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NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH
CENTER
CINCINNATI, OHIO
« ftl IGS
• ••.
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
-------
FEDERAL
OFFICE
BUILDING
ROBERT A. TAFT
LABORATORY
RIDGE AVENUE
NEW
NERC, CINCINNATI
FACILITY
(under construction)
LAIDLAW
AVENUE
1014 BROADWAY
VIRGINIA AVENUE
CENTER HILL
COVER: NERC-Cincinnati Facilities
-------
EPA-670/9-73-055
August 1973
ANNUAL REPORT 1972
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
Cincinnati, Ohio
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research & Development
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-------
REVIEW NOTICE
The National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has reviewed
this report and approved its publication. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
PREFACE
An impressive list of accomplishments can be posted in
FY 1972 for the National Environmental Research Center (MERC)
in Cincinnati. The most basic achievement was that NERC-
Cincinnati began to function as the integrated environmental
research organization envisioned by the Administrator in
August 1971, when he formally designated it as the first of
EPA's four national environmental research centers. The fol-
lowing- report shows how this goal was reached, reveals the
scope of our activities, and documents the progress made in
environmental research here.
Research activities of each of the NERC laboratories
in Cincinnati are summarized, and a number of contributions
made by our staff members to international activities of the
EPA are highlighted. Certain projects from the research
activities have been chosen for special mention in the text.
Also described is the first National Environmental Informa-
tion- Symposium, held in September 1972 and jointly planned
and executed by the staff of NERC-Cincinnati and our
Washington headquarters. As this report clearly indicates,
FY 1972 has witnessed a significant step forward in the
Cincinnati mission to develop pollution control technology
in the fields of air, water, radiation, and solid waste.
s-' Andrew W. Breidenbach, Ph.D.
Director, National Environmental
Research Center - Cincinnati
111
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CONTENTS
NERC-CINCINNATI AT A GLANCE
Office of the Director 1
NEPC Laboratories 1
Facilities 3
Budget & Personnel 3
LABORATORIES
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory 3
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory 16
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory 17
Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory 22
Radiocheraistry & Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory 26
Solid Haste Research Laboratory 28
Water Supply Research Laboratory 34
FEATURE ARTICLES
CAM-1: Using Enzymes to Detect Insecticides 39
Development of Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectroscopy 45
Lake Restoration by Phosphorus Control:
Shagawa Lake, Ely, Minnesota 47
National Environmental Information Symposium:
An Agenda for Progress 51
A New Facility for NERC-Cincinnati 53
Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental
Test Tank 57
Resource Recovery via CPU-400:
Power from Solid Waste 61
INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 63
LIST OP PUBLICATIONS 69
-------
NERC-CINCINNATI AT A GLANCE
Introduction
The National Environmental Re-
search Center (MERC) in Cincinnati,
formed in August 1971 from research
programs administered by EPA in the
Cincinnati area, is one of four EPA
research centers reporting to the
Assistant Administrator, Office of
Research and Development (OR6D).
Water pollution control activities
under Federal auspices in Cincinnati
date back to 1913. Water supply
research and radiological health
programs were added in the interven-
ing years, and during the 1960's,
solid waste research was initiated
here. Cincinnati-based air pollution
control laboratories (except for an
inhalation toxicological laboratory)
were recently transferred to North
Carolina.
NERC-Cincinnati presently con-
sists of seven major laboratories
conducting research in water, air,
solid waste, and radiation. The
principal research theme is the devel-
opment of environmental protection
technology. Secondary research
themes also exist in the areas of
health effects research and monitor-
ing.
The total research and adminis-
trative staff of NERC-Cincinnati
numbers about 500, including research-
ers at satellite laboratories in
Edison, N.J., Narragansett, R.I.,
Dauphin Island, Ala., and Gig Harbor,
Wash. The Advanced Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory operates pilot
plants in Blue Plains, Washington,
D.C., Lebanon, Ohio, Pomona, Calif.,
and Crown, W.Va. The Cincinnati
environmental research effort has
produced a significant cadre of dedi-
cated researchers, many of whom occupy
key positions throughout the Office of
Research and Development.
The various administrative and
laboratory organizations of NERC-
Cincinnati and a brief description of
each operation are given below.
Office of the Director
The Director of the National
Environmental Research Center in
Cincinnati is responsible for the over-
all direction of the research programs
assigned to the seven NERC laboratories.
The major staff functions in the Office
of the Director include program coor-
dination, technical information, public
affairs, civil rights, and urban affairs.
A separate Office of Administration pro-
vides other services including the NERC
library (which functions as EPA's central
technical library), computer services,
and personnel services.
NERC Laboratories
The Directors of the seven NERC
laboratories in Cincinnati are respon-
sible for the day-to-day implementation
and administration of the research
programs assigned to them. The labora-
tory directors plan their research
programs under the overall direction
-------
of ORD headquarters and the NERC
Director, who approve all plans and
the expenditure of resources consis-
tent with these plans. Research is
conducted directly by NERC investi-
gators or through the use of extra-
mural contracts and grants, with
NERC researchers serving as project
officers. The results of this re-
search are published both in
engineering and scientific journals
and in an EPA technical report series.
The scope of the research pro-
grams at NERC-Cincinnati ranges from
basic developmental or investigative
studies to full-scale demonstration
projects. The output of the research
program is available to a wide range
of users: to public or private
agencies for design and construction
of pollution control facilities, to
EPA enforcement groups for technical
back-up, to EPA programs concerned
with the establishment of guidelines,
and to private and university research
laboratories for support of their
own work.
The seven NERC laboratories in
Cincinnati are as follows:
1. Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory. The AWTRL program develops
and demonstrates practicable means of
treating municipal sewage and polluted
mine water, handles sludge, and esti-
mates the costs of treatment processes.
2. Edison Water Quality Research
laboratory. The EWQRL program develops
and demonstrates practicable means of
(a) treating or otherwise handling
wastewaters from storm and combined
sewer overflows, heavy industrial
sources, watercraft and recreational
sources, and fb) controlling spills
of oil and hazardous materials.
3. Water Supply Research Laboratory.
The WSRL program performs research
necessary to establish drinking water
standards so that drinking water will
be safe and otherwise acceptable to
consumers. The WSRL studies health
effects and develops suitable water
treatment technology and methodology.
4. Solid Waste Research Laboratory.
The SWRL program develops and demon-
strates technology and systems for the
management of solid waste. Research
areas include the generation, storage,
collection, transport, processing for
disposal or resource recovery, and
ultimate disposal of solid waste.
5. Analytical Quality Control Labora-
tory. The AQCL program (a) develops
physical, biological, and microbio-
logical methods for the analysis of
water, wastewater, and sediment;
(b) evaluates method reliability,
analyst performance, and quality con-
trol techniques; and (c) develops
instrumentation for environmental
monitoring.
6. Environmental Toxicology Research
Laboratory. The £TRL program in bio-
medical research determines the
toxicological effects of fuel and fuel
additive emissions to provide health-
related data for development of EPA
emission control regulations. The
data are also used for the development
of air pollution criteria and standards.
7. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineer-
ing Research Laboratory. The RNERL
program for monitoring quality assurance
quantifies and qualitates radioactive
discharges at nuclear power stations
and associated facilities. RNERL also
develops radiochemical analytical
methods and guidelines for radiological
monitoring systems.
-------
The activities of each of these
laboratories are discussed under
"Laboratory Reviews."
Facilities
The Office of the Director and
most of the wastewater treatment and
drinking water research staffs are
located in the Robert A. Taft Labora-
tory in Cincinnati. Several other
buildings in and around the city house
other NERC programs. In all, there
are four major facilities in Cincin-
nati. By the end of 1975, a major
new facility now under construction
adjacent to the University of
Cincinnatil will house many NERC-
Cincinnati programs; the world-renowned
"Taft Center" will remain a NERC
facility, however.
Budget and Personnel
The budget and personnel of each
NERC laboratory are presented in
Tables 1 and 2, with some breakdown
by activity to illustrate the level
of effort being devoted to major
categories of research.
LABORATORIES
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY
The advanced waste treatment
program was initiated in Cincinnati
in 1960 under the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act. Until the estab-
lishment of EPA in December 1970,
research here was conducted under
auspices of the Public Health Service,
and later the Federal Water Quality
Administration.
The Advanced Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory (AWTRL) develops
and improves methods for wastewater
treatment and reuse. Most of our
studies are centered on municipal
wastewater treatment; however, much
of the methodology is also adaptable
to treatment systems for industrial
and agricultural wastewaters.
High-priority projects at AWTRL
in 1972 (and continuing in 1973) are
removal of oxygen-demanding materials
from municipal wastewaters, removal
of nutrients such as phosphorous,
ammonia, and nitrate nitrogen, and
improved techniques for removing and
handling sludge from treatment plants.
In the area of disinfection, em-
phasis is on removal or destruction
of viruses. Water reuse studies are
concentrated on development of treat-
ment systems capable of reducing the
amounts of trace metals and pathogens
in reusable waters.
Cost effectiveness studies are
an integral part of all new technology
developments at AWTRL. The economic
feasibility of applying new treatment
systems is rigorously investigated to
assure that our processes, instrumen-
tation, and control devices are
economically adaptable to the waste
treatment industry.
Contracts and Grants
Advanced waste treatment research
at NERC-Cincinnati is conducted through
both intramural work and grants and
contracts to extramural groups.
Demonstration grants are made to
support research that is well enough
-------
TABLE 1. NERC BUDGET - PY 1972
Office of the Director
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory
Treatment Process Development
Mining Sources of Pollution
Municipal Sewered Wastes
Methods Development
Non-Sewered Wastes
TOTAL
Intramural
($1000)
395.4
Extramural
($1000)
1803.8
1356.8
2121.4
307.7
65.9
5655.6
Total
($1000)
395.4
3724.4
1905.4
2409.0
519.9
95.9
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory
Oil & Hazardous Material Spills
Storm & Combined Sewers
Transportation Sources of Pollution
Heavy Industrial Sources of Pollution
TOTAL
Water Supply Research Laboratory
Health Effects
Process Development
Technical Assistance
TOTAL
Solid Waste Research Laboratory
Disposal Technology
Resource Recovery
Collection/Processing Technology
Hazardous Solid Wastes
Behavioral Research
TOTAL
1314.0
800.0
380.0
341 .0
402.3
479.5
1222.8
4319.5
3808.0
806.0
114.0
9047.3
100.0
100.0
1775.6
3314.0
1346.5
6436.1
1314.0
900.0
380 .0
2594.0
2116.6
3716.3
1826.0
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
Methods Development
Methods Standardization
TOTAL
Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory
Biomedical Research
Radiochemistry &• Nuclear Engineering
Research Laboratory
Radiochemical Measurements
1010.0
140.6
1010.0
140.6
TOTAL
NERC-CINCINNATI
10
,222
5
21
,654
3
31
,876
8
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TABLE 2. NERC BUDGET - FY 1973
(6-30-73)
Office of the Director
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory
TreatmentProcess Development
Mining Sources of Pollution
Municipal Sewered Wastes
Methods Development
Non-Sewered Wastes
TOTAL
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills
Storm and Combined Sewers
Transportation Sources of Pollution
Heavy Industrial Sources of Pollution
TOTAL
Water Supply Research Laboratory
Health Effects
Process Development
Technical Assistance
TOTAL
Solid Waste Research Laboratory
Disposal Technology
Resource Recovery
Collection/Processing Technology
Hazardous Solid Wastes
Behavioral Research
TOTAL
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
Methods Development
Methods Standardization
TOTAL
Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory
Biomedical Research
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering
Research Laboratory
Radiochemical Measurements
Intramural
($1000)
771.5
1982.3
475.2
293.6
221.6
41.7
3014.4
464.2
263.9
145.7
93.9
134 .6
1102.3
Extramural
($1000)
1849.1
1754.3
814.2
275.0
1116.5
136.4
4692.6
2780.9
2407.0
417.8
306.9
5912.6
139.0
89.0
451.7
341.0
177.9
224.5
1195.1
101.0
101.0
112.0
Total
($1000)
771 .5
3031.4
2229.5
1107.8
496.6
41.7
7707.0
3305.5
2567.1
501. 7
409.6
6783.9
1454.8
723.6
392.8
2571.2
915.9
604.9
323.6
318.4
134.6
2297.4
999.3
262.9
1262.2
1228.5
136.4
OTAL
NERC-CINCINNATI
10 ,516.8
12,241.3
22,758.1
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developed to warrant evaluation of
processes and systems at full scale
treatment plants.
Intramural work conducted at the
Robert A. Taft Laboratory in Cincin-
nati includes pilot plant studies in
biological and physical-chemical
treatment. Additional intramural
research is conducted in cooperation
with municipalities in the pilot
plants at Blue Plains near Washington,
D.C.; Lebanon, Ohio; and Pomona,
California.
FY 73 Budget
Table 3 presents the FY 1973
AWTBL budget for municipal wastewater
treatment research.
1972 Research
Oxygen-Aeration Systems
Oxygen-aeration of wastewater is
a biological treatment process of
high reliability, which promises
savings in aeration volume, power,
and sludge production. Pilot-plant
work in this process is continuing
at the Blue Plains facility. Demon-
stration projects at Las Virgenes,
California and New York City's Newtown
Creek Plant is providing valuable
design data.
In 1972, a contract was negoti-
ated with the Martin-Marietta Company
to demonstrate a modified oxygen-aer-
ation system. Work also began at
Lebanon, Ohio on an oxygen expanded-
bed contacting system.
TABLE 3. ESTIMATED FY 1973 BUDGET BREAKDOWN FOR AWTRL
Category
Amount
Demonstration of advanced technology to achieve
non-polluting municipal discharges
Ultimate disposal of sludges
Removal of phosphorus and nitrogen
Instrumentation and process control
Removal and enumeration methods for virus
Upgrading of biological treatment methods and
development of new methods
Renovation and reuse of wastewater
Development of physical-chemical treatment
Treatability of organic compounds
Destruction of pathogens
Treatment process and system optimization
Removal of inorganic materials including trace
elements
Development of small treatment systems
$1,380,000
910,000
780,000
530,000
500,000
450,000
300,000
300,000
220,000
200,000
100,000
50,000
40,000
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Major Construction
Work on three major demonstration
projects proceeded apace in 1972. A
tertiary treatment plant at Ely, Min-
nesota was completed and operation of
the 1.5 mgd plant was begun. The Ely
project will help restore water quality
of Shagawa Lake by limiting phosphorus
in discharges to the lake to 0.05-0.10
mg/1 P by use of tertiary lime clari-
fication followed by filtration.
Construction of the advanced waste
treatment plant at Piscataway, Maryland
was also completed in 1972. The second
largest AWT plant in the country, the
Piscataway installation is now opera-
ting on a flow scheme of two-stage lime
clarification gravity-thickening, de-
watering, recalcination, gravity dual-
media filtration, neutralization and
carbon absorption and regeneration
system.
At Muskegon, Michigan, work is
continuing on construction of the
wastewater management system plant
which is designed to demonstrate a
wastewater management system utilizing
spray irrigation to handle combined
municipal and industrial flows total-
ing 42 mgd with an ultimate peak of
90 mgd.
Nutrient Removal
The most thoroughly evaluated pro-
cesses for nutrient removal are the
mineral-addition processes for phos-
phorus precipitation and the three-
stage biological system for nitrogen
removal. During 1972, at the Blue
Plains Pilot Plant, a full year's dem-
onstration of a combination of these
processes to provide combined carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus removal was
completed. Operation of this flow
scheme provided design data for expand-
ing and modifying the District of
Columbia Treatment Plant. Mineral ad-
dition for removing phosphorus was
studied in conventional plants. Full-
scale studies of alum and iron additions
at Pomona and Lebanon confirmed the
utility of mineral addition to both
the primary clarifier and the aerator
of an activated sludge plant.
Another promising process for
nitrogen removal, breakpoint chlorina-
tion, was studied at Owosso, Michigan
and Washington, D.C. Almost complete
removal of ammonia nitrogen was
achieved and residual free chlorine
and chloramines were removed by short
contact with activated carbon. The
process results in increased chloride
content; however, where mineral con-
tent of the water is not an important
consideration, the increased chloride
content would be negligible.
At Pomona, a full year's evalua-
tion was completed of a two-stage
carbon adsorption system in which a
comparison was made of the operating
characteristics of two commercially
available granular activated carbons.
Currently under evaluation at Pomona
is a carbon system being fed with
chemically treated raw sewage.
Reverse osmosis was studied at
Lebanon and Pomona to develop data for
defining an optimum pretreatment
method. The work at Lebanon showed
that "fiber configurations" are not
acceptable for municipal wastewater
applications.
Physical-Chemical Treatment
Data obtained through 1972 permit
increased confidence that physical-
chemical treatment is a viable alter-
-------
nate to biological treatment. There
are a number of possible systems of
both types. While there exist several
criteria for making a choice, the most
important factor is the amount of
certain industrial wastes in the
wastewater. Biological systems are
more susceptible to upset by a variety
of industrial wastes. During the past
year a completely automatically con-
trolled physical-chemical system was
demonstrated at Washington, D.C.
The treatment system demonstrated in-
cluded two-stage lime clarification,
filtration, carbon adsorption, and
breakpoint chlorination, giving high
level carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
removal. New P-C and biological sys-
tems are capable of producing effluent
organic pollutant levels almost an
order of magnitude lower than conven-
tional primary-plus-secondary treatment.
Both systems also provide nitrogen and
phosphorus removal if mineral addition
to the aerator is included in the
biological system.
Other Research
Numerous other aspects of waste-
water treatment were explored at AWTRL
in 1972. Powdered carbon treatment
was investigated in the laboratory
and in pilot plants in Cincinnati and
Salt Lake City. Combined with chemi-
cal coagulation and granular media
filtration, one-time use of carbon
is economically attractive for the
smaller plant where installation and
operation of a carbon regeneration
furnace is difficult to justify.
Methods of upgrading trickling
filters were investigated. One in-
volves alum addition to the final
clarifier with recirculation of set-
tled sludge to the primary clarifier.
This technique was evaluated at
Richardson, Texas and similar work is
continuing at Chapel Hill, North
Carolina. Excellent results were ob-
tained at both facilities, with sig-
nificant improvement in organic carbon,
suspended solids and coliform removals,
as well as efficient phosphorus pre-
cipitation.
Pilot ozone treatment carried
out at Washington, D.C. showed that
this method is excellent for organic
oxidation. In addition, the method
provides disinfection without produc-
ing the secondary pollution which may
result from use of chlorine. Improved
reactor design is expected to reduce
costs and to make ozone treatment more
economically attractive.
The ability of physical chemical
treatment to remove 12 different heavy
metals was evaluated in pilot plants
at Cincinnati. The processes of chem-
ical precipitation by lime or ferric
sulfate, granular media filtration
and activated carbon adsorption were
shown capable of removing over 98% of
most of the metals studied. The
metals were concentrated in the chem-
ical-organic sludge, indicating a
need for concern for disposal of
sludges with increased .metal content.
Research was begun on the removal
of the thousands of synthetic organic
chemicals which are being discharged
to municipal sewers. Many of these
compounds are not degradable and can-
not be substantially removed by con-
ventional biological processes. Some
of the compounds are toxic to man or
lower animals. Virtually nothing is
known about the fate of specific
organic compounds in physical-chemical
processes. A recently initiated AWTRL
study seeks to determine the capabil-
8
-------
ities of physical-chemical processes
to remove organic compounds selected
on the basis of their hazards to man
or to water quality. Thus far, P-C
processes have shown excellent capa-
bility for removal of pentachloro-
phenol, styrene and diethylene glycol.
Virus Removal
Large quantities of viruses of
human origin are present in sewage,
sewage effluents, and in rivers and
streams. Since very small amounts of
viruses can produce infection in man,
as complete removal as possible is
desirable.
The Virology Program of AWTRL is
devoted to the development of methods
for removing and destroying viruses in
waste, renovated, and other waters,
development of methods for detecting
small amounts of viruses in large
volumes of water, assessment of the
hazards of various groups of viruses
present in waste and natural waters,
and support of enforcement efforts.
Viral removal effectiveness of the
three-stage activated sludge system is
under study at the Washington, D.C.,
pilot plant. This type of treatment
is to be adopted by the District of
Columbia. Considerable daily fluctu-
ations have been found in both viral
and bacterial populations with peak
hours appearing in the late afternoon
and extending into the evening hours.
Seeding was done with a bacterial virus
coliphage f2 similar to poliovirus in
structure and size but harmless to
humans, at levels about 500 times that
of the natural coliphage background.
With only one exception, the data re-
vealed 90% or greater reduction of the
virus in the three sludge process.
The relative effectiveness of
chlorine and iodine, their compounds,
and ozone are being evaluated as dis-
infectants for effluents, renovated
wastewater, and other waters under a
cooperative project between the
University of Cincinnati, Hebrew
University in Israel, and AWTRL.
Hypochlorous acid (a form of chlorine)
and ozone were found to be rapid viru-
cides and bactericides in clean water.
Iodine may be more effective than
chlorine for certain effluents, how-
ever, because it does not suffer a
reduction in effectiveness in the
presence of ammonia as chlorine does.
Final analysis of the data from the
completed study will permit determin-
ation of the most effective disinfec-
tant for any use situation.
A major program has been dedica-
ted to acquiring the capability for
detecting and identifying small
amounts of viruses in large volumes
of water. Methodology developed under
a grant to Baylor University now per-
mits sampling of 100-gallon quantities
or more. At AWTRL a system has been
developed which considerably reduces
the cost of testing filter systems for
virus removal and recovery capability.
An asbestos-wood pulp disc, effective
with this system, has been singled out
for further study.
Another method for reducing costs
in virus work has been developed.
Viruses are grown in living cells, and
those prepared freshly each week from
living animals are among the largest
cost items of the virus laboratory.
A cell line (BGM) has been found that
is inexpensive to propagate and is
more sensitive to viruses in field
evaluations than expensive primary
rhesus nonkey cultures. A considerable
-------
cost saving has resulted from use of
this cell line.
We have also found that it may be
feasible to process large volumes of
water at sampling sites and then re-
turn only the membranes containing the
adsorbed viruses to the laboratory for
virus recovery. After adsorption on
the membrane and refrigeration at
4 C, two viruses, poliovirus 1 and
echovirus 7, could be stored for 3
days before there was a substantial
loss in their recovery. This new meth-
od may also result in a large cost
saving.
The Virology Program has contri-
buted significantly to enforcement
actions. Early this year, in support
of a Federal court action in New Jersey
against discharging sludge into coast-
al waters, viruses were recovered from
both sludge and seawater samples.
Testimony given in support of the data
was critical in winning a landmark
enforcement decision against ocean
disposal under the Refuse Act of 1899.
More recently, samples from the
Wabash River in the vicinity of
Vincennes, Indiana, along with raw and
treated sewage from the city's plant,
were surveyed for viruses in support
of an enforcement action by the EPA
Region V District Office at Evansville,
Indiana. Viruses have been recovered
from the Vincennes treated wastewater
effluent and from several of the col-
lected river water samples.
Ultimate Disposal
Ultimate disposal is concerned
with the handling, processing, trans-
porting, and disposal of sludges and
brines removed from wastewater treat-
ment processes. The program emphasis
has been on sludge disposal. Brine
disposal is of less interest presently
because large scale implementation of
brine-producing demineralization methods
has not yet been necessary.
Although sludge is often mistaken-
ly considered to be solid waste, it
actually contains far more water than
solids. Removal of this water, or de-
vising a new way to bypass the water
removal step, is one of the most impor-
tant problems in sludge disposal. For
final disposal, the primary methods
are incineration, landfill including
"permanent" lagoons, and land spread-
ing. For land spreading, pretreatment
methods have been investigated to make
the sludge innocuous. Also, efforts
have been devoted to by-product recov-
ery from the sludge. Increased mineral
content of sludge from physical-chemical
treatment has also been of major con-
cern.
An improved method for dewatering
appears possible from modification of
a vacuum filter in Milwaukee to oper-
ate in the top-feed mode. A grant
application has been received to fur-
ther demonstrate this idea. Westing-
house is studying the dewatering of
sludge using capillary suction
(Figure 1). This method removes water
by an action similar to a sponge but
uses an endless belt. A pilot machine
large enough to handle all of the waste
activated sludge from a 2 mgd plant is
routinely dewatering a 1% sludge to
18% solids with 98% capture. Conven-
tional pressure filters using ash as
a filter aid are being demonstrated
for dewatering at Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Both fly ash from coal and incinerator
ash may be used. The major advantage
of pressure filtration is that the
final cake is dry enough to incinerate
without added fuel.
10
-------
Figure 1. Dewatering of sludge by capillary suction
-------
Aerobic stabilization circumvents
many of the problems of conventional
anaerobic digestion and appears to be
particularly useful with land disposal
of sludge. This method has been shown
to be attractive in laboratory and pi-
lot plant studies at Cincinnati and at
a grant project in Hollywood, Florida.
Process parameters will be further de-
fined with a demonstration project
being initiated at Denver. Stabiliza-
tion using lime has also been studied
and a contract has been let with
Battelle-Northwest to evaluate this
process.
Although incineration and deposi-
tion in landfills are common methods
for disposal of dewatered sludge, they
are costly because 85% to 95% of the
water must first be removed. Incin-
eration can also cause air pollution
unless costly afterburners, scrubbers,
and automatic controls are installed.
Direct application of wet sludge to
the land can be a lower cost method
and can also improve the soil. Chica-
go has pioneered in large-scale land
disposal of wet sludge and is now ship-
ping sludge 200 miles to rehabilitate
strip mined areas. Technical factors
limiting sludge application appear to
be nitrogen and heavy metals; however,
a lack of public acceptance of land
spreading in new areas has stopped
some projects that had high technical
merit. Land disposal of total sewage
using the soil as a "living filter"
can be used in some areas provided
that the hydraulic acceptance of the
soil is adequate. Since sludge repre-
sents less than 1% of sewage flow,
disposal of sludge to the land is less
likely to be limited by poor hydraulic
permeability of the soil than is direct
application of sewage. Several coastal
communities have submitted proposals
to study land disposal of sludge as an
alternative to ocean dumping. Ocean
County, New Jersey, has already re-
ceived a grant.
By-product recovery and recycling
are more desirable than disposal by
incineration and land spreading. The
South Tahoe Public Utility District
has demonstrated the practice of re-
covering lime, but other recent
attempts at by-product recovery have
not been as successful. A contract
with Monsanto showed little economic
incentive for recovery of phosphates.
Foster D. Snell, Inc., has been study-
ing the recovery of amino acids as'
the basis of an animal feed supplement
and has shown that the product does
not produce abnormal growth or birth
defects in test animals. An economi-
cal process for recovering the amino
acids is still under study.
Treatment Costs and Operation
Cost and design information from
projects and other sources was com-
piled to provide a basis for deter-
mining the cost effectiveness of
treatment systems. A significant
event during the past year was the
publication of "Estimating Cost and
Manpower Requirements for Conventional
Wastewater Treatment Facilities* EPA
Water Pollution Control Research
Series, Report No. 17090DAN10/71, the
final report on a study conducted by
Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers.
Regressions have been made of data in
the Black and Veatch report and a com-
puter program was developed for sizing
and costing conventional wastewater
treatment processes. The program was
also modified to include the cost of
chemical addition for phosphorus re-
moval, including the cost of extra
sludge handling.
12
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Other projects during the year
consisted of efforts in the areas of
computer design programs, costs, and
instrumentation and automation. Com-
puter programs for designing pressure
vessels and concrete tanks were com-
pleted. Cost studies were done on
physical-chemical and other advanced
treatment methods, alum and methanol
addition, wastewater renovation, and
automation. A report was completed
on electrical power consumption for
municipal wastewater treatment.
More emphasis was placed on in-
strumentation and automation of plants
with a project being initiated for
compilation of the present state-of-
the-art related to wastewater treat-
ment. Intramural evaluation of ammonia
probes for application to process con-
trol is also underway. If satisfactory
performance of a probe can be obtained
it can be of significant value to ni-
trogen removal treatment processes.
Mine Drainage Pollution Control
Activities
The Mine Drainage Pollution Con-
trol Activities program performs re-
search, development, and demonstrations
on the control of environmental prob-
lems from mining operations on a
nationwide scale. The program is
divided into five areas of concern:
surface mining, underground mining,
new mining methods, treatment of mine
drainage, and demonstrations of eco-
nomical and practical control methods.
Daring the past year major strides
have been made in developing methods
for analyzing overburden from surface
mines as a technique for preplanning
the mining operation. Through a grant
to West Virginia University, methods of
analyzing core-boring and rock chips
to predict the potential of the various
strata to create acid mine drainage
problems, or a difficult revegetation
problem, are being evaluated. With
this information, the mine operator
can selectively remove and place the
material to minimize the environmen-
tal damages during and following
mining and to facilitate the stabil-
ization of the area through revegeta-
tion.
Further progress was made on
the development of the permeable
limestone mine seal. Flooding of
underground mines by placement of a
"bulkhead" seal in the mine openings
has been found to be an effective
means of controlling acid mine drain-
age. The major drawback of this
method is the high cost of the seal.
A cheaper seal was developed and
patented through an EPA grant. This
seal is constructed by pneumatically
placing limestone in the mine opening
and grouting the top for a tight fit.
As the acid mine drainage flows
through the limestone, it is neutral-
ized and a ferric hydroxide-calcium
sulfate precipitate forms that fills
and plugs the opening in the lime-
stone barrier. Thus, the barrier
treats the water until it is self-
sealed. Current work deals with the
optimization of the seal construction,
e.g., the sizing of limestone in the
seal.
If an underground mine can be
operated in an inert atmosphere, then
acid mine drainage, explosion, and
health problems can be eliminated.
In order to mine in an inert atmos-
phere, the miners themselves must
have a self-contained atmosphere.
An EPA grant to Island Creek Coal
Company has been used to develop and
13
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test a Miners' Life Support System
(MLSS). MLSS is based upon the
"space suits" developed by NASA. The
MLSS is being tested under actual
mining systems and shows great promise
of success.
During active mining and in those
situations where control techniques
are not available, mine drainage must
be treated. Currently the mine drain-
age is neutralized with lime, aerated
and the resulting sludge removed by
settling and disposed of by lagooning.
The drawbacks of the process are the
high cost of lime and the high volvme
of low solids sludge produced. Re-
search by EPA has shown that a lime-
stone-lime process can reduce the
reagent cost by 25%, decrease the
sludge volume by one-half and increase
the sludge solids content by four
times. The limestone-lime process
consists of neutralizing the mine
drainage with ground limestone to a
pH of 4.5, to take advantage of the
reactive pH zone of limestone and
the low reagent cost, then polishing
the water with lime to the desired
pH (Figure 2).
Reverse osmosis has been shown to
be an effective method of treating acid
mine drainage to produce a high quality
of water for domestic and industrial
use. However, where, mine drainage
high in ferrous iron was treated, a
severe fouling of the membrane occured
due to iron. EPA and the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania studied this problem
and found that the fouling of the mem-
brane was due to bacterial oxidation of
the ferrous iron on the membrane sur-
face and that it could be controlled
by lowering the pH of the raw water to
2.5 or pretreating the water with ul-
traviolet light.
Section 14 of the original
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
established a program to demonstrate
economic feasibility and practical
techniques for the abatement of mine
drainage. During 1972 three new pro-
jects were initiated, bringing the
total number of projects to eight.
The state of Maryland was awarded a
grant to demonstrate the elimination
of an underground mine drainage prob-
lem by removing the entire overburden
to convert the underground mine to a
strip mine, making it possible to use
conventional strip mining and land
reclamation techniques. This process
is termed "daylighting." The use and
effectiveness of control structures
to prevent stream siltation from strip
mining activities will be demonstrated
in Kentucky. A West Virginia project
will deal with the insertion of an
impermeable trench in a surface mine
backfill to seal off the leakage from
an underground mine.
Section 107 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 has expanded the scope of Section
14 to emphasize the utilization of
waste materials to reduce pollution
from minine activities. Discussions
have been held with a number of states
who are developing proposed demonstra-
tions to utilize waste materials as
proposed by the Law.
Technology Transfer
In addition to providing improved
treatment methods through research and
development projects, laboratory staff
contributed to EPA Technology Transfer
seminars and design manuals. During
1971; process design manuals were is-
sued in four areas: Upgrading Exist-
ing Wastewater Treatment Plants, Sus-
pended Solids Removal, Phosphorus
14
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Removal, and Carbon Adsorption. These
manuals are now being updated to in-
corporate newly developed technology.
A new manual on Sulfide and Odor Con-
trol is also being prepared.
Figure 2. Lime neutralization plant treating mine drainage near Morgantown,
West Virginia
15
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ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
The Analytical Quality Control
Laboratory research programs are de-
voted principally to the development
of analytical methods and monitoring
technology, to evaluation of the re-
liability of methods and of analyst
performance, and to the establishment
of quality control techniques.
Research projects have included
development and improvement of analyt-
ical methods for inorganic ions in
water and wastes, heavy metals in
industrial wastes, pesticides in sur-
face waters, and characterization of
petroleum products from oil spills.
Biological investigations covered
aacroinvertebrate sampling and identi-
fication, the development of improved
biomass measurements, and the prepar-
ation of an EPA manual for field and
laboratory biological methods. Micro-
biological methods were examined and
improved, including procedures for
total ooliform organisms by membrane
filter, fecal coliform, and fecal
streptococci techniques. A procedure
for delayed incubation of fecal coli-
form membranes was investigated.
A full series of reference samples
for major constituents in water was
prepared and distributed to coopera-
ting laboratories. More than 2000
sets of samples were distributed in
PY 72. These samples provided a valu-
able service in laboratory quality
control and evaluation of performance.
Method studies for the evaluation
of approved EPA analytical procedures
yielded data from more than 100 labora-
tories on methods for mercury, nutri-
ents, oxygen demand and organic carbon,
and mineral constituents. Studies on
procedures for heavy metals and chloro-
phyl were initiated. Reports were
issued on manual methods for nutrients
and procedures for biochemical and
chemical oxygen demand and total organic
carbon.
Improvements in automatic monitor-
ing instrumentation included a better
dissolved oxygen system, the design of
a flow cell to provide self-cleaning
of sensors, and selection of new pump-
ing equipment to overcome siltation
and corrosion. Data acquisition by
computer was initiated and new inter-
face and output devices were developed.
The Analytical Quality Control
Newsletter, begun in FY 70, was expanded
to cover broader technical areas and
the distribution was increased to 5000
readers.
Analytical methods for the identi-
fication of clandestine oil spill
materials were developed, based on the
use of infrared ratios. The technique
was originated at the Laboratory and
has been widely accepted in the petrol-
eum industry. Extension to other in-
strumental measurements, in conjunction
with IR, were initiated in PY 72.
Technical assistance was provided
to other EPA programs through advice
on analytical methods, laboratory ex-
amination of industrial waste samples,
identification of petroleum products
with preparation of enforcement affi-
davit, training course development in
quality control techniques, and consul-
tation with research project officers
on grant and contract laboratory per-
formance.
16
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Among the major accomplishments
the Laboratory were:
• distribution of more than 20,000
copies of "Methods for Chemical
Analysis cf Water and Wastes"
• preparation and distribution of
"Methods for Organic Pesticides in
Water and Wastewater"
• preparation of a "Handbook for
Analytical Quality Control in Water
and Wastewater Laboratories"
laboratory investigations and final
recommendation of methods for total
and methyl mercury in water, sedi-
ments, and fish
development of gas chromatograph/
mass spectrometer techniques for
identification of organic pollutants
in industrial wastes
operation of a ground-to-satellite
transmission system for water quality
monitoring, involving an EPA in situ
data acquisition system and the NIMBUS
satellite.
EDISON WATER QUALITY RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory (EWQRL) develops new pro-
cess technology in a number of comple-
mentary areas of water pollution
abatement. The work may be grouped
into four main areas: oil and hazar-
dous material spill control, industrial
effluent control, storm and combined
sewer overflow management, and waste
management from recreational and
transporation sources.
In the area of spill control,
special emphasis is placed on control
of oil spills. The industrial waste
control program deals primarily with
waste from the electroplating and
non-ferrous metal industries. The
storm and combined sewer overflow pro-
gram develops and demonstrates manage-
ment concepts via full-scale municipal
tests designed to abate pollution
caused by wet weather flows. Waste
management for small boats has been
the main thrust of the transportation
program.
Oil Spill Research Program
The prime responsibility of this
program is to develop the technology
and systems necessary to prevent, con-
tain, monitor, control, identify, and
clean up spills of petroleum and petrol-
eum products. The following projects
represent major accomplishments of this
program.
Melloy Laboratories demonstrated
that the froth flotation technique for
ore separation could also be used to
remove oil from contaminated beach
sand. A prototype unit was built,
tested, and delivered to EWQRL. This
unit, consisting of four flotation
cells, is mounted on a 40-foot flatbed
trailer. It has a through-put capacity
of 30 tons of oiled sand per hour. The
effluent sand is clean enough for re-
placement on the beach.
The JBF Scientific Corporation
demonstrated the Dynamic Inclined Plane
17
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(DIP) Oil Harvester. This unit,
several different sized models of
which are currently available, has a
skimming efficiency of better than
90% in 2-foot harbor waves at 2 knots
relative velocity. The principle
operation has been adopted for use in
units sold to the State of Massachu-
setts and the Navy Department.
To provide the much-needed tran-
sition between laboratory work and
actual spill conditions, a large wave
tank is being constructed in which
equipment and procedures for handling
spills of oil and hazardous materials
can be developed, tested, refined,
and evaluated without harming the envi-
ronment. The 667 x 65 x 11 foot tank
will be completed in the fall of 1973
and is located at Earle, New Jersey.
An intramural effort has produced
an oil measurement technique good down
to 100 ppm of oil in water. By modi-
fying the sample preparation step, the
measurement can be extended to the
50 ppm level in both water and sedi-
ment samples.
Hazardous Materials Spills Program
The Hazardous Materials Spills
Research Branch of EWQRL develops
technology and systems for preventing,
detecting, identifying, containing,
monitoring, controlling, and cleaning
up in the water environment spills of
hazardous substances that dissolve in
or react with water or that sink,
float, or volatilize. Some examples
of hazardous materials are: phenol,
alcohol, nitric acid, chlorosulfonic
acid, acetone cyanohydrin, toluene
diisocyanate, organo-phosphate pesti-
cides (Diazinon, parathion), chlor-
dane, perchloroethylene, creosote.
carbon disulfide, styrene, iso-octane,
formaldehyde, and chlorine.
During 1972, significant progress
was made in the areas of hazardous
spill containment on land and in water.
Spill treatment and detection devices
were developed, and hazardous material
information systems designed.
The feasibility of plugging leak-
ing containers in the field using
"foam plugs" was demonstrated. A
system for dispensing "foamed-in-place"
dikes was developed and tested. These
dikes can be used on land to prevent
spilled materials from reaching nearby
watercourses or storm drains.
Several methods to prevent spilled
materials from percolating into ground
water were developed and tested, includ-
ing the use of chemical additives to
absorb, gel, or co-polymerize the
material.
A sealed boom (water curtain) was
developed and tested. This water cur-
tain incorporates a flotation collar
that supports the top of the barrier
and a steam-bed conforming, water-
filled cuff that seals the barrier to
the bottom of the watercourse. The
system provides EPA with the capabil-
ity to isolate a spill in a section
of a watercourse by surrounding it
with the boom.
Several systems for treating
spill-contaminated water were developed
and evaluated: a truck-mounted
dynactor-magnetic separator system
(5 gpm), a "tea-bag" concept for in-
stream treatment using mass transfer
media, and a system for in-stream
treatment using flotable mass trans-
fer media.
18
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The dynactor-magnetic separator
system utilizes a thin film aerator
device coupled with a special, high
filtration-rate separator to treat
water with activated carbon, ion-
exchange resins, precipitating agents,
neutralizing agents, and/or ozone.
Simple aeration is also possible.
In the "tea-bag" method for re-
moving dissolved spilled materials
from streams, activated carbon is
placed into sausage-like fabric sacks
that are constructed to have suffici-
ent head-end buoyancy to allow them
to float vertically in the water-
course. The bags drift slightly out
of phase with the gross movement of
the slug of pollutant in the stream.
Thus, when the bags are introduced
at the leading edge of the slug, they
gradually sweep to the trailing edge
and adsorb pollutant during their
transit.
The system for using flotable
mass-transfer media uses weighted
containers which are filled with acti-
vated carbon or ion-exchange resins.
After the containers sink to the bot-
tom of the watercourse, the resin or
carbon is released slowly and then
floats to the surface, adsorbing the
dissolved pollutant during transit
of the water column. The spent sor-
bent (carbon or resin) is later har-
vested and removed from the surface
by conventional skimming techniques.
Several devices for detecting
spills of hazardous materials were
developed. These include a detector
for dissolved organo-phosphate and
carbamate pesticides (pesticide-
inhibited cholinesterase activity is
measured electronically), a modulated
cyclic colorimeter for heavy metals,
and a sensitive vapor-sensing device
for volatile organics. A detection
kit was also developed to aid field
personnel in locating and identifying
spills.
To aid the spill-response person-
nel of EPA and other Federal agencies,
a handbook of procedures to be followed
for the disposal of small lots of un-
used pesticides was prepared. A hand-
book of techniques for assessing the
damage caused by spills was also com-
pleted. In addition, the first
Conference on the Control and Prevention
of Hazardous Material Spills was held
under EPA sponsorship during March 1972
in Houston, Texas.
A contingency plan for handling
spills of hazardous materials in muni-
cipalities is being developed. A
major part of the work is directed
toward keeping the spill from entering
the sewer system. For those spills
that do enter a sewage treatment plant,
operational procedures for maintaining
the efficiency of secondary treatment
are being tested.
The hazards to aquatic food chains
and to water quality are being assessed
in a project studying spillage and re-
lease of thallium and other heavy
metals (copper, lead, zinc) from ore
mining, milling, smelting, and electro-
reduction and chemical processing.
A readily transportable field-use
pump and 7,000 gallon collection bag
system is being fabricated to collect
and temporarily store suraped or diked
spills of hazardous materials.
A large "captive" site (the NASA
Mississippi Test Facility, Hancock
County, Mississippi) is being evaluated
19
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cis a facility for large-scale demon-
strations of equipment for the
prevention, control, containment,
and disposal of spills of hazardous
materials. The area has a well-
characterized ecology, climate,
geography, and hydrology. The nature
of the terrain and the existence
of an extensive canal system make
the site potentially attractive for
evaluating methods for preventing
hazardous substances spilled on land
from entering watercourses or the
ground water table.
Industrial Waste Technology Program
The Industrial Haste Technology
Branch is responsible for the develop-
ment and demonstration of new and
improved technology for the preven-
tion, control, treatment, recovery,
and reuse of wastes in the metal
finishing, non-ferrous metals, and
heavy chemicals industries.
The state-of-the-art review of
metal finishing waste treatment was
completed and published. The review
examines the nature of metal finish-
ing wastes, the impact of these wastes
on sewers, sewage treatment plants
and water bodies, current restrictions
on disposal, and metal finishing
waste treatment technology. A carbon
adsorption system for treating cyan-
ide and chromate metal finishing
wastes was developed. It was demon-
strated on a pilot plant scale and
has potential application for the
small metal plating companies. The
effectiveness and economic feasibility
of integrated chemical rinse treatment
for a small metal finishing operation
was also demonstrated.
A significant and troublesome
problem in the metal finishing indus-
try is the large amount of sludge
produced by chemical waste treatment
practice. A project has been completed
which provides information on the
nature of the sludges produced, the
effects of weathering on these sludges
disposed of on land sites, and the
potential economics of the processes.
An evaluation of the water pollu-
tion control practices in the primary
non-ferrous metal industries was com-
pleted. This study identifies the
nature and extent of the pollution
problems, the sources, characteristics
and significance of the wastes, and
the current water use and waste treat-
ment/recovery practices of the industry.
A pollution abatement program for
the copper industry was demonstrated
at the Volco Brass and Wire Company
in Kenilworth, New Jersey. This pro-
ject involves process changes, recovery,
treatment, and reuse of copper and brass
mill wastes. The process changes
eliminated chromate, ammonia and
fluoride ions, and permitted reuse of
the pickling baths. An electrolytic
system recovers copper from the baths
and an integrated rinse treatment
system permits most of the water to
be reused. The sludge produced con-
tains sufficient copper to be salable.
Costs for the new pickling, waste treat-
ment, and recovery processes are $194
per day compared to an estimated cost
of $540 per day for the former pickling
treatment process.
Storm and Combined Sewer Technology
Program
This program develops and demon-
strates technology for controlling
urban storm-generated runoff pollution.
The major sources of this pollution are
20
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divided into three categories: com-
bined sewer overflows, storm sewer
discharges, and non-sewered urban run-
off. During 1972, the following major
studies were made to advance storm and
combined sewer pollution control.
Because of the intermittent and
variable nature of storm flow, emphasis
was given to the physical-chemical
approach as a basis for independent
satellite wet-weather flow treatment
plants. Successful pilot scale devel-
opments and demonstrations included:
(1) microstraining and fine mesh
screening; (2) dual media, deep bed,
high-rate filtration; (3) a swirl cham-
ber for simultaneous flow regulation
and solids separation; (4) combination
screening-coagulation-dissolved air
flotation; and (5) a system for inject-
ing powdered carbon and coagulants into
a pipeline, separation by tube-settling,
polishing by multi-media filtration,
and regeneration of chemical additives
by fluidized-bed incineration.
Biological treatment systems were
developed as auxiliary facilities for
treating excess wet-weather flows at a
conventional plant. Two such full-
scale biological processes, one a
plastic media high-rate trickling fil-
ter and the other employing contact
stabilization, were demonstrated.
To provide feasible disinfection
for the high and intermittent storm
flows encountered, high-rate disinfec-
tion processes utilizing a corrugated
baffle contact chamber to obtain good
mixing and chlorine dioxide, a rapid
oxidant, were evaluated. An electro-
chemical hypochlorite generator for
on-site use has also been developed.
Significant decreases in coliform
counts have been obtained from an
11,000 cfs storm water pumpage disin-
fection system in New Orleans.
Combined sewer overflow storage
systems are of crucial program impor-
tance because gross variations in flow
must be equalized as much as possible
prior to treatment. Four large full-
scale holding tank systems have been
demonstrated and satisfactory results
obtained from a project in Seattle
which relies on remote monitoring and
computer assisted control to obtain in-
sewer storage of storm flow. The pro-
gram has developed and demonstrated
the nationwide application of a storm-
water management model for evaluating
and planning a control system. Further
work will develop a model decision-
making capability for detailed design
and operation purposes.
An instantaneous in situ suspended
solids meter was also evaluated and
shows promise for use as a prime sens-
ing tool for automation and datamation.
Small-scale demonstrations have
also been made for porous pavement to
attentuate storm runoff, and a pump-
storage-grinder unit and pressure
sewer system.
A program overview report entitled
"Management and Control of Combined
Sewer Overflows," to transfer basic
program technology has received inter-
national recognition in the municipal
pollution abatement field.
Transportation and Recreational Waste
Technology Program
The transportation wastes program
is charged with the development of tech-
nology for the economic treatment of
wastewater (including bilge and ballast
discharges) from watercraft, technology
to handle galley wastes and litter from
boats, and to minimize engine emissions.
21
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Seven systems for management of
wastes on commercial and recreational
watercraft are under study. The
methods being studied include: fil-
tration, screening, centrifugation,
adsorption, incineration, and disin-
fection.
A recirculating waste management
system for use on a large 50-man ves-
sel was demonstrated. The demonstra-
tion of this waste treatment system
in both the discharge and recycle
operating modes has shown that the
system can provide a high level of
secondary treatment. Effluents con-
tained both biochemical oxygen demand
and suspended solids generally below
50 mg/1. Several macerator-chlorina-
tors and a Microphor biological marine
sanitation device were evaluated in
the marine sanitation devices test
facility.
Research in the watercraft area
also included the development of
inexpensive, compact, and automatic
instrumentation which is capable of
monitoring effluent from vessel waste
treatment systems. These instruments
will also have wide application shore-
side at recreational and other remote
areas.
Research is also underway to in-
vestigate the extent of pollution from
outboard engine exhaust and its impact
on the aquatic environment. Two cur-
rent studies will provide the chemical,
physical, and biological data needed to
properly assess the outboard engine
exhaust problem.
The treatment of recreational
wastes is a major problem primarily
because of the short-duration and high-
load factor, and the need to provide
a high level of treatment to protect
the water quality of the recreational
areas. With limited resources the
program was able to support the design
and fabrication of a recirculating
catalytic oxidation waste treatment
system for the Grand Targhee Ski Resort
in Idaho, and the installation and
operation of a non-aqueous recirculating
waste treatment system at Mount Rushmore,
South Dakota. Site preparation and the
spreading of urea formaldehyde foam for
a flora filter wastewater treatment
demonstration at Delaware and Dillon
Reservoir State Parks in Ohio was also
completed.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Environmental Toxicology
Research Laboratory evaluates potential
toxic effects of fuels and fuel addi-
tive emissions from mobile and station-
ary sources in order to provide data
in support of establishing environ-
mental pollution standards. The
Laboratory conducts definitive toxi-
cologic investigations of individual
potential pollutants found in various
environmental media in order to pro-
vide information on the impact of pollu-
tion on man's health and well-being.
The research program includes develop-
ment and evaluation of protocols for
definitive testing of toxic materials.
This health effects research must
necessarily be conducted primarily in
non-human biological systems.
Since the probability of reproduc-
ing human response in animals increases
22
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with the number and judicious selec-
tion of animal species, the research
program utilizes several mammalian
species, e.g., mice, rats, guinea
pigs, rabbits, dogs, Syrian hamsters,
non-human primates, and cats. The
animal experimentation approach per-
mits strict control of a large range
of concentrations and durations of
exposure, and allows detailed observa-
tions in tissues and organs to be
made.
Research on the potentially toxic
effects of mobile source emissions is
complicated by the rapidly changing
scope of fuels and fuel additives
marketing, and development of new
emission systems and control devices,
e.g., catalytic converters. The ETRL
uses a multi-disciplinary research
approach in two major areas of envi-
ronmental pollution:
1. Inhalation and ingestion studies
of single pollutants with particular
emphasis on hazardous substances
(trace metals); and,
2. Inhalation exposure of fuel and
fuel additive emissions from mobile
sources, representing a complicated
but realistic mixture of pollutants
in the environment.
Single Pollutant Studies
Manganese
The organometallic compound
2-Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese
Tricarbonyl (MMT) is of current inter-
est because of its possible use as an
anti-knock agent in unleaded gasoline.
The compound is presently marketed as
a combustion improver for fuel oils
and as a smoke depressant for diesel
engines and stationary jet fuel power
sources.
Ingestion of both Mn tricarbonyl
and Mn tricarbonyl produced uptake,
concentration, and bioeffects in the
liver and kidneys of rats. Rats ex-
posed to Mn tricarbonyl vapor indicated
early changes in the liver and the
corneas. Single-dose embryotoxicity
studies are in process on pregnant
female rats given 5l*Mn tricarbonyl to
determine abnormalities and histological
changes in the fetuses and to determine
the Mn radioactivity per fetus. Dilu-
tions of less than 10~7 gm (as Mn in
MMT) were lethal to both primary and
passed cells in a tissue culture system
utilizing primary lung cell cultures
derived from the Chinese hamster. Cyto-
genetic toxicity decreased with higher
dilutions and none was observed above
10~9. Performance of monkeys, trained
on a fixed interval schedule of rein-
forcement, was observed after acute
administration of manganese dioxide.
Although the study is not complete, raw
data indicates that there was a suppres-
sion of response rates. Preliminary
experiments have indicated that the
intravenous 'administration of low levels
of Mn elicits a reproducible change in
the rat visual evoked potential.
Cadmium
The kinetic and metabolic fate of
different compounds of cadmium were in-
vestigated to provide information about
this potential pollutant. An investiga-
tion of gastrointestinal absorption
showed that the compound of Cd adminis-
tered orally only slightly influenced
absorption, retention, distribution, or
pattern of excretion of Cd. Oral ad-
ministration of different levels of
23
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115mCdCl2 to rats showed that while
the Cd dose did influence the amount
absorbed through the G.I. tract and
resulting tissue concentrations, the
amount absorbed was not proportional
to the concentration. Initial clear-
ance of Cd was markedly influenced by
the route of administration (intrave-
nous, intraperitoneal, inhalation, and
intragastric). The four routes men-
tioned showed 95%, 93%, 41%, and 5%
retention, respectively. The biologi-
cal half-life of the long retention
component was greater than 175 days
for all routes. Approximately 10% of
the total inhaled Cd was retained, and
40% to 50% of the retained Cd was found
in the lungs after inhalation exposure.
Equipment and experimental techniques
have been developed to study hyperten-
sive effects and renal damage related
to cadmium intake in both pigs and
monkeys. A simple, reliable method to
measure blood pressure of unanesthe-
tized monkeys over an extended period
of time was developed, utilizing a
tail-cuff method.
Lead
Dust samples containing environ-
mentally-bound lead were fed to rats
in an attempt to determine whether:
(1) lead bound in environmental samples
is absorbed by blood and tissue at dif-
ferent rates and magnitudes than lead
compounds used in previous laboratory
experiments and (2) lead deposited in-
to the environment from different
sources is absorbed at different rates
and in different amounts from the G.I.
tract into the blood. In rats receiv-
ing a single oral dose, the Pb blood
level rose for 24 hours and then de-
creased rapidly until at 36 days they
were comparable to the levels in con-
trol rats. Three different daily
dosages of lead in New York Queen's
Tunnel dust samples fed to rats indi-
cated that levels in the blood were
related to levels fed and that the
G.I. tract is a significant route of
absorption of lead. In an effort to
detect absorption differences among
environmental lead dust samples col-
lected at New York Queen's Tunnel, a
Los Angeles freeway and the vicinity
of an El Paso smelter, rats were fed
1.0 mg daily for 40 days. The highest
blood levels were observed using the
freeway dust sample, followed by the
tunnel sample and the smelter sample.
However, the tunnel dust was the most
biologically active since it was found
in greater amounts in the skeleton and
organs.
Mercury
An early biological effect was
demonstrated in rats exposed to a low
concentration of methylmercury, using
radiorespirometry. Intragastric admini-
stration caused suppression in l ''cOj
output following an injection of
1- C-glucose. This effect was cumu-
lative when treatment was repeated
1 week later. Attempts are being made
to refine this technique for utiliza-
tion as a rapid screening method for
other potentially-toxic compounds.
Most of the changes noted in renal
tissue from rats exposed chronically
to mercury administered at various
levels in drinking water were relatable
to the aging process. Animals receiv-
ing the highest level, however, showed
severe interstitial effects in the
renal tubules. Additional animals
would be needed, however, to relate
this finding to a treatment effect
since the sample size examined was
small.
24
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Toxicologic Assessment of Mobile^
Emissions (TAME)
Gasoline Fuel Emission Studies
Laboratory animals were exposed
to emissions of a small internal com-
bustion engine and tested for lethal
responses in order to determine the
comparative susceptibility of different
animal species, ages, and sexes. Util-
izing 1972 automobile engines and ex-
haust treatment exposure systems to
simulate environmental atmospheres,
comparative toxicity was assessed and
engine exhaust emissions were charac-
terized. Results to date indicate
that fuel emissions are biologically
active at realistic exposure levels.
Experimental Physiology Studies
Current hematological and blood
chemistry data indicate clear cut de-
trimental health effects subsequent to
exposure. There was a pronounced body
weight loss and a definite degree of
anoxia in exposed rats. It remains to
be seen whether or not MMT additive
accentuated the health effects. Sup-
pression of voluntary activity observed
in mice exposed to automotive engine
fuel exhaust emissions was directly
related to the concentration of exhaust
but not to the level of carbon monoxide
in the exhaust. Analysis is presently
underway to determine if activity sup-
pression is affected by the presence
of a manganese additive. Changes in
patterns of learned operant behavior
of exposed hamsters performing a simple
task were not evident.
Exposure to the raw exhaust atmos-
phere produces a change in the rat
visual evoked potential. New methods
are being developed in computer analysis
techniques to more adequately determine
the effects of exposure. Spinal re-
flexes are being tested for the screen-
ing of potential toxic agents. Spinal
reflexes may be studied in isolation
by stimulating and recording from the
appropriate nerves to determine effects
of toxicological agents. The visual
evoked potential work and spinal work
can be easily correlated, and the vari-
ous transmitters responsible for the
complex waveform of the evoked potential
may thus be elucidated.
The pulmonary clearance rate in
hamsters decreased after exposure to
irradiated auto exhaust.
Biochemical Studies
Long chain unsaturated fatty acid
films exposed to fuel emissions in vitro
exhibited oxidative destruction, as was
demonstrated earlier with single pol-
lutant studies using O3 and NO2. Fur-
thermore, greater changes were observed
in the studies in which Mn-carbonyl
was used. In the in vivo system, fatty
acid composition of lung lavage showed
a trend of oxidative destruction due
to fuel emissions.
Since several compounds resulting
from automotive fuel emissions are
known to be carcinogenic in experimen-
tal animals, the determination of their
biologic fate in the body following
inhalation is of utmost significance.
Interaction with other environmental
components may have significant effects
on body burden and effective biological
residence time as has been shown with
aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH).
Lung AHH activity has been assessed in
old male hamsters exposed to diluted
auto exhaust. Preliminary results
indicate a significant reduction in
enzyme activity and a significant dif-
ference was observed between control
25
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and exposed animals and between irra-
diated and non-irradiated exposure.
Pathology
Pulmonary tissues from rats ex-
posed to emissions showed essentially no
changes other than chronic respiratory
disease which was also present in the
control animals. Pulmonary tissue
from hamsters showed early changes and
were most severe in the irradiated ex-
haust exposure.
RADIOCHEMISTRY & NUCLEAR ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Radiochemistry & Nuclear Engi-
neering Research Laboratory is primar-
ily concerned with the evaluation of
the environmental and public health
impacts of nuclear power stations and
other facilities in the nuclear fuel
cycle during routine operation. More
specificially, it obtains measurements
to (1) identify and quantify the radio-
activity and direct radiation from
stations, (2) delineate the main path-
ways leading to population radiation
exposure from these sources, (3) indi-
cate the magnitude of population radi-
ation exposure, and (4) present
effective monitoring procedures. The
resulting information is used by EPA
for the establishment of radiation ex-
posure guidelines, review of Environ-
mental Impact Statements, organization
of monitoring systems, and recommenda-
tions for measures intended to attain
the lowest practicable population radi-
ation exposures.
Because the Laboratory provides
information for a variety of needs in
a highly specialized area in EPA, it
is supported by both the Office of Mon-
itoring (OM) and the Office of Radiation
Programs (ORP). The staff of the
Laboratory reflects a coordination of
disciplines in engineering, physics,
chemistry, and biology. Expert assis-
tance is provided by other EPA compon-
ents, notably the Division of
Meteorology* NERC-Research Triangle
Park; the Cincinnati National Field
Investigations Center, Office of En-
forcement & General Counsel; the
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facil-
ity, Office of Radiation Programs;
the Division of Environmental Surveil-
lance, NERC-Las Vegas; and the other
laboratories of NERC-Cincinnati.
Necessary measurements are ob-
tained through field studies at com-
mercial nuclear power stations and
associated facilities, in cooperation
with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
the state environmental protection
agency, and the station operator. A
study begins with samplings and mea-
surement on site to identify the ra-
diations and radionuclides of interest,
and at the station boundary to define
source terms. This information is
utilized in computational models to
predict radiation and radioactivity
levels in the environment. The model
indicates critical radionuclides, path-
ways, and populations for detailed study,
and provides the basis for selecting
sampling media, minimum sample volume,
indicator radionuclides, and analytical
techniques. Model predictions and mon-
itoring techniques are then experimen-r
tally tested in the station's environ-
ment. Finally, the entire study is
described in published reports.
26
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Field Studies Completed
The first part of our 5-year pro-
gram consisted of field studies at
four facilities typical of coniaercial
U.S. nuclear power stations - two
boiling water reactors (BWR's) and
two pressurized water reactors (PWR's).
The study at the first BWR was reported
in FY 1971. In FY 1972, the report of
the study at the first PWR was pub-
lished, and studies were begun at the
second BWR and second PWR. Results
of these studies pertaining to radio-
nuclide discharges, monitoring tech-
niques, and population exposures have
also been published.
A manual of radiochemical proce-
dures for analyzing water samples at
nuclear power stations is being pre-
pared. Work toward a similar manual
of procedures for environmental water
samples that contain extremely low
levels of radionuclides is in progress.
There is also a small continuing pro-
ject for determining radiation expo-
sures of uranium miners.
The major observations from the
study at the first PWR - the Yankee
Nuclear Power Station at Rowe, Mass.
- were as follows:
1. The station should probably be
considered a good example rather than
a typical source of radiation exposure
because its radioactive discharges are
far below normal. Total discharges of
all radionuclides other than tritium
to air and water were less than 10
Curies per year (Cl/yr). Approximately
1,000 Ci of tritium - a relatively
low-hazard radionuclide - were dis-
charged annually.
2. The PWR has numerous points of
discharge to be considered in evalua-
ting effluent radioactivity. In addi-
tion to the obvious sources - the
reactor plant liquid and gaseous waste
tanks - radionuclides are discharged
without collection in tanks from the
secondary-system main condenser air
ejector, liquid waste and blowdown
drains, and in ventilating air.
3. The only environmental radionuclides
attributable to the station were present
in low concentrations in sediment and
aquatic vegetation near the outfall
for liquid effluent.
4. Radiation exposures in the envi-
ronment were too low to be measured
directly. Values inferred from meas-
urements within the station were
6 ± 3 milliroentgen/yr (mR/yr) at the
nearest house and 3 ± 3 mR/yr at the
nearest village due to direct radia-
tion, 0.4 mR/yr at the station bound-
ary due to airborne radioactive efflu-
ent, and 0.3 mR/yr to persons eating
fish caught just beyond the outfall
for liquid radioactive effluents.
These values can be compared to the
natural radiation background of
64 mR/yr measured in the environment,
and the USAEC limits of milliroentgen-
equivalent-man/year (mRem/yr) to the
population.
5. An environmental surveillance pro-
gram was recommended that is directed
toward the main radiation exposure
pathways and utilizes procedures ap-
propriate to the radiation and radio-
activity levels measured on-site.
Current Field Studies
The current studies are at sta-
tions newer and larger than Yankee-
Rowe. Sampling programs have been
emphasized that include collection of
27
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radioactive gases and measurement of
external radiation from these gases
in the environment while simultaneous-
ly obtaining gas samples at the sta-
tion during discharge; and collection
of radioactive liquids in effluent
with concentrating devices simultan-
eously with samples from the liquid
waste tank before dilution. Radiation
detection survey instruments of suf-
ficient sensitivity are used to meas-
ure direct radiation on land and
radiation from benthai deposits of
radionuclides. Radioactivity is also
measured in terrestrial and aquatic
animals.
The detailed radiological surveil-
lance studies at the four nuclear
power stations are to be completed by
FY 1974. These will be followed by
several studies of specific problems
and possible approaches to the lowest
practicable radiation exposures at
appropriate nuclear power stations.
A detailed radiological surveillance
study will be started at a fuel re-
processing plant.
SOLID WASTE RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Solid Waste Research Labora-
tory (SWRL) conducts research to
develop improved methods of dealing
with solid wastes from all sources.
Work is directed primarily to solving
problems in three areas: recovery of
materials and energy from solid waste,
determining public attitudes on re-
source recovery, and development of
disposal techniques for all forms of
non-recyclable solid wastes - includ-
ing hazardous wastes.
Analytical and pilot-plant studies
are designed to develop new waste
handling or processing methods, and
to develop resource recovery procedures
and appropriate ultimate disposal
methods for solid wastes. The SWRL
uses grants, contracts, and in-house
research to develop the needed infor-
mation.
Scope of Solid Waste Problems
The problems of solid waste dis-
posal are related to those of air and
water pollution. Incineration, grind-
ing, and the use of water for either
transporation of solids or as a solid
waste sinks, impinge upon concurrent
research in air and water pollution
abatement. Further, elimination of
pollutants from air or water effluents
at the source results in the genera-
tion of solid wastes by such processes
as separation, drying, or compaction-
solids which in turn require disposal.
Measures to reduce pollution or dis-
pose of waste material must be taken
with full consideration of the effect
upon the overall environment - air,
water, and land.
The solid waste problem is con-
centrated in densely populated urban
areas. In some cases, entire neigh-
borhoods have degenerated, blighting
much of the inner city. Refuse storage,
collection, transportation, and pro-
cessing directly affect some 80% of
the population. The costs of waste
handling, already severe, are rising.
The loss of billions of tons of
material as unreclaimed waste each
year indirectly affects every con-
sumer.
28
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Land Disposal
Sanitary landfilling is the only
acceptable low-cost method presently
available for disposal of solid waste
on the land. Although landfills can
be designed to produce little or no
impact on the environment, additional
technical information is needed on de-
composition rates and leachate and gas
production in order to design effici-
ent sanitary landfills.
Intramural activities emphasize
the collection of field-scale data at
an experimental landfill located in
Walton, Kentucky. Leachate production
rates are determined twice a week. A
total of 2,500 gallons of leachate was
collected during the first year of
operation from 435 tons of municipal
type solid waste deposited there.
An expanded series of tests, be-
gun in August 1972, is evaluating
leachate production rates and scaling
factors between three 6-foot-diameter
simulated cells and a field-scale
28-fcot-square cell. The simulated
cells will be used to evaluate a large
number of variables without the great
expense of quality-controlled field
cells.
Under a grant to the Georgia
Institute of Technology, the feasibil-
ity of modifying traditional sanitary
landfill operational procedures is
being studied. Leachate produced in
laboratory-scale simulated landfills
is recycled through the compacted
waste. The objective is to achieve a
high rate of anaerobic decomposition
by creating a natural buffer system
conducive to methane formation. Re-
sults to date indicate that the high
organic acid content of leachate is
reduced by this technique and decom-
position is more rapidly stabilized.
Researchers at Drexel University
are investigating quality and quantity
of leachate produced from landfilled
solid waste under precisely controlled
laboratory conditions. Results indi-
cate leachate production is highly
dependent on rainfall conditions and
that leachate quality is extremely
variable. After 3 years of leaching,
the concentration of contaminants in
leachate has decreased to only one-
tenth of that initially observed.
Under a research grant with the
University of Wisconsin, treatability
of leachates is being investigated.
Preliminary results indicate leachate
to be biodegradable, but chemical pro-
cessing gives relatively poor removal
of organics. It also produces large
quantities of sludge. More extensive
studies to develop treatment methodol-
ogy for leachates will be conducted
under a contract with the University
of Illinois. The characterization of
leachate samples from across the coun-
try has already begun. This charac-
terization study will establish the
first comprehensive data on the organic
and heavy metal content of leachates.
Hazardous Wastes
SWRL has been gathering informa-
tion for a report to Congress on
National Disposal Sites for hazardous
wastes. The purpose of this work is
to (1) develop an inventory of hazard-
ous waste materials; describe their
effects on man and his environment;
determine presently used methods for
their disposal; (2) determine recom-
mended methods of reduction, neutral-
29
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ization, recovery and/or disposal of
all hazardous waste; and (3) determine
public and private attitudes toward
disposal of hazardous wastes at re-
gionally located disposal sites.
An inventory of hazardous mater-
ials has been completed and a three-
volume report submitted to EPA by
Booz-Allen Applied Research. Work to
develop recommended methods for dis-
posal and to determine quantities and
forms in which hazardous wastes occur
is being done under a contract by TRW.
Profile reports on 543 materials, 133
of which are considered candidates for
processing at National Disposal Sites,
have been compiled to date.
Under a research contract to
HumRRO Company, a national attitudinal
survey is being developed. Question-
naires have been designed and prelim-
inary surveys conducted.
A 2-year grant to the University
of Florida is investigating quantities
and identities of nonindustrial toxic
and hazardous materials in municipal
wastes.
Collection and Transport
Labor-intensive collection and
transportation aspects of solid waste
management constitute up to 80% of the
total disposal cost. SWRL is involved
in several studies designed to provide
more efficient methods of collecting
and transporting solid wastes.
A research grant at the Universi-
ty of Illinois is developing new math-
ematical solutions to classical postman
and salesman routing problems that
have direct application to the optimal
routing of packer trucks for the col-
lection and transporting of solid
waste. The objective is to provide
practical methods for optimizing col-
lection truck routing for various
street networks including combinations
of one- and two-way streets.
A similar study by the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technohogy is con-
cerned with developing mathematical
algorithms whereby large urban areas
can be logically divided into equal
solid waste districts, each district
representing one day's collection
activity for a packer truck. This
work also includes a separate study
to establish the location of solid
waste transfer and disposal facilities.
Since the use of existing gravity
sewers to transport ground household
solid waste holds potential as a sub-
stitute method for collecting and
transporting solid waste, a research
study to evaluate its technical feasi-
bility is being conducted by Foster-
Miller Associates. Results indicate
that sewer transport is conditionally
feasible in both straight-run lines
and in many of the sewer fittings for
slurries of sewage, plus up to 1% by
weight of refuse.
The original technical feasibility
study is being supplemented by an
economic study at Curran Associates
to establish economic feasibility data.
The Curran study is a computerized
economic sensitivity study involving
systems analysis of alternative methods
within the wet pipeline approach.
Should the Curran study indicate strong
economic and social impact advantages
in the pipe transport system, further
technical studies on a pilot plant
and demonstration project scale would
be recommended.
30
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Processing
Incinerators
In many plants processing munici-
pal refuse, the expense for grinding
the refuse constitutes the major cost.
Because basic data on refuse size re-
duction mechanisms and associated
equipment design are not available,
research is being conducted by SWRL
to obtain these data. Availability
of this information will allow more
efficient utilization of existing
grinding equipment and provide design
information for constructing improved
grinders. These factors could help
to significantly reduce the grinding
cost associated with processing re-
fuse. Fundamental data on the size
distribution of ground refuse and
compression strength of various refuse
components have also been measured.
Separation
Automatic separation of the vari-
ous constituents normally found in
municipal refuse is being approached
through the development of sensing
devices which operate with infrared
absorptivity or reflectivity, reaction
to impact, or electrical conductivity.
Once the sensors are perfected, a cod-
ing device will be used to effect the
mechanical removal of the selected
material from the refuse. Wavelength
spectra for paper, some plastics, cans,
and glass have been identified so far.
Assembly of mechanical handling equip-
ment is nearing completion.
An intramural pilot plant to
study automatic sorting and separation
of municipal refuse on a dry basis has
been designed. The pilot plant will
investigate promising resource recov-
ery hardware technology and dry separ-
ation processes.
SWRL research on incineration
processes has contributed to a better
understanding of combustion processes
and incinerator design. Combustion
reactions above the fuel bed were
found to be a function of the degree
of mixing of the overfire air. It was
also found that organic pollutants
could be significantly reduced by the
efficient use of overfire air jets.
One study investigated burning rate
as a function of underfire air produced
data useful in establishing new design
criteria as well as combustion control
information. Work is underway to es-
tablish the extent and mechanism by
which corrosion of incinerator metal
occurs. Once the corrosion reaction
is known, steps can be taken to cir-
cumvent it or slow its progress.
These advances have provided the
basis for more refined research pro-
jects designed to advance the state-
of-the-art of incinerator design and
operation. An intramural incinerator
designed to simulate municipal incin-
erators has been installed which has
the capability to study combustion
processes and incinerator effluent
stream contaminants.
CPU-400! Resource Recovery
The major resource recovery pro-
ject being undertaken by the Solid
Waste Research Laboratory involves an
elaborate process called CPU-400 which
burns the combustible component of
refuse and uses the hot gas stream to
drive a turbine for the generation of
electricity. The CPU-400 pilot plant
is in the final development phase and
system performance is being evaluated
using a series of long-duration runs
of operation.
31
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Recycling; Resource Recovery
Research conducted on the recy-
cling of solid waste has also concen-
trated on the conversion of waste
cellulose, rubber, plastic, and glass
into useful products. Protein has
been successfully produced from cellu-
losic waste using fermentation tech-
niques. Under a research grant with
Louisiana State University, results
from a small batch-type fermentor re-
produced in a larger continuous-type
unit will help to evaluate the econom-
ics of the process. Louisiana State
University has also developed tech-
niques to separate and purify the
microbial protein.
Intramural work to evaluate phys-
ical and chemical pretreatment of
wastes to enhance the rates of cellu-
lose utilization indicates that a
sensitized photodegradation process
and a chemical pretreatment process
are most effective. Studies by Gil-
lette Research Institute demonstrated
that the degree of polymerization of
cellulose is significantly reduced by
the photochemical process.
A research grant with Worcester
Polytechnic Institute indicates that
a low pressure hydrogenation process
offers potential for converting cellu-
losic waste into a high grade fuel.
The process is technically feasible
but is not presently economically at-
tractive. In a research study on
chemical conversion of wood and cellu-
losic waste, three fractions were
isolated from the pyrolysis of cellu-
losic material which contain products
that could be used as fuels.
Two projects have demonstrated
that waste rubber can be successfully
recycled into useful products. A con-
tract with Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.,
demonstrated the technical feasibility
of a hydrogenation process for utiliz-
ing waste rubber. Ground rubber tires
can be converted to fuel gas, naphtha
gas, oil, and carbon black in a hydro-
genation reactor operating at tempera-
tures from 660 F to 850 F with hydrogen
at partial pressures of 500 to 2,000 psig.
Favorable economics have been projected
for a plant processing 1,000 tons per
day of ground waste rubber.
Haste rubber was also recycled
for use as a road dressing. Water
emulsions of blends of waste rubber,
asphalt, and coal tar were applied to
high-traffic areas of selected parking
lots for testing. This work is being
conducted by Battelle Memorial Institute
under a research grant on scrap tire
utilization in road dressings.
In another project studying the
use of waste glass as a paving material,
laboratory and field tests on asphalt
containing waste glass aggregate demon-
strated the suitability of these wastes
for paving materials.
Systems and Behavioral Studies
The major emphasis of the systems
and behavioral activities was directed
towards (1) determining the economic
effects of various government policies
on selected solid waste problems; (2)
determining the attitudes of the
nation's citizens regarding solid
waste and resource recovery; and (3)
developing a framework for the Labora-
tory 's future soft science solid waste
research program.
The extent of solid waste problems
caused by beverage containers and aban-
doned automobiles has been examined and
32
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possible strategies have been devel-
oped for easing these problems. The
beverage container study concluded
that the container's major area of
environmental insult is in the form
of litter and recommended that a low
tax (0.5 to 1.0 cents per container)
should be placed on beverage contain-
ers with the revenues used for more
frequent litter collection. The
abandoned automobile study concluded
that the problem was getting worse,
especially in rural areas, and that
a more active role must be taken by
the public sector to ease the problem.
Recommended strategies included a
disposal certification program for
automobiles and a state-subsidized
collection program for rural areas.
A major effort was undertaken by
the International Research and Tech-
nology Corporation to determine how
much combustible solid waste is gen-
erated in the country and what tech-
nologies and strategies should be
supported by EPA to reduce the prob-
lems caused by combustible solid
wastes. Certain feasible strategies
were identified for recovering re-
sources from combustible solid wastes.
The preferred strategy calls for im-
position of an excise tax to subsidize
municipalities that process wastes
according to approved waste disposal
and resource recovery procedures.
A study analyzing the effects of
Federal Government regulations and
policies on solid waste generation
concluded that although some Federal
agencies do influence the generation
and reclamation of solid waste, sur-
prisingly few agency policies have
a major effect on generating solid
waste or inhibiting the recovery of
resources. The recommendations for
improving the Federal role in resource
recovery included (1) revising Federal
tax treatment of virgin materials ver-
sus secondary materials, (2) clarifying
the Tax Reform Act of 1969 to include
solid waste as well as air pollution
and water pollution control facilities
for favored tax treatment, and (3) in-
cluding the consideration of solid
waste generation in Environmental Impact
Statements.
A national survey of housewives
was made to determine their feelings
about solid waste problems in general
and about programs to reduce such prob-
lems. Findings indicate that housewives
have only a fragmented understanding
of solid waste problems and their solu-
tions. Housewives are willing and
eager to reduce their solid waste im-
pact and feel they have the responsi-
bility to do so, but they see a need
for government to provide them with
the necessary information on what to
do, and how.
Other projects undertaken during
the year included (1) in-depth analyses
of the ferrous metal and aluminum in-
dustries, (2) studies to develop an
economic framework for policy analysis,
(3) extensive analysis of the effect
of Federal purchasing policies on
solid waste problems, and (4) develop-
ment of criteria for regional solid
waste management planning.
33
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WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Water Supply Research Labora-
tory performs health-effects studies
necessary to establish standards for
drinking, recreational, and food-grow-
ing waters, and develops the microbio-
logical, chemical, and engineering
technology necessary to ensure the
attainment of drinking water standards
and the maintenance of satisfactory
quality throughout the distribution
system. The Laboratory also provides
analytical and technical services to
EPA Regional Offices and the Office
of Air and Water Programs.
The WSRL was instrumental in re-
vising the Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards, as well as
an appendix with background informa-
tion. The revised standards were used
as a partial basis by the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS) Panel ap-
pointed to revise the Raw Water Criter-
ia for Public Water Supplies. Similar
information and liaison was given to
the NAS Panel revising the Criteria
for Recreation and Aesthetics.
Health Criteria Studies
Unknown Organic Contaminants
Toxicological studies necessary
to support a drinking water standard
for general organics have long been
hampered by the lack of an acceptable
test material from drinking water.
Reverse osmosis now appears to be a
promising method for concentrating
most organics from drinking water with-
out altering their character. Animal
experiments using some of these concen-
trates should identify a basis for an
organic limit in drinking water.
Inorganic Chemical Contaminants
Proposed mercury standards of
2 microgram/liter necessitated meas-
urement of mercury concentrations in
many drinking waters throughout the
country. This study showed that the
proposed standard was reasonable and
indicated no imminent health hazard
from mercury in drinking water. Con-
trolled studies are being made on ex-
perimental animals: (1) to determine
the lowest dose of methyl mercury in
drinking water that will produce bio-
chemical lesions in the central nerv-
ous system, and (2) to ascertain
whether methyl mercury in drinking
water will produce synergistic toxicity
of other environmental chemicals.
Home water samples were obtained
from families participating in a New
York air pollution investigation under
the Community Health and Environmental
Surveillance Studies. An exposure
gradient for copper and zinc in water
was discovered in this study, and lead
was found in several samples taken in
New York City during a Community Water
Supply Study.
Some public water supplies have
nitrate levels exceeding the Drinking
Water Standards (2% in Community Water
Supply Study). Actually, the problem
is most acute in individual private
well systems (70% in some isolated
counties), but few cases of metheme—
globinemia occur. Field studies of
infants in California and Illinois
showed a subclinical effect, elevated
methemoglobin in infants using water
at 90 mg of nitrates per liter. This
effect occurs at or above the standard
45 mg/1 depending on use of powdered
34
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formula, boiled water, and susceptible
babies under 3 months of age. Because
the Russian literature reported effects
in older children at high levels, the
WSRL made a study in Washington County,
Illinois, where only a slight effect
among pre-schoolers was found.
Infectious Waterborne Disease
A WSRL tabulation on waterborne
disease outbreaks is maintained, and
investigative assistance is available
to communities to determine the cause
of the outbreaks.
A 10-year review of outbreaks
showed that 46,000 cases of illness
involved occurred in 130 separate out-
breaks. The use of untreated ground
water for public supplies caused over
half of the reported waterborne dis-
eases. Most infectious hepatitis was
not a treatment problem, but was caused
by cross-connections or back siphonage
into the distribution system. The past
downward trend has leveled off and
there is now about one waterborne dis-
ease outbreak per month in the U.S.
WSRL has been striving to improve
analytical methods to identify viruses
in water. A survey of the persistence
of virus through several public water
treatment plants is underway.
Control Technology Studies
Removal of Trace Organics and Taste
and Odor
Historically, water treatment
plant operators were unable to measure
the organic content of their drinking
water except by measuring the qualita-
tive parameter of threshold odor. A
miniaturized sampler and an improved
carbon extraction procedure for deter-
mining these organics (carbon chloro-
form extract (CCE) and carbon alcohol
extract (CAE)) were developed and field
tested. This method will permit most
water treatment plants to measure sig-
nificant organic content of their fin-
ished drinking water, including taste
and odor producing components.
Monitoring of general organic con-
tent and odor was conducted at four
field sites using granular activated
carbon as a combination filtration and
adsorption media. This work showed
that organics break through activated
carbon beds long before taste and odor
materials, which may indicate the neces-
sity for altering the reactivation cycle
of granular activated carbon beds, if
their purpose is the removal of most
organic materials having health signif-
icance.
Removal of Turbidity and Specific
Particles
Two parallel 1 gpm water treatment
pilot plants are now under construction.
These fully-instrumented plants will be
used to study filtration, granular car-
bon adsorption, and ozonation (among
other processes), and to confirm batch
treatment results in a continuous flow
plant.
Removal of Trace Metals and Nitrate
Laboratory studies with both in-
organic and methyl mercury at environ-
mental levels showed that if sufficient
turbidity is present to adsorb all of
the mercury,, coagulation and sedimen-
tation will remove it. Precipitative
softening removed some inorganic mer-
cury, but not methyl mercury. Both
mercury forms were removed effectively
by activated carbon. Similar studies
are underway on barium, arsenic, and
selenium.
35
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Selective ion exchange resins can
remove nitrate from drinking water,
but studies are underway to determine
the interfering effect of highly min-
eralized water (containing silica, in
particular) on this process.
Chemical Quality Deterioration
Under contract with the National
Sanitation Foundation, an automatic
portable monitor is being developed to
measure temperature, dissolved oxygen,
pH, conductivity, nitrate, hardness,
free and complexed fluoride, chloride,
turbidity, free and combined chlorine
residual, cadmium, lead, and copper.
Field testing of this device is now
underway.
Contaminants and Additives in Drinking
Water During Storage
A protocol was established for
the study of bacterial dynamics in
reservoirs through bacteriological,
physical, and chemical analyses. Spe-
cial equipment for vertical and bottom
sampling, and for survival studies of
both indicator and pathogenic organisms
is being constructed. Preliminary
studies of indicator organisms in ther-
mally stratified reservoirs is being
analyzed to determine the best sampling
locations and best techniques for ob-
taining valid bacteriological data.
Bacteriological Quality Deterioration
of Potable Water
There is a need for rapid assess-
ment of the sanitary quality of water
for emergency or temporary potable
water supplies, at bathing beaches
whose quality may have deteriorated
following storms, and where shellfish-
growing areas are subjected to sewage
pollution. A procedure adaptable to
true emergency situations, and utiliz-
ing readily available equipment and
materials, was tested at 14 Lake
Michigan beaches and the results are
being evaluated.
Bottled water is being studied
to obtain data on the relationship
between bottled water quality and the
bacteriological quality of its source.
Storage studies compared refrigerated
and non-refrigerated bottled waters
and indicated that low-temperature
storage apparently retards development
of high bacterial populations. In
general, the quality of pasteurized
bottled water is better than in ozon-
ated or U.V. irradiated waters. Any
of these treatments produced a bacteri-
ological quality better than bottled
water subjected to ion exchange systems.
Adequate disinfection of newly
laid or repaired water mains has long
been a problem. Distribution-line
disinfection studies involving compar-
ative effects of chlorine and potassium
permanganate were intiated using test
sections of simulated water pipe and
contaminated tap water and the addi-
tion of clay, humus, and sand slurries.
Preliminary studies uncovered some ex-
perimental problems; e.g., using thio-
sulfate to dechlorinate the tap water
reduces permanganate.
Microorganisms in Drinking Water
Chlorination studies on over 30
virus species showed that effective
disinfection time for low-temperature
conditions ranged from less than 3 min-
utes to more than an hour, depending
on the species of virus.
Studies are being conducted on
turbidity interferences to disinfection
with chlorine. Waters with turbidities
at or near the Drinking Water Standards
and containing natural viruses are
36
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being disinfected with chlorine and
the inactivation rates are being com-
pared to similar samples without tur-
bidity.
Safety of Products
The safety of products used in
connection with water supplies is an
urgent problem now being evaluated.
Such products include chemical addi-
tives, paints, liners, etc. A more
specific example is the monomer content
of polyacrylamide coagulant aids.
A cooperative study with the City
of Dallas and Texas ASM University is
measuring the metal content of the
tertiary effluent of an advanced waste
treatment plant.
Safe Recreational Water Quality
Criteria
A program for .-:veloping criteria
for recreational waters includes a
series of epidemiological-microbiologi-
cal trials at bathing beaches - intit-
ally salt water beaches in New York
City - to relate the incidence of ill-
ness among swimmers to some microbio-
logical, chemical and/or physical
indicators of water quality. A pre-
liminary test of the methodology is
planned for the summer of 1973. Pre-
liminary demographic and behavioral
data were gathered at New York City
beaches during this past summer. In
addition, an evaluation of existing
enumerative methods for a large number
of potential bacterial indicators and
pathogens was conducted. Most of the
methods were found to be deficient for
use during the trials at the New York
City beaches. A membrane filter (MF)
method for the enumeration of Pseudo-
monas aeruginosa was developed. Sig-
nificant progress has been made toward
.the development and evaluation of MF
enumerative methods for fecal strepto-
cocci, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas
hydrophila, Klebsiella sp., and the
component parts of the coliform popu-
lation.
In cooperation with the Corvallis,
NERC, water samples collected as part
of the Lake Eutrophication Study were
examined for Naegleria gruberi. This
ubiquitous amoeba is the cause of
amebic meningoencephalitis, a univer-
sally fatal but infrequent disease
(22 reported cases since 1966) associ-
ated with water-based recreation.
Technical Assistance
The Water Supply Research Labora-
tory supplies technical assistance to
other elements of EPA as well as to
states and other Federal Agencies.
These activities fall into the follow-
ing major categories:
• evaluation of state laboratories
• surveillance of interstate carrier
water supplies
• assistance to the States in surveil-
lance of their water supplies
• technical assistance to EPA Regions,
states, and other Federal agencies
• surveillance of water supplies of
National parks and other Federal
installations
• surveillance of bottled water.
Other technical assistance activ-
ities include the development of special
analytical methodology for water sup-
plies. For example, a procedure has
been drafted for the determination of
19 different metals by atomic adsorp-
tion spectrophotometry and for the wet
chemical determination of mercury for
inclusion in the 14th Edition of
"Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Waste Water."
37
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FEATURE ARTICLES
CAM-l: USING ENZYMES TO DETECT INSECTICIDES
Introduction
The rapid monitoring and accurate
detection of certain cholinesterase-
inhibiting substances in watercourses
are critical. These materials, which
include insecticides of the organo-
phosphate and carbamate types (Azodrin,
DDVP, dimetiIan, malathion, parathion,
paraoxon, and Sevin), interfere with
physiological and neurological func-
tions by inhibiting the action of
cholinesterase-type enzymes. They are
toxic to living things, particularly
to humans.
The development of CAM-l, a fully
engineered prototype model of a system
for using enzymes to detect organophos-
phate and carbamate pesticides in
water, represents a significant tech-
nological advance in the field. The
device is the first instrument to
successfuly use an immobilized enzyme
product for automatically monitoring
water supplies for the presence of
cholinesterase-type inhibitors. CAM-l
is sensitive enough to prevent the
poisoning of humans and animals by a
wide variety of organophosphate and
carbamate insecticides. Although it
was specifically designed to monitor
the concentration of these types of
insecticides in water supplies, the
device can also be used to check the
quality of industrial plant effluents
and to detect spills of the types of
pesticides to which it responds.
•
CAM-l was developed by the Mid-
west Research Institute (MRI) in
Kansas City, Missouri, under EPA's
Hazardous Materials Spills Research
Program. The project (EPA Contract
No. 68-01-0038) was sponsored by the
Edison Water Quality Research Labora-
tory of the National Environmental
Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio.
In 1972, CAM-l received national
recognition at the IR-100 annual com-
petition, where it was selected from
several thousand entries as one of the
100 most significant advances in ap-
plied science and technology. The
device was included in the month-long
IR-100 display at the world-famous
Museum of Science and Industry in
Chicago (Figure 3). Requests for fur-
ther information about CAM-l have been
received not only from interested
parties in the United States, but also
from scientists and engineers in 29
foreign countries.
A cholinesterase is an enzyme
that causes the hydrolysis (splitting)
of esters of choline. Cholinesterase
is essential to the proper functioning
of the human nervous system. Certain
organophosphates (which are produced
by the reaction of phosphoric acid and
alcohols) inhibit or are antagonistic
to action of the enzyme cholinester-
ase. Thus CAM is an acronym for
"cholinesterase antagonist monitor,"
and its action can be regarded as
that of a toxicity meter for certain
materials.
Previous attempts to use cholin-
esterase-type enzymes for pesticide
detection generally depended on adding
the enzyme to the suspected water and
then determining whether the enzyme
retained the capacity to hydrolyze a
material (substrate) that was subse-
quently added. Frequently, the deter-
mination was made by spectr©photometric
means. The procedure was time-consuming
39
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Figure 3. Display of "CAM-1" at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago,
September-October 1972
40
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and unsuitable for the rapid alarm re-
quired to signal the presence of toxic
levels of organophosphate pesticides
in water supplies. Furthermore, the
enzymes and substrates were moderately
costly and were required in consider-
able quantities.
Design and Operation of CAM-1
Two technological advances were
needed to accomplish the creation of
the CAM-1 system: (1) development of
techniques for bonding an enzyme to a
carrier material so that the enzyme is
active, conserved, and readily avail-
able, and (2) the development of some
rapid, convenient, accurate method for
detecting hydrolysis of the substrate.
A breakthrough came with development
of techniques for bonding an enzyme
to a carrier; MRI bonds the enzyme
either to cotton or to polyurethane
foam. The process roughly resembles
dyeing with a mordant. MRI developed
an in-place, electrochemical method
for determining the extent or degree
of hydrolysis, which is an inverse
measure of the inhibition of the enzyme
(or, consequently, of the toxicity of
the water being tested).
After these two major obstacles
had been overcome, a flow-through sys-
tem could be engineered. In this sys-
tem, water suspected of containing
organophosphates is passed through a
pad dyed with the enzyme. (Pesticide
in the water reacts with, and thus
inactivates, immobilized enzyme mole-
cules to an extent that is proportional
to the quantity of pesticide passed
through the cell and at a rate that is
proportional to the concentration of
the pesticide in the water.) The water
flow (500 ml/min) is diverted, and a
small amount of substrate solution
(1 ml) is added to the pad. When the
enzyme has not been inhibited by the
toxic materials in the water, the sub-
strate will be hydrolyzed. When there
has been an inhibition of the cholin-
esterase, however, the rate of hydrol-
ysis of the substrate, as well as the
quantity of material hydrolyzed during
the operating time period, will decrease.
The critical element of the CAM-1
design is a pad of immobilized chol-
inesterase, which is sandwiched between
perforated platinum electrodes. The
electrode unit is about 8 mm thick and
1 on in diameter. Water is pumped
through the pad for 2 rain; during the
third minute, air and an enzyme-active
reagent or substrate solution is forced
through the cell (the enzyme is equine
serum cholinesterase (I.V.B. 3.1.1.8),
and the substract is 2.5 x 10"** M
butyrylthiocholine iodide in 0.08 M
TRIS buffer at pH 7.4). Finally,
during the last half minute of the
complete 3-min cycle, a battery is
connected across the platinum electrodes
and a small current (2UA) flows through
the cell. When the substract is being
hydrolyzed at the maximum rate (that
is, when the cholinesterase has not
been inhibited by toxic substances in
the water), the voltage across the
cell will be significantly lower than
when the enzyme has been inhibited.
The voltage registers on a digital
voltmeter and on a small strip-chart
recorder. (The normal voltage for a
fresh pad is about 100 mV; the voltage
across an inactivated pad is about
500 mV.)
The explanation for the voltage
change has not been sought in detail,
but the change does not arise from a
mere alteration in conductivity. There
is evidence that both a redox potential
change and a depolarization effect are
involved. On hydrolysis, the substrate
produces a hydrosulfide, which is
41
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readily electrooxidized to a disulfide.
The redox potential of such a hydrosul-
fide-disulfide half-cell is of the
proper order. As the immobilized en-
zyme becomes inactivated, the concen-
tration of hydrosulfide available for
oxidation is decreased, and the poten-
tial of the couple increases toward
that of the oxygen electrode potential.
The electronics are designed so
that a previous cell voltage reading
can be stored in the memory of a small,
built-in computer and compared with a
new voltage reading. When the new
voltage is greater than the previous
voltage by a preset value (which can
be dialed into the CAM-1 device), an
alarm sounds.
With tine, the enzyme pad loses
some of its activity, particularly be-
cause of inactivation by toxic sub-
stances, but also as a result of the
slow washing out of the enzyme. In
normal operation, a pad is good for a
day. A pad-change voltage can be
dialed into CAM-1, so that when the
voltage exceeds a preset value, the
cell is automatically opened and the
pad changed. The device holds 10 new
pads. Thus, CAM-1 operates for sev-
eral days without attention, unless
organophosphates occur in the test
water in such concentration and dura-
tion that the pad supply is used up.
CAM-1 is designed so that is can
be operated in tandem with a second
unit, but half a measurement cycle
(1-1/2 min) out of phase. This ar-
rangement reduces the minimum alarm
time and provides, in addition, com-
plete sampling of the water; there is
no "dead" time. The arrangement with
two units in tandem is self-confirma-
tory.
In a limited series of laboratory
experiments, CAM-1 consistently gave
an alarm at the concentrations of
pesticides shown in Table 4. The
alarm threshold level was set at 15
millivolts, but a detection limit 2
or 3 times smaller (5 millivolts) can
certainly be used with the existing
device.
TABLE 4. ALARM RESPONSE OF CAM-1
TO SELECTED INSECTICIDES
Type of
Response
insecticide concentration
Organophosphate:
Malathion
Parathion
DDVP
Paraoxon
Carbamate:
Sevin
Dimetilan
ppm
16
5
1
0.1
50
10
LD rats
so
mg/kg
1,640
56
56
4
560
64
Toxicities are given for refer-
ence. A rough correlation exists
between toxicity and the CAM-1 response
levels; but it should be noted, for
example, that a rat weighing 1 kg
would have to imbibe more than 10
liters of water with a parathion con-
centration of 5 ppm to accumulate a
toxic dose (56 rag/kg of body weight)
of the pesticide (5 ppm - 5 mg/liter »
5 mgAg water).
42
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Future Developments
The next steps in the development
of CAM-1 will be to determine whether
any nontoxic materials give alarm sig-
nals and to measure the actual thresh-
hold limits for a wide variety of
pesticides. In principle, the CAM-1
system could also be developed to use
enzymes other than cholinesterase.
The following represent a few examples
of enzymes and the substrates that are
antagonistic to their action: catalase
(cyanides, azides), urease (fluorides,
formaldehyde) , lipase (aldrin, lindane),
hexokinase (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T), and
cytochrome oxidase (cyanides).
CAM-1 can be produced in a sim-
plified, more portable version that
will be suitable for rapid detection
of cholinesterase antagonistic pesti-
cides under field conditions.
43
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DEVELOPMENT OF GAS CHRQMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Many of the standard techniques
of chemistry that have provided very
valuable information in flagrant pol-
lution situations suffer severe limi-
tations. They may be slow, expensive,
relatively insensitive to very small
quantities, or unable to generate
really definitive information. As a
result, environmental researchers have
begun to turn to a new interdisciplin-
ary technique, computerized gas chro-
ma tograpy /mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Like any automated method, com-
puterized GC/MS does not reduce the
need for skilled manpower. Indeed, it
requires highly skilled interdisciplin-
ary teams of spectroscopists, analyti-
cal chemists, electronics engineers,
and lab minicomputer specialists. Its
major advantage is that it increases
enormously the capabilities of a staff
of fixed or limited size.
A computerized GC/MS system was
installed at the Analytical Quality
Control Laboratory (AQCL), in September
1971. Since that time, it has been
used in a variety of methods develop-
ment projects, including development
of a procedure for analysis of poly-
chlorinated biphenyl compounds in the
presence of chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides. Use of the GC/MS system
in the latter case eliminates the need
for laborious and time-consuming chro-
ma tographic separation.
Seventeen complete GC/MS systems,
valued at about $1.7 million, were in-
stalled and operating in EPA labs in
the last 2 years. The systems are em-
ployed in six regional surveillance
and analysis labs, two national field
investigations centers, and at various
NERC laboratories in Cincinnati, Ohio,
Corvallis, Ore., and Research Triangle
Park, N.C.
An EPA mass spectrometer users
group was organized by AQCL to promote
the informal exchange of technical in-
formation among EPA labs using comput-
erized GC/MS. Effective use of this
sophisticated equipment will provide
enforcement officials a significant
tool for analysis of organic pollutants.
Design
The three functional parts of the
systems are as follows:
1. The gas chromatograph. This device
is very well established as a powerful
separation tool for complex mixtures
of organic compounds.
2. The mass spectrometer. Convention-
al GC detectors provide too little
information content and have been re-
placed by the mass spectrometer, which
is the only GC detector used. Like
conventional GC detectors, it is very
sensitive, but it provides a response
that carries a great deal of informa-
tion characteristic of the molecular
structure and composition of organic
compounds. This information is dis-
played as a histogram by a plotter.
3. The minicomputer. The hookup be-
tween production and utilization of
information is made possible by the
minicomputer. Unlike conventional GC
detectors, the mass spectrometer is
not run continuously in noncomputer-
ized systems because it would generate
far more information than could be
45
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assimilated and used. The minicomputer
takes all this information in stride
and controls the whole operation in
its spare time. Personnel are thus
freed to do productive tasks like data
interpretation.
Methods Development
The manufacturers of the GC/MS
equipment provide basic operating in-
structions, of course. But since they
manufacture equipment for use in a
wide variety of applications (from bi-
medical research to identification of
drugs in racehorse urine), they cannot
possibly provide detailed methods for
any one of them. Therefore, one pro-
ject of NEPC-Cincinnati AQCL research
program is to develop detailed methods
for the use of computerized GC/MS sys-
tems in EPA laboratories. Needed
methodology includes calibration and
quality control techniques, data in-
terpretation aids, and revised and
updated minicomputer programs to ex-
pand capabilities.
The problem of identifying and
measuring specific organic compounds
(e.g., DDT) that contaminate the en-
vironment has concerned environmental
research scientists for many years.
The huge number of potentially harmful
or toxic compounds that are possible
generally precludes the development of
a specific analytical method for each.
Therefore, general approaches based on
slight differences in solubility, chro-
raatographic behavior, and spectroscopic
measurements have been developed and
widely used.
Conclusion
Identification of noxious pollu-
tants at the parts per billion level,
with a high degree of confidence in
the result, have become nearly routine
in a few EPA laboratories since GC/MS
systems have been installed. What was
once a nearly impossible task for a
staff of 100 working for 6 months can
now be accomplished by three people in
a few hours.
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LAKE RESTORATION BY PHOSPHORUS CONTROL:
SHAGAWA LAKE, ELY, MINNESOTA
Many small communities in the
United States are located on inland
lakes that have become polluted and
overly fertilized by poorly treated
sewage. Shagawa Lake, which extends
within the city limits of Ely, Minn.,
is a graphic example. The lake has a
long history of producing nuisance
algal blooms in the summer, although
advanced eutrophy is not common in
this geographical region.
The major source of phosphorus
input to Shagawa Lake is the wastewater
treatment plant discharge of the city
of Ely. Ely has a resident population
of about 5,000, but this figure is
typically inflated to 10,000 during
the summer tourist season. The city
has been discharging sewage in to the
lake since 1901, but only since 1954
has secondary treatment of the waste
been provided.
Except for the city of Ely, the
vicinity of the lake is sparsely popu-
lated. Most of the surrounding land
is covered with deciduous and conifer-
ous forest. No significant amount of
agriculture is carried out in the area,
and there is very little industry. The
primary surface input is via Burntside
River, which is fed by oligotrophic
Burntside Lake. The Ely wastewater
plant effluent thus represents essen-
tially a point source of phosphorus
and other nutrients. Circumstantially,
it appears that Shagawa Lake may have
been significantly advanced in its
eutrophic state because of its history
as a receptor for municipal sewage ef-
fluent.
The secondary treatment facilities
of the city handle an average daily
flow of about a million gallons and
consist of a primary clarifier, a
high-rate trickling filter, a second-
ary clarifier, and a chlorine contact
chamber. This type of plant is tradi-
tionally ineffective in removing phos-
phorus. Studies conducted over a
period of several years by EPA's
National Eutrophication Research Pro-
gram (NERP) indicated that removal of
nearly all of the phosphorus from the
municipal treatment plant effluent
would restore Shagawa Lake to a much
improved condition within a relatively
few years. The studies were performed
using (1) a 20,000-gal-per-day, ad-
vanced waste treatment pilot plant fed
with Ely trickling filter plant efflu-
ent and (2) in situ bioassays conducted
in three 150,000-gal, floating test
basins.
Shagawa Lake itself has a surface
area of 2,500 acres, an average depth
of 22 ft and a maximum depth of 48 ft,
a mean volume of 15 billion gal, and
a calculated retention time of less
than 1 year. This short retention
time, the virtual absence of diffuse
sources of nutrients, the existence of
only one significant point source of
phosphorus, an inflow of oligotrophic
water, and the reasonably small size
of the lake and city made this a nearly
ideal situation in which to carry out
a lake restoration study.
Restoration of Shagawa Lake is
especially important from a regional
viewpoint because its water flows into
several other oligotrophic streams and
lakes, including Canadian border waters.
The lake is located about 260 miles
47
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north of Minneapolis-Saint Paul and
about 16 miles south of the Canadian
border—in the heart of a vast lake
region at the edge of a designated
wilderness area of the Superior Nation-
al Forest. Restoration would also be
of great value to the city of Ely,
since the lake in its present condition
has lost its great recreational and
economic value. These factors and the
national impact that a successful lake
restoration demonstration would have
on implementing phosphorus removal
technology contributed to the joint
decision by EPA and the city to pro-
ceed with full-scale phosphorus removal
at Shagawa Lake.
Project Objectives
Two EPA research, development,
and demonstration grants were awarded
to Ely, the first in February 1971 for
design of the full-scale facilities,
and the second in June 1971 for plant
construction and operational supplies,
chemicals, and utilities. At the time
of these grant awards, Ely was under
stipulation from the State of Minnesota
to reduce the phosphorus concentration
in its plant effluent to 1 mg per liter
by May 1973. The results of the pilot
studies conducted at Ely indicated,
however, that a greater degree of phos-
phorus removal was necessary to demon-
strate measurable restoration of
Shagawa Lake over a relatively short
period of time. A phosphorus concen-
tration of 0.05 mg per liter of efflu-
ent was recommended by Dr. A. F.
Bartsch, Director of the National
Environmental Research Center (NERC),
Corvallis, Ore., as a more realistic
level for achieving the desired degree
of restoration in a 3-year period.
Consistent production of municipal
sewage plant effluent with a phosphorus
level of 0.05 mg per liter is, however,
the most ambitious known phosphorus re-
moval of its kind in the world. The
tight control required to achieve such
an objective and to provide the sub-
stantial improvement in organics and
suspended solids removals stipulated
for Ely by the State of Minnesota
dictated the design and construction
of a tertiary operation to supplement
the existing trickling filter plant,
rather than an in-process upgrading
of the existing facilities. Construc-
tion of these tertiary facilities was
essentially complete in late 1972, and
the first few months of 1973 have been
devoted to plant startup, process
checkout, and equipment adjustment.
Plant Design
The tertiary treatment facilities
are designed for maximum phosphorus
removal and include flow equalization
of effluent from the trickling filter
plant, two-stage lime clarification
with intermediate recarbonation, dual-
media filtration, and final pH adjust-
ment and disinfection. The chemical
sludges produced are dewatered in a
gravity thickener followed by vacuum
filtration and final disposal in a
sanitary landfill. A flexible chemical
dosing system is provided to enable
several types of coagulants and poly-
mers to be added as necessary at mul-
tiple feed points. Facilities for
dosing powdered activated carbon to
the existing secondary clarifier to
improve soluble organic carbon capture
are also provided. All of the above
equipment is housed in a new combined
laboratory, control, and tertiary pro-
cess building. The individual process
units are sized for an average flow
rate of 1 million gallons per day, with
a capacity factor of 1.5
48
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Both the first- and second-stage
lime clarifiers have a diameter of
55 ft and are of the sludge-recircula-
tion, solids-contact type. Each of
the four effluent filters is a 12-ft-
diameter unit equipped with anthracite-
over-sand media and automatically con-
trolled, air-scour gravity backwash.
The sludge thickener has a diameter
of 26 ft and a side-wall liquid depth
of 15 ft; it is equipped with a center-
drive sludge thickening rake. The
vacuum filter is of the continuous-
fabric media type, with a drum diameter
of 6 ft and a length of 8 ft.
Sufficient lime is added to the
first-stage contactor to raise the pH
to approximately 11.8 (lime dosages to
accomplish this have averaged about
300 mg of CaO per liter during plant
startup). This procedure converts
virtually 100 percent of the soluble
phosphate to insoluble calcium phos-
phate. Carbon dioxide is utilized in
the second-stage contactor to lower pH
to 9.5-10.0 and allow precipitation of
excess causticity as calcium carbonate.
Small doses (5-10 mg per liter) of
ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate
added to the second-stage contactor
are being evaluated as to (1) their
capacities for precipitating trace
quantities of soluble phosphorus still
remaining in the wastewater at that
point in the treatment sequence, and
(2) their coagulative value in aiding
colloidal solids capture in the dual-
media filters. After filtration, final
pH adjustment to approximately 7.5 is
accomplished with sulfuric acid.
To assure complete control of
phosphorus entering the lake and to
provide for the maximum beneficial im-
pact to the lake, it was necessary to
install channel collection and pumping
facilities to intercept septic tank
runoff from 120 homes that previously
drained directly in to Shagawa Lake.
This drainage is now pumped to the head-
works of the treatment plant, thus
preventing a significant source of
extraneous phosphorus from entering
the lake untreated.
Administration
Administration of grant activities
and technical assistance related to
treatment processing is provided rou-
tinely by the National Environmental
Research Center (NERC), Cincinnati,
Ohio. Under an agreement with the
city of Ely, EPA is authorized to
operate both the secondary and tertiary
treatment facilities during the 3-year
demonstration period (terminating in
April 1976), during which it is antici-
pated that Shagawa Lake will exhibit
first a decline and then a reversal in
its current accelerated aging process.
NERC-Cincinnati is providing 17 plant
operators and plant laboratory techni-
cians, plus a resident plant engineer
for the duration of the project. The
project director and personnel for
carrying out lake sampling, lake meas-
urements and analytical determinations,
and documentation and evaluation of
lake data are provided by NERP (admin-
istered by NERC-Corvallis). The city
is contributing one Class B operator
and two operator helpers.
No previous demonstration of lake
restoration has been attempted based
on the premise that it can be accom-
plished by removing a critical nutrient
from municipal wastewater and allowing
the treated wastewater to continue
flowing into the lake. Preliminary
data generated during plant startup
indicate that the effluent residual
objective of 0.05 mg of phosphorus
49
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per liter can be continuously met with of the Ely treatment facilities and
careful and dedicated operation and all progress made in restoring Shagawa
control. The prognosis for a success- Lake will undoubtedly be closely fol-
ful demonstration project is encourag- lowed by sanitary engineers and regu-
ing. Both the continuing performance latory groups alike.
50
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYMPOSIUM:
AN AGENDA FOR PROGRESS
For some time there has been a
widening interest in and demand for
improved organization, processing, and
dissemination of environmental infor-
mation. In response to this growing
concern, the National Environmental
Information Symposium (NEIS) was held
in Cincinnati, Ohio, on September 24-
27, 1972. This symposium, sponsored
by EPA and hosted by NERC-Cincinnati,
was the first general convocation of
the environmental information commun-
ity. It grew out of the conviction
that environmental problems could be
more easily solved if the information
required were readily available to all
segments of society. More than 1,700
participants represented a substantial
portion of the community of producers
and users of environmental information
in the United States. In addition,
about 50 international observers were
present. The program was enriched
through the participation of about 125
exhibitors, who gave detailed descrip-
tions and demonstrations of the infor-
mation sources and services available.
In cooperation with other Government
agencies, EPA undertook to organize the
Symposium with three basic purposes:
* To bring together concerned citizens,
trade associations, professional
societies, and governmental bodies
to share ideas, interests, and com-
mon concerns.
• To identify specific directions that
governmental and private organizations
could take to strengthen coordination
and cooperation and to improve envi-
ronmental information exchange.
• To provide a forum for producers and
processors of environmental data to
demonstrate the most up-to-date tech-
niques, methods, and equipment to
users in the fields of information
science and systems.
The proceedings of the National
Environmental Information Symposium
are being issued in two volumes.
Volume 1 contains a statement of the
background and purpose of the Symposium,
a summary of participant comments and
recommendations (gleaned from verbal
and written communications with members
of the Symposium committees), and the
full text of the user panel reports.
Volume 2 includes the papers presented
by the general session speakers, intro-
ductory statements by the moderators,
papers presented by the session speakers,
and any reports submitted from the even-
ing forum sessions. The proceedings
will be published and distributed by
the National Technical Information
Service, U.S. Department of Commerce.
51
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A NEW FACILITY FOR NERC-CINCINNATI
Groundbreaking ceremonies for the
National Environmental Research Center's
new facility near the University of
Cincinnati were held on June 28, 1972.
Land for the new EPA facility was
donated to the Federal Government by
the city of Cincinnati. The ceremony,
whose participants included, Julie
Nixon Eisenhower, the Administrator of
EPA, and other EPA, State, and City
officials, climaxed more than 10 years
of planning for the multidisciplinary
environmental center. In 1972, the
Director of NERC-Cincinnati and the
president of the University of Cincin-
nati , signed an "Agreement of Mutual
Assent," which identified areas of
mutual interest and concern to the
University and to EPA.
The cost of the construction con-
tract, awarded in November 1972, is
about $21 million. Work on the center
began in December. After completion,
which is scheduled for May 1975, it is
anticipated that all EPA personnel in
Cincinnati will consolidate in just
two facilities—the new center and the
Robert A. Taft Laboratory. A study is
presently in progress to identify the
programs that will be housed in each
of these buildings.
The new facility will be a 10-story
structure, rising eight stories above
grade in the southeast sector of an
almost rectangular, 20-acre tract.
The site is strategically located be-
tween the main campus and the hospital
—medical complex of the University.
Required parking space will be separ-
ated into five areas, two of which can
be enlarged to accompany future expan-
sion of the facility.
Figure 4. Architect's conception of new facility
-------
April. 1973
June, 1973
Figure 5. Progress of new construction
54
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Figure 6. Progress of new construction
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OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL TEST TANK
The Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory (a division of NERC-Cincin-
nati) is currently constructing an oil
and hazardous materials simulated en-
vironmental test tank (OHMSETT) on the
south shore of Raritan Bay in Leonardo,
N.J. This facility will provide an
environmentally safe place for develop-
ing standard test procedures and for
evaluating, under reproducible condi-
tions, devices designed to contain and
to pick up oil and hazardous materials
spilled in rivers, harbors, and estu-
aries. In 1970, 3,334 oil spills
(totaling about 15 million gal) and
376 hazardous material and other
spills (totaling about a quarter of
a million gallons) were tabulated.
Of these 3,711 spills, 2,784 (involv-
ing 9.56 million gal) occurred in
rivers and other inland waters, and
in coastal bays, estuaries, sounds,
ports, terminals, docks, beaches, and
channels: that is to say, precisely
in those environments whose conditions
OHMSETT is designed to simulate.
OHMSETT is large enough to test and
evaluate prototype, full-sized devices,
thus, any scale-up difficulties from
lab and pilot-sized models can be
caught here without having the envi-
ronment suffer from misjudgments.
Tank Design
The test tank, which is 670 ft
long, 65 ft wide, and 11 ft deep, is
being constructed of reinforced con-
crete by Remsco Associates of Matawan,
N.J. It was designed by Engineers,
Inc., of Newark, N.J., for towing test
equipment weighing up to 20 tons and
for drawing up to 3 ft of water. One
of the tank's long sides has a 14-ft
wide roadway accessed by a ramp at the
south end; the other has a 7-ft wide
sidewalk. One short side will support
a mechanically driven, flap-type wave
generator capable of making 2-ft high
waves with frequencies from 2.0 to 0.55
Hertz and with lengths up to 16 ft.
Wave height will be selected before
each test, and frequency may be varied
to some extent during each test. Waves
will either be absorbed by a "beach" at
the opposite end of the tank, or (when
the beach is dropped to the bottom) be
reflected off the slightly V-shaped
north end to generate the "confused sea"
typical of a busy harbor or tide-ripped
narrows (Figure 7).
Currents will be simulated by tow-
ing test equipment lengthwise down the
tank with a 68-ft wide,•34-ton bridge
that spans the tank and runs on rails.
The bridge is pulled at speeds up to
6 knots by cables powered by two 500 hp
electric motors located at the beach end
of the tank. The bridge and wave gener-
ator will be controlled from a three-
story, 18 ft by 25 ft control building
to be located between the winch pad and
the tank. The bridge will be used as a
platform from which to disperse and re-
cover test oil and hazardous materials,
as well as for towing.
Special equipment for treating tank
water is located near the control house.
A 2,000-gpm pressure leaf, diatomaceous
earth filter will clarify the 2.6 million
gal of Raritan Bay water required to fill
the tank to a depth of 8 ft. The same
equipment, with the addition of a carbon
filter aid, will treat water recircu-
lated between tests to maintain the
57
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Figure 7. Oil and hazardous materials simulated environmental test tank
58
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clarity required for photography and
TV instant replay. Spent filter aid
will be dwwatered using a paper tape
filter, and the spent filter aid and
tape will be disposed of at an ap-
proved landfill site. When the tank
must be emptied for maintenance pur-
poses, the entire water volume will
be treated until it meets all appli-
cable State and Federal criteria be-
fore being returned to Raritan Bay
(at a higher quality than when origi-
nally withdrawn). Additional special-
ized treatment equipment will be used
whenever hazardous materials are used
in tests.
The 40-ft by 50-ft preparation
building for laboratory and shop
equipment will parallel the west side
of the tank, near the center. Anal-
yses of tank water, oil, and hazardous
materials will be performed in this
building to determine whether they
meet specifications for tests in the
tank. The building will also house
maintenance of the sensors, construc-
tion of the adapters necessary to mate
them with the various items of equip-
ment to be tested, and preparation of
the equipment itself after it has been
transported to the site. Some storage
and office space will also be located
there.
Data Collection
Data collected in tests at OHMSETT
will be in the form of camera film, TV
videotape, tape recorder tape, rolls of
chart paper, IBM magnetic tape, and
the conventional paper and pencil re-
cords common to laboratory analyses
and field investigations. Some data
reduction will be performed under con-
tract, but the majority of the analysts
and report writing will be conducted at
the site or in the Edison Water Quality
Research Laboratory.
Goals
The present goal is to develop as
rapidly as possible standard tests and
procedures to improve the quality and
effectiveness of spill containment and
cleanup devices. To this end, consul-
tation with the Coast Guard, Navy, uni-
versities, and private and public parties
has already been initiated. The aim is
to make the tank fully productive just
as soon as it becomes operational in
early 1974.
To recapitulate, the chief purpose
of the test tank is to ensure that if
the test equipment fails for any reason
to pick up or contain 100% of the test
oil or hazardous material, these test
fluids will be confined to the tank and
not loosed on the environment.
59
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RESOURCE RECOVERY VIA CPU-400: POWER FROM SOLID WASTE
The major resource recovery pro-
ject being undertaken by the NERC-
Cincinnati Solid Waste Research
Laboratory (SWRL) involves a process
that burns the combustible component
of refuse and uses the hot gas stream
to drive a turbine for the generation
of electricity. The system, conceived
to burn 400 tons of solid waste per
day, has been designated as the CPU-400
by the contractor (Combustion Power
Company of Menlo Park, Calif.).
The SWRL has pursued the develop-
ment of this process over the past
several years, and these efforts have
resulted in a fully integrated, opera-
tional pilot plant. Over $6 million
has been expended in the development
of this process and pilot plant system.
Plant Design
The pilot plant model is a 100-ton
per day unit consisting of a front-end
solid waste separation system where
incoming municipal refuse is shredded
and air classified to remove noncom-
bustibles (Figure 8). Metal and glass
components are separated into categor-
ies suitable for recycling. The com-
bustible fraction is transported
pneumatically to a storage vessel that
holds about 20 tons. From there, the
shredded refuse passes into a weighing
conveyor and then to the rotary air-
lock feeder valves, which deliver the
solid waste fuel into the pressurized
combustor. The turbine compressor sup-
plies compressed air for transporting
the solid waste fuel, for fluidizing
the combustor sand bed, and for com-
bustion air.
The hot gases from the fluidized-
bed combustor pass through an alumina/
sand separator and two stages of inertial
separators to remove particulates. The
cleaned, hot gases are then expanded
through a gas turbine that will generate
about 1,000 kw of electricity.
The pilot plant fluidized-bed com-
bustor operates at a pressure of about
45 psig. The outside diameter of the
combustor is almost 10 ft, the inside
diameter is 7 ft, and the height is
22 ft. The external shell is made of
mild steel, with refractory lining on
the inside.
Future Outlook
The CPU-400 process is in the
final stages of pilot plant development.
Total system performance is being evalu-
ated by a series of automatically con-
trolled, long-duration test runs. The
utility of this process for the combined
energy conversion of sewage sludge and
municipal solid waste to usable power
is being scrutinized. The performance
of the CPU-400 system under extended
test conditions will very likely deter-
mine the role it is to play in solving
two of the Nation's most pressing prob-
lems, the energy crisis and resource
recovery.
61
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10 STOMGt
vnip W*SI| SIOKAGI
SOLID WASTE
PROCESSING STATION
CONTROL ROOM
Figure 8. CPU-400 Pilot Plant
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INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
The Federal Environmental Research
Programs in Cincinnati have for many
years drawn thousands of foreign scien-
tists to laboratories here. Conversely,
many Cincinnati-based researchers have
traveled abroad to participate in in-
ternational seminars and to serve on
technical committies in conjunction
with a number of international agree-
ments .
Since the inception of NERC-Cin-
cinnati, these scientific exchanges
have become increasingly important, and
a number of official international
agreements are being pursued with funds
available under P.L. 480 and other pro-
grams set up to encourage worldwide
cooperation in identifying and solving
environmental problems.
International Organizations and
Working Agreements
Committee on Challenges to Modern
Society (CCMS)
This NATO committee coordinates
environmental activities of NATO
countries. International contacts and
conferences between the United States
Council of Environmental Quality and
Great Britain's Department of Environ-
ment established plans for a joint
effort in advanced wastewater treatment.
In September 1971, Mr. Francis M.
Middleton, Deputy Director, NERC-
Cincinnati, and Mr. Jesse M. Cohen,
Chief, Physical-Chemical Treatment
Section, AWTR Laboratory, met with
British scientists in London to ex-
change information on the status of
advanced waste treatment processes in
the respective countries.
From these contacts, an agreement
was reached under which Great Britain
is developing advanced waste treatment
systems and is constructing a $2 million
physical-chemical treatment plant. Any
NATO country may participate as copilot
countries with the United States and
Great Britain. Representatives of the
German and French governments, who
attended the initial CCMS meetings in
London, are studying pure oxygen-acti-
vated sludge systems.
In November 1972, Mr. John J.
Convery, Director of the NERC-Cincinnati
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Labora-
tory, visited Brussels to attend the
Plenary Session of the CCMS. In Decem-
ber 1972, a delegation from the United
Kingdom including representatives of
the Department of Environment from the
Stevenage Laboratory, and consulting
engineers who are designing the advanced
waste treatment plant, visited the
United States to observe a number of
advanced waste treatment plants and to
discuss treatment plant design problems.
US - USSR Bilateral Agreement
In July 1972, Mr. Convery visited
the Soviet Union as part of a seven-man
U.S. delegation. This delegation and
their host counterparts discussed waste-
water treatment technology in the USSR,
as part of the information exchange
provisions of the 1970 bilateral agree-
ment between the US and USSR.
63
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The delegates identified areas of
mutual interest for possible further
cooperation under the May 1972 accord
signed by Presidents Nixon and Podgorny.
The delegation met with a variety of
Soviet groups concerned with wastewater
treatment technology, industrial wastes,
municipal wastes, water supply, water
resources, and construction of treat-
ment plants and irrigation works. The
meeting convened in Moscow and visits
were made to Leningrad, Kiev, and
Siktivkar.
US - Japan Agreements
As a result of several bilateral
agreements, the United States and Japan
have established joint panels on envi-
ronmental matters.
Following exchanges of visits
during 1969-70, a joint committee on
sewage treatment technology was estab-
lished. In October 1971, Mr. Middleton
headed a five-man team which visited
Japan. In December 1972, a Japanese
delegation visited Cincinnati and ad-
vanced waste treatment installations
in California and Washington, D.C.,
and participated in a 3-day discussion
with the Office of Air and Water Pro-
grams. They also visited NERC-Corvallis
to discuss problems of eutrophication.
Other Overseas Visits
Organization for Economic Cooperation
Dr. Robert L. Bunch, Chief, Bio-
logical Treatment, AWTRL, has partici-
pated in meetings of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment, and has been an official United
States representative of the Working
Group on Detergents and Treatment Pro-
cesses. This group is considering all
aspects of the detergent problem, in-
cluding their composition, health
aspects of detergent additives, appro-
priate sewage treatment processes,
treatability of detergent preparations
in conventional processes, and the fate
of particular consituents such as heavy
metals and complex ions. The purpose
of this effort is the development and
dissemination of information concerning
detergent preparations and associated
environmental problems on the interna-
tional scene.
Romania
At the request of the Romanian
government, Mr. Jesse M. Cohen and
Mr. Middleton visited Bucharest in
September 1971 to discuss sewage treat-
ment technology with Romanian author-
ities. Mechanisms were set up for
exchange of literature and research
results and the Romanian government
was invited to make use of any of the
advanced technology that has been
developed in the ORSD research program.
World Health Organization
In December 1971, Mr. Middleton
served on a panel on wastewater reuse
sponsored by the World Health Organiza-
tion (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland.
Mr. Middleton was responsible for com-
pleting the panel's report which will
be published in a WHO series.
Technical Committee 147
Mr. Dwight G. Bellinger, Director,
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory,
headed the United States delegation to
Technical Committee 147 - Water Supply
of American National Standards, in
Geneva, Switzerland, in April 1972.
The committee is devoted to the develop-
ment of analytical methods for water,
64
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including characterization by physical,
chemical, radiological, and microbio-
logical measurements.
Great Lakes International Field Year
Mr. John A. Winter and Dr. Cornel-
ius I. Weber, Analytical Quality Con-
trol Laboratory, participated in
meetings of the study committees of
the International Field Year for the
Great Lakes (IFYGL) at Niagara Falls,
Ontario, in November 1972. They re-
ported on findings in the areas of
interlaboratory chlorophyll reference
samples, quality control measurements,
and biological methodology employed by
IFYGL labs, and a computerized system
for IFYGL data in STORET.
Water Supply Meetings
Mr. Edwin E. Geldreich, NEFC Water
Supply Research Laboratory, attended a
WHO conference in Ostend, Belgium, in
March 1972, devoted to the development
of health criteria guidelines for the
WHO.
Dr. Norman A. Clarke and Mr. Donald
Herman consulted with local officials
in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Sao
Paulo, Brazil, concerning establishment
of virology laboratories there. The
Pan American Health Organization ar-
ranged this international technical
assistance committee, which met in
May 1972.
Mr. Gordon G. Robeck visited
Singapore in March 1972 to serve as one
of ten advisory panelists from the
National Academy of Sciences at a
workshop dealing with water resources
in Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines,
South Vietnam, and Thailand. Experts
from Japan, France, and the United
Kingdom also attended.
Mr. Robeck visited Lima, Peru, in
August 1972 to participate in a sympos-
ium on water treatment methods sponsored
by the Pan American Health Organization,
and attended subsequent meetings on the
same topic in Asuncion, Paragual, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, and Buenos Aires,
Argentina. The trip afforded a valuable
opportunity to discuss vital problems
of water supply with researchers, edu-
cators, and public officials from all
over South America.
Poland
Dr. Andrew W. Breidenbach, Director,
NERC-Cincinnati, visited Poland in
January 1973 to act as a temporary ad-
viser to the seminar "Design of Envi-
ronmental Information Systems" sponsored
by WHO in Katowice, and to consult with
Polish officials regarding the P.L. 480
program.
Foreign Visitors
During the period covered by this
report, NERC-Cincinnati was host to
about 150 foreign visitors. These
visitors came from many countries, with
about half coming from Japan. The
Cincinnati laboratory complex has been
known throughout the world for many
years, and many types of work being
conducted here are of interest to
foreign researchers. Historically, a
large number of the visitors have come
because of our activities in water
pollution control, but much interest
has been shown lately in solid waste,
water supply, and other activities at
NERC-Cincinnati.
65
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Public Law 480 Projects
The Environmental Protection
Agency is using funds available to the
United States Government in various
foreign countries under P.L. 480 to
sponsor pollution control research
projects in those countries. NERC-
Cincinnati project officers are working
with local research organizations in
Poland, India, Israel, and Yugoslavia
on several projects of mutual interest
in the wastewater, water supply, air
pollution, and solid waste areas. New
projects are currently being developed
in Poland and Tunisia. These coopera-
tive efforts not only serve to advance
the art of pollution control technology
in all countries concerned, but also to
promote the spread of information and
a spirit of cooperation among environ-
mental control researchers around the
world.
A summary list of foreign projects
involving NERC-Cincinnati scientists is
listed below:
"Neutralization and Utilization of Post-
Coagulation Sludge" Institute of Muni-
cipal Economy, Warszawa, Poland
(Investigator: J. Salbut - EPA Project
Officer: R. L. Bunch)
A new treatment plant will produce
drinking water from the Wista River by
using alum coagulation. All available
methods for dewatering alum sludge
prior to its disposal will be evaluated,
and an attempt will be made to find an
economical way to recover alum for re-
use in the plant. The Wista is similar
to many major rivers in the United
States in that it is both a receiving
stream for wastewater and a source for
drinking water.
"Utilization and Ultimate Disposal of
Sludge from the Combined Treatment
Plant/Sewage and Wastewater from Cotton,
Linen, and Tannery Industry/Together
with the Municipal Solid Wastes" Water
Economy Research Institute, Wroclaw,
Poland
(Investigator: H. Manczak - EPA Project
Officer: R. B. Dean)
The treatment of sludges from in-
dustries and municipal sewage in the
upper valley of the Bystrzyca River near
the Czechoslovakian border will be in-
vestigated. All wastes are to be col-
lected in order to protect a water
reservoir on the river. An attempt
will be made to compost industrial
sludges with municipal sludges and
solid waste to make them acceptable
for landfill disposal and, if possible,
to utilize them in agriculture. The
same necessity for complete treatment
and export of liquid wastes also exists
in industrialized river basins in the
United States.
"Development of Methods and Techniques
for Final Treatment of Combined Munici-
pal and Textile Wastewaters Including
Sludge" Water Economy Research Insti-
tute, Katowice, Poland
(Investigator: J. Suschka - EPA Project
Officer: R. B. Dean)
The United States and other coun-
tries are undergoing a change in the
cloth and fibers being used. Cotton
and wool are giving way to synthetic
fibers in the textile industry, and
new types of dyes are consequently also
being introduced. Various combinations
of wastewater treatment processes are
being investigated to determine their
effectiveness in treating a combination
of domestic and textile wastewaters,
66
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emphasizing the removal of color. The
disposal of sludges generated by these
processes is also being investigated.
"Solid .Waste in India" Central Public
Health Engineering Research Institute,
Nagpur, India
(Investigator: A. D. Bhide - EPA Pro-
ject Officer: L. W. Lefke)
A survey is being conducted of
the present solid waste problems in
India, with regard to the generation,
storage, collection, processing, dis-
posal or recycling of wastes generated
in urban communities. The development
of solid waste technology, as well as
of non-technological systems depends
on a complete understanding of the
composition and properties of waste
materials.
The information being obtained on
composition and quantity of solid waste
will be of value to Indian and United
States researchers concerned with the
proper management of solid residues.
"Health Effects of Nitrates in Drinking
Water" Hebrew University, Jerusalem,
Israel
(Investigator: H. Shuval - EPA Project
Officer: L. J. McCabe)
Methemoglobinemia in infants
(blue babies) is the cause of the con-
cern for nitrates in drinking water.
Surveys have now indicated that nitrates
in water are not a public health prob-
lem in Israel because infants are not
exposed to waters bearing significant
nitrates. Epidemiological studies have
therefore shifted to the Gaza Strip,
where exposure is significant. Toxi-
cological studies on rats -have shown
definite brain effects attributable to
nitrate.
"Epidemiological Study of Methemoglobi-
nemia in Croatia" Institute of Public
Health in Croatia, Zagreb, Yugoslavia
(Investigator: B. Plese - EPA Project
Officer: L. J. McCabe)
Surveys of several rural water
supplies have been made and levels of
nitrate and bacterial contamination
have been determined. Three specific
areas have been identified where 75%
of the wells exceed the drinking water
standard for nitrate and 87% show bac-
terial contamination. Case-control
studies have begun in the town of
Osijek, where 59 cases of methemoglobi-
nemia have been reported since 1968.
"The Role of Silicates in the Etiopatho-
genesis of Endemic Nephropathy" Beograd
University Medical School, Belgrade,
Yugoslavia
(Investigator: A. Bata - EPA Project
Officer: L. J. McCabe)
Endemic nephropathy is a serious
kidney disease in some areas of the
Balkans. The pattern of occurrence has
suggested that water supply may play a
role in its epidemiology. Silicates
in drinking water are a possible cause
of the disease. This hypothesis is
being examined on this project.
"Physico-chemical Treatment of Combined
Industrial-Municipal Wastewater and
Sludge Utilization" Water Economy Re-
search Institute, Katowice, Poland
(Investigator: J. Suschka - EPA Project
Officer: H. S. Skovronek)
Combined industrial-municipal waste-
water (primarily steel mill wastes) will
be treated by physico-chemical methods
on both laboratory and pilot plant scales.
67
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Sludges available from current waste-
water treatment operations, themselves
a local enviornmental problem, are
high in iron and should be useful as a
coagulant for such treatment, as should
the newly generated sludge. The extent
to which the sludges must be dewatered
and modified to make them suitable for
this purpose, and the effectiveness of
physico-chemical treatment, including
multimedia filtration for this waste-
water, will be established.
"Factors Influencing Lead Absorption
from the Intestine" Institute for
Medical Research, Zagreb, Yugoslavia
(Investigator: K. Kostial - EPA Pro-
ject Officer: J. F. Stara)
Various factors which might influ-
ence the absorption, metabolism, and
toxicity of lead are being investigated.
Special attention is given to lead ab-
sorption at the various physiological
stages (young age, pregnancy, and lac-
tation, and to the effect of selected
dietary additives on the metabolism of
the ingested lead (alginates, calcium,
phosphorus, vitamin D, and milk)).
Most of the experimental work is per-
formed on rats using radioactive tracers
such as lead 203 or 210 in the studies
of lead metabolism, and calcium 45 or
47 in investigations of the comparative
metabolism of calcium and lead. This
work should provide a better understand-
ing of lead metabolism and toxicity,
particularly during the early stages of
life, and of the methods which might be
used to decrease lead absorption from
the gut.
"The Detection and Inactivation of En-
teric Viruses in Wastewater" Hebrew
University, Jerusalem, Israel
(Investigator: H. Shuval - EPA Project
Officer: G. Berg)
The development of effective and
economical procedures for inactivation
by ozone of enteric viruses in waste-
water, other polluted waters, and in
renovated waters (with or without
the aid of other disinfectants) is the
subject of this grant. The chemistry
of ozone and ozone species in polluted
water is also being studied as it re-
lates to ozone virucidal properties so
as to optimize its application. Addi-
tional efforts are being devoted to a
series of controlled comparative labora-
tory and field studies to develop and
refine inexpensive methods for the
quantitative detection of small amounts
of viruses in large volumes of water.
"Indicators of Enteric Viruses in Waste
and Other Waters" Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology, Technion City,
Haifa, Israel
(Investigator: Y. Kott - EPA Project
Officer: G. Berg)
The validity of fecal coliforms
as indicators for the presence of
viruses in various waters has been
questioned because of the basic dif-
ferences between viruses and bacteria
in the relative numbers excreted, in
the constancy of their excretion, and
in their survival capability in the
environment. Yet both viruses and
fecal bacteria are from the same sources,
and some useful virus indicator func-
tions may be assignable to the fecal
bacteria. Since it is expensive, time-
consuming, and relatively difficult to
recover viruses, a suitable indicator
for viruses in all situations would be
a valuable tool. The major thrust of
this project is thus to determine the
relative ratio that occurs among these
organisms under a variety of treatment
and natural conditions.
68
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
NERC-C-71-1
NERC-C-71-2
NERC-C-71-3
NERC-C-71-4
NERC-C-71-5
NERC-C-71-6
NERC-C-71-7
"Relationships of Salmonellae to Fecal
Coliforms in Bottom Sediments," D. J.
Van Donsel and E. E. Geldreich.
Water Research. 5:1079-1087. 1971.
"Spectrophotometric Measurements of
Metabolic Responses in Isolated Rat
Brain Cortex," J. T. Cummins and R. Bull.
Biochim. Biophys . Acta. 253:29-38. 1971.
"Integrated Approach to Problem of
Viruses in Water," G. Berg. J. San.
Engrg. Div. , ASCE. 9 7 (SAG ): 867-8 82 .
1971. Also printed in Proc. National
Specialty Conf. on Disinfection, Univ. of
Mass., Amherst, Mass. July 8-10, 1970. 1971,
Discharges from an Operating
Boiling Water Reactor Nuclear Power
Station," G. E. Stigall, T. W. Fowler
and H. L. Krieger. Health Phys.
20:593-599. 1971.
"Coagulation-Flocculation," J. M. Cohen
and S. A. Hannah. Water Quality and
Treatment. Editors: AWWA. Chapter 3:
66-122. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill
Book Co. 1971.
"Sewage Effluents and Sludge Analyses,"
R. L. Bunch. Treatise on Analytical
Chemistry. Editors : T~. lT. Kolthof f ,
P. J. Elving and F. Stross. Chapter 47,
Part III. 2:563-587. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. 1971.
"Factors Influencing Phosphorus Removal
by Biological Treatment," R. L. Bunch.
Chemical Engrg. Progress Symposium
Series, Water— 19 70 . • 6 7 ( 10 7) : 90-94 .
1971.
69
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NERC-C-71-8
NERC-C-71-9
NERC-C-71-10
NERC-C-71-11
NERC-C-71-12
NERC-C-71-13
NERC-C-71-14
NERC-C-71-15
"Body Burden, Distribution and Internal
Dose of 210Pb and 210Po in a Uranium
Miner Population," R. L. Blanchard and
J. B. Moore. Health Phys. 21:499-518.
1971.
"Evaluation of Ion-Exchange Surveillance
Sampler for Analyzing Radioactive Liquid
Effluents," H. L. Krieger and G. W.
Frishkorn. Health Phys. 21:591-595.
1971.
"L,and Spreading, A Conserving and Non-
Polluting Method of Disposing of Oily
Wastes," G. K. Dotson, R. B. Deanj B. A^
Kenner and W. B. Cooke. Proc, 5th-Inter-
national Water Pollution Research Conf-,
San Francisco, Calif., July-August 1970.
Sec. II, 36/1-15. Pergamon Press. 1971.
"Hydrolysis of Activated Sludge," R. B.
Dean and R. Bouthilet. Proc. 5th
International Water Pollution Research
Conf. San Francisco, Calif., July-
August 1970. Sec. Ill, 31/1-13.
Pergamon Press. 1971.
"Sludge Handling and Ultimate Disposal,"
J. E. Smith, Jr. Third Annual Short
Course on Water Quality Control, Univ.
of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.
115-131. 1971.
"Recovery of Small Quantities of Viruses
from Clean Waters on Cellulose Nitrate
Membrane Filters," G. Berg, D. R.
Dahling and D. Berman. Applied
Microbiology. 22(4):608-614. 1971.
"Toxicity, Synergism, and Antagonism in
Anaerobic Waste Treatment Processes,"
I. J. Kugelman and K. K. Chin. ACS
Advances in Chemistry. No. 105. 55-90.
1971.
"Radionuclide Release at a PWR Nuclear
Power Station," B. Kahn, H. L. Krieger
and H. E. Kolde. Trans. Amer. Nucl.
Soc. 14:326-327. 1971.
70
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NERC-C-71-16
NERC-C-71-17
NERC-C-71-18
NERC-C-71-19
NERC-C-71-20
NERC-C-71-21
NERC-C- 7l-2'2
"Removal of Organics from Wastewater by
Activated Carbon," J. N. English, A. N.
Masse, C. W. Carry, J. B. Pitkin and J. E
Haskins. Chemical Engrg. Progress
Symposium Series, Water--197G.
67(107):147-153. 1971.
"Assay and Control of Marine Biotoxins,"
E. F. McFarren. Food Technology.
25(3) : 38-1+6. 1971.
"Reclamation and Revegetation of Strip-
Mined Lands for Pollution and Erosion
Control," R. D. Hill. Transactions of
the American Society of Agricultural
Engrgs. 14(2):268-272. 1971.
TOO
"Field Determination of Dose from Xe
in the Plume from a Pressurized Water
Reactor," G. J. Karches, H. E. Kolde,
W. L. Brinck, R. L. Shearin and C. R.
Phillips. Proc. International
Symposium oh Rapid Methods 'for Measuring
Radioactivity inthe Environment.IAEA,
Vienna. 1971: 515-523.
"Radiological Surveillance Studies at a
BWR Nuclear Power Station - Estimated
Dose Rates," R. L. Blanchard, H. L.
Krieger, H. E. Kolde and B. Kahn. Proc.
Symposium on Health Physics Aspects of
Nuclear Facility Siting.Editors: Paul
G. Voilleque and Burton R. Baldwin.
Burton R. Baldwin, Idaho Falls, Idaho.
1971. 372-38"+.
"Radiological Surveillance Studies at a
Boiling Water Nuclear Power Reactor,"
B. Kahn, R. L. Blanchard, H. L. Krieger,
H. E. Kolde, D. B. Smith, A. Martin,
S. Gold, W. J. Averett, W. L. Brinck
and G. J. Karches. Environmental
Aspects of Nuclear 'Power Stations', IAEA,
Vienna.1971.535-548.
"Water Physics No. 1," R. Lishka and E. F.
McFarren. Anal. Ref. Service Report
No. 39. 154 pp. 1971.
71
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NERC-C-71-23
NERC-C-71-24
NERC-C-71-25
NERC-C-71-26
NERC-C-71-27
NERC-C-71-28
NERC-C-71-29
NERC-C-71-30
NERC-C-71-31
"Water Chlorine (Residual) No. 2,"
R. Lishka and E. F. McFarren. Anal. Ref.
Service Report No. 40. 97 pp. 1971.
"Identification of Iron and Sulfur
Bacteria," R. F. Lewis. Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water.13th Edition.American Public
Health Association, New York. 715-721.
1971.
"Carbon Adsorption for Recovery of Organic
Pesticides," J. W. Eichelberger and J. J.
Lichtenberg. JAWWA. 63:25-27.
January 1971.
"Solid Waste Management in the United
States—Technological Developments,"
A. W. Breidenbach and H. L. Hickman, Jr.
ISWA Information Bulletin No. 4.
113-130. January 1971.
"The Use of Collaborative Studies to
Evaluate Water Analysis Instruments,"
E. F. McFarren and R. J. Lishka. JWPCF.
43:67-72. January 1971.
"Bacteriological Quality vs. Residual
Chlorine," R. W. Buelow and G. Walton.
JAWWA. 63:28-35. January 1971.
"Occurrence of Toxic Bivalve Molluscs
During a Gymnodinium breve 'Red Tide' ,"
J. M. Cummins, A. C. Jones and A. A.
Stevens. Trans. American Fisheries
Society. 100:112-116. January 1971.
"Nitrate in Drinking Water," E. F. Winton,
R. G. Tardiff and L. J. McCabe. JAWWA.
63:95-98. February 1971.
"Removal of Viruses from Water and Waste-
water," G. Berg. Proc. 13th Water
Quality Conf. - Virus and Water Quality:
Occurrence and Control, Univ. of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, February 15-16, 1971.
Univ. of Illinois Bull. 69. 126-136.
72
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NERC-C-71-32
NERC-C-71-33
NERC-C-71-34
NERC-C-71-35
NERC-C-71-36
NERC-C-71-37
NERC-C-71-38
NERC-C-71-39
NERC-C-71-40
"Chlorination for Control of Bacteria
and Viruses in Treatment Plant Effluents,"
C. W. Chambers. JWPCF. 43:228-241.
February 1971.
"Chemical Characterization of Bottom
Sediments," D. G. Ballinger and G. D.
McKee. JWPCF. 43:216-227. February 1971.
"Nitrogen in Industry," J. B. Farrell.
Proc. Symposium on Nitrogen in Soil and
Water, Hespeler, Ontario, Canada,
March 30-31, 1971. 92-108.
"Phosphorus Removal Practice," J. F.
Kreissl. Proc. Sanitary Engrg. Institute,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise.,
March 9-10, 1971. 28 pp.
"Nitrogen Removal Today," J. F. Kreissl.
Proc. Sanitary Engrg. Institute, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise., March 9-10,
1971. 20 pp.
"Collecting Ohio River Basin Chironomidae
(Dipthera) with a Floating Sticky Trap,"
W. T. Mason, Jr. and J. E. Sublette.
The Canadian Entomologist. 103:397-404.
March 1971.
"Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Mercaptans,
Phenols , and Organic Acids in Surface
Waters with Use of Pentafluorobenzyl
Derivatives," F. K. Kawahara. Environmental
Science and Technology. 5:235-239.
March 1971.
"Advanced Waste Treatment and Alaska's
North Slope," J. F. Kreissl, S. E. Clark,
J. M. Cohen and A. J. Alter. Proc.
Symposium on Cold Regions Engineering.
Editor: John L. Burdick. Univ. of
Alaska, College, Alaska, August 17-19,
1970. 2:647-689. March 1971.
"Fecal Contamination of Fruits and
Vegetables During Cultivation and Process-
ing for Market. A Review," E. E. Geldreich
and R. H. Bordner. J. Milk and Food
Technology. 34:184-195. April 1971.
73
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NERC-C-71-41
NERC-C-71-H2
NERC-C-71-43
NERC-C-71-44
NERC-C-71-45
NERC-C-71-U6
NERC-C-71-47
NERC-C-71-48
NERC-C-71-49
"Application of Bacteriological Data in
Potable Water Surveillance," E. E. Geldreich.
JAWWA. 63:225-229. April 1971.
"Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Physical
and Chemical Methods," R. V. Villiers, E. L.
Berg, C. A. Brunner and A. N. Masse.
Water and Sewage Works. R-62 - R-64 and
R-77 - R-81. May 1971.
"The Effect of Sludge Additives on Soil
Fungus Populations," W. B. Cooke.
Mycopathologia g Mycologia Applicata.
4U(3):205-219. May 1971.
"Detection of Viruses in Water: A Review
of Methods and Application," W. F. Hill, Jr.,
E. W. Akin and W. H. Benton. Water Research.
5:967-995. Pergamon Press. May 1971.
"Status of Advanced Waste Treatment," I. J.
Kugelman. Proc. Seminar on Advanced Waste-
water Treatment and Disposal, Hauppauge,
New York, June 10, 1971. 19-99.
"Digital Computer Program for the Cost
Engineer," R. Smith. American Association
of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 13(3):21-27.
June 1971.
"Decisions to be Made in the Use of
Automatic Water Quality Monitors," D. G.
Ballinger. Proc. International Symposium
on Identification and Measurement of
Environmental Pollutants, Ottawa, Canada,
June 1971. 18 pp.
"Simulation of Ammonia Stripping from
Wastewater," J. F. Roesler, R. Smith and
R. G. Eilers. J. San. Engrg. Div.,
ASCE. Proc. Paper 8182. 97(SA3):269-286.
June 1971.
"Persistence of Pesticides in River Water,"
J. W. Eichelberger and J. J. Lichtenberg.
Environmental Science and Technology.
5:541-541*. June 1971.
74
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NERC-C-71-50
NERC-C-71-51
NERC-C-71-52
NERC-C-71-53
NERC-C-71-54
NERC-C-71-55
NERC-C-71-56
NERC-C-71-57
NERC-C-71-58
NERC-C-71-59
"Microbiology of Waste Treatment—1970 -
Literature Review," C. W. Chambers.
JWPCF. 43:1217-1221. June 1971.
"Wastewater Treatment by Physical and
Chemical Methods - Literature Review,"
J. M. Cohen. JWPCF. 43:1092-1104.
June 1971.
"Biological Filters - Literature Review,"
R. L. Bunch. JWPCF. 43:1104-1107.
June 1971.
"Limestone Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage,"
R. D. Hill and R. C. Wilmoth. Transactions
of the Society of Mining Engineers, AIME.
250:162-166. June 1971.
"Restoration of a Terrestrial Environment--
the Surface Mine," R. D. Hill. The ASB
Bulletin. 18(3):107-116. July 1971.
"Sludge Dewatering by High-Rate Freezing
at Small Temperature Differences - Dis-
cussion," J. B. Farrell. Environmental
Science and Technology. 5:716.
August 1971.
"Radiological Surveillance Studies at a
Pressurized Water Nuclear Power Reactor,"
B. Kahn, R. L. Blanchard, H. E. Kolde,
H. L. Krieger, S. Gold, W. L. Brinck, W. J.
Averett, D. B. Smith and A. Martin.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA (RD-71-1). 99 pp.
August 1971.
"Analyzing the Effect of Fly Ash on
Water Pollution," F. A. Rohrman. Power.
2 pp. August 1971.
"Artificial Destratification in Reservoirs,"
J. M. Symons.. JAWWA. 63:597-604.
September 1971.
"The 1967 Foray in Texas," W. B. Cooke.
Mycologia. LXIII(5):1063-1067.
September-October 1971.
75
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NERC-C-71-60
NERC-C-71-61
NERC-C-71-62
NERC-C-71-63
NERC-C-71-64
NERC-C-71-65
NERC-C-71-66
NERC-C-71-67
NERC-C-71-68
"Nitrification and Denitrification in
Activated Sludge Systems," M. C. Mulbarger.
JWPCF. 43:2059-2070. October 1971.
"Municipal Pollution Control Technology in
the United States of America," F. M.
Middleton and J. J. Convery. Proc. 1st
U.S./Japanese Conf. on Sewage Treatment
Technology, Tokyo, Japan. October 1971.
80 pp.
"Modern Concept of Disinfection," S. L.
Chang. J. San. Engrg. Div., ASCE
Proc. Paper 8441. 97CSA5):689-707.
October 1971.
"Viral Disinfection of Estuarine Water
by UV," W. F. Hill, Jr., E. W. Akin,
W. H. Benton and F. E. Hamblet. J. San.
Engrg. Div., ASCE. Proc. Paper 8423.
97(SA5):601-615. October 1971.
"Disposal of Mercury Wastes from Water
Laboratories," R. B. Dean, R. T. Williams
and R. H. Wise. Environmental Science ;
and Technology. 5:1044-1045. October
1971,
"Mobile Pilot Plants for the Removal of
Ammonia and Phosphates from Wastewater -
Discussion," J. B. Farrell. Proc. 31st
International Water Conference, Engineers
Society of Western Pennsylvania,
Pittsburgh, Penn., October 1971. 27-28.
"Cost of Residential Solid Waste Collec-
tion," R. M. Clark, B. L. Grupenhoff,
G. A. Garland and A. J. Klee. J. San.
Engrg. Div., ASCE. 97CSA5):563-568.
October 1971.
"Perspectives on Wastewater Treatment
Processes—Physical-Chemical and
Biological," E. F. Earth. JWPCF.
43:2189-2194. November 1971.
"Sludge Dewatering by Freezing," G. S.
Logsdon and E. Edgerley, Jr. JAWWA.
63:734-740. November 1971.
76
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NERC-C-71-69
NERC-C-71-70
NERC-C-71-71
NERC-C-71-72
"An Experimental Depuration Plant:
Operation and Evaluation," B. E. Huntley
and R. J. Hammerstrom. Chesapeake
Science. 12(4):231-239. December 1971.
"Methods for Organic Pesticides in Water
and Wastewater," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental
Research Center, Analytical Quality
Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
52 pp. 1971.
"Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water
and Wastes," U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Environmental Research
Center, Analytical Quality Control
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
312 pp. 1971.
"Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing,"
E. J. Struzeski, Jr. Proc. Street
Salting Urban Water Quality Workshop,
State Univ. College of Forestry, Syracuse,
New York. May 6, 1971. 14-19.
77
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NERC-C-72-1
NERC-C-72-2
NERC-C-72-3
NERC-C-72-4
NERC-C-72-5
NERC-C-72-6
NERC-C-72-7
NERC-C-72-8
"Design of Treatment Facilities for the
Control of Nitrogenous Materials," E. F.
Barth. Water Research. 6:481-483. 1972.
"Viruses in Water--Current Status," G.
Berg. Air and Water Pollution. Editors:
Wesley E. Brittin,Ronald West, and
Robert Williams. 45-65. Colorado
Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, CO. 1972.
"Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin and the Metabolism
and Cation Fluxes in Isolated Cerebral
Tissues," R. J. Bull and A. J. Trevor.
J. Neurochemistry. 19:999-1009. 1972.
"Sodium and the Flux of Calcium Ions in
Electrically-Stimulated Cerebral Tissue,"
R. J. Bull and A. J. Trevor.
J. Neurochemistry. 19:1011-1022. 1972.
"Pathways for the Transfer of Radionuclides
from Nuclear Power Reactors Through the
Environment to Man," R. L. Blanchard and
B. Kahn. Proc. International Symposium on
Radioecology Applied to the Protection of
Man and His Environment, Rome, Italy,
September 7-10, 1971.1:175-190. 1972.
"Disinfection and Temperature Influences,"
C. W. Chambers and G. Berg. Proc.
International Symposium on Water Pollution
Control in Cold Climates, Fairbanks,
Alaska, July 22-24, 1970. 312-328. 1972.
"Physical-Chemical Treatment for Wastewater,"
J. M. Cohen and I. J. Kugelman. Water
Research. 6:487-492. 1972.
"Automatic Amino Acid Analyses for
Determining the Amount and Quality of
Protein in Fungal Protein and in Other
Protein Sources,". W. E. Coleman.
Symposium: Seed Proteins. Editor: G. E.
Inglett. Chapter 2(J: 2VV-283. Avi
Publishing Co., Inc. 1972.
78
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NERC-C-72-9
NERC-C-72-10
NERC-C-72-11
NERC-C-72-12
NERC-C-72-13
NERC-C-72-14
NERC-C-72-15
NERC-C-72-16
"The Use of Ultraviolet Absorbance for
Monitoring the Total Organic Carbon
Content of Water and Wastewater," R. A.
Dobbs , R. H. Wise and R. B. Dean.
Water Research. 6:1173-1180. 1972.
"Buffalo Lake Recreational Water Quality:
A Study in Bacteriological Data
Interpretation," E. E. Geldreich.
Water Research. 6:913-924. 1972.
"Water-Borne Pathogens," E. E. Geldreich.
Water Pollution Microbiology. Editor:
Ralph Mitchell.Chapter 9:207-241.
Wiley Interscience. 1972.
"Environmental Experience with Radioactive
Effluents from Operating Nuclear Power
Plants," B. Kahn, C. Weaver and B. Shleien.
Proc. 4th International Conference on the
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva,
September 6-l€, 1971. 11:559-573. 1972.
"Radionuclides Used in Biological Research,"
H. E. Kolde and W. E. Siri. Biology Data
Book, Editors: Philip L. Altman and
Dorothy S. Dittmer. 1:477-484. 2nd
Edition. Federation of Societies for
-Experimental Biology. 1972.
"Review and Comment on Waste Treatment
Techniques for Commercial Vessels,"
W. Librizzi. Pollution Control In the
Marine Industries.
Editor: Thomas P. P.
163-180. International
1972.
Sullivan.
Association for Pollution Control.
"New Approaches to Water Quality Control
in Impoundments," J. E. Ridley and J.
Symons. Water Pollution Microbiology.
Editor: Ralph Mitchell. Chapter 17:389-412
Wiley Interscience. 1972.
"A Comparative Study of the Inactivation
of Viruses in Water by Chlorine," P. V.
Scarpino, G. Berg, S. L. Chang, D.
Dahling and M. Lucas. Water Research.
6:959-965. 1972.
79
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NERC-C-72-17
NERC-C-72-18
NERC-C-72-19
NERC--C-72-20
NERC-C-72-21
NERC-C-72-22
NERC-C-72-23
NERC-C-72-24
NERC-C-72-25
"Cost to the Consumer of Collecting and
Treatment Waste Water in the U.S.,"
R. Smith and R. G. Eilers. Man and His
Environment: The Effects of Pollution
on Man.Editor: T. R. Vickery.
Part 3:83-132.
Press. 1972.
Syracuse University
"Coprostanol: A Positive Tracer of
Fecal Pollution," H. H. Tabak, R. N.
Bloomhuff and R. L. Bunch.
Developments in Industrial Microbiology.
13(Chapter 25):296-307. 1972.
"Isolation and Characterization of AS-1,
a Phycovirus Infecting the Blue-green
Algae, Anacystis nidulans and
Synechococcus cedrorum," R. S. Safferman,
T. 0. Diener, P. R. Desjardins, and
M. E. Morris. Virology. 47:105-113.
January 1972.
"New, Simplified Methods for Metal
Analysis," E. F. McFarren. Water
Technology/Quality, JAWWA. 28-31.
January 1972.
"Mercury in Drinking-Water Supplies,"
R. J. Hammerstrom, D. E. Hissong, F. C.
Kopfler, J. Mayer, E. F. McFarren, and
B. H. Pringle. JAWWA. 64:60-61.
January 1972.
"Economic Basis for Recycling Solid Waste,"
0. W. Albrecht. The Environmental
Capsule. 2 pp. January and February
1972.
" 'Cold Vapor' Method for Determining
Mercury," J. F. Kopp, M. C. Lonsbottom,
and L. B. Lobring. JAWWA. 64:20-25.
January 1972.
"Determination of Nitrilotriacetic Acid
by High-Speed Ion Exchange Chromatography,
J. E. Longbottom. Analytical Chemistry.
1+4:418-4-20. February 1972.
"Instruments for Water Quality Monitoring,"
D G. Ballinger. Environmental Science
and Technology. 6:130-133. February 1972.
80
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NERC-C-72-26
NERC-C-72-27
NERC-C-72-28
NERC-C-72-29
NERC-C-72-30
NERG-C-72-31
NERC-C-72-32
NERC-C-72-33
"Present and Future Technology Requirements
for the Containment of Hazardous Material
Spills," I. Wilder and J. E. Brugger.
Proc. 1972 Nat'l Conf. on Control of
Hazardous Material Spills , Univ. of
Houston, Houston, Texas, March 21-23, 1972.
77-83.
"In Situ Treatment Methods for Hazardous
Material Spills," R. C. Ziegler and J. P.
Lafornara. Proc. 1972 Nat'l Conf. on
Control of Hazardous Material Spills,
Univ. of Houston, Houston, Texas,
March 21-23, 1972. 157-171.
"Hazardous Material Spills vs Oil Spills
Common Biological Denominator," R. J.
Nadeau and R. T. Dewling. Proc. 1972
Nat'l Conf. on Control of Hazardous
Material Spills, Univ. of Houston,
Houston, Texas, March 21-23, 1972.
211-216.
"Outbreaks of Waterborne Diseases in the
United States, 1961-1970," A. Taylor, Jr.,
G. F. Craun, G. A. Faich, and L. L. McCabe.
J. Infectious Diseases. 125:329-331.
March 1972.
"Nitrogen Removal from Municipal Wastewater
by Columnar Denitrification," J. M. Smith,
A. N. Masse, W. A. Feige, and L. J.
Kamphake. Environmental Science and
Technology. 6:260-267. March 1972.
"Construction Techniques for Sanitary
Landfills," N. S-chomaker. Waste Age.
24-25 and 42-44. March-April 1972.
"Elkins Mine Drainage Pollution Control
Demonstration Project—An Update," R. D.
Hill and J. F. Martin. Proc. 4th
Symposium on Coal Mine Drainage Research,
Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
April 26-27, 1972. 96-104.
"Treatment of Ferrous Iron Acid Mine
Drainage by Reverse Osmosis," R. C.
Wilmoth, D. G. Mason and M. Gupta. Proc.
4th Symposium on Coal Mine Drainage
Research, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, April 26-27, 1972. 115-156.
81
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NERC-C-72-34
NERC-C-72-35
NERC-C-72-36
NERC-C-72-37
NERC-C-72-38
NERC-C-72-39
NERC-C-72-40
NERC-C-72-41
NERC-C-72-42
NERC-C-72-43
"Combination Limestone-Lime Treatment of
Acid Mine Drainage," R. C. Wilmoth, R. B.
Scott and R. D. Hill. Proc. 4th Symposium
on Coal Mine Drainage Research, Mellon
Institute 3 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
April 26-27, 1972. 244-265.
"An Overview of Hazardous Waste Disposal,"
L. P. Wallace. Proc. 2nd Annual
Environmental Engrg. and Science Conf.,
Louisville, Kentucky, April 20-21, 1972.
779-787.
"Virus in Water, II. Evaluation of
Membrane Cartridge Filters for Recovering
Low Multiplicities of Poliovirus from
Water," W. F. Hill, Jr., E. W. Akin,
W. H. Benton and T. G. Metcalf.
Applied Microbiology. 23:880-888.
May 1972.
"Inexpensive Mercury-Specific Gas
Chromatographic Detector," J. E. Longbottom
Analytical Chemistry. 44(6):1111-1112.
May 1972.
"Biological Filters - Literature Review,"
R. L. Bunch. JWPCF. 44:923-924.
June 1972.
"Microbiology of Water - Literature Review,"
E. E. Geldreich. JWPCF. 44:1159-1172.
June 1972.
"Microbiology of Waste Treatment - Literature
Review," C. W. Chambers. JWPCF.
44:1172-1175. June 1972.
"Microbiology-Waterborne Outbreaks -
Literature Review," G. F. Craun. JWPCF.
44:1175-1182. June 1972.
"Microbiological Pathogens in Animals and
Their Detection - Literature Review,"
D. J. Reasoner. JWPCF. 44:1182-1193.
June 1972.
"Microbiology—Detection and Occurrence
of Viruses - Literature Review," G. Berg.
JWPCF. 44:1193-1197. June 1972.
82
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NERC-C-72-44
NERC-C-72-45
NERC-C-72-46
NERC-C-72-47
NERC-C-72-48
NERC-C-72-49
NERC-C-72-50
"Wastewater Treatment by Physical and
Chemical Methods - Literature Review,"
J. M. Cohen and I. J. Kugelman. JWPCF.
44:915-923. June 1972.
"Reassessment of the Virus Problem in
Sewage and in Surface and Renovated
Waters," G. Berg. Proc. 6th
International Water Pollution Research
Conf., Jerusalem, June 18-23, 1972.
B/14/28/1 - B/14/28/8.
"Cost of Reclamation.and Mine Drainage
Abatement, Elkins Demonstration Project,"
R. B. Scott, R. C. Wilmoth, and R. D.
Hill. Transactions of the Society of
Mining Engineers, AIME. 252:187-193.
June 1972.
"The Federal Government's Role in
Recycling," 0. W. Albrecht. Univ. of
Kentucky, College of Engrg. Technical
Report UKY 44-72-CE 11. pp. 3.
June 1972.
"Research Needs for Advanced Waste
Treatment," F. M. Middleton and R.
Stenburg. J. San. Engrg. Div. ,
ASCE. 98CSA3):515-528. June 1972.
L.
Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment,
Editor: F. L. Evans III. Ann Arbor
Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan. 1972. pp. 195. (Available
from Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.,
Ann Arbor, Michigan at $14.50/copy).
"Ozone as a Water and Wastewater
Disinfectant: A Literature Review,"
A. D. Venosa. Ozone in Water and
Wastewater Treatment.Editor:F. L.
Evans. Chapter 5:83-100. Ann Arbor
Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan. 1972.
83
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NERC-C-72-51
NERC-C-72-52
NERC-C-72-53
NERC-C-72-54
NERC-C-72-55
NERC-C-72-56
NERC-C-72-S7
NERC-C-72-58
"A New Method for the Gas Chromatographic
Separation and Detection of Dialkylmercury
Compounds — Application to River Water
Analysis," R. C. Dressman. J. Chromato-
graphic Science. 10:472-475. July 1972.
"The Conversion of Pheny liner curie Salts
DiphenyImercury and Phenylmercurie
Chloride Upon Gas Chromatographic
Injection," R. C. Dressman.
J. Chromatographic Science. 10:468-472.
July 1972.
"Management: and C 'ol of Combined
Sewer Overflows," R. Field and E. J.
Struzeski, Jr. JWPCF. 44:1393-1415.
July 1972.
"Nitrogen Removal by Ammonia Stripping,"
T. P. O'Farrell, F. P. Frauson, A. F.
Cassel and D. F. Bishop. JWPCF.
44:1527-1535. August 1972.
"Production of Fungal Protein from
Cellulose and Waste Cellulosics,"
C. J. Rogers, E. ColeTian, D. F. Spino,
T. C. Purcell and P. V. Scarpino.
Environmental Science and Technology.
6:715-719. August 1972.
"Municipal Waste Treatment by Physical-
Chemical Methods," J. F. Kreissl and J.
J. Westrick. Applications of New
Concepts of Physical-Chemical Wastewater
Treatment. Editor: W. W.E chenfeIder, Jr.
1-11. Pergamon Press. London. 1972.
"The Necessity of Controlling Bacterial
Populations in Potable Waters: Community
Water Supply," E. E. Geldreich, H. D.
Nash, D. J. Reasoner and R. H. Taylor.
JAWWA. 64:596-602. September 1972.
"Bridging the Gap - Analysis of Federal
Programs Affecting Solid Waste
Generation and Recycling: a Summation,"
H. M. Freeman, D. E. Ross and R. P. Stearns,
waste Age. pp. 5.- September/October" 1972 .
84
-------
NERC-C-72-59
NERC-C-72-60
NERC-C-72-61
NERC-C-72-62
NERC-C-72-63
NERC-C-72-64
NERC-C-72-65
NERC-C-72-66
"Automation and Control of Physical-
Chemical Treatment for Municipal
Wastewater," J. J. Convery, J. F.
Roesler and R. H. Wise. Proc.
International Conf. Applications of
New Concepts of Physical-Chemical
Wastewater Treatment, Vanderbilt Univ.,
Nashville, Tennessee, September 18-22,
1972. Pergamon Press, Inc. 199-209.
"Impediments to Recycling Obsolete
Ferrous Scrap," 0. W. Albrecht." Public
Works. pp. 4. October 1972.
"Characterization and Identification of
Spilled Residual Fuel Oils by Gas
Chromatography and Infrared
Spectrophotometry," F. K. Kawahara.
J. Chromatographic Science. 10:629-636.
October 1972.
"The Utilization of Expert Opinion in
Decision-Making," A. J. Klee.
J. American Industrial Chemical Engrg.
18(6):1107-1115. November 1972.
"Radiorespirometry in the Study of
Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants," S. D. Lee, K. C. Butler,
R. M. Banner, L. McMillan, W. Moore _,and
J. F. Stara. American Laboratory. 8-14.
December 1972.
"Basic Data for Solid Waste Management,"
R. M. Clark, J. R. Sweeten, and D. G.
Greathouse. J. San. Engrg. Div., ASCE.
98CSA6):897-907. December 1972.
"Prediction of Heat of Combustion of
Solid Wastes from Ultimate Analysis,"
D. L. Wilson. Environmental Science and
Technology. 6(13):1119-1121.
December 1972.
"A Correction in the Comparison of 210Pb
Skeletal Levels with Radon Daughter
Exposures," W. L-. Wagner , V. E. Archer
and R. L. Blanchard. Health Physics.
23:871-872. December 1972. '
85
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NERC-C-72-67
NERC-C-72-68
NERC-C-72-69
NERC-C-72-70
NERC-C-72-71
NERC-C-72-72
NERC-C-72-73
NERC-C-72-74
"Hexachlorophane Teratogenicity in Rats,"
C. A. Kimmel, W. Moore, Jr., and J. F.
Stara. Lancet. 765. October 7, 1972.
"Advanced Waste Treatment Systems at the
Environmental Protection Agency -
District of Columbia Pilot Plant," D. F.
Bishop, T. P. O'Farrell, J. B. Stamberg,
and J. W. Porter. AlChe Symposium
Series 124, Water 1971. 68:11-24. 1972.
"Activated Sludge Treatment with Oxygen,"
J. B. Stamberg, D. F. Bishop and G. Kumke.
AlChe Symposium Series 124, Water 1971.
68:25-34. 1972.
"Alum Addition to Activated Sludge with
Tertiary Solids Removal," A. B. Hais,
J. B. Stamberg and D. F. Bishop. AlChe
Symposium Series 124, Water 1971.
68:35-42. 1972.
"Physical-Chemical Nitrogen Removal from
Municipal Wastewater," A. F. Cassel,
T. A. Pressley, W. W. Schuk, and D. F.
Bishop. AlChe Symposium Series 124,
Water 1971. 68:56-64. 1972.
"Computer Control of Physical-Chemical
Wastewater Treatment," D. F. Bishop,
W.W. Schuk, R. B. Samworth, R. Bernstein
and E. Fein. Pollution: Engineering and
Scientific Solutions. Editor: Euval S.
Barrekette.522-547. Plenum Publishing
Corp., New York. 1972.
"Nutrient Removal from Wastewater by
Physical-Chemical Processes," J. M. Cohen.
Nutrients in Natural Waters. Editors:
Herbert E. Alien and James R. Kramer.
Chapter XII:353-389. John Wiley S Sons,
Inc. 1972.
"Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment
Plants," J. M. Smith, A. N. Masse and W. A.
Feige. Proc. International Conf.
Applications of New Concepts of Physical-
Chemical Wastewater Treatment, Vanderbilt
Univ., Nashville, Tennessee, September 18-
22, 1972. Pergamon Press, Inc. 103-117.
86
-------
NERC-C-72-75
NERC-C-72-76
NERC-C-72-77
NERC-C-72-78
NERC-C-72-79
"Active Research Projects Report—Fiscal
Year 1972," U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Environmental Research
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. 742 pp. 1972.
"Membrane Filter Technique for Enumeration
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa," M. A. Levin
and V. J. Cabelli. Applied Microbiology.
24(6):864-870. December 1972.
"Radiological Surveillance at Pressurized
Water Reactors," W. L. Brinck, H. E. Kolde,
H. L. Krieger and B. Kahn. Trans. Amer.
Nucl. Soc. 15:640-641. 1972.
"Handbook for Analytical Quality Control
in Water and Wastewater Laboratories,"
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio. June 1972.
"EPA's Watercraft Waste Program,"
W. J. Librizzi. Proc. 1972 Conf. on
Sewage Control for Great Lakes Vessels,
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
January 1972. 3-12.
87
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RESEARCH REPORTS
Environmental Monitoring Series
Report Number Title
EPA-R4-72-002 "Tentative Procedure Analyzing Pesticide
Residues in Solid Wastes," R. A. Carnes
15 pp. August 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS
EPA-RU-72-006 "References for the Identification of
Freshwater Macroinvertebrates," P. A.
Lewis
17 pp. October 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 379
Paper Back $3.00
Microfiche .95
EPA-R4-72-003 "Analyses for Mercury in Water—A
Preliminary Study of Methods," J. A.
Winter and H. A. Clements
58 pp. September 1972.
Source;
NERC-Cincinnati
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Report Number Title
SW-72-U-4- "Analysis of Federal Programs Affecting
Solid Waste Generation and Recycling"
153 pp. 1972.
(Project Officer: Harry Freeman)
Source;
NTIS - PB 213 311
Paper Back $3.00
Microfiche .95
88
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Report Number Title
SW-72-3-3 "Corrosion Studies in Municipal
Incinerators"
120 pp. 1972.
(Project Officer: R. Thurnau)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 378
Paper Back $3.00
Microfiche .95
SW-72-1-1 "Landfi-11 Decomposition Gases--An
Annotated Bibliography," J. A. Geyer
28 pp. June 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 487
Paper Back $3.75
Microfiche .95
EPA-R2-72-011 "Management Information for Solid Waste
Collection," R. M. Clark
18 pp. August 1972.
Source;
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 308
Paper Back $3.00
Microfiche .95
EPA-R2-72-012 "Urban Solid Waste Management; Economic
Case Study," R. M. Clark
21 pp. August 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 394
Paper Back $3.00
Microfiche .95
EPA-R2-72-046 "An Investigation of the Biodegradability
of Packaging Plastics"
80 pp. August 1972.
(Project Officer: C. J. Rogers)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 488
Paper Back $4-. 85
Microfiche .95
89
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Report Number Title
EPA-R2-72-059 "The Beverage Container Problem--Analysis
and Recommendations"
190 pp. September 1972.
(Project Officer: R. H. Ongerth)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $2.25
NTIS - PB 213 341
Paper Back $6.75
Microfiche .95
EPA-R2-72-004 "Identification of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls in the Presence of DDT-Type
Compounds"
62 pp. October 1972.
(Project Officer: D. G. Ballinger)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $1.25
EPA-R2-72-131 "Microbiological Studies of Compost
Plant Dust," D. H. Armstrong and M. L.
Peterson
13 pp. November 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS
EPA-R2-72-055 "Biological Effects of Oil Pollution--
Selected Bibliography II," R. J. Nadeau
and T. H. Roush
62 pp. November 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 483
Paper Back $4.50
Microfiche .95
EPA-R2-72-031 "An Investigation of Phosphorus Removal
Mechanisms in Activated Sludge Systems"
146 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: R. L. Bunch)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $2.00
90
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Report Number Title
EPA-R2-72-065 "Full Scale Parallel Activated Sludge
Process Evaluation"
203 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: R. G. Eilers)
Source:
GPO$"2. 75
EPA-R2-72-123 "Ammonia Removal in a Physical-Chemical
Wastewater Treatment Process"
66 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: F. L. Evans III)
Source:
GPO$~1.25
EPA-R2-72-053 "Initial Mixing in Coagulation Processes"
161 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: S. A. Hannah)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $2.25
EPA-R2-72-056 "Acid Mine Drainage Treatment by Ion
Exchange"
215 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: R. D. Hill)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $2.75
EPA-R2-72-119 "Revegetation Augmentation by Reuse of
Treated Active Surface Mine Drainage"
147 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: R. D. Hill)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $2.00
EPA-R2-72-1U7 "Biological Consequences of Plant Residue
Decomposition in Soil"
136 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: C. C. Wiles)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS
91
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Report Number Title
EPA-R2-72-101* "Photochemical Methods for Purifying
Water"
29 pp. November 1972.
(Project Officer: R. H. Wise)
Source;
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO 70 cents
EPA-R2-72-032 "Fluidized Bed Clarification as Applied
to Wastewater Treatment"
98 pp. December 1972.
(Project Officer: J. F. Kreissl)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $1.50
EPA-R2-72-064 "Calcium Phosphate Precipitation in
Wastewater Treatment"
96 pp. December 1972.
(Project Officer: W. A. Schwartz)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $1.50
EPA-R2-72-103 "Hollow Fiber Technology for Advanced
Waste Treatment"
91 pp. December 1972.
(Project Officer: J. M. Smith)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
EPA-R2-72-125 "A Search: New Technology for Pavement
Snow and Ice Control"
55 pp. December 1972.
(Project Officers: R. Fields and H. E.
Masters)
Source:
GPCf ^1.00
92
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Report Number Title
EPA-R2-72-039 "The Appearance and Visibility of Thin
Oil Films on Water, B. A. Hornstein
95 pp. August 1972.
Source:
GPO $2.50
EPA-R2-72-049 "Concept Evaluation: Recovery of Floating
Oil Using Polyurethane Foam Sorbent"
97 pp. 'September 1972.
(Project Officer: R. T. Dewling)
Source:
GPO51.50
EPA-R2-72-054 "Runoff of Oils from Rural Roads Treated
to Suppress Dust," F. J. Freestone
29 pp. October 1972.
Source:
GPO $"1.00
EPA-R2-72-008 "The Swirl Concentrator as a Combined
Sewer Overflow Regulator Facility"
179 pp. September 1972.
(Project Officer: R. I. Field)
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati (EWQRL)
GPO $2.25
93
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Socioeconomic Environmental Protection Series
Report Number Title
EPA-R5-72-004 "An Investment Decision Model for Control
Technology," R. M. Clark
20 pp. September 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
NTIS - PB 213 482
Paper Back $3.00
Microfiche .95
EPA-R5-72-003 "Metropolitan Housewives' Attitudes
Toward Solid Waste Disposal"
80 pp. September 1972.
Source:
NERC-Cincinnati
GPO $1.50
NTIS - PB 213 340.
Paper Back $5.45
Microfiche .95
UiewaotenHMKmtG Cfftt ]jn- 758-486/1010 94
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