PB82-109856
 Health Implications of Coal  Related
 Energy Development: Mining Impacts
 Battelle Columbus Labs.,  OH
 Prepared  for


 Health Effects  Research  Lab.
 Cincinnati, OH
Sep 81
                                                    ***"
                                          V

                                              ?
                   U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                 National Technical Information Service
                                NYIS

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                                     EPA-600/1-81-060


                                               PB8Z-109836
                 HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF
             COAL RELATED ENERGY DEVELOPMENT:
                     MINING IMPACTS
                          by

M. A.  (Bell) Zanetos, D. A. Savitz, J. C. Warling, N.  Sachs
              Battelle, Columbus Laboratories
                    505 King Avenue
                     Columbus,  Ohio
                Grant No. R805700-01
                     Project Officer

                   Daniel G. Greathouse
                  Epidemiology Division
            Health Effects Research Laboratory
                Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
               Repository Material
              38fmanent  Collection
n
            HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
            OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
           U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
                  NATIONAL TECHNICAL
                  INFORMATION SERVICE
                    VS. OtP*«I««r Of COMMCICt
                      SmKFKtt. VA 21(1
                      US EPA
        Headquarters and Chemical Libraries
             EPA West Bldg Room 3340
                  Mailcode 3404T
              1301 Constitution Ave NW
               Washington DC 20004
                   202-566-0556

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(pCO-
 i-
                                        TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                                 (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
      1. REPORT NO.
          EPA-600/1-81-Q6Q
                                QRD Report
                                                                 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
Pit?
     4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
      Health Implications  of Coal Related Energy Development:
      Mining Impacts
                                                           5. REPORT DATE
                                                             September  1981
                                                           S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
      7. AUTHOR(S)
      M. A. (Bell) Zanetos,  D.  A.  Savitz, J. C. Warling,
      N. Sachs
                                                                 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
     9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
      Battelle Columbus Laboratories
      Bio-Environmental Sciences  Section
      505 King Avenue
      Columbus, Ohio  43201
                                                           10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                                                             _2BNIE	
                                                           11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                                                R-8057-0001
      12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
      Health Effects Research Laboratory
      U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
      26 West Sinclair Street
      Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
                                                           13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                                           Final  Report.  1/1/78-4/30/80
                                                           14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                                                   EPA/600/10
      IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
   CO
   03
      16. ABSTRACT
     The  purpose of this project was  to  establish a method  for prospective
epidemiological analysis of the health effects associated with the development of
western coal sites.  Particular emphasis was placed on potential community health
effects related to mining, especially mining effluents which may enter drinking
water  supplies in hazardous quantities.   The study area  is  defined as United States
EPA Region VIII which includes Colorado, Utah, Montana,  Wyoming, and the Dakotas.
This research effort involved:  (1) development of criteria for selecting communities
suitable  for future in-depth study and selection of several such communities;
(2) characterization of health and environmental quality in the region as a whole;
(3) formulation of data requirements  for a prospective epidemiological study; and
(4) evaluation of the quality of environmental, health,  and demographic data
currently available for such a study  in  these communities.
     17.
                                     KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                       DESCRIPTORS
                                                    b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                                                         c. COSATI Field/Group
       Environmental Health; Coal Mining;  Drinkin
       Water  Contamination; Western Coal  Region;
       Alkaline  mine drainage
                                                   Epidemiology
                                                   Energy
                                                   Coal  Mining
             68G
      18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

      Release Unlimited
                                              19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report)
                                                Unclassified
                                                    2O. SECURITY CLASS fThis page)
                                                      Unclassified
         21


         22l PRICE
      EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77)   PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE

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                 NOTICE






THIS  DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED



FROM THE  BEST  COPY FURNISHED US BY



THE  SPONSORING AGENCY.  ALTHOUGH IT



IS RECOGNIZED  THAT CERTAIN  PORTIONS



ARE  ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED



IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE



AS  MUCH" INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.

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                                 DISCLAIMER
    The report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  nor does mention
of trade names constitute endorsement.
                                     ii

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                                   FOREWORD
    The United States is increasingly aware of the need to depend on its own
resources for energy production.  Also apparent is the necessity of pro-
tecting the environment and the health of the population.  In pursuit of
means to concurrently achieve these ends, the Health Effects Research
Laboratory supports a variety of programs designed to identify and charac-
terize potential health effects associated with different forms of energy
production.  Since coal is a relatively abundant resource in the United
States, much of the research effort has focused on energy production from
this source.

    The report that follows focuses specifically on potential health effects
due to mining of western coal reserves.  It addresses issues related to
community health rather than occupational health hazards and focuses on the
identification and evaluation of environmental, health, and demographic data
necessary to evaluate mining effects on health through prospective study.
                                       James  B.  Lucas
                                       Acting Director
                                       Health Effects Research Laboratory
                                     iii

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                                  ABSTRACT


    The purpose of this project was to establish a method for prospective
 epidemiological analysis of the health effects associated with the
 development of western coal sites.  Particular emphasis was placed on
 potential community health effects related to mining, especially mining
 effluents which may enter drinking water supplied in hazardous quantities.
 The study area is defined as United States EPA Region VIII which includes
 Colorado, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas.  This research effort
 involved:  (1) development of criteria for selecting communities suitable
 for future in-depth study and selection of several such communities; (2)
 characterization of health and environmental quality in the region as a
 whole; (3) formulation of data requirements for a prospective epidemio-
 logical study; and (4) evaluation of the quality of environmental, health,
 and demographic data currently available for such a study in these
 communities.

    The selection of communities for in-depth study included an analysis of
 current and planned or projected expansion of coal mining, demographic
 description, and consideration of public water supply.  Criteria were
 established, based on this work, for considering a community a potential
 site for further in-depth study.  Any community was included if it was
 located within 20 miles of a currently operating, new, or expanding mine;
 had between 1,000 and 30,000 residents; and was supplied with public water
 through a single-source surface water supply.

    Each community so identified was assigned to one of two categories
 depending on whether or not its water supply was likely to be impacted by
mining activities.  The purpose of this was to identify one set of communi-
 ties expected to exhibit water-mediated health effects due to mining and
another set of similar communities expected to show effects due to mining
 exclusive of the water-mediated effects.  Comparison of suitable health
 status indicators between study communities (water Impacted) and control
communities will yield an estimate of the magnitude of health effects
attributable to contamination of public water supplies by mining activities.
The distinction between study and control communities was based upon the
 location of mining activity in relation to the location of the intake for
 the community's public water system.  It was required for those communities
 categorized as study (water-impacted) sites that (1) coal mining exist
within 20 miles upstream from the community water intake, and (2) drinking
water be drawn from the impacted river downstream from the mine.

    Craig, Hayden, and Rangely (all located in Colorado) were identified as
 possible study sites.  Potential control sites are Canon City and Steamboat


                                     iv

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Springs in Colorado and Green River, Kenmerer, Rock Springs, and Sheridan in
Wyoming.  These candidates for study and control communities are character-
ized according to quantity of coal raining, relative importance of coal
mining to the community's economy, validity of the community's designation
as a study or control site, quality of water monitoring, presence of air
monitoring, proximity to other control and/or study sites, availability of
other information, and presence of coal-utilizing facilities, such as
electric power generating facilities.

    Characterization of health and environmental quality in the region as a
whole involved obtaining and assembling baseline data on demographic trends,
health status, community health and sanitation services, and environmental
quality.  A cursory examination of aggregate data was performed to identify
trends in environmental quality and any unusual patterns of morbidity and
mortality.  One important activity in this task was the calculation and
analysis of standardized mortality ratios for the region by county.  The only
cause of death category which showed any geographical relationship to mining
activity was deaths due to motor vehicle accidents.  This was expected since
mining activities tend to increase the amount of traffic in mining areas.
Failure to find additional effects is not surprising considering county
(rather than community) rates were studied to demonstrate effects that would
be expected in only a small proportion of the county residents.  Moreover,
mortality may not be the most appropriate indicator for detecting the effect
of mining activity on health status.  While the results suggest that there
are no blatantly unusual patterns of mortality in the region, more infor-  ...
mation on health status must be obtained in order to examine water-mediated
health effects due to coal mining in specific communities.

    A critique of the quality of existing environmental, health, and demo-
graphic data for use in a prospective epidemiological study is presented in
the report along with recommendations for the type of data needed and
methods by which it can be secured.

    This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. R805700-01 by
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency.  This report covers the period January 1, 1978, to
April 30, 1980, and work was completed as of April 30, 1980.

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                                   CONTENTS
Foreword	
Abstract	    iv
Figures	    vi
Tables .	   vii

   1.   INTRODUCTION 	     1
             Overview:  Energy Development and Human Health	     1
             General Outline of Project	     8

   2.   ISSUES AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS	    10
             Water Quality	    10
             Air Quality	    16
             The Social Environment	    18
             Community Economic Status 	    19
             Transportation	    21
             Health	    22

   3.   RESEARCH METHODOLOGY	    25
             Defining Exposure 	    25
             Data Acquisition and Characterization 	    25

   4.   CRITIQUE OF DATA QUALITY	  ......    99
             Coal Mining Activities	    99
             Impacted Communities	    99
             Water Quality	   100
             Air Quality	   101
             Health Status 	   102

   5.   SITE SELECTION PROCESS	   106
             Rationale	   106
             Criteria for Site Selection	   106
             Final Site Selection	   110
             Detailed Characterization of Study Site Candidates. . .   115
             Community Profiles	   150

Bibliography	   162

Appendices
   A.   Coal Mining	   168
   B.   Developing or Expanding Mines	   226
   C.   Analysis of Mortality Rates	   240
   D.   Water Supplies in Potentially Impacted Communities	   257

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                                   FIGURES

                                                                    Page

Number

  1  Coal Fields of the Conterminous United States 	    6

  2  Geographic Distribution of Current
     Mining Activity in EPA Region VIII	   27

  3  Geographic Distribution of Developing
     Mining Activity in EPA Region VIII	   29

  4  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Malignant Neoplasms (Total) in~EPA Region VIII.  		   86

  5  Geographic Distribution of SMR's from Deaths Due to Malignant
     Neoplasms of the Digestive System in EPA Region  VIII	   87

  6  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths
     Due to Malignant Neoplasms of the Respiratory
     System in EPA Region VIII	   88

  7  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Malignant Neoplasms of  the Urinary Tract in EPA
     Region VIII	   39

  8  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Major  Cardiovascular Disease  in EPA Region VIII	   90

  9  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Ischemic  Heart Disease  in EPA Region VIII  	   91

10  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Cerebrovascular  Disease in EPA Region VIII	   92

11  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Respiratory Diseases in EPA Region VIII	   93

12  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Cirrhosis in EPA Region VIII	   94

13  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
     Motor  Vehicle Accidents in EPA Region VIII	   95


                                     vi

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14  Geographic Distribution of SMR's From Deaths Due to
    Suicide and Homicide in EPA Region VIII .	    96

15  Locations of 19 Study Site Candidates	114
                                   TABLES
Number                                                                 Page

 1  Distribution, by Basin or Region,  of the Coal Reserve Base
    and of Total Remaining Identified  Coal Resources of the
    United States, January 1, 1974	     4

 2  Selected Demographic Characteristics of Counties in EPA
    Region VIII Which Currently Have Coal Mining Operations	    30

 3  Selected Demographic Characteristics of Counties in EPA
    Region VIII Which Are Slated for Expansion of Coal
    Mining Operations 	    33

 4  Communities Within 20 Miles of Currently Operating Mines	    35

 5  Communities Within 20 Miles of Expanding Mines	    38

 6  Demographic Information on Communities With More Than
    1000 Residents in 1975 Located Within 20 Miles of a
    Currently Operating Mine		    40

 7  Demographic Information on Communities With More Than
    1000 Residents Located Within 20 Miles of a Developing
    Mine	    44

 8  Site Specific History of Water Quality Monitoring
    Activities:  Energy Impacted Areas	    49

 9  Site Specific Surface Water Quality Data for the "Energy
    Funded Sites" as Designated by EPA Region VIII Plus
    Others Located Within 20 Miles of  Coal Mines	    52

10  Descriptive Statistics for 18 Selected Water Quality Parameters
    at 58 Surface Water Monitoring Sites in Mining Areas	    59

11  Site Specific History of Air Quality Monitoring
    Activities:  Energy Impacted Areas	    66

12  Air Quality Monitoring Sites Near  Mines/Mine Expansions 	    68

13  Measures for Evaluating Health Status, Environmental
    Quality, and Community Health and  Environmental Services	    76

                                    vii

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14  Type of Health Status Information Available 	    79

15  Causes of Death for Study	    83

16  Comparison of Cause-Specific Mortality Rates
    (per 100,000) in Western States and U.S. Total	    84

17  Results of Log-Linear Analysis of SMR Categories
    for Motor Vehicle Accidents 	    97

18  Distributions of SMR Categories for Motor Vehicle Accidents
    Across Levels of Current Mining Operations	    97

19  Adequacy of Information Available on the
    State Level for Evaluating Health Status	103

20  Communities Within 20 Miles of Mining With More
    Than 1000 and Fewer Than 30,000 Residents	108

21  Communities Within 20 Miles of Mining With More Than
    1000 and Fewer Than 30,000 Residents Which Are Served
    by a Single-Source Surface Water Supply System	109

22  Relationship Between Coal Mining and Drinking Water in
    Communities Within 20 Miles of Coal Mining With More
    Than 1000 and Fewer Than 30,000 Residents and With a
    Single-Source Surface Water Supply. ...» 	   Ill

23  Study Site Candidates:  Estimated Mining,
    Demographic and Other Characteristics 	   112

24  Coded Presentation of Study Site Characteristics From Table 21.  ..   113

25  Study Site Candidates:  Estimated Mining,
    Demographic, and Other Characteristics	116

26  Coded Presentation of Study Site Characteristics
    From Table 23	117

27  Mining Plotted on Detailed County Maps	   118

28  Water Monitoring Sites Plotted on Detailed Maps 	   121

29  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Craig, Moffat County,  Colorado	122

30  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Hayden, Routt County,  Colorado	123

31  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Rangely, Rio Blanco County,  Colorado	125
                                    viii

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32  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Canon City,  Fremont County,  Colorado 	    126

33  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Green River  and Rock Springs,
    Sweetwater County, Wyoming 	    127

34  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Kemmerer,  Lincoln County,  Wyoming	    129

35  Surface Water Quality Parameters in Relation to Drinking
    Water Intake of Sheridan,  Sheridan County, Wyoming 	    130

36  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of Craig,
    Colorado	    131

37  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
    Hayden, Colorado 	    133

38  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
    Rangely, Colorado	    135

39  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
    Canon City, Colorado	    136

40  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
    Steamboat Springs, Colorado	    138

41  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of r
    Green River and Rock Springs, Wyoming	    140

42  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
    Kemmerer, Wyoming	    141

43  Chemical Analyses of Finished Drinking Water of
    Sheridan, Wyoming	    142

44  Average Drinking Water Quality Parameters in
    Study Site Candidates	    144

45  Ranks and Correlations of Surface Water and Drinking
    Water Constituents in the Study Site Candidates	    147

46  Rating of Study Site Candidates on Selection Criteria	    151

A-l  Current and Future Coal Mines in Colorado  . .'	    168

A-2. Current and Future Coal Mines in Montana	    193

A-3  Current and Future Coal Mines in North Dakota	    197

A-4  Current and Future Mines in South Dakota	    205

                                     ix

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A-5  Current and Future Mines in Utah	    208

A-6  Current and Future Coal Mines in Wyoming	    217

B-l  Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in Colorado	    225

B-2  Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in Montana	    229

B-3  Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in North Dakota.  .  .    231

B-4  Coal Mines Under Development or Expansion in Utah	    233

B-5  Coal Mines under Development or Expansion in Wyoming .....    235

C-l  Average Annual Death Rates per 100,000 for Five-
     State Area	    240

C-2  Standardized Mortality Ratios (By County)	    241

D-l  Inventory of Public Water Supplies:  Impacted
     Communities	    253

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                                 SECTION 1

                                INTRODUCTION


OVERVIEW:   ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

    Energy production is, and will continue to be,  a major concern of
society.  While one facet of that interest must concern technological
development necessary to discover and harness new sources of energy,  clearly
there must be a concomitant consideration of the environmental and human
health effects of developing these resources.  Although it is unreasonable
to expect or demand "zero risk" or no health costs  associated with energy
production, scientific definition and measurement of the health costs and
the degree to which they may be predicted and ameliorated through sound
energy development policy merits intensive investigation.  In examining the
potential health impacts of the rapid expansion of  mining activities  in the
western coal region, the present program explores but one facet of the
energy production picture in the United States.  Nevertheless, the sheer
magnitude of projected increases in mining activity and the relative  paucity
of knowledge concerning nonoccupational, environmentally mediated health
effects of mining activities underscore the need for careful epidemiologic
studies in mining communities.  Only then can the nature and magnitude of
potential health effects be ascertained and the indirect effects of the
current energy development policy be discovered.  Ultimately, insights
gained from this program and subsequent" epidemiologic studies regarding the
human costs of energy development may be used to establish a more informed
bases for future decisions regarding the development and/or.expansion of
energy resources.

Projected Coal Energy Development in the U.S

    Coal is abundant in most parts of the United States and, along with
petroleum and natural gas, it has contributed significantly to our indus-
trial and economic growth.  Of the three fuels, coal is by far the most
abundant with recoverable resources of coal containing about ten times as
much heat value as the combined recoverable reserves of petroleum and
natural gas.

    Since the mid 1930's, the United States has experienced a fourfold
increase in the use of energy.  Most of this increased demand was met by
increased use of petroleum and natural gas (Averitt, 1975).  This growth was
further accelerated after World War II by:  (1) a prolonged period of indus-
trial and economic growth, (2) increased rate of population growth, and (3)
considerable increase in per capita use of energy.   Accompanying the

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 increased  use of  petroleum and natural gas was a surge  in  imports of
 petroleum, beginning  in  the late 1950's,  followed by a  decline in domestic
 petroleum  production  in  the late 1960's and early 1970's.  About the same
 time,  it became apparent that  reserves of both fuels were  smaller than
 formerly believed.  Throughout the long period prior to OPEC  (Organization
 of Petroleum Exporting Countries) the unit costs of petroleum and natural
~gas were, relatively low, and these fuels were more convenient to use and
 more-environmentally  acceptable than coal.  Higher prices  for petroleum and
 natural gas will  undoubtedly encourage the use of atomic energy, coal, and
 other  sources of  fuel for the generation of electricity and lead to
 increased  use of  coal, oil shale, and bituminous sands  as  sources of
 synthetic  fuels and pipeline gas (Averitt, 1975).  Faced with the above
 conditions,  namely, depleting reserves and increasingly negative cost
 factors associated with  petroleum and natural gas, and  a relative abundance
 of coal, the United States has become firmly committed  to  the development of
 new coal-based energy technologies such as coal gasification, coal
 liquefaction, and fluidized-bed combustion.

     Besides  these new markets, the electric utility industry  has established
 a trend toward the increased use of coal.  During the past 20 years, the
 utility industry  (which  is the largest single consumer  of  coal) has in-
 creased its  use of coal  at an extremely rapid rate.  Further, rapid prolif-
 eration of coal-fired power plants is expected to continue throughout the
 next 20 years due to:

     (1) Anticipated  steady growth of the electric utility industry—recent
         EPA projections forecast a 226 percent increase  in coal-fired
         generating capacity between 1976 and 1986 for  the six states of EPA
         Region VIII  (U.S.  EPA, 1976).   Other regional  analyses predict
         similar  trends.

     (2) Construction of coal-fired generating plants in areas previously
         served by natural gas and/or conversion orders directing large
         industrial users of natural gas  to switch over to coal.  In 1977,
         the Federal  Energy Administration issued coal  conversion directives
         to  56 major  industrial plants  presently burning oil  or gas.
         Earlier  in 1977, similar directives were sent  to  74  utility com-
         panies and similar notices were  sent to 32 planned industrial sites
         requiring  that  the plants be built with coal burning capability.
         Other industries targeted for future directives include chemical,
         food, fabric, metal,  film, and refined oil products  manufacturers
         (Anonymous,  1977).

     (3) Gradual  phase-out of  older gas-fired generating plants.  Taken
         together,  the trends  outlined above forebode vast increased in
         demand for coal, particularly  the low sulfur coals from the western
         United States.   Various governmental and private  agency projections
         are consistent  with this forecast (Asbury et al., 1977; Corsentino,
         1976; U.S. EPA, 1976;  Averitt,  1975).

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;. .   In response to  tbe  increasing demand for  coal, rapid expansion of coal
 mining activity is  anticipated.  Important determinants of the location of
 this expansion include  the  location  of proven coal reserves, characteristics
 of  the coal  (rank,  grade, specific gravity),  thickness of the beds,
 thickness  of the overburden, and a variety of commercial factors  including
 labor, equipment, and transportation costs.

     Table  I  shows the distribution of the coal reserves base and  total
 remaining  identified coal resources  of the United States as of January,
 1974.   Reliable projections indicate that the majority of future  mining
 expansion  will take place in the western United States (Corsentino,  1976).
 As  is  evident from  Table 1, Regions  6 and 7,  the northern and southern Rocky
 Mountain regions, together  account for nearly one-half of the "demonstrated
 reserve base" and approximately 60 percent of "resources in thin  beds and
 inferred resources" and "total remaining identified  resources".   The very
 large  reserve base  in Region 6, the  northern  Rocky Mountains, represents
 41  percent of the total in  column 1.  This large tonnage and percentage re-
 flect  the  fact that the coal beds are very thick.  Numerous and closely
 spaced, the  coal-bearing rocks lay nearly flat and the topography is
 relatively flat over thousands of square miles in North Dakota, eastern
 Montana, and northeastern Wyoming.   Thus, much of the coal in Region 6 is
 within reach using  strip mining methods.  The more modest reserve base in
 Region 7 as  compared with that of Region 6 reflects  the fact that in most of
 Region 7 the coal-bearing rocks are  on the edges of  moderate to steeply
 dipping structural  basins.  This coal is less accessible; underground or
 drift  mining methods must be used in these settings  (Averitt, 1975).

     High rank bituminous and anthracite coal  in the  continental United
 States lies  almost  exclusively in the eastern half of the country.   About
 99  percent of the subbituminous coal and lignite lies in the western half of
 the country.  In large  part these differences are due to differences in
 geologic age (Pennsylvanian in the east and Cretaceous or Tertiary in the
 west).  The  younger western coals attain high rank only where there  has been
 deformation  and alteration  by mountain building processes or by the  intru-
 sion of igneous rock.   Subbituminous coals and lignite of the western states
 are lower  in heat value and are somewhat more difficult to ship and  store
 than the more widely used bituminous coals of the eastern states.  However,
 the low rank coals  of the western states are  well suited to the production
 of  electric  power and the production of synthetic gas and liquid  fuels.

     Receiving much  attention today is the sulfur content of coal.  Sulfur in
 coal has several undesirable effects.  First, it lowers the quality  of coke
 and the resulting iron  and  steel products.  It contributes to corrosion,
 formation  of boiler deposits, and more importantly to air pollution.  Sulfur
 impurities in coal  spoils (in the eastern United States) inhibit  growth of
 vegetation.   Leaching of sulfuric acid from mines' contributes directly to
 the pollution of streams, while sulfur oxides emitted into the atmosphere
 from combustion of  high sulfur coal  contribute to both air pollution and
 acid rain  formation.  Averitt (1975) states that about 65 percent of the
 identified coal resources in the United States are low in sulfur

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         TABLE  1.
                   DISTRIBUTION,  BY BASIN  OR REGION,  OF  THE COAL  RESERVE BASE AND OF
                   TOTAL REMAINING IDENTIFIED  COAL  RESOURCES  OF THE UNITED  STATES
                   JANUARY  1, 1974(a'b'c)










Demonstrated
base, 0-1,


Reserve
000 ft
overburden

I*

2)


3)
4)

5)

6)

7)

a>


Baa lit or Region
Northern Appalachian basin
(PA, OH, UV. and MD)
Southern Appalachian basin
(eastern KY, VA, TN, NC,
CA, and AL)
Michigan baaln
Illinois baaln (1U, IN, &
western KY)
Western Interior basin
(IA. KS. MO, OK, AR, & TX)
Northern Rocky Mountains
(ND, SD, MT, WY. & ID)
Southern Rocky Mountains
(CO, UT, AZ, & NM)
West Coast
(AK. WA, OR, & CA)
TOTAL
Tons

93


20
~

89

19

175

24

14
434
Percent

21


5
—

20

4

41

6

3
100
Overburden 0-3,000 ft
Resources In thin beds
Inferred resources, 0-1,000
ft overburden; and Identified
resources In all beds
1,000-3,000 ft overburden

132


36
__

126

63

606

211

123
1,297




> Total remaining
identified resources

225


56
_ _

215

82

781

235

137
1,731
(a)
  Source:  Adopted  from Averltt,  1975.

(b)In billions (]09) of short tons.
(c)
                                Dashes (--) indicate negligible amount of coal.  Figures are  for reserves
and resources In the ground.  At least lutlf of the reserve base is recoverable.

Includes coal In the measured and Indicated (demonstrated) category in beds 28 In  or more thick for bitum-
inous coal and anthracite, and 5 ft or more thick  for subbltuminous coal and lignite.  Maximum  overburden
Is 1,000 ft for subbltuffliiioua coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite, and 120 ft  for lignite.  May Include
coal outside these parameters if such coal la being mined or is considered to be commercially mlnable.

-------
(0-1.0 percent).  Much of this low-sulfur coal is  subbituminous  coal  and
lignite concentrated in the Rocky Mountains  and Northern Great Plains.  The
remaining 35 percent of coal reserves are of medium (1.1-3.0  percent) and
high sulfur (over 3.0 percent) content.   In  contrast,  much of the  remaining
medium and high-sulfur coal occurs in the bituminous coal of  the central and
eastern United States.

    Until"recently; when the electric utilities were confronted  with  the
problem of complying with sulfur dioxide control regulation,  western  coal
supplied only local markets.  Due to its relatively low thermal  value and
high delivery costs, western coal could not  successfully compete against
eastern and midwestern coals in their respective market areas.   Today the
market structure has shifted due to increasing specific demand for
low-sulfur coals.  Utilities view substitution of  lower sulfur western  coals
for eastern coals as one potential means of  forestalling the  addition of
costly emissions control equipment.   Rapid increases in production costs of
eastern and midwestern coals relative to the cost  of transporting  western
coal and, as mentioned, the higher prices and reduced  availability of
alternative fuels further increase demand.  In view of this situation,  the
general feeling now is that western coals will become  a principal  source of
energy for United States utilities.

    By convention, the United States is usually divided into  three coal-
producing regions—western, eastern, and midwestern.  The geographical
boundaries of these regions are depicted in Figure 1.   The western coal
region includes two great coal provinces:  the Northern Great Plains
province covering eastern Wyoming, and the Rocky Mountain province which
includes western and southern Wyoming, most  of Colorado and Utah,  and
northeastern New Mexico.  The Hanna Region and the Powder River  Basin of
Wyoming and Montana are currently the most important exporters to  distant
markets.  The Williston Basin (part of the Northern Great Plains Region) and
the Unita Region represent secondary sources (Asbury et al, 1977).  Due to
superior export opportunities, a great deal of attention is being  focused  on
the future development of huge coal reserves located in the Powder River
Basin.

    As of May, 1976,  154 new mines or expansions of existing mines were
planned, proposed, or under development.  Forty-five new mines were to  be
located in Colorado, 33 in Wyoming, 30 in Utah, and the balance  in ten other
states.  If all of these future western mines were developed  according  to
present plans, an additional 472.1 million tons of coal per year would be
realized.  Future mines in Wyoming alone would increase production by 139.8
million tons per year, while 77.7 million tons per year and 64.5 million
tons per year are anticipated for Utah and New Mexico, respectively.   The
remainder of the production increase is distributed among the other states.
Considering both the location of coal reserves (see Table 1)  and the
specific areas slated for greatest expansion, it is clear that  the bulk of
the increase in mining activities will take  place  in the states  of Montana,

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                              GREAT PLAINS PROVINCE
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            WESTERN COAL REGION
  EXPLANATION


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-------
Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, and Utah.  The focus of the
present program has been confined to a geographic area consisting of these
six states.

Assessment of Health Effects Delated to Increased Mining

'._..-- Assessment of the potential social and environmental costs of energy
development includes a wide range of concerns, such as public health,
occupational health and safety, environmental stability and diversity, and
social stability.  These concerns have prompted the development of a great
variety of methods for measuring impacts and costs (U.S. FEA, 1977; Bozzo et
al. , 1978; Morris and Novak, 1977; University of California, 1978).  Unfor-
tunately, these reports outline general approaches which have not been
applied to specific communities as yet.  In attempting to quantify and/or
project the impacts of energy development in terms of human mortality,
morbidity, or changes in health status (either positive or negative),
detailed empirical studies of health status of residents in specific
impacted communities are essential.

    Two different sets of health effects must be considered in evaluating
the causal effects of energy development on health status.  First, the
possible etiologic significance of the products and processes employed in
the various industrial activities must be investigated.  Another set of
effects arising as a result of boom town conditions (e.g., increases in
population, inadequate housing, crowding, unmet demand for health and
sanitation services) need to be examined as well.  Three generic types of
health problems can be anticipated:  the first set is related to the .
occupational environment; such problems are primarily the province of
industrial hygiene.  These problems have been studied elsewhere and will not
be considered in the present program.  Second are the potential problems
which can be traced to pollution of the environment by  industrial activity
itself.  Third, many significant health and social problems are related to
the rapid and unplanned community growth which accompanies intensive devel-
opment of coal resources.  Problems arising from these  "boom town condi-
tions" include excess demands on community environmental and sanitation
services  (e.g., inadequate water supplies, sewage systems, and solid waste
disposal systems).  Other boom town phenomena which impact on the individual
or family level include higher rates of physical illness and injuries,
mental illness, various types of social disruption, and shortages of needed
medical services at both primary (physicians, dentists) and secondary
(hospital, clinic, nursing home) levels of care.

    This report primarily addresses Impacts of the second type above.
However, problems of the third type are also examined to the extent that
they represent bona fide health, rather than sociological, problems.
Because of the extensive breadth of health impacts outlined above,  the
current program focuses on a limited set of impacts, namely those resulting
specifically from increases in mining  activity.  It was recognized  from the
outset, however, that industrial activities connected with construction of
highways, commercial establishments  (especially electric power plants), and
housing inevitably accompany increases in mining, and produce health effects

-------
of their own which must be considered as part of the overall costs of
development.  It is essential to realize that changes in health status
subsequent to mining expansion reflect these indirect effects in addition to
direct mining-related impacts.

    This report summarizes work in the areas of:  (1) identifying those
communities most likely to be impacted by the development of western coal,
(2) examining existing environmental data in and around these communities,
and (3) assembling available data on health status and community health and
environmental services in the impacted areas.  These data provide valuable
"baseline" characterization of these populations.  When coupled with
periodic reassessment of the relationships among health and environmental
parameters in the form of prospective epidemiologic studies, needed
information concerning the potential health impacts of mining could be
generated.
GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT

    The purpose of this project was to establish a method for prospective
epidemiological analyses of the health effects associated with the develop-
ment of western coal sites.  Particular emphasis in the program was placed
upon potential health effects related to mining activities, especially
mining effluents which may enter drinking water supplies in hazardous
quantities.   Specific tasks include the following:

    (1)  Identifying and characterizing potentially Impacted communities,
         including an analysis of planned and projected expansion of coal
         mining;

    (2)  Obtaining and assembling baseline data (ca. 1975-1978) on the above
         communities with respect to demographic trends, health status,
         community health and sanitation services, and environmental
         quality;

    (3)  Performing a cursory examination of aggregate data (regional,
         state,  or county levels) for trends in environmental quality,
         compliance with relevant standards, and unusual patterns of
         morbidity and mortality;

    (4)  Evaluating the adequacy of existing environmental, health, and
         demographic data as a basis for future prospective epidemiologic
         studies;

    (5)  Formulating data requirements for prospective studies and searching
         for  methods by which the requisite data (or suitable alternatives)
         can  be  secured;

    (6)  Developing criteria for selecting specific individual communities
         for  in-depth studies.   Priorities for this task include:

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         (a)   volume of projected expansion (coal tonnage)
         (b)   amount of projected community growth (population,  jobs,  etc.)
         (c)   location with respect to mining
         (d)   size and representativeness of the  community
         (e)   absence of major sources of pollution unrelated to mining
         (f)   quality of existing health and environmental  data.

    These topics are addressed individually in subsequent sections  of  the
report.   Much supplementary data is also contained in the appendix.

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                                  SECTION 2
                         ISSUES AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS
     Investigators concerned with estimating the type and potential  magnitude
 of impacts from western coal development have identified several key areas
 of concern.  Many of the national energy policy concerns are reflected  in
 the report of the Rail Commission (Rail, 1977).  Examples of area-specific
 issues are addressed in the various Environmental Impact Statements alluded
 to later in this section.  In general, there seems to be a consensus that
 impacts are expected in at least six generic areas, including:   (1) water
 quality; '(2) air quality; (3) social jsnvironment; (4) sanitation and public
 health (due to rapid population influx); (5) economic structure; and
 (6) transportation.  An overview of each of these types of impacts  is given
 in this section.
 WATER QUALITY

 Introduction

     The chemical quality of surface water in the western United States is
 highly variable due to diversity in geology, size of drainage basin,
 aridity, and seasonality of streamflow.  Few generalizations applicable to
 the entire region can be made.   Also, there are limitations on the dis-
 tribution and amount of available data, particularly with respect to
 groundwater.  There is a critical need for longitudinal studies of water
 quality comparing values of various parameters pre- and post-mining in order
 to assess the trends in quality of surface water and groundwater that may be
 related to mining and reclamation activities (NAS, 1974).

     Mine development generally progresses in three distinct phases:  (1)
 construction of the associated facilities; (2) mining of coal (and perhaps
 other materials, e.g., clinker and gravel for roads) and concurrent
. reclamation; and (3) abandonment of the mine upon completion of mining.
 Each of these phases has associated with it a series of environmental
 impacts which must be considered in order to have a total picture of  mining
 impacts.  The construction phase precedes the actual mining activities.   It
 includes construction of the coal handling facilities,  railroad spur  and
 loop, access and haulage roads, warehouse, administrative offices, mainte-
 nance buildings, explosive materials storage, water pumping, waste disposal
 systems, stream diversion, communication lines, power transmission lines,
 and electric utilities.  At many sites, construction activities also  include
 the quarrying of clinker for use as road building materials, stream


                                     10

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diversion lining, and railroad subgrade construction materials.   All of
these activities create disturbances of the local terrain (USGS,  1978a).

    During the mining operation, surface waters are impacted as a disruption
of the existing drainage patterns.   The amount of disruption varies in that
surface drainage systems can be built to store and/or route produced water,
runoff, and sanitary sewage.  The degree to which the quality of  surface
water will be impacted will depend to some degree on the design of the
storage and routing system.  The chemical quality of intermittent streams is
often proportional to the magnitude of the flow.   Thus,  changes in flow  due
to diversions and altered topography may have varying impacts.  Concentra-
tion of sediment increases as flow increases, whereas, concentration of
dissolved solids decreases as flow increases (USGS, 1978b).

    One parameter which gives a general indication of suitability of surface
water for industrial use is total dissolved solids (TDS).  TDS varies with
discharge during periods of high flow and is lowered by  dilution.  TDS
increases in areas where rivers are underlain by highly  soluble materials
such as shale (NAS, 1974).

      Groundwater varies in quality principally because  of geological
diversity in the west.  Water recovered from sedimentary rocks varies from
brackish in deeply buried marine shales to very pure in shallow aquifers.
Groundwater in valley alluvium is derived mainly from local recharge and the
quality varies according to the rock type in the drainage basin.   Again, as
with surface water, quality is highly variable and governed by local
conditions.  To be reliable, observations must be specific to the mine site
(NAS, 1974).

    The effects of the mining on groundwater are:  (1) removal of the coal
aquifer; (2) a change in the recharge-discharge relationships; (3) a possi-
ble change in the quality of water in some aquifers; (4) an increase in the
consumptive use of groundwater which decreases the supply available for
other uses; and (5) lowering of water levels in local aquifers.

    Coal seams are frequently aquifers.  Hence, interception and  removal of
the coal is bound to have both quantitative and qualitative effects on
groundwater.  Disturbances in aquifers will undoubtedly occur because spoil
material would be expected to have different hydrologic characteristics than
the original material; spoil will probably transmit water more readily than
the coal it replaces, leading to increased quantities of groundwater in some
localities and decreases in others (USGS, 1978b).

    Water changes in quality as it moves through various strata.    Mining of
the coal and disturbance of the overburden alter the chemical quality of the
water by changing the sources of constituents, the rock material  and bio-
sphere, the hydraulic, thermal, and chemical gradients,  and the  rates of ion
exchange and sorption.  The net result of these changes  cannot be predicted,
but the quality of the groundwater reservoir formed by the spoil  is likely
to be of significantly poorer quality than the water in the undisturbed
local aquifer.  Specific changes will depend on constituents of  the rock
                                    11

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material and biosphere which is disrupted.  Alteration in hydraulic,
thermal, and chemical gradients and rates of ion exchange and sorption will
affect water quality (USGS, 1978b).

    In general,, the quality of surface and groundwater in the upper Colorado
River Basin is very good in the mountainous and headwater areas but
gradually worsens as one moves downstream.  Sediment loads are generally
high In the streams that drain the Colorado Plateau.  IDS concentrations may
reach 2,000-3,000 mg/1 in  some streams.  The variation in water quality
among the western rivers also implies a variation in the withdrawal rates
that each can tolerate without causing excess salinity downstream.
Sedimentation and salinity present serious problems in many of the areas
under consideration for expansion of mining.  These and other specific
impacts are described more fully in the next section.

Surface Water Impacts

Location of Water Impacts—
    In characterizing the  various potential water quality impacts from
mining, it is useful to distinguish between impacts which occur at the
location of the mine (on-site Impacts) from those which occur at some
distance from the site (off-site impacts).  The National Academy of Sciences
first suggested this classification scheme for coal mining impacts, and
their findings are summarized here (NAS, 1974).

    On-Site Impacts—The primary on-site impacts include the effects of soil
erosion, channel erosion,  and disruption of surface drainage and groundwater
aquifers.  Channel erosion and sedimentation may become problematic if
mining activities result in the addition of significant quantities of water
to surface discharge.  Downcutting and widening initiated by the augmented
flow of storm water runoff may produce a channel to which the normal runoff
is not adjusted.  Tributary channels may no longer be used if the base level
of the main channel to which they are graded is lowered.  Channel deepening
and enlargement, unless checked, can cause production and transport of large
quantities of sediment to  downstream channels or reservoirs.

    Surface mining operations disrupt the channels of ephemeral streams and
damage upland slopes.  Altered drainage patterns create two major problems:
a change in the channel slope and increased flow velocity resulting in
increased bed and bank erosion; and a decrease in runoff volume and loss of
recharge to alluvial aquifers in the downstream valleys.  Either of these
problems can be serious in an arid or semi-arid environment.

    In most of the western coal fields, the coal beds that lie close to the
surface are also aquifers.  Removal of the coal by mining operations often
intersects the aquifer which is the source for hundreds of local wells.
Consequently, flow patterns in the aquifer are changed and some parts
undoubtedly would be dewatered.  Also, as the coal/aquifer is removed, the
groundwater is discharged  into the mine pit, necessitating the pumping of
the unwanted water into nearby surface streams.  Additional flow into these
ephemeral channels can cause both erosion and changes in water quality.
                                    12

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Presently, the extent to which the aquifer characteristic of the stratum
formerly occupied by the coal might be restored is unknown.

    Off-Site Impacts-—The primary hydrologic impacts of surface mining which
occur away from the site are:  (1) changes in the volume of  surface flow
(both increases and decreases); (2) loss of groundwater; (3) deterioration
of water quality; (4) channel erosion caused by increased sediment loads;
(5) destruction of aquatic habitats;"and (6) possible increases in endemic
diseases among users of water contaminated by mining.

    Changes in land configuration as they apply to stream channels (see
above) could possibly impact streams at some distance from the site of
mining.  Sustained increases in flow could cause severe bank erosion and
sedimentation problems in the major valleys of the western coal region.
Major decreases in flow caused by consumptive uses of water at the mine will
serve to decrease recharge to aquifers and lower groundwater levels.

    Industrial water requirements for surface mining operations are
relatively small and do not generally present serious problems of aquifer
depletion or competition with existing uses (except for mining in conjunc-
tion with mine-mouth electric generating facilities).  The principal
consumptive use of water in mining operations is in dust control on access
and haulage roads.  The most common source of this water is the surface and
groundwater that accumulates in mine sumps.  Auxiliary water requirements
for domestic and sanitation purposes at a typical mining operation (e.g.,
Decker, Montana) seldom exceed 5000 gallons per day (SCPRL,  1974).

    Restoration of surface-mined lands requires inputs of large quantities
of water.  Rehabilitation practices which consume water include irrigation
of vegetation planted on reshaped spoil piles, on-site use of water for
retaining stockpiles of topsoil and mine spoil banks (interruption of
surface flow causes internal drainage), permanent irrigation on some
rehabilitated mine areas, and replacement of water supplies diminished in
quality or quantity by prior mining activities with alternate sources.

    Serious political conflicts can arise to the extent that expansion of
mining activities (directly or indirectly) reduces the amount of water
available to downstream users.  Many of these users have established rights
to these waters over a period of years prior to mining and are engaged in
operations contingent on the continued availability of water.  For example,
much runoff is used for flood irrigation of meadows and stored for livestock
use.  Although this flow probably accounts for only five to ten percent of
the flow reaching perennial streams, it takes on great significance in the
arid west, for it supports the productive use of over 50 percent of the land
(NAS, 1974).

Physical and Chemical Impacts—
    Coal extraction can result in a variety of physical and chemical impacts
to aquatic systems.  Physical impacts from mining activities can include
collapse of stream beds overlying older mines, diversion of water to a
different surface drainage system or subsurface aquifer (resulting in loss
                                    13

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of flow in the original stream and/or contamination of an aquifer),  and
erosion of spoil and refuse areas with subsequent sedimentation in aquatic
systems.~ Potential chemical impacts to surface waters can be grouped into
three general categories, namely, suspended solids (siltation), alkaline
mine drainage, and nutrient enrichment (Dvorak et al., 1977).

.~~  Suspended Solids—Coal deposits in the west are located in arid and
semi-arid areas characterized by frequent and extended periods of drought
which are interrupted by brief, intense storms.  These factors encourage
erosion, making erosion rates on western rangeland among the highest in the
United States on noncultivated land.  Disturbance of these areas during
mining and the lengthy period required for revegetation provide considerable
potential for accelerating erosion and sediment loading to aquatic systems.
The actual extent of aquatic degradation from suspended solids is dependent
on the extent of area disturbed, its distance from a water body, and amount,
form, and intensity of precipitation (Dvorak et al., 1977).  Sediment
transport in mining areas can be as much as 1000 times greater than that in
undisturbed land.  This, in turn, causes clogged reservoirs, premature aging
of lakes from eutrophication and siltation, and direct and indirect toxic
effects on aquatic biota (Dvorak et al., 1977).

    Alkaline Mine Drainage—Western coals, by virtue of their generally low
content of sulfur and pyrite, tend not to produce acid mine drainage
problems of the type seen in the eastern and midwestern United States.  Due
to geologic and climatic characteristics, overburden and deposits between
coal seams in the west frequently contain high concentrations of one or more
soluble constituents.  The most common of these include sodium, calcium,
magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, and occasionally chloride.
Likewise, due to edaphic and climatic features, ground and surface waters in
the southwest (Black Mesa) and Northern Great Plains (Powder River Basin)
usually contain comparatively high concentrations of varying combinations of
these constituents.  (Data on the actual concentrations of these and other
constituents in surface waters near mining areas are presented in a later
section.)  Generally, however, water in these areas is classified as hard
(high in calcium and magnesium), and alkaline (high in carbonate and/or
bicarbonate).  If the dominant cation is sodium, the water is considered
saline.

    Results of available research indicate that leaching of soluble salts
from mine spoils and their transport into receiving surface waters by
precipitation, runoff, or pumping constitutes one of the most significant
water quality problems expected in both the southwest and Northern Great
Plains coal regions (Dvorak et al., 1977).

    Reported effects of mine discharges from western coal mines upon
receiving waters are site-specific, but viewed from a regional perspective,
the effects most commonly reported are increases in:  (1) hardness (due to
increases in calcium and magnesium); (2) alkalinity (especially due to
bicarbonate); (3) sodium; (4) sulfate; and (5) total dissolved solids (TDS).
The effects of these changes on biota are variable and depend on such
factors as relative amount of pollutant present, sensitivity of the species
                                     14

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'present,  and degree of  dilution as  determined by flow rate  (Dvorak et al. ,
 1977).  Effects on  humans  depend on the extent to which these changes in
 surface water are reflected  in drinking water supplies.

     Nutrient Enrichment—Nutrient enrichment of receiving waters occurs when
 nitrogen  and phosphorus contained in  chemicals used for mining are carried
 away from the site  as runoff.   Discharge  of these compounds can result in
 algal blooms and  decreased oxygen levels.' These changes in turn cause
 alteration in biotic community structure.  Oxygen depletion can also promote
 the production of toxic chemicals such as ammonia (by reduction of nitrates)
 or hydrogen sulfide (by reduction of  sulfates) (Dvorak et al. , 1977).

 Groundwater Impacts

     Impacts of groundwater resources  from surface mining are  less direct
 than the  physical and chemical impacts on surface water described above.
 The most  frequent groundwater  impact  appears to be the interception of
 groundwater aquifers as coal and overburden are removed.  Both quanti-
 tative  and qualitative  changes can  result.  Interception of aquifers and
 subsequent lowering of  the water table is serious in the west because
 precipitation rates are not  usually sufficient to Insure recharge of the
 aquifer.   As indicated  earlier, often the coal bed itself is  an aquifer.
 While this water may not be  of good enough quality for domestic use,
 significant use  is  made of these waters by livestock.  Also,  the groundwater
 normally  carried by the aquifer (coal bed) may be discharged  into the mine
 pit after the coal  has  been  extracted.  This water is sometimes removed by
 pumping it into  nearby  streams where  the  alkaline or  saline characteristics
 of this waste may alter water  quality or  affect aquatic organisms in the
 streams.   Finally,  after completion of mining, spoils used  to refill the  pit
 may generate highly mineralized leachates as groundwater percolates through
 them.  These leachates  could subsequently contaminate surface and
 groundwater systems (Dvorak  et al., 1977).

 Summary

     Water concerns  are  among the most visible and politically charged of  all
 the problems which  have been identified and discussed in connection with
 energy  development  in the  western United  States.  Competition for water and
 concerns  for its quality are long-standing traditions in this energy-rich
 but water-poor area. Availability  of water for development or expansion  of
 mining  seems to  dominate the issues addressed in  the Environmental Impact
 Statements for proposed new  facilities in the western coal  area.  Moreover,
 most of the attention has  been focused on the quantity of water available
 for use rather than the quality of  the water postdevelopment.

     Several assessments have concluded that the energy developments being
 proposed  for this region do  not create new problems as much as they exacer-
 bate existing ones  (White  et al., 1977; USGS, 1978b).  It is  generally
 agreed  that water quality  impacts of  western energy resource  development
 could include some  of all  of the following:  (1) runoff from  mines, spoils
 piles,  facilities,  and  urban areas; (2) increasing concentration of various
                                      15

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 salts  in surface waters due  to  consumptive  uses  of water; (3) accidental
 introduction of pollutants from evaporative ponds to surface water; and (4)
 contamination of groundwater springs  and  ponds.

     As either point  or nonpoint sources,  energy  resource developments
 apparently will not  create as much  of a salinity problem as would some other
 uses,  particularly agricultural irrigation.   In  general, the amount of water
 consumed (i.e., withdrawn and not returned) by such developments should not
 have much of a  salt  concentrating effect  on area surface streams.  These
 findings are.important for policy decisions regarding choices between
 alternative development schemes (U.S. EPA,  1977).
 AIR QUALITY

 Introduction

     The extraction  of  millions  of  tons  of  coal  annually from the western
 coal region will result  in deterioration in air quality.  Maximal air
 quality impacts  are expected  to occur when the  developing mines reach their
 full production  capacity,  and to taper  off over the  remaining years of coal
 production at  each  site.   Both  direct impacts of the mining operation itself
 and indirect impacts due to population  influx,  increased vehicular traffic,
 and coal transportation  are anticipated.   This  section provides a general
 overview of the  relationships between various aspects of the mining
 operation and  their  impacts on  air quality.

 General Impacts

     Air  quality  impacts are expected to  vary directly with the number of
 acres of nonvegetated  land at a given time.  At  most of the mining sites,
hundreds  of nonvegetated acres  will be exposed  to wind action at some point
 over the course  of mining  activities.

     Undoubtedly, particulates in the form  of fugitive dust will be the
primary  threat to air quality (USGS, 1978b).  Gaseous emissions including
 sulfur  dioxide,  oxides of  nitrogen, and  carbon monoxide are expected to pose
problems,  but  to a lesser  extent.  Activities of the mining operation which
emit air pollutants  include:  (1) removal, transport, and storage of top-
soil; (2)  blasting, removal, deposition, and storage of overburden;  (3)
blasting,  extraction, and  transport of coal  to  storage areas; (4) coal
processing  (crushing, etc.);  (5) transport of coal by unit train to  utiliza-
tion site;  (6) replacement  of overburden,  topsoil, revegetation, and other
reclamation processes; and  (7)  transport of people and material in and
around the mine area (USGS, 1978a).  Enlargement of  the labor force  produces
an influx of population,  which  in turn, generates air quality deterioration
due  to increased vehicular  traffic, home heating, power generation,  etc.

    Annual baseline total suspended particulates (TSP) near major traffic
routes and coal handling facilities could be increased by a factor of 3.5
(USGS, 1978a).   In some cases,  the increments in TSP will be enough  to cause
                                     16

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violation of state guidelines and/or federal primary  ambient  air  quality
standards.  Increases of thousands  of tons  of participates annually  (as
projected by many mines) are expected to produce substantial  reduction of
visibility in the vicinity of the mines. Likewise, dustfall  will increase
significantly (USGS,  1978a).

    Gaseous emissions from mining operations will probably have a lesser
impact on air quality than particulates, and violations  of air quality
standards are not expected.  NQg fumes from blasting  and coal bank fires
could create acute pollution episodes which would harm organisms  downwind of
the mine and produce visibility reduction as well. These, however,  are
expected to be temporary and intermittent problems (USGS, 1978a).

    The air quality of mining areas will also be impacted by  two  other
activities, namely, the transport of coal via unit train and  the  increase  in
population due to coal mining development.   Not only  will the unit trains
emit gaseous and particulate pollutants from the diesel  engines,  but also
there would be approximately a two  percent  loss of coal  to  the atmosphere in
the form of dust from open coal cars.

Specific Projected Impacts

    Air pollutant emissions associated with the projected ten million ton/yr
mining operation at Coal Creek Mine have been projected  using various source
factors and estimated emission rates (USGS,, 1978b).   For example, stripping
operations are expected to produce  1.5 tons of fugitive  dust  for  each acre
of land disturbed per year.  Soil erosion by wind is  expected to  contribute
0.08 tons of fugitive dust for each acre of land reclaimed for five  years
post-reclamation (0.02 due to natural soil  erosion by wind).   On-slte unit
train exhaust emissions were modeled based  on an assumed fuel consumption
rate of 1,800 gallons of diesel fuel per million ton-miles, with  estimated
EPA emission factors for locomotives.  Off-site unit  train exhaust  emission
estimates were similarly derived based on 1,000 unit  trains per year carry-
ing ten million tons of coal per year over  the productive life of the mine,
with train emission rates as above.  Estimated coal dust emission along  the
railroad corridor from the Coal Creek mine  was placed in the  vicinity of
200,000 tons annually (USGS, 1978b).  Population-related emissions  were
projected based on an estimated population  increase of 1,650  people  combined
with EPA per capita emission factors for population increases.

    Combining the estimated impacts from the various sources  above,
emissions from proposed new mining  operations or expansions of existing
mines can be projected.  Similar estimates  have been made for total
emissions in the eastern Powder River Basin coal mining region under various
development scenarios.  The air quality impacts of new mining activities are
expected to be substantial.  One estimate,  for example,  placed emissions
from the anticipated development of  the coal deposits in the Powder River
region at from ten to 12 percent of  total emissions for the state of Wyoming
(USGS, 1978b).
                                     17

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 Summary

     It iSrnot possible  to accurately predict  the effects of the above
 emissions-on local and  regional air quality unless atmospheric dispersion
 patterns  peculiar to  the site are known.   Then, atmospheric effects can be
 simulated using dispersion  models.  Nevertheless, it is known that in areas
,of high  coal mining activity, particulate  concentrations can often exceed
T,000 mg/m^." Most projections indicate that applicable annual air
 quality  standards for particulates  (60-75  yg/m^) will probably not be
 exceeded'through 1985,  but  that it is very likely that 24-hour standards
 will continue to be violated regularly, as they are now under undisturbed
 conditions.  There is some  indication that oxidants may violate standards,
 but modeling data are not available.  Carbon  monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
 sulfur dioxide are not  expected to violate standards.
 THE SOCIAL  ENVIRONMENT

     The rapid  growth  in population that is  experienced by many western
 communities as a result  of coal  mining  expansion creates some potentially
 serious social problems.  These  problems  are  aggravated by the unique
 characteristics of the area.   The  area  is very  sparsely populated, thus many
 interpersonal relationships  (financial  and  other) are based on an informal
 system  of trust.  This system  must be replaced  by a more impersonal and
 formal  mode of interaction as  longtime  residents of a community cope with
 the  large influx of newcomers  (Richards,  1977;  Hanks et al. , 1977).

     One of the major problems  in these  communities is inadequate housing.
 Because the mining companies are able to  pay  relatively high wages to
 compete for labor, construction  costs must  increase.  Newcomers, who tend to
 be primarily young adults with young children,  are finding it difficult, if
not  impossible, to purchase their  own homes (Brown, 1977; Uhlmann, 1977).
 As a result, trailer and rental  living  are  accepted as the only
 alternatives, with crowded housing conditions developing rapidly.

     Another problem these communities are facing is the inability to provide
 recreational facilities  suitable to the new patterns of living.  Tradition-
 ally, camping, fishing, and hunting have  been the preferred forms of recre-
 ation for the slow-paced, rural  lifestyle.  The more regimented eight-hour
 day, 40-hour week lifestyle demands more  immediately accessible types of
 recreation such as bowling, swimming, and theaters (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown,
 1977),

     A third difficulty is the inability of  community services, both public
and  private, to meet the rapidly increasing demand.  Most community services
such as water and sewer facilities, schools, and health care can meet a five
 to ten  percent annual increase in  demand  (University of Wyoming, 1978; Hanks
et al. , 1977).   Some of the mining  impacted communities are, however,
doubling or tripling in size in  two to  three years (University of Wyoming,
1978).
                                     18

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',	   These three conditions, which result from the mining boom, appear to be
 increasing the incidence of a multitude of social and mental health
 problems.  There is much depression and child abuse, especially among the
 female population.  This is most likely a result of the crowded living
 conditions and inadequate recreational opportunities (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown,
 1977).  The unsettled home life and crowded schools, which cannot provide
 sufficient extracurricular activities, are contributing to childhood social
 and behavioral disorders (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown, 1977).  Likewise, the law
 enforcement agencies are not prepared to deal with juvenile delinquency
 (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown, 1977; Hanks et al., 1977).  The predominantly male
 working population is turning to alcohol, prostitution, and gambling for
 relaxation due in part to the lack of more acceptable social and
 recreational outlets (Brown, 1977; Hanks et al., 1977).  The population of
 senior citizens, whose social network has been based on family
 relationships, is forced into isolation as social networks shift from a
 family to a peer orientation.  Also, their fixed incomes are no longer
 sufficient because of massive inflation (Uhlmann, 1977; Brown, 1977; Hanks
 et al., 1977).  In considering these problems, it is important to keep in
 mind that the discussions in the above citations are not based on empirical
 data; increases in social problems may be proportional to increases in
 population size; actual rates may not be changing (Hanks et al., 1977).

     It is necessary to point out that there are some social advantages to
 the boom conditions as well as the many disadvantages listed above.  Hanks
 et al. (1977) point out two such advantages:

     (1)  Financially, business entrepreneurs and high ranking mining company
          employees reap tremendous profits.

     (2)  There is a substantial decrease in unemployment and poverty levels.
          Richards (1977) also suggests that the boom communities may be
          attracting attention that will produce government financial support
          for schools, health facilities, and other areas where there is, and
          has been, a need.
 COMMUNITY ECONOMIC STATUS

     A rapid increase in the population of a community such as that initiated
 by the opening of a new mine or expansion of an old one can create some
 serious financial problems for the community involved.  Gilmore et al.
 (1976) conceptualize these problems as a mutually reinforcing triangle with
 three components.  These three problem categories are discussed briefly with
 a cursory analysis of factors which influence their respective magnitudes.

 Inadequate Local Services

     Local services provided by both public and private sectors may not be
 able to accommodate the rapid increase in population.  This results mainly
 from two conditions:  (1) employment in community services may be unable to
                                      19

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compete effectively with comparatively higher paying opportunities with the
mining companies; and (2) capital for investments, from both public and
private sources lags far behind the generated needs (Gilinore et al. , 1976;
Denver Research Institute, 1975).  For example, expensive labor for housing
construction may lead to complete dependence upon trailer dwellings.   This
form of housing tends to cluster on the fringes of communities where it is
difficult to provide adequate water and sewer facilities (Gilmore et al. ,
1976; Uhlmann, 1977).  Tax revenues do not rise proportionately to the
population, since few of the newcomers are able to purchase property.  This
is especially troublesome since many of the migrants are young families with
children and thus place a heavy burden on local schools, roads, etc., with-
out contributing the tax dollars needed to improve such services (Uhlmann,
1977; Denver Research Institute, 1975).  Other community services which may
lack adequate support are health care facilities, community protection
agencies, and recreational facilities (Gilmore and Duff, 1975; Denver
Research Institute, 1975; Uhlmann, 1977).

Lowered Quality of Life

   -The lack of community services, as described above, can create a
situation in which a large part of the community is living under unsatis-
factory conditions.  The original inhabitants share the now limited re-
sources with the newcomers.  Because residents must share limited tangible
commodities, intangible qualities also suffer.  The feeling of community
deteriorates, and the two groups, original Inhabitants and newcomers, become
competitive, neither accepting the other (Gilmore et al., 1976; Denver
Research Institute, 1975).

Decreased Productivity and Profitability

    Residents dissatisfied with the quality of their personal lives can lead
to lower employee productivity.  This appears in the form of high rates of
absenteeism and turnover, lowered production per shift, and difficulty in
recruiting labor.  Due to these labor problems, companies' profits suffer
which, in turn, causes decreasing tax revenues for the local community.
Capital for investment in private sectors of community services such as
hospitals is also decreased.  Consequently, the series of problems has
become a mutually reinforcing triangle (University of California, 1978;
Gilmore et al., 1976).

Factors Influencing the Magnitude of the Problems

    The above description is a superficial view of this issue, since each of
the issues raised has many facets.   Gilmore et al. (1976) and University of
California (1978) address the following factors which could influence the
magnitude of the various problems discussed.  (1) The problem of insuffi-
cient public revenues can be exacerbated when the increase in population is
in one taxing jurisdiction and the Increase in assessed valuation due to the
energy developments is in another jurisdiction.  (2) The permanence and rate
of population growth affect the whole gamut of problems.  In general, the
faster the growth rate, the more severe the problems.   (3) Often there is a
                                     20

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large amount of uncertainty regarding development.   Greater certainty of
development Increases the willingness of public officials to Incur public
debts and may also lower lending rates.  (4) Communities which have revenue
sources such as Income or sales tax that reflect the population Increase
more rapidly may avoid some of the lag time Involved with property tax as a
source of revenue.  (5) The basis of the community's economy prior to the
establishment of mining and other industries in the area may affect the
availability of labor, the attractiveness of the area to newcomers, and the
degree of antagonism between newcomers and established residents.   Power
generating plants will increase the competition with agriculture for water
resources.  This competition further strains the relationship between
newcomers and the original inhabitants.  A community with a large tourist
economy may be very attractive to prospective employees.  The tourist trade
itself, however, may be severely damaged by the aesthetic degradation of the
area that accompanies strip mining.

    In conclusion, the problem triangle as described here is only a super-
ficial view of the issue.  The economic and financial problems resulting
from boom town growth are much more complex and involved.  While the scope
of this report does not provide for further analysis of this particular
problem, detailed studies of the problem have been undertaken by the
University of California (1978); and Gllmore et al. (1976).


TRANSPORTATION

    Coal development affects transportation by two distinct mechanisms.
First, the influx of population inevitably causes increased motor vehicle
traffic, and the residents' new housing generates the need for additional or
upgraded roads.  This issue is one of many facets of rapid community devel-
opment, and. is not specific to the expansion of coal mining activities. The
general problem of meeting the public's transportation needs is addressed
from an economic perspective in the previous section.

    The second transportation concern  is the impact of coal movement in the
area.  Shipping coal by truck or rail has the potential to produce accidents
and injuries to both transportation workers and the general public.
Collisions involving coal trucks or trains fall clearly in the realm of
health impacts of coal development.

    Several attempts have been made to determine the national health costs
of coal transportation.  Sagan (1974) estimated that ten percent of the
2,300 annual railroad-related deaths are a result of coal transportation to
electricity generating facilities, or 230 deaths annually.  An additional
2,000 injuries were estimated also as an impact of  coal transportation by
rail.  This calculation ignores truck and barge transportation of coal, and
any transportation of coal for uses other than electricity generation.
Similar (crude) methods have been employed by others to estimate the loss of
life due to coal transportation for electricity.  A synthesis of these
studies by Comar and Sagan (1976) indicates that 0.55 to 1.3 deaths occur
annually in transporting coal to supply a 1,000 megawatt power plant.
                                     21

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I	Studying transportation  in  the  small western communities locally
impacted, by coal mining is somewhat more difficult than national analyses,
and the  above calculations are  not  easily extrapolated.  The coal produced
at western mines is either hauled by truck  to its end-use site, truck to
train to end-use site, or directly by  train to end-use site.  The local
effect of coal transportation would be in the form of motor vehicle or
pedestrian accidents  involving  the  trucks or trains.  In order to
extrapolate the natibnal~averages cited earlier to a community, it would be
necessary to compute  deaths/injuries per mile traversed by train or truck,
and the  number of  train or truck miles traversed in the vicinity of the
community;  This cannot be done accurately.  A more reasonable approach to
the study of coal-related transportation injuries in small communities would
be a  search of hospital admissions  and death certificates for all
transportation injuries.  Then, a case-by-case consideration of the
identified incidents  would determine which  were coal-related.

    In summary, effects of train and truck  traffic on coal mining impacted
communities are nearly inevitable.  There is some probability that the
vehicles shipping  coal will  kill or injure  some community residents.  Unfor-
tunately, there is no readily available quantitative data on such risks at
the comovnity level,  and national estimates are not very useful for such
purposes.
HEALTH

    The health of the populations  impacted  by coal mining is the ultimate
focus of this study.  The preceding five issue areas are deserving of
concern in their own right, but  it is  their role as mediators of a coal
mining/health relationship which is of special concern.  In this section,
the manner in which the changes  in the social, economic, and physical
environment engendered by mining could affect health is described.  The
specific health parameters expected to change as a result of environmental
impacts will be noted when possible.   In this way, the reader can compare
these anticipated health changes with  the readily available health indices'
(described in a later section) to  evaluate  the adequacy of routinely
reported health measures as indicators of coal mining impacts.

Effects of Changes in Water Quality

    Although the link from mining-impacted  surface and groundwater to
.tap water is tenuous, for discussion purposes, the chemical alterations in
the water sources will be assumed  to be qualitatively similar.  One expected
effect is a general increase in  the chemical material in the water as re-
flected by total dissolved solids  (TDS), conductivity, and hardness.   There
is a speculative link of TDS and conductivity with decreased cancer mortal-
ity (Burton and Cornhill, 1977), but this has not been replicated.  A better
established association is that between water hardness and (decreased)
cardiovascular disease (Neri et  al., 1974).
                                     22

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    It is interesting to note that while the above nonspecific water factors
are associated with decreased disease rates, a variety of specific ions are
linked to negative health outcomes.  Increased sodium and/or nitrate may
produce hypertension (Calabrese and Tuthill, 1977; Morton, 1971).
Furthermore, toxic metals (which may be increased due to coal mining) are
associated with a broad range of illnesses (MAS, 1977).   These include
gastrointestinal and urinary tract cancers (Berg and Burbank, 1972),
hypertension (Perry, 1972), and other cardiovascular diseases (Neri et al.,
1974).  Although a listing of the health effects speculatively associated
with water quality alterations does not narrow the scope of inquiry
substantially, several health outcomes are pinpointed as essential for
consideration, including hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases and
cancers in organs exposed to ingested water (gastrointestinal and urinary
tracts).

Effects of Changes in Air Quality .

    The major air quality concern is with increased participates as a
consequence of coal mining and related activities.  Particulates are
associated with a variety of respiratory •impairments, including chronic
bronchitis (U.S. DHEH, 1969).  In addition to this nonspecific effect,
selected components of particulate matter may have other respiratory and
nonrespiratory impacts (e.g., cadmium and hypertension, polyeye lie organic
matter and lung cancer).  Precise suggestions of health impacts other than
chronic respiratory disease would require chemical characterization of the
particulate matter in the mining area of concern.

Effects of Changes in the Social Environment

    The negative social changes characteristic of boom towns might be
expected to exert a strong influence on the health of community residents.
The most obvious effects would be anticipated on traditional "social ills".
including alcohol and drug abuse, violence (homicide, suicide), and
psychological disorders.  The physical effects consequent to these behaviors
are numerous (e.g., cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, venereal disease).

    In addition, the social transformation might produce physical health
changes in more subtle ways (Cassel et al., 1960; Cassel, 1976).  There are
potential effects on hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, as well
as the generalized detrimental effects of stressors on health (Eyer, 1977).

Effects oj^Changes in Economic Status

    The major concern in regard to the community's economic condition is the
effect of inadequate social, medical, and public health services on health
status.  With rapid population growth there is a risk that community envi-
ronmental services will not expand quickly enough to meet the increasing
demand.  As a result, environmental contamination could occur.  Inadequate
sewage disposal could lead to contamination of drinking water supplies with
fecal wastes (NGPRP, 1974).  Communicable diseases caused by enteric
pathogens such as typhoid and infant diarrhea could be spread rapidly under
                                     23

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such conditions.   Personal hygiene would suffer if the water supply were
insufficient, thus increasing the risk of person-to-person transfer of
intestinal pathogens.  Where solid wastes are not disposed of properly, dis-
ease carrying rodents and insect vectors can find favorable breeding
grounds.

    Rapid population growth can also create conditions in which supply of
and access to primary health care is limited. "This would result in
inadequate school immunization programs, poor follow-up of identified health
problems, and less ability to screen the population for latent problems,
leading, to more serious manifestations of disease conditions.  There are
some positive changes in health to be anticipated by the few members of the
community reaping financial benefit which may be accompanied by improved
access to medical care.

    Increased traffic is a direct consequence of rapid community growth.
Increased vehicular emissions contribute to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
in the air, thus increasing the risk of cardiorespiratory ailments and other
problems related to these chemicals.  Also, traffic accidents would be
expected to increase in boom town situations with their substantial economic
and health tolls.  In addition to accidents resulting from transporting coal
(discussed earlier), the increased number and concentration of residents
would be predicted to compound this problem.

Effects of Changes in Transportation Networks

    Transporting coal by truck or train entails risks of accidents.
Residents of the coal-impacted communities are placed at some risk of injury
or death as a result of the movement of coal transporting vehicles in their
vicinity.
                                     24

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                            _	.SECTION 3	

                            RESEARCH METHODOLGY
DEFINING EXPOSURE

    Before setting out to measure changes in health status which may be
associated with increased mining, it is essential to select appropriate
measures of exposure ("dose") and response.  Levels of exposure in a
community are usually determined through sampling and analyses of environ-
mental media (e.g., air, water) or human tissues and fluids (e.g., blood,
urine, hair).  Response, on the other hand, is commonly measured by changes
in health status as reflected in rates of mortality, morbidity, hospital
usage, or community health surveys.

    The first part of this section describes our efforts to identify
specific communities which are already being impacted by the development of
the western coal fields, or by virtue of their location, are likely to be
impacted in the near future.  The types and sources of demographic data on
these communities are outlined.  Next, available monitoring data are given
such that environmental quality in the vicinity of the impacted communities
can be characterized.  The final part of this section describes some of the
major indices of community health status, the type of data required to
calculate each measure and the degree of availability of the requisite data
for various communities in the western coal area.
DATA ACQUISITION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Coal Mining Activities

Mapping of Current Mines—
    In order to identify potential effects of coal mining on human
populations, it was first necessary to characterize the current status of
mining activities in the areas of interest.  The most up-to-date information
available was obtained from the U.S. Department of the Interior's Mineral
Industry Location System (MILS).  This service of the Bureau of Mines
maintains a current computer file on mining which was searched for informa-
tion on coal mining in all six EPA Region VIII states.  Each coal mine was
listed by name with identification of its county, type (surface or under-
ground), current production status, and precise location (latitude/
longitude).
                                     25

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~_	  For mapping purposes, all mines listed  as  "current producers" were
 Included.  It should be noted that there was no Indication of annual
 production, tonnage provided, so  that  some of the mines listed on the map may
 be  quit%vsmall.  In addition, L. R. Rice of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in
 Denver (personal communication)  stated  that some of the mines undergo
 frequent  changes in production status.  That is, short-term variations in
 the price of coal and  transportation  costs  cause some mines to terminate and
 others toicommence production. "Keeping these  imperfections in mind, all
 currently active mines were denoted on  a map of EPA Region VIII, according
 to  their  latitude/longitude coordinates.  Appendix A contains a listing of
 those mines currently  producing  coal  (as well  as planned mines which are
 discussed in the following section).  The mine name, location, and type were
 obtained  from the MILS printouts.

    When  available, supplementary data  from the Keystone Coal Industry
 Manual (Nielson, 1977) were used as a source of coal analysis, past
 production, and current employment data.  The  MILS mine listing was more
 extensively used, however, since it is  a more  current source of data.

    -Figure 2 is a reproduction of the results  of this mapping process (i.e.,
 the mines listed in Appendix A).  One of the most noteworthy features of
 western coal mining is the type  of mining (surface or underground) as a
 function  of geography. The mines in  North  Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming are
 nearly all surface, whereas those in  Utah are  nearly all underground.  In
 Colorado,  both types coexist with about twice  as many underground as surface
 mines.  It should be kept in mind in  examining Figure 2 that the extreme
 variability in mine production (with  greater quantities from surface mines)
 makes  the  number of mines an imperfect  reflection of actual tonnage mined.
 In  fact,  the apparent  concentration of.  mines in Utah, Colorado, and North
 Dakota, with sparse mining in Montana and Wyoming is inverse to actual coal
 production.

 Mapping of Future Mines—
    The information required for locating and  quantifying coal mining
 development was obtained from a  variety of  sources, but primarily from the
 Bureau of  Mines Information Circular  8772 (Rich, 1978).  This document is a
 compilation of all energy-related expansion in western states, including
 coal mine  development, updated as of  August, 1977.  It should be noted that
 mine development is often contingent  on such factors as water availability
 and is thus subject to unpredictable  changes.  For that reason, the future
 coal mine information  provided in Appendix B should be viewed as the current
 best conjecture of development and expansion plans.

    The mine name, location, coal analysis, and future production were
 compiled  by Rich (1978), and supplemented as needed with the information in
 Bureau of  Mines Information Circular 8719 (Corsentino,>1976), and the MILS
 printouts  (USBM, 1978).  In order to  determine the degree of expansion
 (increase), the baseline production for 1975 or 1976 was obtained from the
 Keystone  Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).
                                     26

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Figure 2.  Geographic distribution of current mining
           activity in EPA Region VIII.


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	Mines were included on the map  shown in Figure 3 if they had a projected
 tonnage in  1980 or later and  could  be  located with latitude/longitude
 coordinates,  township/range coordinates, or detailed descriptions of
 proximity to  towns or  rivers. Current production was noted as the pro-
 duction for 1976  or, if unavailable,  1975,  as indicated in the Keystone Coal
 Industry Manual  (Nielson,  1977).  The  absence of any current value was
 interpreted to mean no current production.   The future level was taken as
 the maximum projected  value supplied  by Rich (1978), or, if a range was
 projected,  the midpoint of that  range.  The difference in these two values
 (current and  future) was used in the  symbolic napping scheme (see Appendix
 B, Footnote b).

     The locations of developing  and expanding mines are indicated in
 Figure 3.   Comparison  with current  mines (Figure 2) shows that much of the
 expansion  is  projected to  occur  in  currently mined areas.  The geographic
 distribution  of  planned underground and surface mines parallels the current
 mining pattern.   The outstanding feature of Figure 3 is the extensive
 development in Montana and Wyoming.   Campbell County, Wyoming, for example,
 has plans  for increased production  of over 100 million tons of coal per year
 by the mid  1980's.         "   	   ~    -   -   '  	

 Impacted Communities

     Based on  the  presence  of  current  or future mining activities, coal-
 impacted counties in the region  were  categorized as current-impacted or
 future-impacted  (counties  could  be  included in both listings).

 Identification--
     Tables  2  and  3 list those counties which contain current and future
 mines, respectively, along with  several important characteristics (to be
 discussed later).  In  addition to the county tabulations, individual
 communities,  both current- and future-impacted, were identified.  The only
 criterion for inclusion as an impacted comuunity in Tables 4 and 5 was
 location within  a 20-mile  radius of a (current or future) mining site.l
 Finally, a  subset from the list  of  impacted communities of those with
 populations of greater than 1,000 persons in 1975  (U.S. Department of
 Commerce,  1977 a-e) was identified  (Tables 6 and 7). The latter set of
 communities was  of special interest since their population size makes them
 more suitable for epidemiologic  study than smaller towns.

 Characteriza tion—
     Information on the impacted  areas  was obtained on both county and
 community levels.  This information is described in detail below.
 ^Categorization of  communities was independent of  the status  of  its home
    county;  mines near county borders  often result  in impacted communities
    outside  the mining county.
                                      28

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                                         Key:  Mining Increase

                                          <)    <2.0  tons/yr

                                              2-5.99  tons/yr

                                                  .0  tons/yr
Figure 3.  Geographic distribution of developing mining
           activity in EPA Region VIII.
                            29

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TABLE 2.  SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTIES IN EPA REGION VIII
          WHICH CURRENTLY HAVE COAL MINING OPERATIONS(*'
State County
Colorado Adam
Boulder
Delta
Frcoont
Carfleld
Gunnlson
Jackson
La Plata
Las Anloaa
Mesa
Moffat
Montroae
Pitkln
Rio Blanco
Route
Weld
Montana Big Horn
l-ake
Musaelshell
Rosebud
Yellowstone
1970
Population
185,789
131.889
15,332
21,942
14,821
7,578
1,809
19.199
15.744
54,374
6.332
18.366
6.185
4.842
6.592
89.297
10,057
14,445
3.734
6,032
87,367
Percent
White
97.7
98.4
98.9
98.2
99.5
98.8
99.2
94.6
98.8
99.0
99.4
97.7
98.7
98.9
99.4
98.2
59.8
84.5
99.9
69.7
98.2
Percent
In Largest
Nonwhlte
Group
0.7
0.5
0.6
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
4.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.6
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.7
38.9
15.2
0.1
30.2
1.2
Employment In ,..
Mineral Industry*
Group
Identity
Negro
Negro
Other
Negro
Other
Other
Other
Indian
Negro
Negro
Other
Indian
Negro
Other
Other
Japanese
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Median
Age
23.0
24.2
39.0
35.9
30.4
21.5
25.9
76.4
31.9
30.4
31.1
28.9
27.0
26.9
28.5
24.4
23.5
29.8
38.0
26.5
26.3
Percent Birth Rate
Over 65 Per 1000
3.6
7.0
18.5
17.6
11.3
4.8
4.9
9.9
15.5
11.9
10.5
10.1
3.9
8.2
9.7
8.8
6.9
13.5
16.3
10.2
8.1
19.1
16.2
12.6
12.0
14.9
15.9
18.8
15.9
14.6
14.9
17.9
16.5
15.9
18.1
13.9
16.8
21.5
14.5
13.4
20.8
16.8
Death Rate
Per 1000
4.3
6.2
13.4
15.1
9.7
6.1
7.7
11.4
14.3
9.6
10.1
9.3
4.2
8.0
7.8
7.6
10.0
11.8
13.3
11.1
8.1
Number
NA(C>
200
NA
200
400
NA
NA
100
NA
500
200
700
NA
600
100
200
NA
NA
NA
NA
400
Percent
Population

0.2

0.9
2.7


0.5

1.0
3.2


12.7
1.5
0.2




0.5
                               (continued)

-------
TABLE  2.   (Continued)
State Count/
North Dakota Adams
Bowman
tturke
Dunn
Grant
Mcllenry
Me Ken 2 ie
McLean
(teccec
Morton
Hunt rail
Oliver
Slope
Stark
Hard
WUllams
Utah Carbon
Emery
Gar field
Iron
Kane
Sevler
1970
Population
3.832
3,901
A, 739
4,895
5.009
8.977
6,127
11,251
6.175
20.310
8.437
2.322
1.484
19,613
58,560
19.301
15,647
5.137
3,157
12,177
2.421
10.103
Percent
White
99.8
100.0
99.6
91.7
99.7
99.8
90.7
95.0
98.8
99.4
90.8
99.4
99.9
99.7
96.7
97.9
9B.7
99.4
99.2
98.1
99.0
98.9
Percent
In Largest
Nonvhlte
Group
0.2

0.3
8.1
0.2
0.1
9.0
4.8
1.2
0.5
9.1
0.6
0.1
0.3
2.1
1.9
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.6
1.0
0.9
Employment in ,, *
Mineral Industry^ '
Group
Identity
Indian

Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Filipino
Indian
Negro
Indian
Other
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Median
Age
31.0
28.5
33.4
25.3
28.9
30.6
28.4
12.1
32.0
25.6
29.9
25.6
18.9
22.1
23.2
26.9
30. B
27.6
26.4
22.4
27.3
29.7
Percent
Over 65
12. a
11.0
12.4
8.3
9.0
12.4
9.9
31.7
10.8
10.2
11.7
6.3
6.9
8.9
6.9
9.6
10.9
11.2
9.6
7,6
9.8
12.7
Birth Rate
Per 1000
17.4
14.7
16.8
18.1
13.5
15.1
13.4
12.1
17.6
15.7
15.7
17.8
18.2
20.1
22.0
17.1
16.2
16.2
14.9
24.7
19.6
14.9
Death Rate
Per 1000
11.6
11.0
12.2
9.6
8.4
9.5
9.5
9.3
11.6
8.0
10,7
4.3
8.6
7.2
6.2
9.3
8.1
8.7
9.1
6.8
8.2
9.6
Number
NA
NA
200
NA
NA
NA
200
NA
200
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
NA
400
1,000
300
NA
200
NA
NA
Percent
Population


4.2



3.3

3.2




0.5

2.1
6.4
5.8

1.6


      (continued)

-------
CO
K)
                                                              TABLE 2,    (Continued)
Scats
Wyoming






County
Canpbell
Carbon
Converse
Hot Springs
Lincoln
Slierlduu
Sueetwater
1970
Population
12.957
13.354
5.938
A. 952
8.640
17.852
18,391
Percent
White
99.0
98.5
99.2
97.0
99.5
98.9
97.5
Percent
In Largest
Nonulilte Croup
Group Identity
0.7
0.7
0.5
2.6
0.2
0.4
1.3
Indian
Negro
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Negro
Enploynent In ...
Mineral Industry1"''
Median
Age
23.2
30.0
31.4
35.0
26.7
35.5
29.0
Percent
Over 65
4.9
9.5
12.8
16.5
9.3
15.8
9.6
Birth Rate.
Per 1000
16.8
13.1
11.0
8.9
18.4
14.5
15.6
Death Bate
Per 1000
6.7
9.1
10.2
13.2
8.0
13.7
10.8
Hunter
700
300
200
200
400
NA
1.100
Percent
Population
5.4
2.2
3.4
4.0
4.6

6.0
          (a)
          (c)
List of counties  la based on Bureau of Mines  Information Circular 8772 (Rich,  1978).


Thin la the mineral Industry employment for  tlie year 1967 (U.S. Department of  Commerce, 1973).


NA - Not Available.

-------
TABLE 3.  SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTIES IN EPA REGION  VIII
          WHICH ARE SLATED  FOR EXPANSION OF COAL MINING OPERATIONS(a)
State
Colorado










Montana


North Dakota



County
Adam
Delta
Elbert
Cunniaon
Jackaoft
La Plata
Laa AnUaa
Heaa
Mot (at
Rio Blanco
Routt
11 ig Horn
HcCone
Roaebud
Builelgli
Dunn
McLean
ttercer
Population
185,789
15,286
3.903
7,578
1,811
19,199
15,744
54,374
6,525
4.842
6,592
10,057
2.875
6.032
40,714
4,895
11,251
6,175
Percent
White
97.7
98.9
99.3
98.8
99.2
94.4
98.8
99.0
99.4
98.9
99.4
59.8
99.4
69.7
98.8
91.7
95.0
98.8
Percent
In Largest
Nonwhlce
Group
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
4.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
38.9
0.6
30.2
1.1
8.1
4.8
1.2
Croup
Identity
Negro
Other
Indian
Other
Other
Indian
Other
Negro
Other
Other
Other
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Median
Age
22.8
39.6
33.6
22.3
27.3
26.3
32.0
30.2
29.7
26.9
28.4
23.4
28.5
26.2
25.2
25.5
31.7
31.5
Percent
Over 65
3.6
18.5
14.0
4.8
6.6
9.9
15.5
12.0
10.2
8.2
9.8
6.9
10.0
10.2
7.9
8.3
12.1
10.8
Birth Rate
Per 1000
19.1
12.6
8.7
15.9
18.8
15.9
14.6
14.9
17.9
18.1
13.9
21.5
11.6
20.8
19.0
18.1
12.1
17.6
Death Rate
Per 1000
4.3
13.4
10.8
6.1
7.7
11.4
14.3
9.6
10.1
8.0
7.8
10.0
8.9
11.1
7.3
9.6
9.3
11.6
Employment In.. .
Mineral Industry1 '
Percent of
Nunber Population
NA(C)
NA
NA
NA
NA
100 0.5
HA
500 °-«
200 3.1
600 12.4
100 1.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
200 3.2
South Dakota
Utah



Carbon
Eoery
Curfield
Kune
15.647
5.137
3,157
2.421
98.7
99.4
99.2
99.0
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.0
Japanese
Indian
Indian
Indian
30.8
28.0
26.6
27.5
10.9
11.2
9.8
10.0
16.2
16.2
14.9
19.6
8.1
8.7
9.1
8.2
1000
300
NA
NA
6.4
5.8


                                   (continued)

-------
                                                   TABLE  3.  (Continued)
State
WyoBlng







County
Albany
Campbell
Carbon
Convene
Hot Springa
Lincoln
Sheridan
Swvutwater
Population
26,431
12,957
13.354
5.938
4.952
8.640
17.852
18.391
Percent
Ulilte
97.8
99.0
98.5
99.2
97.0
99.5
98.9
97.5
Percent
In Largeet
Nonuhlte
Croup
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
2.6
0.2
0.4
1.3
Employment In...
Hlneral Induatry1 '
Croup
Identity
Negro
Indian
Negro
Indian
Indian
luJiun
Indian
Negro
Median
Age
23.2
23.4
29.7
31.3
36.5
26.7
36.8
28.9
Percent
Over 65
6.2
4.8
9.6
12.8
16. 5
9.2
15.9
9.6
Birth Rate
Per 1000
20.2
16.8
13.1
11.0
8.9
18.4
14.5
15.6
Death Rate
Per 1000
6.4
6.7
9.1
10.2
13.2
8.0
13.7
10.8
Nunber
NA
700
300
200
200
400
NA
1100
Percent of
Population

5.4
2.2
3.4
4.0
4.6

6.0
(a)
   Lint of counclee la baaed  on
                                 «u of Mlnea Information Circular 8772  (Rich, 1978).
   Thla la the mineral Induatry employment  for thu year  1967 (U.S.  Department of Commerce. 1973).



(c)NA - Not Available.

-------
                                       TABLE  A.    COMMUNITIES  WITHIN  20  MILES  OF CURRENTLY OPERATING MINES
                                                                                                                                          (a)
                           State
                                         County
                                                                                                     Coaatunlty
Oi
Colorado       Adaais          Aurora. Bennett. Brighton. Commerce City, Eastlake, Federal Heights, Henderson, Northglenn,
                                Thornton, Wstklna, Westminster
               Arapahos       Englewood, Strasburg
               Boulder        Allenspatk, Boulder, Eldora,  Cold  Hill, Hygiene, Janustown, Lafayette. Longwnt, Louisville,
                                Lyons, Marshall, Huderland, Nlvot,  Plnecllffe, Ward
               Cose 11la       Chana, San Pedro
               Custsr         Greenwood, Roalta, Sliver Cliff, Ueatcllffe, uet»ore
               Delta          Bowie, Crawford, Grand Mesa.  Uotchklss, Lazaar. Paonla
               Denver         Denver
               Freaont        Canon City, Florence, Hillside, Parkdale, Fenroae,  Portland, Texas Creek
               Carfleld       Carbondale. Cardiff,  Clenwood Springs, New Caatle,  Rifle,  Silt
               Cilpln         East Portal. Idaho Springs, Holllnsvllle
               Cunnlson       Marble, Soneraet
               lluerfana       Cuchsra. La Vata, Maitland, Walsenburg
               Jackson        Coalwint. Cowdrey,  Kings  Canyon, Rand, Ualden
               Jefferson      Arvada, Golden, Wheat Ridge
               La Plata       Ourangu, Hesperus,  Kline, Marvel, Mayday, Redaeaa,  Triable
               Larlder        Berthoud, Campion,  Glendebey
               Las Anlaaa     Agullar, Boncaibo,  Culnare. lloehn*, Janaen,  Ludlou,  Model,  Stonewall, Trinidad, Valdai, Uaston
               Mesa           Cameo, DuBeque, Frultvale. Glade Park, Grand Junction, Lena, Mack, Mesa,  Molina, Palisade,
                               Whitewater
               Moffat         Axial. Craig,  llanlltou. Lay.  Hoffat
               MoiuecuM      Mancos. Mesa Verde National Park
               Montrosn       Bedrock. Naturlta,  Nucla. Redvale, Uraban, Vlncorwa
               Pitkln         Baaalt, Redstone, Snownaas
               Pueblo         Beulah, Stone  City
                                                        (continued)

-------
                                                      TABLE  4.   (Continued)
State
Colorado



County
•to Blanco
Routt
Sen Miguel
Ueld

Meeker, tlo Blanco
llayden. Hllner. Oak Creek,
Norwood
Ault, Cornteh, Eaton, Erie
Cnnnunlty

Plilppaburg. 8t*aaboat Springe. Toponae, Yaasa

. Kvana, Frederick, fort Up tun, CiUton, Cllcrvtt, (Jill, Craeley,
Manoiu
North Dakot*
Bl| Horn
Uk«
Hu»bua, Lamon, Lignite, tortul
                               Croeby, Hoonan
                               D(3d««. Dunn Center, Halllday. Kllldeer, Manning. Marahall. New Hradec
                               Klgtn, Hull, Ullli, New Leipzig
                               Burt, Havelock. Mow England
                               Cranvtlla, Karl»ulie,  Slaxoe, Velva. Voltaire
                               Arnegard, Keane, Handaciie, Watford City
                               Butt*, i'alklrk. C«rrl»on, Han, Kaub, Nlverdale,  Rosuglan,  Ruao,  Underwood, Uaahburn
                               Baululi, Golden Valley, linien, Pick City,  Stantun.  Zap
                               Alwint, Glen Ullln, llubcun, Judnoii, Mundun,  New  Salt*
                               Balden, New Town. PalorBO. Farcliall, Plata,  Stanley
                               Center. Fort Cl«rk, llunnover, llun.Ur
                                                         (cuntlniied)

-------
                                                      TABLE  A.  (Continued)
    State
                   County
                                                                                Community
North Uakota    Slope          Anldon,  DoSart
                Stark          Dlckinaon,  Cladatone,  KUIiardton. Taylor
                Ward           Douglaa,  Hlnot,  Sawyer, Surrey
                Wllllama       typing,  McGregor, Trenton, Whealock, Ullliaton
Utah            Carbon         Caatle Gate,  Clear Creek, Columbia, Dragerton. Helper, Hiawatha. Mutual, Price,  Scofleld,
                                 Spring Glen, Sunnyalde. Wattla, Wellington
                Emery          Caatla Dale,  Cedar, Clawaon, Cleveland, Elmo. Emery, Ferron, Huntington, Moore, Hounda,
                                 Orangevtlle, Uoodeide
                Carflald       Bryce Canyon, Cannonvllle, llenrlevllle, Rubya Inn, Tropic
                Iron           Cedar City, Enoch, Hamilton* Port, Iron Springy, Kanarravllle, Summit
                Kane           Clen  Canyon
                Sanpete        Gphralm.  Fatrvlew, Indlanola, Hayfleld, Mllburn. Mount Pleaaant. Spring City
                Utah           Colton,  Gllluly
                Uaaatch        Soldier  Summit
                Uaahlngton     New Harmony,  Plutura
Wyoming         Campbell       Gillette, Keclude, Kocky Point, 80tat. Wonton. Wildcat, Wyodak
                Carbon         Elk Mountain, Hanna. Kortea Dam, Leo, Medicine Bow, Semlnoe Dam. Walcott
                Converse       Clenrock. Parkerton
                Crook          Stroner
                Hot Springe     Craaa Creek, Hamilton Dome,
                Lincoln        Dlamondvllle, Elkol, Frontier, Kenmerer, Opal, Sage
                Park           Meeteetae
                Sheridan       Acme, Big Horn.  Dayton, Parkman,  Hanclieeter,  Sheridan,  Wolf. Wyarno
                Sveetuater     Bitter Creek,  Creen River,  llallvllle.  Honell.  Peru,  Point of Rocka, Quealy,  Reliance, Rock
                                Springe, Superior,  Thayer Junction,  Wtnton
(a)
   UShM, 1978.

-------
                                        TABLE  5.    COMMUNITIES  WITHIN 20  MILES  OF EXPANDING MINES
                                                                                                                            (a)
                       Slut*
                                     County
                                                                                               CuaMunlly
CO
OO
Colo»do        Adaaw           Aurora,  Rvanntt. Brighton. Coaanrce City,  Uatlake. Federal llelgBte.  Headereon, Nurthglenn, Thornton.
                                  Uatklaa. Weitalnatar
                Arapahoa        Byera, biglawood. Littleton. Straaburg
                Delta           Bowl*, Cedaredge, Crawford, Delta, Grand Meaa. Hotchklai, Ljiur. Orchard City, Paonla
                l)«nvar          D«nv*r
                Dougla*         Parkar
                Elbart          Klbart,  (lliabirth, Klowa, Muthaaon, SUla
                El Paao         Calban.  kanah
                Carflald        Crand Vallay.  Ufla
                Cmmtaon        Hurbla,  Soawraat
                Jackvon         Coaliwnt, Cowdray, Klnga Canyon, Hand, Ualdan
                Lu Plata        Bundad,  Duraiigo, Haaperua, KllM, Marval.  Mayday, Kadaaaa, Trlaila
                Larlaar         Clandavay
                Laa Anlaaa      Afullar, Boncarbo, Gulnara, Janaan, Ludlow, Noehna, Stonewall, Trinidad,  Valdai, Vigil, Weaton
                Hcaa            CaMa, Collbrun. OuBuque. Haia,  Molina. FalUadu
                Muifat          Ailal. Blue Mountain. Craig, Dlnoaaur, Elk Spring!, Hamilton, Uy. Maaaadona, Moffat
                Montasuata       Hancoa
                Klu Blanco      M«ek«r.  Kangaly
                Muutt           tlaydan,  Hllncr. Oak Creek, Fhlppaburg, Staaailioat Sprlngi. Yaaipa
                Maid            Waltanburg
Montana         llg Horn        Buuby, Decker, Klrky, Lmlga Craaa, Wyola
                McCone          Brockway, Circle, Waldon
                Koaebud         Brandanberg, Colatrlp, tana Ueer
North Dakota     Bllllnga        Falrfield
                Burlelgh        Baldulii. Bluauirk, MeKenzle, Wilton
                Vunil            UU-IBO, Uumi Cvnter, Ualllduy, Kllldcer, Haunlng
                                                                               (continued)

-------
                                                           TABLE  5.    (Continued)
    State
                   County
                                                                               Cowninlty
North Dakota
  (Coat'd)
Utah
Uyoalng
McKenzle

McLean
Mercer
Morton
Oliver
bard
Carbon
Emery
Carflald

Sanpete
Utah
Uaaatch
Albany
Cm.pb.il
Carbon
Converae
Hot Spring*
Laraaile
Lincoln
Park
Sheridan
Sweetwater

Ulnta
Cruaay Butte

ralktrk. Carrlaon. Max. Mercer, Raub, Rlverdalo, Rodeglun,  Ruoo,  Turtle Uku.  Unduruood, Uaihburn
Beulah, Golden Valley, llaten. Pick City. Stanton. Zap
Mandan, St. Anthony
Center, fort Clark. Hannover, Hensler
Douglas
Castle Cate, Clear Creek, Helper, Hiawatha,  Mutual,  Price.  Scofleld,  Spring Glen, Wattll, Wellington
Caatel Dal«, Clauaun, Cleveland, Eiao. Enury.  Per run, Huntlngton, Moore, Orangevllie
Boulder, Ktcalante, Hatch
Alton, Glendele, Mount Camel, Ordervllle
Fairvlev, Indlanola, Mllburn, Moroni, Mount  Pleasant, Spring City
Colton, Cllluly
Soldier Suawit
Bonier, Vyoailug
Echeta, Gillette, Recluae, Kozet, Savageton, Ueaton,  Wildcat, Uyodak
Elk Mountain, tlanna, Korteii Da*. Leo, Medicine Bow,  Kuwlina,  Seainoe  Da*. Sinclair. Walcott
Bill, Glenrock, Parkerton. Versa
Crues Creek, Huiailton Dove
Farthing
01aK>n
-------
TABLE 6.  DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ON  COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 1000 RESIDENTS
          IN 1975 WHICH ARE LOCATED WITHIN 20 MILES OF A CURRENTLY OPERATING MINE
(a)
State County Community
Colorado Ad«M Aurora
Brighton
Commerce City
Federal Heights
Nortliglenn
Thornton
Weatalnater
Arapahoe Englevood
Boulder Boulder
Lafayette
Lou uino nt
Louisville
Lyons
Delta Paonlu
Denver Denver
Fremont Canon City
Florence
Carfleld Carbondale
Clenwood Springs
Rifle
lluerfano Walaenburg
Population
1975
110.060
11.132
16.238
6,350
35.118
24.757
24,008
35.870
78.560
4.686
31.811
3.134
1.193
1.331
484,531
12,791
3,153
1,128
5.351
2,016
4,018
1971
107.586
10.560
17.026
6.001
31.781
19.905
22.573
36.923
75.904
4.505
29,092
2,996
1,144
1,143
515.358
11,853
3,277
875
4,370
2,046
4,132
1970
76.477
8,309
17.407
1,502
29.259
15.329
19.877
31.695
66.870
1.498
23,209
2,409
958
1,161
514,678
11,011
2,846
726
4,106
2.150
4,329
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
10.4
6.5
-1.3
61.5
1.9
11.7
4.0
1.2
3.1
6.5
7.1
5.7
4.7
2.8
-1.1
3.1
2.1
10.6
5.8
-1.2
-1.4
Per Capita
Income ($)
1974
5,146
4,745
3,845
5,960
4.685
4,401
4,635
4.892
4.919
4,430
4.821
4,487
3.483
4,162
5,585
3,658
3.763
4,049
4,732
4,836
4.432
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Income
1969-1974
11.1
11.8
11.4
10.8
11.5
13.3
10.8
10.1
9.1
10.8
10.8
12.4
9.7
12.1
11.6
13.3
12.8
10.1
11.3
11.3
15.1
                                      (continued)

-------
                                         TABLE 6.   (Continued)
State
             County
                                                  Population
Community
1975
1973
                                                              1970
    Annual
Percent  Change
In Population
   1970-1975
Per Capita
Income (S)
  1974
    Annual
Percent  Change
In Per Capita
    Income
   1969-1971
Colorado Jefferson


La Plata
Larimer
Laa Anlraas
Mesa
Moffat
Rio Blanco
Koutt

Weld








Montana Musselshell
Yellowstone
Arvada
Golden
Wheat Ridge
Durungo
Bertlioud
Trinidad
Grand Junction
Craig
Meeker
llayden
Steamboat Springs
Eaton
Erie
Evans
Fort Lupton
Greeley
Johnstown
La Salle
Plattevllle
Windsor
Roundup
Billings
74,254
12,864
29.437
11,771
2,651
10,063
27,729
5,426
1,986
1,338
3,013
1,629
1,662
3,455
3,041
47,362
1.580
1,780
1,024
2,426
2,235
68,987
61,701
11,658
30,169
11.212
2,251
9,952
25,661
4.497
1,798
992
2,552
1,464
1,233
3,218
2.830
45,018
1,481
1.501
944
2,049
2,294
66,887
49.844
9.817
29.778
10.333
1.446
9,901
20,170
4,205
1,597
763
2,340
1,389
1.090
2,570
2.489
38,902
1,191
1,227
683
1,564
2,116
63.205
9.3
5.9
-0.2
2.6
15.9
0.3
2.9
5.5
4.6
14.4
5.5
3.3
10.0
6.6
4.2
4.1
6.2
8.6
9.5
10.5
1.1
1.7
5,177
5,645
6,119
4,149
4,310
3,409
4,395
4.833
4,206
5,492
6.219
4,560
3,651
4,147
3,582
4.554
3,950
5,311
3.670
4.077
4.375
4,910
12.0
11.4
10.3
11.5
11.0
14.0
11.4
14.5
16.2
17.6
19.1
15,1
10.8
10.8
10.4
11.9
9.2
12.8
10.3
10.5
15.2
12.8
                                                 (continued)

-------
TABLE  6.   (Continued)
Population
State County
North Dakota Adams
BOMUI)
Divide
Mcllenry
McLean
Mercer

Morton

Mountrall


Ward
Williams
Utah Carbon


Emery
Iron
Sanpete

Comunlty
llettlnger
Bowman
Crouby
Velvft
Carrluon
Beulah
tlaxen
Hebron
Mundan
Nuw Town
Paralmll
Stanley
Ml not
Wl Ilia ton
Helper
Price
Wellington
Hunting ton
Cedar City
Epliralm
Mount Pleasant
1975
1,609
2.014
1,487
1,240
1,574
1.421
1.549
1.082
12,560
1.671
1.009
1.831
32,790
11.364
2.198
7,391
1,146
1,303
10,349
2,380
1,743
1973
1.551
1,838
1.536
1.194
1,608
1,390
1,341
1,054
11,370
1,695
1,036
1,638
32,452
11,178
1,983
6,884
1,011
1,072
9,908
2,306
1,644
1970
1.655
1.762
1,545
1.241
1.614
1.344
1.240
1,103
11,093
1,428
1,246
1,581
32,290
11,280
1,964
6,218
922
857
a, 946
2,127
1,516
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
-0.5
2.7
-0.7
0
-0.5
1.1
4.7
-0.4
2.5
3.2
-3.6
3.0
0.3
0.1
2.3
3.6
4.6
9.9
3.0
2.3
2.9
Per Capita
Income <$)
1974
6.971
7.390
5,278
4.927
4.592
5,707
5.690
2,960
4,099
3,715
3,874
4,728
5.047
4,773
4,156
4.442
3,079
3.650
3,553
2,836
2,976
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Incone
1969-1974
28.4
32.7
22.9
20.8
15.5
21.9
19.9
9.9
17.2
13.5
15.4
17.9
14.8
15.6
12.6
14.2
11.9
22.0
9.0
7.8
9.3
      (continued)

-------
                                                        TABLE  6.   (Continued)
LO





Population
State County
Wyoming Campbell
Converse
Lincoln
Sheridan
Sweetvater

Community
Gillette
Clenrock
Keninerer
Sheridan
Green River
Rock Springs
1975
8.215
2,071
2,658
11,617
7,423
17^773
1973
7,801
1,868
2.315
11,088
5,201
14,091
1970
7,763
1,515
2,292
10,856
4,196
11,657

Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
1.1
7.0
3.0
1.3
14.6
10.0

Per Capita
Income ($)
1974
5,793
4,057
4,578
4,551
4,937
5,358
Annual
Percent Change
In Per Capita
Income
1969-1974
12.0
11.8
11.6
10.2
14.8
16.5
                 Source:  U.S. Department of Commerce (1977a-e).

-------
TABLE 7
TABLE 7.
INFORMATION ON COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 1000 RESIDENTS
  ARE LOCATED WITH1H  20 MILES OF A DEVELOPING MIHE Incoiao
1974 1969-1974
5.146
4.745
1,845
5,960
4,685
4.401
4.615
4,892
5.501
1.519
4.162
5,585
1,906
4,836
4,149
3.409
4.83)
4.206
4.526
5,492
6.219
6,646
4,914
11.0
11.0
11.1
10.8
11.4
11.1
10.7
10.1
9.7
11.6
12.1
11.6
10.1
11.3
11.5
14.0
14.5
16.2
14.2
17.6
19.1
20.6
14.1
                     (cOfitlnuud)

-------
                                                           TABLE 7.    (Continued)
-ts
tn
Population
State County
North Dakota McLean
(Conc'd)
Mvrcar

Mutton
Utah Carbon


Emery
Sanpete
Uyomlng Canphell
Carbon
Converee
Lincoln
Sheridan
Swaetvacer

Community
Carrlaon
Beulah
Hazim
Mandan
Helper
Price
Wellington
lluntlngton
Mount Pleasant
Gillette
Rttwllna
Glenrock
Kennerer
Sheridan
Green River
Hock Spring*
1975
1.574
1.421
1.549
12.560
2.198
7,191
1.146
1.101
1.741
a, 215
9,592
2,071
2.658
11,617
7.421
17.771
1971
1,608
1,190
1.141
11,170
1.981
6.884
1,011
1,072
1,644
7,801
8,685
1,868
2,115
11.088
5,201
14.091
1970
1.614
1,144
1.240
11.091
1.964
6.218
922
857
1.516
7,761
7.855
1.515
2.292
10,856
4,196
11,657
Annual
Percent Change
In Population
1970-1975
-O.i
1.1
4.7
2.5
2.1
3.6
4.6
9.9
2.9
1.1
4.2
7.0
1.0
1.1
14.6
10.0
Per Capita
Income (5)
1974
4.592
5,707
5,690
4.099
4.156
4,442
1.079
1,650
2,976
5,7«1
4,697
4.057
4,578
4,551
4,917
5, 15°
Annual
Percent Chen|a
In Per Capita
IncOM
1969-1*74
IS. i
21.9
19. »
17.2
12.6
14.2
12.0
22.0
9.1
12.0
14.0
11. a
11.6
10.2
14.8
16. 5
                      (a)
                         Source!  U.S.  Department of Cuuierce (1977a-e).

-------
    Information on Counties—All 224 counties in the region (both mining and
nonmining counties) were characterized by a set of socioeconomic and
demographic parameters.  A comprehensive listing was desired as a broad
description of the entire region and to establish a background from which
any unique characteristics of mining counties could be discerned.

    A variety of parameters were tabulated from the U.S.  Bureau of the
Census and other sources. "Population as of 1970, 1975, annual growth rate
from 1970-1975, and percent urban were obtained for each county from the
Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977 a-e) and
City and County Data Book (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1973).  Employment
characteristics obtained from the CCDB (1973) include percent of population
employed; percent of work force in agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
entertainment, and hospitals and health services; and percent of land area
in farms.  Economic and housing characteristics examined were median family
income, median level of schooling, percent of housing owner-occupied, and
percent of housing lacking some plumbing facilities.  Tables 2 and 3 contain
selected items from the complete list.

    These data were obtained for several purposes.  A major use was simply
to describe the nature of the region as a whole, and the special features of
mining counties compared to the region.  Another concern was the impact of
these parameters on health phenomena.  In order to effectively study coal's
impact on health, simultaneous consideration of socioeconomic and
occupational influences is essential.

    Overall, as Tables 2 and 3 show, the region is sparsely populated,
except for the Denver and Salt Lake City metropolitan areas.  The only
summary statement to be made for most social and demographic characteristics
is that there is extreme variability.  On the county level, for example,
annual percentage population growth rate ranged from -3.6 to 20.6 percent.
Similarly, employment and economic/housing characteristics are difficult to
summarize for the region as a whole.  It is of interest in this report to
characterize mining counties relative to nonmining counties.  Such
comparisons convey some notion of the cluster of social and demographic
characteristics related to coal mining in the west.  Mining and nonmining
counties are very similar on most demographic parameters (percent urban,
employment profile, etc.).  One of the few differentiating characteristics
of mining counties is a higher rate of population growth (3.0 versus 2.0
percent annually).  This would be expected due to the ongoing increase in
coal utilization in the United States.  Another (somewhat cruder) measure
which was studied in relation to social and demographic variables was
"percent of work force in mining."  Although this includes all forms of
mining, coal mining is one of the major contributors.  Employment in mining
was positively associated with total employment, median income, and median
years of schooling, but negatively correlated with percent of land in farms;
employment in agriculture, manufacturing, or hospitals; percent of housing
lacking some plumbing; and total population.  Overall, counties with mining
seem to be more rural, with fewer competing employment activities such as
agriculture.
                                     46

-------
      Information on Communities—The communities of 1000 or more residents
within 20 miles of a current or future mine are of special importance
because of their potential usefulness in an epidemiologic study.   The only
readily available comprehensive data source was the U.S.  Bureau of the
Census's Current Population Survey (U.S. Department of Commerce,  1977a-e).
This provided the population figures for 1970, 1973, 1975, and the per
capita incomes in 1969 and 1974.  From these data, the annual percent
changes in population and per capita income were calculated.  Tables 6 and 7
present this information.

    Mining-impacted communities have a wide range of growth rates and
population sizes.  Most of the communities (except metropolitan Denver) are
quite small, with populations less than 15,000.  The limited data makes
further discussion of these communities difficult without addressing them
individually.

Water Quality

Introduct ion—
    This section describes efforts to obtain and analyze readily accessible
(i.e. , from state and Federal agencies) environmental monitoring data from
the vicinity of mining-impacted communities.  Three types of water quality
data were examined: data on surface water, groundwater, and public drinking
water supplies.  In each case, an attempt was made to match mining-impacted
communities (see Figure 3) with any water quality measurements taken during
the past seven to eight years.  To the extent possible, levels of specific
constituents of water have been tabulated for each of the relevant
monitoring sites.

    Data on groundwater supplies are extremely scant with respect to
analysis of specific constituents.  Although various special studies have
sampled thousands of wells in the western coal region, the emphasis has been
on determining the quantity of water available rather than  its quality.
Consequently,  little can be said regarding human  exposure levels  from
groundwater except in cases where wells  are  the source of public water
supplies.

    Finished water from public water supplies is  routinely analyzed for
chlorine, fluoride, and bacteria in accordance with quality  control
procedures of  the water treatment plants and  state health department
requirements.  Turbidity,  pH, color, iron, hardness, and alkalinity are also
monitored by most water treatment plants.   Substances in drinking water such
as heavy metals  and organic  compounds,  which are  important  to human health,
are spot-checked at infrequent intervals according  to most  of the municipal
suppliers surveyed.  Consequently,  the bulk  of  the  discussion of  water
quality is concerned with  surface water, since they  are  more often monitored
for  the  parameters  of  interest.  However, measurements of water  parameters
before the water  is treated  for public consumption  provide only indirect
 information  regarding  potential human health hazards.  Inferences must  be
made  regarding the  impact  of  treatment on levels  of  these parameters.   If
 the  discussion concerns measures of  finished water  it will  be so  stated.
                                      47

-------
Surface Water—
    Water quality impacts are best determined by documenting changes in
various water quality tests or biological samples taken at pertinent
locations with respect to the site of mining operations.   The most commonly
measured parameters used to indicate water quality can be grouped into the
following general categories:  (1) physical - including pH,  temperature,
dissolved and/or suspended solids, and stream bottom conditions;  (2) chem-
ical-including nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, etc.), "trace" metals
(copper, zinc, etc.), salinity (sulfate, chloride, etc.), and organic
material [commonly measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which may
produce a depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water as organics are
reduced by bacteria]; and (3) biological - bacteria and other aquatic life
(NGPRP, 1974).

    At present, water quality in the western coal region is  measured only at
selected locations and for selected parameters.  In general, most water
quality data are from the D.S. Geological Survey, U.S. EPA,  and state water
quality sampling stations.  The specific locations of monitoring sites and
the parameters measured at each are shown in Table 8.   The sites tabulated
include all sites designated as energy impacted by U.S.  EPA  Region VIII.   In
addition, any site located within 20 miles of active or expanding mining
operations was included, bringing the total to approximately 60 sites.
Sampling frequency at most sites is either monthly or biweekly.

    Table 9 presents a tabulation of water quality data for  each of the
monitoring locations listed in Table 8, and the information  is summarized in
Table 10.  Observations associated with each site represent  the mean or
average of a variable number of samples taken during the  period 1971-1978.
For-most parameters and sites, the figures given are based on 30-100
samples.  Entries of -0.99 in Table 9 indicate that data  was missing or that
the parameter was not measured at the site(s) noted.  Although there is
substantial variability in the data, several general observations can be
made from Table 10.  Water in the impacted areas is alkaline (pH ranges from
7.47 to 8.44) and very hard (total hardness ranges from 100.0 to 2521.8;
over 300mg// total hardness is usually regarded as very hard).  There is
also a noticeable deterioration of chemical, physical, and biological
parameters as one moves downstream from the headwaters of individual rivers.
This degradation is the result of hydrologic, geologic, and  anthropogenic
influences.  Except for a few limited areas, however,  the water quality is
satisfactory for irrigation, livestock watering, recreation, and  municipal
and industrial purposes (NGPRP, 1974).

    Wide variations in the mineral quality of water may be noted  in
individual streams throughout the western coal region. High quality water
is found in the Yellowstone River.  Dissolved solids in the  Yellowstone near
its mouth range from a low of 230 mg// to a high of 655 mg// with an average
of 460 mg//.  In contrast, the Powder River contains poorer  quality water.
Dissolved solids in the Powder River near Moorhead average 1552 mg//  with
highs and lows of 4080 and 676 mg//, respectively.  Suspended sediment
concentrations and loads vary widely at a given site both throughout the
region and throughout the year.  The sediment load is normally light


                                     48

-------
           TABLE 8.   SITE SPECIFIC HISTORY  OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING ACTIVITIES:   ENERGY IMPACTED AREAS
P-
VO
S
(A
»l
N 3
s*
Colorado
09244410
09246550
09247600
09249750
09093000
09304800
09306300
09095300
Montana
06205200
06217500
06294B40
06295000
06296120
06307610
06326510
12355500
06179500
06180400
06178000
06178150
06179000
06179200
06294700
06307B30
06308500


g
«rl
M

Ya»|» River, below dltferalon, near llaydeii
Yaapa Klver belou confluence with Elkhead Cr,
Yaiapa River, below Yaupa Project Dlveralon
Ullllaitii fork River, below Hamilton
Parachute Creek, near Grand Valley
White Klver neer Meeker
White River abovo Rangely
Logan We ah Deer DcBeque l (1975-76)

Yellow Stone Rlviir at Laurel
Yellowatone River at Hunt ley
Yellowetone River at Myere
Yellowatone River near Mllee City
Tongue River below Hanging wonan Creek
Yellowatona Rlvar near Terry
M*at F k Ho 't* «i '' "e*r Co*u*ul* Fella





Big Morn Ktver at Bighorn*
Tonguti Rivar at Brandenburg Hrldgvl
Tongue Klver near Mi leu Cltyl
M
a
' . i
8
M
II

197S-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
™"
«•>
»
~~
"
.
(1974-7S)
<19?4-7S)
(19M-75)


3

1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






t
t
t

.
VuCTica

1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975.-
J

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






t
7


§

1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-


1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






I
7
7


Meuls

1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7


p|

1975-
1975-
1975-
..
..
••
..
I

1974-
1974-
1974-
1975-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7

•s-
^1
s-5
9 •
Wt (A

1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7

*
•H

1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7


S

1975-
..
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7


o
rH
m

1975-
•-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

-.
--
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7
3

tactcri

.-
--
--
1975-
1975-
1975-
1975-
7

—
--
1974-
1974-
1974-
1974-






7
7
7
                                                       (continued)

-------
                                               TABLE 8.   (Continued)
1/1
o
Monitorial Site
Cod* tiuaber
Horth Daliote
06330000
063)8490
06342 MO
06349700
06340000
06)40500
Utah
09302000
09306900

09)14500
09328500
HyomlM
06298000
06299980
0630}500
06306300
06313000


M323MO


M 124000
06)24970



063)2800
06384500
06426500
06247850
06209400
09211200
I
4
1

MUaourl tlver at Vlltliton
Mliaourl River et Carrlaoa
HI ••our 1 liver et tiemerk
Mleeeurl liver at Scheldt
SprUf Creek et Cap
Ralfe Creek naar Haiea

Ducheene llv*r near laadlett
Whit* liver upetraeai confluence with Craen Liver

frtce River at Voodflde
Sen Rafael liver neat Craee liver

Tongue River near Dayton
Tongue River at Itonarctt
Cooaa River balow Sharldan
Toagua liver at State Line
South Fork fowaar liver at Kayca*


rioey Creek at Ugcroe*


Clear Creek near Arvada
Little fowdar liver and Dry Creak near U««too3



Little MUMurl at New Havan
Chtyenn* Klvar near Stat« Line
Belli oourche Rlvtr balow Moor .croft
•alia Fourcha liver at Devll'a Towar
Green Klver near Labar|e

I
•.:
22

1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974
197}


197}


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
•-4
a

1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974
197}


197}


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
•utrleau

1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974
197}


197}


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}


1974
1974
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974
197}


197}


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974*
197}
197}
I

1974
1974
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974
197}


197}


1974
1974



197}
197}
197}
19744
197}
197}
.!

1974
1974
197}
1974
1974

••

™~

1974
1974
1974
1974


--


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
1 Suspended
Sadlaaati

1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974


—


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
1 Turbidity

1974
1974
197}
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
1974
1974
197}


197}


1974
197}



197}
197}
197}
1974
197}
197}
i

1974
1974
197S
197}
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
(Flow)
197S


(Flow)
197}


—
(Flow)
197}





1974

197}
S

1974
1974
1974
1974

197}
197}

197}
197}

1974
1974
(Fecal
coil-
forme)
197}
(Facal
coil-
forme)
197}
~~

-------
                                                        TABLE  8.    (Continued)
Monitoring Sic*
Code (hjaber
VYOSJOJI
09216000
09216810
09216880
09217000
09217010
09224050
10027000

g
ft
u
I

tit Ssndy below Eden
Klllpecker Creek at south (Rock Springe)
Utter Creek below Little Bitter Creek
Green River near Creen River
Creen River below Creen River
1U» Fork near Dleeundvllle
Twin Creek at Sage

2
•O 3
v 3
2 i

197S
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975

Chsaical

1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975

3
8
I

1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975


1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Metal*

1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
ii

1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Suspended
Sediment*

1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
Turbidity

1975
1975*
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975


1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
3 ;
it i
» I


1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975

XSite  listed as operational, but no years of operation or Monitoring activities reported.




2Slte  only operated years shown; no Information as to emnltorlng activities reported.




3Two nunbera given:  06324970 and 96324900.




 Data  for tliac year only.

-------
             TABLE 9.  SITE SPECIFIC SURFACE WATER QUALiH fcATA FOR THE  "ENERGY FUNDED  SITES"  AS

                       DESIGNATED BY EPA REGION VIII PtUN btHERS LOCATED WITHIN 20 MILES  OF  COAL

                      • MINES(fl)
en
K>

oo
e a)
•H TJ
M O
O U M
U a)
•H 
•H
*

-0.99
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.02
0.19
-0.99
0.61
0.17
0.72
0.11
0.92
1.48

0.02
0.14
0.29
0.35
rag/1
at
-  g
*"i 3
O -H
in o
"id
*H a)
QO

26.14
30.25
30.62
43.54
55.21
71.50
71.52
92.79
66.18
73.86
49.00
53.67
234.17

28.43
38.55
51.27
53.34

||
<"H OT
o a)
at a
(0 bO
*r\ flfl
°

8.55
11.21
11.27
22.29
36.61
20.18
25.38
65.34
15.52
61.66
22.00
11.43
189.57

8.72
13.82
18.98
19.44

-a
0)
>
R
3 T4
M T)
•H O
a w

16.65
22.58
25.86
20.43
60.50
36.32
66.59
127.97
105.91
110.03
49.00
16.33
562.91

16.83
27.17
47.51
58.43
                                                  (continued)

-------
TABLE 9.  (Continued)



00
d 41
*J _1
•H ^J
M O
O O l-i
•rl 4) ,0
l-til
MONTANA
06296120
06307610
06326530
12355500
06180400
06178000
06178150
06179000
06179200
06294700
06307830
06308500
NORTH DAKOTA
06330000
06338490
06342500
06349700
06340000
06340500



& '"'
•H 0
•a 01
,Q 4J O
H O ^

56.60
9.32
137.56
3.10
27.94
10.89
51.74
20.61
25.05
32.85
25.47
107.14

85.90
1.97
8.57
10.97
19.86
62.40
in
4-1
•H
d
:=>
•a
n)
|_j


7.99
8.30
8.30
8.08
8.44
8.21
8.31
8.43
8.36
7.85
8.17
7.96

7.72
8.17
8.30
8.29
8.08
8.08



4J
8
o
•2
at
0

0.59
1.05
0.71
-0.99(*>)
13.47
6.90
13.16
16.11
15.21
0.34
0.82
0.68

0.01
0.47
0.73
0.18
0.37
0.24




0)
4J
a>
H
•rl

0.20
0.11
0.19
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
0.88
0.17
-0.99
0.24
-0.99
0.12

-0.99
0..15
0.15
0.18
-0.99
0.21
mg/1


n
 T<
•H M
O 0)
W fi>
^S

18.86
41.04
21.66
6.98
17.24
4.1.53
41.42
53.17
48.53
28.37
42.34
44.04

20.62
20.13
20.54
20.89
47.75
35.43



•a
41
0 1
(A -H
to -a
•H O
o w

51.55
38.80
60.39
0.92
246.47
212.74
240.08
266.19
281.05
92.93
48.76
62.44

55.71
57.69
57.59
58.57
222.18
233.68
      (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE 9.  (Continued)
in


t>0
•S-S
mn u
O O M
4J ft)
•H »
4J
•H
•o
•H W
•83
55

-0
182
-0
-0

3
11
14
990
3
32
388
41
78
121
23
2
14


/— V
rt
(Jacksoi

.99(b)
.31
.99
.99

.24
.91
.52
.24
.75
.08
.25
.67
.06
.83
.24
.43
.98
w
*»>
3
P
•a
i^
at
TJ
3
4-1
« M
P.1— '

8.12
8.19
7.86
7.80

7.97
7.90
7.80
7.76
7.97
7.91
8.15
7.47
8.04
7.89
7.91
8.09
7.95


«J
4J
s
Bicarboi

282.
242.
316.
281.

146.
212.
265.
191.
183.
232.
373.
140.
311.
467.
226.
161.
246.






65
06
07
74

56
84
60
92
43
11
55
00
62
79
20
10
40



«
4-1
Carbona

1.00
2.25
1.23
0.19

0.90
0.13
0.64
0.01
0.59
0.71
0.26
-0.99
0.38
0.03
0,30
1.24
0.08




Nitrate

0.17
0.12
1.48
0.47

-0.99
0.05
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
0.05
-0.99
rng/1


(A
W
0)
•H a
«JTJ
4J H
£3

482.10
277.83
1279.50
1213.40

127.11
213.42
317.52
1043.30
220.06
486.38
794.80
493.33
926.21
478.97
688.28
174.75
885.75



•o
*" -
58
O -H
o) o
WrH
•H 
-------
                                              TABLE 9.   (Continued)
Ln

M
0 41
•H TJ
t-l O
0 U M
4J <1)
•H 4) ,Q
8.4JS
s w a
WYOMING
09216810
09216880
09217000
09217010
09224050
10027000


^\ '*" ^
4J i3
-rl 0
•a to
•H in ^
^3 *J O
M -H to
3 a 3

93.03
575.94
20.38
26.50
4.91
29.36
4J
•H
ti
'O
M
n)
•a
u
pa 
-------
TABLE 9.  (Continued)
H1K/1
00
a v
•H -a
M O
o o n
*j at

rj jj Q
O -H 3
S W £
COLORADO
09244410
09246550
09247600
09249750
09093000
09304800
09306300
09093500
09093700
09095000
09246500
09304550
09306380
MONTANA
06205200
06217500
06294840
06295000
06296120
06307610
06326530
12355500
06180400
06178000
•o
•H
M
O

jQ
°

8.19
9.99
10.12
4.29
6.07
33.99
39.76
12.53
146.07
9.17
13.00
18.43
36.75

6.22
6.65
7.89
10.26
8.02
3.38
11.93
0.44
7.49
7.88
01
*j
H id
 -0
H -H
O M
CO O
(0 9
•H r-i
a fa

0.21
0.23
0.23
0.17
0.57
0.24
0.31
0.80
0.28
0.70
0.30
0.33
0.53

0.47
0.46
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.29
0.41
0.11
0.48
0.52
•a
0)
r"4 flj
O U
CA -rl
ca H
•H *H
a w

9.29
7.88
6.77
10.26
16.36
14.46
13.48
17.94
8.18
15.34
5.15
12.40
9.01

14.36
12.98
10.62
10.59
11.24
4.65
9.55
4.70
8.81
8.05
01
r>>4
0
CO O
CO O
•H H
(=> H

97.35
114.24
107.09
86.55
22.00
164.67
105.00
46.67
38.41
45.00
52.00
61.99
206.67

48.67
100.30
35.83
44.15
59.26
54.75
26.50
21.70
54.11
62.94
•a
a*
H
o
co *a
w at
•H 0)


5.70
1.40
1.63
2.00
2.91
2.50
4.66
1.91
-0.99
2.16
1.00
-0.99
10.00

5.40
5.27
2.33
5.62
2.45
3.15
3.33
0.90
0.20
0.83
ct/100 ml
P
o
r-H m
a) -H
o H

r-4 M
o -a
CO -H
ca H
•H O
« CA

* 160.63
200.03
213.86
282.69
464.89
406.41
513.67
918.14
547.43
784.67
367.00
261.50
1273.90

173.30
263.43
381.07
396.07
397.17
459.30
442.33
107.62
761.77
896.18
T3 M
0) 4J
•a a
o a)
at I
a-H
co -a
3 01
CO M

47.74
15.00
49.22
144.00
20.17
116.86
340.34
212.89
513.50
-0.99
41.25
550.99
-0.99

90.71
137.85
218.33
295.17
401.21
57.82
514.11
107.00
-0.99
57.37
    (continued)

-------
                                               TABLE 9.  (Continued)
Oi
Monitoring
Site Code
Number
MONTANA
06178150
06179000
06179200
06294700
06307830
NORTH DAKOTA
06330000
06338490
06342500
06349700
06340000
06340500
UTAH
09302000
09306900
09314500
09328500
WYOMING
06298000
06299980
06305500
06313000
mg/1
Chloride
10.27
9.28
17.20
11.12
3.98
9.59
8.82
9.15
9.06
6.10
4.42
89.59
39.17
65.54
52.78
2.00
2.00
5.71
175.66
Total
Sulfate
245.15
328.88
323.16
323.26
211.46
177.01
172.37
170.69
171.35
469.43
366.50
499.02
192.18
2039.10
1726.70
5.58
66.76
148.05
1459.50
Dissolved
Fluoride
0.56
0.33
0.51
0.44
0.31
0.54
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.47
0.40
0.57
0.34
0.40
0.33
0.15
0.20
0.36
1.43
Dissolved
Silica
7.99
5.47
7.14
9.86
5.25
10.80
7.50
7.82
7.47
10.44
11.76
12.10
12.40
8.94
9.60
7.10
6.56
9.56
13.24
Dissolved
Iron
51.92
43.85
31.05
52.65
40.26
107.27
21.74
18. 33
20.00
148.00
116.43
29.06
26.67
31.03
85.17
80.59
49.43
108.57
76.80
Dissolved
Lead
1.33
2.20
0.33
2.36
6.11
2.00
1.84
1.90
1.50
2.36
3.47
3.44
1.60
3.00
3.58
1.85
1.60
2.14
2.78
ct/100 ml
o
•-I <4-<
0) v<
O»-l
01 O
In O
-0.99(b)
-0.99
-0.99
60.42
-0.99
-0.99
0.96
6.59
106.03
-0.99
425.39
-0.99
71.65
-0.99
-0.99
18.06
-0.99
30344.00
478.30
TOR /I
Dissolved
Solids
921.27
1062.30
1068.20
582.37
509.73
440.07
415.56
415.88
417.14
1086.10
1056.90
1144.00
542.36
3001.40
2800.50'
134.96
269.36
410.88
2531.50
Suspended
Sediments
-0.99
-0.99
-0.99
2327.30
-0.99
440.92
-0.99
152.93
166.67
119.96
273.81
262.08
2777.40
4281.10
5760.50
-0.99
-0.99
78.17
22995.00
                                                   (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE 9.  (Continued)
O)
oo

U)
a 
^ u
O T>
M 1-1
M r-l
•rl O
a M

331.43
798.11
2076.30
1129.00
2882.30
1519.30
1132.50
248.40
2055.90
6673.90
2030.60
398.91
425.14
326.67
558.58
•a w
01 «J
•o o
o 8
01 S
(X-rl
w *d
9 at
(OCA

15.50
138.69
835.89
-0.99
2296.40
2317.30
-0.99
5.50
166.78
-0.99
-0.99
985.20
-0.99
-0.99
81.77
         (a)  Observations  tabulated are means based on  a  variable  number  of  observations  at each site.

             In most cases, values reported were based  on 30  to  100  samples.


         (b)  -0.99 indicates no data reported or few  observations  (i.e.,  <10).

-------
                    TABLE 10.  DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR 18 SELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

                               AT 58 SURFACE WATER MONITORING SITES IN MINING AREAS
Ul
vo
Parameter
Turbidity
(Jackson units)
PH
Bicarbonate (mg/1)
Carbonate (mg/1)
Nitrate (mg/1)
Total Hardness
(mg/1)
Calcium (mg/1)
Magnesium, dissolved
(mg/1)
Sodium, dissolved
(mg/1)
Chloride (mg/1)
Sulfate, total
(mg/1)
Fluoride, dissolved
(mg/1)
Silica, dissolved
(u>g/l)
Geometric
Mean
28.317
8.070(a)
245.443
0.530
0.177
'',208.025
67.169
32.298
74.183
12.800
215.128
0.402
8.696
Range
1.970
7.470
108.400
0.010
0.010
100.970
22.350
6.980
0.920
0.440
5.580
0.110
3.250
- 990.24
- 8.44
- 665.50
- 16.11
- 1.48
- 2521.80
- 292.83
- 437.86
-1302.00
- 1365.00
- 2899.60
- 1.43
- 17.94
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
18.693
8.020
216.247
0.352
0.112
259.091
57.444
26.083
- 42.895
- 8.120
- 278.581
- 0.797
- 0.277
- 366.201
- 78.540
- 39.993
52.601-104.620
' 9.035
157.709
0.355
7.956
- 18.134
- 293.452
- 0.455
- 9.504
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE 10.  (Continued)
cr>
O
Parameter
Iron, dissolved
(yg/D
Lead (ng/1)
Fecal Coliform
(per 100 ml)
Dissolved Solids
(mg/1)
Suspended Solids
Ong/D
Geometric
Mean
55.787
2.435
176.132

608.429

236.477
Range
4.390
0.200
0.690

107.620

5.500
- 332.50
- 10.60
- 5118.00

- 6673.90

- 22995.00
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
46.735
2.023
68.149

488.426

140.526
- 66.594
- 2.932
- 455.215

- 757.917

- 397.944
             (a)  Arithmetic means.

-------
la the upper reaches of a given stream.  Sediment concentrations have
historically been detrimental to consumptive uses of water as well as to
fisheries and recreation in some stream reaches.  The average sediment loads
at the mouths of the Yellowstone and Powder Rivers are 0.27 and 0.40 AF/sq.
mi./year (NGPRP, 1974).

    Biological quality of surface water, characterized by nutrients,
dissolved oxygen, and bacterial concentrations, is considered good except
for some localized problems.  Some areas are considered to be deficient in
nutrients to support aquatic life.  On the other hand, some areas contain
quantities of nutrients at such levels as to indicate the potential for
problems from overgrowth of aquatic plants if further stimulation occurs.
The dissolved oxygen level of streams ranges from excellent to satisfactory
throughout most of the year.  However, a marked reduction in oxygen levels
may be found during the summer below some municipal and industrial waste-
water outfalls and in some reaches with low flows resulting from diversions
and natural conditions.  Bacterial concentrations are generally low due to
low levels of population and industrial activity in the region.  The effect
of diversions and return flows on stream temperatures is more noticeable in
summer months because of the increased demand at that time for domestic,
irrigation, and industrial water  (NGPRP, 1974).

    Only sparse data are available to  describe  the  radiological quality of
streams.  Concentrations of radioactivity in the samples  that have been
taken are below limits generally  recognized  as  safe.  Data on the  biological
water quality in the region are scarce.  While  fishery information is
generally available, data  for plankton, benthos, and  other aquatic organisms
are particularly limited  (NGPRP,  1974).

    For the group of sites designated  as mining impacted, we calculated
descriptive  statistics  for the  18 water quality parameters  shown  in Table 9.
Literature reviews indicated that these were likely to be the most sensitive
indicators of water  quality  impacts  in the  west.   In  all, 58 sites were
examined in  the mining-impacted group.  Because other nonmining factors  were
not  taken  into  account,  the figures  presented  serve merely  to give a general
 impression of the levels  of  various  parameters  at  the sites;  they^should not
be taken as  indicator of human exposure levels in the various mining-
 impacted communities.

     Our data confirmed the fact that surface water in the area was indeed
hard (over 300  mg//  being regarded as very hard) and alkaline.   Various
 salts  were abundant  as shown in Table 10.   Sodium was quite high;  in several
 locations  it was over 1000 mg//.   Similarly, while most of the sites
 recorded less than the U.S.  PHS Drinking Water Standard of 250 mg//  for
 chloride,  many sites registered mean chloride levels above 1000 mg//.
 Sulfates were also quite high;  the mean sulfate level,-418.30 mg//,  was
 above the U.S.  PHS standard for drinking water of 250 mg// .  Although it  is
 not really reasonable to compare drinking water standards to surface water,
 such comparisons may convey a rough impression of potential human exposures
 for those substances such as sulfates which are not removed from water by
 any common treatment process.
                                      61

-------
3	    Heavy metals including iron and lead were low to moderate at the sites.
 Means for iron were below the 0.3 mg/i U.S. PHS Drinking Water Standard at
 all but one of the 58 monitoring locations.   Similarly, none of the sites
 had a mean lead concentration over 10.6 mg/i (the U.S. PHS Drinking Water
 Standard is 50 mg/1).  Turbidity, dissolved solids, and suspended sediments
 showed such marked variation (both within and between sites) that general
 trends could  not be discerned.	

     Plotting  the geographical distribution of the various constituents of
 water is a useful way of looking at the data.  Preliminary analyses for
 hardness, total dissolved solids, sodium, and lead provided evidence that
 high levels of these constituents often occur downstream from older mining
 areas (as defined in Section 3: Research Methodology), but the converse is
 not always true.  To further clarify the matter, detailed analysis of
 potential nonmining sources of  these constituents would have to be done for
 each monitoring site.  In view  of the fact that surface water quality data
 have limited  value in documenting human exposure through drinking water,
 such detailed analysis (on a regional basis) would not appear warranted.

 Groundwater—             ~ '~
     Although  groundwater  is not used as extensively as surface water in the
 western coal  region, there is sufficient reliance on shallow groundwaters
 for human consumption and  other uses to make the potential impact of coal
 development on groundwater supplies important.  Although numerous samples of
 groundwater have been assayed  throughout the recent decades, no comprehen-
 sive regional analysis of groundwater has been published or, to our knowl-
 edge, even initiated (NGPRP, 1974).  As indicated, many states (especially
 Montana) have extensive sampling programs for wells.  Unfortunately, these
 do not shed much light on  the nature of human exposures via drinking water
 because:   (1) they concentrate  almost  exclusively on the quantity of water
 (hydrologic and aquifer characteristics) rather than its chemical con-
 stituents and (2) sampling is nearly always done on a once-only basis, with
 no provision for repeated sampling in  the same location.  Consequently, it
 is not possible to generate much of an impression about the quality of
 groundwater in the area as  a whole.

     After requesting  all  available groundwater quality data from  1970-78  in
 the six western coal  states, we discovered  that chemical data was available
 for only a small minority of  the sites listed  in  the NAWDEX Site  Directory
 (USGS, 1978c).   In the  state  of Utah,  for example,  chemical data  was
 available for only ten wells.   No  repeat  samples  were  taken at  any of  the
 locations.   In Montana,  chemical data  was available for only  two  of  the
 NAWDEX sites; again only one sample per well was  analyzed.  In Wyoming, only
 11 sites reported data  on chemical constituents of  groundwater  with  no
 repeat samples at the same locations.  Data on groundwater  quality was much
 more extensive for the  state of Colorado;  116  sites reported  results  of
 chemical analysis of  groundwater samples.   Unfortunately, however,  each  of
 the wells was sampled only once.   No recent data  (1970 to present) was
 available for the states of North and South Dakota.
                                      62

-------
    With the exception of  Colorado, most  of  the existing chemical data have
 been obtained from the shallower aquifers of the Northern Great Plains.
 These  aquifers include alluvium or relatively recent alluvial and terrace
 deposits.   They have  been  utilized to a high degree for domestic and
 agricultural purposes since they require  only shallow drilling (NGPRP,
 1974).   The quality of water drawn from the  alluvial and terrace aquifers in
 the Northern Great Plains  is highly variable due to:  (I) the varied
 occurrences of alluvial material in proximity to different bedrock
 formations, (2) the relatively short  distances of  travel from areas of
 recharge to areas of  withdrawals, and (3) the increasing tendency of surface
 waters that recharge  the alluvial aquifers to become contaminated by
 activities such as agricultural irrigation and urban water use  (NGPRP,
 1974).   In other words, shallower aquifers respond more quickly  to
 contamination of surface and near-surface waters than do aquifers located in
 deeper bedrock.  Similarly, alluvial  aquifers are  exposed  to greater
 opportunities for evaporation, which  tend to concentrate any salts present.

     Water flowing through bedrock aquifers usually deteriorates  in quality
 as it progresses down-gradient through the formation.  The deterioration is
 caused by weathering  of minerals contained in the  formations, with
 weathering or "leaching" taking place continuously as  the water moves
 through the formation.  One exception to  this, noted  by NGPRP (1974),  is
 that in some cases, water is actually purified as  it  passes through  coal
 aquifers.  The coal apparently acts as a  filter and water quality (in  terms
 of dissolved gases and organics) could actually be improved, although  there
 do not appear to be any published reports of this  occurring.

     Even within a single aquifer, there is a high degree  of variability in
 water quality.  Several factors account for  this,  including the typically
- shallow depth of many aquifers, the varied distance from areas  of recharge
 and withdrawals, and  lateral  changes  in  lithology.  Together, these factors
 make it exceptionally difficult to describe  regionwide groundwater quality
 in terms  of  averages.

     Studies  of Specific Locations—The NGPRP Water Quality Subgroup Report
 (1974) summarizes  various studies which have examined water quality for
 various aquifers  in  the Northern Great Plains.  Water quality character-
 istics  for  samples taken  from principal  aquifers in the Yellowstone River,
 the Powder River Valley (Montana), Rosebud  County (Montana), the Little
 Bighorn Valley,  principal aquifers in North Dakota (including the area near
 Beulah  and Hettinger in Adams County), and  principal aquifers in South
 Dakota  are tabulated in the NGPRP (1974)  report.  Much of this data is from
 the 1920's  through the early  1960's.

     More  recently, special  studies have  examined  groundwater conditions in
 three major mining areas  in the Northern Great Plains: the  Gasgoyne area in
 North Dakota,  the Gillette, Wyoming,  area,  and the Birney-Decker area in
 Montana.   A brief  summary of  the NGPRP findings for these three areas is
 presented below:
                                       63

-------
    The Gasgoyne area Is on  the western edge of the Williston Basin.  Ground-
    water movement is generally northeastward toward discharge areas along
    the Missouri River Valley.  Major constituents in the water are calcium,
    magnesium,  sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate.  Dissolved solids range
    from about  1,500 to 2,000 mg/A.  Concentrations of calcium and
    magnesium generally decrease with increasing depth as sodium and
    bicarbonate become the dominant ions.

    The Gillette area is near the eastern edge and the Birney-Decker area is
    in the north-central part of the Powder River Basin.  Groundwater in
    the deepest of the shallow aquifers—Basal Hill Creek-Fox Hills in
    Montana,  or Lance-Fox Hills in Wyoming—flows generally northward and
    discharges  by upward leakage along the Yellowstone River Valley and
    along the lower reaches  of the Tongue River and Powder River Valleys.
    The direction of groundwater movement in the Fort Union and Wasatch
    Formations  is controlled largely by the local topography.  Water enters
    the system  along the interstream divides and moves downward and
    laterally toward the nearby valleys.  Much of the water is discharged by
    springs,  seeps, or wells, but some enters the alluvium along the stream
    valleys where it augments streamflow.

    Major constituents in water from bedrock aquifers in both the Gillette
    and Birney-Decker areas  are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and
    sulfate.  Dissolved solids average about 2,000 mg/1 in the Gillette area
    and about 1,500 to 2,000 mg/l  in the Birney-Decker area.  As in the
    Gasgoyne  area, amounts of calcium and magnesium decrease with depth and
    the amount  of sodium increases.

    Detailed  and specific information on the areas investigated is  contained
    in the report by the Groundwater Subgroup entitled  Shallow Groundwater
    in Selected Areas in the Fort Union Coal Region  (NGPRP, 1974).

    Recent study has indicated that substantial amounts of water may be
    available from deep aquifers in some areas of the coal region.  Near the
    Black Hills this groundwater has less  than  1,000 mg/£  dissolved solids
    but in much of the coal  region TDS ranges between 1,000 and 2,000 mg/l .
    The water may be suitable  for energy development, but  is marginal  to
    unsatisfactory for irrigation or other specialized uses demanding water
    of good quality.

    Further information in deep groundwater is  contained  in the Ground-
    Hater Subgroup report  entitled  Possible Development of Water  from
    Madison Group  and Associated Rocks  in  Powder River  Basin,
    Montana-Wyoming  (NGPRP,  1974).

Summary--
    Activities  directly  associated with coal  mining,  land  reclamation,  and
domestic water  uses which  increase as  a result  of  population growth will
probably cause  some degradation in groundwater  quality  in  the western  coal
area.  Examples of specific cases  of  groundwater pollution of contamination
caused by these activities are available (NGPRP,  1974).  Less  obvious


                                     64

-------
sources of contamination of groundwater supplies also occur with mining
development, however.  Often overlooked is the fact that saline and
sodium-rich soils occur in many parts of the region.  Construction
activities may disturb the soil sufficiently to enhance leaching of salts
and precipitation of the salts on the ground surface.  According to the
NGPRP (1974) report, the adverse effect on land quality by evaporation of
salts can be seen near areas of road construction, especially in Montana and
eastern Wyoming.  Additional salinity in soils is bound to have adverse
impacts on groundwater quality in these localities.

Air Quality

    Air quality monitoring stations near coal mines in the west are listed
in Table 11 and a detailed description of the station (including the
pollutants monitored and an indication of the distance from the pertinent
mines) can be found in Table 12.  A fairly large number of sites are within
20 miles of coal mines, although few of those monitors are actually at the
mine sites.  Almost all sites analyze total soluble particulates (TSP), and
many in Colorado also analyze benzene-soluble organic fraction (BSOF).  A
few monitoring stations provide more detailed data on such pollutants as
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone.

Health Status

    This section of  the report  describes  the  efforts and products of a
search for an adequate intraregional indicator of  the health status of the
population.  Such an indicator  is needed  to compare and contrast small
geographical units within  the region with one another as well as with the
region as  a whole.   Since  communities will be the units of  study for more
detailed analyses, they would be the ideal units  for comparison within the
region.  Therefore,  communities were considered  the optimal units with
counties the second  most desirable units.  The type of  information  sought
can be arranged into three categories:  health services information,
morbidity  data, and  mortality  data.  These three  categories are each
addressed  below in  terms  of  the data desired,  agencies  contacted  to obtain
that information, and the  data  actually received  from  the  agencies.   A
description of  the  ideal  data  to  suit  our needs  is presented  in Table  13.
The contrast between ideal data and that  which was actually available  (Table
 14) is  significant.

Health Services Information—
    The  data in this category  include  the following measures  (see Table 13):
 (1) the type,  number, capacity, and accessibility of health services
 facilities by  county or community (e.g.,  the  number of hospital beds,  size
 of population  served, and percent occupancies);  (2) the type,  number,  and
 location of personnel to provide health services (e.g. , the number of
 obstetricians  by community or  by county); and (3) secular trends  in the use
 of treatment facilities categorized by discharge diagnosis.
                                      65

-------
           TABLE 11.  SITE SPECIFIC HISTORY OF AIR  QUALITY MONITORING ACTIVITIES:   ENERGY IMPACTED AREAS
o\
Holillur li>H
CaJv NlMkl
ituiilh Drtkota
0760001
0700002
O9HOIIOI
1 120001
IH all
OiBWW
0140001
07BOOOI
DI6OOOI
0400001
0400002

	
~
Wy.Hnlim
OOoOOOl
OOHOIHII
0100001
O10IMMJ2
OH20INII
062IMXII
0440002
022O002
OIHOOOI
04HOIK)I
OIHOOO4
O/i4IIOO'J
IIVJMXIl
DIHIKIOh
II7IMKII6
I'olm utlu
OUBIKNI1
UBoOOOl
O'JttUOlO
1 520001
IS2IHKI2
04HIMHII
IH6(MMJI
HJMXMI2
1 B60DO I
Sit*
»4ir
! (41)
KOI
F01
KOJ
F01
(46)
F01
F02
KOI
KOI
Ft))
KOJ
F02
__
--
(52)
F01
KOJ
FO)
KOI
Fin
KCII
KOI
FOI
KOI
KOI
KOI
FOI
Kill
FOI
KOI
(06)
KOI
KOI
FOI
FOI
KOI
KOI
KOI
KOI
KOJ

Location

Buffalo
Bui lulu
Boll* PutirclMi
LeMfton

&•«(!• P«>«
Hunltngton
Price
Cudar City
Bull(ro| Butiln
U«riw«A|k HNrtna

Vuriwl
C«lna«llU

Buffulo
Clllvto
l.uyl. (A) Dunl Slid
U.k. (B) Du.l Sit*
Ntrw C* ft lit
«ufk Spring*
Aflon
Irvnn •jincli
tturki Buneli
Muw Cmlle
Bill
Kootvrur
Wlwut l«iwl
IhiuKlu*
P.ur Ick Ur»w

HlfU
Cruml Vullvy
Grnnd Junction
Fruit i
fullti.KJe
Crulg
Ncuk«r
KuiiKL-ly
Bluik Sulfur Creek
fttUl S'lll1"1"*'


(Dual Silt)
1974
1974
1974

1977
1975
1975
1975
1974
1977
•rt 1977
•FY 1977

1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1975
1975
1974
1975
--
1976
1976
1977
I97fc

1970
1974
1975
1974
1974
1974
—
1974
1971
u| PurllculatB SOj - NO,
HnriiruiM BubbUr

1974
—
—•FT 1977 1975
•" -•

»_ 	
—
— .
'--
"
«
—
—

— »FY 1977
--•n 1911 1974
—«FY 1977 1975
..
—
—
—
—
—
—
1976
1976
1976
•--- 1976
--

—
—
—•FY 1977
—
—
—«FY 1977
1974
— «KY 1977
— — — -
SO2 - MO, 0«ono
Coutlnuoui Continual!* otliur

1977
..
—
—

1977
1974 — (g»t«Unt« to Monitor TSP
SO. only 1975 — HI-Vol «nd MeMbntna anil
SO] only 1975 — NO, •ml 802 conclnuuuii
S02 only 1975 — Monitoring 1977; Kanab to
SO} only 1975 — Monitor HI-Vol TSP and
1977 .. contlnuoui SOj, NO,. 1977)
•« 1977
•FY 1977

—
1974 ~»n 1977
— •
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1976

	
—
—
—
—
-.
	
—
— — — —
                                                   (continued)

-------
                                             TABLE 11.   (Continued)
Monitoring Site
CoJe Number
Montana
020OOOI
0160001
09BOOOI"
1240009
1. 140001

1 J6000J
0060009
OJ00004
0060010
OJ40001

1160027
116002V

North Dakota
OOBOOOI
OU.OOOI
05600
-------
                TABLE  12.   AIR  QUALITY MONITOIUNG SITES  NEAR MINES/MINE EXPANSIONS
Site Number    Location
                                                  rollutanca Honltored
                                                                                      K*tlMt*d rroxlMlty to HlnlDi ArM
0>
CO
Colorado (0»)

0020001   rOl


0120001   roi


0120002   roi


OKOooi   roi


0240001   roi


0100001  roi


0410001   F01
4301 f. 72o4  St.
Adama (City)
Adama Co.

7*22 Crandvlew Ava.

Jefferaon  Co.

W. 57th Ave.  n Oarrlaon St.
Arvada
Joffaraon  Co.

1611 rioremce St.
Aurora
Adama Co.

15 S. Huin St.
Brighton
Adama Co.

Courthouaa, Katon t 7th St.
Canon City
Frtwont Co.

CourtUouea
Craig
Hoffat Co.
OB00001
               101 Haln St.
               Flor«nc«
               Frciwnt Co.
                                                  Tsr. tsor
                                                  TSr only
                                                  Sailing Index,  CO, tO., UK, 0.
                                                  Uindeneed, Direction          '
                                                  TSP only
                                                  isr, isor
                                                  Tsr. tso'r
                                                  isr, Bsor
06800OJ   roi   Fir* Station.  10th and 2nd Ava.      TSP. BSOF
               Durjnga
               La Data Co.
OddUOOL    rOl   111 K. Ird  Ava.
               Rlfla
               Carduld Co.

0920001    roi   8th and Colorado Ava. (Courthoua«)
               Craunwuod Springa
               Carflald Co.
                                                  TSP. tsor
                                                              TSf.
                                                                                      < 20 ml. fro* CoenMrce City mining are*
                                                                                                  ~ 20 ml. from older mlnea near Boulder
                                                                                                                               rrederiek
                                                                                                                               Lafayette

                                                                                                  < 20 ml. from older mine*      Bouldar
                                                                                                                               rradarlck
                                                                                                                               Lafayette

                                                                                                  < IS ml. from Commerce City mining
< 21 ml.  from Commerce City,
             Lafayette
             rrederiek mining araae

 *• 5 mi.  north of older mining erea at
riornnce
                                                                                                  <  J ml. from mining area* Craig
                                                                                                                           Hamilton
                                                                                                                           Hoffat
                                                                                                                           Axial

                                                                                                  ~ 15 ml. from mining area near Ueiperue
                                                                                      At ilca of aavaral old ulnaa aaar riorance
                                                                                      < 10 •!!<• from mlna at Maw Caatla
                                                    (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE  12.   (Continued)
vo
Slta Nuuuar
Colorado
0980010
1000003
1000004
1120001
1300001
1420002
1520001
1320002
13)0002
1510003
1860003
18&0001
Location
Pollutanta Moultorad
Eitlutcd ProxiBlty to Mining Araa
(continued)
FOl
FOl
roi
FOl
FOl
FOl
FOl
roi
F03
F03
F03
roi
5th and Rood Sta.
Grand Junction
Meaa Co.
6 tli St. and 10th Ava.
Creelay
Ueld Co.
lac Ava. and 10th St.
Creeley
Ueld Co.
North Park High School
Jackaon Co.
CllUn Dairy
Ktd Mcaa
La Plata Co.
Centennial Walla
Littleton
Arapahoe
100 W. Pabor St.
Frulta
Meaa Co.
15 Lake a Park
Pallaada
Meaa Co.
Masa Verda National Park
Nontezuma Co.
Fire lookout Station
Monte Verda Park
Konteiuuui Co.
Black Sulphur Creek
Rio Blanco Co.
Courthouae
Meeker
Rio Blanco Co.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP,
TSP.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP.
TSP
TSP.
TSP,
TSP.
BSOF
BSOF
ISOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
BSOF

BSOF
BSOF
BSOF
Wltlilo 2) •! of ~ 20 oldar Bine*
~ 1} •!. N of several oldar alaaa
< 1) Bl. lion alnlng naar Evan«( Clll, ate.
< 23 Bl. froB Coalnont and Ualdan
At alta of Btnlng In Rad Meaa
~ 30 •!. froB Comma re a City alnlng araa
At alta of old Blnaa In the north central
Meaa Co. araa
Saaia aa above
< 10 Bl. froB La Plata Co. altaa Haaparua
and Mayday
S»a a a abqye
Northaaat of Maakar naar older Blnaa
At Maakar
                                            (continued)

-------
                                                        TABLE  12.   (Continued)
Sit* Nwaber
                Location
                                                   Pollutant! Monitored
                                                                                        KatlMtod rroxtaitt)r to Mlnlo| Area
Colorado (continued)

1860002   roi  Water TreatMBt Plant
               Rangely
               Rio Blanco Co.

1*20001   rot  116 6th St. (Courthouae)
               Steaafcoat Springe
               Routt Co.

2200001   roi  City lull
               Johnatown
               UeU Co.


-J
o
2200004
220000}
2240002
roi
roi
roi
U Salla
Weld Co.
riatteviiie
Weld Co.
70th and Ut
WeatBilnatar
Admit Co.
Montana (27)

0080006   rOi   Lock wood School
            '   Bllllnga
                Yellowetona Co.

0080006   C02   Lockwood School
                Billing*
                Yellowatona Co.
008000;   C01
                Radio Station KCUL
                Bllllnga
                Yellow*ton« Co.
0080008   C01   City Hall
               Bllllnga
               Yellowatune Co.

0080009   C01   Grand Ave. School
               Bllllnga
               Yellowstone Co.
TSP, BSOP



TSP. ISOP



TSP. UOP



TSP


TSP


TSP. BSOP





so,



TSP



TSP



TSP



TSP
                                                                                        At
                                                                                                   aaac two expanding alnta
                                                                                        < S •!!•» (roai mint* at Staanboat Sprloga
                                                                                        Alao fairly claaa to Hllaar-Haydaa Blalng
— 10 ml. tram ClUraat-Plattevllla Biloea



Located at nloaelte <* •!.)  la LaSalle


Located within 1 ml.  of Bine


~ 20 ml fro* Coaauirca City Bine area





Within 2 •!. of older Binea near tllllnga



Sane aa above



Saaw aa above



Sane aa above



5a»e aa above
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                                        TABLE  12.    (Continued)
«U«
                UK ,il luu
                                                    I'ullulaiU*  Honltorud
                                                                                         Ketleutitd Proximity  ta Mining Arou
Hontan* (continued)

006003)   C01   Ill-ball Trucking
                lining*
                Yellowstone Co.

OOU0052   FOS   UlvlHlun uivl Grand
                Billing*
           ,     Yulluuutona Co.

0080053   F01   27th and Montana
                Bllllnga
 ' '              Yellowstone Co.

0080054   F01   11th and S. 27th Ste.
                Billing!
                Yellowstone Co.

1360003   P03   UM Goer  Hountcla
                Ron«bud Co.

1360026   P03   AnliUnd Ranger District
                Hueebud Co.

1360027   F02   UN Slta
                Ravalll
                Koaubud Co.

1360027   F03   UN Sice
                Roaebiid Co.

1360028   F02   McCrae Slta
                RodebuJ Co.

1360028   F02   NcCraa Site
                Rombud Co.  •

North Dakota (33)

0100001   FOl   213 6th St.. M.
                Blaanrck
                Burlalgh Co. (•»/ be too urban)

0100001   P01   21S N. 6th St.
                BlBMarck
                Burleigli Co.
SO,
CO. S02,  N02,  KMtC,
Sana ee above



CO



TSP, SO., NO


TSP
Within 2 mi. of older Blnei oear Bllllnge

Saaui a a above



Seae aa above



Sane a* above
                                     Ulthln 20 at.  of  Colatrlp and Brandenbarg
                                     Lane D««r

                                     San* aa above
TSP, SO..  NO.,  TllC,  mac, Hethane,    Near Colatrlp.  UM D««r, Brandenberg
TSP, S02. N02,  Oj


TSP. CO. SO,. NO,,
                                     Near Colitrlp.  Lam. Deer, ftrandenberg


                                     Hear Colatrlp.  Lean Deer, Vrandmbarg
TSP, Soiling Index,  Bete. Fluoride    < ] mi.  Item Mining at Blaaarck
Nitrate. Sulfate Uyilrogan loa, SO,
Sulfatlon. NO                   '
TSP
                                     Sana aa above
                                                       (continued)

-------
  TABLE 12.  (Continued)
Site Number •
Location
rollutanta Monitored
tatlmated 'natality to Mining Araa
North Dakota (continued)
0100002
0160001
0720001
0720002
07*0001
0760001
N> 07(0002
0820001
0860001
1160001
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
roi
FOl
South Dakota
Utah <46>
0140001
OL60001

ro2
roi
220 t. l»th St.
Blamarck
lurlalgh Co.
rolaka Angua Ranch
Bowman Co.
Radio Tower north of town
HcLaao Co.
1 mile* Ml of Waabburn
HcUan Co.
210 Jod Ava. . HU
Hundaa
Norton Co.
Water Treatment riant
Hercar Co.
Woodward Cnvlcona Tower
Mercur Co.
Tower at Parahlll
Hountrall Co.
Warren Rockenback fata
01 Ivor Co.
20} E. Broadway
Vllllaton
umiane Co.
Nona

Huntlngtun
Carbon Co.
Cadut City
Iron Co.
TSP. Bata, fluoride. Mltrata.
ftulfate Hydrogen Ion. lulJatlon
TSP, Bata, fluoride. Nitrate
Sulfat*
TSP. Beta, fluoride, (ulfata
Hydrogen Ion. Sulfaflon
TSP. Beta, fluoride. Mltrata.
Sulfate, Hydrogen, BOj. Sulfatlon,
TSP. Bata, fluoride, Mltrata.
Sulfata Uydrogea lot., SO,,
Sulfatlon. NOj *
Same aa above
Sana ae above
Sane ae abova
Sana aa above
Sana aa abova


TSr, S02
TSP. SO^
< i ml. fro* mining at Btanarck
Within 2) nl of nlua at Scraaton, Caagoyna
Cloaa la Carrlaon mining area
< 1 ml. from Uaabburn mine alte. Cloaa to
Underwood
~ 2 nl. from mining activity Handan and
Blemarek
Near Hagea
~ within 10 nl. of Ooldan Valley and Zap
Within 10 ml. of mlnee In Parahlll-Beldan
area
Within 1 nl. of nlnee at Center
In town but near older Wllllaton mine


Wlihln 10 ml. of mining complex at Helper
Caatla Cracn, ate.
Near «lta of oldar mlnea at Cedar City
(continued)

-------
                                                         TABLE  12.   (Continued)
Bite Number     Location
                                                    Pollutant! Honltored
                                                                                         EatlMtad  PioiUlty to tuning ArM
 Ut«b  (continued)

 0280003   POJ   Eatery County TV Tower
                taery Co.

 0400001   F03   Green Canyon
                Kane Co.

 0400001   F03   CUn Canyon
                Kane Co.
.P780001
Wyoming (52)
                Price
                Carbon Co.
OOoOOOl   rO}   Colltn.  Tmnaaltter
                Caaipball Co.

0080002   F03   Reno Junction
                Curopbell Co.

0280001   F01   400 S. GllUtta Ave.
                Gtllcite
                Caapbell Co.

0320001   F01   Green Klver
                Sueutuater Co.

0580001   F01   Frlv«t« reilJenc.
                Kavillna
                Carbon Co.

0620001   F01   416 D ridge Ava.
                Hock Spring*
                Sveetwatec Co.

 0620002   F01   104 Uellvlew
                Rock Sprlnga
                Sveecuatur Co.

 0620001   KOI   1516 Subletta
                Kock. Springs
                Svaetuater Co.
TSP


TSP. S02


TSP. S02


TSP. S02




TSP. S02. NO.


TSP


TSP



TSP


TSP



TSP. SOj



TSP,



TSP
                                                                                         Maar »ln«a  at Halpar and Prlca


                                                                                         Near oldar  «ln«« naar Craan Canyon


                                                                                         N««r older  nln«a near Craen Canyon
Hear llvlper,  Price,  Spring Craen mining
areae
                                                                                         Within 10 mi. at tuny nlnea  In  the Uyodak
                                                                                         area

                                                                                         Ulthln 10 ml. of Mining coaplex in SE
                                                                                         corner Caapbell Co.

                                                                                         Wltliin 10 ml of mining conplcx  near Gillette
                                                                                         Within 5 miles of  nine*  near Rock Springe
                                                                                         and Green River

                                                                                         Within 20 "lUs of alnlng cooplax at
                                                                                         tUwllna-Slnclalr-Wolcott
                                                                                         Cloee to Blnea at  Rock Springe
                                                                                         Sane aa above
                                                                                         Sane aa above
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                                         TABLE  12.   (Continued)
Site Number
                                                    Pollutant*  Monitored
                                                                                         In t leu tad  Proximity to Mining Araaa
Wyoming (continued)
          roi    Story
                Wyarno
                Slier I dan Co.

0700001   rOl    212  2nd St.
                Granger
                Sweetwatar Co.

0700002   J02    me  Plant
                SueaLwatC'r Co.

0700001   J02    me  Plant
                Sveetwatar Co.

0700004   JQ2    me  Plant
                Sweetwatar Co.
0700005   J02


0700006.   J02


0700007   F01


070000/   COJ
me Plant
Sweetwaler Co.

me Plant
Sweetwatar Co.

q Private reaidenta
Swaetwater Co.  near  Eden

Teitea Gulf
Sulfur
Sueetwater Co.
0700008   J02   T«>aa Cult
                Sulfur
                Swimcwacer Co.

0700009   J09   Tc>a» Gulf
                Sulfur
                Swe«twnter Co.

0700010   J02   Texan Culf
                Sulfur
                Svcetwater Co.

0700011   J02   Allied Clienlcal Co.pan/
                Creua Rlvar
                Swcctuatar Co.
TSF



TSP



TSP


TSP


TSP


TSP


TSP, Wlnd«p««d. Wlw, Direction


TSP


TSP



TSP



TSP



TSP



TSP
                                                                                         ~ 2J *1 (roai •!»•• at Wyarno
                                                                                         ~40 ail.  U of  Rock Sprlnga iilniag area
                                                                                         Vlthla 10-20 mi. of lock Spring* Blnlng
                                                                                         area

                                                                                         Saaw a* above
                                                                                         SaaM aa abova


                                                                                         Save a* above
                                                                                         Within 10-20 ml. at lining coaiplax at
                                                                                         Rock Sptlnga

                                                                                         Within about 30 mi. of mining conplex at
                                                                                         Rock Sprlnga

                                                                                         Near Rock Sprlnga mining complex
                                                                                         Saete aa  above
                                                                                         Same  aa above
                                                                                         Sae>e an above
                                     Thaie two altaa may  related acre to mining
                                     than anything elee.
                                                     (continued)

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                                                                  Table  12.   (Continued)
            Situ Nunltar     Location                            Pollutant* Hanltorad                 Eitlut«l Vtatlmlty to Mlnlnf Arua

            Wyoming (continued)

            0700012   J02   Allied Che«ic«l CoBpany              TSF                                 Naar Allied Ch««ical «lnlng complex
                            Svotttwutei: Co*

            070001)   J02   Creen River                         TSP                                 Sana a< above
^j                          Sueetuacer Co.
Ul
            0700014   J02   Graen Rivet                         TSP                                 Sana a* abuv«
                            Sveotuater Co.

            070001$   J02   Crec-n Rivet                         TSP                                 Sana ai above
                            SvaaCuatar Co.

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                                 TABLE  13.   MEASURES  FOR  EVALUATING  HEALTH  STATUS,  ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                 QUALITY,  AND  COMMUNITY HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
                           AttrlUita To
                           ta Evaluated
                       I.  ttaalth Status of
                           th« Population
          Factor* That
      Should Ba Considered
 Causes ol Mortality
                                                      Cauaaa of Morbidity
                                                      Currant Haalth rroblean
                                                                                                                Ml* Requited
O\
                                         Crude Mortality rataa
                                         A»*. race, HI and ctuaa specific mortality rataa
                                         Comparative Mortality rataa auch a> atandardized
                                          Mortality ratio* (SMR'a) far various local,
                                          county, atata. rational, or national Juris-
                                          diction!
                                         Relative significance of leading causes of
                                          daaih or "proportional aortallty ratios"
                                          (m'a) for varloua Jurisdictions

                                         SUM a* Mortality data
                                         Annual or aaaaonal rataa of coaaMinicabla
                                          diaaaaaa

                                         Annual tranda la occurranca of daoth and
                                          diaaaaa, •(• cod cauaa (pacific
                                         (•cant and currant outbraaka of Infcetloua
                                          diaaaaaa
                                         Tranda In oaa of traataant (acllltlaa by
                                          dlacbaria dla|noala
                      II.
                           Tranda In
                           Population
Annual  Mtaa of Population Changa
                                                     A(a Coopoaltlon of the Population
                                        Birth ratal
                                        tata of  population Incraaa* (dacrcaaa)
                                        Annual aatlsataa of population
                                        Population projactlona:
                                          »lu>rt  ranga—annual  projacclona for naxt
                                            flv« yaara
                                          long ranga—projactlona at flva yaar  intervala

                                        Age apaclflc aatlutca and projactlona  aa above
                     III.  Haalth Scrvlcaa
                                                     Public Haalth Sarvlcaa
                                                     l**raonal Hftalth S«rvlcea
                                        Kvccnt. current, and  long-ranga trenda In
                                         occurranc« of coM»unicabl« dlaeaaca
                                        Ratei of fatal and infant nortalfty
                                        Hat«> of childhood diaaaaaa and deatha
                                        Halarnal aortallty rata
                                        Katcii of Imunlzation for comunicabla dlaeiiae

                                        Ratttv and tranda In  Morbidity and Mortality
                                         compared with atat« and national standards
                                                                             (continued)

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                                                   TABLE 13.    (Continued)
      Ac tribute To
      be  Evaluated
          Fee turn  Tint
      Should Be  Cunnlclarad
                                                                                               Dec* Required
111.   Health Servlco
  1.   Environmental Quality
Pereoiul Health Services





Health Service Area


Delivery of Servlceu


Food Sanitation





Environmental Sanitation



Air Qunllty

Water Quality

NuUe
Type nuaber. capacity, anil accessibility of
  facilities for health vervlcee
Type, nuaber, and location of personnel to
  provide health aarvlcea

Delineation of prlnary dlatrlct end regional
  health aervic* area

Health aervlcea utllliatlon aurveya,  national
  health aurvey

Recent and  current  outbreak!  of  food-borne
  toxins and pathogena
Result* of  inspections of  food proceaalng and
  food handling establishments

Kecent end  current  occurrence of rodent and
  arthropod-borne pathogens
Condition of premises hygiene

Air quality data

Water quality data

Nolae intensity HaeureMnti
 11.  Coununlty Envlronnental
     Service*
                                  Muter Supply
                                  Seuagu Dlapoeal
                                          Type(a) of *ource(«) and capacity
                                          Type and capacity  of treatment facility
                                          Type and capacity  of water ttorage facility
                                          Geographic extent  and capacity of distribution
                                            ayateei
                                          Proportion of  duelling unite served by eyecei
                                          Percent of jyite*  capacity uaad  by system
                                            coeiponenti

                                          Type and capacity  of treatment facility
                                          Geographic distribution and capacity of
                                            collecting ayateai
                                          Type and capacity  of effluent and solids disposal
                                            systeai
                                          Proportion of  duelling units served by ayitea
                                          Percent of eysta*  capacity used  by syitau
                                            components
                                                     (continued)

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                                                                     TABLE 13.    (Continued)
                                   Attribute To
                                   Ba Evaluatad
      Fuciora That
  Should B« Conaldcrad
                                                                                                                    Data taa,ulrad
                          II.  CMaunltjr InvlronMntal
                               Sarvlcaa
Solid Wait* Dlapuul
Typ« and capacity el dlapeial  tj»t»m
Tjfpa and capacity at collactlni «y«t«»
Cao|taphlc  covara|a of collactlng ayacn
Proportion  of raaidancaa and bualp**ata
  atrvad by ayataai
Parcant of  ayataai capacity uaad by ayata
CO

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                   TABLE  14.   TYPE OF HEALTH STATUS INFORMATION AVAILABLE
                                                                                        (a)
     State
Morbidity
Mortality
                                                                     Manpower
                                                  Facilities
Colorado
                   Number of reportable
                   diseases by county -
                   1977
                  Number of deaths by
                  county by selected
                  cause of death - 1976
                  &  1977
  Central-NE USA
Montana (USA)
                   School entry Immu-
                   nization by county -
                   1977

                   Labor force disabil-
                   ity Indicators for
                   the state - 1970

                   Recordable occupa-
                   tional Injury & Ill-
                   ness  for acute -
                   1974  & 1975
Death rates by  county
1970-1976

Crude and age adjus-
ted death rates and
SMR's for selected
causes by county -
1975 & 1976 aggre-
gated.

Various measures of
Infant mortality by
county through  1976
                  Number of deaths
                  from  selected causes
                  by  county - 1976
                                        Population to  physi-
                                        cian ratios by
                                        county -1975

                                        Number of  MO special-
                                        ists by USA -  1975

                                        Number of  RN's and
                                        LPN's by field of
                                        practice and county
                                        of employment
                      Number of 4 MD spe-
                      cialists and popula-
                      tion to physician
                      ratios by county -
                      1976

                      Number of RN'fl by
                      county - 1976
                                        Various hospital
                                        utilization  rates by
                                        county - 1975

                                        Hospital financial
                                        duta by county  - 1976

                                        Nursing care and
                                        Intermediate c.nre
                                        facilities utiliza-
                                        tion rates by county •
                                        1976.

                                        Number of general
                                        hospital beds by
                                        county

                                        Number of patient
                                        days by hospital -
                                        1976
                                                (continued)

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                                                           TABLE  1A.   (Continued)
                       State
                                          Morbidity
                            Mortality
                             Manpower
                                                   Facllltlea
                  North Dakota
                                     Various tabulations
                                     of reportable
                                     diseases and Immuni-
                                     zations
                       Number of  deatlia
                       from selected  causes
                       by county  - 1975 &
                       1976
oo
O
                    Unaturn USA
                  Utah
                  Wyoming
                                     Ntnuber of reportable
                                     diseases by county -
                                     1977
Number of reportable
diseases by county -
1974
                       Various Measures of
                       Infant Mortality by
                       county - 1976 & 1976

                       Death rates for 5
                       leading causes of
                       death by county -
                       1976
Number of deaths
from selected
causes by county -
1975

Number of deaths
front selected
causes by county -
1971-1975 (Indivi-
dual years and
aggregated)
                       Number of 8 health
                       professionals by
                       county
                                              Number of 16 health
                                              professionals by
                                              county - 1976
Number of 14 health
professionals by
county, population
to professional
ratio for 6-1976
                       Various Measures of
                       utilization of hospi-
                       tals,  long-tern care
                       facilities, custo-
                       dial care facilities
                       by facility - 1976

                       Various measures of
                       hospltallzatlon by
                       hospital - 1976
Several measures of
utilization of hospi-
tals and nursing care
facilities by county -
1974
                  (a)
                      Unless otherwise Indicated, Informal Ion has been obtained  from State Health Departments.

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    To obtain this information, the appropriate staff within the State
Health Departments of each of the five states were contacted, as well as
some Health Systems Agency personnel.  Most of these organizations provided
the number of specific types of health professionals by geographic units,
usually by county.  The aggregation of type of health personnel varied  among
the agencies as did the time span for tabulations.  Data on hospital
facilities including number of hospital beds and percent occupancy by
hospital or by county were also received from a large portion of the
agencies contacted.  A few agencies provided similar measures for facilities
other than hospitals, such as nursing homes.  No utilization measures
classified according to discharge diagnosis were received.

Morbidity Data —
    Preferred indicators of health status include morbidity measures such as
incidence and prevalence rates of nonreportable, nonfatal diseases, as well
as annual and seasonal trends  in rates of communicable disease.  Age- and
cause-specific rates for chronic diseases of  adulthood are especially
desirable indicators for geographical comparisons.

    This information was requested from  State Health Departments and Health
Systems Agencies.   The only measure  provided by the majority of agencies
contacted was the  number of  reportable diseases by county.   Percent  of
school populations immunized (by county) was provided by two agencies
contacted.   In addition, this  effort  yielded several morbidity measures
which are more useful  for  economic than  for epidemiological  analyses,  such
as  functional labor force  disability rates  and reportable occupational
 injuries  and illnesses.
      oray      which are useful indicators of the health status of a
 population are:  age-, sex-, and cause-specific rates of mortality;  com-
 parative rates of mortality (age- and cause-specific) for comparable
 geographical units; and the relative significance of leading causes of
 death, that is, proportional mortality.

     The same agencies (Health Departments, Health Systems Agencies) were
 asked to provide this type of information.  All of the agencies Contacted
 provided an aggregation of number of deaths by cause and by county.  How-
 ever  each agency aggregated the causes of death differently and used unique
 tlml'spans f« tabulations.  Cause-specific rates had been calculated by two
 of the agencies and comparative cause-specific rates by one.  None of the
 agencies could provide a simultaneous tabulation by age and cause for number
 of deaths by county.

     The National Center  for Health  Statistics was also  contacted to obtain
 mortality data.  Information received  from this organization -consisted of
 The numbers  of deaths for  34 selected  causes  by county  and  numbers of^ea
 for 69 selected causes  by  age, race, sex, on  the state  level  (U.S. DHEW ,
 1975).
                                       81

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     Calculation of SMR's—The intent of  this data collection  effort was  to
find an indicator of health status which  could be used  to compare  small
units within the region with one another  as well as with the region as
whole.  The information received from State Health Departments  and Health
Systems Agencies was either not the type  of data desired or it was not
organized in a consistent fashion among all the agencies, but  the  National
Center for Health Statistics provided a consistent data source for all
counties within the region. " This information was used  in combination with
data from the Bureau of the Census to calculate a comparative  mortality
rate, that is, a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) indirectly adjusted  for
age, race, and sex for 11 causes of death for each county.

    For the purpose of this study, 11 causes of death were  chosen  for
calculation of county standardized mortality ratios.  The causes of death
investigated included the following:  total malignant neoplasms, malignant
neoplasms of the digestive organs, malignant neoplasms  of the  respiratory
system, malignant neoplasms of the urinary organs, major cardiovascular
disease, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases,  respiratory
diseases, cirrhosis of the  liver, motor vehicle accidents,  and suicide  and
homicide.  These causes are listed in Table 15 along with their respective
ICDA numbers.  Note that within the major categories of malignant  neoplasms
and cardiovascular diseases, there are subdivisions.  Each  of  these causes
was chosen either  because  it was a major contributor to total mortality or
because it may in  some way be related to impacts of extensive expansion of
mining.   For example, malignant neoplasms of  the digestive system or urinary
organs may be related to water pollution from mining, motor vehicle
accidents to transportation problems, and cirrhosis or suicide and homicide
to socioeconomic impacts of mining expansion.  There was a constraint,
however,  in that rare conditions  could not be considered due to small
populations at risk.

    Since this area is not typical of the  united States as a whole for the
causes  of death of  interest, age-race-sex specific mortality rates for this
five-state area,  (Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  North Dakota, Utah) were used
for  standardization rather than using the  rates  of the United  States as  a
whole.  As  illustrated in  Table  16,  the area  has lower death rates for
malignant neoplasms  and  cardiovascular disease,  while death rates  for
suicide and homicide, and  motor vehicle accidents  are somewhat higher in
this  area than in the United States.  Sixteen death rates  were calculated
for  each  of the  11 causes  of death,  one for  each age «25, 25-44, 45-64,
>64), race (white, nonwhite) and sex group.   The total number  of  deaths  in
the  five-state area from a given  cause in  a  given age-race-sex category  was
divided by  the size of  the population in the corresponding category for  the
five-state  area  to derive  age-race-sex specific  rates for  the  standard
 population.   These rates were then used  to indirectly adjist  the  crude,
 cause-specific county mortality rates, as  described below.

     An SMR was calculated  for each of  the 11 causes for  each  county by
 dividing the observed number of deaths by the expected  number of  deaths.
 The observed number of deaths  was obtained by averaging  the annual number of
 deaths for a given county and cause for  the years 1974,  1975,  and 1976.  The
                                     82

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      TABLE 15.  CAUSES OF DEATH FOR STUDY
    Descriptor
ICDA No.
Malignant Neoplasms
M.N. of Digestive Organs
M.N. of Respiratory System
M.N. of Urinary Organs
Major Cardiovascular Disease
Ischemic Heart Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Influenza, Pneumonia,
  Bronchitis, Emphysema,
  and Asthma
Cirrhosis
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Suicide, Homicide
140-209
150-159
160-163
188, 189
390-448
410-413
430-438
470-474
480-486
490-493
  571
E810-E823
E950-E978
                        83

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          TABLE  16.  COMPARISON OF CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATES  (PER  100,000) IN WESTERN  STATES AND
                     UNITED STATES TOTAL
00
Disease Category
Malignant Neoplasms
Cardiovascular Diseases
lachemic Heart Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Respiratory Diseases
Cirrhosis
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Suicide-Homicide
Age-Sex-Race
Adjusted Rate for
Five Western States,
• 1974-1976
153.9
434.2
267.4
94.8
52.2
17.3
32.5
25.2
U.S. Total Rate,
1975
171.7
455.8
301.7
91.1
38.1
14.8
21.5
22.7
Ratio of Western
States to U.S. Total
0.896
0.953
0.886
1.041
1.370
1.169
1.512
1.110

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expected number of deaths was derived by applying the age-race-sex specific
rates for a given cause of death in the standard population (Appendix C,
Table 1) to the age-race-sex population distribution of the county.  County
population distributions were available in the 1970 Bureau of the Census
reports.  The 1970 distribution proportions were applied to the 1975 county
population totals in order to estimate the 1975 age-race-sex structure.
This serves to make the observed and expected deaths more consistent in the
years for which the numbers were calculated.

    SMR's are presented in Appendix C, Table 2.  The geographic distri-
butions of these values are presented in Figures 4 through 14.  From
observational comparisons of these distributions to the distribution of
mining activity in the area (illustrated in Figures 2 and 3), it appears
that the only disease categories elevated in the areas currently impacted by
mining are motor vehicle accidents, cirrhosis, and perhaps suicide-homicide.
However, more rigorous analyses are required to adequately assess the effect
of mining activity on county mortality.

    While the SMR can be used to compare the cause-specific mortality of
each county with that of the region as a whole, comparisons of the SMR's
between counties are not valid due to the variability  in age distributions.
That the SMR for one county is greater than the SMR for a second county does
not necessarily imply that  the risk of death in the first county is greater
than the risk of death in the second.

    An alternative method for comparing mortality experiences between
counties was to classify SMR's qualitatively and examine  the effect of
mining by log-linear analysis.  For each cause of death,  the significance of
the departure of a county's SMR from  its expected value of one  (1.0) under
the null hypothesis was tested by X2  with one  degree of freedom.   Here
X2 equals the observed minus  expected deaths squared divided by  expected
deaths.  County SMR's were  then classified  as  significantly  higher,
significantly lower, or not significantly different  from  expected  at  p <0.1.
The distribution of these quantile levels of mortality experience  were
compared across  counties  to determine the  effect of mining activity  on
cause-specific mortality.

    Two factors,  the extent of  current  mining  operations  and the percent of
the work  force  employed  in mining, were used  to define the mining activity
of a county.   Current  mining  production was not  considered a sufficient
indicator  of  a  county  population's  involvement in  mining  since mining
employees may in  fact  reside  in counties without mining  operations.   A third
factor,  percent  of  the population employed in manufacturing, was included in
the analyses  because of  its possible  confounding effect.   Activities and
exposures  associated with manufacturing may also affect  mortality due to the
causes  examined  and  thus  may mask or  enhance  differences if  not taken into
account.

     Current mining production consisted of three levels:  no current mining,
one  current mining operation and  more than one current mine.  After ex-
 amining the distribution of mining and manufacturing employment, low and


                                     85

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                                                     I    I 0.000 - 0.699

                                                          0.700 - 0.829

                                                          0.830 - 0.929

                                                          0.930 - 1.029

                                                          1.030 * OVER
Figure 4.  Geographic distribution  of  SMR's from deaths due  to
           malignant neoplasms  (total)  in EPA Region VIII

-------

                                                           0.000 - 0.569

                                                      //A 0.570 - 0.769
                                                           0.770 - 0.999

                                                           1.000 - 1.179

                                                           1.160 + OVER
Figure 5.  Geographic distribution of SMR's  from deaths due  to
           malignant neoplasms of the digestive aysteui in EPA
           Region  VIII

-------
oe
00
                                                                                j 0.000 - 0.539

                                                                            V/A 0.510 - 0.719

                                                                                 0.750 - 0.939

                                                                                 0.910 -  I.I79

                                                                                  I.I60 * OVER
                      Figure 6.  Geographic  distribution of SMR's  from deaths due  to
                                 malignant neoplasms of Che respiratory system in
                                 Region  VIII.

-------

0.000 - 0.189



0.190 - 0.649



0.650 - 0.919



0.950 - 1.399



 1.400  * OVER

-------
                                                           0.000 - 0.789

                                                           0.790 - 0.869

                                                           0.870 - 0.956

                                                           0.960 - I.OS9

                                                           1.060 » OVEK
Figure 8.  Geographic distribution of  SMR's from deaths due  to
           major  cardiovascular disease  in EPA Region VIII

-------

                                                           I 0.000 - 0.709
                                                       Y/A 0.710 - 0.819
                                                       KAAJ 0.820 - 0.939
                                                       w.
                                                            0.910  - 1.079

                                                            1.080  * OVCR
Figure 9.  Geographic distribution of SMR's  from deaths due to
           ischemic  heart disease in EPA  Region VIII

-------
..,
r .
                                                                                          - 0.609


                                                                                          - 0.719
                                                                                          - 0.889
                                                                                       890   1.0/9


                                                                                     I.OHO * ovLR
                            Figure 10.  Geographic  distribution of SMR's from  deaths due to

                                        cerebrovascular  disease in liPA Region  VIII

-------

                                                      I    I 0.000 - 0.539
                                                            0.510 - 0.739

                                                            Q.740 - 0.929
                                                            I.210  * OVER
Figure 11.  Geographic distribution of  SMR's from deaths due  to
            respiratory diseases in EPA Region VIII

-------
                                                           0.000 - 0.139

                                                           0.140 - 0.429

                                                           0.430 - 0.709

                                                           0.710 - 1.039

                                                            1.010 * OVER
Figure 12.   Geographic, distribution of SMR's from deaths due to
             cirrhosis in EPA Region VIII

-------

                                                           0.000 -  0.759

                                                           0.760 -  0.989

                                                           0.990 -  1.319

                                                           1.320 -  1.869

                                                           1.870 +  OVER
Figure 13.  Geographic distribution of  SMR's from deaths due  to motor
            vehicle accidents in EPA Region VIII

-------
                                                              000 - 0.369

                                                            0.370 - 0.679

                                                        ;>ixl 0.680 - 0.899

                                                       Y&M 0.900 - t.259

                                                            I.260 « OVER
Figure 14.  Geographic distribution of SMR's from deaths due to suicide
            and  homicide in EPA  Region VIII

-------
high levels were set at less than five percent and greater than or equal to
five percent of the work force employed respectively.

    Of the 11 causes of death examined by log-linear analysis, motor vehicle
accidents was the only cause for which SMR categories appeared to depart
from expected, although total logit variation did not quite reach the .05
level of significance.  Examination of the summary results presented in
Table 17 reveal significant differences across levels of current mining
production.  No effects from mining employment and no significant inter-
action effects were observed.  Table 18 shows the distribution of SMR
categories across levels of current mining.  Estimates of the log-linear
parameters divided by their standard errors indicate that significantly
fewer high SMR's (and significantly more nonsignificant SMR's) are found in
counties with no current mining operations.  Frequency distributions for SMR
categories by mining activity factors for each cause of death are presented
in Appendix C.

            TABLE 17.  RESULTS OF LOG-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF SMR
                       CATEGORIES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
                           Summary of Logit Analysis
           Source                         df      Component
Due to Current Mining Activity (C)
Due to Mining Employment (M)
Due to Manufacturing
Employment (F)
Due to Interaction (CxM)
Due to Interaction (CxF)
Due to Interaction (MxF)
Due to Interaction (CxMxF)
Total Logit Variation
4
2
2

4
4
2
4
22
13.45
4.39
5.45

2.13
3.96
0.74
2.25
32.37
.01
.12
.07

.75
.43
.69
.69
.07
          TABLE  18.   DISTRIBUTION  OF  SMR CATEGORIES  FOR MOTOR
                      VEHICLE ACCIDENTS ACROSS LEVELS OF
                      CURRENT MINING OPERATIONS
                                                            SMR
                                                    HIGH     NS     LOW

  Current Mining Operations         None             14     151      9
                                      1               7      16      1
                                     >1               6      20      0
                                      97

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    There are two relevant conclusions which can be drawn from these
comparisons.  First, there are no areas within this region with blatantly
unusual patterns of mortality; the area is reasonably uniform in terms of
the health status of the population, although small populations allow for
some  large perturbations in SMR's.  Second, more detailed information on
health status must be obtained in order to examine specific areas such as
"commmities within the region.
                                    98

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                                 SECTION 4

                          CRITIQUE OF DATA QUALITY
COAL MINING ACTIVITIES

Conclusions

    In addressing the quality of the available data, current and future
mining can be considered jointly.  The coal mining tabulations used in this
report are the most accurate comprehensive listings available, but still
suffer from certain inadequacies.  The major problem is the changing
operational status of current mines (start-ups and shut-downs) and uncertain
development of future mines.  As noted earlier, marginally viable mining
operations are sensitive to slight fluctuations in the cost of coal and
transportation, so that a mine listed as producing currently may actually
produce only sporadically.  Future coal production is even more tentative.
Changing environmental protection standards, water availability, and
competition for resources all serve to make proposed coal mining uncertain.
In addition to these problems, the characteristics of the mines are not
likely to be perfectly accurate (e.g., location, chemical characteristics of
the coal).  Finally, production of current mines could not be quantified in
many instances.

Recommendations

    The solutions to all of these problems rely on obtaining information
specific to each mine.  The mine operators or developers could verify some-
of the descriptive information on the mine and at least estimate the
production and the likelihood of implementing any future plans.  Contact
with the local authorities responsible for environmental protection, water
usage, etc., would be a useful supplement to the mine owners' data.  It is
obviously not essential to pursue such information on every mine, but those
of greatest relevance should be studied in such a manner.
IMPACTED COMMUNITIES

Conclusions

    The approach taken to identify mining-Impacted areas (both current and
future) was intended to be an initial screening and is adequate for that
purpose.  The characterization of the areas in terms of demographic,  social,
and economic characteristics is rather crude, and definitely inadequate for
                                    99

-------
>ny  detailed analysis.  There are two major problems.  First, the available
 data is,not sufficiently detailed.  For example, the employees in a county
 engaged in manufacturing is available, but not a breakdown into such
 categories as metal smelting, chemical production, etc.  Second, most of the
 information is  tabulated on a county basis and not on the community level.
 In these large, sparsely populated counties, the county's average for a
 given variable  may be  a poor approximation for the community of interest.

 Recommendations

     The only approach  to overcoming this data insufficiency is to obtain
 community-level data on a site-by-site basis. ~ That is, for those communi-
 ties of special interest, the local authorities should be contacted directly
 to obtain the desired  demographic, social, and economic data.  The goals of
 this study do not, however, suggest that this process be carried out for
 every coal-impacted community.
 WATER QUALITY

 Conclusions

     Monitoring  data  are  available  regarding the quality of surface water,
 groundwater,  and public  water  supplies in or near mining-impacted
 communities.  Not  only does  the amount and quality of the data vary
 considerably  between those three types of data, but also their relevance
 from a human  health  standpoint differs.

     As indicated,  comprehensive data  on  surface water is available only for
 recent years  (1975 to present).  Monitoring sites, in general, are well
 placed with respect  to locations of the  mines  such that mining impacts on
 water quality,  if  present, should  be  detected.  The frequency of sampling
 and  the constituents monitored at  each site are appropriate and should
 provide adequate quantitative  data for studies of potential ecological
 effects of mining.   Potential  human health effects are linked to surface
 water quality only indirectly,  since  surface water is normally treated by
 various methods (filtration, sedimentation, chlorination, iron removal, pH
 adjustment, etc.)  prior  to human consumption.  Due to the limited knowledge
 of the effects  of  water  treatment  on  levels of various constituents of
 finished water, data on  the  chemical  composition of raw (surface) waters
 provide only  a  rough indicator of  the actual doses of these constituents
 present in drinking water.   There  is  little historical data on water
 quality, so past exposure levels in most communities cannot even be
 estimated reasonably.

     Present groundwater  data are especially deficient in providing infor-
 mation on levels of  specific constituents.  Extensive well-sampling programs
 are  underway but the emphasis  of these programs is on the quantity of water
 available rather than its quality.  Little can be said about human exposures
 from groundwater except  where  wells are  the source of public water supplies.
                                    100

-------
    The specific source(s) of drinking water can be identified for most
communities by means of the Inventory of Public Water Supplies (U.S. EPA,
1978).  This has been done for all potentially impacted communities as shown
in Appendix D, Table 1.  Municipal water treatment plants routinely analyze
samples of finished water for chlorine, fluoride, and bacteria in accordance
with their own quality control procedures and state health department
requirements.  Turbidity, pH, color, iron, hardness, and alkalinity are also
monitored by most plants.  The water poses a nuisance to facilities or
equipment or elicits complaints from consumers unless these parameters are
kept within certain limits.   Substances such as heavy metals or organics,
while potentially important from a human health standpoint, tend only to be
spot-checked at infrequent intervals (i.e., in accordance with Safe Drinking
Water Act provisions).

Recommendations

    Comprehensive analyses of tap water are nonexistent for these mining
communities.   Clearly, sampling of treated drinking water is essential if
human exposure levels are to be established.  Protocols for systematic
sampling of tap water need to be developed as part of any epidemiologic study
of mining impacts.  Particular emphasis should be placed on securing
baseline exposure data for a wide range of potential pollutants, possibly by
means of a pilot program.  Pilot program results could suggest the most
efficient and economical sampling protocol for future studies and/or
document excessive exposure levels in specific communities or areas.


AIR QUALITY

Conclusions

    Air quality has not traditionally been a major concern in the sparsely
populated western coal mining areas, and the region's air has not been
sampled intensively.   Although the number of sites listed in Table 12 is
fairly large, most of these monitors are distant from the mines.  A single
monitor located several miles away gives little indication of such critical
factors as which direction the mine-related air emissions travel and where
roads or railroad tracks are located relative to the air sampler.  Locating
the monitors  in population centers is certainly a rational means of identi-
fying human exposures, but it reveals little about the role of coal mining
on air quality.  Also, the recent initiation of monitoring in many of these
areas limits  one's ability to ascertain parallel changes in mining and air
quality over time.

    The second major consideration concerns the chemicals which are analyzed
at the stations listed in Table 12.   Almost all stations monitor TSP, which
is consistent with a focus on coal mining particulate emissions.  Even
monitors several miles from a mine would detect dramatic increases in
particulate matter.  Very little else,  however, is monitored.   Many of the
air quality changes consequent to population influx, industrial processes,
and coal burning would not be detected  with the current sampling network.
                                    101

-------
    Several other problems are Inherent in the lack of specificity of TSP.
Natural sources of particulates (e.g., from dust storms) are not distin-
guishable from mine-related or other sources of particulates.  In addition,
a variety of toxic substances are associated with participate matter, e.g.,
cadmium.  The variability in chemical composition (and thus variability in
chemical toxicity) of particulates is not reflected in aggregate measures  of
TSP.	_  '_	

Recommendations

    The recommendations to be made for air quality monitoring depend on the
purpose for which the data are desired.  In order to fully understand the
nature of air pollutants generated by coal mining and related activities,
the number of monitors would have to be greatly expanded.  Other sources of
pollution (motor vehicles, industries) would necessitate expansion of the
number of air pollutants analyzed.  If the focus is protection of health
rather than characterizing air quality per se, then current monitoring
should continue to be close to population centers.  Baseline conditions are
relatively pristine in most areas, however, and it is very unlikely that any
long-term excursions above standards will occur.  The TSP monitoring which
is done would indicate any dramatic changes in air in the population
centers.  Thus, until new population centers arise or other major sources of
air pollution are created, the current network of stations will adequately
survey human exposures in the area.
HEALTH STATUS

    This section addresses the adequacy of the accessible data used to
characterize the health status of the population.  The goal was to acquire
data which could be used to compare and contrast small geographical units
within the region, covering health services information, morbidity data, and
mortality data.  In this section, each of these categories is addressed
again, supplying conclusions from data acquired thus far, and recommending
means of acquiring more desirable information.  Table 19 summarizes this
section.

Health Services Information

Conclusions—
    The number of health professionals per county was obtained for most of
the area.  However, the forms of aggregation of health personnel by the
agencies yielded incongruent categories.  In addition, time spans utilized
for tabulations varied among the agencies from which information was
received.  Numbers of hospital beds and occupancy rates by hospital or
county were received for a large portion of the five-state area.  This
information can be used to describe health care systems of individual
counties, and to plan health policy and funding within a county.  However,
since it is not consistent in terms of measurements, this information could
                                    102

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                            TABLE 19.  ADEQUACY OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE
                                       STATE LEVEL FOR EVALUATING HEALTH STATUS
                                           Data Required
                                 Data Obtained
                  Mortality
2
                  Morbidity
                       Use of
                  Health Facilities
Age and cause specific
rates of mortality

Comparative rates of
mortality
Incidence and prevalence
rates of various diseases
Utilization rates by dis-
charge diagnoses
Numbers of deaths from
selected causes

Age adjusted rates for
specific causes for two
USA's out of seven such
agencies contacted

SMR's for one HSA

Numbers of reportable
diseases and percent of
school population immu-
nized

Measures of utilization
such as number of patient
days, percent occupancy,
number of beds available

-------
not be used for such purposes as comparison of availability or accessibility
of health care in different areas.

Bee ommendations—
    The desired measures of health services information have been discussed
previously (Table 13).  They are:  (1) the type, number, capacity, and
accessibility of health services facilities by community; (2) the type,
number, and location of personnel to provide health services; and (3) trends
in the use of treatment facilities by discharge diagnosis.  It would not be
feasible to collect this information on a systematic basis for the whole
western coal region.  Such an effort, however, would be reasonable if it
included only those communities selected for detailed analyses.  This data
could be obtained via a survey of health care facilities and personnel in
the community and an analysis of hospital discharge data and physician's
office records.  This could be accomplished simultaneously with analyses of
hospital and office records for the purpose of obtaining morbidity data.

Morbidity Data

Conclusions--            --  _  .        .._  ...._.
    The agencies contacted for morbidity data provided numbers of cases of
reportable diseases by county and percent of school populations immunized.
This type of information is important for some purposes (e.g. , monitoring
and controlling infectious diseases), but generally does not lend itself
well to descriptions of the health status of small areas nor to the study of
epidemiological relationships in these areas.  These types of diseases and
conditions are no longer major contributors to disability within the United
States.

Recommendations—
    Measures of morbidity which are more desirable for the purpose of this
program are incidence and prevalence rates of those nonreportable, nonfatal
chronic diseases of adulthood such as hypertension and chronic bronchitis
(see Table 13).  These types of diseases are more significant contributors
to poor health in modern society than are communicable diseases, and are
more likely to be affected by coal mining activities.  Since it appears that
such information has not been aggregated on any area-wide basis, it is
suggested that data of this nature be secured for selected communities via
analysis of hospital discharge data and physicians' office records.   A
household health survey could supply additional information of this nature.

    Incidence and prevalence rates of site-specific tumors can also be
useful Indicators of an area's health status.  Such data could be acquired
for community or county units by searching computer-recorded statistics from
state tumor registries or the Third National Cancer Survey conducted by the
National Cancer Institute which included the entire state of Colorado
(Williams et al., 1977).
                                    104

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Mortality Data

Conclusions—
    All of the agencies from whom mortality data were requested provided an
aggregation of number of deaths by cause of death and by county.  However,
each State Health Department or Health Systems Agency aggregated the causes
'into different categories and used unique time spans for its tabulations.
Actual rates (as opposed to counts) were calculated by only a few of these
agencies and tabulations of rates by age, cause, and county of death were
calculated by none.  Therefore, since this mortality data was not congruent
throughout the region, it could not be employed to characterize the health
status of county units in the region.  The information obtained from the
National Center for Health Statistics did, however, provide congruent
area-wide tabulations of deaths on the county level (U.S. DHEW, 1975).  This
was used to calculate cause-specific standardized mortality ratios, which
permit useful descriptive comparisons of the area on the county level.
Excess mortality from specific causes can be detected using this
information, and the relationship between these anomalies and various social
or demographic characteristics (as possible explanations) can be explored.

Recommendations—
    Although the calculated SMR's are useful for broad comparisons, the
identification of subtler problems in specific geographical areas
(communities) would require more detailed information.  Examples would
include site-specific cancer death rates, and more detailed divisions of
cardiovascular disease deaths.  Apparently, the only way to provide a more
detailed data set of this nature would be to sort through death certificates
manually.  This would be a costly and time-consuming procedure, and,
therefore, it is not recommended that such a task be undertaken for the
entire region.  Study of selected communities in this manner might be
worthwhile.  The procedures recommended previously for gathering further
morbidity data, however, would provide a superior basis for characterizing
and comparing the health status of specific communities.
                                     105

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                          	SECTION 5	

                           SITE SELECTION PROCESS
RATIONALE

    The overall objective of this research program is the selection of one
or more commmities which will be impacted by increased coal mining.   This
is the first major step in evaluating the potential for adverse health
effects as a consequence of this activity.  Since there is a focus on
drinking water-based impacts, the selected communities should include some
which are subject to coal mining pollution in water and others which are
not.  This would serve to Isolate the water-mediated effects of coal
development on health.

    Compilation of health and environmental quality data on communities with
developing mines and current mines will provide a baseline for conducting
prospective studies of environmental changes and health consequences of coal
mining activities.  Research efforts up to this time have been directed
toward characterizing the entire western coal region in order to identify
specific sites that are representative of the area.  Effort has also been
devoted to identifying communities which would be eligible as potential
study sites.  The characterization of the region and the initial steps taken
in selecting a coal-impacted community were described in earlier sections.
Site selection began with the Identification of all communities within a
20-mile radius of a current or developing mine.  Those communities with
fewer than 1,000 residents were subsequently eliminated because it was felt
that they were too small to be suitable for retrospective epidemiological
studies.  A larger study population is needed to derive reliable estimates
of morbidity and mortality rates and provide Information on some of the more
uncommon conditions that may occur very infrequently in small populations.
The remainder of this section describes additional steps that were taken in
order to choose sites that are adequate for the purposes of this study.
Each criterion for elimination of candidates is explained and the new list
yielded from that elimination step is included.
CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION

Population Size

    Only communities with more than 1,000 residents were included in the
list of eligible study sites as it appears in Tables 6 and 7.   Communities
were excluded if they had a population greater than 30,000 are were a
                                    106

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suburb of a city of greater than 30,000.  It was believed that larger
communities would have many confounding factors affecting the health of  the
population.  For example, a large amount of traffic contributes considerably
to air pollution and may conceal any such contribution from mining activity.
A large community is more likely to have varied bases for its economy.
There may be several primary industries, any or all of which may have a
significant impact on the health of the population.  It would be extremely
difficult to associate community health problems directly with mining in
such an area.  In addition to the multiple types of industrial activity,
urbanization itself has an impact on health status.  Most importantly, urban
communities are rather unrepresentative of this generally rural area.

    The list of communities with populations greater than 1,000 and less
than 30,000 (and not a suburb of a community of greater than 30,000) is
shown in Table 20.  These communities were subsequently evaluated on the
nature of their public water supply and the spatial relationship between
mining activity and the drinking water source.

Community Water Supply

    The second criterion in screening study site candidates was the nature
of the public water supply system.  Acceptability was defined as a single-
source surface water supply.  This was based on several considerations.

    Groundwater sources were eliminated since there is much less pollutant
mobility in groundwater than in surface water.  With less movement, the
impacts of the mining effluents in water systems would not be transmitted to
as large an area, and might not be transmitted at all, depending on the
location of the water table and geological formations in the area in
relation to the location of the coal deposits.  In addition, there was
virtually no information on baseline chemical conditions for groundwater.
The single-source requirement is based on a need to categorize communities
clearly into exposed/unexposed relative to mining, rather than allowing
for communities with partially impacted water systems.  In addition,
interpretation of chemical analyses of water quality would be complicated if
the water input were derived from several sources.

    This requirement of a single source surface water supply resulted in a
substantial decrease in study site candidates (Table 19).  Acceptable
communities number 15 in Colorado, and 4 in Wyoming.

Location of Mining Activity Relative to Drinking Water Source

    The final major criterion is not actually a basis for eliminating
candidate communities, but rather a basis for dichotomizing the 19 communi-
ties listed in Table 21.  In order to be considered a- study community (one
which would be expected to demonstrate water-mediated health effects from
mining), coal mining must exist within 20 miles upstream from the community
water intake, and drinking water supplies must be drawn from the impacted
river or stream downstream from the mine.   Communities with downstream
                                    107

-------
 TABLE 20.   COMMUNITIES  WITHIN 20 MILES OF
            MINING WITH  MORE THAN 1,000 AND
            FEWER THAN 30,000 RESIDENTS
-------
TABLE 21.  COMMUNITIES WITHIN 20 MILES OF
           MINING WITH MORE THAN 1,000 AND
           FEWER THAN 30,000 RESIDENTS WHICH
           ARE SERVED BY A SINGLE-SOURCE
           SURFACE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
                  COLORADO
Berthoud                      Lafayette
Canon City                    Louisville
Craig            .             Lyons
Delta                         Meeker
Durango                       Rangely
Erie                          Steamboat Springs
Evans                         Walsenburg
Hayden
                   WYOMING

                Green River
                Kemmerer
                Rock Springs
                Sheridan
                      109

-------
 or "off-stream" mining,  and  those whose water was  not  obtained  from  the
 impacted source, are  considered  control sites (those which would not be
 expected to demonstrate  water-mediated  health effects).  Table  22 shows  that
 there are far more in the group  of  potential  control sites (15) than in  the
 group of potential study sites (four).
 FINAL" SITE SEU5CXIOIT
     Based  on  the  preceding steps, the candidates in Table 23 were derived.
 Since  the  ultimate study  sites will be selected from this list, an effort
 was  made to characterize  these communities in some detail.  In fact, all the
 pertinent  information which  could easily be obtained from published data
 sources was utilized in compiling Table 23.

     There  are two  purposes to compiling this array of information:  (1)
 desirable  and undesirable features of the communities for study purposes can
 be easily  identified, and (2) matching of sets of the communities can be
 carried out using  the characteristics in the table as criteria.  For the
 latter purpose, the items were categorized (Table 24).  This facilitates
 comparisons among  the communities by making identification of approximate
 equivalence a simple task of matching the numbers.  With this layout of the
 information,  the similarities and differences between any pair of commu-
 nities are easily  identified.  Finally, the geographic location of these
 communities is depicted in Figure 15.

     In order  to confirm the accuracy of the list, the 19 study site
 candidates were re-examined in detail on two criteria.  First, the nature of
 the  drinking  water source and its location relative to the mining activity
 were clarified by contacting the municipal water suppliers.   Coal mine
 locations were verified using the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1978 information.
 Second, the degree of urbanization in areas surrounding study site candi-
 dates was  subjectively evaluated for its representativeness of western
 mining areas.   Factors given consideration in this evaluation were county
 population density and proximity to a large city.

    The clarification of the nature of the drinking water source and its
 location in relation to the mining activity produced several changes in the
 list of study  site candidates.   It was discovered that Kemmerer,  Wyoming
could not be  considered a study site as  originally believed.   Careful
 examination of the local geography indicated that the mining activity was
downstream from the community's water intake.   Consequently,  Kemmerer was
 changed to the category "control community."  Meeker,  Colorado,  in Rio
Blanco County and Durango, Colorado,  in  LaPlata County were  eliminated from
the list when  it was discovered that their drinking water source  was
groundwater.   Walsenburg,  Colorado,  (Huerfano  County)  and Delta,  Colorado,
 (Delta County) were eliminated  because they had multiple-source  drinking
water supplies.
                                    110

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    TABLE 22.   RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COAL MINING AND
               DRINKING WATER IN COMMUNITIES WITHIN
               20 MILES OF COAL MINING WITH MORE THAN
               1,000 AND FEWER THAN 30,000 RESIDENTS
               AND WITH A SINGLE-SOURCE SURFACE WATER
               SUPPLY
Study Communities                    Control Communities

    Colorado                           Colorado
    Craig                              Berthoud
    Hayden                             Canon City
    Rangely                            Delta
                                       Durango
    Wyoming                            Erie
                                       Evans
    Kemmerer                           Lafayette
                                       Louisville
                                       Lyons
                                       Meeker
                                       Steamboat Springs
                                       Walsenburg

                                       Wyoming
                                       Green River
                                       Rock Springs
                                       Sheridan
                           111

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TABLE  23.   STUDY  SITE CANDIDATES(a>:   ESTIMATED  MINING,  DEMOGRAPHIC,  AND  OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Area Coil Mlnliig
Current
Sit*
Typ*(c) to
nnage(d)
Projected
Tonnage (a)
Percent
Annual
Clum(« In
Per Capita
1975 Population. Income. 1974
Population
1970-1975
(dollara)
Coal-Baaed
Population
Penalty In
Eleectrlclty County Latitude
Production («Ua)
Current
Future (')
(pereona/ (naareat
•4 •
1) degree)
STUDY COMMUNITIES
COU>HADO
Craig
Hayden
langely
WYOM1MC
Keawerir

Mixed
Surface
Mixed

Surface

2.7
10.1
o'

4.1

J.8
1J.Z
3.7

9.5

5.426
1.338
1.792

2.458

5.5
14.4
2.4

1.0

4,833
S.492
4.526

4,578

ISO
ISO
0

710

1,956
1.956
550

1,540

1
1
1

2

41
41
40

42
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
COLORADO
Borthoud
Canon City
Belt
Dura go
Erie
Evan
Lafa «tta
Loul villa
Lyon
Mock r
Steavboat Springe
Uala«itburg
KYOH1MC
Green River
Ruck Springe
Sheridan
(a) Criteria for

Underground
Mixed
Mixed
Uni)er|round
Mixed
Underground
Mixed
MUed
Mixed
Underground
Surface
Surface

Underground
Mixed
Surface
Inclualon In thle
a elngla-eource eurfaca water
 InrliuUtll all
•Inlng within 20

0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0
7.5
0.3

0
1.4
11. 5
category
aupply.
•llaa and

0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
in
0.3

1.6
11.3
47.0
aret (I) coal

all Hlnea In a

2.651
12.791
3.632
11.771
.662
.455
.686
,141
,»93
.986
.011
.018

7.423
17,771
11.617
•Inlng within

cluat«r that

15.
1.
-0.
2.
10.

f
f
t
t
,
• .4

14.6
10.0
1.3
20 -llea, (2)


4,310
1,658
1.519
4.149
3.651
4.147
4.430
4.487
3,481
4.206
6.219
4,432

4.937
5.358
4.551
population

la within 20 eillea at Ita

0
43
0
6
267
0
267
267
267
0
180
11

16
516
8
greater than

cloaeat point

0
43
0
0
246
0
246
246
246
0
436
11

15
2,015
508
1,000 and leae


34
14
11
11
22
22
176
176
176
1
1
4

2
2
1
than

; current production

40
38
39
37
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
37

42
42
45
lO.OOO. and (1)

wae aasuaed to
    continue unleau otherwlae noted; unavailable data were aaaumed to indicate no production.




(c)  The pre-tonlniint type of nlnlng In the area la Hated; "nliieil" la Riven when neither type clearly predoxlnatea.




(d)  Illgheat In yeara 1975-1979 (•llllouo of toin per year).



(e)  Illglieat In 1980 or later (ullllona of tona per y«ur).




(f)  Future value In the eatleuitcj production after existing expansion planl have been Implemented.

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          TABLE 24.   CODED  PRESENTATION  OF STUDY  SITE  CHARACTERISTICS  FROM TABLE 21
                                                                                                                 (a)
Current Projected
Site Typed*) Output (c> Output*'1)
1975
Population'*)
Rate of
Change lit
Population,
1970-1975<"
Pur Capita
Incowt* .
1974 W
Coal-Baaed
Klectrlulty
Production
Current*"'
Future'1'
Population
DxnaltyO)
UtltuUe")
STUDY COMMUNITIES
COL.OKA1H)
Craig
Hayden
Range ly
WVOMINC
Ron.erer

COLORADO
burthoud
Canon City
Delta
Durango
Erie
tvuny
Lafayette
l.ouUvllU
l.yonu
Huuker
Steamboat Sprlnga
WaleeitUurg
UVOHIMB
Cretin River
Hock Spring*
Sherldun

H 2 3
S 3 3
M I 2

S 2 3


U
H
H
U
H
U
H
M
M
U
S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
S 1 1
.
U 1 2
N 2 3
S 3 3

3
1
1

2
CONTROL

2
4
2
4
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
3

4
4
4

2
3
1

2
COMMUNITIES

3
2
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1

3
3
1

1
3
2

2


2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2

2
3
2

2
2
1

3


1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1

I
3
1

4
4
3

4


1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1

1
4
3

1
1
1

2


3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
. 1
1
2

2
2
2

3
3
2

3


2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1

3
3
4
(a)  All of Tahiti 2J'»  footnotes are applicable;  unltu in footnotes c-k. correupond to  thane In Table 23.



(b)  U - Underground; S • surface; H - mixed surface and  underground.                       («)   I - 0-J.999; 2 - 4,000-4,999; 3 - 5,000-K



(c)  1 - 0-0.S; 2 - 0.6-S.O;  3 • 5.1*.                                                   (h)   1 • 0-50j 2 - 51-500; 3 - SOOt.



(d)  1 - 0-0.5i 2 - 0.6-5.0;  3 - S.1+.                                                   (1)   1 • 0-50; 2 • 51-500; 3 - 500-1,000; 4 • 1.000+.




(e)  I - 1,000-1,999; 2 - 2,000-3,999j 3 - 4,000-5.999; 4 - 6,000+.                         (J)   1 - SI; 2 " 2-7; 3  - 8-35; 4 • (176).



(f)  1 - <3; 2 - 3-6; 3 - >6.                                                           M   1 - 37-3B; 2 - 39-40; 3 - 41-42; 4 - 43+.

-------
                                                           2Q> V  -H ""
                                                             -• .»Ht»< .•   *
i*on  r* • e«*rirtp   -X
-    r	     / *M« ^UA
                                                              1   Craig
                                                              2   Hayden
                                                              3   Rangely
                                                              4   Kesmerer
                                                              5   Berthoud
                                                              6   Canon City
                                                              7   Delta
                                                              3  Durango
                                                              9  Eri*
                                                              10 Evans
                                                              11 Lafayecce
                                                              12 Louisville
                                                              13 Lyoas
                                                              14  Meeker
                                                              15  Steamboat Springs
                                                              16  Ual»enburg
                                                              17  Green River
                                                              18  Rock Springs
                                                              19  Sheridan
      Figure  15.   Locations  of  19 study  site  candidates
                                    114

-------
    Evaluation of the degree of urbanization lead to the elimination of the
following Colorado communities:  Berthoud in Larimer County; Erie,
Lafayette, Louisville, and Lyons in Boulder County; and Evans in Weld
County.  All of these areas are unrepresentative of western mining  areas due
to their proximity to the Boulder metropolitan area.

    The revised list of study site candidates is presented in Table 25,
along with pertinent information about each community.  There are two
purposes to compiling this array of information:  desirable and undesirable
features of the communities for study purposes can be easily identified, and
matching of sets of the communities can be carried out using the character-
istics in the table as criteria.  For the latter purpose, the items were
made categorical (Table 26).  This facilitates comparisons among the
communities by making identification of approximate equivalence a simple
task of matching the numbers.  With this layout of the information, the
similarities and differences between any pair of communities are easily
identified.
DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF STUDY SITE CANDIDATES

    The nine remaining study sites have been examined in much greater
detail.  The location and status of mining were verified, and data on
drinking and surface water quality parameters were tabulated.

    The location and status of mining were verified by re-examining original
information sources.  These sources included MILS (U.S. Bureau of Mines,
1978), U.S.  Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 8719 (Corsentino, 1976)
and 8772 (Rich, 1978), and the Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977).  All available mining information was compiled in Table 25.  In this
table, all of the mines near each of the communities are listed along with
data on that mine.  The column titled "Dot No." in Table 27 refers to
mapping that was done on large detailed county maps (these maps are
discussed further below).

    As discussed in Section 3, Research Methodology, surface water quality
data were acquired from the U.S. Geological Survey for many water monitoring
sites considered to be mining impacted or near communities considered to be
mining impacted.  A list of the monitoring sites relevant to the nine
remaining communities was tabulated (Table 28) and the chemical analyses
were summarized (Tables 29-35).  This included all monitors in the same
county as the community of interest and on the same stream from which the
community derives its public water supply.  Water quality parameters in-
cluded were those which were believed to be potentially related to mining or
health and/or recorded for drinking water.  The site number refers to the
location of that monitor on the detailed maps mentioned previously.  The
distance, in miles, of the monitor from the community drinking water intake
is also provided.

    The drinking water quality data is given in Tables 36 through 43 for
each community, and Table 44 summarizes this information.  Analyses of
                                    115

-------
   TABLE 25.   STUDY SITE CANDIDATES(a):   ESTIMATED MINING,  DEMOGRAPHIC,  AND  OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

sit*
STUDY COMMUNITIES!
Colorado
Craig
llayden
Rangely
CUNTKOL COMMUNITIES
Colorado
Canon City
Steamboat Springs
Wy


Mined
Surface
Mixed


Mixed
Surface

Underground
Surkace
Mixed
Surface

r supply.
i Coal Mining.
Current.
Tonnage l<"


2.7
10.1
0


0.1
7.5

0
4.1
3.4
11. 5


»)

Projected 1975
Tonnag*(*> Population


3.8
15.2
1.7


0.1
12.4

1.6
9.5
13.3
47.0




5.426
1,138
1.792


12,791
1,011

7.421
2,658
17.7J3
11,617
I within 20 Miles

Percent
Annual
Cliang* In
Population,
1970-1975


5.1
14.4
2.4


3.1
S.I

14.6
3.0
10.0
1.3
Population
Denelty In
Per Capita Coal-Based Electricity County
Incosn, 197
(dollara)


4,811
5.492
4.S26


1,658
6.219

4.937
4,378
5.158
4,351
(2) population greater

4 Production <*Me)
Current


180
180
0


43
180

16
710
516
8
then 1,000 end

VututeU>


1936
1956
530


41
436

15
1540
201S
508
le*e than

(persons/
•q •!>


1
1
1


14
1

2
2
2
7
30.OOO. and (3)

Latitude
(nearest
degree)


41
41
40


IB
41

42
42
42
45
a aingle-

(b) Include* all lining within 20 lilies and all nines In a cluater that li within 20 Bile* at  It* cloaeat point; current production we* a»«uMd to continue
   uuleua otherwla* noted,  and unavailable data were aesuaad to Indicate no production.

(c) Thtt predominant type of  nlnlng In the area la Hated, and "nixed" la given whan neither type clearly predominates.

(d) Miglieut In yuaru 1975-1979, In •llllona of tons per yuar.

(a) Highest In 1980 or later. In •lltlona of tone per y«ar.

(f) Future value Is the estimated production after existing eipanslon plans have been l«ple«tnled.

-------
              TABLE  26.    CODED PRESENTATION OF STUDY  SITE  CHARACTERISTICS  FROM  TABLE 23(a)
.Site
STUDY COMMUNITIES
• Colorado
Craig
llayden
Range ly
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
Colorado
Canun City
Steunboat Spring*
Wyoalng
Green Klver
Keoimerer
Rock Spring*
Sl»±rldan
Type 1S74<&)


3
1
1


4
2

4
2
4
3


2
3
1


2
2

3
2
3
1


2
3
2


1
3

2
2
3
2
Coal-Baaed
Electricity
Production
Current'*1' Future"'


2
2
1


1
2

1
j

1


4
4
3


1
2

l
4

3
Population
ItenaltyU)



.
1


3
1

2


2
Latitude {k)




2


1
3



,

 (a)
    All of Table  f>'» footnotea are applicable; unite  In footnote* c-k correspond to tlioue in Table  24.  (l) 1 • 0-3.999; 2  " 4,000*4,999; 3 •  S,000+.
(I) u •> Underground; S • Surface; H - Mixed surface and underground.




 1 • 1,000-1.999; 1 - 2,000-3.999; 3 - 4,000-5,999; 4 - 6.000+.



(O 1 - <3;  2 - 3-6; 3 - >6.
)  1 - 0-50;  2 - 51-500; 3 • 500+.




(i)  1 - 0-50;  2-51-500; 3 - 500-1,000;  4 - l.OOOt.





-------
                             TABLE 27.   MINING PLOTTED ON DETAILED COUNTY MAPS
00
State 4 Dot
County Mo.
COLORADO
Preeont 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9

10

Moffat 1

2

3

4

Klo Blanco 1

2

1
Mine Ken*

Black Dl«aw>nd

Caldlroia Ho. 1

Canon Monarch

Cedar Canon Strip

Cedar Canon
Underground
G.g.C. S4A

Gulden Quality
No. 5
Heating*
Nuwlln Creek

Twin Plnaa

Colowyo Mine

Trapper

UlUlu»> Fork
No. 1
Ulae Hull
No. 5
Gordon

Rlitnau
No. 2
Umtuntid
Location (deecrlptlon/
coordinated)

N 38° 17'53"
U 105° 09 '53"
N 38" 20'45"
U 105° 10'27"
N.38° 16'06"
U 105" 09 '02"
M 38° 20*50"
U 105" 11*05"
N 38° 20' 55"
U 105° 11 '30"
M 38° 17 '20"
U 105° 10 '15"
M 38° 20'05"
U 105° 11*35"
6 •!. SU of Florence
T 20 S, R 69 U

N 38° 20*25"
U 105° 10*43"
T 3 N. R 93 U
28 Hi. SU of Craig
T 5-6 N,, R 91 W
6 •!. SU of Craig
N 40° 25*10"
U 107° 38*45"
N 40° 25 '55"
U 107" 39 "OO"
T 2 N, R 101 U; T 1 N,
R 101 U; 6 ml. ME of
N 40° 06 '50"
U lOii" 50'JU"
T 2 N, R 93 U
Typ*

Surface and
Underground
Underground

Underground

Surfece

Underground

Surface

Underground

Surface
Underground

Underground

Surface

Surface

Surface

Underground

2 Underground
1 Surface
Underground


Production In Htlllona
of Tona Far Yeer

0.04 (1976);
0.06 (1977)




0.002 (1976);
0.00) (1977)


0.04 (1977)






0.05 (1977);
0.05 (1980)
0.25 (1977);
1.0 (I960)
0.4 (1977);
2.2 (1979)


0.4 (1977);
0.6 (1980)
1.5 (1980); 2.3 (1985);
3.7 (1990)
0.04 (1978)


Owner
Coapnny

C.E.C. Mineral*





Cedar Canon
Coal Co.


C.E.C. Mineral*

Golden Quality
Coal Co.
Robert M. Halting!
Newlln Creek
Coal Corp.
Twin Plna* Coat
Co.
Colowyo Coal Co.

Utah International
Inc.


Eaplre Energy
Corp.
Moon Lake
Electric Co.
Suwanee Mining
Co., Inc.
Northern Natural
Location

Florence, CO





Florence, CO



riorenci, CO

Canon City, CO

•eulah, CO
Canon City, CO

Canon City, CO

Craig, CO

Craig. CO



D«a Plalna, IL

Roouevelt, UT

Mucker, CO

Billing. MT
                                                   (continued)

-------
TABLE 27.  (Continued)
State »
County
COlGRAOO
Bout!


































Dot
No.

1

I

J

4

J

i

7

a

y

10

11
12

U

14

jj

U

17

11

Mine Haste

Ap*H

Ape«
Ho. 2
Hater

Uuwaon Unit

Dentun Strip

Edna

Ellt'e Property

Energy Strip
No. 1
Energy Strip
1,0. t
Energy Strip
No. 1
Haydea CuUli
Johnn 1 a'1 a
Coal Nine
HvaJuu*
No. 1
Peabudy fit

Scitece

Seneca Strip
Mo. 2
Sun .

UnnaMd
*
Location (description/
coordlnatea)

II 40° U'02"
H 107° 02'04"
H 40° 17 Mi"
U 107° 01 'JO"
t 7 H. R 87 Wj S ml.
NU of minor
T 6 H. B 88 U; 2 nl.
E of Hayden
H 40° 18'4i"
U 107° 20 '00"
N 40° 15 'iS"
U 107° JO '40"
T 6 N, R 87 Ui 2 ml.
S of Bear River
N 40° 20' M>"
U 107° 0)'*i"
N 40° 21 'IV
U 107° 11 "JO"
T S H. R 86 Wj i ml.
Se of Hllner
10 ml. S of Hayden
N 40° U'U"
U 107° 02' 14"
T 6 N, R 87 U

N 40°^6'ii"
U 107° 07 '41"
H 40° 26 '00"
U 107° 06 MS"
T 5-6 K. R 87 U;
7 ml. St. of lleyden
H 40° 19'5b"
U 107° 10' «2"
10 ml. V »f Steam-
boat Sprint*
Type

Under firauna

UndrrgrAu
-------
TABLE 27.  (Continued)
Stale 4 Out
County Nu.
WYOMING
Lincoln 1
2
1
4
Sheridan 1
£
O
3
4
S
Sweelvater I
2
1
4
i
6

Mine SUM
llkol
Skull Point
Sorenaen
Twin Track Project
lit Hum
No. 1
[•»l and Wen
Uet-trr rllnra
rSO Mine
No. I
Spring Creek
MlH*
fuunf.i. Tanner,
4 Squirrel
Cftctb. Vnnaaed
Slack Suite
Ck.n*a.
JU B.IJ.tfr
Ml. ic
Long faiiynn
Rainbow
No. o
N.i. I
Utcetlon (deicrlptlon/
coordinate*)
N 41? 48*20"
* 110° J/'JO"
T tO N. R 117 W
N 41° 48*20"
U 110° 37'JO"
T 21 N. R Hi U|
Adjacent to
Elkol/Soreneen
N 44* Jl*i4"
M 106° J8'»"
N 44° 01*00"
W 106° Jl'00"
N 44° 12* 41"
W 104° Jl'iO"
N of Decker (NT)
Near Deckei (NT)
N 41° 14*40"
W 108° 40' IV
T 2« N. a ;: y
H 41° 46'li"
W I0o° 41'20"
T 21 N. R 104 U;
NU ol Sii|K-rlur
N 4l"oJI*W
M 41° 41 'i'."
U IIW" II 'IS"

Type
Surface
Surface
Surface*
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
J----JK.
Surf «c«
U,,d.,.ru«,«l
Underground
Umlcreround
Production In Hllllona
of Tone Per Tear
l.S (I97«)l!
I.I (1980)
1.0-2,0 (1980)
2.) (1974) J.O-
4.7 (1980)
1.0 (1980)
0.7} (I97.){
l.i (1980)
10.2 (I97»)|
20.0 (1981)
0.) (1978)
10.0 (1980)
t.O (I980)|
li.O (19B4)
4.2 (1980)
*,0 (I«S4)
J.4 (1976):
7.4 (19»0)

0.1 (1976)


Coeipany
Keiwere'r Coil
Co.
me Corp.
KcieMrer Coal
Cr. '
Rocky KoiMteU
Soersr Co.
81s Horn Coal
Co.
Deckar Coal
Co.
Aab Creek
Mining Co.
Pacific Power 4
Llfhl Co.
SUM Oil Co.
Slack Suite Coal
Co. (MWC)
•--I/ H)n»»lln
tnerfy Co.
Irldger Coal Co.
(PPI.C)
Rocky K>«untaln
Eni-rgy Co.
Ci.lue.klne Mining
Co.
Slankhuri; Ctrnl Co.
Owner
Location
Frontier, HY
Frontier. Iff
Denver CO
Sheilda*. WT
Decker, MT
Ukewond, CO
Portland. OR
Denver. CO
Sheridan. UT
Denver. C»
Rock Springe. UY
Denver. CO
lock Spring*, It
Denver. CO

-------
      TABLE  28.  WATER MONITORING SITES  PLOTTED  ON DETAILED MAPS
Scat*    County   Map No.
Sice Kuaber
                                                 County   Map Xo.
                                          Site Sua'aer
Colorado


_















































Fremont



	 --^


Koffat



















Kio Blanco








ioutt













i
1
2

3
4
~~-'. — ^

1
2
3
4
5
6




9
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17

1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

07094500
07096000
000007
000129
07097000

^— *-, _^^
09246550" - - 	
092475CO
09247500 -
402627107390700
402456107413500
402650107541900

U7&J1.UUU

UVwU J;f
4032121080519
402709108263000
000040
09260050
--02811108384500
43300910S4 64200
402910108515300
403144108534900
403146108584900

67-001
67-006
09304200
09304500
rtftAA/ ^
QUUtJ*O
09304800
OC0117
40122108241200
09306300

40104S106544800
401418106562200
.09237500
40223C106493000
oocoas
4023561065COOOO
40254410o493600
402737106493700
09239000
40275910o4931«
09239500
402921106502700
40293410o505400
40259810t>515200

Colorado








'

'






Uyooisg
































Route
(coa'e)
















Lincoln


St eridaa







Swaeewacer

















i
I
!

: !
15
16
17
18
19
	 20"""
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

28

29

1
2

1
2
3
4

5


1

2
4
5
Q
7
a
9
10
u
12

13

,
15

16
17
13
19
4C3000i065ii7;o
40301510652:000
4030171065 25
CCOC.rJ
W-OOCCC43-1
C9I..7000
000531
0-J217C10
OOC531
ofCiOl
;eC503
5e."2%
• » • -^ t
** ^--

-------
               TAULE  29.  SURFACE WATHK. QUALITY PARAMKTKKS<°) HI  RELATION TO DRINKING
                           WATER INTAKE OF  CRAIG,  MOFl-'AT  COUNTY,  COLORADO
Sll<
Nuaber
1
2
1
4
}
6
7
8
9
nUKncc tie*
Water InUh*
(»11«.)
.,c«»
0
11
11
}}
100
D)
14}
151
»H
7.89
(40)
8.04
(8)
8.0}
(40)
8.50
(1)
8.60
(I)
8.90
(1)
7.69
8.2)
	
Nlirtt*
(•I/O 
0.01
(1)
O.U
(5)
0.01
(1)
0.01
(1)
0.01
(1)
0.01
(1)
0.27
(46)
__ .
—
M*rdnc»
(•I/t)
118.10
(40)
11}. 4)
(7)
115.44
•"•"•
1
140.00
(1)
14}. 49
(689)
"»"
}4.00
Cilctug.
29.62
(40)
10.0)
28.91
••"
- —
11.00
U)
(ill)
•"—
14.00
BSB
10.7}
(40)
9.81
10.12
*™~
"™ ™
11.00
(1)
14.61
(ill)
1 ' '
4.70
Sodlu*
21.08
(40)
21.11
0)
21.07
"•••
-
24.00
<*>
11.79
(H4)
~
- —
Sullnl*
10.22
(40)
19.24
(10)
57.01
(19)
«— ™
71 -
77.00
(0
(688)
97.6)
(12)
10.00
[»•/«<*>
0.67
(ID
0.40
(i)
0.50
(10)
0.00
(1)
0.00
(1)
0.00
(1)
0.94
(17)
™ ~~
	
Chroclu.
2.18
01)
— —
1.1!
<«>
~~™
»••— »
•""""
3.7}
(U)
-
—
**'"nUi
0.}}
(U)
0.21
(4)
0.78
(9)
*""* '
M-W
'
0.81
(U)
•"-"""
	
> 
1.91
(ID
2.00
(S)
2.10
(10)
1.00
(1)
1.00
(1)
1.00
(1)
(17)
•M—
—
«#x»
1.00
(11)
1.40
(i)
2.50
(10)
1.00
0)
2.00
0)
0.00
(1)
1.29
(17)
*~ •-*-
—

1-
to
K>










8
9
10
11
11
1)
14
"
1»
17
M

14}
151
120
228
2)2
15}
Hi
3nl
144
144

(711) (46)
8.2) 	
__ .«.
8 17 —
(56)
b.50 0.00
(') (1)
8.40 	
(It
(•.MO 	
(1)
8.50 	
(I)
	 	
8. tO 	
(I)

(689)
14.00
 (1)
"~ ~~ '}«)' ~ ~ - ~
— — 	 0.00 — 	 2.00
(1) (D
__ __ — — — — ~— - —
. — 	 	 	 	 	 _..
— — — •*— — — —
1J.}Q 	 61.00 	 	 ' 	 	
(2) (2)
	 	 	 	 	 	 	

(17)
—
MW
•""••
0.00
(1)
— —
—
— —
—
—
ul.Jrli
    ll.*; iki-^n i«

(O  l-i'J, 1 ,,-rl


(• *  H;g,"lvi .IUUiui.1 ft IT M-*-\ie^r, fiMltlvi' dl -If
»* Jcmifrrfti«.

-------
OJ
                   TABLE 30-  SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS*") IN RELATION TO DRINKING
                              WATKR INTAKE OF HAYDEN, ROUTT COUNTY, COLORADO
Ill*
1
1
1
4
*
I
I
•
'
10
II
11
II
14
t)
ti
II
II
PUt.nc* fiom
(.lit.)
•».4.4
-11. »
-14.J
-14.4
-14.0
-li.4
-11.1
. ,:;;;;,!, ";;;;;;• -JK,
• ||(1 IT -— 1- 	 , _
(i)
1.14 o.o; — —
(M (i)
1.11 	 Ul.ll 41.11
(1) (3) O)
	 	 ' 140.00 IB. 00
(1) (1)
8.}l 	 1)2.40 106.85
O«) <14) (14)
I. 11 0.04 1)0.00 36.00
(J)  	 	
(12) (1)
J 09 !--• r- mmm -m-.r
6.1i O.Oi 	 	
 S.'mW"
— — — o.oo —
(i)
— — — S.WJ —
(t)
14.11 1.10 32.11 	 	
O) (0 0)
Jl.OO 	 11.112 	 	
(1) (4)
11.91 ».(.» 18.44 	 	
(14) OS) (34)
15.00 7.HU 30. DO 0.0* 	
(I) (1) (1) («>
(i)
	 	 	 	 	
m_. „ _ :I ... • 51 , r^ -__,.„-
(i)
— — — — —
».*! 10.111 14.07 0.04 	
«>)• (1) (I) (i)
	 	 	 	 	
	 	 	 	 	
	 	 . 	 	 	
	 	 	 	 	
	 	 	 	 , 	
	 	 . 	 ' 	 	
	 	 	 	 	 •
Arm'uU Cupper l.traj
	 1.00 0.00
(1) (1)
	 1.00 0.0(1
(1) (»
— — —
— — ,
— — —
0.1,7 O.SO 1.25
(1) (4) (4)
0.00 1.00 11.110
(1) (1) 
— — —
— _ —
— • — —
— — —
— ' — —
— — —
— — —
                                                 (continued)

-------
•£  ;                      TABLE  31.   SURFACE  WATER QUALITY  PARAMETERS(^° IN RELATION TO DRINKING
O
CD i
a
=3 ;
OQ
i
•o ,
OQ
d>
or I
=3
PC- i
1


NJ
Ul












Dlatanc* iron
Sit* Water Intake
Niutber (*1U«) pll
. 1 -B6.4(c)
2 -80.0

2 -BO.O

1 -61.8

4 -61.6

J -54.6

6 -47.9

7 -36.7

8 -25.7

9 - 4.0

8.61
(4)
9.11
(2)
8.08
(15)
8.31
(8)
8.15
(6)
8.41
(62)
8.21
(52)
8.51
(10)
8.40
(2)
8.28
(36)

Nitrate
(.g/O(6)
	

0.13
(15)
0.09
(9)
0.09
(5)
	

___

	

0.09
(1)
^^_


Hirdneee
(-»/»)
141.75
(4)
160.00
(2)
179.11
(15)
176.22
(9)
197.00
(8)
242. Bl
(54)
261.22
(41)
265.06
(11)
260.00
(1)
278.41
(17)
I.KX.J_t \J i. f.\
<3U»>
—

54.60
(15)
53.67
(9)
57.12
(8)
	

71.12
(41)
	

59.00
(1)
70.27
(37)

S3»
—

9.95
(15)
10.41
(9)
11.08
W
—

20.07
(41)
	

28.00
(1)
24.70
(37)
D.L\J Uljil
Sodiua
(•g/O"0
	

1.46
(15)
4.26
(9)
16.11
(6)
	

15.92
(41)
	

110.00
(1)
62.86
(15)
MV^U UUU
Sulface
(og/t)
	

88.67
(15)
72.89
(9)
91.19
(8)
117.61
(49)
137.40
(41)
158.56
(12)
160.00
(1)
166.84
(37)
nil . v
jULiUKAUU
C*d«lu« Chroalun
(Mg/O(b> (Mg/O(b)
	

	

	

—

	

0.67
(9)
	

2.00
(1)
1.00
(8)
	

	

	

	

	

1.11
(9)
	

10.00
(1)
5.44
(9)
I
Araenlc
(Mg/l)(k)
	

1.00
W
—

—

—

0.92
(26)
—

1.00
(1)
1.57
(23)

(£g/«*b>
	

—

	

—

	

1.70
(10)
	

6.00
(1)
2.11
(9)

(^
	

1.00
(4)
—

—

—

2.50
(10)
—

7.00
(1)
4.11
(9)
         (•)  Th* nuaber provided far each pirustcr rapreaent* the nuun value;  the following ouaber In porontheuin !• th« nuabar of taanurtffntm on which
             th« noon In bawd.

         (b)  DlMolved.

         (c)  MugitClv* dliCincAn >r< upatreaa, ponttlve dlitaocca ar« douiiucce»«.

-------
Ni
                        TABLE  32.  SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS^5 IN RELATION  TO DRINKING
                                    WATER INTAKE OF CANON CITY. FREMONT COUNTY, COLORADO
Dlatauca from
811* U4ttr Intake Nitrate
2 0.8
2 0.8
3 5.8
4 15.8
(a) Tha nu»b«r
8.33 0.16
(151) (69)
8.21 	
(49)
8.60 	
(1)
7.98 0.30
(21) (21)
provided for each paraM
Hardneea Calcium Hafnaelum Sodium
120.37
(127)
138.45
74.00
(1)
205.82
(22)

31.13
(106)
—
— —
55.05
(22)
mta ton memt
8.45
(106)
—
——
16.45
(22)
> value: tha
10.78
(106)
	
——
25.64
(22)
Sulfate Cadattn Chromlu* »r*enlc Copper Lead
(127>
31.89 	 	 	 	 	
(45)
23.00 	 	 	 	 	
(1)
119.41 	 	 	 	 	
(22)
CollovlitB Dua^tar la parcntheaaa ia the number of meaaureiaente on which
           tlM main it b*Md.

        (b) DliMlvud.

        (c) Megicive diiitintca* «r« up»cr«». poaitlv* dl»t«nc«« tr* dovmtrean.

-------
TABLE 33.   SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS^)  IN RELATION TO DRINKING WATER INTAKE
           OF GREEN RIVER AND ROCK SPRINGS, SWEETWATER COUNTY. WYOMING
Sit*
Ntmbor
, 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

a
9

10

Ulitanc* fro*
Water Intake
-48.

-44.

-40.

-32.

-27.

-25.

-21.

-20.
-15.

- 9.

6(c> 8.10
(1711
B _^_

3 	

7 	

6 	

7 	

o a. 11
(115)
0 	
9 	

5 —

HItr«t«
0.05
(2)
0.02
(1)
0.01
U)
0.02
(1)
o.oo
U)
0.00
(1)
0.06
(2)
	
0.00
(1)
0.00
O)
Ilirdnciu
174.17
(166)
170.00
(I)
160.00
(1)
170.00
(O
170.00
(1)
260.00
(1)
224.20
(143)
	
250.00
(1)
260.00
(I)
C«lclu.
46.72
(16$)
44.00
(O
42.00
(1)
43,00
U)
41.00
(1)
60.00
(1)
56.38
(143)
	
58.00
(1)
60.00
(1)
Hagneilim
(«g/O
13.95
(166)
14.00
U)
14.00
(1)
14.00
(1)
15.00
(1)
26.00
(1)
20.23
(143)
	
26.00
(1)
26.00
(1)
SoJlu.
19.25
(166)
25.00
(U
26.00
(1)
28.00
(1)
28.00
(1)
77.00
(1)
45.44
(143)
	
80.00
(1)
73.00
(1)
Sul(*t* Cad«lu« Chromlua Arienlc Copptr
(•g/l) (m/l) (li»/O*b) (M8/O
167.18 	 	 	 	
(143)
	 	 	 	 	 .
250.00 	 	 	 	
(O
240.00 	 	 	 	
(1)
Lead
3.75
(12)
	

	

	

	

	

	

	
	

	

                                 (continued)

-------
                                                       TABLE  33.  (Continued)
N>
00
Dlaianca fro*
Slta Water Intake HUrate
Nuaibar (aiUaa) pH (•i/t)(b)
11
12
11
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
(a)
- 4.4
1.1
1.6
2.5
2.5
1.2
12.4
24.8
28.9
17.1

	 0.00
(1)
8.17 	
(1)
8.05 0.10
(681) (49)
8.74 	
(5)
8.30 0.08
(48) (18)
8.49 	
(7)
8.58 	
(16)
8.52 	
(16)
8.49 	
(19)

Hardneaa Calclup Kafneelue
(•«/!) (•§/») (b) (•»/t)
260.00 59.00 27.00
(1) (1) (1)
	 	 	
210.50 56.91 21.12
(657) (558) (558)
	 	 	
228.11 55.48 21.80
(60) (60) (60)
	 	 	
	 	 	
	 . 	 	
	 — — —

i Sodluai Sulfata CarfuliM
<»»/t)(b) (-S/I) (H8/<>(t
79.00
(1)
	
48.44
(655)
	
51.82
(60)
	
—
	
—
following lumber
250.00 	
(1)
	 	
167.12 1.62
(611) (11)
	 5.71
(7)
176.15 2.21
(60) (13)
	 	
	 	
	 	
— —
In parentheaea
Chroalua
'> (MS/O'b)
	
110.00
(1) •
1.67
(12)
10.71
(7)
0.77
(11)
	
	
	
—
la the niMber
Araenlc Copper
 (MB/»Xb>
	
	
1.08
(11)
11.14
(7)
6.62
(13)
	
	
	
^-~
which
          (h)  Ulfliolvtid.


          (c)  Ntigntlve illfltanceH are upBtr«a«, pouicivu dlatancew are

-------
                TABLE  34.   SURFACE  WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS(a)  IN  RELATION TO  DRINKING
                              WATER  INTAKE OF KEMMERER,  LINCOLN  COUNTY,  WYOMING


H
vo



Slta
Nimbar
1

2

DlaCunca fron
Uacar Incaka
(•llaa)
-20 *(C)

3.0


pH


7.69
(3J>

Nitrate
(•g/t)
0.09
(3)
	


Hardnoaa
164.00
(5)
250.00
(33)

C*lclua Magn«0iu«
(i.g/l)fb' (•g/t) (ng/t)(>>:
22.20 	
(S)
112.67 0.08
(33) (10)

Chronluu


3.00
(10)

Amenlp
(ng/*) '


1.40
(10)

(Mg/t)*b> (|ig/t)(b)
_ _

1.40 1.90
(10) (10)
(ft)  The nunbur Drovlilad for each p«ia*«Car repmstinca Ihe Mean value; ch« following uuaber in p*renlhefl«a !• tba niwbar of •••HuraiMnta on which
    th* maun 1* b«a«d.

(b)  DlHuolvttd.

(c)  Nagiclv* dlicanc** «ro up«tr«a», poilciv* dlvtuncei ara downitcciw.

-------
TABLE 35.
SURFACE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS*0) IN RELATION TO DRINKING
WATER  INTAKE OF SHERIDAN, SHERIDAN COUNTY, WYOMING
Dletance ((«•
Site Uater Intake
Umber (•!!•>)
1
2
3
4
5
u>
(b)
(c>
-6.7«>
0.9
9.7
10.6
Zl.l
PH
7.31
(9)
7.77
(22)
7.83
(20)
7.82
(185)
	
The niwber provided for
the maun ii baaed.
Dlaaolved.
Negative dletimceii
Ml t rat.
(•«/»)
0.54
(7)
0.37
	
0.01
(2)
	
each pan
• ra upacrvM.
1 Hardnea* Calclup
tb> (a«/t) (•g/t)(b)
11.74 3.60
(7) (7)
24.65 7.84
(27) (19)
	 	
J15.05 S9.21
(184) (114)
	 	
water rvpreaente the awaa

Haftiieiluai

—
—
-^
1.67
(12)
	
la the number

as* <»» »»»
— — —
— — _ _
— — —
0.2S 2.38 2.88
(12) (16) (16)
	 	 	
of MaaurcMnte on which


-------
TABLE 36.  CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING WATER OF
           CRAIG, COLORADO
Date of Sampling*
. Paraneter (units)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TU)
Color (Cobalt unite)
Total Herdneae «• CuCOj (ng/1)
PUenolphthaleln Alkalinity («g/l)
Total Alkalinity (ng/1)
Dissolved Sol Ida (»g/l)
Specific Conductance (patioa)
CIIEMICAlS(b) (»R/1)
Anuaonla aa N
Aracnlc
Buro|t
Calcium aa CaCOj
Chloride
Fluoride
Hagnealu*
Nitrate aa N
Plioaphate aa t
tatanulum
Sodium
Sulfate
April 4,
1974

10
0
220
0
156
565


0.12
0
0.07
206
16
0.25
3
0
0

84
25S
June 8,
1972

2.9
5
59
4
76
H7
268

0
0
0.04
36
6
0.3
6
0
0.01

40
55
July 20.
1977

0.32

182
0
128
340
600


0

109
15
0.95
18
0.1)
0
4
45
130
September 21, November 16,
1978 1976

0.15 0.2
3
155
0
115
240
480

0
<0.005 0
0.04
100
15
0.6 0.5
12
0
0

35
85
                             (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE 36.   (Continued)
CJ
to
Data of Sampling**'
PtruMter (unit*)
TOIIC METALS (•»/!)
BariuB
Cidalua
ChroBlua
Cupper
Iron
Utd
Mang*n**«
Hcrcury
Molybdunua
SclcnluM
Silver
Zinc
April 4,
1974


0
0
0
0.3
0
0

0
0

0.1
June fl,
1972


0
0
0
0.05
0
O.OS


0

0
July 20,
1977

0
0
0
O.S
0.07
0
0.12
0


0
0.07
Scpteaber 21,
1978

a
0
0


0

0

<0.005
0

Novenbar 16,
1976

'0
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0

0
0
                (a)  Sampling dates are In order within the calendar year to convey any
                     seasonal trends.
                (b)   Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.

-------
                  TABLE 37.  CHEMICAL ANALYSES  OF  FINSIHED DRINKING WATER OF 11AYDEN, COLORADO
U)
u>

January 19,
Paraoeter (unit*) 1978
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TU) 2.5
Color (Cobalt unit*)
Total lUrdnea* of CaC03 (ng/1)
Phenolphtlialeln Alkalinity (ng/1)
Total Alkalinity (ng/1)
Dlaaolved Solid* (ng/1)
Specific Conductance (tinhoa)
Aouunta a* H
Aruenlc
Boron
Calclun •• CaCOj
Chloride
Fluoride
MagnealuB
Nitrate a* M
Phoaphate a* F
Potaaulun
Sodlun
Sulfate

April 5,

4.6
0
188
0
124
360
566
0.04
0
0.05
188
11
0.65
0
0
0

33
140
Date
June 8,
1972

3.9
30
32
0
44
99
128
0
0
0.06
20
7
0.7
3
0
0.10

17
25
of Sa«pllnR(*'
September 21, October 4,
1978 1976

2.0 3.1
D
120
0
110
200
320
0
<0.005 0
0
80
10
0.3 0.4
9
0.3
0

20
40

October 12,
1977

2.0

132

100
165
277
0

34
15
0.20
24
0
<0.03
2
17
39
                                                 (continued)

-------
                                 TABLE  37.   (Continued)
, ' Data of Se»pllnnv"
Parameter (unit*)
TOXIC METALS (gg/l)
Barliw
Cutmlum
Chroalua
Copper
Iron
Lead
Hangantaa
Hercury
Holybdaniai
Selenluat
Silver
Zinc
. January 19, April 5,
1978 1974



0.14
0.2



0
0.5
June 8,
1972



0.05
0.60

O
0.0003(c)
0
0
September 21,
1978
0
0
o

o


<0.005

October 4.
1976
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
o
0

October 12,
1977
0
0
0
<0.01
0.55
0
0.06

0
<0.05
(a)   Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year to convey any seasonal trends.



(b)   Nontoxic and nonmetals.



(c)   The mercury sample was taken June 7, 1978.

-------
        TABLE 38.  CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING
                   WATER OF RANGELY. COLORADO
Parameter (units)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TO)
Color (Cobalt units)
Total Hardness as CaC03 (mg/1)
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (mg/1)
Total Alkalinity (mg/1)
Dissolved Solids (mg/1)
Specific Conductance (umhos)
CHEMICALS (mg/ll
Ammonia as N
Arsenic
Boron
Calcium as CaCOj
Chloride
Fluoride
Magnesium
Nitrate as N
Phosphate as P
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
TOXIC METALS (ma/1)
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silver
Zinc

May 6,
1975

0.81
0
272
4
190
575
840

0
0
0
188
42
0.2
20
0
0

75
189


0
0
0
0
0
0


0.002

0.4
Date of
June 8,
1972

37.0
20
170
0
108
304
460

0
0
0.08
119
27
0.3
12
0
0.08

41
105


0
0
0
0.25
0
0


0

0
S«oli«
July 20,
1977

0.62

446
0
256
880
1410


0

221
84
0.3
55
1.6
0
6
122
340

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


0
0

November 17,
1976

j^
0
275
0
180
610
800

0
0
0
170
50
0.2
26
0
0

85
180

0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0

0
0
(a)   Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year
     to convey any seasonal trends.

(b)   Non-toxic metals and non-metals.
                               135

-------
                         TABLE 39.   CHEMICAL ANALYSES OP FINISHED DRINKING WATER OF
                                    CANON CITY,  COLORADO
a\
Data of SuBpllng(a)
February 21,
ParaMtar (unit*) 1973
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (Til)
Color (Cobalt unit*)
Total llardnaaa ee CaCOj (•!/!)
Phanolphthaletn Alkalinity («g/l)
Total Alkalinity (•»/!)
Dlaaolvad Solid* (•«/»
Spaclfle Conductance (iwhoe)
CtlU»CALS*k) (at/I)
AMonla aa H
Araanlc
Boron
CalcluB •• CaCOj
Chlortda
Fluor Ida
Hagnenlua
Nltrata aa N
Pluiapltata •• f
fotanalua
Sodluai
Sulfata

. 3.0

126
a
104
199
13S

0
0
0.04
96
1)
0.5
a
a
0.02

IS
39
, March 17,
1972

3.0
0
133
0
100
19)
290

0
0
0
101
1)
0.5
a
0
0.02

14
40
Jun« 28. Saptnbar 23, Saptaaber 27,
1977 1971 1978

0.2
6
100
70
140
250
0

0
0
0
70
11
0.3
9
0.1
0
2
7
40

6.1 0.15
0
131
24
112
184
262

0.12
0 <0.005
0.16
99
10
0.3 0.3
a
0
0

2S
45
October 1,
1974

0.43
0
149
0
108
203
312

0
0
0
10
51
0.4
34
0
0

14
0
October 19.
1976

0.14
1
150
0
90
170
210

0
0
0
105
10
0.3
11
0.3
0

10
40
                                                  (continued)

-------
                                     TABLE  39.   (Continued)
Dace of Sanitllng
February 21, March 17,
ParMMiler (unit.) 1973 1972
TOXIC HETALS (mK/1)
Barium
CudnilujB
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Hanganeae
Mercury
HolybdenuB
S«lttnliM
Stiver
Zinc


0
0
0
0
0
0


0

0


0
0
0
0
0
0


0

0.05
June 28. September 23,
1977 1971

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0


0
0
a
0.73
0
0


0

0
W
September 27
1978

0
0
0


0

0


0


, October 1,
1974


0
0
0
10
0
0

0
0

0

October 19.
1976

0
0
0
0
0.4
0
0
0
0

0
0
(a)   Sampling dates are In order within the  calendar  year  to convey  any  seasonal  trends.




(b)   Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.

-------
                        TABLE 40.  CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING WATER OF
                                   STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, COLORADO
CJ
CO
Data of Suipllni
Paraaatar (unlta)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TV>
Color (Cobalt unltp)
Total Hardnaaa aa CaCO, (•(/!)
Fhenolphthalaln Alkalinity Ug/1)
Total Alkalinity (ag/1)
Dlaaolvad Sol Ida (•»/!)
Specific Conductance (pahoa)
CIIEMICALS(b)(«R/l)
Aaoonla aa N
Araanlc
Boron
CalctuB aa CaCO}
Chlorlda
Fluoride
MagnealuB
Nltrata aa N
Phoaphata aa P
Fotauvltui
Sodlua
Sulfata
February 20,
1974

2.3
10
24
0
36
35
40

0.04
0
0
16
9
1.2
2
0.23
0

3
2
Juna 9,
1972

8.S
30
20
0
16
25
22

0
0
0.05
a
5
1.1
3 '
0
0.05

1
5
July 22,
1977

0.29

16
0
8
20
40


0

12
5
0.17
1
0.46
0
2
2
<5
September 22, Oc'tobar 4
1978 1976

0.3S 0.3
13
16
0
24
30
30

0
<0.00i 0
0
10
5
0.2 0.1
1
0.6
0

s
5
                                                  (continued)

-------
                               TABLE 40.   (Continued)
Date of SaapUnR(a)
Parameter (units)
TOXIC METALS (•«/!)
Barium
Cadnium
CUromlua
Copper
Iron
Lead
Kanganeae
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
February 20.
1974


0
0
0.65
0.4
0
0

0
0

0.14
June 9.
1972


0
0
0
0.60
0
0


0

0.30
July 22,
1977

0
0
0
0.1
0.10
0
0
0


0
0.02
September 22,
1978

0
0
0

.
0

0

<0.00i
0

October 4
1976

0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)  Sampling dates are in order within the calendar year  to convey  any
     seasonal trends.

(b)  Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.

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      TABLE 41.   CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED  DRINKING WATER
                   OF  GREEN RIVER AND  ROCK  SPRINGS, WYOMING
                                               Date of  Sampling
       Parameter  (units)                 February 9, 1978         March 1, 1979

AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TU)                                2.30
Color (Cobalt units)                                                2.0
Total Hardness  as  CaCOj (ag/1)                230.0
Phenolphthaleia Alkalinity (ag/1)
Total Alkalinity (ag/1)
Dissolved Solids (ag/1)                      403.6                  169.0
Specific Conductance (mho*)                  621

CHEMICALS(b)(ag/1)
Amonia as N
Arsenic                                      <0.001                <0.001
Boron                                       0.06
Calciua as CaC03                              57.6
Chloride                                     12.0                   3.0
Fluoride                                     0.23                  0.21
Magnesium                                    20.64
Nitrate as N                                 0.03                  0.54
Phosphate as ?
Potassium                                    1.943
Sodium                                      53.0
Sulfate                                     172.0                  156.0

TOXIC METALS (ag/1)
Barium
faitm-tnn
Chrooium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Hercury
itolybdenua
Seleniua
Silver
Zinc
0.04
<0.001
<0.001
0.006
0.119
<0.001
0.002
<0.0002

<0.001
<0.001
0.367
0.10
<0.001
<0.001
0.008
0.052
<0.001
0.016
< 0.0002

<0.001
<0.001
0.018
 (a)   Sampling dates are in  order within the  calendar year to
       convey any  seasonal trends.

 0>)   Nontoxic metals and nonmetals.
                                     140

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      TABLE 42.   CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF  FINISHED DRINK-
                   ING WATER  OF KEMMERER,  WYOMING
                                        Date of Sampling
       Parameter  (units)            June 16,  1973   October 3, 1973

AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TO)
Color  (Cobalt units)
Total  Hardness  as  CaC03 dag/1)                      '   143
Phenolphthaleln Alkalinity  (mg/1)
Total  Alkalinity  (mg/1)
Dissolved Solids  (mg/1)                               626
Specific Conductance (umhos)                           284

CHEMICALS(b)(mz/l)
Ammonia as N
Arsenic                               <0.005          <0.007
Boron                                                  0.03
Calcium as CaC03                                       35
Chloride                                               4.6
Fluoride                               0.6             0.1
Magnesium                                             44
Nitrate as N                  .         0               0.2
Phosphate as P
Potassium                            .                  0.9
Sodium                                                5.3
Sulfate                                               14
TOXIC METALS (mg/1)
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silver
Zinc

<0.5
<0.001
<0.01


<0.01

<0.001

<0.005
<0.01


<0.5
<0.001
<0.01
0.04
0.1
<0.01
<0.05


<0.001
<0.05
' 0.04
(a)   Sampling  dates  are  in order within the calendar  year
      to  convey any  seasonal trends.

(b)   Nontoxic  metals and nonmetals.
                                141

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TABLE 43.  CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FINISHED DRINKING
           WATER OF SHERIDAN, WYOMING
Parameter (unit*)
AGGREGATES
Turbidity (TV)
Color (Cobalt unit*)
Total Hardna** •• CaCOj (ag/l)
rhanolphthalaln Alkalinity (a*/!)
Total Alkalinity (*>g/l)
Dlaaolvad Solid* (•*/!)
Specific Conductance (uahoa)
fbt
CHEMICALS* '(•«/!)
Aaatonla a* M
Aracnlc
Boron
Calcliui aa'C.COj
Chloride
Fluoride
Haynaaluat
Nitrate a* N
rltoaphat* •• P
Fotaavluat
Sodlu*
Sulfat*
Date of Sampling1"'
January 19, February 14, June 2, P*ce*>b«r 9,
1978 1973 . 1967 1967


_ „ * •)
3tt **

150 "•
211

<0.1 <0.007 0-°l
0.12
10 4.6
4S 0 o
0.1 0.1 °-4
2.9 3.6 4
1.6 0.09 0.07 0

0.9 0.7
25 1.6
4.1 4.8 8
                      (continued)

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                                          TABLE 43.   (Continued)
CO
Date of Sampling"*
Parameter (unlta)
TOXIC HETALS (•«/!)
Barium
CadmluB
CliroHliui
Cupper
Iron
Lead
Mungan«««
Mercury
Molybdenum
Selenium
Sliver
Zinc
January 19,
ma

<0.5
•cO.OOl
<0.01


<0.01

<0.001


-------
TABLE 44.  AVERAGE DRINKING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN STUDY SITE CANDIDATES***
Conwunlty
Hardness (ng/1)
Calcium («g/l)(b)
Hagneulum (ng/l)
-------
                           TABLE 44.   (Continued)
Community Cadmium (PK/U

Cruljj
Hayden
Range ly

Canon City
Steamboat Spriiigu
Green Kiver and
Kock Springs
Ktiiuuerur
Sheridan

0(5)
0(5)
0(4)

0(7)
0(5)
<1(2) 1)

<1(2)
0.33(3)
(b) / j i \ ( b)
Chromium (pg/1) Arsenic (pg/1)
STUDY COMMUNITIES
0(5)
0(5)
0(7)
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
0(5)
0(4)
0.33(3)

<1(2)
)
Cu|)|>er (|ig/l) l.uud (|iH/l)

125.0(4) 0(5)
47.5(4) 0(5)
0(6) 0(7)

212.50(4) 0(5)
0(4) 0(4)
0(2) 1.33(3)

7.00(2) <1(3)
40.00(1) <10(2)
(a)   The number provided for  each parameter represent a  the mean value; the following number in puruntliesoa Is tho
     number of measurements on which  the mean is baaed.
(b)   Dissolved.

-------
drinking water were not done at regular or frequent intervals making this
information adequate only for general comparisons.

    One area of concern which was investigated in only a cursory manner is
the relationship between surface water quality and drinking water quality.
The treatment processes utilized by public water suppliers are quite
variable (see Appendix D) and the effect of these processes on specific
water constituents is often uncertain.  Using the surface and drinking water
information for the nine study site candidates (eight water supplies),
rank-order correlations were computed (Table 45).  Although the data is very
sparse, there is some indication that minerals are transmitted from surface
waters to drinking water.  Unfortunately, there are too few data to draw any
inferences about trace elements.

    In order to determine the relative positions of the surface water
monitoring sites, the drinking water intakes, and the mines, these three
items were plotted on detailed county maps.  This illustrated whether the
mining was upstream or downstream from the drinking water intake and the
relative positions of monitoring sites and coal mining.

Criteria for Comparison of Candidates

    Although the nine remaining study site candidates are homogeneous, in
that they were carefully selected to meet several criteria, significant
differences remain.  Additional considerations were specified in order to
further reduce the list of candidate communities.  It should be noted that
many of these considerations have elements of subjectivity, and the
researchers' judgments (based on all available empirical data) were used.

Quantity of Coal Mining—
    Although all nine sites are potentially impacted by coal mining, there
is great variability in the annual coal tonnage produced in the areas.  The
communities impacted by the greater rate of coal production are obviously
more desirable for study.  Since mining serves as an indirect measure of a
potential exposure, more intense mining would be expected to produce greater
effects on the community's residents.  Since the linkages from mining to
water pollution and from water pollution to health are tenuous, the study
sites should be selected to maximize the probability of detecting these
effects.

Relative Importance of"Coal Mining to the Community's Economy—
    This factor is related to the size of the town, the quantity of the
mining, the proximity of mining to the town, and other economic activities
in the area.  A given production level (tons of coal mined per year) has
different implications for a town of 1,000 than for a town of 15,000.  Also
competing economic activities (e.g. , recreation) would tend to dilute the
importance of coal mining.  Although epidemiologic studies require large
populations to obtain reliable disease rates, in this instance a small
population with few non-coal economic activities is most desirable because
small communities would be more intensively impacted by coal mining
                                    146

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TABLE 45.  RANKS AND CORRELATIONS OF SURFACE WATER AND DRINKING WATER CONSTITUENTS IN THE
           STUDY SITE CANDIDATES(a)
(b) (b)
Hardness Calcium
Community
sw
D(e)
S
D
Magnesium
S
D
Sodlun,(b)
S
D
Sulfate(b)
S
D
Cadmium^
S D
STUDY COMMUNITIES
Craig. CO
Hay dun, CO
Rangely, CO
115(6)
140(4)
278(1)
129(5)
101(6)
291(1)
30(7) 113(2)
33(5)
70(1)
68(4)
175(1)
9.8(5)
13.0(3)
24.7(1)
9.8(5)
7.8(6)
28.3(1)
21(3)
20(4)
63(1)
51(3)
21(4)
81(1)
39(5)
68(4)
167(2)
131(3)
54(4)
203(1)
0.4 0
0.4 0
1.0 0
CONTROL COMMUNITIES
Oman City, CO
Steamboat Springs, CO
Green River/Hock Springs, UY
Kenimerer, UY
Slier Idiin. UY

120(5)
115(7)
230(3)
250(2)
30(8)

-------
                                                           TABLE 45.   (Continued)
00
Community
Chromiun
-------
activities and competing economic production would tend to dilute the
effects of coal mining.  The chosen sites should experience as intense and
undiluted an impact of coal mining as possible.

Clarity of Water-Impacted Areas—
    Although the categorization of communities as study or control sites  is
presented as a dichotomy, the actual status of some communities is somewhere
between these extremes.  To emphasize differences in community health based
on mining/water impacts, the study sites should fall neatly into one
category or the other, and not be ambiguous on this criterion.

Quality of Water Monitoring—
    Surface water monitoring activities in the western coal mining areas
under consideration are quite variable both in the number of monitoring
stations and in the chemicals analyzed.  Obviously, it is desirable to have
monitoring stations close to the drinking water intakes and to have those
stations analyzing such constituents as toxic metals in addition to usual
water parameters.

Presence of Air Monitoring—
    There is some variability among the nine sites in the extent of air
quality sampling.  It is advantageous for a community to have air quality
data available, in part because air quality may be affected by surface
mining.  In addition, an epidemiologic survey should take air pollution
exposures into account as a significant influence on health.

Proximity to Control Sites—
    The spatial arrangement of the nine study site candidates indicates a
cluster of communities (northwestern Colorado and southwestern Wyoming) with
two distant sites (Canon City, Colorado, and Sheridan, Wyoming).  Choices
within the cluster are preferred since exposed and control sites (in terms
of mining/water impacts) can be close to one another.  This allows for
matching of the two communities in terrain, climate, etc. , and also would
facilitate travel between them as required in an epidemiologic field study.

Availability of Other Information—
    Several detailed studies of western coal areas have been completed, and
communities surveyed in such research documents are preferable.   The level
of detail is variable, but often such topics as environmental quality,
socioeconomic character of the area,  and projected changes consequent to
coal mining are covered.  This criterion is based not on inherent character-
istics of the communities, but rather on the pragmatic advantage of being
able to utilize the material compiled by others.

Presence of Coal-Utilizing Facilities—
    Since coal-utilizing facilities have their own potential environmental
and health impacts, it is Important that their presence be noted in site
selection,   whether this factor increases or decreases desirability of a
site is not, however, entirely clear.
                                    149

-------
     Because  coal  burning  pollutes  the  air and water  through  stack,  releases
 and leaching of bottom ash,  the  presence  of such facilities  makes  isolation
 of mining-based pollutant effects  quite difficult.   However, mine-mouth
 electricity  production is increasingly common at large western coal mines.
 In fact, many of  the  large expansions  are linked to  coal-burning power plant
 construction.  Thus mining areas with  coal-utilizing facilities would suffer
 from greater difficulty in isolating mining effects  but be better  represent-
 atives  of  the expanding western  coal mining areas.

 Community  Profiles

     The following sections provide an  overview of the information  readily
 available  on the  nine study  site candidates.  These  descriptions include
 objective  information on  geographic and demographic  characteristics as well
 as subjective evaluations of  the data  quality (i.e., quantity of coal
 mining, relative  importance  of coal mining, etc.).   Table 46 provides a
 categorical  representation of each of  those factors  for all  the communities.
 Although such simplified  schemes sacrifice some detail, it does provide a
 summary of community  profiles.   Greater detail can be found  in the text
 which follows.             ....-__.

 Craig,  Moffat County,  Colorado—
     The 1975 population of Craig, Colorado, was 5,426.  The annual
 population growth rate from  1970 to 1975, 5.5 percent, was somewhat higher
 than the growth rate  for  the  entire state (2.9 percent).  The per  capita
 income  in  Craig is $4,833, considerably higher than  the state average of
 $4,030.  Moffat County is located in the  northwest corner of Colorado, and
 approximately two-thirds  of its inhabitants reside in Craig.   The median age
 in the  county is 31.1 years,  10.5 percent of the residents being over 65.
 More than  99 percent of the population is white.

     Mining activity which  would potentially have an  impact on Craig's water
 is  located between 25 and  50 miles upstream in Routt County (east of Craig).
 There are  18 mines in this area, 11 of them surface.   They are all medium
 size mines, each providing around one million tons per year.   Projections  of
 future production are similar to levels of current production.   The distance
 between the mining activity and Craig's water intake would greatly dilute
 any  impacts that the mining might have on the drinking water  quality.  This
 detracts from Craig's attractiveness as a study site, since its status with
 respect to potential exposure would be somewhat tenuous.   There are addi-
 tional mines downstream from Craig, approximately eight to ten miles south-
 west of town in Moffat County.  Two of these are surface and  one is
 underground.   An additional surface mine exists 28 miles southwest of Craig.
 These are currently small  producers (0.25 - 0.4 million tons  per year) with
 plans for up to three million tons by 1980.

    Colorado Ute Electric Association has plans for start-up  of a large (350
-  1,520 Megawatts) coal-fired electric generating facility just south of
 Craig.  This would be a major additional source of  pollution, possibly
confounding and/or camouflaging impacts from mining pollution.   This  will
make mining impacts extremely difficult to detect if  the facility is at the
                                   150

-------
                       TABLE 46.   RATING OF CANDIDATE STUDY SITES ON SELECTION CRITERIA^
Ul
Crlterl«(b)
Quantity of Coal Mining
(0 - little, 1 - very much)
Relative Importance of Coal Mining
(0 - minor importance, 1 - major Importance)
Clarity of Mining/Water Impact Status
(0 • uncertain, 1 " very clear)
Quality of Water Monitoring Data
(0 - poor, 1 • excellent)
Quality of Air Monitoring Data
(0 - none, 1 - some)
Proximity to Other Sites
(0 - near. 1 - distant)
Availability of Other Information Sources
(0 - not available, 1 • available)
Presence of Coal-Burning Power Plant
(0 • present, large; 0.5 - present,
email; 1 » absent)
STUDY COMMUNITIES
Craig. CO Hay den, CO
1 1

1 1

0.5 1

1 0.5

1 1

1 1

1 1

0 0


Range ly, CO
0

0,4

0.5

0.5

1

1

1

0.5


CONTROL
Canon City, CO
0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1


COMMUNITIES
Steamboat Springs, CO
1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1


                                                  (continued)

-------
                                                 TABLE  46.   (Continued)
                                        (b)                       	CONTROL COMMUNITIES	
                  	Crlt"*«	Keanerer, Iff Rock Springe.  Iff  Sheridan. HY

                   Quantity of 'Coal Mining                              1              i                 i
                     (0  •  little. 1 - very much)

                   Relative Importance of Coal Mining                   In,                 i
                     (0  -  minor importance, 1 • major Importance)

                   Clarity of Mining/Water Impact Status                1              i                 i
                     (0  -  uncertain, 1 • very clear)
Quality of Water Monitoring Data 0.5 1
(0-- poor, 1 • excellent)
Quality of Air Monitoring Data 0 l
(0 • none, 1 » some)
Proximity to Other Sites 1 i
(0 - near, 1 - distant)
Availability of Other Information Sources 1 1
(0 - not available, 1 - available)
Presence of Coal-Burning Power Plant 0 0.5
(0 - present, large; 0.5 - present,
small; 1 • absent)
0.5
1
0
0.5
0.5
(a)   Details of the criteria can be found in the  text.

(b)   All  Iturns are scaled with larger values Indicative of greater desirability.

-------
mine mouth and/or located upstream from the drinking water intake.   Agri-
culture is the only other activity which contributes significantly  to the
economy.

    Surface water quality monitoring is fairly thorough on the Yampa River
near Craig.  There are three monitors within 11 miles of town, all  of which
measure several mineral parameters and toxic metals.  There are many addi-
tional monitors on the river further downstream.  The air quality monitor in
Craig measures nitrates and sulfates as well as total suspended particulates
(TSP) and benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF).  Overall, the environ-
mental quality monitoring is relatively comprehensive in Craig as compared
to other communities under consideration.

    Review of other data sources pertaining to this area indicates  that the
United States Bureau of Land Management has published an Environmental
Impact Statement and Supplement concerning northwestern Colorado (U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, 1976).  This region includes Craig, Hayden, Steamboat
Springs, and Rangely.  This document would be valuable in identifying
features of the community pertinent to an epidemiological study, such as
current environmental quality and socioeconomic characteristics.

    Craig is located in the cluster of candidate communities in northwestern
Colorado and southwestern Wyoming.  Therefore, it would be well matched with
other communities within this cluster in terms of climate, geography, etc.
Also, it would be easily accessible from any of the other communities except
Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon City, Colorado.

    In summary, Craig's only major detriment is that it is not close to the
mining activity that would potentially impact its drinking water supply,
tending to dilute its status as a study vs. a control site.   The mining in
the area does constitute a significant portion of the community's economy,
its major competitors being agriculture and electricity generation.  The
environmental monitoring activity is comparatively good.  It is in  a favor-
able location relative to other potential study sites, and the United States
Bureau of Land Management's Comprehensive Environmental Impact Statement
would be quite useful.

Hayden, Routt County, Colorado—
    Routt County is located in northwestern Colorado.  The county population
is almost exclusively white (over 99 percent).  The median age in the county
is 28.5 years; this is-fairly typical of the eight communities under con-
sideration.  Hayden,  with a population of 1,338 in 1975, is located in the
west-central portion of the county.  It grew very rapidly between 1970 and
1975 (14.4 percent annually).  The per capita income in the community,
$5,492, is relatively high compared to the other mining communities and the
state as a whole.

    As was mentioned in the discussion of Craig, there are 18 mines in Routt
County.  All but three of these mines are located between 0.5 and three
miles upstream from Hayden on the Yampa River drainage system.  Nine of
those mines on the Yampa River drainage system are surface.   The other three
                                    153;

-------
mines, two surface and one underground, are approximately one and one-half
miles south of Craig.  Currently, the mines in the county produce around ten
million tons per year.  Production is estimated to increase to 15 million
tons per year by the early 1980's.

    Other industries which contribute significantly to the economy of Routt
County are agriculture, coal-based electricity production, and recreation.
There Is a great deal~of"nearby mining which is directly upstream of
Hayden's drinking water supply.  However, these impacts might be hidden or
confounded by pollution from the generating facility,  if it is upstream from
the community.  Often these facilities are built at the mine mouth, and
waste products are stored in piles that would be vulnerable to leaching
toxic substances into the water.  Air pollution from the generating facility
would also have a potential impact on the health of the residents.  In addi-
tion, the generating facility Is a significant competitor for the town's
labor resources.

    All surface water quality parameters of interest are monitored eight
miles upstream and two miles downstream from Hayden.  There are a number of
other monitors at various intervals upstream, but there is no regularity to
the measurements taken.  A monitor 0.3 miles downstream analyzes for all the
toxic metals of interest.   The air quality monitor in the area analyzes for
only TSP and BSOF.  The overall environmental surveillance seems adequate
relative to other communities.

    Hayden is in a location that would be easily accessible from all the
other communities under consideration except Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon
City, Colorado.  This would facilitate travel among study sites and matching
of communities.

    The Northwest Colorado Environmental Impact Statement and Supplement by
the United States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
1976) provides much information concerning Hayden that would be useful in
planning an epidemlological study.

    From these criteria it appears that Hayden would be a desirable study
site.  The only major potentially negative factor that must be considered is
the influence of a large electric generating facility.

Rangely, Rio Blanco County, Colorado—
    Rio Blanco County is located in northwestern Colorado, and Rangely is
located in the northwestern part of the county.  Approximately two-thirds of
its 5,349 inhabitants reside in the two communities of Meeker and Rangely.
The population is almost 99 percent white and somewhat younger than the
population in the other communities under consideration (the median age
being 26.9 years).  Rangely's population of 1,792 (1975) residents increased
at an annual rate of 2.4 percent between 1970 and 1975.  This growth rate is
slightly lower than that for the state of Colorado as a whole.  Per capita
income in Rangely is $4,526.
                                    154

-------
	   Tnere  are three identified mines  in Rio Blanco County.  Only one of
 these mines is in  the vicinity of Rangely.  This mine is approximately five
 miles upstream from Rangely,  situated on a major tributary of the White
 River.   It is  expected  to  increase  its production gradually with a goal of
 3.7  million tons per year  by  1990.  Included  in this mining complex are two
 underground and one surface mine.   Two other  mines are located in the
 eastern portion of the  county near  Meeker.  Other energy-related activities
 near Rangely  may include an oil shale mine and plant and a coal-fired
 electricity generating  facility.  Plans for both of these operations are
 tentative  with indefinite  start-up  dates.  At the present time, mining and
 agriculture are the only major economic activities in Rio Blanco County.

     The only  surface water monitor  which would provide information useful
 for  a study is four miles  upstream  from Rangely, between the community's
 water intake  and the mine.  This monitor is analyzing all pertinent para-
 meters  except  nitrates.  There are  other monitors on the White River, but
 they are too  far upstream  from Rangely to be  of use.  The air quality moni-
 tor  in  the vicinity of  Rangely is providing information on nitrates and
 sulfates as well as TSP and BSOF.   Overall, the environmental quality inform-
 ation is adequate  relative to other sites, although it would be useful to
 have surface water quality data from  directly upstream of the mine.

     The cluster of communities in northwestern Colorado and southwestern
 Wyoming includes Rangely.  Therefore, Rangely would be readily accessible
 from any of these  communities and fairly well matched with them in terms of
 such parameters as altitude,  geography, and climate.  Rangely is also in-
 cluded  in  the Environmental Impact  Statement  covering northwestern Colorado
 by the  United States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
 1976).

     In  summary, Rangely's  status as a study community is adequately clear,
 although a larger  amount of mining  would have a greater and thus more
 readily detectable impact.  There is  little other activity in the area to
 confound the  study as the  plans for oil shale mining and electricity pro-
 duction are very tentative and are  not expected to be pursued in the near
 future.  The environmental data is  not as complete as would be desired.
 There is published information available concerning the area, and it is
 close to most  of the other communities under  consideration.

 Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado—
     Canon  City is  a community with  approximately 13,000 residents located in
 central Colorado.   Between 1970 and 1975 its  population grew at an annual
 rate of 3.1 percent, which is very  similar to the growth rate for the entire
 state of Colorado  (2.9  percent).  The per capita income was only $3,658 in
 1974, lower than the state average  of $4,030.  Fremont County has a popula-
 tion which is  fairly old (median age  of 35.9) and- almost exclusively white
 (98.2 percent).  Approximately half the residents of Fremont County live in
 Canon City.  Mining activities in the vicinity of Canon City are concen-
 trated  approximately ten miles to the southeast, directly south of Florence
 and  east of the San Isabel National Forest.   A total of ten mines were
 determined to  be active in the area according to the sources described
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earlier..  There is approximately an even mix of surface and underground
mines and all are of moderate size.   The largest estimated annual tonnage
for any mine is 0.07 million tons, and both current and future total annual
tonnages for the region are only 0.1 million tons.   This makes Canon City
one of the least desirable sites in terms of coal production.   Furthermore,
the population is large (for this part of the state) and somewhat distant
from the mines.  According to the criteria outlined earlier, both of these
factors tend to dilute the impact of"coal mining, and thus discourage
selection of Canon City as a study site.

    Canon City's designation as being free of coal mining impacts on
drinking water is quite clear.  The drinking water intake is located a short
distance upstream from town on the Arkansas River,  while drainage from the
mined areas enters the Arkansas River more than five miles downstream from
Canon City.

    Water quality monitoring on the Arkansas River near Canon City is rather
poor.  Although there are three monitors within ten miles, and one within
one mile, none analyze for toxic metals.  Only the most basic mineral char-
acteristics of the water are reported.  An air quality monitor located in
Canon City records TSP (total suspended particulates) and BSOF (benzene
soluble  organic fraction).

    Relative to other study site candidates, Canon City is isolated.  The
nearest community on the list is over 200 miles away, which would be a major
inconvenience in executing a field study of Canon City and another
community.

    Finally, a search for other data sources specifically relevant to the
Canon City area produced virtually no information.   This seems to reflect
the impression that this part of the west is not a critical element in coal
energy development.

    Overall, the only major desirable features of Canon City as an investi-
gation site are the clarity of its designation as a control site and pres-
ence of an air quality monitor.   The undesirable features include relatively
distant and small coal mines, large population, little surface water analy-
sis, and absence of any useful site-specific studies.

Steamboat Springs, Routt County, Colorado—
    Steamboat Springs is located in the east-central portion of Routt County
which is in northwestern Colorado.  The median income in Steamboat Springs,
$6,219, is substantially higher than that in the other communities under
consideration as well as the state as a whole.  The population of the com-
munity grew 5.5 percent annually between 1970 and 1975.   Routt County's
population is almost exclusively white (over 99 percent).  The age distri-
bution in the county is similar to that for most of the other communities,
the median age being 28.5 years  with 9.7 percent of the population over 65.

    There is extensive mining in Routt County approximately one to three
miles west (downstream) of Steamboat Springs.  Consequently, its status as a
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control community is unequivocal.  The mines in the county are currently
producing approximately ten million tons per year, and it is estimated that
they will be producing 15 million tons per year by the early 1980's.   A
significant proportion of the economy in Steamboat Springs is derived from
the recreation business, as the community is basically a ski resort area.
The relatively transient population in resort areas makes them undesirable
candidates for an epidemiologic study.  Agriculture also has a significant
role in the economic activities of~the area.

    Steamboat Springs takes its public water supply from the Fish Creek, a
tributary of the Yampa River.  There is a monitoring station on Fish Creek
approximately two miles downstream from the community's water intake.  The
monitor is located Just upstream from the confluence of the two streams.
This monitor is measuring only three of the water quality parameters under
consideration:  pH, nitrates, and sulfates.  There are numerous monitoring
sites on the Yampa River downstream from Steamboat Springs.  However, since
the Fish Creek is not a major tributary of the river, information provided
by Yampa River monitors would not provide information specific to this com-
munity.  Air quality parameters measured in the area of Steamboat Springs
are nitrates, sulfates, TSP, and BSOF.   -         -        -

    The Northwestern Colorado Environmental Impact Statement by the United
States Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1976) contains
information concerning the area of Steamboat Springs that would be very use-
ful in designing and implementing an epidemiologic study.  In addition,
Steamboat Springs is in a favorable location relative to most of the other
communities under consideration, as part of the cluster of communities in
northwestern Colorado and southwestern Wyoming.

    Although there are several factors concerning Steamboat Springs that
make it attractive as a control site (location, amount and location of
mining, availability of supplemental data), there are also conditions which
are undesirable in epidemiological studies, most specifically the transient
population consequent to the resort activity.

Green River, Sweetwater County, Wyoming—
    Sweetwater County is in the southwestern portion of Wyoming.  Its popu-
lation is 97.5 percent white, and the age distribution of the population is
similar to that of the other areas under consideration as study sites, the
median age being 28.9 years with 9.6 percent of the population over 65.
Most of the 30,000 residents of Sweetwater County live in either Green River
or Rock Springs.  Green River's population in 1975 was 7,423.  The community
grew rapidly between the years of 1970 and 1975 (almost 15 percent annual-
ly).  The median income in 1974 was $4,937, which is somewhat higher than
the median income for the state as a whole ($4,566).

    There are three surface mines in Sweetwater County which will have an
estimated production of approximately 13 million tons per year by 1984.
Three underground mines in the county will not be contributing significantly
to this production.  The mining is located east of Green River in the cen-
tral part of the county (one mine being located in the extreme eastern
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part of the county).   The drainage from all the mining areas flows into
completely different  systems of streams than the one  from which Green River
takes its water supply.  Consequently, the drinking water in this community
will not be impacted  by the mining.   Mining is the primary economic activity
in the county; manufacturing and agriculture also contribute substantially.
The percent of the county population employed in mining,  manufacturing, and
agriculture is 19.2,  8.1, and 3.8 percent, respectively,  with 38.0 percent
of the total"county population employed.

    The water monitoring activity on the Green River  (from which the
community of Green River takes its public water supply) is satisfactory.
The dissolved minerals of interest (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate)
are measured 4.4 miles upstream and 2.5 miles downstream  from the intake
point.  The monitor 2.5 miles downstream also provides data on the toxic
metals of interest (cadmium, chromium, arsenic, copper, and lead).  Infor-
mation on these metals from upstream is only provided by  a monitor 50 miles
away.  There are many other monitors both upstream and downstream which are
analyzing for the minerals of interest.  Total suspended  particulates (TSP)
is the only relevant air quality parameter which is being measured in the
vicinity-of Green River.          —  - - —• —   -

    There are two sources of supplemental information on  Green River:  the
Southwestern Wyoming Environmental Impact Statement by the United States
Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1978) and United
States Geological Survey Hydrology and Economic Development Report (Lowham
et al., 1976).  This  information would prove very useful  in designing and
implementing an epidemiologlc study.

    Another desirable feature of the Green River area is  that it is part of
the cluster of communities in southwestern Wyoming and northwestern
Colorado.  Therefore, it would be easily accessible from  all of the other
communities under consideration except Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon City,
Colorado.

    A negative influence on Green River's desirability as a control site for
an epidemiologic study is its size.   Its population is more than twice as
large as most of the other communities under consideration.  This is also
reflected in the percentage of the county population  employed in
manufacturing.  The extent'of the impact of community size and the manu-
facturing industry will depend on the type and amount of  manufacturing
located within the. community.  An industry with extensive pollution
potential would be a problem in that impacts of this  pollution would
camouflage the presence or absence of mining impacts.

Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming—
    Lincoln County is located in the southwest corner of  Wyoming.  Its
population of approximately 10,000 residents is almost 100 percent white and
somewhat younger than the population of other areas under discussion, the
median age being 26.7 years.  Kemmerer is located in  the  south-central
portion of the county.  The population of Kemmerer grew at a rate of 3.0
percent annually between 1970 and 1975 to reach a 1975 population of 2,658.
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Its per capita Income In 1974 was $4,478.  Both Kemmerer's growth rate and
per capita Income are very  close to those figures for the state as a whole
(2.6 percent and $4,566, respectively).

    There are four large surface mines in Lincoln County 6-12 miles
southwest of Kemmerer.  The drainage from the mined area enters the stream
supplying Kemmerer's drinking water downstream from the intake point.  Thus,
Kemmerer is clearly not mining/water impacted.  The current production of
4 million tons per year is  expected to increase to 9 1/2 million tons per
year in the near future.  Agriculture is the other major economic activity in
the area of Kemmerer.  There is a coal-based electricity generating facility
in the vicinity of Kemmerer, which is expected to double its output in
the near future.  This additional source of pollution would make iso-
lation of mining Impacts difficult if the facility is upstream from the
intake for the community's  water supply.  In such a location, the facility
would have a potential impact on the water supply that would be labeled
"nonimpacted" for the purposes of the study.

    There are two surface water quality monitors near Kemmerer; one
is 20 miles upstream and one is 3 miles downstream.  Neither monitor ana-
lyzes all the parameters of interest.  The monitor upstream provides
information on all the minerals but none on toxic metals.  The other pro-
vides data on all the toxic metals and most of the minerals.  There is
no air quality monitoring activity in the area.

    There are two useful sources of information and data specific to Kemmerer.
These include the Southwestern Wyoming Evironmental Impact Statement by the
U.S. Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1978), U.S.
Geological Survey Hydrology and Economic Development Report (Lowham et al.,
1976).  Information provided in these documents would be extremely useful
in designing and implementing an epidemiological study.

    Kemmerer is located in  a position relative to the other communities
that make it easily accessible from all areas except Sheridan, Wyoming
and Canon City, Colorado.

    Although the environmental monitoring in the area of Kemmerer
is not completely satisfactory, it alone would not be a basis for exclu-
sion.  However, the question of the effect of the electricity generating
facility is extremely important and needs to be examined further.  Other
factors such as the amount  of mining and the availability of supplemental
information are positive influences in Kemmerer's desirability as a study
site.

Rock Springs, Sweetwater County, Wyoming—
    Rock Springs is approximately in the center of Sweetwater County,
which is located in southwestern Wyoming.  Of the 30,144 inhabitants of
Sweetwater County, 17,773 (over half) reside in Rock Springs.  The population
of the country is 97.5 percent white, the median age is 29.9 with 9.6 percent
of the population over 65.  The median income of the residents of Rock Springs
is $4,358.  The community grew at _an annual rate of 10.0 percent between 1970


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 and 1975.  The growth rate of Rock Springs Is considerably higher than that
 value for the state as a whole (2.6 percent).

     There are three surface mines  in Sweetwater County which  will have an
 estimated production of 13 million tons per year by 1984.   The three
 underground mines  in the county will not be contributing significantly to
 this production.   The mining is located to the north,  east, and south  of
 Bock Springs.  Since Rock Springs  takes its water supply from the same
 source as Green River, its drinking water will not be  impacted by the
 mining.   As was mentioned in the discussion of Green River, the drainage
 from the mined areas flows into systems of streams that are completely
 separate from the  stream supplying drinking water to the two  communities.

     The  three major economic activities in the county  are  mining,  manu-
 facturing, and agriculture;  19.2,  8.1,  and 3.8 percent of  the population are
 employed in each of these areas, respectively.   It is  reasonable  to  assume
 that most of the manufacturing activity is taking place in the community of
 Rock Springs, since a large  proportion  of  the county population is
 concentrated there.   This could present a  problem,  depending  on the  nature
 of  the manufacturing.   If the manufacturing pollutes the area  sufficiently
 to  produce health  impacts, it would be  difficult  to  attribute  the  presence
 or  absence of health effects directly to the mining  activity.   In  addition,
 the size of Rock Springs  is  very atypical  of the  communities under
 consideration as study sites.   The  relatively larger amount of  traffic and
 different social environment of a  larger community could have  a significant
 impact on the health  of the  residents.

     The  surface water  quality monitoring pertinent  to  Rock Springs is the
 same as  that for Green River,  since  the two  communities share  the  same water
 supply.   As  was discussed with respect  to  Green River,  this monitoring
 activity is satisfactory  but not ideal.  There are  three air quality moni-
 tors in  the area of Rock  Springs.  Total suspended particulates (TSP) is the
 only relevant air quality parameter measured  by each of them.

     There are two sources of  supplemental  information concerning the area of
 Rock Springs:  the Southwestern Wyoming Environmental Impact Statement  by
 the  United  States Bureau  of Land Management  (U.S. Dept. of  the Interior,
 1978)  and  the United States  Geological  Survey Hydrology and Economic
 Development Report (Lowham et al., 1976).  Rock Springs is  part of the
cluster of communities in southwestern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado.
Both of  these points are  positive factors concerning the choice of Rock
Springs as a control site for an epidemiological study.  Other assets are
the  amount and location of mining in the area, but the size of Rock Springs
makes  it rather undesirable.

Sheridan, Sheridan County, Wyoming—
    Sheridan County is located in north-central Wyoming. Its  population is
mostly white.  The  residents in the county are considerably older than  in
most areas under consideration as study sites.  The median  age is 36.8, and
15.9 percent of the population is over 65.   About 60 percent of the county's
19,924 inhabitants  reside in the community of Sheridan.  This  community grew
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at a much slower rate than other communities under consideration as well as
the state as a whole.  Between 1970 and 1975 the annual growth rate was  only
1.3 percent annually.  The per capita income for the community of Sheridan
($4,551) is very similar to that for the state as a whole ($4,566).

    The 11.5 million tons of coal mines per year in the vicinity of Sheridan
are taken from five surface mines.  This production is expected to increase
to a total of 47 million-tons of coal per year by 1985.  This mining is
located between approximately six and 30 miles downstream from the community
of Sheridan.  Since the community takes its water supply from several miles
upstream, the mining will have no impact on its drinking water supply.
Agriculture is the only other major economic activity in the county.  There
is a small amount of manufacturing in the county which is most likely
located in the community of Sheridan.

    A medium sized coal-fired electricity generating facility is being
constructed in the area of Sheridan.  As has been discussed, pollution from
such a facility may camouflage or confound mining impacts.

    The closest surface water quality monitoring activity to the community
of Sheridan is approximately one mile downstream.  At this site, and another
one seven miles upstream from the community, measures of pH, nitrates, hard-
ness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfates are taken.  The nearest
monitor providing data on concentrations of the toxic metals of interest is
almost 11 miles downstream from the community of Sheridan.  The only
relevant air quality parameter being measured in this area is TSP.

    With Sheridan serving as a control site, travel between study site and
control site would be difficult and time consuming, as Sheridan is many
miles from any of the other communities under consideration.  All of the
candidate communities except Sheridan, Wyoming, and Canon City, Colorado are
close enough together that travel between-any pair of them would be
relatively easy.

    There are two sources of data concerning the area of Sheridan:  Effects
of Coal Strip Mining on Water Quality (Dettman et al. , 1976) and Land
Reclamation Annual Report (Carter et al. , 1978).  These would be of some use
in designing and implementing an epideiniologic study.

    In summary, there are several factors which make Sheridan attractive as
a choice of a control site in an epidemiological study.  The mining in the
area is extensive and will clearly have no impact on the community's water.
In addition, mining is a relatively large part of the community's economy.
However, there is a medium sized coal-fired electricity generating facility
in the area; the surface water quality data as well as sources of additional
information are of limited use; and Sheridan is not' in a desirable geo-
graphic location for a study such as the one under consideration.
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    Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, DC.  Various paging.

U.S. Department of the Interior.  1978.  Proposed Development of Coal
    Resources in Southwestern Wyoming.   Final Environmental Statement.   U.S.
    Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Hangement, Washington, DC.
—	Various paging. ~         	  ~                    '   ' ~

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Energy Activities.  1976.
    Existing and Proposed Fuel Conversion Facilities Summary.  U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency,  Region VIII, Denver, CO.  57 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1977.  Drinking Water and Health,
    Recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences.  Fed. Reg.
    43(132):35764-35779.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1978.  Inventory of Public Water
    Supplies - Computer Printout.  Inventory of Public Water Supplies for
    EPA Region VIII, Denver, CO.  U.S.  EPA Health Effects Research
    Laboratory, Field Studies Division, Cincinnati, OH.  (Unpublished)

U.S. Federal Energy Administration, Office of Coal.  1977.  Western Coal
    Development Monitoring System.  Quarterly Summary, August 1, 1977.   U.S.
    Federal Energy Administration, Energy Resource Development,
    FEA/G-77/306, Washington, DC.  29 pp.

U.S. Geological Survey.  1978a.  Proposed Mining and Reclamation Plan Spring
    Creek Mine, Spring Creek Coal Company (A Subsidiary of Northern Energy
    Resources Company, Inc.), Bighorn,  Montana.  Prepared in cooperation
    with Montana Department of State Lands.  U.S. Geological Survey, DES
    78-30, Washington, DC. Various paging.

U.S. Geological Survey.  1978b.  Coal Creek Mine, Campbell County, Wyoming,
    Proposed Mining and Reclamation Plan.  Draft Environmental Statement.
    U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.  Various paging.

U.S. Geological Survey.  1978c.  National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)  Site
    Directory.  Computer Printout of Active Surface and Groundwater
    Monitoring Stations.  U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
    Columbus, OH.  (Unpublished printout)

University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.  1978.  The
    Impacts of Increased Coal Use in the Rocky Mountain Region.  University
    of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Regional Studies
    Program, Los Alamos, NM.  247 pp. (Draft)

University of Wyoming.  (1978)  Wyoming Human Services Project. University
    of Wyoming, Information Brochure-'78, Laramie, WY.  12 pp.
                                     166

-------
White, I. L. , M. A. Chartock, R. L. Leonard and others.  1977. Energy from
    the West:  A Progress Report of a Technology Assessment of Western
    Energy Resource Development.  Vol. III. Preliminary Policy Analysis.
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Energy, Minerals, and
    Industry, EPA-600/7-77-072c, Washington, DC.  Pp. 961-1137.  (NTIS,
    PB-271 754)

Williams, R. R., N. L. Stegens, and J. W. Horn.  1977.  Patient interview
    study from the Third National Cancer Survey:  Overview of problems and
    potentials of these data.  J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58(3):  519-524.
                                     167

-------
TABLE A-l.  CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN COLORADO1
HIM and
Location
of Min« Type of HIM
Matklna1 Lignite Surface
N 39*47'
V 104*39'
Mel Martinet Surface
M 37*10*
V 107*16'
H
Farmer 'a Mine Underground
N 38*55'
V 107*46'
King Mine (6 mi. Underground
E. of Paonla
In Delta Co.)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(•llllon tona/yr)
12.5 In 1983
0.25 in 1976
O.OS In 1977
0.25 In 1978
0.3 In 1980
1.0 In 1982
0.3 In 1980
Coal Analyala
Holat - 30Z
A»h - 301
Sulfur - 0.3-
0.4Z
Btu/lb -4,000
Molat - 4-51
Ash - 6-7Z
Sulfur - 0.4-
O.SZ
Btu/lb - 11,600-
12.090
Molat - 6-7Z
Ash - 3.2-5.4Z
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.6Z
Btu/lb - 11,500
Molat - 2.9-
6.1Z
Ash - 4.3-
8.1Z
Sulfur - 0.4-
1.2Z
Btu/lb - 12.900
t»ploy»ent(b)
Planned
Current Future
0 660
10
345
8(c> 175
                           (continued)

-------
                                                TABLE  A-l.   (Continued)
vo
Name and
Location
of Mine Type of Mine
Converse Underground
N 38B54'
W 107°37'
Old Blue Ribbon Underground
N 38°57'
W 107°32'
Station Creek Surface
N 39° 18'
W 104°17'
Unnamed (1 mi. Underground
E. of Somerset
in Gunnison
County)
Hawk's Nest East Underground
N 38°56'
W 107*28'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
1.5 in 1980
Potential
0.1 in 1976
0.01 in 1977
0.05 in 1980
1.0 in 1982
2.0 in 1980
0.2 in 1975
0.5 in 1978
0.75 in 1979
Employment
Coal Analysis Current
Sulfur - 0.4- 10
0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,000
Moist - 6.0- 10
6.9%
Ash - 3.2-
5.4%
Sulfur -0.4-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,700-
13, 100
Lignite 0
10
Ash - 6% 90
Sulfur - 0.4% (105 in
Btu/lb - 12,500
Planned
Future
85
10
66
600
150
1976)
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
•vl
O
Name and
Location
of Mine
Grizzly Creek
N 40C32'
W 106021'
Lorencito
N 37"08'
W 104*49'
Maxwell
N 37"10'
u 104°52'
McGinley
N 39"16'
W 108&32'
McKinley #1
(near FruiCa,
Mesa County)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.5 in 1979
2.0 in 1980
Underground 0.5 in 1981
1.0 in 1982
Underground 0.10 in 1978
0.25 in 1979
0.60 in 1980
Underground 0.25 in 1976
0.025-0.1 in 1978
0.25 maximum
Underground 0.1 in 1977
Coal Analysis
Moist - 20%
Ash - 102
Sulfur - 0.6-
0.7%
Btu/lb - 9,000
Moist - 6%
Ash - 9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 13,700
Coking Coal
Moist - 8-9%
Ash - 8-9.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,500

Employment
Planned
Current Future
40
0 500
100
85
35
                                                     (continued)

-------
TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
•CMC
N 39°08'
W 108°20'
CMC 01
Mesa County
Wise Hill 05
N 40°26'
W 107039'
Colowyo
N 40°13'
W 107°50'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.07 in 1975
0.15 in 1978
0.5 in 1979
Underground 1.4 in 1977
Start-up,
1976
Underground & 0.5 in 1975
Surface 0.4 in 1977
0.6 in 1980
Surface 0.25 in 1977
3.0 in 1980
Coal Analysis
Moist - 5-6%
Ash - 7-11%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 11,990-
13,010

Moist - 16.0%
Ash - 5.8%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10.600
Moist - 8.5-
23.3%
Ash - 2.7-
9.4%
Sulfur -0.2-
1.0%
Btu/lb - 10,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
38
-------
                                   TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Unnamed (2 mines  Surface
  20 ml. S. of
  Craig, Moffat
  Co.;  14 mi. E.
  of Steamboat
  Springs, Routt
  County)
1.0 in 1980
75
Thompson Creek
If'a 1 & 3
N 39°19'
W 107°19'




Gordon
N 40°ir
W 108°43'

Peanut
N 38°56'
W 107°00'
Underground 01 0.035 in 1977
0.25 in 1978
0.5 in 1979
#3 0.035 in 1977
0.25 in 1978
0.5 in 1979


2 Underground 1.5 in 1980
1 Surface 2.3 in 1985
3.7 in 1990

Underground


Moist - 2.3- 12
3.62
Ash - 7.6-
14. 1Z
Sulfur - 0.6-
1.2%
Btu/lb - 12,800-
13,900
Moist - 13% 0
Ash - 9Z
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 11,100
Anthracite


320







700






                                           (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
w,
Name and
Location
of Mine
Peacock
'N 37°17'
W 108003'
Lincoln
N 40°02'
W 104°57'
Mt. Gunnison
N 38°52'
W 107°26'
Bear
N 38°55'
W 107°27'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.06 in 1978
Underground 0.2 in 1976
0.15 in 1977
Underground 0.5 in 1981
2.5 in 1985
Underground 0.13 in 1975
0.2 in 1977

Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 3.5-10.7%
Ash - 3.4-11.3%
Sulfur - 0.6-4.0%
Btu/lb - 11,400-
14,000
Moist - 23.5-
25.0%
Ash - 6.5-
8.5%
Sulfur - 0.3-
0.4%
Btu/lb - 9,100 -
9,500
Moist - 10.4%
Ash - 4.5%
Sulfur - 0.47
Btu/lb - 11,846
Moist - 4.5-7%
Ash - 2.8-
8.9%

70

51(0
                                                                  Sulfur - 0.4-
                                                                    1.0%
                                                                  Btu/lb - 12,170-
                                                                    13,690	
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                   TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Allen
N 37*09'
W 104*59'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.6 In 1975
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
W«>
Orchard Valley
N 38°52'
W 107839'
Underground
0.5 in 1976
0.5-0.7 in 1978
1.0 in 1980
Moist - 10-11%
Ash - 3-4%
Sulfur - 0.4-
  0.44%
Btu/lb - 12.000
Eagle Underground 0.2 in 1975 59
89
-------
                                               TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
•vj
Ui
Name and
Location
of Mine
Coal Basin
N 39°13'
W 107°21'
Rienau 02
N 40°07'
W 107°51'
Edna
N 40°20'
W 107°01'
Energy 02
N 40°23'
W 107°09'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.1 in 1976
0.13 in 1979
Underground 1976 prep
£. Surface 0.04 in 1978
Surface 0.8 in 1975
1.1 in 1976
1.0 in 1979
0.85 in 1980
Surface 1.0 in 1976
1.1 in 1978
Coal Analysis
Moist - 4.2%
Ash - 9.7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 13,600-
15,150
Moist - 10-11%
Ash - 2.0-4.0%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 13,200-
13,400
Moist - 7.7-
12.5%
Ash - 3.3-13.2%
Sulfur - 0.6-
1.2%
Btu/lb - 10,400-
12,000
Moist - 10%
Ash - 4.1-9%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 11,300-
11,590
Employment
Planned
Current Future
65
-------
TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Energy #3
N 40°23'
W 1070.021
Energy tfl
N 40°21'
W 107°03'
Sun
N 40°20'
W 107°20'
Coal Basin
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.5 in 1975
0.5 in 1976
0.5 in 1978
Surface 1.7 in 1978
Underground Planned 0.3
Prep, plant >0.5 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 11%
Ash - 7.2-9%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,820-
11,300
Moist - 5.7-
10.4%
Ash - 8-17.8%
Sulfur - 0.5-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,400-
11,380
Moist - 11%
Ash - 4.2-9.5%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,900-
11,600
Moist - 6%
Ash - 7%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 15,000
Employment
Planned
Current Future
37(c)

65

       (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
•vj
-vt
Name and
Location
of Mine
Dutch Creek #1
N 39°11'
W 107°20'
Dutch Creek 82
N 39°llt
W 107°20'
L.S. Wood
N 39°12'
W 107021'
Nucla Strip
N 38°17'
W 108°35'
Seneca Strip tf2
N 40°26'
W 107°02'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.1 in 1976
0.16 in 1979
Underground 0.2 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
0.32 in 1979
Underground 0.4 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
0.31 in 1979
Surface 0.1 in 1976
0.11 in 1979
Surface 0.7 in 1975
1.5 in 1978
Coal Analysis
Moist - 4.0%
Ash - 8.3%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 14,000-
15,280
Moist - 4.0%
Ash - 8.3%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 14,000-
15,280
Approximately
the same as
Dutch Creek Si
Moist - 6-8%
Ash - 9.4%
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 11,550
Moist - 8-10%
Ash - 9.5%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
11,130
Employment
Planned
Current Future
77
18(c)

                                                      (continued)

-------
                                               TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
00
Name and
Location
of Mine
Somerset
H 38°55'
W 107°28'
Unnamed
N 37°39'
W 104 "52 '
Ramey
N 37°18'
W 104°35'
Unknown
N 37°22'
W 104"57'
King
N 37°15'
W 108"05'
Pricco
N 37*11'
W 104°43'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground 1.0 in 1976 Moist - 3.8- 280 *c)
1.0 in 1978 8.22
Ash - 6.7-12.0%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,070-
12,970
Surface 0.05-0.10 in 1979 Bituminous
Underground
Underground
Underground 0.02 in 1978 Moist - 2.4-4.6%
Ash - 2-7.3%
Sulfur - 0.15-1.2%
Btu/lb - 12,700-
14,000
Underground
                                                     (continued)

-------
TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Highland
N 37°08'
W 104°27'
Nu Gap f 3
N 39°35'
W 107°39'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground
Underground 0.001 in 1978 Moist - 3-42
Ash - 6%
Sulfur - 0.4-
0.5%
Btu/lb - 13.000
Unnamed
12 mi. W. of
Steamboat
Springs
Routt County
L.S. Wood, 03
N 39°11'
W 107°20'
Unknown
N 37°14'
W 104°4l'
Eureka
N 37°12'
W 104°41'
Surface &
Underground
Underground
Underground
       (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
oo
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Four Mile
N 39°24'
W 107°18'
Ullliarosfork *1
N 40°25'
W 107°38'
Unknown
N 37°14'
W 104°30'
Jewell
N 37°24'
W 104°40'
Cedar Canon
N 38°20'
W 105°11'
Current and
Planned Future Employment >
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground
Surface
Underground
Surface 0.05 in 1977 Moist - 13.85%
Ash - 8.15%
Sulfur - 0.44%
Btu/lb - 9,207
Surface 0.002 in 1976 Moist - 9-10%
0.003 in 1977 Ash - 9.9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,290
           Canon Monarch
           N 38°16'
           W 105°09'
Underground
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
oo
Name and
Location
of Mine
Twin Pines
N 38°20'
W 105°10'
Casselman
N 40°17'
W 104°36'
Blackbird
N 39°02'
W 108°18'
Farmer Mutual
N 39°13(
W 108830'
Caldirola //I
N 38°20'
W 105°10'
Bowie
N 38e55'
W 107°33'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Underground 0.045 in 1977 Moist - 8.9-11%
0.045 in 1978 Ash - 0.62
Sulfur - 7.3-
12. 8%
Btu/lb - 10,560-
12.080
Underground
Surface
Underground
Underground
Underground Moist -6.5%
Ash - 4.7%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 13,600
Employment
Planned
Current Future






                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
               Name and
               Location
               of Mine
Type of Mine
   Current and
 Planned Future
   Production
 (million tons/yr)
                                                        Employment
 Coal Analysis
         Planned
Current  Future
oo
          Christenson
          N 40°18'
          W 104*36'
Underground
           Bookcliff
           N  39°11'
           W  108°28'
Underground
           George  Cocharan
           N  39°14'
           W  108e31'
Underground
           Black Diamond
           N  38°17'
           W  105°09'
           Peabody Pit
           N 40°26'
           W 107°07'
          Quatro
          N  37°02'
          W  105°02'
          Morley
          N  37°02'
          W  104°30'
Surface
0.04A in 1976
0.06 in 1977
Moist - 8.9-13%
Ash - 7.9-17.1%
Sulfur - 0.3-
  0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,000-
  11.290	
Surface
Underground
Underground
                                                    (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
                 Name and
                 Location
                 of Mine
Type of Mine
   Current and
 Planned Future
   Production
(million tons/yr)   Coal Analysis
                                                         Employment
          Planned
Current   Future
oo
            Canadian Strip
            N 40°41'
            W 106°06'
            Wilson Creek
            25 ml. So.  of
              Craig
            Moffat Co
Surface
Surface
Johnnie's
N 40°16'
W 107°02'
Prosperity
N 40°15'
W 104840'
McLaughlin
N 37°08'
W 104*30'
Sunlight
N 39°24'
W 107°19'
Apex V 2
N 40°18'
W 107°02'
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground 0.012 in 1978
Underground 0.10 in 1977
0.25 in 1980



Moist - 4-5.4%
Ash - 4-8.5%
Sulfur - 0.5-1.3%
Btu/lb - 13,500
Moist - 6-9.2%
Ash - 3-12.1%
Sulfur - 0.5-0.7%
Btu/lb - 12,400
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                               TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
00
Name and
Location
of Mine
Gunbarrel
N 40°01'
W 105*16'
Sunset
N 40°18'
W 10A°36'
Boyer Peacock
N 39*12'
W 108°29'
Grasso
N 39°13'
W 108*30'
Scran ton
N 39°47'
W 104'40'
Whitfl Ash
N 40°17'
W 104°36'
Coal Gulch
N 39°21'
W 108°42'
Hunter Gulch
N 39°18'
W 108°3A'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Surface
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground 0.025 in 1978 Bituminous-
coking type
Underground
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
00
Ul
Name and
Location
of Mine
Bohlender
N 40°16'
W 104 °36'
Marr Prep P
N 40°43'
W 106°16'
Corcoran
N 39°14'
W 108°31'
Jarvis
N 39°13'
W 108°30'
Corley S & A
N 38°17'
W 105°10'
Buddy
N 40°17'
W 104°36'
Anclior ^1
N 39°19'
W 108°39'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Underground
Proc. Plant
Underground
Underground
Surface
Underground
Underground
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
               Name and
               Location
               of Mine
Type of Mine
   Current and
 Planned Future
   Production
(million tons/yr)
                                                        Employment
Coal Analysis
         Planned
Current  Future
00
a\
           Golden Quality
           N 38°20'
           W
Underground
 Idle in 1976
  Moist -  9.9-10.7Z
  Ash - 7.4-10.AX
  Sulfur - 0.4-0.5%
  Btu/lb - 10,920
     11,400
Farmer
N 39° 20'
W 108°41'
Kannah Creek
N 39°00'
W 108°15'
Kelehen
N 39°20'
W 108°42'
Lane
N 39°21'
W 108°42'
Thomas
N 39°13'
W 108°30'
Unnamed
N 39"01
W 108°31'
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground
Surface
                                                    (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
oo
•vj
Name and
Location
of Mine
Tomahawk
N 38°55'
W 102°00'
Limon
N 39°21'
W 103°52'
G.E.C. S & A
N 38°18'
W 105*10'
Hastings
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.08 in 1977
0.25 in 1978
Surface 0.3 in 1977
0.8 in 1978
Surface Joint output
with Black
Diamond to
total no more
than 0.1
Surface

Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 8-14%
Ash - 9.3%
Sulfur - 0.9%
Btu/lb - 11,600-
12,090
Moist - 33%
Ash - 11-17%
Sulfur - 0.17-
0.43%
Btu/lb - 7,000
Moist - 7.5-8.2%
Ash - 9.5-11.2%
Sulfur - 0.8-1.3%
Btu/lb - 11,160-
13,680
Bituminous




            6 mi.  SW of
             Florence
            Fr emon t __Cp_un_ty
            Canadian Strip
            N  40°44'
            W  106°18'
Surface
0.12 in 1977
Moist - 12.8-
  16.1%
Ash - 3.2-19.2%
Sulfur - 0.6-1.4%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
  11.160	
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
CD
oo
Name and
Location
of Mine
Hay Gulch
N 37°17'
W 108°03'
Del Agua Strip
N 37"21'
W 104°39'
Healey Strip
1.5 mi NW Agui-
lar
Las Animas Co.
Trapper (Craig)
N 40°27'
W 107°34*
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.025 in 1978
0.05 in 1980
Surface Small
Surface 0.15 in 1978
Surface 0.4 in 1977
2.2 in 1979

Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 5-6%
Ash - 7-10%
Sulfur - 0.6-1.6%
Btu/lb - 11,800-
14,000

Moist - 2-3%
Ash - 8-9%
Sulfur - 0.6-
0.7%
Btu/lb - 12,256
Moist - 16%
Ash - 5.7%
Sulfur - 0.3-0.5%
Btu/lb - 9,500-
11,500




           Williams Fork
             Strip tf2
           N 40°28'
           W 107°34'
Surface
           Denton Strip
           N 40°18'
           W 107°20'
Surface
Idle
                                                                   Bituminous
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                               TABLE A-l.   (Continued)
OQ
vo
Current and
Name and Planned Future
Location . Production
of Mine Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Eilt's Property Surface then 0.15 in 1977
N 40°28' Underground 0.25 in 1978
W 107°09'
Hayden Gulch Surface 1.0 in 1978
10 mi. S of
Hayden
Routt County
Meadows ffl Surface
N A0°28'
W 107°09'
Red Cannon 01 Underground 0.005 in 1977
N 38°56'
W 107°58'
Newlin Creek Underground
N 38°18'
W 105°10'
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 8%
Ash - 10%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
12.000


Moist - 14.5%
Ash - 6.7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 12.000
Moist - 9.5%
Ash - 9.1%
Sulfur - i;6%
Btu/lb - 11,000-
12.500
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                                TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
vo
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Eastside
N 39°36'
W 108°17'
McClane (test
site)
N 39°26'
W 108°47' .
Hawk's Nest
West 03
N 38°56'
W 107°28'
O.C. 02
N 38°55'
W 107°28'
Blue Flame
N 37°17'
W 108°03'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.001 in 1977
0.008 in 1979
Underground
Underground 0.5 In 1978
0.75 In 1979
Underground 0.004 in 1978
Underground Very small
Coal Analysis
Moist - 3-4%
Ash - p-7%
Sulfur - 0.6-0.8%
Btu/lb - 12,700-
13,200

Moist - A. 4-7.1%
Ash - 3.2-9.1%
Sulfur - 0.3-0.5%
Btu/lb - 12,400-
13.400
Moist - 9.5-10.1%
Ash - 4.3-6.0%
Sulfur - 0.3-0.6%
Btu/lb - 11,500-
12,500
Moist - 3.8%
Ash - 3-5.9%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 13,000-
14,000
Employment
Planned
Current Future





                                                      (continued)

-------
TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Anchor-Tresner
Unit
N 39°19'
W 108°39'
Cameo
N 39021'
W 108°05'
Unnamed
N 40°34'
W 107807'
Blazer
N 40°34'
W 107°07r
Dawson Unit
N 40°29'
W 107°14'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.125 in 1977
0.3 in 1978
Underground 1977 prep
0.5 in 1979
0.9 in 1980+

Underground 0.25 in 1977
Underground 0.1 in 1977
or 1978
2.0-4.0 max
Coal Analysis
Moist - 8%
(washed)
Ash - 8%
Sulfur - 0.6-
1.0%
Btu/lb - 12,000
Moist - 6-8%
Ash - 7-11%
Sulfur - 0.4-0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,500

Moist - 8-9%
Ash - 9-10%
Sulfur - 0.5-0.6%
Btu/lb - 10,500-
12,000
Moist - 7%
Ash - 8%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 11,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future





       (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-l.  (Continued)
VO
Name and
Location
of Mine
Elder
N 38°09'
W 108'17'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground 0.001 in 1977
0.01 in 1978
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future
Moist - 3%
Ash - 7-8Z
Sulfur -0.7%
Btu/lb - 13.806-
14.400
           (a)
           (b)
           (c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).

Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).

From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).

-------
                           TABLE A-2.  CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN MONTANA
                                                                                (a)
vo
U)
Name and
Location
of Mine
East Decker
N 45°05'
W 106°53'
Rosebud
N 45°50'
W 106°35'
Sarpy Creek
N 45°49'
W 107°04'
Circle West
N 47°23' .
W 105°34'
Young's Creek,
Tanner Creek,
Squirrel Creek
Unnamed
N 45°03'
W 107°00'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mines (million tons/yr)
Surface 10.2 in 1976(?)
20.0 in 1981
Surface 9.2 in 1976
19.1 in 1980
Surface 6.5 in 1980
15.0 in 1982
Surface 5.0 in 1983
Surface 6.0 in 1980
16.0 in 1985
Coal Analysis
Moist - 24.1%
Ash - 4.3%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 9,700
Moist - 24.6%
Ash - 8.9%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 8,703
Moist - 23%
Ash - 11%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 8,500
Moist -34.9%
Ash - 6.9%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 6,930
Moist -24%
Ash - 3.5%
Sulfur - 0.25%
Btu/lb - 9,400
(b)
Employment
Planned
Current Future
128(C) 435
275 1260
990
0 200
435
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE A-2.  (Continued)
vo
•p-
Name and
Location
of Mine
Spring Creek
N 45°08'
W 106°53'
East Sarpy
Creek
N 45°55'
W 107°00'
McCartney
Dlaine Co.
Nance
Tongue River
Rosebud Co.
Absaloka
Big Horn Co.
Big Sky
N 45°49'
W 106"37'
Savage
Richland Co.
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 10.0 in 1980
Surface Preliminary plan-
ning stages
Surface Preliminary plan-
ning stages
Surface Preliminary plan-
ning stages
Surface 4.0 in 1975
A.I in 1976
Surface , 2.1 in 1975
2.4 in 1976
Surface 0.3 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future

•

Moist - 25. IX
Ash - 3.62
Sulfur - 0.35%
Btu/lb - 9,373
Moist - 23% 120(c^
Ash - 10%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 8,450
Moist - 26.3% 25(c)
Ash - 10.4%
Sulfur - 0.75%
Btu/lb - 8,450
Moist - 27% 19
-------
                                           TABLE A-2.  (Continued)
               Name and
               Location
               of Mine
                   Type of Mine
   Current and
 Planned Future
   Production
(million tons/yr)
                    Employment
                          Planned
Coal Analysis    Current  Future
VO
tn
           Storm King
           N 46°15'
           W 108°26'
           Martin's Peat,
             Inc.
           N 47°50'
           W
PM Surface
N 45°49'
W 108°18'
           Unnamed
           N 45034'
           W 106*11'

           Unnamed
           N 46°16'
           W 108°27'
                   Underground
                   Surface
                              Surface
                   Surface
                   Surface
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                TABLE A-2.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Unnamed
M 46*16'
W 108°20'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future

(a)
(b)
(c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).

Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).

From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).

-------
                         TABLE A-3.  CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES IN NORTH DAKOTA
                                                                                   (a)
vO
Name and
Location
of Mine
Husky
N 47°56'
W lOl'Ol'
Coteau
N 47°26'
W 101°49'
Falkirk
N 46°49'
W 100°A7'
Gascoyne
N 46°08'
W 103°04'
Beulah
N 47°16'
W 101°46'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 0.14 in 1975
0.13 in 1976
Surface 7.0-7.5 in 1981
14.0-15.0 in 1985
Surface Under construc-
tion
5.0-6.0 in 1981
Surface 1.9 in 1975
2.5 in 1976
Surface 1.3 in 1976
2.2 in 1981
4.4 in 1985
Coal Analysis
Moist - 35%
Ash - 7%
Sulfur - 1.2%
Btu/lb - 6,500
Moist - 36%
Ash - 7.4%
Moist - 39.5%
Ash - 6.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 6,415
Moist - 43%
Ash - 5-8.5%
Sulfur - 0.75%
Btu/lb - 5,900-
6,250
Moist - 34-37%
Ash - 5-8%
Sulfur - 0.5-
0.7%
Btu/lb - 6,700-
6,900
Employinent^^
Planned
Current Future
8(c>
12 360
21 300
73 73
(65 in 1976)
110 280
(58 in 1976)
-------
                                            TABLE A-3.  (Continued)
00
Name and
Location
of Mine Type of Mine
Glen Harold (TT) Surface
N 47*16'
W 101*19'
Center Surface
N 47*05'
W 101*16'
Dunn Center Surface
N 47*23'
W 102*53'
Noon an Surface
N 48*52'
W 102°53'
Velva Surface
N 48*01'
W 101*01'
Indian Head Surface
N 47*14'
W 101°00'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
3.8 in 1976
1.9 in 1975
1.5 in 1975
1.7 in 1976
4.4 in 1978
13.0-14.0 in 1982
0.4 in 1975
0.4 in 1976
0.3 in 1975
0.3 in 1976
0.8 in 1975
1.1 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 37-42%
Aah - 4.0-6.51
Sulfur - 0.3 -
l.OZ
Btu/lb - 6,000-
7,000
Moist - 39%
Ash - 6.2%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 6,650
Moist - 34.0%
Ash - 8.0%
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 6,800


Moist - 34.5%
Ash - 8%
Sulfur - 0.55%
Btu/lb - 7,100
Employment
Planned
Current Future
147 147
(151 in 1976)(c)
38 80
(53 in 1976)
0 300
23(0
28
54
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-3.   (Continued)
vo
VO
Name and
Location
of Mine
Unnamed (Heart
Type of Mine
Surface
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)

Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future

              Butte  area)
           N  A6°42'
           W  101°55'
           Unnamed  (south
              of Beach)
           N  46852'
           W  103°58'
Surface
Arrowhead
N 46°21'
W 102"59'
Bains Sub-
Bitumlno
N 45°59' '
W 102 "18 '
Chamberlain
N 46000'
W 102°30'
Knife River
N 46°04'
W 103°02'
Larson B-N
N 48°52'
W 102 °52'
Mineral loca-
tion
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
                                                     (continued)

-------
TABLE A-3.  (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Consolidated Coal
N 47*15'
W 101 '59'
North (KRCC)
N 47*17'
W 101*42'
Smith-Ullman-
Olson
N 46*01'
W 102*30'
Larson
N 48*53'
W 102*54'
Dakota Collier-
ies
N 47*15'
W 101*52'
Dakota Lanonite
N 46*08'
W 103*35'
Cunt her
N 46°09'
W 101°53'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Surface
Mineral loca-
tion
Surface
Surface-
under-
ground
Surface
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future







         (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE  A-3.   (Continued)
O
h*
                                                 Current  and
               Name and                        Planned  Future
               Location                          Production
               of Mine        Type  of Mine    (million  tons/yr)
            Dakota Star
            N 47°22'
            W 101°38'
           Carbon C.oal
           N 46°50'
           W 101°34'
Knife River
N 46°08'
W 103°02'
            Nygard
            N 47°56'
            W 103°09'
           Grishkousky
           N 47°08'
           W 101°47'
           Fleramer
           N 46°53'
           W 101e18'
           Roy Kern
           N 46°09'
           W 103°15'
                                                       Coal Analysis
                                                        Employment
                                                              Planned
                                                     Current  Future
                   Surface
                                  4.0 after 1985
                                    Moist - 37%
                                    Ash - 6-7%
                                    Sulfur - 0.7%
                                    Btu/lb - 6,800-
                                      6,900
                   Surface
Surface
                   Surface
                   Surface
                   Surface
                   Surface
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                          TABLE A-3.   (Continued)
N>
O
              Name  and
              Location
              of  Mine
                   Type of Mine
   Current and
 Planned Future
   Production
(million tons/yr)
Coal Analysis
   Employment
         Planned
Current  Future
          Cuater  (Truax
            TR)
          N  47°37'
          W
                   Surface
          Glen  Harold
            (CCC)
          N  47°18'
          W
Hanging Cross
N 46*45'
W 101*42'
                   Surface
                             Surface
          Knifer  River
          N  47*14'
          W  101% 7'
                   Surface
         Landaker
         N 48°03'
         W 102'15'
                   Surface
         Art Kobs
         N 47Dllf
         W
                   Mineral loca-
                     tion
         McKinley, Nelson
         N 48°06'
         W 103°32'
                   Underground
                                                   (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE  A-3.   (Continued)
NJ
O
OJ
Name and
Location
of Mine
Freyer
N 47°10'
W 101*35'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future

           North & South
             BE
           N 47°12'
           W
Center Strip
N 46°59'
W 101*33'
           Sampson Mine
           N 47°14'
           W 102°A2'
           Nokota Co. 01
           South of Max
           McLean County
                   Mineral loca-
                     tion
                              Surface
                   Surface
                   Surface
6.6 after 1982
           Rennera Cove
           Renners Cove
           Mercer Co.
                   Surface
3.0 after 1980
Moist - 37%
Ash - 7%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 6,700-
  6.800	
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                TABLE A-3.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Washburn
Washburn
McLean Co.
Underwood
N 47'27'
W 101*07'
Garrison
N 47°38'
W 101a26'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 5.0 after 1985
Surface 1.5 after 1985
Surface 3.30 in 1984
Coal Analysis
Moist - 38%
Ash - 4.4%
Sulfur - 0.5X
Btu/lb - 7,100


Employment
Planned
Current Future



(a)
(b)
(c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).

Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).

From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).

-------
                           TABLE A-4.   CURRENT AND FUTURE MINES IN SOUTH DAKOTA
                                                                                 (a)
M
O
I/I
Name and
Location
of Mine
Lignite Pit
N 45°37'
W 103°16'
Lignite Pit
N 45°49'
W 103°15'
Lignite Pit
N A5°30'
W 103°10'
Lignite
N 45°35'
W 102°48'
Phillips
N 45e26'
W 102°49'
Lignite Pit
N 45°52'
W 103°25'
Lignite Pit
N 45°54'
W 103°16'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Surface
Surface
Surface
Underground
Underground
Surface
Surface
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE A-4.  (Continued)
N>
o
               Name and
               Location
               of Mine
           Lignite Pit
           N 45°28'
           W 103°09'
           Lignite
           N 45°35'
           W 102*48'
           Seidell
           N 45°35'
           W 102°21'
           Lignite  Pit
           N 45°52'
           W 103°25'
           Lignite  Pit
           N  45°54'
           W  103C17'
          Cooke
          N 45°33'
          W 102°08'
          Lignite
          N 45°40'
          W 102°27'

          Lignite Pit
          N 45°50'
          W 103° 15'
 Type of Mine
   Current and
 Planned Future
   Production
(million tons/yr)
                                                                  Coal Analysis
   Employment
         Planned
Current  Future
 Surface
 Surface
 Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface &
  Underground
Surface
                                                   (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE A-4.   (Continued)
O
•vl
Name and
Location
of Mine
Lignite Pit
N 45°29'
W 103°09'
Cornelia
N 45°45'
W 102°40'
Lignite
N 102°39'
W 45°49'
Lignite Pit
N A5°51'
W 103°16'
Lignite Pit
N A5°35'
W 103°07'
Jones
N 45"34'
W 102°51'
Lignite Pit
N 45°41'
W 102845'
Current and
Planned Future Employment
Production Planned
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Surface
Surface &
Underground
Surface &
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground
Surface
           (a)
              Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
              formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson,
              1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USMB, 1978).

-------
                 TABLE A-5.  CURRENT AND FUTURE MINES IN
Name and
Location
of Mine Type of Mines
Soldier Canyon Underground
N 39*41'
W 110°37'
Braztah Underground
«,4,5,6
N 39°A3'
W 111°55'
Deer Creek Underground
N 39°22'
W m°06'
Wilberg Underground
N 39°19'
W 111008'
Straight Canyon Underground
(Near Castle Dale,
Emery Co.)
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
O.S In 1976
1.0 in 1978
03 & 5 - 0.3 in
1975
4>3 & 5 - 0.9 in
1976
6.5 in 1980 (all)
1.0 in 1976
2.2 in 1978
0.2 in 1976
2.2 in 1980
2.5 in 1980
Coal Analysis
Moist - A. 5%
Ash - 8. 4%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 12..500
Moist -5.7%
Ash - 9.7%
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 12,300
Moist - 3.5%
Ash - 5.6%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 13,300
Moist - 5.4%
Ash - 9.2X
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12,500

EmployTnent(b)
Planned
Current Future
160 345
2,250
860
760
860
Perron Canyon
(Near Perron,
  Emery Co.)
Underground    1.0 in 1980
345
                                         (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-5.  (Continued)
o
<£>
Name and
Location
of Mine
Emery
(near Emery,
Emery Co.)
Emery Strip
(near Emery,
Emery Co.)
John Henry
N 37°10'
W 111°32'
Unnamed
(near Alton,
Kane Co.)
Escalante
(Near Escalante,
Carfield Co.)
Unnamed
(Carbon Co.)
Unnamed
Factory Butte
(Wayne Co.)

Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Underground 0.04 in 1.975
0.08 in 1976
1.4 in 1980
Surface 0.5 eventually
Underground 0.4 eventually Moist - 5-8%
(Delayed) Ash - 4-8%
Sulfur -
0.43-0.8%
Btu/lb - 11,700-
12,500
Surface 11.5 in 1982 Sulfur - 1.1%
Btu/lb - 10,200
Underground 6.0 in 1985
Dependent on
water avail.
Underground 0.5 in 1980
Planning stages
Surface 1.0 in 1980
Start-up 1976
(continued)
Employment
Planned
Current Future
82(c) 483 .
33
183
760
2,070
170
345


-------
                                            TABLE A-5.   (Continued)
ro
*-*
O
Current and
Name and Planned Future Employment
Location Production Plannec
of Mine Type of Mines (million tona/yr) Coal Analysis Current Future
Unnamed Underground 1.0 in 1980
(Sevler Co.) Planning stages
Intermountaln Underground 10.0 In 1985
Power Project
(Wayne Co.)
Utah 92 Underground 0.2 In 1975
N 39"43' 0.3 in 1976
W 111°10' 0.7 in 1978
Dellna tl Underground 1.3 in 1978
(Near Clear
Creek, Car-
bon Co.)
Dellna t 2 Underground 0.8 in 1979
(Near Clear
Creek, Car-
bon Co.)
O'Connor #1 Underground 0.2 in 1980
(Near Clear
Creek, Car- •
bon Co . )
Unnamed Underground Unknown Sulfur - 0.5%
(Near Sunnyside, Btu/lb - 12,000
Carbon Co.)
345
340
240
415
275
70
790
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                TABLE  A-5.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Star Point 03
(Near Wattis
Carbon Co.)
Southern Utah
Fuels 01
N 38*55'
W 111025'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mines (million tons/yr)
Underground 1.0 in 1981
Underground 1.0 in 1977
1.5 in 1978
Employment
Coal Analysis Current

Moist - 9% 185 (
Ash - 9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 11,200
Planned
Future
345
°) 520
Gordon Creek tf3
(Near Helper,
  Carbon Co.)


Swisher 05
(Near Huntington,
  Emery Co.)
Underground    0.2 in 1977
Underground    0.2 in 1979
Moist - 6.3%
Ash - 6.22
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 12.500
Moist - 6.5%
Ash - 4.9%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 12.700
70
70
Huntington
Canyon #4 .
(Emery Co.)

Thompson
(Thompson,
Grand Co.)
Underground 0.2 eventually



Underground 0.6 in 1979


Moist - 4.8%
Ash - 5.3%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 13.200



10 (c) 70



70


                                          (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-5.  (Continued)
to
Nane and
Location
of Mine
Rilda Canyon
(lluntingtqn,
Emery Co.)
Beehive
N 39*19'
W 111*05'
Deseret
N 39*19'
W 111*05'
Sunnyside fl
N 39*33'
W 110*22'
Sunnyside 12
N 39*33'
W 110*22'
Sunnyside 03
N 39*33'
W 110*22'
Central Prep
Plant
(Sunnyside ,
Carbon Co.)
Type of Mine
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Prep Plant
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
0.2 eventually
0.56 in 1975
0.68 in 1976
0.5 in 1976
0.82 in 1975
0.65 in 1976
Temporarily
Inactive
0.2 in 1975
0.1 in 1976
0.06 in 1975 Moist - 52
0.81 in 1976 Ash - 6%
Sulfur - 0.9Z
Btu/lb - 13.500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
70
70 (0
65(C>
280 

55 (c)
20(c>
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-5.   (Continued)
ro
Name and
Location
of Mine
Starpoint * 1 & 2
N 39°31'
w ni-oi1
Gordon Creek
02 & 3
N 39°41'
W 111*04'
Cordon Creek 06
Huntington
Canyon
N 39°22'
W 111°07'
King
N 39°30'
W 111°04'
Wellington •
(Carbon Co.)
Geneva (East
Carbon,
Emery Co.)
Type of Mines
Surface &
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Surface &
Underground
Prep Plant
Underground
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr)
0.45 in 1975
0.55 in 1976
0.4 In 1976
Under Develop-
ment
Opened March,
1977
0.5 in 1975
0.6 in 1976
0.7 in 1975
0.67 in 1975
0.60 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 9%
Ash - 8.50%
Sulfur - 0.65%
Btu/lb - 11,500
Moist - 9%
Ash - 10%
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 11,500




Moist - 7X
Ash - 12%
Sulfur - 0.86%
Btu/lb - 13,500
Employment
Planned
Current Future
165 
78
3(c)
10(0

44
286
                                                     (continued)

-------
              TABLE  A-5.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Leamaster
N 39*25'
W 111*08'
Shakespeare
N 37*39'
W 111*58'
Western Mines -
Gene
N 39*27'
W 110*20'
Emery Pit
N 38*51'
W 110*15'
Co-Op
N 39°24'
W 111*07'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Underground
Underground
Underground
Surface
Underground
Employment
Planned
Current Future





Trail Mountain
N 39*18'
W 111*11'
Underground
Cordon Creek
N 39*41'
W 111*04'
Surface
                       (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-5.   (Continued)
t-o
Name and
Location
of Mine
Sun Valley
N 38°46'
W lll'lS'
Carbon Fuel 03
N 39°43'
W 110e53'
Larson-Rlgby
N 39°34'
W 111°12'
Thompson
N 37°34'
W 113°03'
King 05
N 39°31'
W Ille05'
Black Ace
Thompson, Grand
Co.
Ivle Creek
Erne ry •
Emery Co.
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
t
Underground
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future







                                                  (continued)

-------
                                            TABLE A-5.   (Continued)
ro
Current and
Name and Planned Future
Location Production
of Mine Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Employment
Planned
Current Future
Colomblne 11 Underground
Scofield,
Carbon Co.
Black Hawk Underground
Coalville,
Summit Co.
Knight Underground 0.5 in 1978
Salina, Sevier
Co.
Unnamed, South Underground 1.6 in 1981
of Hiawatha,
Emery Co.
MacKinnon 12-3, Underground
West of Hiawatha,
Carbon & Emery
Cos.
           (a)
           (b)
           (c)
Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino, 1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson,
1977); Mineral Industry Location System (USBM, 1978).

Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).

From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).

-------
TABLE A-6.  CURRENT AND FUTURE COAL MINES  IN WYOMING
                                                     (a)
Name and
Location
of Mine
Stansbury 01
N 41° 41'
W 109 °11'
Rainbow 18
N 41°31'
W 109"13'
Jim Bridger
N 41°46'
W 108°45'
Big Horn 01
N 44°53'
W 106°58'
Elkol
N 41°42'
W 110°34'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Underground Opening planned
for 1976
1.4 in 1980
Underground 0.1 in 1976
0.2 in 1980
Surface 3.4 in 1976
7.5 in 1980
Surface 0.8 in 1976
1.5 in 1980
Surface 1.0 in 1975
1.8 in 1976
1.1 in 1980
Coal Analysis
Moist - 17.5%
Ash - 4.7%
Sulfur - 1.1%
Btu/lb - 10,500
Moist - 11.4%
Ash - 4.2%
Sulfur - 0.9%
Btu/lb - 11,700
Moist - 20.5%
Ash - 9.7%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 9,300
Moist - 24.5%
Ash - 5.8%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 9,300
Moist - 20.4%
Ash - 3.0%
Sulfur - 0.7%
Btu/lb - 10,200
Employment
Planned
Current Future
30 275
70 70
(83 in 1976)
120 200
(165 in 1976)(c)
69 69
35 80
(150 in 1976) (c)
                          (continued)

-------
                                             TABLE A-6.  (Continued)
ro
H"
oo
Name and
Location
of Mine
Grass Creek
N 43*55'
U 108841 '
Dave Johnston
N 43002'
W lOS'SO1
Vanguard 02 & 3
N 41°53§
W 106°39'
Medicine Bow
N 41°55'
W 106'46'
Rosebud
N 41e54'
W 106'30'
Seminoe 92
N 41*54'
W 106°30'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
0.7 in 1980
Surface 2.7 in 1976
Underground 1.0 in 1975
1.1 in 1976
«2 (1.0-2.0 in
1980)
#3 (0.5 in 1978)
Surface 2.8 in 1976
3.6 in 1980
Surface 1.8 in 1975
2.2 in 1976
Surface 2.9 in 1975
2.7 in 1976
Coal Analysis
Moist - 12.1%
Ash - 9.0%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 10,800
Moist - 26.3%
Ash - 12.0%
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 7,500
Moist - 13.0%
Ash - 11.5%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 9,800
Moist - 12.0%
Ash - 7.5%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 10,200
Moist - 14.2%
Ash - 8.2%
Sulfur - 1.0%
Btu/lb - 10,300

Employment
Planned
Current Future
100
13l(c>
120 120
(150 in 1976)(c)
135 135
(125 in 1976)
115
121
-------
                                            TABLE A-6.   (Continued)
N>
,_

10
Name and
Location
of Mine
Seminoe 01
N 41°53'
W 106°48'
Wyodak
N 44°17'
W 105°21'
Bell Ayr South
N 44°05'
W 105°22'
Sorenson
N 41°42'
W 110°34'
Rawhide
N 44°29'
W 105*25'
Rochelle
N 43°36'
W 105°14'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 2.4 in 1975
2.6 in 1976
Surface 0.8 in 1975
2.2 in 1980
Surface 3.3 in 1975
7.3 in 1976
10-15 in 1980
Surface 1.7 in 1975
2.3 in 1976
3.0-4.7 in 1980
Surface 8.5 in 1980
Surface 5.0-11.0 in 1985
Coal Analysis

Moist - 29.2%
Ash - 9.6%
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 8,200
Moist - 26.2%
Ash - 5.3%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 8,800
Moist - 20.9%
Ash - 4.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 9,500
Moist - 31.0%
Ash - 6.0%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 8,100
Moist - 28.0%
Ash - 5.6%
Sulfur - 0.3%
Btu/lb - 8,400
Employment
Planned
Current Future
166(c>
28 190
250 350
300 350
48(c) 560
225
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                             TABLE A-6.   (Continued)
ro
Is)
o
Name and
Location
of Mine
FMC Mine,
Skull Point
N 41*42'
W 110°38'
Eagle Butte
N 44*26'
W 105°25'
Cordero
N 44*03'
W 105*21'
Jacobs Ranch
N 43*42'
W 105°41'
East Gillette
N 44*19'
W 105*28'
Black Butte
N 41*36'
W 108*41'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 1.0-2.0 in 1980
Surface 30>0 in 1980
Surface Under construction
12.0 in 1986
Surface Under construction
14.0 in 1983
Surface Planned open 1977
5.0-11.0 in 1980
N
Surface 4.2 in 1980
Planned open 1977
Coal Analysis
Moist - 20.9%
Ash - 4.8%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 9,500
Moist - 29.2%
Ash - 9.6Z
Sulfur - 0.8%
Btu/lb - 8,200

Moist - 29.0%
Ash - 5.8%
Sulfur - 0.5%
Btu/lb - 8,500
Moist - 31.5%
Ash - 5.7%
Sulfur - 0.46%
Btu/lb - 8,000
Moist - 17.7%
Ash - 8.5%
Sulfur - 0.4%
Btu/lb - 9,700
Employment
Planned
Current Future
60 100
0 350
400
62(c) 300
300
35 200
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE  A-6.   (Continued)
NJ
NJ
Name and
Location
of Mine
Thunderbird
Campbell Co.
PSO Mine
N 45°00'
W 107°00' ,
Buckskin Mine
Campbell Co.
Carbon County
Coal
N 41°53'
W 106*27'
Twin Creek
N 41°47'
W 110°34'
Caballo
N 44°08'
W 105°18'
Red Rim
N 41°42'
W 107°31'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 3.0 in 1980
Tentative
Surface Start in 1976
0.5 in 1978
Surface 4.0 in 1980
Very tentative
Underground 0.8 in 1976
2.5 in 1980
Surface Planning stages
3.0 in 1980
Surface Planning stages
12.0 in 1980
Surface 2.5 in 1980
Coal Analysis •
Moist - 27.7%
Ash - 13.4%
Sulfur - 0.6%
Btu/lb - 7,600

Btu/lb - 8,200
Moist - 11.5%
Ash - 6.6%
Sulfur - 0.9%
Btu/lb - 10,800



Employment
Planned
Current Future
225
50
250
90
200
150

                                                      (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE A-6.   (Continued)
ro
to
Name and
Location
of Mine
China Butte
N 41*31'
W 107*38'
Coal Creek
Campbell County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr) Coal Analysis
Surface 1.0-3.0 in 1980
4.0 in 1982
Surface Under development
Employment
Planned
Current Future


           Rimrock 41,  2 &  5  Surface

           N 41°53'

           W 106e38'
Long Canyon Underground
N 41°47f
W 109°10'
Black Thunder Surface 7.0-10.0 In
N 43°40' X9&0
W 105e15' 20.0 in 1982
South Haystack Surface 2.5-3 0 in 1°78
N 41°23'
W 110*34 '
Atlantic Rim Surface 2 0 in 1983
N 41°31'
W 107*27'
Moist - 2ft. 1% 61
-------
                                              TABLE A-6.  (Continued)
NJ
Name and
Location
of Mine
Cherokee
N 41°42'
W 107°45'
Pronghorn
N 44°03*
W 105°21'
Cravat
N' 43°00*
W 110°40'
Stevens North
N 4 3° 08'
W 105Q45'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface 6.0 in 1984
Surface 5.0 in 1981
Surface Unknown
Surface 5.0 in 1985

Coal Analysis
Moisture - 21.92%
Ash - 14.56%
Sulfur - 1.75%
Btu/lb - 8,000
Moisture - 26.96%
Ash - 5.3%
Sulfur - 0.42%
Btu/lb - 8,590


Employment^)
Planned
Future




                                                     (continued)

-------
                                TABLE A-6.   (Continued)
Name and
Location
of Mine
North Gillette
N 44*26'
W 105*26'
Current and
Planned Future
Production
Type of Mine (million tons/yr)
Surface
Employment
Planned
Coal Analysis Current Future

(a)
   Based on Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich,  1978);  Bureau of Mines In-
   formation Circular 8719 (Corsentino,  1976);  Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielaon,
   1977);  Mineral Industry Location System (USBM,  1978).

* 'Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are  from Bureau of Mines Information Cir-
   cular 8772 (Rich, 1978).

   From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nielson, 1977).

-------
                         TABLE B-l.   COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN COLORADO
                                                                                          (*)
to
K>
Ul

Man* and
Location
of Mlna
Watklna* Llfnlta
M M'47'
U 104 '3V
Adana County
Convaraa
M Jl'14'
U 10»*17*
Dalta County
Farnar*a Hlna
II !»•»»•
U IOJ'46*
balta County
Mn| Hlna (a nl .
t. ol raonla)
Dalta County

Old llua Ribbon
M 38'JI'
U 107*12'
Oalta County
Orchard Vallay
N M'12'
U 107*)9'
Oalta County
Station Ctaafc
M }*'ia*
U 104*11'
llbart County
Currant and
Plannad Putura
Production
(nil lion toni/yr)|
Typa of Mlna Hap Color lndlciler<>>
Surlaca 12.) In 1*11
lad


Uodarsroucul 1.1 in 1»»0
Potanttal
llua

Underground 0.1 In 1»«0
1.0 In 1*11
llua

Undaitround 0.} in 1»«0
llua


Undaiground 0.1 In l*7a
0.01 In 1*77
0.05 In 1*10
llua
Utidartround O.J In 1*76
O.i-0.7 In 1*7«
i.o in i»ao
llua
Surfaca • 1.0 In 1*112
llua



E*p)oy
Coal Analyala Currant
Molat - 101 0
Aah - 101
Sulfur - 0.1-0.4S
Itu/lb - 4.000
Sulfur - 0.4-0.61 10
Itu/lb - 12.000


Molat - »-7J
Aah - 1.1-J.4X
Sulfur - 0.4-0. it
Itu/lb - 11.500
Molat - 2.»-a.lI 6
Aah - 4.1-I.U
Sulfur - 0.4-1. 21
Itu/lb - 12, (00
Molat - ».0-t.n 10
Aah - 3.2-1.41
Sulfur - 0.4-0. tX
Itu/lb - 12.700-11.100
Molat - 10-111 140 HI
Aah - 3-41
Sulfur - 0.4-0.441
Itu/lb - 12.000
Llinlta 0




MM
PUnnad
Futura
.60



a)



141



171



10







44



                                                                                                                                      ca
                                                         (continued)

-------
TABLE B-l.  (Continued)
H*me and
Location
of Mine
Ht. Cunnison
V 38*52*
U 107*26'
Cunnlson County
Unnamed (1 •!. I.
of Somerset)
Cunnison County
Grizzly Creek
H 40*32'
U 106*21*
Jackson County
Merr Strip 11
M 40*44*
W 106*09*
Jackvon County
Hay Gulch
H 37*17*
U 108*03*
La Plata County
Lorcnclto
H 37*08*
U 104*49'
La« Anlaas County
Maxwell
V 37*10*
W 104*52*
La a Anlaas County
Current and
Planned future
Production
(•illion tons/yr):
Type of Mine Hap Color Indicator"1)
• Underground 0.5 In 1981
2.5 in 1985
Green
Underground 2.0 In 1960
Creen
Surface 0.5 In 1979
2.0 in 1980
Creen
Surface 0.2 In 1975
0.3 In 1980
Blue
Surface 0.025 In 1978
0.05 in 1980
Blue
Underground 0.5 in 1981
1.0 in 1982
Blue
Underground 0.10 in 1978
0.25 in 1979
0.60 in 1980
Blue
Employment *>c)
Coal Analysis Current
Moist - 10.41
Ash - 4.5Z
Sulfur - 0.47;
Btu/lb - 11.846
10
Moist - 20Z
Ash - 10Z
Sulfur - 0.6-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 9,000
Hoist - 11. 0-14. 41 36
Ash - 2.1-10.81
Sulfur - 0.2-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 10.040-13,290
Moist - 5-6X
Ash - 7-101
Sulfur - 0.6-1.6Z
Btu/lb - 11,800-14,000
Moist -61 0
Ash - 91
Sulfur - 0.6Z
Btu/lb - 13,700
Coking Coal
Planned
Future

600
40


500
100
          (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE B-l.   (Continued)
to
Name and
Location
of Mine
Cameo
N 39*21'
V 108*05'
Mesa County
Colowyo
N 40*13'
M 107*50'
Maffat County
Unnamed (20 ml.
s. of Craig) •
Moffat County
Vise Hill 15
N 40*26'
W 107*39'
Moffat County
Cordon
N 40*11'
W 108*43'
Klo Blanco County
Apex 12
N 40*18'
M 107*02'
Koutt County
Dauson Unit
M 40*29'
W 107*14'
Routt County
Type of Mine
Underground
Surface
Surface
Underground &
Surface
2 Underground
1 Surface
Underground
Underground
Current and
Planned Futur*
Production
(million tons/yr):
Map Color Indicator l^)
1977 prep.
0.5 in 1979
0.9 in 1980+
Blue
0.25 in 1977
3.0 in 1980
Green
1.0 in 1980
(Total with Unnamed.
Moffat County)
Blue
0.5 in 1975
0.4 in 1977
0.6 in 1980
Blue
1.5 in 1980
2.3 in 1985
3.7 in 1990
Green
0.10 in 1977
0.25 in 1980
Blue
0.1 in 1977 or 1978
2.0-4.0 nmxlmun
Green
Coal Analysis
Moist - 6-8Z
Ash - 7-11Z
Sulfur - 0.4-0. 6Z
Btu/lb - 12,500
Moist - 8.5-23.3Z
Ash - 2.7-9.4Z
Sulfur - 0.2-l.OZ
Btu/lb - 10,500

Moist - 16. OZ
Ash - 5.8Z
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 10,600
Moist - 13Z
Ash - 9Z
Sulfur - 0.4Z
Btu/lb - 11,100
Moist - 6-9. 2Z
Ash - 3-12. IX
Sulfur - 0.5-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 12,400
Moist - 7Z
Ash - 81
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 11,500
Employment (°)
Planned
Current Future

244
75
72 150
(90 in 1976) W
0 700


                                                     (continued)

-------
                                                       TABLE B-l.   (Continued)
HUM and
Location
of Kin*
Edna
N 40*20'
U 107*01'
Routt County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(•llllon toni/yr):
Typa of Mine Map Color Indicator*"'
Surfaca 0.8 In 1975
1.1 In 1976
1.0 In 1979
0.8S In I960
Coal Analyiia
MoUt - 7.7-12.52
Aah - J.3-13.2X
Sulfur - 0.6-1. 2X
Btu/lb - 10.400-12,000
Employment 
Planned
Current Future
75 ,l\
(77 In 1976) 
                    Unnamed (14 •!.
                      E. of Steamboat
                      Springe)
                    Routt County
                   Surface         1.0 In 1980
                                  (Total with Unnamed.
                                   Moffat County)
                                  Blue
                                                                                                                          75
tsJ
S>
oo
                     (a)
                     (b)
                     (c)
                     (d)
Based on Bureau of Hlnea Information  Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines Information
Circular 8719 (Coreentlno,  1976);  Keystone Coal  Induetry Manual (Nlelaon, 1977); and Mineral
Industry Location Systems (USBM,  1978).

In order to be Indicated on the map,  a nine had  toi  (1) have development planned for 1980
or later and (2) be located with  latitude-longitude or by come other detailed description.
Ttie total increase In tonnage was  calculated as  the maximum projected value minus the cur-
rent value with blue • 0-1.00, green  - 2.0-5.99, and red - 6.0 or greater (Theae wore con-
verted to symbols In this report,  Figure  3).

Unleaa othervlee noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Hlnes Information Circular
B772 (Rich, 1978).

From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelaon, 1977).

-------
                     TABLE B-2.  COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT  OR  EXPANSION IN  MONTANA(a)
NJ
ttane and
Location
of Mine
East Decker
N 45*05'
U 106*53*
Big Horn County
Sarpy Creek.
N 45*49'
W 107*04'
Big Horn County
Spring Creek
N 45*08'
U 106*53'
Big Horn County
Voung's Creek,
Tanner Creek,
Squirrel Creek
Unnamed
N 45*03'
W 107*00'
Big Horn County
Circle West
N 47*23'
W 105*34*
McCone County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(nllllon tons/yr);
Type of Mine Map Color Indicator *°)
Surface 10.2 In
20.0 in
Red
Surface 6.5 in
15.0 In
Red
Surface 10.0 in
Red
Surface 6.0 In
16.0 In
Red
Surface 5.0 In
Creen
1976(7)
1981
1980
1982
1980
1980
1985
1983
Coal Analysis
Moist - 24. IX
Ash - 4.3Z
Sulfur - 0.6Z
Btu/lb - 9.700
Moist - 23Z
Ash - 111
Sulfur - 0.7Z
Btu/lb - 8,500

Moist - 24Z
Ash -3.51
Sulfur - 0.25Z
Btu/lb - 9.400
Moist - 34.91
Ash - 6.9Z
Sulfur - 0.5Z
Btu/lb - 6,930
Employment (c)
Planned
Current Future
128^d) 435
990

435
0 200
                                                    (continued)

-------
                                                        TA11LE B-2.    (Continued)
Current and



Na»

a and


Planned
Future



Production
Location

of
Mine
Roaabud
N
H
45*50'
106*3i
Roaebud

i
County
(i
Type of Mine Map
Surface 9.
19.
Red

2
1


•lllion
toaa/yr); .
Color Indicator**'
In 1976
In 1980








Coal
Holat
Aah -
Sulfur
Btu/lb
- 24
8. 92
- 0
- 8

Analyaia
.61

.n
.703


Employment (')

Currant
275«>



Plannad
Future
1.260



N)
U)
O
                    (b)
                    (c)
                    (d)
'Baaed on Bureau of Minea  Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mlnaa Information
 Circular 8719 (Coraentlno,  1976);  Keystone Coal  Induatry Manual (Nlelson, 1977); and Mineral
 Industry Location Syatema (USBM.  1978).

 In order to be Indicated  on the map, a mine had  to:   (1) have development planned for 1980
 or later and (2) be located with  latitude-longitude or by some other detailed description.
 The total increaae In tonnage waa  calculated aa  the maximum projected value mlnua the cur-
 rent value with blue • 0-1.00, gruen • 2.0-5.99, and  red - 6.0 or greater (Theae were con-
 verted to aynbola in thla report,  Figure  3).

 Unleaa otherwise noted, employment figurea are from Bureau of Nines Information Circular
 8772 (Rich. 1978).

 From Keystone Coal Induatry Manual (Nlelson, 1977).

-------
                   TABLE  B-3.   COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN NORTH DAKOTA^3)
M
Naae and
Location
of Mine Type of Mine
Falklrk Surface
N 46*49'
W 100*47*
Burlelgh County
Dunn Center Surface
N 47*23'
W 102*51'
Dunn County
Garrison Surface
N 47*36'
W 101*26'
McLean County
Nokota Co. fl Surface
(South of Max)
McLean County
Underwood Surface
N 47*27'
W 101*07'
McLean County
Waehburn Surface
Washburn
McLean County
Beulah Surface
N 47*16*
U 101*46'
Mercer County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr):
Map Color Indicator (b)
Under construction
5.0-6.0 In 1981
Green
13.0-14.0 In 1982
Red
3.30 In 1984
Green
6.6 after 1982
Red
1.5 after 1985
Blue
5.0 after 1985
Green
1.3 In 1976
2.2 In 1981
4.4 In 1985
Green
Coal Analysis
Holat - 39.51
Ash - 6.81
Sulfur - 0.61
Btu/lb - 6,415
Moist - 34. OZ
Ash - 8.0Z
Sulfur - 0.8X
Btu/lb - 6,800



Moist - 3BZ
Aah - 4.4Z
Sulfur - O.SZ
Btu/lb - 7.100
Moist - 34-37Z
Ash - 5-8Z
Sulfur - 0.5-0.7Z
Btu/lb - 6,700-6,900
Employment ^c)
Planned
Current Future
21 300
0 300




110 280
(58 In 1976) W
                                                    (continued)

-------
                                     TABLE B-3.   (Continued)
     N«M and
     Location
     of  Mine
                                       Current and
                                      Planned Future
                                        Production
                                    (•11 lion toa«/yr)|
                  Type of Mine    M«p Color Indicator^)
  Coal Analys.lt
                       Current
Planned
Future
Coteeu
N 47*26'
W 101*49'
Mercer County
                 Surface       7.0-7.5 In 1981
                              14.0-15.0 In 1985
                              Red
Dakota Star
M 47*22'
V 101*18*
Mercer County
                 Surface
                               4.0 after 1985
                              Green
Rannert Cove
Rennera Cove
Mercer County
                 Surface
                               3.0 after 1980
                              Creen
Moist - 36X
Aah - 7.4X
                          12
                                   360
Moist - 37*
Ash - 6-7X
Sulfur - 0.7Z
Btu/lb - 6,800-6.900
Molat - 37Z
Aah - 71
Sulfur - 0.7X
Btu/lb - 6.700-6,800
(e)
(b)
Based on Bureau of MInea Intonation Circular  8772  (Rich.  1978); Bureau of Mines Information
Circular 8719 (Coraentlno, 1976);  Keystone  Coal  Industry Manual  (Ntelaon, 1977); and Mineral
Industry Location Systems (USBM,  1978).

In order to be indicated on the map, a nine had  to:   (1) have development planned for 1980
or leter and (2) be located with  latitude-longitude or by  soste other detailed description.
Ttie total Increase in tonnage was  calculated as  the maximum projected value minus the cur-
rent value with blue • 0-1.00, green • 2.0-S.99,  and  red - 6.0 or greater (These were con-
verted to symbols In this report,  Figure 1).

Unless otherwise noted, employment figures  are from Bureau of Mlnea Information Circular
8772 (Mich, 1978).
  'From Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson.  1977).

-------
                      TABLE B-4. COAL MINES  UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION  IN UTAll(a>
ro
u>
u>
Have and
Location
of Hlno
traitah. 13. 4,
i and 6
N 39'43'
U HO'55*
Carbon County
O'Connor 11
(Near Cl«»r
Creek)
Carbon County
Unnamed
Carbon County
Star Point 43
(N«ar Uattls)
Carbon County
Eaery (near Eatery)
Encry County
Perron Canyon
(Hoar Ferron)
Eawry County
Straight Canyon
(Hoar Castle
Dale)
Enery County
Unnannd. South of
Hiawatha
EJxery County
UUberg
N M'191
U 111*06'
EJMry County
Type of Hln«a
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Underground
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(Billion (oni/jrr):
Hap Color ln
-------
                      TABLE  B-4.    (Continued)
N«M tnt
Ural Inn
of HIM
tscilinti (N««r
IiciUntt)
CarfUld County
IfcincMd (H««i
Alton)
K*a« County
UniuMd
Savltr County
IntirMuntiJn
Fowl frojcct
Utyiu County
Uuuxd (factory
lull*)
U*yn« County
Cuff tut MM|
runMd r*tur«
Froductloo
(•11 1 Ian toni/yr)|
Tyf* ol Him* rUr Color J»dlc.tor'k>
Un4oi|tound t.O la 1(1}
D*p*rut»t on w*l«r
•v«llobl«
••<)
Sufdc* 11.) lo >»»:
Rod
Underground 1.0 In 1910
fl*antn| ot«|
1-Unn.d
Coal Anilyili Current Fulurt
2.070
SuUuf - l.lt 760
Itu/lb • 10.100
3* 5
140
US
(c)
'Baaed on Bureau of Mlnea  Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Hlnea Information
 Circular 8719 (Corsentlno,  1976); Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Nlelson, 1977); and Mineral
 Industry Location Systems (USBH, 1978).

'in order to be indicated  on the map, a mine had tot  (1) have development planned for 1980
 or later and (2) be  located with latitude-longitude or by some other detailed description.
 The total increase  in tonnage was calculated aa the maximum projected value minus the cur-
 rent value with blue • 0-1.00, green • 2.0-5.99, and red • 6.0 or greater (These vere con-
 verted to symbols in this report. Figure 3).

 Unless otherwise noted, employment  figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Circular
 8772 (Mich, 1978).

 From Keystone Coal  Industry Manual  (Nlelaon, 1977).

-------
TABLE B-5.  COAL MINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR EXPANSION IN WYOMING(a)
Naae and
Local ion
of Mine
Red Rl»
N 41*42*
VJ 105*31'
Albany County
Bell Ayr South
N 44*05'
U 105*22'
Campbell County
Black Thunder
N 43*40'
W 105*15'
Campbell County
Buckskin Mine
Campbell County
Cabal lo
N 44*08'
W 105*18'
Campbell County
Cordero
N 44*01'
W 105*21'
Campbell County
Eagle Butte
N 44*26'
W 105*25'
Campbell County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr):
Type of Mine Hap Color Indicator (b)
Surface 2.5 In 1980
Green
Surface 3.3 In 1975
7.3 In 1976
10-15 In 1980
Green
Surface 7.0-10.0 In 1980
20.0 In 1982
Red
Surface 4.0 In 1980
Very tentative
(None)
Surface Planning stages
12.0 In 1980
Red
Surface Under construction
12.0 In 1986
Red
Surface 30.0 In 1980
Red
Coal Analysis

Hoist -
Ash - 5.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Hoist -
Ash - 4.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Btu/lb -


Hoist -
Ash - 9.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -

26. 21
3Z
0.6Z
8.800
28. U
8Z
0.3t
8,600
8,200


29. 2Z
6Z
0.8Z
8,200
Employment 'c)
Planned
Current Future

250 350
61 250
250
150
400
0 350
                               (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE B-5.   (Continued)
CO
o>
Na*e and
Location
of Mine
East Gillette
N 44*19'
W 105*28*
Ca>pbell County
Jacobs Ranch
N 43*42'
W 104*41*
Caapbell County
Prongliorn
N 44*03'
W IOS'21*
Campbell County
Rawhide
N 44*29'
W 10S*25*
Campbell County
Roche lie
N 43*36'
W 105*14'
Cavpbell County
Thundcrblrd
Campbell County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(alllloD tons/yr):
Type of Hlne Map Color Indicator *b>
Surface Planned open 1977
5.0-11.0 In 1980
Red
Surface Under conat ruction
14.0 In 1983
Red
Surface 5.0 In 1981
Green
Surface 8.5 In 1980
Red
Surface 5.0-11.0 In 1985
Red
Surface 3.0 In 1980
Tentative
(None)
Coal Analyst*
Molet - 31. 5t
Ash - 5.7X
Sulfur - 0.46Z
Btu/lb - 8,000
Most - 29.02
Ach - 5.8Z
Sulfur - 0.51
Btu/lb - 8,500
Hoist - 26.9%
Ash - 5.3X
Sulfur - 0.42Z
Btu/lb - 8,590
Moist - 31. OX
Ash - 6.0Z
Sulfur - 0.4Z
Btu/lb - 8,100
Hoist - 28. OZ
Ash - 5.6Z
Sulfur - 0.3Z
Btu/lb - 8,400
Hoist - 27.71
Ash - 13.41
Sulfur - 0.6Z
Btu/lb - 7,600
Euploy»ent(c)
Planned
Current Future
300
62 300

48 560
225
225
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE  B-5.   (Continued)
NJ
U)
HaM and
lo» Crack
« 43*5$'
W 108*41'
Hoc Sprla|* Couocy
Current anil
Manned Future
Production
(million toni/yr>:
Type of Hln* Map Color Indicator1*'
Surfaca 0.8 In 197)
2.2 in 1980
Surface 2.0 In 1*81
Craao
Oodartrouod 0.8 In 1976
2.5 In 1980
llu.
Surfac* 1.0-3.0 In 1980
4.0 In 1982
Graan
Surfaca 2.8 In 1976
3.6 In 1980
Uua
Ondarground 1.0 In 1975
1.1 In 1976
12 (1.0-2.0 In I960)
n (0.5 In 1)78)
llu*
Surfac* 5.0 In 1»85
Graan
Surf a c*
0.7 In 1980
Blua
Coal Ajxalyila
Molft - 29.21
Sulfur - 0,8*
Itu/lb - 1.200
Main - 13. 7S
Sulfur - 0.89!
ttu/lb - 10.698
Holit - U.JX
Aih - 6.6X
Sulfur - 0.9Z
Scu/lb - 10.800

Holit - 12. OX
Aah - 7.JI
Sulfur - 0.51
Itu/lb - 10,200
Mol.c - 13. OS
Aih - 11.51
Sulfur - 0.4X
Bcu/lb - 9,800

Holat - 12.lt
Aab - 9.01
Sulfur - 0.4X
Scu/lb - 10.800
U 1 a .C«>
flannad
Currant future
26 190

90

135 1))
(125 In 1974) ta>
120 120
(150 In l»76)(d'

100
                                                     (continued)

-------
                                          TABLE B-5.   (Continued)
U)
CO
Naa* and
Lo4«tteo
at Klaa Type of Kin*
Ukal Surf act
* 41*42*
W 110*14'
Uocsli County
DC HIM. Surface
Skull Joint
I 41*42*
W 110*11'
Lincoln County
Sorenaoa Surface
X 41*42*
V 110*)4'
Lincoln County
twin Cteek Surface
X il*47*
W UO*J4'
Llncole County
111 Horn 11 Surface
X 44*5)'
V 104*S«'
Sh«rU«n County
Hack luite Surface
S 11*34'
U lOI'll'
Su«otv«t*r County
Cherokee Surface
S 41*42'
• ior*;5'
Swaetwttet County
Currenc and
Mtnoad Future
ft eduction
(•lllleo tooi/yr>:
Mae Color Indicator1*'
1.0 la 1975
1.1 In 1974
1.1 la 1910
'llue
1.0-2.0 la ItlO
1.7 la 117}
2.1 in 1974
3.0-4.7 la 1910
1.0 In 1910
Ore en
O.I la 1974
1.5 la 1910
Hue
4.2 la 1910
Manned op«a 1977
Green
4.0 In 1914
ltd
Coal Analyili
BoUt • 10.41
A>b - i.o:
Sulfur - 0.71
Itu/lk - 10,200
Haiti - 20.9X
Ask - 4. II
Sulfur - 0.4X
Itu/lb - 9,500
Molit - 20.91
A>b - 4.K
Sulfur - 0.6X
Itu/lk - 9,500

Molit - 24.5!
A.h - 3.IZ
Sulfur - 0.7:
Icu/U - 9.100
Molit - 17.7:
Aah - 1.5:
Sulfur - O.C
Icu/lk - 9.700
MoUt - 21.9::
Aah - H.J6I
Sulfur - 1.75*.
Itu/lb • 1.000
(c)
Manned
Current fututi
(ISO In 1974)")
60 100
)00 350
200
69 69
35 ZOO

                                                      (continued")

-------
                                                         TABLE JJ-5.   (Continued)
ro
Name and
Location
of Mine
Jim Bridger
N 41*46'
W 108°4S'
Sueetuater County
Rainbow 18
N 41*31'
W 109°13'
Sueetuater County
Stansbury 11
N 41*41'
W 109°ir
Sweetwater County
Current and
Planned Future
Production
(million tons/yr);
Type of Mine Map Color Indicator*1"'
Surface 3.4 in 1976
7.5 in 1980
Green
Underground 0.1 In 1976
0.2 in 1980
Blue
Underground Opening planned for
1978
1.4 in 1980
Blue
Coal Analysis
Moist -
Ash - 9.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Moist -
Ash - 4.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
Moist -
Ash - 4.
Sulfur -
Btu/lb -
20.51
n
0.5X
9,300
11. «
22
0.9X
11.700
17. 5Z
7X
1.1Z
10.500
Employment 'c'
Planned
Current Future
120 200
(165 in 1976)(d)
70 70
(83 in 1976)(d)
30 275
                     (a                            --.«.-
                         Based on Bureau of Mines  Information Circular 6772  (Rich, 1978); Bureau of Mines Information Circular  8719
                         (Corsentino,  1976);  Keystone Coal  Industry Manual (Nieison, 1977), and Mineral Industry Location System
                         (USBM. 1978).

                     ( ' In order to be  Indicated  on the map. a mine had to:  (1) have development planned for 1980 or later  and
                         (2) be located  with  latitude-longitude or by some other detailed description.  The total increase in ton-
                         nage was calculated  as  the maximum projected value minus the current value-with blue • 0-1.99,  green •
                         2.0-5.99,  and red  -  6.0 or greater (these were converted to symbols in this report,  Figure 3).

                         Unless otherwise noted, employment figures are from Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8772 (Rich, 1978).
                     (d)
                         From Keystone  Coal  Industry Manual  (Nlelson, 1977).

-------
        APPENDIX C



ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY RATES

SEX-AGE
DISEASE
CATEGORY WHITE MALE
WHITE FEMALE
NON-WHITE MALE
NON-WHITE FEMALE

1 24 25-44 45-64
TOT MN(') 6.9 27.4 264.2
GI-MN (t>> 0.1 4.3 63.4
RT-MN (c) 0.3 4.4 96.0
UT-MN N) O.I 1.0 13.5
CARDIO '4.1 42.4 559.6
ISCHEMIA 0.3 27.3 429.0
C£REBR(9) 1.0 5.5 52.1
£ RESPIRC') 3.7 3.9 54.5
o
CIRRIIS(') 0.1 3.4 51.5
MV ACC(J) 41.8 50.7 33.2
SU-IIOMCO 14.5 46.7 47.0
±65
1208.9
347.5
296.5
82.8
4098.8
2674.4
810.8
548.6

58.0
53.1
51.5
1 24
5.1
0.1
0.1
0.1.
3.3
0.1
1.1
3.1

0.2
15.3
4.9
25-44
11.4
4.4
1.8
0.4
17.6
4.6
6.3
4.0

5.2
14.0
15.8
45-64
232.5
45.4
31.0
6.5
204.7
122.5
47.2
25.5

26.1
13.3
17.7
±65
745.6
254.2
60.4
32.7
3163.1
1786.1
861.8
314.8

22.4
21.3
14.4
i 24
4.2
.0
.0
.0
4.9
.0
2.3
10.8

0.5
73.5
45.2
25-44 45-64 ±65 1
32.6 279.2 1131.8 3
9.3 89.2 273.9 1
4.7 104.4 346.6
1.4 20.5 104.2
91.7 716.3 2867.2 5
38.6 472.8 1720.8
20.0 118.6 564.7 0
18.6 77.6 557.4 12

79.1 151.7 89.7 1
125.7 74.0 72.7 26
156.9 89.2 89.7 16
24
.9
.4
.0
.0
.9
.0
.6
.3

.4
.8
.2
25-44
35.7
4.S
3.1
.0
34.4
10.3
12.0
12.0

72.7
53.6
43.3
45-64
314.2
90.5
33.5
9.1
280.7
135.5
105.9
48.0

96.9
20.8
20.8
±65
671.6
277.8
59.1
37.2
2887.8
1524.8
678.2
P12.2

28.4
21.9
15.3

(a) Total malignant neoplasms.
(b) Malignant neoplasms of the
(c) Malignant neoplasms of the
(d) Malignant neoplasms of the





gastrointestinal
respiratory
tract

system.
.






urinary tract.















(e)
(f)
(9)
(h)
(0
(J)
(k)
Major cardiovascular disease
Ischemic heart disease.
Cerebrovascular disease.
Respiratory disease.
Cirrhosis of the liver.
Motor vehicle accidents.
Suicides and homicides.
.




























-------
                               TABLE C-2.  STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS  (BY COUNTY)
IsJ

STATES 1Y
COUNTY
_ -c otoftA CO-
ADA HS
ALANOSA
ARAPAHOE.
ARCMULETA
a AC A

BOULDER
CMAFFEE
CHEYENNE
CLEAR CREEK
CONE JOS
COSTILLA
CROHLEV -
. CVSTEft
DELIA
DENVEft
DOLORES
DOUGLAS
EAGLE
ELBERT

2
E

1.170
0.014.

0.521
0.952
1.039
0.551
0.922
0.971
1.015
0.563
1.001
0.737
1.4,77
0.101
1.064, n
1.691
0.1.14,
0.776
0.528

^
M
(J

1.067
0.54.6
0.71}
0.8SS
0.64,1
0.601
0.604,
1.24.3
0.622

0.294.
1.312
1.051

0.94,6
1.072
1.4,29.
0.507
0.911
0.899

\

_J.15%
1.117
0.927
0. 330
1.212
1.04.2
O.«74t
0.919
1.190
2. J31
0.531
0.631,
0.063
1.270
0.908
1.051
1.3Z1
1.24.8
1.04.1
O.S67

S
I

O.«l)
1.712
0.17«,
.000
0.516
0.4,10 _
0.4,67
1.3Z2
1.4,2)
0.757
.000
.000
0.7)7
2.11 5
0. 74. 1
1.14,7
.000 .
0.306
.000
.000

V
o
»-*

JJ»»
0.74,1
0.791
0.930
0.699
0.10)
0.601
1.911
1.021
_•_•£'*

0.711
JjJL'JL.
0.71)
1.117
J-9??_-
0.136
1.4,81
0.4,88
0.599

1

1.1)0
0.7*2
1.766
0.91S
0.672
0.11)
0.625
0.954,
1.121
9.500

0.5St,
1.3))
0.4>57
0.04,0
0.955
0.4,4.)
1.500
0.4.05
0.710

3

0.167
0.669
0.751
fl.m
0.699
0.051
1.509
0.694,
1.201
0.515
0.611
0.04.6

0.762
1.91)

1.164,
0.4.4.1
0.4)11
0.107

2
S

1.359
0.109
o.oio
1.364,
1.016
1.701
1.969
1.221
1.21)
_Ltll»
?}«»6
0.504.
_fiil.*J_
.100
1.217
1.002
.000
0.66).
0.113
0.600

G

0.010
0.906
0.64,2
1.629
.001
0.584,
0.4.61
1.4,21
.001
1.362
1.250
.010

,000
1.51)
	 1.294,
.001
l.)54,
0.26)
.000

3

0.74,4,
0.754,
0.521,
1.0)0
2.330
1.910
1.797
0.555
1.4.99
_1.«,10
1.64,9
3.2)6

0.194,
0.911
_J.602
.000
0.711
1.4.2)
t,2d9

\

1.14.0
l.*3)
0.102
.000
0.74,9
1.791
0.751
1.615
0.91*
1.106
0.599
1.4,9)
O.)0l
.*•'•?«
0.792
If."*
0.707
• 0.51*
1.24,9
0.561
                                                      (continued)

-------
TABLE C-2,  (Continued)
3
runs iv g
COUNTY **
s
I
*J
1
3 so \ 2
B 0 «
* 2fl 3 :
3 3
•COtOKAPO- 	 __ 	 . 	 	
CL PASO
FREMONT
CtMICLB
CUM*
GRAND
CUNNISON
HINSOAIC
HUfRFANO
JACKSON
JCFFfRSON
K10MA
KIT CARSON
LA PLATA
LAS AN IMA 5
LINCOLN
LOG AN
MESA
MINfRAL
1.912
0.919
1.411

0.911
0.791
o.iot
1.067
1.191
0.9S6
l.lll
1.24.9
1.027
1.099
0.121
1.900
1.161
l.lll
•.906 1.
0.600 I.
.*•*»». . 9t
.001 t.
.III 1.
0.121 0.
1.612
0.997 1.
1.701 0.
1.012 0.
1.206 0.
1.1.21 0.
1.197 	 1.
1.020 1.
0.671 . 0.
, 0.*S1 .. 1.
1.069 0,
1.111 1.
(.171 1.
.Ill
902 (.1
ZOt 0.

119 .
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6*1 2.
000
110 0.
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919 0.
170 ].
066 1.
9J1__I.
126 1.
169 	 1.
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716
919
III
•69
III
9*6
1.12
166
•01 ,
109
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925
017
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000
0.091
1.117
«.6T2
1.669
• .956
(.761
• .906
1.130
I.I**
O.I3A
».*/9
(.795
_0.7SS
0.030
l.*75
1.169
1.1(6
1.171
(.115
(.199
1.161
1.6(6
0.6*Z
0.909
0.766
1.91*
1.266
1.336
1.166
0.919
0.920
0.062
1.119...
1.61Z
1.072
0.060
0.66Z
0.926
0.11*
O.tll _,
0.169
0.7*0
0.609
0.667
1.710
«.S*7
1.701
• .537
».<.6«
._»•"•-
0.636
.0.716 _
0.619
• .696
1.975
.000
1.20".
1.361.
0.911
1.19*
(.26*
1.17*
.100
• .991
.III
1.92*
1.261
1.640
_ 1.196 	
0.760
0.650 	
l.lll
1.161
1.130
0.432
.001
1.070
• .691
0.176
.010
.000
0.156
6.260
1.99?
2.997
1.611
0.071
0.600
1.676
0.611
1.601
2. MO
1.266
0.761
.010
0.637
1.117
1.333
1.561
1.566
1.201
2.»*l
1.137
1.55?
1.61*
2.720
0.177
_•••»
	 1.991
2.012
1.121
1.611
1.271
1.061
I.7Z?
I.57J
2.961
1.919
.III
.000
1.120
1.715
1.116
1.616
1.6(3
1.116
1.216
	 1.761
l.lll
1.11*
1.191
1.226
1.765
      (continued)

-------
                                             TABLE  C-2.   (Continued)
          STATES IT
           COUNTY
f»
u
      -COLORAOO-
N)
-P-
HOFfAT
_ NONTE*ONA_
NON THOSE
NOR CAN
01CRO
OU*»f
PARK
PHILLIPS
PI1KIN
PROMERS
PUf BLO
RIO BIANCO
«IO CRANOC
ROUTT
SACUACHC
SAN JUAN
SAN MIGUEL
SEOGMICK
SUMHIT
TELLER
(
	 	 0
o
0
0
0
0
0
„
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
.625
0.631
.711 	 O.C.Z3
i.9.53 	 «.v3?L_
.675 0.617
.720
.-•?*._„
.719
.923
.753
.071
.895 	
.771
.975
.135
.701
.305
.720
.097
.633
0.961
0.570
... 0,31$
1.309
0.156
0.115
1.165
0.817
.000
0.790
O.ZJ9
1.Z57
.000
1.159
1.171
0.606
1.055
1.021
0.987 	
0.736
0.9ZS
0.506
0.517
0. 711
1.155
1. 118
0.203
1.162
0.321
0.769
. 000
1.000
1.229
0. 707
0.710
.000
0.637 	
1.390
0.372
0.759
0.601
0.01*
0.891.
0.921
1.029
*»%U 	 _lj**»
_ .100 	 O.(91
0.569 1.210
.000
0.600
0.889
I.9ZO
0.710
.000
0.087
.000
.000
0.832
1.100
0.610
0.511
1.060
0.996
1.200
1.015
0.696
0.607
0.097
0.592
0.052
0.160
0.301
0.500
	 0.616
0.756
0.922
1.166
0.531
	 0.787
1.396
0.1S9
0.922
1.077
1.169
0.687
0.7SO
0.638
1.121
0.506
0.719
	 0.117
0.317
	 0.520
	 0.591
1.051
0.962
0.903
	 !s«/L
	 0.350
0.137
0.796
0.593
0.786
1.61*
o.soo
1.026
.000
0.609
0.610
0.911
1.107
1.320
1.156
0.201
	 ,000_
0.351
0.553
0.716
I.IK
1.230
0.937
0.631
0.132
.000
1.569
	 0.019
	 .000
0.221
0.5*7
	 O.S66
0.667
0.612
D.83J
.000
.000
0.100
0.310
0.906
1.191
0.966
1.158
0.939
1.220
.000
.000
	 .000
	 .000
.000
2.1
	 1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
	 JL«_>
	 0.8
	 1.0
1.5
0.9
0.7
1.8
1.1
O.ti
1.01
.01
. I.9J
1.9'
..... *•»<
1.91
                                                                                                               1.171
                                                                                                               0.853
                                                                                                               1.019
                                                                                                               jum
                                                                                                               1.639
                                                                                                              _2.386
                                                                                                              _J.Z5»_
                                                                                                               O.C.V
                                                                                                               1.777
                                                        (continued)

-------
                                        TABLE C-2.   (Continued)


MATES IT
CMOMtK
"• f.

1 *
P M
P o
"3 5

? ?
a E
7
o
§
S 3
H 2
S 9
1 9
3 3
w «^
" a
c §
9 §
3 S

S vk
-COXOR«OQ-
WASHINCtOM
WE 10
»0«A

-NOMTANA-
BEAVERMC^O
QIC HORN
BLA1NC
pROAOMATER
fAKOOH
(AHIEK
CASCADE
CHOUIEAU
COSIER
PAMULS
OAWSOM
__OCtR LOOCE
f ALL OK
fEROUS
riAtHtAO
(.<9fc
(.r»i
(.7(1


l.Zfl".
1.119
,.,„
1.1.1*
I.*t7
l.**r
i,(f(
(.*ZI
(.«zr
i,»i*
(. m
	 (.9f» 	
i.ztr
(.9I*>
(,*»(
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J.39".
i.m
i.nr
Itfll
I.U*
)t6I7
••111
(.fit
l.(7t>
1:114.
1.3(1
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JO'l
f.tl*
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i.m


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(. ri*
._§•»»>.
i. rtr
«.rz»
0. 198
1. 3(Z
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(.139
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j. rz9
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t.zi r
i.*-»"i
(.977


t.litl
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I.Z(9
1.6*1
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(.73*>
(.9(6
(.(((
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i.m


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• .969
1.ZZ7
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(.(76
(.(37
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1.196
(.(»6
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1.013
_(.9*(
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•
1. 76t
(.631
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(.697
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(.761
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1.93Z
(.130
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l.*U 	
1.19*
1.99<>
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1.1.31
1.999
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«.b«.6
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^(.93«i
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(.6(1


1.096
(.671
	 (.(56
1.517
__(.695
(.679
I.(
-------
TABLE C-2.   (Continued)
STATES IT
COUNTY
5 ~&
E A
H 0
*-**-» *"* ^
t* -o £ ^
Is IB § |
3 2 **
i i • i
i s* i
-MONTANA-
^GALLAIIN
GARFIELO
GLACIER
GOLDEN VAUEr
GRANITE
HILL
JEFFERSON
JUDITH BASIN
_LAKE 	
_ LEWIS « CLARK
LIBERTY
LINCOLN
MC CONE
HAOISON
HE A CHER
MINERAL
NISSOUL*
MUSSEL SHELL
PARK
0.009
H.313
1.3Z7
1.311
0.997
O.OVl
O.V19_
1.056
0.177
1.165
o.vso
1.001
1.V26
0.9VO
0.971
0.396
0.6)2
0.5Z5
l.bOl
O.«61
1.1Z5
0.660
1.000
0.1Z3
1.333
O.OV2
l.UO
1.111
0.761
1.090
0.737
0.75V 0.603
r_in__o* y fO ^_a
_ 1.190

1. 731
0.9-.5
1.601
0.057
.000
_1.0ZZ 	
.000
1. 71,7
0. 770
1.150
1.002
0.960
1. 19V
0.670
0.79V
.000
0.079
.000
.000
0.57)
0.605
1.012
_0.570
1.06)
7.613
1.133
.000
O.V72
.000
2.791
0.7V6
O.Ik)
o.ett
0.910
0.059 	
0.027
1.00*
0.660
0.703
	 0.95* 	
0-90V
1.300
1.139
1.209
0.619
0.975
0.590
0.91V
0.032
_UZ.#* 	 ».*«> 	
(.610
0.769
J.596 	
0.669
1.01*
0.615
0.591
0.916 _
0.000
1.557
1.102
1.112
0.510
0.616
0.551
0-920 __
0.729
0.905
o.ooo
0.791
1.271
0.601
C.7S5
0.001
0.30V
0.951
0.719
0.500
0.7V 7
0.769
0.61Z
0.913
0.256
_0.991
_J.120
	 0.0 7_1 	
2.V06
0.951
O.V13
	 O.V16 	
1.17V
0.903
	 0.155 	
0.991
(.09V
• 0.930
O.V72
1.155
1.600
1.0V5
0.976 	
1.07V
(.053
Jf.*'l 	 *i".'._
.tOO 1.322
_.ooo
0.6V5
1.036
1.099
_.ooo
0.301
1.020
0.000
.000
0.761
0.295
.000
0.627
_0.3fO
0.393
O.V03
	 0,;69|
.000
	 2.V27 	 (.609
	 V.7I2 	 1.16S
	 I.V06 	 (•*»>
(.073 0.711
0.615
	 (.070
(.9(1
1.150
0.016
(.Oil
1.707
1.061
0.677
	 0.92«_
2.666
1.61*
O.V69
_.O.V7I
1.172
.(((
1.037
I. ISO
0.519
J.296
_ 0.952
(.10*
0.020
         (continued)

-------
                                     TABLE C-2.   (Continued)
    ITAUS IT
    COUNTY

-HONTANA-
CflROLCWf 2.
_,rnIlllPS 	 1.
, rONDFRA 1.
fOMtU 1.
PRMRIC 1.
RAVAILI 1.
R1CHIANO 1.
LJ ROpSWlT 1.
Roscauo o.
_SANO£RS 	 1.
, SHERIDAN i.
	 S 11 «R, 60M 	 1 .
_ ST1LLMMER 	 	 0.
SMtEI CRASS 1.
1EIOM 1.
_tOOLI 	 	 	 1.
TREASURE 1.
VALlEt 1.
NHEAKANO 1.
3*1
• 11
JIU
•21
IM
912
• 05
•51
7JO
1*9
• 07
1*7
•1*
671
.III
	 (.691
».«>*
	 ,(00
1.115
1.152
1.191
1.199
I.MI
O.lll
	 1.201
	 t.215
_ 0.619
1.511
1.519
1.352
.100
1.911
I.7J6
*. 6*9
1.671
(.691
1.626
,»•*»» , ^

	 !•_»*! 	
0.579
._._..,•»__
	 l.(22 	
1.7*0 	
1.631
1.919
_.,.«-•»•._
1.511
1.711
6.179
1.6(1
(. *46
I.Zr*. 	 1.191 _..|.Z9J _
_.»»« 	 •.•»! • .(*• 	
...((».. __f.67« 	 ••••» 	
I.*9I 1.016 0.972
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1.196
1.115
• .11%
Il566
0.605
1.711
1.107
1.559
1. 151
1.102
__U»tL
	 1.861
	 i.m.
I.«7J_
• .616
	 jLt"!.
	 .LIZ*
• .••7
(.992
• .117
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(.976
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	 (.019 	
1.1*6
1.05*
1.401
- •• 751
(.966
	 1.11* 	
1.502
(.0*1
	 1.325 	
1.015
t.«62
• .510
• .619
•••»' .....
(.191 	

(.771
I. (16 	
1.151
1.062
0.612
1.012 	
1.2*7
1.26*
t.25J 	
• .561
(.*](
1.536
.III .III
,.%,,
	 1.102
1.9 7fc 	 .(••
0.710 l.**Z
0.520
0.712
1.679
.000
(.21%
0.70*
1.519 .(01
	 1.171 	 0.5*1
1.052 1. 9(1
	 l.%U 	 _Z.»61
1.592 1.245
Z.16I .0(0
1.1*1 I. (11
1.1*2 (.709
0.0*0 2.6bO Z.%99 l.(73
1.211
(.529
1.09*
1.001
1.571
1.591
0.1.60
o.rn
0.580
„. *•*"
... •«»*'
	 1.509
	 .080
1.551
1.911
	 0.361
.001
1.021
2.345
2. J77 (.%51
2.901 	 1.173
2.109 1.161
	 l.*93 	 (.901
(.6*1 1.153
(.702 0.972
0.342 1.116
	 2.119 	 •.,•!•
(.IK .(01
I.%(Z (.967
.Oil .III
                                              (continued)

-------
TABLE C-2.  (Continued)
STATES IT
COUNTY
3s5sSS3,8
5 is 1 Is i 8 8 £
HtTToZQMui
3 3 2^
-NQSTANA-
MtSAUX
YELLOWSTONE
0.41.9 1.3d? .000 .000 (.923 1.0(1 1.011 0.731
1.04 1.011 1.1(0 1.961. 0.116 1.779 1.007 (.400
.OBI 3.037 .000
o.m (.99* o.iu

-H. DAKOTA- , ... , ,,.
ADAMS
BARNES
BENSON

BOTTINtAU
eownAN
BURKE
OURLEICM .
CASS
CAVALIER
DICKEY
DIVIDE
PUNH
eiiov
0.91.1
1.219
0.912
0.1.1.1
0.111
o.ot*
1.109
1.021
0.917
0.69
1.2J9
1.967
0.11.6 O.Vt_
0.020
_Jt553
l.<>29
1.166
0.11.2
0.091
|.053
0. Z13
0.992
0.993
0.166
1. 777
0.311.
0.399
1.137
0.1.23
.000
__ 0.7fll_
.000
0.699
l.9«,5
.000
0.939
1.909
0.971
0.019
2.292
0.01.0
.000
O.(9«i
_ .'••".
0.9C<>
0.327
	 0.973
1.195
0.977
0.16*
0.060
0.71,7
1.019
_. 1.027
	 S-.0..92.
o.i: 3
(.191
1.131
0.976
0.507
1.129
1.262
I.9J3
0.9«.9
1.72*
0.7I.O
1.196
1.070
0.697
0.101
1.971
.000
0.720
1.212
1.190
__.0.77«. 	
0.193
__•.«•. 	
0.667
1.001
	 t*Mt 	 »».'».? 	
0.7".". 0.707
t.612
l.Odl
0.933
2.117
0.932
0.120
1.661
0.663 	
0.116
o.m
.•.«•• 	
1.110
0.901
1.01A
1.029
1.711
.000
Jl.tl9
.000
0.937
0.976
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J.103
1.192
0.99J ?rJ«
2.060
1.013
0.27t
1.611
1.9<>>
... .!«.•...
0.747
	 l.OJO.
2. IK.
(.137 	
0.612
	 l..0|* 	
	 0.91I> 	
1.311
2. ".69
1.191
0.131
0.101
1.990
.000
,1.336
0.796
0.309
••»«'
0.663
_•-•?'*
_0.
-------
                                             TABLE C-2.  (Continued)
oo
STAftl Of
COUNTI
"S
IS
&
1
5
1
1
§M I
3
i 2t 1 1 1
.«, BWQTA-
trniONJ

(MHO FORKS
HUNT
CKI6CS
HCMINCCft
KIOOCK
LA HOURE
IOCIN
MC HFHMV
HC INIOSM
NC KENriC
HC lt*»
Ht«C£«
nORION
HOUMTHAll
MIL SON
OLIVER
, PCMBIN*
0.991
0.910

0,970
1.159
1.0*1
0.997
0.919
0.971
0.019
0.9M
1.079
1.199
0.015
0.91*
1,025
1.050
0.6*1
0.59*
0.9*5
(.021
0.026
0,*96
0.991
1.256
1.60*
1.296
0.67*
1.096
0. 792
1.256
1.709
1.205 	
I.OJ7
I.VO,
1.001
1.196
0.*52
1.127
1.070
1x141
Ml.
1.015
0.061
l.*71
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1.7*9
0.992
0.7*9
0.029
|.1*>Z
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0.72*
1^050
0.592
0.660
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1.009
1.7*1
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1.010
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0.1S*
1.210
1.959
1.1*0
2.097
1.172
1.611
1,5*9
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0.217
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	 0.969 	
0.929
1.291
0.067
1.200
1.009
1.176
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0.912
0.9)*
0.027
1.15*
0.99*
0.909
1.002
1.215
0.91*
1.117
0.066
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1.099
1.019
1.120
0.75*
1.270
0.010
1.197
1.279
0.971
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0.566
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1.100
1.090
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0.759
0.971
1.021
2.160
0.690
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0.766
1.169
0.722
0.011
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0.092
0.675
0.721
1.070
0.701
0.726
1.509
0.27*
0.7*6
0.169
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0.7*6
1.7*0
1.171
1.259
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0.*7J
0.702
0.0*1
1.141
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0.953
0.919
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0.5*1
0.719
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0.195
0.192
1.001
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0.111
0.9*9
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0.652
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0.526
1.007
0.706
	 1.321
._.. ••'•*
0.670
1.392
1.20*
0.705
0.036
0.257
0.*5*
1.369
1.310
0.672
1.199
2.5*2
0.717
_1.)97 	
1.1. (.8
.000
0.959
0.529
0.971
0.269
0.290
.000
0.710
0.021
0.1*1
1.172
0.022
0.195
O.*fc7
0.156
0.50*
1.250
0.0(9
0.5*5
0.115
                                                        (continued)

-------
                                                  TABLE C-2.   (Continued)
               STATES If
               COUNTY
£
a
           •|l. MKOTA-
\D
PIERCE
_RAHSEY 	
BCMVULE
RICHLANO
, ROlETie
SARGENT
SHCRIOAN
SIOUX
SLOPE
S1AHK
SIEELE'
STUTSKAN
TOWNER
TRA1U
WALSH
WARD
WfLlS
WILLIAMS
0>79<>
	 _..!•»«_
1.019
0.175
0.960
1.170
0.614
0.91,1
0.490
0.910
1.011
0.700
0.079
1.102
0.929
0.992
0.911
0.944
0.477
1.062
	 1.216 _
1.011
0.917
1.167
1.129
0.605
0.756
0.271
.000
1.144
0.357
1.110
0.941
1.113
o.a«2
1.120
0.919
1.1(7
._ ».*n
__0.991 	
0.797
0.406
0.720
0.604
0.700
0.754
0.007
1.022
0.722
0.690
0.004
0.563
0.559
0.712
0.024
0.791
0.469
1.5*4
_ 0.97 4 	
_J._09!
0.055
1.174
3.421
1.123
0.921
3.216
7.595
1.511
0.000
_«.«» 	
.000
0.269
0.771
1.102
1.720
0.402
_0.099__
_.0.999 _
_i.l4« 	
1.270
0.942
O.OJ2
1.016
1.016
0.903
1.122
1.257
0.965
_J.9»2
1.120
0.937
0.966
0.905
1.100
1.101
0.911
...0.970_
1.459
0.042
0.934
1.021
1.043
1.059
1.151
1.376
0,704 T
1.040
1.246
0.063
0.960
0.957
1.235
1.130
0.7*5
0.031
1.327
0.420
1.147
1.170
0.616
0.245
1.206
1.113
!••*•.
1.079
1.126
1.029
0.041
0.099
0.906
0.75*
_»?*«§_
0.560
1.176
1.332
0.544
0.611
1.900
.000
0.625
1.710
0.009
0.621
1.713
1.155
0.644
0.506
0.094
0.672
_ 0.970 _.
_J»..£77 	
.000
0.241
0.792
1.032
.000
5,901
.000
0.741
	 jOOO 	
0.201
.000
0.021
0.301
0.730
0.255
0.377
_.*•*"._
._•••".._
1.775
0.607
1.067
1.102
1.191
_J»204 .
0.746
0.926
0.92*
0.07*
1.566
-. M*7
_0.4I6
—lli'-l
0.401
0.126
.000
0.374
1.200
.too
(.119
.000
. ».,m
0.104
_U«l__»llA3
0.900 0.711
0.723
0.919
_1.206
_0.45§
0.610
0.241
                                                            (continued)

-------
                                            TA1JLE C-2.  (Continued)


mm IT
•s
21
g

fi
I

w
S
A £
*•* O 3
I I l'
u 0 >
333
r •} •< v
! 1 S !
5 3
J 8 X
9 5
! e £
BEAVER
BOX ClOM

CARBON
PAGGEfT
DAVIS
pUSMESKC
CHERT
CARHUO
CRAHO
IRON
JUAB
KANE
nlLLARO

PIUTE
RICH

JAN JUAN
SAMfEIt
SEVIER
..997
0.916
1.609
0. (26
.Oil
0.101

1.791
0.12*
1.111
1.171
0.600
1.677
1.551
l.lll
l.lll

1.1*0

0.611
«.*69
1.6*1 0.669
1.922 1.959
0.76* 1.209
1. 1*6 1.061
,101 .110

f.61? 0.*7»
1,799 I. (59
0.*9S .001
1.7*1 1.607
1.176 1.6*9
0.537 .000
1.676 0.912
1.7*1 1.991
1.9(1 l.lll
l.**6 l.*2E
l.*tl .100

1.191 0.751
1.514 1. *«6
1. 280 t.195
.III
l.ue

l,*27
.(ft
1.665 	

1,250
.001
.III

.Oil
1.101
_Jr«»

2.109

• .731
.011
l.(22
t.266
• .170
!.97»
1.171
0.960
0.760
0.000
0.511
0.119
1.769
0.9*«
0.717
1.111
0.716
1.777
0.199
„-!*!«
1.2*7
l.ll*
1.162
1.1*6
r.iot
f.(»9
1.1*7
1.765
1.141
0.7M
0.012
0.5*9
1.712
1.610
0.711
0.721
0.171
0.757
1.719
1.169
1.161
1.161
1.121
1.269
1.011
• .(••
1.959
1.199
1.116
0.619
!,*«•?
0.700
1.621
1.129
0.6*2
1.129
0.019
1.291
l.*0t
(.751
1.616
I.«6I
|.I77
l.lll
1.212
1.159
1.719
0.279
0.919
1.6*1
1.71*
1.199
0.710
0.710
0.**6
0.169
1.250
0.911
0.75*
1.2*9

0.617
1.9*1
1.129
1.716
1.2(6
(.121
1.619
1.099
0.192 _
O.**l
0.70*
.010
O.*0(
(.929
(.319
(.637
O.*19
1.771
.000
.001
0.519
.001
,000
.000
0.711
0.1*1
1.371
1.551
l.*09
1.067
1.551
1.39*
1.266
O.*90
1.177
0.521
l.lll
1.Z29
0.755
2.0*1
1.310

1.011
1.015
1.595
1.711
2.191
1.765
1.2*9
1.767
1.911
0.692
1.319
.100
0.666
0.929
0.911
2.301
0.229
0.6*0
.000
.000
.•11
1.715
_J.I*6
1.115
0.099
0.*26
1.151
1.157
ro
Ln
O
                                                      (continued)

-------
                                              TABLE C-2.   (Continued)
N)
Cn
%j53S •- *• ""M ^ *•*
STATES 6V gj.iL.!.§SfSS§
COUNTY PoxED-DaE
3a
3
M
•UTAH-
SUMMIT
TOOEU
UINTAH
UT»H
MASATCM
WASHINGTON
MAVNE
WEOER
-MVOrllNC-
0.7*1
0.660
8.791
0.6Z2
0.581
0.699
0.9H
0.871

l.0&«.
• .995
o.rsz
o.«sz
O.rtd
0.698
1.900
t.tas

1.936
0.801
e. ru
0.630
0.3 JO
O.Z86
(.(.It
0.677

(.611
.000
9.661
0.359
1.J05
0.1.3I.
I.f7<
o.tir

t.976
I.1Z1
t.63r
e.ei9
t.rr6
(.791
o.ssz
0.936

0.911
t.27Z
0.719
0.787
I.71I>
0.710
O.S07
0.969

1.426
0.837
I.tt6
0.7Z1
0.76)
0.831
i.m
0.858

0.7Z8
0.971
0.381
0.801
1.019
0.932
0.267
0.060

1.101
0.9)2
1.751
0.639
0.725
0.299
.000
1.260

1.01$
0.967
1.629
0.67*
0.769
0.981
.000
0.76ii

I.t2t
1.016
1.SI.I
O.ldl
O.ttJ
0.103
.000
1.009

ALBANY
Bit HORN
CAMPBELL
CAK10N
CONVERSE
CROOK
ruf Hwn
cos MEM
HOT SPRINGS
JOHNSON
LARAHIE
LINCOLN
0.977
0.609
0.69*
0.912
0.029
1.016
1.030
0.6*1
1.613
1.091
1.01*
8.737
_JsJU_
0.69]
0.677
J.917
0.*69
. 1.196
0.879
0.669
1.160
0.98*
0.999
0.*6*
1.095 1,290 0.991
0.669
0.271
0.630
0,709 .000 1.066
0.9*9
0.69*
1.166
1. 19Z
1.300
1.0*6
l.*96
1.166
0.736
l.*97
1.31$
0.0*2
1.2*1
0.666
.000
.000
0.9*0
0.910
C.671
0.617
0.999
0.669
0.667
1.199
0.92*
0.696
0.60*
0.668
	 0.9*6 	
1.06)
0.60*
0.6*9
0.66$
6.867
t.062
1.339
0.690
1.001
0.696
0.721
0.*99
0.029
1.029
(.729
0.899
0.797
1.116
0.966
1.192
0.619
1.119
• .$7*
0.762
0.020
0.061
0.390 1.306
1.139 ^ 0.9*0
0.92$
0.917
0.979
1.02*
O.*10
1.239
2.296
0.792
0.910
0.66*
0.2*6
1.0**
1.706
0.162
2.290
1.400
1.2*6
0.*9*
2,9»9
1.69$
2.929
0.211
2.*00
1.026
2.917
1.161
0.92$
2.*16
0.662
0^,67*
1,086
1.673
1.26*
1.229
0.796
0.26$
1.107
0.90*
1.010
0.326
                                                        (continued)

-------
                                                                    TABLE C-2.    (Continued)
ro
Ul
ro
                                                       &
                     ITATU IT                 bA

                      COWn                   K        °

NATRONl
MIOURAKA



-
PARK
PLATIt
SIICMMN
$.UBLCm
^MfCTUATCR
TCION
UINTA
WASNAKir
MCSIOM
0.
1.
t.
0.

0.
,.
,.
0.
1.
0.
920 0.770 1.193
Ml 	 •l*»j 	 If >/L_
766 0.%»5 0.929
•tO (.002 (.006
7%l 0.766 0.97%
611 0.75% 0.625
70% 0.666 0.032
501 1.911 0.620
lit 1.059 1.560
•21 0.399 1.776
1.079 1.
	 tJM 	 1-
, ».%*9 1.
•000 1.
«.%13 •.
.000 1.
•.5%1 0.
.000 1.
•.371 0.
0.920 1.
l.«.»9 1.
f?v
710
072
030
991
79%
056
72%
7«3
063
116
1.001
0.616
0.999
•.921
• .061
0.052
1.035
(.709
• .737
0.957
1.757
0.009
0.961
1.230
1.7*0
1.210
• .639
0.570
• . 50 6
(.696
1.110
• .035
t.%60
0.761
O.tJO
0.503
0.929
I.X.%
0.710
O.%31
0.606
1.666
1.171
0.756
0.501
0.7(0
0.567
0.760
.too
1.103
1.21.5
0.606
1.%OI
0.360
1.314.
0.029
1.S7I
1.760
1.133
1.072
2.%32
1.210
1.0%5
1.952
1.630
1.02%
1.0% »
0.591
1.336
2.221
l.%50
1.201

0.722
0.963
              (•)  Tatal MllfOMl tMQflmmm*.



              (b)  H«ll|n«iit  n««pUwM of eh* (»lialntotln•«•.


              (c)  H*ll|n«nc  niofltm •( lh« t«iplr«tory tract.



              (J)  HcllfMnt  Mopl«w« of the urtiury  tract.



              (•)  Hajor carlovaacular 
-------
TABLE D-l.  INVENTORY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES:   IMPACTED COMHU1UT1ES
t
Community or
State County A rep Served
Colorado
Adams Aurora



Adams Sable Water Dls-
Iv) trlct (Aurora)
Ln
OJ Adams Brighton
Adorns Lockbule Mobile
Home Park
Adams Commerce City
Adams Denver
Adams Denver (Crentvlew
Metro Water and
Sanitation)


Adams Federal Heights
Supply
Retail Pop. Type

110.000 Combined Surface and
Well
Surface:
Ground:

4 , 500 Purchased
8.500 12 Wells
1.000 Well

34,000 11 Wells
9,000 Purchased
19,000 Purchased, Surf see snd
Well combined
Purchased :
Surface:
Ground:
5,000 Purchased

Source


S. Platte R.
Clierry freek
Well
Denver Water Bd.
local wells
local well

local wells

Denver Water Bd.
Clear Creek
3 Wells

1
JO
CO
—1
fl
C/J
3
*Td
H
3

-------
                                         TABLE D-l.   (Continued)
      State
County
                                 Community or
                                 Area  Served
Retail Fop.
                                                                 Supply
Type
                                                                           Source
    Colorado
                  Adams
             Thronton
   60,000       Combined Surface and
                  Ground
                     Surface:
                                                                                             Clear Creek
N)
in
                  Adams
                  Adams
             Westminster
              Westminster  (Shaw
                Heights Water
                District)
                     Ground:
   35,000       Combined Surface and
                  Ground
                     Surface:
                     Ground:

    5,000       Purchased
                  No information given
                                                                                             18 Hells
                                                                           Clear Creek
                                                                           Stanley Lake

                                                                           Well

Arapahoe
Anipuhoe
Anipahoe
Del ta
Del ta
Northglcnn
Englewood
Greenwood Village
Littleton
Orchard City
Delta (Town of)

1,470
3,500
1,000
3,000
6.000

Purchased
Purchased
Purchased
Croundwater :
Surface

Denver Water Dd.
Denver Water Ud.
Denver Water lid
Springs
Grand Mesa Lake
S. Grand Mesa L.
                                                      (continued)

-------
                           TABLE  D-l,   (Continued)




N)
Ul
Ul

State County
Delta
Denver
Denver

Denver
Elbert
La Plata
Community or
Area Served
Paonia
Denver
Cherry Cr. Water
and San. Dist.
Denver
Clover Water and
San. Dist.
Denver-City of
Glcndale
Elizabeth
Durango
Retail Pop.
2,000
3,100
6,400

2,200
1,000
12,000
Supply
Type Source
Ground Springs
Purchased Denver Water
Purchased Denver Water

Ground Local wells
Surface Florida R.

Bd
Bd



La Plata
La Plata
Las AnJmas
Durango-Tamaron
  Public Util.
  Dist.

Durango-Purgatory
  Water and San.
  District

Trinidad-Monument
  Lake Park
Las Animas   Trinidad
 1,300


 1.000


 1,000

11,000
Ground


Surface

Ground
Animas R.
     *


3 local wells


Monument Lake

North Lake
Monument Lake
                                   (continued)

-------
                                     TABLE D-l.  (Continued)
Scate       County
  Community or
  Area  Served
Retail Pop.
Type
                                                                             Supply
                                                                                      Source
            Moffut       Craig
     , AGO
                                     Surface
                  Yampa  R,
            Rio Illanco   Meeker
                         1,600       Surface
                                        White  River  No.
                                        White  River  No.
            Rio Blanco   Rangely
                         1»800       Surface
                                       White  River
            Routt        llnydcn
                         1,000       Surface
                                       Yampa  River
            Routt
Steamboat Springs        2,800        Surface
                                       Fish Creek
Nortli
Dakota
McCone
Burlelgh
McLean
Circle
Bismarck 35,000 Surface
Garrison 1,700 Ground
Missouri R.
Wells 1,4,5,6
                                              (continued)

-------
                        TABLE D-l.   (Continued)
State

North
Dakota
County
Mercer
Mercer
Community or Supply
Area Served Retail Pop. Type Source
Beulah 1,344 Ground Well 1,2
Hazen 1,600 Ground Well 1,2,3
Morton
Marxian
11,000
Surface
                                                            Missouri  R.
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Helper
Price
Wellington
 2,200
12,000
 1,050
Ground
Surface and Ground

    Surface:
    Ground:
Purchased
Spring Canyon
Fish Creek Spr.
UP & L Well Colt
Price R. Wt.
Colton Springs
Upper Colton
  Springs
Upper & Lower
  Well

City of Price
                                   (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE D-l.  (Continued)
      State       County

  Community or
  Area  Served
Retail Pop.
                                                                                   Supply
Type
Source
      Wyoming
                  Emery        lluntington
                  Campbell      Gillette
                         1,000       Ground
                        10,000       Ground
                                       Big Bear Canyon
                                       Little Bear
                                         Canyon
                                       Approx. 25
                                         wells
a
oc-
                  Carbon       Rawllns
                  Lincoln      Kcmmerer
                        10,000       Surface and Ground
                                          Surface:

                                          Ground:

                         3,000       Surface
                                       Sage Creek Res.
                                       N. Platte River
                                       Sage Creek Basin

                                       Hams Fork River
                  Sheridan     Sheridan
                         8,000       Surface
                                       Big Goose Creek
      Utah
                  Emery
Kerron
    1,000        Surface
                                                     (continued)
                 Mlllsite Reser-
                   voir

-------
TABLE D-l.  (Continued)
Community or
State County Area Served
Colorado
Adams Aurora



Adams Sable Water Dis-
trict (Aurora)
Adams Brighton
ro Adams Lockbuie Mobile
vo Home Park
Adams Commerce City
Adams Denver
Adams' Denver (Crestview
Metro Water and
Sanitation)





Adams Federal Heights
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)

110,000
Coagulation. Filtration,
Disinfectant
Disinfectant only
4,500 Prechlorination

8,500 Disinfection only
1,000 Disinfection only

34,000 Disinfection only
9,000
19,000

—
Coagulation, Sedimentation,
Filtration, Taste and Odor
control, Ammoniac ion, Dis-
infection
Disinfection only
5,000 Bug Treated Water
Lab Tests


Chem/Physical

diem/Physical
None

None
None

Chem/Phyalcal
—



Chem/Physical




~—
              (continued)

-------
                                         TABLE  D-l.   (Continued)
  State
County
Community or
Area  Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
Lab Testa
Colorado
              Adumu
              Adams
              Adumu
             Tlironton
             Westminster
             Westminster (Shaw
               Heights Water
               District)
             Northglenn
                      60,000
                      35,000
                                                    5,000
                                                            Prcchloration, Coag. Sedi-
                                                              ment, Filtration, Disin-
                                                              fection
                                                            Sedimentation, Disinfection
                                                            Prechloration, Coag. Sedi-
                                                              mentation, Filtration,
                                                              taste and odor for both
                                                            Disinfection only
                                                                              Client/Physical
                                                                              Chemical
Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Delta
Englcwood
Greenwood Village
Littleton
Orchard City
1,470
3,500
1,000
3,000
Disinfection
—
—
Disinfection
None
None
None
Chemical
                                                 (continued)

-------
                                     TABLE D-l.   (Continued)
State
County
Community or
Area  Served
Retail Pop. Treatment Method(s)
                                                                                          Lab Testa
            Delta        Delta (Town of)
            Delta        Paonia

            Denver       Denver
                           Cherry Cr.  Water
                           and San.  Dist.

            Denver       Denver
                           Clover Water and
                           San. Dlst.

            Denver       Denver-City of
                           Glendale

            Elbert       Elizabeth

            La Plata     Durango
            La Plata     Durango-Tamaron
                           Public  Util.
                           Dist.

            La Plata     Durango-Purgatory
                           Water and  San.
                           District
                                      6,000  Prechlorlnation, Coag., Sedi-
                                               mentation, Disinfection
                                               (both)

                                      2,000  No  information reported
                                                                 t
                                      3,100
                                      6,400
                                      2,200   Disinfection only

                                      1,000

                                     12,000   Coag., Sediment., Filtration,
                                               Fluoridation
                                             Disinfection
                                      1,300              *
                                      1,000   Disinfection only
                                                              Chem/Physical
                                                              Chemical
                                                                                         Physical
                                                              None
                                               (continued)

-------
                                       TABLE D-l.  (Continued)
  State
County
Community or
Area  Served
Retail Pop.  Treatment Method(s)
  Lab Tests
Is)
O>
K>
              Las Animas   Trinidad-Monument
                             Lake Park
              Laa Animus   Trinidad
              Moffat
             Craig
              Rio Blanco   Meeker
              Rio Blanco   Rangely
              Routt>       llayden
              Routt         Steamboat  Springs
              McCone       Circle
                       1,000   Sedimentation, Filtration,
                                 Disinfection
                      11,000   Coag., Sedimentation, Fil-
                                 tration, Taste and Odor,
                                 Fluoridation, Disinfection
                       4,400   Prechloration, Coag., Sedi-
                                 mentation, Filtration,
                                 Taste and Odor, Fluorida-
                                 tion, Disinfection
                       1,600   Coagulation, Sediment, Fil-
                                 tration, Disinfection
                                 (both sources)
                       1,800   Coagulation, Sediment, Fil-
                                 tration, Fluoridation,
                                 Disinfection
                       1,000   Coagulation, Sediment, Fil-
                                 tration, Fluoridation,
                                 Disinfection
                       2,800   Sedimentation, Fluoridation,
                                 Disinfection
Chem/Physical


Chem/Physical
                                                                              Chem/Physlcal


                                                                              Physical


                                                                              None
                                                 (continued)

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                                      TABLE  D-l.   (Continued)
Stnte
County
Community or
Are;1  Served
Retail Pop.  Treatment  Method(s)
                                                                                           Lab Tests
North       Burleigh     Bismarck
  Dakota
            McLean
            Carbon
             Garrison
Mercer
Mercer
Morton
Beulah
Hazen
Mandan
             Helper
                      35,000   Filtration,  Softening,  Taste    Chem/Bacterial
                                 and  Odor Control,  Iron  Re-
                                 moval  Fluoridation, Disin-
                                 fection

                       1,700   Aeration, Precipitation,  Fil-   None
                                 tration, Iron Removal,
                                 Fluoridation, Disinfection
                       1,344   Filtration,  Softening,  Fluori-  None
                                 dation, Disinfection

                       1,600   Filtration,  Iron Removal,       None
                                 Fluoridation, Disinfection

                      11,000   Aeration, Coagulation,  Sedi-    Chemical
                                 mentation, Filtration,
                                 Taste  & Odor, Iron Re-
                                 moval, Fluoridation,  Dis-
                                 infection

                       2,200   Fluoridation, Disinfection      None
                               Fluoridation, Disinfection
                               Disinfection
                                               (continued)

-------
                                      TABLE D-l.  (Continued)
Slate
County
               Community or
               Arej>  Served
Retnll Top.  Treatment  Method(s)
                                                                                           Lab Teats
            Carbon
             Price
                                     12,000  Coag.,  Sedimentation,  Fil-
                                               tration
                                             Disinfection
                                             Disinfection
                                             Disinfection

                                             Disinfection
                                                                                         None
            Carbon
            Emery
             Wellington
             lluntington
                                      1,050  Disinfection
                                      1,000  None  given
                                          None
                                          None
Wyoming
Campbell     Gillette
            Carbon
             Rawllns
                                                 10,000  Aeration,  Filtration,
                                                           Softening,  Taste and
                                                           Odor Control,  Iron Re-
                                                           moval, Disinfection
                                     10,000
                                                         Fluoridation,  Disinfection
                                                         Fluoridation,  Disinfection
                                                         Fluoridation,  Disinfection
                                                                             Chem/Physical
                                                                             Chem/Bact/Phys

                                                                             Cliem/Bact/Phys
                                                (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE  D-l.   (Continued)
     State
County
  Community or
  Area  Served
Retail Pop.  Treatment Method(s)
Lab Testa
      Utah
hO
CT>
Ul
                  Lincoln      Kemmerer
                  Slieridan     Sheridan
Emery
Perron
                                      3,000    Prechlorination, Coag., Sedi-
                                                 ment, Filtration, Taste &
                                                 Odor Control, Fluoridation,
                                                 Disinfection

                                      8,000    Prechlorination, Coag., Sedi-
                                                 mentation, Filtration,
                                                 Taste & Odor control,
                                                 Disinfection
                                                                                                 Chem/Bact/Phys
                                                                                                 Chem/Bact
   1,000    Coagulation, Sedimentation,     None
              Filtration, Disinfection

-------