Drafc
i0.21/45
AM5IENT AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
TOXAPHENE
Pi is -rafc ooi;.3Lns only freshwater daca. The salcwacer -iaca will
•>.co: D.-r-ac--?.-; i ir.or. The freshwater CCC is likely co change when L.
salc.-'itF.r : IC.T are incorporated.
•-•.S. ENVIRONMENTAL -'ROTECTTON AGENCY
OFFICE OF '^ESEA^CH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
T'MJTH, MINNESOTA
N'ARRACAN'SETT, nHODE ISLAND
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Til-; c-v M"".'ic .ins H.->en reviewed bv c'r;e Criteria JiiH ScjnildrJs Division,
iff LCI- of •.'".-OL- Regulations .nnci ScaiKiinis, U.S. v.ivi riMir.-.a:ic.il Procicc-Lo
-\^e:icv, .TV.! .: jorove-J : " M pub L i c.uz ion .
•i'i-.cL'i'i *•>: crad-? rrr'es "r consnarc ial oroduccs does noc ^o;isc icuce o.ulo
to>;
This u-CM.T'iT is .ivn Liable co C'i-i public c*i rough che Mac ional Teciin i.:n!.
Infonarion ^eivir.9 (VTrsl. 3233 Pore ;«t.'y--il :lo.iJ . Sprino i i e LJ , V\ .'21*31
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S»crior 30i(.-0(i1 of die Cloan W.-cer Ace of L977 (P.L. 95-217) requires
c''": A.J.Tiin iterator of the Enviroivnent.il Protection Agency to publish criteria
Lor w.cer quality nc-.'ui ice Ly it-Ml»ccin<> che l.'icesc scienci fie'knowledge on
i'n-2 kind and extsj-t u all identifiable effects on health and welfare that
nay be exoecced fron che presence of pollutants in any body of water,
includiis ;: oinri wat-sr. This document is a revision of proposed criceria
b.i-ec; tnon •; --on1* iderac ion of co-nnencs received from other Federal agencies,
Sc-iC'1 :v;e;vi^s, sneciT] ipceresc groups, and individual scientists. fne
cric-'ria co".t .iine-1 in this document replace any nreviously published EPA
.i-jsiau i c 1 i f-i cr icer i ~<.
The ter^i "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean
Mater Ac", section 304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). Tlie term has a different
proars"i Linp-jct in each section. In section 304, che term represents a
non-reg'jlacorv, sci.entific assessment of ecological effects. The criteria
presented in this publication are such scientific assessments. If water
qua', icy cri.ter;.i dssocLiced with specific stream uses are adooced by a State
as water quality sta-.ilards under section 303, they become enforceable maximum
accent rib ie concent rat io'.io of a pollutant in ambienc waters within that State.
The w.iter quality criteria adopted in the State water quality standards could
'^ave the sane numerical values as the criteria developed under section 304.
i-l ,..;•?vor. n many situations States may want to adjust water quality criteria
devalued u'-.d ;r section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and
hiiT.d-.'i "t;>i-s:j: 2 natterns 3sfore incorporation into water quality standards.
Lt is noc 1'itil their adcot ion. as part of the State water quality standards
cli.it ~.\\n. cri'j--rLi b^c^ne regulatory.
(j-iid" i :nes to a^'-'ist the States in the modification of criteria
T.-esentad ir this dr-c^nent, in the development of water quality standards,
•-.->'i \ i other vacar-re lateri o rot; rams of this Agency, have been developed by
'£. i-''-..
Di rector
Office of ..'jter Regulations and Standards
L •.
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Ji-h:: '". F.scon
' f. r^nwjce:' anchor)
":iv i •• ».rnenc .1 i ttese ire.'•> Lnbo; JC o: y
'i1.:!ijt'i . Mi"n
Jeff MyLand
(.s n 1 c w.-i c e r a LI c h o r)
Env i riMimiVic a 1 Ket>earch i.aoi
c , Rhode Island
'>,.;:• 1 erf I. '^'L .•."):'>3''
i ao^o r r-is: -o • r J :.r.3;:or !
"•ill" i •.•••'•vie-'L'T i ^e~.5 ? •.•>•!•, !,.-ioor JL
Ouvid J. Han.sen
(salcwacer coord indc^i)
FInv i roiTnenL.'il ilesiiarcli Laboracory
Narra^ansscc, Rhode Island
CLeru.ai
're: Terry L. Highland
Shelley A. Heintz
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COMFITS
Pace
. ....... • . . . . L i L
!• o :~ e wo r > 1 ..................
v
TchLes
1
.v::.ic : i on * •
Acue.? Toxicicv eo Aquae ic Animals . .
Chronic To'.i^'-cv co l\qf-iae Lo AniTinls
Toxic i cv c.1 Aqijac Lc Planes
3ioac J'jmul ac i on • •
;-2'i Dae n
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TABLES
}. ~^.'^a Ti'xicicy of Toxaohone LO Aquaeic An iTUil ri
2. Cirop.Lc Toxic icy of Tox.ciohe:ie co Aquae ic AniT.dls
3. R--'r.2:. :-^.'~i= M-2.U-. .Vi-.c? Values wich Species Mejn Acuce-Chronic
RJIC ios
'4. Ti'xicicy of Toxaoiiepo co Aquae ic Planes
5. 'iLoaccuaiilacion on Toxaphene by Aquae ic Organisras
"--. Ociier Data on Eiffeccs o£ Toxaphene on Aquaeic
V L
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Ir.ci •.' i.K'tion'-
Tox.inhene firs- became commercially available iii 1948 under che crj'le
name ";leregies 3956". It has been used in various torms, suc'rl as
o-,uil < : f i .iM-» 0<>i•_••.-:•! t ;-j.tr!s . weccable powders, dust and ^i.inular b.-iics.
Toxan'n-vie is .iroci'icei: bv che c'r lorinnc ion of camohene, resulting in a :nixcuie
of ar. leas:: 175 sgparata components with a cota^ chlorine concent of ft 7 co
69% (Casida ec al. 1974; Holrascead ec al. 1974). . Tne cectinical grade produce
is an aaber, wnxy ^olici wich a vapor pressure of 0.17 co 0.4 mm Hg ac 25°C, a
melting poiiic ran^e of 65 co 90°C, and a mild cerpene odour. Ics general
e-npirical formula is CjQHjQClg (molecular wei^hc = 4141, is soluble
- f
• r
in wacer Co auproxinac^ly 37 ^o/L-ambienc cemperacure (Lee ec al. 1968),awl
Ls-slishcly soluble in alcohols. Ic is highly soluble in organic solvencs.
such -3.s kei-.-'Sene, doecon", benzene, chloroform, xylene and coluene. Ic is
dechlovi'i'ice-i nni^Ci'i ical ly d'i'l by heac ac about 120°C, ics breakdown being
,'K.ce Leracea by alktiLine conditions ano by iron catalysis. Most of the
individual co-nponencs of coxaphene have not been precisely identified.
Toxriphene was che most heavily used pesticide in che U.S. during che
I960:-; ano 1970s, viuh annual applications total I in?, many millions of
kilo;.-3ns '?.-> I l.v.'< a:-.-. Kilgore 1978; Ribuk ec al. 1932). It is frequently
•lixed with methyl oarachion or other pesticides co improve effectiveness. It
has been employed against insect oests of cotton, tobacco, forests, turf,
ornamental plants, grains, vegetables and livestock, most heavily in the
* Ar, u-idersc -ind i'.ig >•.' the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water
Q-'.ility Cricer:.-; for che Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses"
(Sfjoh.v -?c ..il. i''S3), hereafter referred to as tn» Cu i :iel ines, is neces-
in order co i'nJ»rdcand the following text, tables, and calculations.
I
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i.en-:-
i-?3l.-,ced m.ny of DDT's for.aci -ises. In 1976 it was closi betiinu -wcnyl
parach-.on .is =nc sec -.-id mosc buavily used insecticide in cho "deU.i states"
of Lov-siam. -\rk. '..!•*-.-= and Mississippi (0.2 mi I lion kilograms) a.id tne sine1,!
7io»t r.^vi!" !>ed in die c.-r-.i belc (0.2 mill LOU ki 1 05 rams) (SchmLLC a.iti
'•:i-i--5t- !QS'i). \'c<>!.-n! •-'! -'./ T.illion kiloyrnms was applied EO a wi-.!e ian-ze
of mai-M- a?:-i.-.jlEural crops in 12 not Eh cencral spaces in 1978 (Acie and Park
1931'). 'Js-2 i.-. California ii Ehe 1970s averaged 1.7 million kilograms per
veai (Cohen ec al. 1982). Toxaohene's lelatively low coxicicy co honey bees
conpared E." T.nnv .^->i-:i- ins-cE icides has favoured ics use a^ r icu! Eurally
(r.ckevz 19^y'. O-il.- very small quanCLEies of coxaphene have ever been used
aa;riculcura!'.v 1:1 CatMdj (Deparc-nenE of NaEional Health and Welfare C4nad'^'
1977N. . Tc was also usod LH civ? H50s nnd early 1960s by fisheries personnel
i-! s'?.-r-il U.S. sEaEes and Canadian orovinces EO remove unwanted fish from
Lj.:
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l, . _. ^i;o Vc.h,r, ^o,e. iJsLn, -,i«, hou,,c L LBS ,ad joldflsh, Khalifa ec al. (1974),
Turner ec a!. (1975), *3leh ec al . (1977), and Turner ec al. (»HO
^,,,:rau^ cn.c chere nre aubscnacLaUy differenc coKicLcles for d.fferenc
.-V:-,-.; c^-on^.:- I.oe ec al. (1977) found chac c.-.-n^ne chac Sad
races ,f so
••v-^-e.e-r- LO -,--,- in , ! 3ke was al cered cbe-tcally 'diminuclon of Inc.
-lucL.g pe-V*S) ar.i b.ca^e son.vhac less coxi, co fish chan che ordinal
fornuiacion. Chafes in envi i onmencal sample chromaconran,-. os conr-red CO _
reference sc-ndard chrcwiacosra-na have led some analyses co refer co cheir
vn!,- as "t ^.iphena-l ifc*" si.bsc.mceB . alcho-^h che or.v.iUng uP.MC.uncy in
t '.-v^ i >'ic -=i-i USLII^ ch- Uco-^c analysis cechnLques ^ ,nall. Th.: low-.
••Hi-. -,E d.ceccion o: coxaphe-,e oy several GC dececcion necnods - abou= 5 co
I-' -, (Do.,!.'. GL .il. '^79K Coiicencra:ions have been T.anc L cac iv-l y -nc.'saied
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k-vii -jo 0.! ;;'; i-i ::-h ri-j^.ies (RibL'k -;c al . 1962), .I.K! J.nvn co O.'V, ij/a
L' e-i-; i'".-:! •^•iv i s" oc .-.i! . 1984).
Toxapnene .'ipp4-i.-ej»£ LOUS c .' Ijkes rel4fc«*J ix> fisheries m.uia^e.nenE
prae:c-i-e-«vs :uve or'^'i. led ^vt^s" iiic i n! 'mounts of aquae Lc face .md efficcs field
d.icn. :\<:- ;•> -: '- -; irn •-••'.! i 1 jo 1 •» on ciie risacmenc of wacer bodies in .TC leasz a
:'.>.•..•>• s c .'. ;«••>•: j". i :•']!,'•: :•>! >'v i:u-ei . NK--;c en" c'ncso scudies i p.vesc i a;ic ed CMO
•j ir^i-'-jC i^-i of coxapheue iMqc«r- coiioenc rac ions over c ime as an indicacion of
i:=; ^ffic.icy an-i ho-., soon afcsi eLitrinacion of undesirable species che Lake
cojld ba res rooked. Treac>nenc concencrac ions usually r-aa£ed between 5 and
200 j? of co\aohe-ie oer licer of lake wacer, higher concencrac ions being
recommended for warTi-ar, .ilia'.lower- and Tiore curbid lakes (Rose I95d) .
Peissscence of ::<•>-:ic icy co fish was hi»hly variable, ranging frim a few weeks
(e.s-. Ma>.ew 1^59) co -:r-eacer chan five years in Miller Lake, Oiere »>: al. i^'jo) buc wj-j d=?cecceci -,c 1-4 j»/L
*.-> c-' 10 years .'. fccr ic was .Tpulied co shallow euciophir lakes in Wisco is in
(Johnson er al. 1956). Various scudi.es (e.?,., Chandurkar and Macs.jmura 1979;
Chindirkar ec al. i978:-Isensee ec ai. 1979; Hughes ec al. 1970; Salek ec al.
1977) hav-i Idnon-r iTiice I a biol'^io.'i! k >.ip.Jh i I icy co 'necabo 1 Lze o: de^Lkle
uox.iphene !•> -r!i .isrob •.. 11 Ly and a:uii-:i obic.il ly . Qu.inc icac ive dac;i on
•
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t. • •.::-,'•: o:ie from Mississipoi soil under .in.ierobic laboratoiy coivi it LOP.M , •: ii;
whether .-icci ibuc-ib! a co hi.uiip'-; co soil parcicles or co biological bre.'ikil.'w.
•»-Js -10;: resolved. Nash and Wool son (1VIS7) >>st inate;l cite hali'-lif'.: -M
cox.so'iene co be 11 ve irs in soil. Toxjohene is not readily desorbed back
i'l.:^ w>;:•:::• from conLaninjced sedimencs (Veich and Lee 197!) biic is likelv co
'••i1 ^•.•^10'!. ;i"lii.; .uju.Kiv ac'osysL e'ns iriiion^h rlio bencho^-wjuer ^olunn fooii w.-.'b
c-M'-i^cc Liv.is fxalLman ec .-i I . 1962; Kioe and Kvans-19Si) .
In a-'dicion co ^'iai ply °levaced :i i r concgncrac ions Ln che immed iace
viri-iicy of apolicacions (a.o., Scanl-jy ec al. 1971; Sieber ec al. 1979) long
•. an»rowing ireas of che southern
U.S., LridC were Tiore chan 10 c imes c'nose of ocher pescicides reported in che
"i.iri'U' acniosohere. Ze 11 and 5^1 Isciviicer (1930) fv-»jnd residues in fish (08
co ^.503 :n-i/r. of exc: ncLab le lipid) o-nlecceci f-rosn prisci-ie sices in che
Ivr-'lian Alps, Norch west Ireland, Caspian Ss.-i, Norch Aclancic, Norch Pacific,
and A.ncari.-cic Ocean. Ohlendorf ec al. (1982) dec-ecceii coxaohene i es idues in
c-he ooos of 15 out of che 19 saecies of is Land-nesc in;; Al ask JIT sea birds chey
-•<--:-Lii-^d . Z^IL inr. Bal Ischmicer (1980) sug^esc ch^L su.-h wLie -I ISLI iout i on
of coxaohene i es iduesjias creaced "an overall -jlobal :>oll,icion larger thnn
f ' ;
chat by PCP". ^ ^/
Rice ec al. (1984) monitored acmospheric levels of toxaphene in che
sunmet and fall of 1931 ac four locations between Greenville, Mississippi and
n-vc'.iern Lake vii ohic-.Ti. Several line- of evidence indicaced che coccon belc
/.a a source of coxcuv-e;-,-? in Lake Michigan: .1 decrease in number oc OC
ci'i-onatooi !-• aeak -n.icclies when ijoin-j front south co north; a reduction in
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; '"..•--•'.£ rac L'>"!3 (7.39 r^'xr i"! Greenville, 1.18 ng/iir i •! St. Louis, 0.27
* '" • " -*'
n,',/-A) from sou CM co north: corresponding temporal convene rat ion pa;:c.jr:i:s
(all higher in S'nrr.ar) ; and n nee south co norch wind flow paccern.' Tne
=8i!C;iois e-c L".'i i coc.il coxaphe-.ie flux co Lake Michigan of 3, 3bO co 6,720
ks i" I9bl. N'^ in :oma:, ion could be Locnced on current use of coxaohene in
Mexico, Cencr-i! or So^ich America aiul charefore possible long-rangu cransporc
co che U.S. Facilicies for che produce ion of coxaphene are known co hjve
exisL'^ri in c'-iese are^.s (Personal Commun icac ion, Office of Pescicide Programs,
•
L'.S. P?-\) .
All conoencracions are expressed as coxaphene, noc as che material
cesced. The criteria presenced herein supersede previous aquaeic life wacer
quality criteria for PC? (U.S. EPA 1976, 1980) because these new criteria
were derived usiiVs improved procedures and additional information. Whenever
a-leq lately inscificd, a mt ional- or itnrio'i 'iiav be replaced by a sice-specific
criterion (U.S. EPA i^oB.i), which may include not only site-specific
crizerion ooncencr.it ions ('J.S. EPA l^Wb) , but also sice-specific durations
'••f avi racing periods and s ice-speo L f ic frequencies of allowed exceedences
(U.S. F.PA 1985). The latest literature search for in formac ion for this
<-i'->cunie-.Tt va.s coiiriucced in Febtuary, 1J33; so-ie newer iin'oimacioij was also
LI s eci.
Acute Toxicicy to Aquatic Animals
Table i prcse-.cs jcoeocable acutk2 toxic icy data for vertebrate and
/
i ''ver-co r^ce aniT.Tl^. 'f)ata a re listed in order of phylo^eny, c'nen from
UH-/---C to highest t°~ineracure within snecies, and then from younsjsst co
oldesr life sta^e (embryo, larva, juvenile jnd adult) at a ^iven cesc
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C5'r.rr both channel cncfish (Tabl= 1) and clie lijooji-J frog
(Trihie 6). early exogenously feeding Life stages were more sensitive tiun
initial (yolk deuendenc) or lacer life stages. Adults of boch soecjss appear
:o be c'na lens: sensitive Life stage. In most cases where che influence of
cemoer.icj-'; vas exaiuned le.g., Hooper and Grezenda 1935; Johnson and Julin
1980; '-Ucek ec'-iL. lcH-j9; ••l.ih.li 1966; U.S. FWS 1964; Workman and Neunold
19bJ), coxioic> w.ns greacer nc lilqher cemner^cures. A notable cone rad LCC ion
ari che dac.i for Daphnia -nagna obtained by Crosby ec al. (1966) (Table o) .
Where t'i-i effects on toxicity of additional factors were investigated
(e.°., water quality conditions, test organism source), these are identified
in che cerr.peracure col-imn of Tables 1 and 6. Tlie most well controlled
exnerirnenrs for water quality effects conducted with channel catfish by
Johnson an-i Julin (1980) indicated little or no influence on toxicity.
1J.-2:HM-son a-; y i . (I9r)9a) obtained similar results wi'th the fathead nun now.
e! ',eaer«!tid '.saiii'-i water form different sources (Sanders 1972; Wo L km an and
M 19b3) indie nt» greater differences in toxicity but the causal factors
are unclear and may not be attributable to the measured water quality
c.ond ic ions.
'lenHor•».••! -:: j!. (1959b) and Uorknnn .ml Neuhold (1963) invest traced the
i-.ifluence of forrr.ul.it ion on toxicity dm! found essenti'illv no differences
between the straight technical grade and commercial formulations with
percentages of active ingredient ranging from 10 to 62.62 (Table 1).
Two other factors also obviously influence acute results -- exposure
''.ij(l
duration (lower LC50 valu^-6 with longer exposures) and static versus
i low-throim!"1 test tiethoriology. Toxaphene is relatively insoluble in water
(37 •JS/L) i Lr:e »t nl. 1963) and cends-to sorb onto solid surfaces and
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.i I-.-L icul .'i.'?-. rfsp-jv i-il Iv u'-ioj-o cone i i'• i i'; .M'^cini^ .n.'.c-ii i J1 s . Ace-Ml v.::-21
coi'.c ^:icrac ions of coxaphene .ire essenciilLy always Lowei ciu:i amounts
•
1'ici -.'.LU-o-i inco P. icher f 1 ow-Lliron^h or scjcic test systems, b'ut are.
Uiirc I.*' ilar ! •• lower in static cescs. Foi iiXJ"iple, Ho I I onJ Swine ford (19^1)
•ne is-ir-id J.i iverawe ^ I only 30.5* of c!ie incenHecl wa^er convene rac ions in a
sori'.'s N^ t noie resiscenc than youny .Mies
I.O.I.. •tei'.e-.jar 1966). Tte^tme'it concentr;\z ions reco-nmended for fasc,
complete eradication of fish (10 to 200 J^/L depending oil water quality)
correspond well to fish LC50s observed in laboratory studies (e.<$., Gushing
and Olive 1955; llenpnill 1954; Hene-*ar 1965; Kallman ec al. 1962; Needhara
196^; ».^ye 1955; Stiin^ei and McMynn 1953; Webb 1980; Woolicz 1962). Field
t '
re--.Its also a^rae with one jnocher a-id with c'ne lab data ch.ic many
i nvcr-LO^S :r« SD-?C.''"S jra less ^ensiciv? tiui'i fisli; t'n IL so'ne nidges
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v.M . i 1 • i''i . '''or'ua sp.), in.Dh ipo;•>. ice.s •: r-i .; "on-j; chc- nc^sc sonsicive i rwercebr jces ( a 1 •so Hi I Be-tof £ 1471);
CM-,c •>! i-^iv I- i •: •:•', ^iiails, I-TevhPS and many insects are quite lesiscenc; nod
-v',.!r. ili'!C-< i".' p'nvcii-.^L vikvivi .us resiscjtic.
The S?-i.-.';* Me.ui Acuce Vjlues (Table 11 were used ec1 calculace Genus
'•l(?j:i X'-ic-* Vi'..!•; (Vi'il-2. 3^. «')f c'ne 29 genera for which acute values are
av^ i L.3'"; 1 e, c>.- u'si <-»:is ic ive, C 1 aassenia, is 350,000 r L.-ass more sensicive
•c'l.v z'-° rnosc i e.^i^c nic , ^a.'. ^ivT. Howavei", che rana^ of sens ic ivic Les of cne
2o -.-"5C senrsicive jenera t^j o:ily a factor of 335. Acuce values ure available
f^r -..-•:a c' i-i o-ie ^oecies Ln e'-jch of tf genera, and che rangs of Species Mean
\CMte V'.!;•- wic'i-in each ^cnns is less chan a factor of 4.4. Tne nine most
ie".sic ive --ier- ire all wichln a faccor of 4 and Include cwo sconefliss-, che
c.'inon C2ti, an-.i -iev = i .il i.-noorcanc fish species including channel catfish,
I ;; i-si^ou::1! bjs->, coho .T.id c^i-ioolc sjl'ion, rainbow and brown crouc, and c'ne
•iLr'r-e'i ^iis-*. A '•"rss'Tw.Tcci Final -\ciic» V.ilue of 1.434 jg/L was calcalatec!
f": c ":Toil?n•» fr>i che ^snus Mean Acuce Values in T-i.ole 3 using che
, .IvMlac.on pi -ce^'ii-; described in che Cui.iel Lnes. This is higher chan che
•s-vi'is 'I-.' n A;uce Valje for che imporcanc channel cacEisli, hue che vnlaes
•"->i u'- - -T»ci ?s vis -ioc based on ciie resales M a f Low-c'nron^h cest 1-1 which
t ; c.'". MI.: r ic i-vis of coxaohene 'jera -ne.i-titeJ.
3hronic Toxic icy co Aqu^cic Anitnjls
Th •» chr^-iic I T'I '.3C'i, 3)chou°i) much nore li'iiiced, indi;ace ahouc -i one
•• ;«o Tvi^rs •>f -i !i;'ii c iJe i^rp-iccr sensicivicy ch.in cho -icuc'e daca fi«r cn^r
•-.lie •oici--' >T;iDla 1'' . effects wore ohserved ihiou^h c-ie b.^wesc exposure
.!"•-..•• r-!C •• ('J.-MQ i-'/U in the brook crou-c partial life-cycle clir«Miic
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ce-'" cosui iw ceci by M;jy«r -ic .-'.1. (1973), leaving open che possibiiicv cliac chis
fish i.-; m.-u-e sensitive than all other species examined. Sensitive .
invercebt-.-Jc^s appo^r fron chronic tesulcs co be more coleranc chan "fish,
a<;re;: LIII$ with ob.->ei-.- ic ions from che -.i.iny fi-;!i er^d icac Lon-relaced field
aC'triies c !<3C nany invercebi-ace f i sh-f ood organisms survived creacmencs
in carded Cv1 remove fish.
-\cuce-chronic racios are available for cwo 'fish species and one
invercebrace soecies. The acuce sensicivLCies only range from 5.5 co 10
•
•JO/L, hue 'cne acuce-chronic racios range from 28 co 196. In che chronic cesc
wich a chLfd fish species, che brook crouc, all cesced concencracions of
coxaohene cajsed unaccencable e.ffeccs. In addicion, che only acuce value
avaLlahle for chis soecies was obtained in a cesc wich yearlings, noc
juve-'.iles. These cwo values, however, would produce an acuce-chronic racio
of ,reacet z -..an 277. Because' of che apparenc ran«e of acuce-chronic racios,
Lc tloes iioc seetn reasonable c.- use a racio co calculate a Final Chronic
Value. Ic is obvious, however, chac che Final Chronic Value should be less
chan 0.039 Jt?/L based on che life-cycle cesc wich brook crouc.
Toy.ic icy co Aquae LC Planes
••o
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TJ lac i on
"Loxaotie-ie has been observed frequencly Ln tissues of birds and aquacic
organisms boch -iear co and Ear away from primary use sices: eggs of
Lsirj'-ii-nesr Lig sea birrls in Alqska (O'nlendorf ec at.' 1982); e°°s of
i ol.-'i !-ne;>: in1? w.jcer fowl in Lake Michigan (Haselcine ec al. 1981); shore
birds LIT Te---.^ ('.vtiir.e ec al. 1980); cerns in souchern California (Oh Lend -or f
ec al . 1985;; fisi — eacin" birds (O'nlendorf ec al.. 1931) and eagles (Wieneyer
RC al. l9;Si) across chc U.S.; ducks tT California (Ohlendorf and Miller
l'JS^;, At • :.•«:'. a and New Mexico (Fleming and Cain 1935), Maryland ''.%riice ec al.
1979) 3.111 s!;-i'ie (Ssar.' ec al. 1979); brown uelicans in Texas (Kin? ec al.
1985-' and Louisiana (Blus ec al. 1975); Canadian easc-coasc marine fish
(Musi -a I a;i.i Uche 19S3); birds and several kinds of aquae ic organisms from che
AoaV.chlcola River. Florida (Winger ec al. 1984; Eldei and Mattrdw 198^) and
Louisiana '.-xbow lakes ( Niechammer ec al. 1984); and various fish soecies in
•Uabanna (C-.-**vr\a ec al. 1965), Texas (Dick 1982), che Colorado River (Johnson
a:H Lew i?1?, ») GJ! i forni a (Krech-and Hunc 1966) and che Mississippi River
-------
delca (Havc'r.orne ec al. 1974; Crockecc ec .1!. 1975; F.pps ec .il. 1967*). Only
a few instances have been reoorced of morcalicies associated wich
•
j.o riculcural appl i oac ions of coxaphene (e.g., Kieth 1966; Giftn and Fishei
197-'tO, .nul some of chose have involved contamination bv ocher pesticides Js
well (Kiech Ia66; Plumb and Richbur* 1977).
Toxapiiene residue levels measured in Great Lakes fish through 1931 have
been summarized by Rice and Evans (1984). They .indicate an increase in
residues through the 1970s and higher levels of, Michigan fish than in those
fron the ocaer lakes. Like ocher chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
,. :..'~rr,r *
coxaphene is lipophilic and cends to reach maximum Lovol<; in the oldest and
fattest fi'sh at the coo of the food chain, such as lake trout.
Concentrations in this species have generally ianged between 1 and 10 mg/kg
in the tnosc recently published analyses -(-Sc-hmTtt et al. 1983 ;•- Hcs-yg Ibe-rg-i—MI—
Rice and ovans , !98^-;- ^in-ida Department of Fisheries and Oceans \'*)&2)e.
' ' - • • • ' •/ .'S s .. - / ^ .
ScVii.;:c et al. (1985) raporced chat coxaphene residues seemed co have
•jiareaued -iac tonally in U.S. freshwacer fish collected in 1980 and 1981, even
enough ic was more widely discribuced than in previous surveys. Residues in
Si-sac Lflkes fish, especially chose from Lakes Michigan and Superior,
generally .icne.nra-.i 2 co 5 rag/kg lower than the 5 to 10 mg/kg coir.monly
observed during the 1970s. Adult lake trout collected ftom Lake Huron near
Rockport, Michigan in 1984 contained 2.2 mg/ko; bloater chubs collected from
Lake Michigan near baugacuck, Michigan in 1982 contained 1.6 mg/kg, whereas
chose collected in che same area in che fall of 1984 contained 2.2 mg/k?
(Personal Communication, Dr. Robert Hasselburg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Greac Lakes Fishery Laboratory, Ann Atbor, Michigan). All reported
values are for conceitr.ic tons in wholu fish, which are probably soniewhac
i2
-------
'ni^i-.er than convener .it ions in edible tissue. Clark ec al. (1984)
"appirenc toxjphene'1 residues in coho salmon fi Ileus ac below 0.5 rr->/kg in
Lakes Erie and Superior, Co nearly 2 mg/kg in Lakes Michigan and Hur-on.
"Toxj.phene like" residues have been measured in fillecs of lake crouc from
che -nouch of Sa;inaw Say in Lake Huron ac up no 26 mg/kg (Swain ec al.
Manurer i DC ) . H-^sn 1 rs—±f fan\y a few measurements of che concentrac ion of
coxaohene in samples of water from che Greac Lakes have been reporced.
Samoles col lec-.ce-i in 19SO fron 5 scacions in Lake Huron ranged from 1.2
co 2.i ng/L 3'id averaged 1.6 ng/L (Swain ec al. Manuscript), '.^hile che
analyses refer co chese as "coxaphene like" macerials, chey feel quice
ceicain :n.-fc che observed residues ate derived from chlorinated catnphene
(Personal Cora.nunicacion, Dr. Mike MulI in). This laboracory has also measured
"toxao'^ene like" res idues in Siskiwic Lake on Isle Royale in Lake Superior ac
2.2 17 'L. Five co-naosices of . lake 'crouc froin Siskiwic Lake averaged 4.2
mg/'-v; and a cross-check of chese analyses by che U.S. FWS laboiacory in
Columbia, Missouri measured 3.2 mg/ko. Toxaphene has been measured in che
w.-,c• ng/L wich che higher values bein^
presenc ac che western end of die lake. No water concertracion
decerminations are known to exist for che other Great Lakes.
Analysis of bioconcentracion data from chronic laboratory tests indicate
th.ac a water-co-c issue equilibrium in coxaphene concentrations is reached by
abi'uL 10 dfivj of exposure of fish. Pooling of all fish whole body residue
d.ica -i- Table 5 provides a geometric T.ean b ioconcentrac ion faccor (BCF) of
15,000. Pqormia magr.a accuraul aced 4,0'IQ times che wacer concencrac ion of
-------
i. These values are smilar co chose observed by Terriers ec al.
(1966) in several stocked fish soecies and other aquatic organisms from cwo
Oregon lakes studied over a 3-year period during recovery from fish-
eradication treatment. BCFs chere ranged from 9,000 to 19,000 for rainbow
trout, 4,00'J to 5,000 for Atlantic salmon, and 15,000 cor brook crout.
Residues in edged r.n:ibow trout introduced into one of the lakes indicated
chac -in equi.libriun night hdve been reached between 38 and 46 days of
exnosure. Tnvercebrace residues ranged becween 1,200 and 2,500 times water
concentrations, and aquatic planes had BCFs of 500 co 7,000. The similarity
of the laboratory BCF (direct uptake) data and field BAF data -- within a
factor of 3 or 4 for fish and invercebrates — indicates little or no food
web magnification.
Relating these data to the Great Lakes, an accumulation of 5,000,000 .
•f .•'::,-'. - . , . , f-\
times would be required co o'-cain residues of 10 mg/k7 in lake crout^from a
water concencrac.ion of 2 ng/L, <*t—a-tn»ite—200~E4ww—»rea'C';r "eVvan-ehe- LaboracxHr-y
*"** '!-• t _ f ' *. * .*" __ / ."
-* - ••- — t. i .j
^.ve-.Oregon- takes-ftOPs-.'. Possible reaso-is for the lack of agreement/ are many
and include: a much higher bioconcentrat ion poten-tial among lake crout than
a'Tiong other, usually less fac fish species; inaccurate field water 01 fish
cissue toxaohene determinations; a much longer exposure period in Great Lakes
nish;,the existence of food-web magnification of residues in Great Lakes fish
not evident from other (e.g., Oregon lakes) stud ies;. local ized e^*xaf>heae_/ *•
water concencracions chac are higher chan chose chac have been measured'to
dace: differences in the precise composition of che toxaphene being measured;
or a combination of ~iore than one of chese factors. A relevanc discussion of
che importance of food related bioaccumulacion of highly persiscenc organic
ch-i-nLj^j Is, including coxaohene is presented by Niimi (1985). He shows chac
-------
much higher tissue residues wojltl be expected in ndult salmoniris in the G: eat
Lakes ch- Schoettger and Olive (1961) found that Dap'nnia magna exposed to
multiple: ssiSi etli nl c»!K-cnc rat ions of Loxaphene could accumulate enough
pesticide .to be lethal when- these were fed to shinet minnows (Notropis sp.).
15
-------
Unused Dr.ra
Examoles of data that were not used include the results of several tests
• •
wich homogenized tissue preparations (Deai.ih and Koch 1975; Davis ec al.
1972; Hiltibran 1974, 1982; Moffecc and Yarbrough 1972). Two cell culture
studies bv Shea and Berry (1932a,b) and a shore radio-labelled coxaphene
uptake scudv by Schaoer and Crowder (1975) were also considered inapplicable.
A study in which coxaphene was force-fed to carp-(Loeb and Kelly 1963) was
noc i.:sedj nor were che mixtures studies by Macek (1975) and Hall ec al.
(1984). The resulcs of coxicicy cescs by Weber ec al. (1982), Burke and
Ferguson (1969) and Ferguson and liringham (1966) were noc used because che
results were displayed only in graphical form.
The results of cescs by Cohen ec al. (1960), Boyd (1964), Lawrence
(1950), Surber (1943), Applegace ec al. (1957), Doudoroff ec al. (1954),
Davniow and Sabacino (1954), N'elson and Macsumura (1975), Courtney and
Roberts (1973), Career and Graves (1972), and Mills (1977) were rejecced
h'D-:-Tu
-------
field observations, indicate1' aii effect threshold for fish cind niacroinverte-
b races of around 0.03 ,JH/L. While birds ami fish aie thought to have been
killed near sices of application during former periods of heavy use,' no
biological -?f Foots have been associated with water or tissue concentrations
currently reported for the Great Lakes or elsewhere. However, tissue
concent rjt ions of Greac Lakes fish have frequently been observed that exceed
the U.S. FDA action level of 5 mg/kg. Although based on extremely li-iited
A
water concent i at i on measurements, the w-ater levels of toxaphene causing high
tissue bur-dens in older and fatter Great Lakes fish appear considerably lower
than .night be expected from accumulation factors determined in the laboratory
and from other field data. These "environmental concentrations are thought to
have resulted fro-n toxaohene bein° transported to the Great Lakes from remote
use sites, the location of which are not well known. Whechei or not the
recent elimination of .^ost of the uses in the U.S. and Canada will result in
significant droos in environmental levels is not yet known. H ic can be
i- , ,
••i3-*uneri "Irat ( cur rent ly available data on Great Lakes water and fish tissue
concentrations are correct, •£•'««« watet concentrations would have to be
reJ.;.ced approximately 3-fold to 0.0002 jg/L to keep fish tissue residues
belo1; 3
National Criteria
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their I'scs'1 indicate that, except oossibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
.T fleeced una^eoranl v if the Four-dav Jverage concentration of toxaphene does
S7^0V.O X\ '
not '••>:ce^d 153 ug/L "lor-? than once every tin ee years on the average or if the
I 7
-------
Mie-hour average concentration does not exceed(0.74 ug/Ljjiore than once every
:''iree years or. che average. • ' f, . .
L'he procedures described in che "UuiJelines foi Deiiving Numerical
National Water Qualicy Criteria for che Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their U&es" indicate c'njc, except possibly where a locally important species
id vcrv sensitive, saltwater aquatic or
-------
TABLE 1. ACUTE TOXICITY OF TOXAPHENE TO AQUATIC ANIMALS
Species
Clam (55-50 nm) ,
tfanqla cuneata
Cl -I'locei
-------
I CJU 1 U 1 • \ I.UH 1 1 MUCTU 1
Spec I es
Stonetly (15-20 ran) ,
Pteronarojl la badia
StoneM v ( tO'S-i mm) ,
Ptoronarcys cjl i forn lea
Stonef ly (20-25 mm) ,
Claassenia saoulosa
Crane fly ( 1 arvo) ,
I" ! p u 1 a
Midqe (4tn Instar larva),
Chironomus plumosus
Midq4 (4th instar larva),
Chironomus oluniosus
Snipe fly ( larva) ,
Atnerlx varleqata
Coho salmon (1 q) ,
Oncornynchus kisutch
Coho salmon (0.6-1.7 q) ,
Oncornyncnus klsutch
Coho sjln.on (57-76 mm; 2.7-4.1 q) ,
Oncorhvncnus kisutch
Chlnoo1 salmon,
Oncorii.'nchus tshawytscha
Chinoi""- salmon (51-114 mm,
1.45-r- g>.
Oncor hvnchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout ( 1 g) ,
Salmo qalrdner 1
Rainbow Trout,
Sa 1 mo qairdner 1
Method*
S.U
S.U
S.U
s.u
s.u
S.M
s.u
•s.u
s.u
s.u
s,u
s.u
s.u
s.u -
Temperature
Formulation** CO
1 15.-J
1 1 • > . 'i
r ID. 5
r is
r is
r 22
"
T 15
r 12
T 13
T 20
T 14.4
•
T 20
7.2
C 11.7
Species Mean
LC50 or Acute Value
EC50 (tig/l)*" (uq/L)**"
5 .0 3 .0
Reference
•jomtors diivt (,'oiiu I9i
00 •
75 2. i O.indors and Cono Ivo's
1.3 1.3
18 1"
30
180 73.4J3
40 40
b
4.0 t..7
9.4
1.54 1.962
2.5
5.4
8.4
Sand cars and Cooo IVorf
Johnson and Finlny
Johnson and F i n 1 oy
Sanders 1900
Johnson and Finley
Johnson and Finley
I',."/.
rjfio
19BO
1980
Macek and McAllistor 1970
Kat,; 1961
U.S. FWS 1970
Kat^ 1961
U.S. P-JS 1964
"
Mahdi 1966
-------
laui*t I • \uuiiii iiuau /
Temperature
Spec 1 eS
Rainbow front (1.1 q) ,
S-i Imo qa irdner i
Ra inbow tr jut (1 q) ,
Sa Imo ijciirilnor i
Rainbow trout (0.6-1.7 q) ,
S a 1 mo qalrdner 1
Rainbow trout (1 q) ,
5a Ifno dp
1 9 70
1-363
1963
900
1963
-------
Spec 1 es
Goldfish (4.2 q),
Carassius auratus
•'jo I'M i-'.h,
Cirassius nuratus
Gold f i sh,
Carassius auratus
noidf ish (1 ci) ,
Cnrassius aurntus
Goldfish (-1.2 q) ,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish (4.2 q) ,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish (4.2 q),
Carassius auratus
Goldf ish (4 .2 q) ,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish (4.2 q) ,
Carassius auratus
GoMfish (4.2 q),
Carassius auratus
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
GoMfish (6 cm) ,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish ( 1-2 g) ,
Carassius auratus
Method*
S.U
s.u
s.u
s.u
s.u
S.U
s.u
s.u
s,u
S.u
s.u
s.u
Formulation**
*j2.64 a.i.
S i n k i nq
C
C
T
10* a.i.
Floating
62.6* a.i.
Sink ing
Floating
Si nkinq.
FloaHn.)
Si nkl ng
C
Species Mean
Temperature LC50 or Acute Value
CO EC50 (ug/L)*** (Mg/L>***
20 (pH 8.3, 44
TDS 160)
1 1 . / 9.4
17.2 28
20 (on 8.3, 4
TDS 166)
21) (pH 8.3, 9
TDS 166)
20 (pH 7. B, 2H
TDS 233)
70 (on 7.8, 16
fUS 238)
20 (pH 7.0, 7
TDS 46)
20 (pH 7.0, 9
TOS 46)
22.7 50
25 11
25 5.6 _ 16.71
Reference
Workman cincl Naiihijld
Mdhdi Wiio
Hand! 19("i6
Johnson and FinUiy 1
Workman and Nouhold
Workman and Nuuholti
Workman and N-3uholfl
*
Workman find Neuhold
workman and NeuhoM
workman and Neuhold
Mahdi 1966
Warner ef al . 1966
Henderson et al . 19!
I-/63
IVUO
Ho 3
I9o3
19o3
19o3
a9a
Common carp (0.6 q),
Cyprinus carplo
s.u •
Id
3.7
3.7
Johnson and Fin ley 19aO
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Species
Go 1 ilen shiner,
Notemlnonus crysoleucns
Go Nun shiner,
tiofem i'lonus crysoloucas
Rl nnt nose minnow,
Pimephales notatus
Hluntnoso 'ninnow,
Pimephales notatus
Bluntnose minnow,
Pimephales nofatus
Fathead minnow (0.6-1.7 q) ,
Pimeohales oromelas
Fathead minnow (0.5-1.5 q) ,
P i map hales promelas
Fathead minnow (1.1 q) ,
Pimephales Drome las
Fathead minnow (0.5-1.5 q) ,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (0.5-1.5 q) ,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (30 day; 0.32 q;
30 mm) ,
P Imephales promelns
Fathead minnow (0.5-1.5 q) ,
Pimephales oromelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 g) ,
Method*
S,U
S.U
s,u
S.U
S.ll
s,n
s.u
S.U
F.U
F.U
F.U
S.U
S,U
s.u
Species Mean
Temperature LC50 or Acute Value
Formulation" CO EC50 (Mg/L)"» (gg/L)*"
C 17.2
C 22.7
C 11.7
C I/. 2
C 22.7
T 18
T . 20
T . 20
T 20
T 25
T 25
T 25
25 (hard water)
25 (soft water)
<5
-. 6 <5.477
30
8.8
6.3 11.05
14
20
18
7
5
7.2
23
5.1 '
7.5 10.12
Reference
Mahdi I96b
Mahdl 1966
;-',a hd 1 1 966
Mshdi 1966
Mahdi 1966
Macek and McAllistur IV/O
Johnson and Julin 19BO
Johnson and
Johnson and
Johnson and
Mayer at al .
Johnson and
Henderson of
Henderson at
Finloy 1980
Jul in 1930
Jul in 1950
1977
Jul in 19UO
jl. I959a
al. I95^d
Pimephales promelas
-------
Species
Black but (head,
Ictalurus me las
til -ic k bul Inoad,
1 ctalurus rnol as
Black bullhead (0.6-1.7 g) ,
Ictalurus me las
Black bul 1 heart,
Icfalurus me las
Black bul Ihead (0.9 q) ,
Ictalurus me las
Channel catHsh (yolk sac fry;
1-4 day),
Ictalurus nunctatus
Channel catfish (swim-up fry;
5-8 days old) ,
Ictalurus Diinctatus
Channel catfish (flnqerlinq;
0.5-1.5 q),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish ( 1 .5 q) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (4 q) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (0.5-1.5 i|),
Ictalurus _qy_nctatus
Channel catfish (0.5-1.5 q),
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (0.5-1.5 q) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (0.5-1.5 q) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Method*
S.U
S.U
S.U
s.u
S.U
S.U
S.U
S.U
S.U
F.IJ
S.U
S.U
S.U-
s,u
Formulation"*
C
C
r
c
r
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Temperature
CO
Species Mean
LC50 or Acute Value
EC50 (Mq/L)**« (pq/L)**"
11.7 25ft
17.2 .2.7
ia 5 -
22.7 l.tt
24 5.b 3.146
25 & -
25 ' 0.8m
15( pH 7.4, 4.7
alk 35, hard 40)
18 (pH 7.4, 13.1
alk 55, hard 40)
20 5.5
20 (pH 6.5. 2.7
alk 35, haru 40)
20 (PH 8.2, 3.9
alK 220, hard 10)
20 (pH 7.5, 3.4
alk 35, hard 40) •
20 (pH 7.4, 4.2
alk 35, hard 40)
Reference
Mahdi 1966
Mahdi 1066
Macek and McAllister 197'.)
Mahdi 1966
Johnson and Finley 1930
Johnson and Julin 1980
Johnson and Julin 1930
•
Johnson and Jul in 1980
Johnson and Finley 1^80
Johnson and Julin 1980
Johnson and Jul in 19bO
Johnson and Jul in 1980
Johnson and Julin 1980
John-son 'and Julin 1980
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Species
Channel catfish (0.5-1.5 g) ,
Ictalurus jiunctatus
C'li'innal cat-fish (0.5-1.5 g) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish (0.5-1.5 g) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel c,
1 ctal urus punctatus
Channel catfish (0.15 q) ,
Ictaiurus punctatus
Channel catfish (2.5 yr; 767 q,
39-1 mm) ,
Ictalurus punctatus
Mosqui fof Ish (0.32 g) ,
G ambus fa afflnis
Mosquitoflsh (0.32 q),
Gambusia afflnis
Mosqui tof Ish (0.32 q) ,
Gambusia afflnis
Mosquitof ish (0.32 q) ,
Gambusia affinis
Mosquitof ish (0.32 g) ,
Gambusia afflnis
Mosquttof Ish {0.32 q) ,
Gambusia afflnis
Method*
s.u
S.U
S,U
S.U
S,U
s.u
F.U
F,M
S.U
S,IJ
s.u
S,U
s,u
s.u-
Species Mean
Temperature LC50 or Acute Value
Formulation** CO EC50 dig/D**" (uq/L)***
T
T
r
r
T
T
T
T
10$ a.l .
F 1 oa f i ng
62.6? a.l.
S 1 nk i nq
Floating
Sinking
Floating
Sinking
20 (pH 8.3, 3
dlX 35, hard <10)
20 (pH 8.2, 3.2
fllk 220, hard 40)
20 (pH 8.2, 3.9
alK 220, hard 160)
20 (pH Q.2, 4.7
alK 220, hard J20)
25 (pH 7.4, 2.8
alk 35, hard 40)
25 (pH 7.4, 3.7
alk 35, hard 40)
25 (pH 7.4, 7.5
alk 35, hard 40)
20 16.5 0.8
20 (pH 8.3, 24
TDS 166)
20( pH 8.3, 48
TOS 166)
20( pH 7.8, 52
TDS 238)
20 (pH 7.8, 6
TDS 238)
20 (pH 7.0, 9
TDS 46)
20 (pH 7.0, 9
TDS 46)
Reference
Johnson and Julin )ybO
lohnson and Jul in I9r,.j
Johnson find Julio IQO'J
Johnson and Julin I'Jdu
Johnson and Julin 1-jrfu
Johnson and Julin 1V80
Johnson and Julin I'-JdO
Mayer et al. 1977
Workman and Neuhold 1963
Workman and Neuhold 1V63
Workman and Neuhold 1963
Workman and Neuhold 1963
Workman and Neunold 1963
Workman and Neuhold 1963
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Temperature
Species
Mosquil-ofish (30-40 mm),
G ambus I a af finis
Cunpy (0.1-0.2 q) ,
Poeci i ia ret Iculata
Striped bass (juvenile; 2.3 q) ,
Horone saxat i 1 Is
Striped hass (35-30 days),
Morone saxat ills
Blueqi 1 1 (0.6-1.5 q) ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Blue'ql 1 1 (0.6-1 .7 q) ,
Lepomis macrochirus
Blueqi 1 1 (0.6-1.5 g) ,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluoqil 1 (0.6-1.5 q).
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueqll 1 (0.6-1.5 g) ,
Lepomis macrochirus
Blueqi 1 1 (0.6-1 .5 q) ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueqi 1 1 (0.5-1.5 g) ,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bl ueql 1 1 (0.5-1.5 g) ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueqll 1 (3.8-6.4 on,
1.0-2.0 g).
Lepomls macrochirus
Blueqi 1 1 (3.8-6.4 on.
1.0-2.0 g),
Method* Formulation**
-,u
s,u
F.LI T
S,U ' T
S.U T
S.U T
S.U T
S.U T _
F.U T
s.u r
S.U T
F.U T
S.U T
S.U 20< a.l.
EC
CO
24
25
17
20
12.7
18
18.3
70
20
23.8
25
•
25
25 (soft
water)
25 (hard
water)
Species Mean
LC50 or Acute Value
EC50 *»* d.g/L)*«"
8 15.68
20 20
4.4
5.4 4.874
3.2
18
2.6
2.6
4.7
2.4
2.4
3.4
3.5
4.6
Reference
Cha iyaracn at
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Species
Sluegill (3.3-6.4 cm, 1.0-2.0 g) ,
Lcoomis mficrochirus
L injemou th bass (0.9 q) ,
Micropterus sal mo ides
Rail oar sun fish (0.6-1.7 q) ,
Leoomi s microlophus
Method*
s.u
S.U
S.U
Temperature
Formulation** CO
207. a.i. 25 (soft
cp water)
I.*.*
r 'a
r 18
1 '°
LC50 or
EC50 (uq/L)*»*
4.4
2*
13
Species Mean
Acute Value
(uq/L)**«
3.77
•£
13
Reference
Henderson &r al . I1'
Johnson and F Inlay
Macek jnd McAl 1 ist<
\r*r . r\f f\n ^111 1 Pi nlriV
vel low perch (1.4 q) , VI
Porca 11 avesce_n_s_
Western chorus froo (t.idpole, S.U
7 day)-,
Pseudar.ris triseriata
Fowler's toad (tadpole, S,U
23-35 day),'
Bufo fowIeri
Id
15.5
15.5
12
500
140
12
500
140
Sanders 1970
Sanders
* S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through. M = measured; U = unmeasured.
« EC = emu.sifiab.e concentrate; C = co-nmerci.l grade; T = technical qrade; a... = act.ve inqred.ent.
«»« Values are in terms of toxaphene, not the formulation.
»r «„
• "
omitted from species mean calculation.
ttt Only value used as the mean for this specie because of the high probab.lity that ,t is a particularly sensitive M f e stage.
-------
TABIF 2. CHRONIC TOXICITY OF TOXAPHENE TO AQUATIC ANIMALS
Spec las
Cladoceran,
Oaphnia manna
Brook trout,
Snivel injs fontinalls
Fathead minnow,
Pimeohales promelas
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus ounctatus
Test* Formulation**
Temperature
CO
Limits
diq/L)"**
Chronic Value
(iig/L)*** Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
LC T
LC T
LC r
LC T
IB
<)
25
26
* LC = Life cycle or partial life cycle.
** T = technical qrade.
**** Results are In terms of toxaphene, not the formulation.
»** Unacceptable effects occurred at all concentrations tested.
Acute-Chronic
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia maqna
Fathead in In now,
Pimephales promelas
Channel catf i sh,
Acute Value
( ug/L )
10
7.2
5.5
0.07-0.12
< 0.039"1""1
0.025-0.054
0.129-0.299
Ratio
Chronic Value
(wg/L)
0.09165
0.03674
0.1964
0.09165 Sanders I960
<0.039 Mayer and Mehrlo I'J/w
0.0367-1 Mayer ef dl . 1977
0.1964 Mayer ut al . 1977
Ratio
109.1
•196.0
28.0
Ictalurus punctatus
-------
TABLE 3. RANKED GENUS MEAN ACUTE VALUES WITH SPECIES MEAN ACUTE-CHRONIC RATIOS
Jank*
29
28
27
26
2b
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(gq/L)
460,000
500
210
140
73. 48
40
31.75
20.85
20
18
16T7I
15.6B
Species
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Clam,
Ranqla cuneata
Western chorus froq,
Pseudacrls trlseriata
Crayfish,
Procambarus simulans
Fooler's toad,
Bufo fowler!
Midqa,
Chlronomus simulans
Snlpefly,
Atherlx varleqata
Prawn ,
Palaemonetes kadiakensls
Amph ipod ,
Gammarus fasciatus
Amph 1 pod ,
Gammarus lacustrls
Amp hi pod,
Gammarus pseudol Imnaeus
Gunpy,
Poecilla reticulata
Crane fly,
Tlpula
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Mosgul tof ish,
Species Mean
Acute Value
(gq/L)««
460,000
500
210
140
73.48
40
31.75
14.49
26
24
20
18
16.71
15.68
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio""
-
Gambusla af fIn Is
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Genus Mean
Acute Value
Rank* (uq/L)
17 13.78
16 12.25
15 12
14 <1I.19
13 -10.95
12 10.8
11 7.0
10 <5.477
9 4.874
8 4.234
Species
Cl adoceran,
S Imocephal us serrulatus
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cl aiioceran,
Daphnia pulex
Yel low perch,
Perca flavescens
Stonerol ler,
C ampost oma a n oma 1 urn
Bl un'tnose minnow,
Plmephales notatus
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontlnalis
Ulueqll 1 ,
Lepomls macrochirus
Red ear sunf ish,
Lepomls microlophus
Golden shiner,
Notemlqonus crysoleucas
Str iped bass,
Morone saxatl 1 Is
Ra 1 nbow trout ,
Salmo galrdner 1
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
(pq/L)»* Ratio""
13.78
10 HI
15
12
11.85 ' -
10.12 195
10.8
3.77.
13
<5.477
4.4
5.782
'3.1
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Rank*
7
6
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(iig/L)
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.66
1.3
Species
Common earn,
CyprInus carpio
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Stonefly,
Pteronarcella bad!a
Stonefly,
Pteronarcys call torn lea
Largemouth bass,
Mlcropterus sal mo Ides
Black bulI hoad,
Ictalurus me I as
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Stonofly,
Claassenla sabulosa
Species Mean
Acute Value
d.g/L)»»
5.7
6.7
1.962
5.0
2.3
2.0
3.446
0.8
1.3
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio""
2B
* Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
«* From Table 1.
*."* Fron Table 2.
Fresh water
Final Acute Value = 1.484 ug/L (calculated from Genus Mean Acute Values)
Criterion Ma
-------
TABLE 4. TOXICITY OF TOXAPHENE TO AQUATIC PLANTS
Temperature Duration Results
Species Formulation* CO (days) Effect Ug/L)*" Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Graon al.ja, - 21° C 10 Siqni f icant.decrease 100-1000 Staitnyk at al . 1971
ScenotUgsnujs quadrIcamla . In cell numbers
(Sreon alqa, T 24° C 4 5U< qrowth Inhibition i80 .Call ot al . 1983
Selenastrum capr I cor nu turn
11 T - technical qrarte.
** Results are In terms of toxaphone, not tho formulation.
-------
TABLE 5. BIOACCUMULATION OF TOXAPHENE BY AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Concentration Duration P?r(:!nt
• . .. \. * . _» T I _ — ..-. I I A I i-l0 Of*f
g par lag rormu i arion-
Clarioceran, T
Oaphn i a mngna
Drook trout , T
Salvel Inus fontlnal is
Brook trout, T
Salvel inus fontinal is
Brook trout , T
Salvel inus fontlnal Is
Brook trout, T
Salvol inus fontinal Is
Brook trout , T
Salvel inus fontinal is
Brook trout, T
Salvel inus fontinal is
Fathead minnow, T
Plmephales oromelas
Fathead minnow, T
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow, T
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow, T
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow, T
Plmephales promelas
Channel catfish, T
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish, T
Ictalurus punctatus
1 II no 1 01 % MH' *- '
0.06-0.12
O.OJ9-0.139
0.068-0.502
0.039-0.139
0.039-0.502
0.039-0.502
0.068-0.502
0.013-0.173
0.013-0.173
0.013-0.173
0.055-0.621
0.013-0.173
0.049-0.630
.
U.04 J-0.6JO
FRESHWATER.
7
riO
60
90
140
161
161 .
30
50
98
150 '
295
30
30
SPECIES
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Fillet
Whole body 5.2
Whole body 5.7
Whole body 9.3
Whole body
Whole body 2.7
Whole body 1.8
Wholo body • 8.8
4,000
12,000
4,200
18,000
9,400
6,400
3,100
16,000
22,000
51,000
90,000
7,900
' 11,000
13,000
Reference
Sanders 1000
Mfiyor ut al. 19/5
M;iyer et al . 1975
Mayer et al. 1975
Mayer et al . 1975
Mciyer et il . 1973
Mayer et al. 1975
Mayer et al. 1977
Mayor et al. 1977
Mayer et al. 1977
Mehrlo and Mtiyer
Mayer et al . 1977
Mayor et. al . 1977
M.iyor et al . l'J7/
-------
Table 5 (continued)
Species
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
I etalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
I etalurus punctatus
Formulation*
T
T
T
T
T
Concentration Duration Percent
In Water (Mg/L) (days) Tissue Llplds BCF or BAF*»
0.049-0.630
0.049-0.630
0.049-0.630
0.049-0.650
0.049-0.630
50 Whole body 8.2
60 Wnola body 2.7
75 Whole body 7.1
90 Whole body 4.7
100 Whole holy 7.6
12,000
24,000
18,000
39.000
22,000
Reference
Mayer et at. l'J/7
Mayor at al. 1977
ot al. 1977
Mayor ot a I. lv)7/
Mayer ot al. 1077
* T = technical qrade.
"* Bioconcentration factors (BCF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF)'are in terms of toxaphene, not the formulation.
Maximum Permissible Tissue Concentration
Consumer
Man
.Action Level or Effect
Action level for edible
• fish or shelI fish
Concentration
(mq/kq).
10
Reference
U.S. FDA 1979
Freshwater Final Residue Value = (10 rng/kq) / IS,000 = 0.0006667 mg/kg
0.6667
-------
TABLE 6. OTHER DATA ON EFFECTS OF TOXAPHENE ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS
.Temperature
Cr\af 1 ft^
jOO\f 1 V>9
Cl j'iocoran,
Oaphnla giagna
Cl-sooceran (1st inst-ir,
<24 tir).
Qaphn i a maqna
Cladocoran,
Oaphnla megna
Cl adocer-in,
Daonni a manna
1 sopod ,
Asellus in termed 1 us
Amoh i pod ,
Gammarus fasclatus
Arnohlpod (15-20 mm) ,
Gammarus fasclatus
Ampniood (5-10 dav old),
Gammarus tasclatus
Prawn,
Palaemonetes kad lakensl s
Prawn,
Palaemonetes kadiakonsls
Prawn,
Palaemonetes kadiakensls
Prawn,
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Prawn,
Pa 1 aemonetes kadiakensis
Prawn .
Formulation*
EC
-
C
C
EC
EC
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
(° C)
12.7
19
21.1
25
12.7
12.7
-
18
2*; Site 1
24; Site 2
•
24; Site 3
24; Site 4
20; Sita 1
20; Site 2
Duration
24 hr
26 hr
26 hr
26 hr
24 hr
24 hr
7.67 hr
30 day
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
36 hr
36 hr
Effect
I.C50
LCSO
EC50
( immobl 1 i nation)
EC50
( immobl 1 Izatlon)
LC50
LC50
L-T50
growth reduction
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
. LC50
ResuM
1,500
94
260
1,900
100
60
50
0
44
229
20
80
. 170
57
r»«
.18
"
.9
.9
.5
Referenco
Hooper and Gr/jomla
Fre.ir and lloyd l'
Crosby et al . 1966
Crosby et a I . 19o6
Hoopor and Grzenda IV51}
Hooper ami Grzen.la l'}5b
McDonald 1962
Sanders
Nnqvl and Ferguson l'J7(J
Naqvi and Feri]uson
Naqvi and Ferguson 1970
Naqvi and Ferguson H70
Ferguson et al . 1965
Ferguson et al . 1965
Palaemonates kadlakensls
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Spec 1 es
White River crayfish (0.25-
0.40 f); 1I.8-H.6 mm) ,
Procambarus acutus
White Rlvor crayfish (0.25-
0.40 g; 11.8-14.6 mm) ,
Procambarus acutus
Mayfly,
Ephemera simulans
Mosquito (larva, 2nd instar),
Aedes aegypti
Mosquito (larva, 4th Instar),
Aedes aegypti
Mosquito (larva, 4th instar),
Aedes aeqyptl
Mosquito (larva, 4th instar),
Aeries aogypti
Mosquito (larva, 4th instar),
Aedes aeqypti
Brook trout ( embryo) ,
Salvel inus fontlnal is
Brook trout (133 q; 231 mm),
Salvel Inus fontlnal is
Stonerol ler,
Campostoma anomalum
GoMf ish,
Carassius auratus
Goldf Ish (6 cm) ,
farfl<;«; 1 MI auratus
Formulation*
T
r
EC
T
T
T
T
T
T
C
Temperature
C C) Duration
48 hr
_4fl hr
12.7 24 hr
>5 hr
. 24 hr
21-23; Site 1 48 hr
21-23; Site 2 48 hr
21-23; Site 3 4tt hr
9 90 day
post hatch
10 8 day
22.7 48 hr
20 24 nr
25 96 hr
Effect
EC50
( immobi 1 i zation)
EC50
( immobi 1 i zation)
LC50
ET50
( immobi 1 i zation)
LC50
LC50
LC50 >
LC50
Vertebrae col-
1 aqen metabolism
d i sruped
LC50
LC50
LC50
Behavior
modi f i cat Ion
Result**
60.7
90.2
9,500
10
375.5
1,900
81 ,920
140
0.039
4.9
8
20 '
0.44
Reference
Alba ugh 1972
Albaugh 1972
Hoopor and Grzeniici \-)>3'
Burch field and Storrs
Chandurkar et al . 1973
Klassen et al . 1965
Klassen et al . 1965
Klassen et al. 1965
Mehrle and Mayer 1975a
Mayer et al . 1975
Mandi 1966
Turner et .al. 1977
Warner et al . 19rit>
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Temperature
Species
Golden shiner,
Notemlqonus crysoleucas
Ool-lon sniner,
fiotemujoniis crysoleucas
Golden shiner,
Notemlggnjis crysoleucas
Golden seiner.
Motoiniqonus crysoleucas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathoad minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (3-3.5 cm),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (30 day; 0.32
g; 30 mm) ,
Pimephales promelas
Fathoad minnow (0.5-1.5 g) ,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (10 day old),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (0.5-1.5 q) ,
Pimephales promelas
Black bullhead ( f Inqer 1 inq) ,
Ictalurus me las
Black bullhead ( f 1 ngerl Inq) ,
Ictalurus me las
13 lack bullhead (f Inqer 1 Inq) ,
Formulation*
C
T
T
C
EC
EC
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
C C)
11.7
20; ii te 1
20; Site 2
17.2
10
23.8
25.
25
25
20
20; Site 1
20; Site 2
20; Site 3
Duration
24 hr
ib hr
36 hr
72 nr
24 nr
24 nr
40 hr
10 day
16 day
150 day
24 'day
36 hr
36 hr
36 hr
Effect
LC50
LCoO
LCSO
LC50
LC50
LC50
.LC50
LC50
LC50
Impa ired
qua) Ity
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Result"
12.5
30
1200
b.2
36
5.7
77.55
4.8
• 1.5
bone 0.054
2.6
12.5
50
3.75
Reference
Mahdi 1966
Ferguson 196-1
Ferguson 1964
Mahrtl 1966
Hooper and Grzendj
Hooper and 'jr/enda l'*5i
Chanilurkar et at. 1978
Mayer ef al. 1977
Johnson and Ju I i n 1980
Mehrle and Mayer 1975b
Johnson and Julin 1980
Ferguson et al. 1965
Ferguson et ctl . 1965
Ferguson et al. I9t>5
Ictalurus melas
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Temperature
Species
Black bullhead (fingerI Ing),
Ictalurus me I as
Channel catfish (finger IInq,
0.5-1.5 q),
J_ctalurus punctatus
Chdnnel catfish (0.15 g) ,
Ictalurus punctalus
Channel Cfitf ish (200
Reference
Furquson at al. 1965
Johnson and Julln
Johnson and Julin iy»30
Jonnson and Julin IvBO
Mayer et al . 1977
Menrle and Mayer
Ferguson et al. 1965
Ferguson et a 1. 1965
Ferugson i3t al . 1965
Ferguson ot bl . 1965
Ferugson et jl. 1965
Ferguson et al. 1965
Ferguson et al. 19b5
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Species
Mosqui tof Ish (adult),
Gambusia aft in is
Mosqui tof i sh (adult),
Gambusia affinls
Mosqui tof ish (adult),
Gambusia affinis
Mosqui tof ish (adul t) ,
Gambusia af finis
Mosqui tof i sh,
Gambusia affinls
Mosqui tof I sh,
Gambusia afflnis
Mosqui tof I sh,
Gambusia affinls
Mnsqul tof 1 sh,
Gambusia affinls
Blueqll 1,
Lepomis macroch 1 rus
Blueql 1 1 (6-10 cm) ,
Lepomis macroch i rus
Dlueglll (0.5-1.5 g),
Lepomis macroch 1 rus
Bu 1 1 frog ( larva) ,
Rana catesbelana
Leopard froq (embryo),
Rana sphenocephal a
Leopard frog (young larva) ,
Rana sphenocephal a
Temperature
Formulation* C C)
T 21.1; Site 1
T 21.1; Si le 2
T 21.1; Site 3
T 21.1 ; Site 4
-; Site 1
-; Site 2
-; Site 3 •
T
T 20.5
T 19.2-20.5
T 20
T
T- 20
T 20
Duration
36 hr
3b hr
36 hr
36 hr
43 hr
48 hr
48 hr
15 min
72 hr
21 and 42 day
34 'day
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
Effect Result"
LC50 10
f.C-50 160
LC50 60
I.C'JU 480
LC50 31
LC50 2 1 2
.LC50 301
Avoidance 250
LC50 1.5
Reduced cyto- 0.144
chrome P-450
activity levels
LC50 0.7
LC50 after 99
8 days
LCiO after 46
24 days
LC'iO after 32
30 days
Reference
Boyd and Ferguson 196-1
Poyd and Forguson l''6-1
Qoyd and Forguson 196-1
rtoyd and Ferguson 196-1
Ozluk and (Jlapp 1973
Dzluk and Plapp IJ73
Dziuk and Plapp 1973
Kynard H74
Auwarter 1977
Auwarter 1977
Johnson and Jul in 1980
Hal 1 and Swl neford 1981
Hall and Swlneforj 1980
Hall and Swl neford H80
• «
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Species Formulation*
Leopard frog (sub-adult), 1"
Rana sphenocepha la
Wood frog ( larva) , T
Rana sylvatica
American toad (larva), T
Bufo americanus
Northern cricket frog, T
( larva) ,
Acris creel tans
Spottel salamander (larva), T
Ambystoma rnaculatum
'Marbled salamander (larva), T
Ambystoma opacum
Temperature
(• C) Duration Effect Result*"
20 96 hr LC50 after 370
8 days
. 96 hr LC50 after 195
8 days
96 hr LC50 after 34
8 days
96 hr LC50 after 76
8 days
96 hr LC50 after 34
8 -lays
96 hr LC50 after 342
8 days
Reference
Hal 1 and Swinefor,d
Hal 1 and Swine ford
Hal 1 and Swlneford
Hal 1 and Swlneford
Hal 1 and Swlneford
Hal 1 and Swineford
1-J80
19(31
I9bl
l'
-------
KETEKENCES
Acie, C. and E.L. °arke. 1981. Pesticide use on .najor crops in the nortn
central region. 1973. Research Bulletin 1132. Ohio Agricultural Research and
•
Development Center.
Albauyh, I).VI. 1-47?. Insecticide tolerances of two crayfish populations
(Procarcbarus acutus) in south-central Texas. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
*
8:331-338.
•
Applegate, V.C., J.H. Howell, A.E. Hall, Jr.'and M.A. Smith. 1957. Toxicity
of 4,346 chemicals to larval lampreys and fishes. Special Scientific Report -
Fisheries No. 207, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, UC.
Auwater, A.G. 1977. Sone effects of toxaphene-methyV parathion interaction on
bluegill sunfish (Leporcis inacrochirus Rafinesque). Ph.D. Thesis. University
of Georgia, Athens, GA.; Hiss. Abstr. Int. B 38:3061 (1978).
Bidleinan, T.F. and C.E. Olney. 1975..Long range transport of toxaphene
insecticide m the atmosphere of- the western North Atlantic. Nature 257;
475-^77.
Blus, L.J., T. Joanen, A.A. Belisle and '^.M. Prouty. 1975. The brown pelican
and certain environmental pollutants in Louisiana. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 13:546-655.
Boyd, C.E. 1964. Insecticides cause mosquitofish to abort. Prog. Fish-Cult.
26:138.
-------
3oyJ. C.E. and O.E. Ferjuson. 1964.'Suscepti&i1ity and resistance of
•losquitofis'n to several insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. b7:4JU-431.
•
Bnnynann, u. and R. Kuhn. 196U. Tne water-toxicological detection of
insecti cuies. Gesi.md.-Inj. 31:243. •
Burcnfield, H.P. and E.E. Storrs. 1954. Kinetics of insecticidal action based
•
on the photomivjration of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). Contno. Boyce
Thonpson lost. 17:439-452.
Burke, U.O.. and D.E. Ferguson. 1969. Toxicities of four insecticides to
resistant and susceptible -nosquitofish in static and flowing solutions. Mosq.
News 29:96-100.
Call, O.J., LIT. Brooke, N. Ahnad and J.E. Richter. 1983. Toxicity and
netaboHsn studies with EPA priority pollutants and related chemicals in
freshwater organises. Pfi83-2635b5 or Et'A-6UU/3-33-U95. National Technical
Information Service, Sprinyfield, VA.
Canada Hepartment of Fisheries and Oceans. 1982. Toxaphene in Great Lakes
fish. Annual Report 1982. Great Lakes Fisheries Research Branch, Burlinyton,
Ontario, Canada, pp. 4 ,1 38.
Carter, R.L. and J.B. Graves. 1972. Me-isuriny effects of insecticides on
aquatic ani-'wls. La. Ayric. 16:14-15.
-------
Casifla, -J.'E., S.L. Holnstead, S. Khalifa, J.R. Knox, T. Ohsawa, K.J. Palmer
and H.Y. Wong. ly?4. Toxaphene insecticide: A complex 5iodeyradable mixture.
Science 183:520-521.
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