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
STATES IT
COUNTY
3s5sSS3,8
5 is 1 Is i 8 8 £
HtTToZQMui
3 3 2^
-NQSTANA-
MtSAUX
YELLOWSTONE
0.41.9 1.3d? .000 .000 (.923 1.0(1 1.011 0.731
1.04 1.011 1.1(0 1.961. 0.116 1.779 1.007 (.400
.OBI 3.037 .000
o.m (.99* o.iu
-H. DAKOTA- , ... , ,,.
ADAMS
BARNES
BENSON
BOTTINtAU
eownAN
BURKE
OURLEICM .
CASS
CAVALIER
DICKEY
DIVIDE
PUNH
eiiov
0.91.1
1.219
0.912
0.1.1.1
0.111
o.ot*
1.109
1.021
0.917
0.69
1.2J9
1.967
0.11.6 O.Vt_
0.020
_Jt553
l.<>29
1.166
0.11.2
0.091
|.053
0. Z13
0.992
0.993
0.166
1. 777
0.311.
0.399
1.137
0.1.23
.000
__ 0.7fll_
.000
0.699
l.9«,5
.000
0.939
1.909
0.971
0.019
2.292
0.01.0
.000
O.(9«i
_ .'••".
0.9C<>
0.327
0.973
1.195
0.977
0.16*
0.060
0.71,7
1.019
_. 1.027
S-.0..92.
o.i: 3
(.191
1.131
0.976
0.507
1.129
1.262
I.9J3
0.9«.9
1.72*
0.7I.O
1.196
1.070
0.697
0.101
1.971
.000
0.720
1.212
1.190
__.0.77«.
0.193
__•.«•.
0.667
1.001
t*Mt »».'».?
0.7".". 0.707
t.612
l.Odl
0.933
2.117
0.932
0.120
1.661
0.663
0.116
o.m
.•.«••
1.110
0.901
1.01A
1.029
1.711
.000
Jl.tl9
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0.937
0.976
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J.103
1.192
0.99J ?rJ«
2.060
1.013
0.27t
1.611
1.9<>>
... .!«.•...
0.747
l.OJO.
2. IK.
(.137
0.612
l..0|*
0.91I>
1.311
2. ".69
1.191
0.131
0.101
1.990
.000
,1.336
0.796
0.309
••»«'
0.663
_•-•?'*
_0.
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
oo
STAftl Of
COUNTI
"S
IS
&
1
5
1
1
§M I
3
i 2t 1 1 1
.«, BWQTA-
trniONJ
(MHO FORKS
HUNT
CKI6CS
HCMINCCft
KIOOCK
LA HOURE
IOCIN
MC HFHMV
HC INIOSM
NC KENriC
HC lt*»
Ht«C£«
nORION
HOUMTHAll
MIL SON
OLIVER
, PCMBIN*
0.991
0.910
0,970
1.159
1.0*1
0.997
0.919
0.971
0.019
0.9M
1.079
1.199
0.015
0.91*
1,025
1.050
0.6*1
0.59*
0.9*5
(.021
0.026
0,*96
0.991
1.256
1.60*
1.296
0.67*
1.096
0. 792
1.256
1.709
1.205
I.OJ7
I.VO,
1.001
1.196
0.*52
1.127
1.070
1x141
Ml.
1.015
0.061
l.*71
J.02?
1.7*9
0.992
0.7*9
0.029
|.1*>Z
O.Ob*
0.72*
1^050
0.592
0.660
M??
1.009
1.7*1
.000
1.010
.000
0.95*
0.1S*
1.210
1.959
1.1*0
2.097
1.172
1.611
1,5*9
.000
0.217
l.O'O
0.969
0.929
1.291
0.067
1.200
1.009
1.176
1.109
0.912
0.9)*
0.027
1.15*
0.99*
0.909
1.002
1.215
0.91*
1.117
0.066
Jilli.
1.099
1.019
1.120
0.75*
1.270
0.010
1.197
1.279
0.971
1.01*
0.566
1.19*
i.zoo
1.100
1.090
1.15*
0.759
0.971
1.021
2.160
0.690
0.572
l.*01
0.766
1.169
0.722
0.011
0.990
0.71*
O.*6t
1.01)
0.092
0.675
0.721
1.070
0.701
0.726
1.509
0.27*
0.7*6
0.169
0.09*
0.7*6
1.7*0
1.171
1.259
O.*61
0.*7J
0.702
0.0*1
1.141
0.&50
0.953
0.919
l.*77
1.0*6
1.591
0.5*1
0.719
.000
.000
0.76*
0.195
0.192
1.001
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.000
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0.502
0.111
0.9*9
0.010
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0.1*6
0.652
.000
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0.526
1.007
0.706
1.321
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0.670
1.392
1.20*
0.705
0.036
0.257
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1.369
1.310
0.672
1.199
2.5*2
0.717
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1.1. (.8
.000
0.959
0.529
0.971
0.269
0.290
.000
0.710
0.021
0.1*1
1.172
0.022
0.195
O.*fc7
0.156
0.50*
1.250
0.0(9
0.5*5
0.115
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
STATES If
COUNTY
£
a
•|l. MKOTA-
\D
PIERCE
_RAHSEY
BCMVULE
RICHLANO
, ROlETie
SARGENT
SHCRIOAN
SIOUX
SLOPE
S1AHK
SIEELE'
STUTSKAN
TOWNER
TRA1U
WALSH
WARD
WfLlS
WILLIAMS
0>79<>
_..!•»«_
1.019
0.175
0.960
1.170
0.614
0.91,1
0.490
0.910
1.011
0.700
0.079
1.102
0.929
0.992
0.911
0.944
0.477
1.062
1.216 _
1.011
0.917
1.167
1.129
0.605
0.756
0.271
.000
1.144
0.357
1.110
0.941
1.113
o.a«2
1.120
0.919
1.1(7
._ ».*n
__0.991
0.797
0.406
0.720
0.604
0.700
0.754
0.007
1.022
0.722
0.690
0.004
0.563
0.559
0.712
0.024
0.791
0.469
1.5*4
_ 0.97 4
_J._09!
0.055
1.174
3.421
1.123
0.921
3.216
7.595
1.511
0.000
_«.«»
.000
0.269
0.771
1.102
1.720
0.402
_0.099__
_.0.999 _
_i.l4«
1.270
0.942
O.OJ2
1.016
1.016
0.903
1.122
1.257
0.965
_J.9»2
1.120
0.937
0.966
0.905
1.100
1.101
0.911
...0.970_
1.459
0.042
0.934
1.021
1.043
1.059
1.151
1.376
0,704 T
1.040
1.246
0.063
0.960
0.957
1.235
1.130
0.7*5
0.031
1.327
0.420
1.147
1.170
0.616
0.245
1.206
1.113
!••*•.
1.079
1.126
1.029
0.041
0.099
0.906
0.75*
_»?*«§_
0.560
1.176
1.332
0.544
0.611
1.900
.000
0.625
1.710
0.009
0.621
1.713
1.155
0.644
0.506
0.094
0.672
_ 0.970 _.
_J»..£77
.000
0.241
0.792
1.032
.000
5,901
.000
0.741
jOOO
0.201
.000
0.021
0.301
0.730
0.255
0.377
_.*•*"._
._•••".._
1.775
0.607
1.067
1.102
1.191
_J»204 .
0.746
0.926
0.92*
0.07*
1.566
-. M*7
_0.4I6
—lli'-l
0.401
0.126
.000
0.374
1.200
.too
(.119
.000
. ».,m
0.104
_U«l__»llA3
0.900 0.711
0.723
0.919
_1.206
_0.45§
0.610
0.241
(continued)
-------
TA1JLE C-2. (Continued)
mm IT
•s
21
g
fi
I
w
S
A £
*•* O 3
I I l'
u 0 >
333
r •} •< v
! 1 S !
5 3
J 8 X
9 5
! e £
BEAVER
BOX ClOM
CARBON
PAGGEfT
DAVIS
pUSMESKC
CHERT
CARHUO
CRAHO
IRON
JUAB
KANE
nlLLARO
PIUTE
RICH
JAN JUAN
SAMfEIt
SEVIER
..997
0.916
1.609
0. (26
.Oil
0.101
1.791
0.12*
1.111
1.171
0.600
1.677
1.551
l.lll
l.lll
1.1*0
0.611
«.*69
1.6*1 0.669
1.922 1.959
0.76* 1.209
1. 1*6 1.061
,101 .110
f.61? 0.*7»
1,799 I. (59
0.*9S .001
1.7*1 1.607
1.176 1.6*9
0.537 .000
1.676 0.912
1.7*1 1.991
1.9(1 l.lll
l.**6 l.*2E
l.*tl .100
1.191 0.751
1.514 1. *«6
1. 280 t.195
.III
l.ue
l,*27
.(ft
1.665
1,250
.001
.III
.Oil
1.101
_Jr«»
2.109
• .731
.011
l.(22
t.266
• .170
!.97»
1.171
0.960
0.760
0.000
0.511
0.119
1.769
0.9*«
0.717
1.111
0.716
1.777
0.199
„-!*!«
1.2*7
l.ll*
1.162
1.1*6
r.iot
f.(»9
1.1*7
1.765
1.141
0.7M
0.012
0.5*9
1.712
1.610
0.711
0.721
0.171
0.757
1.719
1.169
1.161
1.161
1.121
1.269
1.011
• .(••
1.959
1.199
1.116
0.619
!,*«•?
0.700
1.621
1.129
0.6*2
1.129
0.019
1.291
l.*0t
(.751
1.616
I.«6I
|.I77
l.lll
1.212
1.159
1.719
0.279
0.919
1.6*1
1.71*
1.199
0.710
0.710
0.**6
0.169
1.250
0.911
0.75*
1.2*9
0.617
1.9*1
1.129
1.716
1.2(6
(.121
1.619
1.099
0.192 _
O.**l
0.70*
.010
O.*0(
(.929
(.319
(.637
O.*19
1.771
.000
.001
0.519
.001
,000
.000
0.711
0.1*1
1.371
1.551
l.*09
1.067
1.551
1.39*
1.266
O.*90
1.177
0.521
l.lll
1.Z29
0.755
2.0*1
1.310
1.011
1.015
1.595
1.711
2.191
1.765
1.2*9
1.767
1.911
0.692
1.319
.100
0.666
0.929
0.911
2.301
0.229
0.6*0
.000
.000
.•11
1.715
_J.I*6
1.115
0.099
0.*26
1.151
1.157
ro
Ln
O
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
N)
Cn
%j53S •- *• ""M ^ *•*
STATES 6V gj.iL.!.§SfSS§
COUNTY PoxED-DaE
3a
3
M
•UTAH-
SUMMIT
TOOEU
UINTAH
UT»H
MASATCM
WASHINGTON
MAVNE
WEOER
-MVOrllNC-
0.7*1
0.660
8.791
0.6Z2
0.581
0.699
0.9H
0.871
l.0&«.
• .995
o.rsz
o.«sz
O.rtd
0.698
1.900
t.tas
1.936
0.801
e. ru
0.630
0.3 JO
O.Z86
(.(.It
0.677
(.611
.000
9.661
0.359
1.J05
0.1.3I.
I.f7<
o.tir
t.976
I.1Z1
t.63r
e.ei9
t.rr6
(.791
o.ssz
0.936
0.911
t.27Z
0.719
0.787
I.71I>
0.710
O.S07
0.969
1.426
0.837
I.tt6
0.7Z1
0.76)
0.831
i.m
0.858
0.7Z8
0.971
0.381
0.801
1.019
0.932
0.267
0.060
1.101
0.9)2
1.751
0.639
0.725
0.299
.000
1.260
1.01$
0.967
1.629
0.67*
0.769
0.981
.000
0.76ii
I.t2t
1.016
1.SI.I
O.ldl
O.ttJ
0.103
.000
1.009
ALBANY
Bit HORN
CAMPBELL
CAK10N
CONVERSE
CROOK
ruf Hwn
cos MEM
HOT SPRINGS
JOHNSON
LARAHIE
LINCOLN
0.977
0.609
0.69*
0.912
0.029
1.016
1.030
0.6*1
1.613
1.091
1.01*
8.737
_JsJU_
0.69]
0.677
J.917
0.*69
. 1.196
0.879
0.669
1.160
0.98*
0.999
0.*6*
1.095 1,290 0.991
0.669
0.271
0.630
0,709 .000 1.066
0.9*9
0.69*
1.166
1. 19Z
1.300
1.0*6
l.*96
1.166
0.736
l.*97
1.31$
0.0*2
1.2*1
0.666
.000
.000
0.9*0
0.910
C.671
0.617
0.999
0.669
0.667
1.199
0.92*
0.696
0.60*
0.668
0.9*6
1.06)
0.60*
0.6*9
0.66$
6.867
t.062
1.339
0.690
1.001
0.696
0.721
0.*99
0.029
1.029
(.729
0.899
0.797
1.116
0.966
1.192
0.619
1.119
• .$7*
0.762
0.020
0.061
0.390 1.306
1.139 ^ 0.9*0
0.92$
0.917
0.979
1.02*
O.*10
1.239
2.296
0.792
0.910
0.66*
0.2*6
1.0**
1.706
0.162
2.290
1.400
1.2*6
0.*9*
2,9»9
1.69$
2.929
0.211
2.*00
1.026
2.917
1.161
0.92$
2.*16
0.662
0^,67*
1,086
1.673
1.26*
1.229
0.796
0.26$
1.107
0.90*
1.010
0.326
(continued)
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
ro
Ul
ro
&
ITATU IT bA
COWn K °
NATRONl
MIOURAKA
-
PARK
PLATIt
SIICMMN
$.UBLCm
^MfCTUATCR
TCION
UINTA
WASNAKir
MCSIOM
0.
1.
t.
0.
0.
,.
,.
0.
1.
0.
920 0.770 1.193
Ml •l*»j If >/L_
766 0.%»5 0.929
•tO (.002 (.006
7%l 0.766 0.97%
611 0.75% 0.625
70% 0.666 0.032
501 1.911 0.620
lit 1.059 1.560
•21 0.399 1.776
1.079 1.
tJM 1-
, ».%*9 1.
•000 1.
«.%13 •.
.000 1.
•.5%1 0.
.000 1.
•.371 0.
0.920 1.
l.«.»9 1.
f?v
710
072
030
991
79%
056
72%
7«3
063
116
1.001
0.616
0.999
•.921
• .061
0.052
1.035
(.709
• .737
0.957
1.757
0.009
0.961
1.230
1.7*0
1.210
• .639
0.570
• . 50 6
(.696
1.110
• .035
t.%60
0.761
O.tJO
0.503
0.929
I.X.%
0.710
O.%31
0.606
1.666
1.171
0.756
0.501
0.7(0
0.567
0.760
.too
1.103
1.21.5
0.606
1.%OI
0.360
1.314.
0.029
1.S7I
1.760
1.133
1.072
2.%32
1.210
1.0%5
1.952
1.630
1.02%
1.0% »
0.591
1.336
2.221
l.%50
1.201
0.722
0.963
(•) Tatal MllfOMl tMQflmmm*.
(b) H«ll|n«iit n««pUwM of eh* (»lialntotln•«•.
(c) H*ll|n«nc niofltm •( lh« t«iplr«tory tract.
(J) HcllfMnt Mopl«w« of the urtiury tract.
(•) Hajor carlovaacular
-------
TABLE D-l. INVENTORY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES: IMPACTED COMHU1UT1ES
t
Community or
State County A rep Served
Colorado
Adams Aurora
Adams Sable Water Dls-
Iv) trlct (Aurora)
Ln
OJ Adams Brighton
Adorns Lockbule Mobile
Home Park
Adams Commerce City
Adams Denver
Adams Denver (Crentvlew
Metro Water and
Sanitation)
Adams Federal Heights
Supply
Retail Pop. Type
110.000 Combined Surface and
Well
Surface:
Ground:
4 , 500 Purchased
8.500 12 Wells
1.000 Well
34,000 11 Wells
9,000 Purchased
19,000 Purchased, Surf see snd
Well combined
Purchased :
Surface:
Ground:
5,000 Purchased
Source
S. Platte R.
Clierry freek
Well
Denver Water Bd.
local wells
local well
local wells
Denver Water Bd.
Clear Creek
3 Wells
1
JO
CO
—1
fl
C/J
3
*Td
H
3
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State
County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Fop.
Supply
Type
Source
Colorado
Adams
Thronton
60,000 Combined Surface and
Ground
Surface:
Clear Creek
N)
in
Adams
Adams
Westminster
Westminster (Shaw
Heights Water
District)
Ground:
35,000 Combined Surface and
Ground
Surface:
Ground:
5,000 Purchased
No information given
18 Hells
Clear Creek
Stanley Lake
Well
Arapahoe
Anipuhoe
Anipahoe
Del ta
Del ta
Northglcnn
Englewood
Greenwood Village
Littleton
Orchard City
Delta (Town of)
1,470
3,500
1,000
3,000
6.000
Purchased
Purchased
Purchased
Croundwater :
Surface
Denver Water Dd.
Denver Water Ud.
Denver Water lid
Springs
Grand Mesa Lake
S. Grand Mesa L.
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l, (Continued)
N)
Ul
Ul
State County
Delta
Denver
Denver
Denver
Elbert
La Plata
Community or
Area Served
Paonia
Denver
Cherry Cr. Water
and San. Dist.
Denver
Clover Water and
San. Dist.
Denver-City of
Glcndale
Elizabeth
Durango
Retail Pop.
2,000
3,100
6,400
2,200
1,000
12,000
Supply
Type Source
Ground Springs
Purchased Denver Water
Purchased Denver Water
Ground Local wells
Surface Florida R.
Bd
Bd
La Plata
La Plata
Las AnJmas
Durango-Tamaron
Public Util.
Dist.
Durango-Purgatory
Water and San.
District
Trinidad-Monument
Lake Park
Las Animas Trinidad
1,300
1.000
1,000
11,000
Ground
Surface
Ground
Animas R.
*
3 local wells
Monument Lake
North Lake
Monument Lake
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
Scate County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Pop.
Type
Supply
Source
Moffut Craig
, AGO
Surface
Yampa R,
Rio Illanco Meeker
1,600 Surface
White River No.
White River No.
Rio Blanco Rangely
1»800 Surface
White River
Routt llnydcn
1,000 Surface
Yampa River
Routt
Steamboat Springs 2,800 Surface
Fish Creek
Nortli
Dakota
McCone
Burlelgh
McLean
Circle
Bismarck 35,000 Surface
Garrison 1,700 Ground
Missouri R.
Wells 1,4,5,6
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State
North
Dakota
County
Mercer
Mercer
Community or Supply
Area Served Retail Pop. Type Source
Beulah 1,344 Ground Well 1,2
Hazen 1,600 Ground Well 1,2,3
Morton
Marxian
11,000
Surface
Missouri R.
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Helper
Price
Wellington
2,200
12,000
1,050
Ground
Surface and Ground
Surface:
Ground:
Purchased
Spring Canyon
Fish Creek Spr.
UP & L Well Colt
Price R. Wt.
Colton Springs
Upper Colton
Springs
Upper & Lower
Well
City of Price
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Pop.
Supply
Type
Source
Wyoming
Emery lluntington
Campbell Gillette
1,000 Ground
10,000 Ground
Big Bear Canyon
Little Bear
Canyon
Approx. 25
wells
a
oc-
Carbon Rawllns
Lincoln Kcmmerer
10,000 Surface and Ground
Surface:
Ground:
3,000 Surface
Sage Creek Res.
N. Platte River
Sage Creek Basin
Hams Fork River
Sheridan Sheridan
8,000 Surface
Big Goose Creek
Utah
Emery
Kerron
1,000 Surface
(continued)
Mlllsite Reser-
voir
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
Community or
State County Area Served
Colorado
Adams Aurora
Adams Sable Water Dis-
trict (Aurora)
Adams Brighton
ro Adams Lockbuie Mobile
vo Home Park
Adams Commerce City
Adams Denver
Adams' Denver (Crestview
Metro Water and
Sanitation)
Adams Federal Heights
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
110,000
Coagulation. Filtration,
Disinfectant
Disinfectant only
4,500 Prechlorination
8,500 Disinfection only
1,000 Disinfection only
34,000 Disinfection only
9,000
19,000
—
Coagulation, Sedimentation,
Filtration, Taste and Odor
control, Ammoniac ion, Dis-
infection
Disinfection only
5,000 Bug Treated Water
Lab Tests
Chem/Physical
diem/Physical
None
None
None
Chem/Phyalcal
—
Chem/Physical
~—
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State
County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Testa
Colorado
Adumu
Adams
Adumu
Tlironton
Westminster
Westminster (Shaw
Heights Water
District)
Northglenn
60,000
35,000
5,000
Prcchloration, Coag. Sedi-
ment, Filtration, Disin-
fection
Sedimentation, Disinfection
Prechloration, Coag. Sedi-
mentation, Filtration,
taste and odor for both
Disinfection only
Client/Physical
Chemical
Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Delta
Englcwood
Greenwood Village
Littleton
Orchard City
1,470
3,500
1,000
3,000
Disinfection
—
—
Disinfection
None
None
None
Chemical
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State
County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Testa
Delta Delta (Town of)
Delta Paonia
Denver Denver
Cherry Cr. Water
and San. Dist.
Denver Denver
Clover Water and
San. Dlst.
Denver Denver-City of
Glendale
Elbert Elizabeth
La Plata Durango
La Plata Durango-Tamaron
Public Util.
Dist.
La Plata Durango-Purgatory
Water and San.
District
6,000 Prechlorlnation, Coag., Sedi-
mentation, Disinfection
(both)
2,000 No information reported
t
3,100
6,400
2,200 Disinfection only
1,000
12,000 Coag., Sediment., Filtration,
Fluoridation
Disinfection
1,300 *
1,000 Disinfection only
Chem/Physical
Chemical
Physical
None
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State
County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Tests
Is)
O>
K>
Las Animas Trinidad-Monument
Lake Park
Laa Animus Trinidad
Moffat
Craig
Rio Blanco Meeker
Rio Blanco Rangely
Routt> llayden
Routt Steamboat Springs
McCone Circle
1,000 Sedimentation, Filtration,
Disinfection
11,000 Coag., Sedimentation, Fil-
tration, Taste and Odor,
Fluoridation, Disinfection
4,400 Prechloration, Coag., Sedi-
mentation, Filtration,
Taste and Odor, Fluorida-
tion, Disinfection
1,600 Coagulation, Sediment, Fil-
tration, Disinfection
(both sources)
1,800 Coagulation, Sediment, Fil-
tration, Fluoridation,
Disinfection
1,000 Coagulation, Sediment, Fil-
tration, Fluoridation,
Disinfection
2,800 Sedimentation, Fluoridation,
Disinfection
Chem/Physical
Chem/Physical
Chem/Physlcal
Physical
None
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
Stnte
County
Community or
Are;1 Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Tests
North Burleigh Bismarck
Dakota
McLean
Carbon
Garrison
Mercer
Mercer
Morton
Beulah
Hazen
Mandan
Helper
35,000 Filtration, Softening, Taste Chem/Bacterial
and Odor Control, Iron Re-
moval Fluoridation, Disin-
fection
1,700 Aeration, Precipitation, Fil- None
tration, Iron Removal,
Fluoridation, Disinfection
1,344 Filtration, Softening, Fluori- None
dation, Disinfection
1,600 Filtration, Iron Removal, None
Fluoridation, Disinfection
11,000 Aeration, Coagulation, Sedi- Chemical
mentation, Filtration,
Taste & Odor, Iron Re-
moval, Fluoridation, Dis-
infection
2,200 Fluoridation, Disinfection None
Fluoridation, Disinfection
Disinfection
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
Slate
County
Community or
Arej> Served
Retnll Top. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Teats
Carbon
Price
12,000 Coag., Sedimentation, Fil-
tration
Disinfection
Disinfection
Disinfection
Disinfection
None
Carbon
Emery
Wellington
lluntington
1,050 Disinfection
1,000 None given
None
None
Wyoming
Campbell Gillette
Carbon
Rawllns
10,000 Aeration, Filtration,
Softening, Taste and
Odor Control, Iron Re-
moval, Disinfection
10,000
Fluoridation, Disinfection
Fluoridation, Disinfection
Fluoridation, Disinfection
Chem/Physical
Chem/Bact/Phys
Cliem/Bact/Phys
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-l. (Continued)
State
County
Community or
Area Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Testa
Utah
hO
CT>
Ul
Lincoln Kemmerer
Slieridan Sheridan
Emery
Perron
3,000 Prechlorination, Coag., Sedi-
ment, Filtration, Taste &
Odor Control, Fluoridation,
Disinfection
8,000 Prechlorination, Coag., Sedi-
mentation, Filtration,
Taste & Odor control,
Disinfection
Chem/Bact/Phys
Chem/Bact
1,000 Coagulation, Sedimentation, None
Filtration, Disinfection
------- |