PROJECTS
   U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
         CINCINNATI, OHIO

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        MINE  DRAINAGE  POLLUTION  CONTROL




       RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT  PROJECTS
       U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR




FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION




                    1968

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                    MINE  DRAINAGE  POLLUTION CONTROL



                    RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS








      Stream pollution  resulting  from mining operations is a serious problem



 in  the United States.  Annually  approximately 500 billion gallons of mine



 drainage  containing 5  to  10 million tons of acid pollute over 10,000 miles



 of  surface  streams  and more than 15,000 acres of impounded waters.  Recogniz-



 ing the significance of the mine drainage pollution problem, the Federal



 Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) of the U. S. Department of



 the Interior has launched a program to prevent and control this source of



 pollution.



      To find solutions to the complex mine drainage problem, FWPCA has



 initiated a  broad research program, including research by its own staff



 and support  of research and development by industry, universities, State



 Government,  and research  firms.  Research and development grants and



 contracts were made available under the 1966 amendments to the Federal



 Water Pollution Control Act.



      During  fiscal year 1968, the number of mine drainage projects supported



 by  FWPCA  increased several fold.  For those who have interests in this



 field, this  formal listing of current projects has been compiled.  As



 other projects are initiated, addenda to the loose-leaf folio will be



made  available.  Those wishing to receive these new sheets, as issued,



may request them of:

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                 Mine Drainage Pollution Control Activities



                 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration




                 U.S. Department of the Interior



                 4676 Columbia Parkway




                 Cincinnati, Ohio  45226



     Other information and application forms for research and development



grants and contracts can be obtained also from the Mine Drainage Pollution



Control Activities, or from:



                 Office of Research and Development



                 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration



                 U.S. Department of the Interior




                 633
                 Washington, D. C.  20242

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FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION




              IN-HOUSE RESEARCH

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Acid Mine  Drainage  Demonstration Project #1



 PROJECT SITE:   Coalton, West Virginia



 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




                  This  project was initiated  in 1964 near Elkins, West



Virginia.  Here  a large drift mine had been extensively strip rained along



the outcrop.  As much as 80,000 pounds of acid was discharging daily to




Tygart River from the mining complex.  The project sought to determine



what might be the effects on water quality in the receiving stream if water



were diverted away from the deep mine and if  land reclamation were applied



to the surface mines.   During this reclamation, some 450 subsidence holes



were filled and  12.5 miles of surface mines were reclaimed.  Both wet and



dry mine seals were built.  The reclamation work was completed in November



1967.  In the spring of 1968 the disturbed land was revegetated to prevent



erosion and water pollution.




                  The effectiveness of the reclamation project in reducing



water pollution  is now  being determined through a program of water samples



and analysis, and air S£unpling of the atmosphere within the mines.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Chemical Treatment of Mine Drainage



PROJECT SITE:  Norton, Vest Virginia




PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        Methods of chemically treating mine drainage will be studied.



Initial studies will be conducted to optimize the neutralization of acid




mine drainage with lime and limestone.



        The chemical treatment of residues from other mine drainage treatment



processes will also be studied.  Initial tests will be conducted on the



treatment of the brine from a reverse osmosis unit treating acid mine




drainage.



        Project was initiated in 1968.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Handling and Disposal of Residues from Mine Drainage




                Treatment Systems



PROJECT SITE:  Norton, West Virginia



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The handling and disposal of sludges and brines produced by mine




drainage treatment systems are major problems.  This investigation will



determine the characteristics of these residual materials and evaluate



various methods of handling and disposing of them.  Initial studies will



include disposal to abandoned strip pits and underground mines of reverse




osmosis brine and neutralization process sludges.



        Project was initiated in 1968.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Mine Drainage



PROJECT SITE:  Norton, West Virginia



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        This is a cooperative project between the Office of Saline Water




and FWPCA to study the treatment of acid mine drainage by reverse osmosis.




Areas being studied include:  membrane life under acid conditions, maximizing



water recovery rates, salt rejection, iron removal and membrane cleaning.



        Project was initiated January 1968.

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       GRANTS AND CONTRACTS






             AWARDED






      UNDER SECTIONS 5 AND 6






FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT

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PROJECT TITLE:  Sulfide Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD 271-01



GRANTEE:  Bituminous Coal Research, Incorporated



          350 Hochberg Road



          Monroeville, Pennsylvania  15146



PROJECT SITE:  Allegheny County, Monroeville, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $77,690



FEDERAL GRANT:  $54,380 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        This project involves laboratory process studies on the recovery



of sulfide reagents from sludge, production of sulfides from coal refuse



material and optimization of various unit operations in the sulfide



treatment of acid mine drainage process.  Engineering and costs evaluation



of the system projected to full industrial scale operation will be made.



If these evaluations are favorable, a pilot plant and later a demonstration



plant will be considered.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Treatment of Acid Mine  Drainage -  Sulfur and Iron Recovery




PROJECT NUMBER:   1A-12-52V




CONTRACTOR:  Black, Sivalls and Bryson,  Incorporated




             7500 East 12l.h Street




             Kansas City, Missouri  ^126




PROJECT SITE:  Kansas Ciiv, Missouri




TOTAL PHOJECI COST:  $250,000




FEDERAL GRAM:  $250,000




CONTRACT PERIOD:  April 18, iVbV through April 17, 1970




PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



       A process has been described whereby acid mine drainage will be




i.rea*. ed '.o produce a high quality wa. er and iron and sulfur will  be recovered



fron the wasUs material.  During this project the  feasibility of  this process




will be dol ernined and laboratory studies will be  conducted on some of the




unknown areas.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Acid Mine Drainage -  Pilot  Plant  Evaluation




PROJECT NUMBER:  U010 DO




ORANTEE:  Carnegie-Mellon Institute




          U*00 Fifth Avenue




          Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  15213




TOTAL PROJECT COST:




FEDERAL GRANT:  $W>



PROJECT PERIOD:  Ociober 1, 1V68 through September 30,




PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



       The runosc of ;.he research is ..o advance  the understanding of the




effect of microbiological factors of formation of acid mine drainage.  It



is intended -o demonstrate the feasibility of a meihod for quantification



of baolorical-chcmical reactions and I heir rates  of production of acid mine



wa! P-r.  The s;udy involves a systematic applicai ion of selected environmental



and ->h -sical factors into a labora. ory test model :o simulate acid mine




drainage formation conditions as i.hey occur in ..he field ar>i to measure




i heir --ffccL.

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage - Desulfating




 PROJECT NUMBER:  14-12-518




 CONTRACTOR:  Catalytic Construction Company




             1528 Walnut Street




             Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  Iyl02




 PROJECT SITE:  Norton, West Virginia, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and




               Philadelphia, Pennsylvania




TOTAL PROJECT COST:  403^,000




 FEDERAL GRANT:  W30,UOO




CONTRACT PERIOD:  April 7, 1V6V through April 6, 1V71



 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



       The barium sulfate ion exchange process for the treatment of acid




mine drainage will be studied.  Specifically small laboratory feasibility




studies will be conducted at Norton, West Virginia.   The marketability of




barium sulfate will be determined and a feasibility of the basic desul-




fating process as applied to the treatment of acid mine drainage will



be studied.  If applicable,  a pilot plant will be constructed and the



process further evaluated.

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PROJECT TITLE]:  Microbiological Removal of Iron from Mine Drainage Waters




PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD 36-01-68



GRANTEE:  Continental Oil Company




          P. 0. Drawer 126?



          Ponca City, Oklahoma 74601



PROJECT SITE:  Ponca City, Oklahoma



TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST:  $115,996



FEDERAL GRANT:  $75,886 - Awarded August 8, 1967



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The removal of iron from acid mine drainage waters will be examined



using two different microorganisms.  First, iron oxidizing bacteria will



be used to convert the iron from the ferrous form to a ferric iron precip-



itate.  Then sulfate reducing bacteria will be utilized to precipitate the



iron as iron sulfide.  Upon completion of the laboratory testing, field



studies will be accomplished using lagoons.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Research, Development and Field Testing of Mine Water




                Pollution Abatement Methods




PROJECT NUMBER:  14-12-453



GRANTEE:  Halliburton Company




          Duncan, Oklahoma  73533



PROJECT SITE:  Clarksburg, West Virginia



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $322,000



FEDERAL CONTRACT:  $322,000 - Awarded July 1968



Research and Development Contract awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        To conduct research and development of techniques and materials



for rapid building of bulkheads to permit more efficient mine sealing



(grouting).  Laboratory and field work will be conducted to develop



more efficient pneumatic placement of plugs and bulkheads and render them



impermeable after placement.  Further techniques will be developed for



plugging a high flow mine and the feasibility of developing plugs of



controlled permeability will be determined.  The work to be performed, will



expand present knowledge so as to have greater applicability of this



sealing method as well as provide more realistic assessment of the



technique's limitations in controlling mine drainage.

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 PROJECT  TITLE:   Xicrobial Mediation in Generation of Acid Kine Wastes




 PROJECT  NUMBER:   IUQIO DTC




 GRANTEE:   Harvard University




           Cambridge, Massachusetts   02138




 PROJECT  SITK:  Cambridge,  Massachusetts




 TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $27.018




 FEDERAL  GRAN1:   $25,667



 CONTRACT PERIOD:   July  1.  Iv6«' through  June 30.  1970




 Research and  Devcloomen- Grant awarded  under Sec:ion 5, Federal Water



 Pollution  Control Act.




 PROJEC']  DESCRIPTION:



       1.  'io develon a field method which permits measurements of  the




 svnihe'ic  activity of auto\rophic iron  bacteria  in situ.




       2.  To perform  field  studies wi'h carbon-1/*.




       3.  a.  Measure  insitu, the activity of autotrophic bacteria directly




 or indirectly involvr-d  in  oxidation of  pyritic agglomerates.




           b.  Compare  microbial activity of various  locations  in the mine,




 .i.e.. vapar nhase  and liquid phase reaci ion sites, and interrelate these




 findinrs wi>h results on chemical analysis for pH, Fe (II), Fe  (III),




acidity, SO^-2.



       U.  Comparison of mine wa'. ers which differ  i.n 1 he rate of acidity




production in an attempt, to elucidate the chemical and biological factors




responsible for th^se differences.



       5.  Evaluation of the results with regard 1 o possible modes of con-




trol of microbial activity.

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Oxidation  of Iron in Acid Mine Waters




 PROJECT NUMBER:   PH  36-66-10?




 GRANTEE:   Harvard University




           Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138



 PROJECT SITE:  Cambridge,  Massachusetts



 TOTAL  PROJECT COST:  $40,000



 FEDERAL CONTRACT:  $40,000 - Awarded March 1966



 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




        The purpose  of this  project is to study the oxidation of ferrous



 iron under acid  mine drainage conditions.  The following specific areas



 will be studied:   to determine rate of air oxidation of ferrous iron in



 the presence of  sulfate within the pH range 2-5, to determine rate of



 ferric  iron hydrolysis within the pH range 2-5, to investigate the



 colloid-chemistry  properties  of hydrolyzed iron (III), and to investigate



 the above  under  the  effect of the following catalysts (Mn+2, Cu+2, Si(OH)i ,



            .  Project win end December 1968.
Publications:  Kinetics of the Oxidation of Ferrous Iron, Phillip Singer



and Werner Stumm, Second Symposium on Coal Mine Drainage Research, Mellon



Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1968.

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 PROJECT TIVLE:  Treatment of Acid Mine Drainane - Foam Fractionation




 PROJECT  NUMBER:  LU-12-/v96




 CONTRACTOR:   Horizons, Incorporated




              2905 East 7vih Street




              Cleveland, Ohio  4410A




 PROJECT  SI-'E:   Cleveland, Ohio




 TOTAL PROJECT  COST:   $^9,300




 FEDERAL  GRANT:   U9.300



 CONTRACT PERIOD:   February 28.  1969 throurh January 31,  1970




 PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:




       1.  'Io  find a  single detergent or simple mixture  of detergents t.hat



 would  remove iron manganese, alui.iinum,  and Calcitun under mine drainage



 conditions.




       2.  To  locat--  dei.ergents  thai  would  be specific to each ion indiv-



 idually.




       3.  To prepare  a repor. indicating ohe feasibility of removing




iran. manranese. al'iminun,  and calcium from acid mine  drainage by foam




fraction and estimated  cost of such a process LO treat flows of 0.1 and



1 mp.d.

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 PROJEC'l  TITLE:   Treatmen . of Acid Mine Drainage - Reverse Osmosis




 PROJECT  NUHHKR:   U-12-525



 CONTRACTOR:   r,ulf General Atomic, Incorporated




              P.  0. Box 008




              San Diep,o,  California




 PROJECT  SITE:  Norton, Wesu Virginia




 TOTAL  PROJECT COST:   $107,155




 FEDERAL  GRANT:   $107,155




 CONTRACT PERIOD:   April  7,  1969 through October 1^




 PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:



       1.  SurjTjlv engineering services and equipment npcessary to provide




 ••>ne t.,000 r.nd reverse osmosis plant  for operation on mine drainage including




 SF . s of  hifh sr:l.cctivity and  irr.ermedia-.e selectivii.y-nifh flux modules.




       2.  Conduct and supervise,  FWPCA personnel in conducting a series




of fi'ild  test ox^eriJnfinJ..s on  each of two  mine drainapo sites LO determine




 -ho applicability  of  reverse  osmosis 10 producing water for  discharfe into




S'reams or for domestic  or  industrial  purposes.



       3.  Conduct laboratory experiments and investigations to support




i he2 overall oro^ram.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Flocculai-ion and Clarification  of  Mineral Suspensions




PROJECT NUMBER:  WP-01^7




GRANTEE:  University of Minnesota




          Minneapolis. Minnesota  !;5/t55




PROJECT SITE:  Minneanolis, Minnesota




FEDKRAL GRANT:  fy,2«8



CON'IRACT PERIOD:  January 1. 1^6'- through December 31, 1969




PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




       The proposed investigation will be aimed at developing a mechanisn




for the combined use of a multivalent cation and a polymeric flocculani,




arrivinp a', i he most effective choice and use for  Lhe control of water




nollu ion problems, and establishing ^he effed. of size distribution on



floe fornaj ion and clarificat ion.

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 PROJECT TITLE:   A Pilot-Scale Study of Acid Mine Drainage

 PROJECT NUMBER:   Contract No. 14-12-97

 GRANTEE:   Ohio  State University Research Foundation

           1314  Kinnear Road

           Columbis,  Ohio  43212

 PROJECT SITE:   Vinton County, Ohio

 FEDERAL CONTRACT:  $40,301 - Awarded June 30, 196?
                   $39,000 - Additional  fund awarded August 1968
 Research  and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water

 Pollution Control Act.

 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

        The  project  is  designed to establish a systems research approach

 to  the  investigation of acid mine  drainage.  The  study will attempt to

 define  the controlling  factors and to assess the  significance of acidic

 conditions in abandoned or currently inactive mines, and in areas of

 future  mining.  Attempts  will be made to  assess the characteristics of

 acid  formation, to establish systems  to monitor adequately the variables

 selected,  and to attack the  problem with  suitable abatement measures.

        The  activities  will  include two types of research:  (l)  research

 concerned  with a comprehensive  chemical,  bacteriological study of the

 sulfide-to sulfate reaction  to  establish  the rate-controlling mechanism;

 the sequence of intermediate  reactions; and the significance of intermed-

 iate  substances in the  process; and  (2)  research directed toward designing

 and establishing a complex and well controlled experimental (model) area

where the  effects of mining  on acid mine waters and on the general recovery

 of the mining area can be investigated and evaluated on a  continuing

basis.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Acid Mine Drainage - An Analysis of the State of the Art




PROJECT NUMBER:  WP-01328-01



GRANTEE:  Ohio State University Research Foundation




          1314 Kinnear Road



          Columbus, Ohio  43212



PROJECT SITE:  Columbus, Ohio




TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $32,044



FEDERAL CONTRACT:  $32,044 - Awarded February 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 5, Federal Water




Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



         Phase I



         This phase, comprising the first six months, has the primary purpose



of producing an immediate critical review of available acid mine drainage



information, and of the approaches in use toward solving the overall



problem.  This review will be compiled in an interim report which will



identify significant accomplishments, and will provide a sound base for



immediate planning of comprehensive and coordinated research needs and



areas of greatest potential for the solving of the acid mine drainage



problem.



         Phase II



         This phase, comprising the second six month period, will be



essentially a continuation of Phase I in that work can be continued as



required in any of the areas reviewed.   This final phase of the work will



terminate upon submittal to FWPCA of the major State of the Art report in




early 1968.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Study of the Sulfide-to Sulfate Reaction Mechanism



PROJECT NUMBER:  WP-00340-0?



GRANTEE:  Ohio State University Research Foundation



          1314 Kinnear Road



          Columbus, Ohio  43212



PROJECT SITE:  Columbus, Ohio



TOTAL COSTs  $24,934 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        This project is designed to point out the important physical and



chemical parameters related to the kinetics of the sulfide-to sulfate



reaction.  The data observed will be interpreted in light of suggested



mechanisms to explain the observed kinetics.



Project Period:  June 1, 1968 - May 31, 1969 (1 year)

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PROJECT TITLE:  Lime/Limestone Neutralization of Acid-Mine Drainage




PROJECT NU11BER:  14010DAX  (WPRD-272)




GRANTEE:  Peabody Coal Company




          301 North Memorial Drive




          St. Louis, Missouri  63102




PROJECT I»3TiJ:  rfill Scarlet Mine, Carrier Mills, Illinois




TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $692,000




FEDERAL GRANT:  $472,400 - Awarded August 7, 1968




PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




       This project is for the design, construction, and operation of a




full-scale demonstration plant for the neutralization of acid mine drain-




age from the Will Scarlet Mine utilizing lime and limestone.




Time of project:  2~ years

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PROJECT TITLE:  Construction of Mine Water Treatment Plant at



                Hollywood, Pennsylvania




PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-34



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Pennsylvania State University



PROJECT SITE:  Hollywood, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $1,000,000




FEDERAL GRANT:  $700,000 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        This project is constructing a 300,000 gallon-per-day acid mine



water neutralization treatment plant to be experimentally operated to



evaluate performance and costs.  Plant design is suited to obtaining cost



data for the application of this type of facility by the coal industry



and is amenable to experimenting with innovations to reduce costs and/or



operational problems.  The plant is designed for two basic processes,



with variations to permit five separate process options.  The University



will arrange for the purchase, delivery, and installation of plant equip-



ment and building construction, plus proper display of the facility.



Using various neutralizing agents, the operational program will consist



of individual two-week process periods and two-day sub-periods for

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                                               Project WPRD-31*   (Con' t.)






testing specific combinations of variables.  Tests will be conducted to



determine plant capacity and to evaluate such process elements as flash



mixing, settling, sludge disposal, sludge handling, filtration, influence



of pH, the use of catalysts to enhance oxidation of ferrous iron, micro-



biological oxidation of ferrous iron, corrosion, and sludge scaling.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Optimization and Development of Improved Chemical




                Techniques for the Treatment of Coal Mine Drainage




PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-63



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Bituminous Coal Research



PROJECT SITE:  Monroeville, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $150,000



FEDERAL GRANT:  $105,000 - Awarded January 17, 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water




Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project is conducting laboratory studies to develop an improved



process for the control and prevention of water pollution by drainage from



coal mines.  This will include a literature search, bench-scale studies



and process design, evaluation and application.  The basic process is



the use of limestone for neutralization.  Various catalysts for increasing



the iron oxidation rate will also be evaluated.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Neutralization and Precoat Filtration of Concentrated



                Sludges from Mine Water



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-150



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania




          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Johns-Manville Products Corporation



PROJECT SITE:  Sites in Pennsylvania to be selected



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $100,770



FEDERAL GRANT:  $70,539 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project is directed at providing a cost-effectiveness evaluation



of various neutralization processes in the treatment of acid mine drainage.



Sludge disposal problems will be studied with emphasis on precoat filtration.

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Application of Bacteriophages to Eliminate Mine Acids



 PROJECT NUMBER:   WPRD-164-01-68




 GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



           Department of Mines & Mineral Industries



           660 Boas Street



           Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



 SUBCONTRACTOR:  MSA Research Corporation




 PROJECT SITE:  Washington and Green Counties, Pennsylvania



 TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $123,723



 FEDERAL GRANT:  $86,484 - Awarded June 1968



 Research and Development Grant awarded under Section  6,  Federal Water



 Pollution Control Act.



 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



         This project  will provide data to demonstrate the  feasibility of



 using organisms  to inhibit the activity of  acid  producing  bacteria.   This



 will  include investigations into the isolation,  identification  and culture



 of these inhibitory organisms.   Cultures will be developed from natural



 "sweet" waters of nearby mines and the organisms then tested for their



 inhibitory action on  those bacteria normally present  in acid mine effluents.



 If inhibitory  action  is  proved,  10,000-15,000 gallons of such "sweet"



 waters  will be pumped into two different  types of acid-producing mines.



 The effluents  of those mines  will then be monitored over a period of



 several months to establish the  effect of the inoculation.



         Concurrently, studies will be  carried out to determine the rates



 of movement of bacteria  and of potential  inhibitory organisms through



synthetic coal piles.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Study of the Use of Inert Gases to Eliminate Acid




                Pollution from Abandoned Deep Mines




PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-22?



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Cyrus William Rice & Company



PROJECT SITE:  Ohiopyle State Park



               Fayette County, Pennsylvania




TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $54,1A3



FEDERAL GRANT:  $37,900 - Awarded May 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water




Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        Phase I



        An abandoned drift mine of approximately 200 acres will be sealed,




and air blowing and monitoring equipment installed.  The air leak rate



from the mine will be determined by correlating variable air input rates



to barometric pressure and temperature changes in the mine.  Phase I will



require about six months to complete.   If filling a mine with inert gas is



found feasible at the completion of Phase I, a second phase of actually



filling the mine will be considered.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Study of the Use of In situ Precipitation of Sludge



                Resulting from Reaction of Mine Water with Low Cost



                Additives in an Abandoned Mine to Prevent Mine



                Drainage Pollution



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-242



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries



          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Parsons-Jurden Corporation



PROJECT SITE:  Cambria County, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $325,034.60



FEDERAL GRANT:  $227,524.20 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        This project is developing and testing an in situ technique for



injecting a mixture or slurry of various neutralizing and filler



materials into an abandoned mine.  The initial phase of the study will



involve a four month series of laboratory tests to confirm the technical



feasibility of the method and to evaluate site selection.



        Phase II will be the pilot installation and demonstration of the



technique, treating part, or all, of an abandoned mine.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Use of Latex as a Soil Sealant to Control Acid Mine
                Waste Drainage
PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-252
GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries
          660 Boas Street
          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120
SUBCONTRACTOR:  Uniroyal, Incorporated
PROJECT SITE:  Clearfield County, Cooper Township, Pennsylvania
TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $259,770
FEDERAL GRANT:  $181,839 - Awarded June 1968
Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water
Pollution Control Act.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
        The project is attempting to provide a latex rubber seal between
surface water and an underground mine.  This will reduce the amount of
water percolating through the soil into the mine and reduce the flow of
mine waters.  The project will proceed in three phases:
        Phase I
        Laboratory Investigation - to study soil characterization
        of core samples - determining percolation rates, pH profiles
        and analyzing the mineral content, bacterial content, and
        particle size of the soil.  Soil sealants will be tested to
        determine the best formulation.

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                                       Project WPRD-252   (Con't.)





Phase II



Preparation of Field Application - to study the natural



characteristics of the soil and its acid characteristics for



coagulation of the latex.



Phase III



Application and Field Evaluation - to demonstrate application



of the latex to the soil, coagulation, and evaluation of the



properties of the test site and the contiguous control area.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Pollution Abatement Procedures in the




                Moraine State Park, Butler County, Pennsylvania



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-260



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Gwin Engineers



PROJECT SITE:  Butler County, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $21,600



FEDERAL GRANT:  $15,120 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project seeks to ascertain the effectiveness of various remedial



procedures which have been applied to a large Western Pennsylvania State



Park so that judgment may be made relative to widespread application of



the procedures to specific pollution abatement projects.  Water quality



and quantity measurements will be made at sampling points throughout the



Muddy Creek Watershed*



Time:  August 1, 1968 through July 30, 1971, (3 years)

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PROJECT TITLE:  Abatement of Acid Mine Drainage Pollution by




                Reverse Osmosis



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-261-01




GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania




          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries



          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Haven Industries



PROJECT SITE:  Site in Pennsylvania to be selected



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $39,426



FEDERAL GRANT:  $27,598 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project consists of two phases:




        Phase I



        This phase is to establish general technical parameters for the



        design and construction of a 10,000 GPD reverse osmosis pilot



        plant.



        Phase II



        This phase is to design, construct and operate at 10,000 GPD



        reverse osmosis pilot plant for 90 days to define optimum



        parameters for construction of a 250,000 GPD plant.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Catawissa Creek Mine Drainage Pollution Abatement Process



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-2&



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania




          Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:  Gannett, Fleming, Corddry, and Carpenter, Incorporated



PROJECT SITE:  Schuylkill and Luzerne Counties, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $522,200



FEDERAL GRANT:  $365,5W> - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project is designed to confirm previous estimates of cost and



effectiveness of mine drainage pollution abatement procedures and to evaluate



the prevention of mine drainage by plugging three existing drainage tunnels



within an isolated pocket of coal known as the South Green Mountain Basin.



The principle is to inundate the mine to prevent the formation of acid.

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 PROJECT TITLt:  Study of uhe Use of Inert Gas to Eliminate Acid Pollution




                 from Abandoned Deep Mines




 PROJECT NUMBER:   U010 EFL




 GRANTEE:   Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




           Commonwealth of Pennsylvania




           660 Boas Street




           Harrisburp,  Pennsylvania  17102




 SUBCONTRACTOR:   Cyrus  ton. Rice & Company




 PROJECT SITE:  Ohiopyle State Park.  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania



 TOTAL PROJECT  COST:  $f.i?.8&>




 FEDERAL GRANT:   &*5.884




 CCN1RAC1  PERIOD:   July 1, l«J6v through June  30.  1V70




 Research  and  Development  Gran;- awarded under Seciion 6b,  Federal Water



 Pollution Control  Act.




 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




        I1- is proposed  to  continue  the  study  on the use of inert  gas, pre-




 "iously funded as WPRD-22?.   It  is planned to study  two mines,  (15 acres




 and 50 acres resped ively) and to  determine  the gas  requirements needed




 to naint.ain a positive pressure  in each of these mines during barometric




 cycles.  The maintaining  of positive pressures of inert gas will displace




all of the oxygen, thus greatly  reducing  the acid forming potential of




these mines.  The information thus gained should be applicable to a great




many mines.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development and  Optimization  of the  Limestone  Treatment




                of Coal Mine Drainage




PROJECT NUMBER:  LW10 EIZ



GRANTEE:  Depanmen. of Mines &  Xdneral  Industries



          Commonweal'i h of Pennsylvania



          660 Boas Street



          Harrisonrp. Pennsylvania  17102



SUBCONTRACTOR:  BUuminous Coal  Research



PROJECT SITE:  PiUsburph, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJEC1 COST:  $106,^80




FEDERAL GRANT:  $?/».l. 3 6



CONTRACT PERIOD:  Jul' 1, 196° through June 30,  1970



Research and Development Grant awarded under  Section 6b,  Federal Water



Pollution Control AcL.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



Phase I.  Labora. on Studies



       1.  Chendcalcomr-oHtlcmand physical properties of limestones  such



as panicle size, surface area,  densii.y, and  others  as necessary for  evalu-



a:.ion will be. dc'.enuined.  Neutralizai.ion curves, effected by  the change



in r>H resul-ing from .he addi'-ion of limestone and a suitable  oxidizing



apent 10 simulated and/or acvual mine water, will be used to evaluate the



limes'ones as neutralizing agents for mine water.  The number  of limestones



 o be examined will be determined as T,ime perr'iii.s and will be  selected on



consultation wii,h industry and with the  project  sponsors.




       2.  Data obtained from these neutralization curves will be verified




b.v treating one actual mine wa,er with the limestone after evaluation as

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discussed under  (l) on  .-he  preceding  page.  Both batch  scale  and  one-gallon-




per minuLr continuous flow  :ests will be utilized with  examination, as




necessary, of sludge properties wi'.h  the objective of improving settling



of the sludge.




Phase II.  Evaluation of Field Research Uniis  (s)




       Data from Phase  I on preceding page and from previously mentioned



studies  (WPRD-63-01-68  and  CR-75), oarticularly from the continuous flow




experiments, will be used to evaluate field research units for limestone



treatmen,. of actual mine waters at the site of discharge.  Choice of the



mine drainage siue(s),  conditions for treatment, and effluent standards



will be specified as nan- of ohe engineering study and recommendation.

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 PROJECT IIYLE:  Dei-ecl-ion and Location of Concealed Abandoned Underground




                 Mines and Associated Drainage by Geophysical and Geo-




                 chemical Techniques




 PROJECT NUMBER:  1A010 EHN



 ORANTFE:   Department of Mines & Mineral Industries




           Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



           660 Boas Street




           Harrisbure,  Pennsylvania  17102




 SUBCONTRACTOR:  HRB flan^;-



 PROJECT SITE:   State Collere.  Pennsylvania and various mines within




                coiimonwealth.



 TOTAL PROJECT  COST: $164,780




 FEDERAL GRANT:  £115.346



 CONTRACT  PERIOD:   July 1,  196? -.hrough  December 31.  1970




 Research  and Development, Grant awarded  under  Section 6b,  Federal Water



 Pollu:,ion Control  Act.




 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




        It  is proposed  to attempt to detect, the  precise  location  of  concealed



 mine portals, mine  workings, vents, fractures,  jointing patterns and slump




 zones.  In short,  t-he  detection and location  of  any avenue of water move-




ment into or ouo of the  mine as well as t,he mine itself.  This will provide



a more comorehensivfs approach to the general and effective mine  sealing




orogram.  Selected  geophysical and geochemical approaches will be evaluated



in the  Laboratory and several  (4-6) will be selected as being the most




•••romising for fir Id trstine and evaluation.

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PROJECT TITLE:   Feasibility of the Purification of Acid Mine Water by



                 a Partial Freezing Process



PROJECT NUMBER:  WPRD-265



GRANTEE:  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



          Department of Mines & Mineral Laboratories



          660 Boas Street



          Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120



SUBCONTRACTOR:   Applied Science Laboratories, Incorporated



PROJECT SITE:  State College, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $15,000



FEDERAL GRANT:   $10,500 - Awarded June 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water



Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project will assemble from the literature Information pertinent



to the purification of acid mine water, obtain preliminary experimental



test data on the yield and quality of product water obtained by a partial



freezing process operating on typical acid mine water, and make preliminary



flow diagrams and economic evaluations of possible freezing processes for



upgrading the quality of acid mine water.

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PROJECT TITLE:  The Use of Inert Gases to Eliminate Pollution from




                Abandoned Mines




PROJECT NUMBER:  LU2-98



GRANTEE:  Cyrus William Rice & Company




          15 Noble Avenue



          Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  15205




PROJECT SITE:  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $25,000



FEDERAL CONTRACT:  $25,000 - Awarded May 1968



Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6, Federal Water




Pollution Control Act.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        The project will determine the effect on the leaching of pyrites



by water and on acid production in the following mine atmospheres:  air



(control), pure nitrogen, nitrogen plus COg, nitrogen plus NH-j, nitrogen



plus C02 plus NH^, and nitrogen plus chlorine, and determine the effect



of pyrite particle size on the reduction of acid production with various



gas atmospheres.

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Biological Treatment of Acid Mine Water



 PROJECT NUMBER:   WP-01460-01




 GRANTEE:   Syracuse University Research  Institute



           201 Marshall Street




           Syracuse, New York  13210



 PROJECT SITE:  Syracuse, New York



 TOTAL  COST:   $54,341



 FEDERAL GRANT:   $47,238 -  Awarded June  11, 1968




 Research and  Development Grant awarded  under Section 5, Federal Water



 Pollution  Control Act.



 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



        This  project is  studying  anaerobic bacteria and their use in



 alleviating acid  mine drainage problems.  These bacteria generate F^S



while they metabolize the  sulfate ion, and thus precipitate ferrous



and ferric sulfides.  At the  same time, the pH of the water is raised.



These fine sulfide  particles have physical characteristics superior to



those of the corresponding metal hydroxides and can be more easily



filtered.  This technique has the potential of obtaining a relatively



pure material which may be used for by-product recovery of sulfur and/or



iron, as well as for reducing pollution from acid mine drainage.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Inorganic Sulfur Oxidation by Iron Oxidizing Bacteria




PROJECT NUMBER:  14010 DAY



GRANTEE:  Syracuse University Research Institute



          201 Marshall Street



          Syracuse, New York  13210




TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $117,575



FEDERAL GRANT:  $98,450 - Awarded July 30, 1968



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



       To assess the role of inorganic sulfur oxidation in maintaining an



acid environment required for iron-oxidizing bacteria.  These bacteria will



be investigated as they oxidize inorganic sulfur and are the common biolog-



ical catalysts found in acid mine water.  Cell free extracts and purified



enzymes from sulfur-grown ferrobacilli will be used; physical and chemical



parameters will be examined as regards their effect on the enzymes.



Time of project:  3 years

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of Control of Acid Drainage from Coal



                Mine Refuse Piles and Slurry Areas



PROJECT NUMBER:  14010 DDH (WPRD-95)



GRANTEE:  Truax-Traer Coal Company



          111 North Wabash Avenue



          Chicago, Illinois  60602



PROJECT SITE:  Duquoin, Illinois



TOTAL PROJECT COST:  $720,800



FEDERAL GRANT:  $490,560 - Awarded October 7, 1968



PROJECT DESCRIPTION:



       It is proposed to demonstrate suitable procedures for reclamation



of coal cleaning plant refuse piles and associated slurry lagoons for



the elimination of acid drainage.  Information desired from this study,



covering measurements of acid and acid production sites, and revegetation



procedures, will provide a basis for the rational and efficient engineering



design of future reclamation projects.



Time of project:  2 years

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 PROJECT  TITLE:  Silicate  Treatment  of Acid Mine Waters




 PROJECT  NUMBER:   1A-12-!>60




 CONTRACTOR:  lyco Laboratories,  Incorporated




             Waluham, Massachuse .is   02154




 PROJECT  SHE:  Walt ham, Massachusetts




 TOTAL PROJECT COST:  ,"055.412



 FEDERAL GRANT:  £ i> 5,412




 CONTRACT PERIOD:  July 1.  1%9 trough March 31, 1770




 PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:




       A study will be conducLed on the use of  sodium  silicate  to  treat




acid mine wa er problems.  Three areas will be  investigated.  (1)  Treating



^he acid-iron mine discharge, (2) treabir.g the  reactive pyrite, and




 (3) '-rea^inp .he porous rock strata within i,he mine.

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Si ream Faunal Recovery after Strip Mine Reclamation




 PP.OJECT NUMBER:  18050 DQH




 GRANTEE:  Virginia Polytechnic Institute




           Department of Forestry & Wildlife



           108 Price Road




           Blacksbur^, Virginia  2&061



 TOPAL PROJEC1 COST:  $15,02/»




 PROJECT  COST FIRST  YEAR:   $7,U7




 FEDERAL T-RANT:   $6.873




 PROJECT  PERIOD:   October 1,  l^B i.hrou^h September 30. 1-/70



 PROJECT  DKSCRIP1ION:




       The  obiec'.ives of 'his  proposed research are lo monitor waLer qual-



 i v  in f->ur  ribu ari^s  which  represent  various slaves of recovery from




 si rip-mine  oolluiion  and -o  conduce  studies  on  the chronic physiological




 ac ion of niine  effluent  on fishes  of these waters.  The change in water




 ouald'y  following djfff-renu  stages of reclamauion  work on National Forest




 lands will  be used  r,o measure  the  rate of stream recovery  as  well as  to doc-




umem > he com inuinj'  damage  caused by unreclaimed  mines.   The sublethal



action of suspended matter and manganese  meual  will be described  as they



affpci. growth rate and condiLion index of two representative  species, rain-



bow trou:. and whJLe sucker,  in Lhis watershed.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Mine Spoil Potentials for Water Quality and Controlled
                Erosion
PROJECT NUMBER:  1A010 EJE
GRANTEE:  West Virginia University
          Morgantown, Wesu Virginia  26506
PROJECT SITE:  Morgantown, West Virginia
"OTAL PROJECT COST;  $22^,028
FEDERAL GRANT:  $156,328
CONTRACT PERIOD:  July 1, 1?69 through June 30, 1V71
Research and Development Grant awarded under Section 6b, Federal Water
Pollution Com rol Act.
PROJECT DESCRIPI'IQN:
       The ourooso of -.his investigation is \o enable strip mine operators
and soil conserva.ionists to eliminate serious water pollution from mine
spoil.  Specific objectives are summarized as follows:  (1) To determine
ceri.ain physical and chemical ni-operuies of coal overburden strata thai.
influence suitability of mine spoil for soil formation, and unpolluted run-
off or seepage water.  (2) To determine processes and rate of physical
and chemical change of important spoil properties by natural or induced
weathering.  (3) To determine interactions between growing plants and prop-
erties of spoil and water.  This will also include interactions between
plants and microorganisms and the influence of microbes on mineral mobility.
U) To determine effectiveness of plant cover, microorganisms and related
practices in prevention of erosion, sedimentation, and in reducing acidity
and chemical pollution of water from characterized spoil.   (5) To improve
precision of spoil classification.

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       Amounts and distrioution of the various reduced and oxidized forms



of sulfur in coal overburden an'i resulting spoil will be determined.



Additionally, the acid neutralizing potential of rocks and spoil will




bo determined in order to show what admixtures are needed to provide spoil



wac,er suitable for a healthy biosphere.

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In its assigned function as the Nation's principal natural resource
agency, the United States Department of the Interior bears a special
obligation to ensure that our expendable resources are conserved,
that renewable resources are managed to produce optimum yields, and
that *n resources contribute their full measure to the progress,
prosperity, and security of America - now and in the future.

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