Assessment of the U.S. EPA
EJP2 Grant Program
Prepared by:
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
2200 Wilson Blvd., Suite 400
Arlington, VA 22201
August 17, 2000
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Acknowledgments
EPA would like to thank the many grantees who were generous with their time in sharing
their experiences. We hope this assessment will be useful to them as well as other environmental
justice communities that are continuing to battle environmental problems Similarly, we hope
that professionals in the fields of environmental justice and pollution prevention will be able to
apply the findings and strategies contained in this report to address the environmental challenges
facing environmental justice communities.
In addition, EPA would like to thank Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), which
provided support in researching, analyzing, and reporting on grantee results. This document was
prepared by ERG under EPA Contract No. 68-W6-0022.
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CONTENTS
SECTION I—INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background on the EJP2 Program 1
Targeted Sectors and Communities 2
Types of Projects Funded by EJP2 3
B. Organization of Report 5
SECTION II—FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 6
A. Accomplishments 6
B. Factors Contributing to Program Success 11
C. Grantee Advice for Motivating Behavioral Change 14
D. Difficulties Encountered 18
E. Findings by Project Type 22
SECTION III—HELPING SMALL BUSINESSES PREVENT POLLUTION IN
COMMUNITIES 23
A. Accomplishments 23
Voluntary Partnership Programs 24
Demonstration Projects 24
Loan Programs 24
Technical Assistance and Training Programs 24
B. Snapshots 26
Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Chesapeake, Virginia: Recognizing Businesses That
Volunteer to Prevent Pollution 26
Los Angeles, California: Demonstrating the Effectiveness of
Pollution Prevention 26
Rural Communities in Idaho: Taking Pollution Prevention on the Road 27
Midwest Communities: Conducting Preliminary Research Prior to Carrying Out
Full-Scale Demonstrations 27
Minority and Low-Income Communities in Washington State: Helping Businesses
Finance Pollution Prevention 28
City of Opa-locka, Florida: Building Trust With Small Businesses 28
Seattle, Washington: Trying to Persuade Businesses to Reduce Pollution 28
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 29
SECTION IV—FOSTERING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES AND
COMMUNITIES 33
A. Accomplishments 33
B. Snapshots 33
Midwest Cities: Good Neighbor Dialogues Give Voice to Community Concerns 33
Jefferson County (West End), Kentucky: Forging Constructive Partnerships
Between Industry and the Community 34
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 35
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SECTION V—EDUCATING COMMUNITIES ABOUT POLLUTION PREVENTION 36
A. Accomplishments 36
B. Snapshots 36
Kansas City (Westside), Missouri: Environmentally Sound Neighborhoods ... 36
New York City (Harlem), New York: Pollution Prevention Education for Harlem
Residents 37
Wyandotte County, Kansas: Pollution Prevention Outreach for Old and Young 37
Lowell, Massachusetts: Hazardous Waste Disposal Education for Cambodians 38
Chicago, Illinois; Gary, Indiana; and Hammond, Indiana: Reaching Out to
Communities 38
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 39
SECTION VI—PROMOTING EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE WITHIN COMMUNITIES .. 40
A. Accomplishments 40
Housing, Energy, and Transportation Demonstration Projects 40
Urban Gardens 41
B. Snapshots 41
Atlanta, Georgia: Energizing Atlanta Neighborhoods About Pollution PreventioAl
Denver, Colorado: Sustainable Low-Income Housing Designs 42
Boston, Massachusetts: Improving Transportation, Decreasing Pollution 42
Boston, Massachusetts: Building a Better Urban Environment With
Transportation 42
Los Angeles, California: Greening Communities Through Gardening 43
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 43
SECTION VII—FOSTERING YOUTH EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT 45
A. Accomplishments 45
Curricula Projects 45
Internship Projects 46
B. Snapshots 46
New York City (Greenpoint and Williamsburg), New York: Teaching Students to
Become Environmental Advocates 46
Somerville, Massachusetts: Preventing Pollution While Teaching Youth
Job Skills 47
Trenton, New Jersey: Teaching Students to Audit School, But Unable to
Implement Energy-Efficiency Measures 48
Oxford Hills Region, Massachusetts: Teaching Pollution Prevention to Auto
Repair Vocational Students 48
Milwaukee (South Side), Wisconsin: Students Become Advocates for
Cleaner Air 49
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 49
SECTION VIII—DEMONSTRATING AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENTION ... 52
A. Accomplishments 52
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B. Snapshots 52
Texas Panhandle, Texas: Sustainable Agriculture and Integrated Pest
Management 52
Fordyce, Hartington, Bow Valley, Custer County, and Adams County, Nebraska:
Making an IMPACT on Nebraska's Farmers 53
Wood County, Sandusky County, Ottawa County, Seneca County, and Wyandot
County, Ohio: Reducing Pesticides, Improving Worker Health 53
Imperial Valley Communities, California: Leading a Community to
Understanding 54
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 54
SECTION IX—IMPROVING TRIBAL ENVIRONMENTS 56
A. Accomplishments 56
B. Snapshots 56
Rosebud Sioux and Blackfeet Indian Tribes: Integrating Cultural Design and
Resource Efficiency 56
Lower Sioux Tribe: Energizing The Community About Alternative
Power Sources 57
Northern Cheyenne, Fort Peck, and Crow Indian Tribes: Leading Tribes Toward
Environmental Awareness 57
Chickaloon Native Village: Renewable Energy for Native Americans 58
Shoshone & Northern Arapaho Tribes: Educating Tribal Members and Reducing
Exposure 58
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success 59
SECTION X—CONCLUSION 60
APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGY 61
APPENDIX B: EJP2 FUNDING AND DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS 63
Figure B-l. Distribution of EJP2 Grant Funds, 1995 to 1997 63
Figure B-2. Distribution of EJP2 Grants by State, 1995 to 1997 64
Table B-l. EJP2 Grant Program Summary Table 65
Table B-2. Alphabetical Listing of Grantee Names and Codes 78
APPENDIX C: GRANT PRODUCTS BY ASSIGNED CATEGORY 82
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SECTION I—INTRODUCTION
Communities of color and low-income Americans seek not to redistribute pollution, from dirtier
and over-exposed areas to cleaner and underexposed areas. They, instead, seek to prevent
pollution at the source as that all Americans can breathe clean air, drink clean water and eat
clean food.
Congressman John Conyers (D-Michigan) April 1993
This report presents the results of EPA's assessment of projects funded by the
Environmental Justice through Pollution Prevention (EJP2) program from 1995 through 1997.
The program provided funds to nonprofit organizations, tribes, and local governments in
minority and low-income communities to apply pollution prevention approaches to
environmental justice issues faced by these communities. EPA designed this study to assess the
accomplishments of the grants, determine the factors contributing to project success, and shape
the future direction for the program. Based on a comprehensive review of grantees' progress
reports and supplemented with detailed phone interviews, this report summarizes the
accomplishments of EJP2 grantees and draws some general conclusions about factors
contributing to successful projects.
This study relies on grantees' insights and perceptions of program accomplishments and
effective strategies. A more extensive evaluation of the EJP2 grant program would have
included detailed feedback from businesses, residents, and other groups targeted by EJP2
grantees. Due to resource constraints, this approach was not feasible. Please see Appendix A for
a detailed descnption of this study's methodology.
A. Background on the EJP2 Program
Since a 1992 EPA report,
Environmental Equity: Reducing Risk for All
Communities, indicated that minority and
low-income communities are exposed to
higher levels of pollution in their
neighborhoods than the general population,
the Agency has embarked on a number of
initiatives to help communities mitigate
pollution damage in their neighborhoods.
These initiatives initially focused on acute
and immediate problems faced by
environmental justice communities.
Recognizing that preventing pollution at the
source can help break cycles of repeated
degradation and injustice, EPA created the
EJP2 grant program.
What Is Environmental Justice?
Environmental justice is the fair treatment
and meaningful involvement of all people
regardless of race, color, national origin, or
income with respect to the development,
implementation, and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations, and
policies. Fair treatment means that no group
of people, including a racial, ethnic, or
socioeconomic group, should bear a
disproportionate share of the negative
environmental consequences resulting from
industrial, municipal, and commercial
operations or the execution of federal, state,
local, and tribal programs and policies.
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Section I—Introduction
EPA Administrator Carol Browner established the EJP2 grant program in 1993 to support
pollution prevention approaches in environmental justice communities. Pollution
prevention—the reduction or elimination of pollutants at the source—is our nation's first choice
for protecting the environment.1 EPA believes pollution prevention is the best method to address
environmental problems because it refocuses efforts from pollution control—cleaning up
damaged environments—to preventing degradation from happening in the first place.
In the first three years of the program, EPA awarded more than $10 million for 131
innovative projects to address environmental justice concerns.2 A team of EPA Headquarters and
Regional staff selected these projects by conducting a nationwide competition for creative
projects. EPA designed the competition to fund a wide array of organizations and communities
interested in environmental justice, including urban areas, rural communities, tribes, different
ethnic groups, and the poor. EPA did not limit the program to any specific set of environmental
concerns. Funded projects addressed diverse issues including resource efficiency as well as air
and water quality. Moreover, EPA did not predetermine the approaches to be taken by the
communities. Rather, the Agency designed the program as a fund for innovation. EPA
encouraged community groups, tribes, and local governments to identify environmental problems
and potential approaches for their communities, within the general outline of prevention
solutions to environmental justice issues.
Targeted Sectors and Communities
Through the EJP2 grant program, EPA funded projects in different sectors ranging from
agriculture, to small and large businesses, to youth and community residents. In addition, EJP2
grantees targeted communities of different ethnic backgrounds and cultures. Targeted
communities included immigrant communities of Haitians and Cambodians and ethnic
communities of African Americans, Native Americans, Latin Americans, and Korean Americans.
Many projects involved communities that host a mix of ethnic groups. Several EJP2 projects
took place in the diverse Greenpoint-Williamsburg community of Brooklyn, New York, which is
home to Hasidic Jews, Latin Americans, African Americans, Italians, and people of Polish
origin.
1 In the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, Congress declared "The national policy of the United States [is]
that pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented
should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner, whenever feasible, pollution that cannot be prevented or
recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible, and disposal or other release into
the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe
manner."
Appendix B summarizes the distribution of funding and grants by year and includes a table of all grant
projects. EPA coded each grant project for easy reference with project summaries throughout the document The
appendix includes an alphabetical list of projects and the associated code.
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Section I—Introduction
Through the program, EPA funded a range of organizations to work on projects identified
by the disadvantaged communities or developed in conjunction with these communities. Groups
funded by EJP2 included nonprofit organizations (including both community organizations and
environmental groups), tribes, and local governments. In nearly all cases, grantees partnered
with other organizations to achieve project goals. For example, local government grantees often
partnered with local community groups, trade associations, and pollution prevention technical
assistance providers to deliver services to communities. In other EJP2 partnerships, tribal and
community-based organizations took the lead and helped pollution prevention technical
assistance providers and local government officials gain access to communities usually separated
by linguistic and cultural barriers.
The summary table in Appendix B identifies the primary organizations funded and the
sectors and ethnic communities they targeted.
Types of Projects Funded by EJP2
EJP2 grantees helped low-income and minority communities through a variety of
innovative projects that have enabled residents to prevent pollution in their homes, businesses,
and neighborhoods. EJP2 projects also have encouraged cooperation among communities,
businesses, industry, and government to address common environmental goals. To facilitate
analysis, EPA assigned each grant to one of the following categories (also shown in Figure I)3:
• Helping small businesses prevent pollution in communities. Projects included
voluntary partnership programs, demonstration projects, revolving loan programs, and
general technical assistance and training.
• Fostering partnerships between industrial facilities and communities. Projects
helped community residents to foster better communications with large industrial
facilities in their neighborhoods and work with the facilities to make environmental
improvements and address community concerns.
• Educating communities about pollution prevention. Through EJP2 community
outreach and technical assistance projects—including bilingual workshops, television
broadcasts, brochures, and newsletters—grantees taught community members the skills
they need to make informed environmental decisions and press for environmental change
in their neighborhoods.
• Promoting efficient resource use within communities. Projects focused on improving
the quality of communities by demonstrating how housing could become energy-efficient,
promoting alternative transportation, and developing community urban gardens.
Appendix C identifies projects assigned to each category of activity.
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Section I—Introduction
Figure 1. Types of EJP2 Grant Activities Funded, 1995 to 19974
Agricultural P2
(5 grants)
4%
Tribal Environments
(25 grants)
19%
Youth Education
(11 grants)
8%
Resource Efficiency
(12 grants)
9%
Helping Small
Businesses
(27 grants)
21%
Partnerships With
Industrial Facilities
(6 grants)
Community
Outreach
(45 grants)
34%
Fostering youth education and involvement. Grantees carried out education programs
and developed curricula to help youth understand environmental issues and develop their
capacity to address environmental problems in their communities.
Demonstrating agricultural pollution prevention. Projects provided tools and
education to farm workers on best management practices to reduce pesticide use and
worker exposure. EJP2 projects also educated farm workers through worker safety
projects.
Improving tribal environments. Grantees helped tribes develop overall strategies to
address environmental concerns and promoted the development of tribal environmental
legislation essential for preventing pollution. EJP2 projects also included pollution
prevention outreach to tribal communities and technical assistance to tribal businesses.
' EPA funded a total of 131 projects from 1995 to 1997.
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B. Organization of Report
The remainder of the report presents the results of the analysis and a discussion of
findings. Section II presents EPA's findings and analysis of the grants and includes a summary
of accomplishments and factors contributing to program success found among all EJP2 grantees.
Sections III through IX provide detailed findings and analysis for the seven categories of project
types. Section X offers conclusions.
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SECTION II—FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
A. Accomplishments
As a condition of the grant award, EPA required EJP2 grantees to measure the impact of
their projects on the communities they served. Of the 107 EJP2 grantees for which EPA gathered
information, forty-three measured the impacts of their projects through surveys and interviews
with their target audience, while seventy-one provided anecdotal information.5 Some grantees
stated they were unaware of the measurement requirement while others either found it too
difficult or planned to complete measurements after the grant period. Even though EPA can not
fully measure results from all grantees, it can provide information on the impact of those EJP2
grants with documented results. Measures include reach, changes in awareness and
understanding, behavioral change, environmental and human health improvements, grantee
satisfaction with the EJP2 grant program, and sustainability.
Reach
While many grantees had difficulty measuring the impact of their projects on the
communities they served, most grantees did measure the number of people reached through
onsite visits, workshops, publications, and other efforts. Through the 131 EJP2 projects,
grantees provided pollution prevention information and expertise to more than 600 businesses,
1,300 students, 2,800 farmers, and 47,000 residents. These figures demonstrate the breadth of
EJP2 grant activities across the nation.
Impacts on Awareness and Understanding
While most grantees did not conduct follow-up surveys to measure changes in awareness
and understanding of their target audience, 57 grantees provided anecdotal information to EPA
indicating that they believe their target audiences improved their awareness and understanding of
pollution prevention issues as a result of the grant. Some grantees, for example, noted that
residents came to them more often with questions and environmental concerns after outreach
through the grant. Other grantees reported feedback received from their target audiences:
• Businesses participating in Working Capital's pollution prevention training found the
training to be effective and useful. One business manager, for example, stated, "I found
[the training] useful in breaking down my business process to evaluate, receive feedback
[on], and eliminate costly waste factors." Another business manager agreed, "This
session helped me understand my waste. Now I can start taking preventative measures."
5 Many grantees provided both anecdotal and measured impacts Forty grantees provided anecdotal
information only
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH
Although the EJP2 program's focus is on pollution prevention, many grantees completed projects that
created environmental and health benefits in different ways, including recycling, community cleanups, and
proper waste disposal. Fifteen EJP2 grantees measured the environmental impacts of their projects
Environmental improvements (including the name of the grantee reporting the result) include:
Pollution Prevented
• 1,000 tons of hazardous waste prevented due to business pollution prevention measures. (Elizabeth
River Project)
• 3,650 tons of volatile organic compounds prevented annually due to air management district requiring
use of water-based parts cleaners in a four-county area. (Institute for Research and Technical
Assistance)
• 1,237 tons of carbon dioxide, 25,099 pounds of sulfur dioxide, and 9,095 pounds of nitrogen oxides
prevented due to energy efficiency measures implemented in housing (Southface Energy Institute)
• 37,810 gallons of pesticides conserved by farmers through secondary containment measures that enable
farmers to reuse pesticides. (WSOS Community Action Commission)
• 95 percent reduction of styrene emissions at one business (Elizabeth River Project)
• 26 percent reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions at another business. (Elizabeth River Project)
• 85 percent reduction of chemicals reportable under Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act by another business. (Elizabeth River Project)
• 70 percent reduction in annual air emissions from four dry cleaners (Cascadia Revolving Fund)
• 132,412 gallons of water conserved by students at home. (Council on the Environment)
Materials Recycled
• 24,534 tons of hazardous waste recycled and 500 gallons of used oil recycled. (Elizabeth River
Project, Wichita-Sedgwick, Pima County, Pilot Point)
• 27 tons of municipal waste recycled. (Town of Meeker, Metropolitan Energy Center, St. Louis Sewer
District)
Proper Disposal of Waste
• 11 tons of household hazardous waste properly disposed of by businesses and residents. (Lincoln-
Lancaster, Pima County)
• 7,940 pounds of trash and 300 tires cleaned up (Elizabeth River Project, Metropolitan Energy Center)
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
• Council on the Environment of New York City asked for feedback from students
participating in an environmental education project. They learned that many students had
raised their awareness and understanding of pollution prevention issues. Quotes from
students included, "I learned why it is important to conserve water," and "I learned about
the many different hazardous products we have in our homes, what makes them toxic,
how they enter the environment, and how to substitute them with safer alternatives," and
"Before I never used to think about what my family bought or threw away, but I have
started to since the beginning of this project."
Several grantees measured the impact of EJP2 projects on awareness and understanding
by conducting surveys of community participants. For example:
• The Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection in Florida
conducted a post-project survey of 175 residents who participated in its pollution
prevention workshops and tree planting activities. As a result of the EJP2 project, more
than half of the residents believed they: now understood pollution prevention; had gained
an understanding of the concept of "cool communities" and its connections to energy
efficiency; and also, learned how to properly dispose of household hazardous wastes and
appliances. In addition, more than half of the residents were interested in attending future
meetings to receive further environmental education information from Broward County.
• The University of Northern Iowa surveyed 52 businesses that attended demonstrations
of auto repair pollution prevention equipment. On a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the
highest rating, the grantee received an average score of 4.4 on the effectiveness of the
demonstration in raising awareness and understanding of the technology.
Impacts on Behavior
Some grantees documented changes in behavior on behalf of the target audience as a
result of their work, at least in part. Following are a few examples of behavior changes resulting
from EJP2 projects:
• The America Works Partnership, which provided pollution prevention training in
construction and painting to residents of low-income communities in Chicago, Illinois,
and Oakland, California, anecdotally noted an increase in safety and pollution prevention
measures at sites that employed workers who participated in the EJP2 project.
• The Clean Water Fund, which provided information on nontoxic pest control to
residents, influenced Camden County, New Jersey, to declare an official policy for all
county government buildings to use less toxic pest control methods.
• The Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society, which provided financial support to
eight local farming groups to encourage pollution prevention practices, kept in contact
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
with the groups after the grant period ended. The grantee found that four of the groups
continued to practice pollution prevention measures and experienced an increase in
membership and more requests for information on sustainable agriculture methods.
• The Tri-County Health Department, which carried out a voluntary program to
encourage auto repair shops to implement pollution prevention measures, followed up
with IS businesses that completed the program requirements. Tn-County found that 11
of the businesses (86 percent) continued to practice the pollution prevention changes they
made one year after the grant penod.
• The WSOS Community Action Commission, which provided financial assistance to
farmers to encourage the use of integrated pest management practices, reported that
participants reduced their pesticide use on 444 acres of land.
• The Missouri Energy Resources Project conducted energy audits of schools in the St.
Louis Public School District and equipped 22 of the schools with new energy-efficient
lighting systems.
• Citizens for a Better Environment, which facilitated Good Neighbor Dialogues among
businesses and residents in a low-income neighborhood in Chicago, noted a very
significant reduction in paniculate matter from one business participant that agreed to
install a coal dust control device after meeting with residents.
Grantee Satisfaction with the EJP2 Program
Anecdotally, grantees said they were proud of what they accomplished and believed EJP2
funds were essential to their completing the projects. Citizens for a Better Environment, a
grantee that helped minority communities in Chicago work with local industries to get their
pollution concerns addressed, reported in its interview:
The EJP2 grant helped us continue to build solid relationships
between the community and local businesses through our Good
Neighborhood Dialogues.
Council on the Environment, a grantee that implemented a curriculum to train students to
become community environmental advocates, also stressed the importance of EJP2 funds to the
project:
The EJP2 grant helped us focus our education efforts on one
community and allowed us to deliver a broad range of services to one
of the most environmentally ravaged communities in the United
States.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
Sustainability
EJP2 grantees carried out activities to ensure the continuation of project activities in
targeted communities after the grant period ended. In many cases, grantees developed useful
products, such as guidebooks, videos, software, and curricula, that will continue to teach
pollution prevention to residents, students, and businesses for many years to come. In addition,
by helping communities and businesses connect with government and nonprofit technical
assistance organizations, EJP2 grantees ensured that pollution prevention resources would
continue to be accessible after the grant period ended. Lastly, grantees secured additional
funding to supplement and sustain grant projects after EJP2 funding ended. Following are some
examples of grantees that secured the continuation of project activities after the end of the grant
period:
• Because of the success of Escambia County's outreach activities to residents, students,
and businesses, county legislators established a permanent pollution prevention program
to continue the EJP2 grant activities.
• Montana State University Extension Service, which partnered with three tribes to
improve tribal government waste management, influenced the Northern Cheyenne to
commit significant tribal funds to implement their solid waste management plan.
• Wichita-Sedgwick County Department of Community Health secured permanent
funding for its program to work with small quantity generators of hazardous waste.
• Harlem Environmental Impact Project received $3,000 from the New York City
Council to continue grant activities after the close of the EJP2 grant.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
B. Factors Contributing to Program Success
Regardless of the type of project conducted, EJP2 grantees repeatedly identified common
factors contributing to their success during interviews. These strategies cross-cut the different
types. Common "success factors" included:
The grantee thoroughly researched and understood its target audience.
Researching and understanding the target audience and the community helped grantees
tailor their programs to community needs. Specifically, understanding a community's history
with environmental justice, learning the most effective means of communication for that
community, and gaining the community's confidence were vital to successful projects. While
grantees such as the Town of Meeker achieved success by learning about the target audience,
other grantees had to make changes to their projects midstream as a result of not understanding
their audience. One grantee, for example,
had planned to translate fact sheets into
Cambodian, only to find that most adults in
the community could speak but not read the
language.
Grantees also stressed talking to
community members to learn the local
history. Finding out what efforts community
members made to improve the local
environment in the past, and if there was a
history of joining together against pollution
and other community problems, helped
grantees assess their situation. One EJP2
grantee, for example, found that competing
interests among the different environmental
justice groups in the community impeded
progress.
Meeker's P2 Committee Helps Obtain
Buy-In
The Town of Meeker, Colorado, established
the Meeker Pollution Prevention Committee
at the outset of its grant. The committee
helped project coordinators obtain buy-in
from the community, because its members
consisted of people from many different
areas of the community. These members
then passed along information to their
friends and neighbors and encouraged their
involvement. Meeker credits the committee
and community buy-in as critical to
achieving good attendance at its waste
prevention seminars and for collecting
substantial amounts of waste material to
sustain a new recycling center created under
the grant.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
The grantee involved community stakeholders up front.
Many successful grantees attributed their positive results to obtaining buy-in from
community leaders and other key project partners before getting started on their grant projects.
The input and recommendations from the community leaders helped grantees to structure
successful projects. Metropolitan Energy Center,
for example, credits its community visioning
process as a key element of its success. Grantees
also noted the importance of including all the key
stakeholders and partners that will affect the
project's success. One grantee, for example,
worked hard to develop a watershed protection
module for the local science curriculum, only to
find that the science curriculum was quite full. The
grantee determined that the course would have
yielded better and more permanent results had it
been designed as an elective course rather than part
of an already full curriculum. Earlier teacher
involvement might have helped prevent this
problem.
The timing of obtaining input from
community members and key stakeholders,
however, can be difficult for some grantees. Before
approaching communities to obtain community
buy-in, project planners want to be sure that they
have funding for the activity. At this point,
however, they do not know for sure if they would
receive funding through EJP2 or other sources.
Some organizations found that discussing project
goals and promising changes to community
members resulted in disappointment and reduced
their credibility if they did not receive funding for
the project. Waiting to involve the community
until the organization received approval from EPA,
however, resulted in less-informed project plans.
The grantee built on existing relationships and
partnerships that had already earned the
community's trust.
Guiding Sustainable Urban Development
The Metropolitan Energy Center created a
guidebook on sustainable urban
development to help other community
groups around the country replicate its
experience improving the environment of
the low-income neighborhood of Westside,
Missouri. Metropolitan Energy spent the
first 6 months of its project getting to know
community members and their objectives.
The grantee found the most productive
neighborhood visioning meetings occurred
when it sponsored picnics or had impromptu
porch meetings—planned meetings at
designated locations were not widely
received. At the impromptu porch meetings,
Metropolitan Energy worked with
participants to establish neighborhood
leaders, who formed a steering committee
and later an advisory committee for the
program. These leaders met monthly to
monitor progress and to ensure activities
were held in accordance with the goals
outlined by the community. Metropolitan
Energy believes the picnics and porch
meetings built lines of communication that
did not exist in the community, and as a
result, increased resident participation in
creating a sustainable development plan for
their community.
Grantees cited partnering with organizations, such as trade associations that already have
the trust of business communities, as another key to successfully working with groups that
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
mistrust outsiders. Ecology Action, for example, worked with the Korean Community Center of
the East Bay (KCCEB) to develop two 4-hour workshops for Korean dry cleaners in Northern
California. Reaching the Korean-American community is especially important when trying to
reach dry cleaners; Korean Americans make up approximately 60 percent of all dry cleaners in
California. Furthermore, this community often mistrusts regulatory agencies and environmental
organizations, according to Ecology Action. Without assistance from the Korean Dry Cleaners
Association of Northern California (KDA) and KCCEB, Ecology Action believes that it would
not have been able to gain the trust of Korean-American dry cleaners. When communicating
with dry cleaners, Ecology Action had more success when callers stated they were phoning on
behalf of KDA than when identifying themselves as an environmental organization only.
Not only do partnerships with trade associations help build trust, grantees said that they
also help provide access to the target audience. Dunbar Association, for example, partnered
with the Pan-African Business Association (PABA) to reach small businesses in Syracuse, New
York. Using PABA's mailing list, Dunbar sent brochures to businesses explaining the pollution
prevention program and advertised in PABA's community center newsletter. Through this effort,
Dunbar reached 60 businesses and conducted onsite visits. It is important to note, however, that
given the transient nature of small businesses in low-income communities, there were still a
significant number of businesses that were not members of trade associations. To reach these
businesses, Dunbar conducted onsite visits to discuss pollution prevention methods in person.
Roxbury Community College, in association with the Tellus Institute, found
partnerships with trade associations very valuable in
their work as well. Roxbury/Tellus held their
workshops with sponsorship from the Massachusetts
Auto Body Association, the Massachusetts Fabricare
Association, and the Massachusetts Printers
Association. The grantees found it especially
difficult to recruit businesses that were not members
of these associations.
The grantee combined its activities with existing
community events and festivals.
Whether planning a workshop for small
businesses or a community meeting, planning
activities in coordination with existing events helped
grantees to attract participants. Most grantees that
planned stand-alone meetings, events, and
workshops found few attendees. Grantees found that
combining their events with other regularly
scheduled meetings or events helped improve
attendance. The City of Boston's Office of
Partnerships Often Make or Break
Success
Garden Resources of Washington realized
it had to do much more than distribute flyers
to get the community involved in its urban
garden project. By linking one of the
demonstration sites to a local high school,
the grantee immediately found a committed
organization. Numerous students eagerly
volunteered for the project, as their work on
the demonstration site fulfilled their
community service obligations for school. In
addition, through participation in the project,
some students helped educate their parents
about environmental issues. The grantee was
able to attract numerous volunteers for its
half-acre farm through existing community
groups.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
Environmental Health, for example, used this approach to improve attendance at workshops
held in conjunction with its new video on auto repair pollution prevention. Similarly, Miami-
Dade County found that bringing workshops to industrial parks worked better than asking the
small businesses to come to the grantee. The Metropolitan Energy Center found the same was
true for its community meetings.
C. Grantee Advice for Motivating Behavioral Change
Throughout the course of their work, EJP2 grantees identified a number of
recommendations to help other organizations
conducting similar projects motivate behavioral change.
This advice applies regardless of the type of project
initiated.
Contact the target audience on multiple
occasions—face-to-face contact works the best
One EJP2 grantee diligently collected
information on pollution prevention resources available
locally, statewide, and nationally and distributed the
resource list to local businesses. When calling to
follow up, the grantee was surprised to leam that none
of the businesses called the resources or implemented
pollution prevention activities as a result. Taking
action as a result of a single letter, flyer, or workshop
rarely occurred among audiences targeted by EJP2
grantees. Grantees ranging from the Tri-County
Health Department in Colorado to the Korean Youth
& Community Center (KYCC) in Southern California
to the Northeast Waste Management Officials
Association (NEWMOA) in Massachusetts all found that multiple and personal contacts worked
best. For Tri-County Health, businesses were much more likely to participate in its voluntary
program when they received a personal visit rather than a mailing. KYCC found that, in spite of
the materials they prepared for its demonstration workshop on wet cleaning, no dry cleaners
would convert to wet cleaning based on one workshop. Ecology Action, which conducted a
similar project, however, found that after repeated contact and demonstrated success of their
peers, seven dry cleaners did convert to wet cleaning after the end of the EJP2 grant period.
NEWMOA geared its outreach and education materials for local health, fire, and safety
inspectors of auto repair shops. NEWMOA found that local inspectors often have personal
contact with small auto repair shop managers and owners from routine shop inspections and
know and trust them. By educating local inspectors about pollution prevention and compliance
assistance for auto repair shops, the officials can bring this information to the smaller auto repair
Broward County Piggybacks for Success
After few people attended pollution
prevention workshops sponsored by the
Broward County Department of Natural
Resource Protection (DNRP), the
Department decided that if it could not get
residents to the workshops, it would take the
workshops to the people. DNRP attended
home owners association meetings within
the community to make pollution prevention
presentations and introduce its tree planting
and roof coating projects. At these meetings
DNRP was able to explain its initiative to
community leaders and gain their support,
which gave it credibility and increased
acceptance by community residents.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
shops during the inspections, saving the shop owners the time required to locate, obtain, and
learn pollution prevention and environmental compliance information on their own.
Grantees also stressed the importance
of contacting the program participants and the
target audience on several occasions to
maintain momentum and spur additional
interest. In its work in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, the Delaware Valley Clean
Air Council, for example, found that the
more contact it maintained, the more involved
participants became. In another example, the
Fond du Lac Reservation Business
Committee found that in order to be successful, service providers cannot just go to the
businesses one time and expect behavior to change.
When possible, use "hands-on" activities and visual projects to educate.
"Ultimately the most successful outreach
tool will usually be one-on-one contact
rather than mailings or letters. This is how
trust is built among organizations. "
—Center for Hazardous Materials
Research
Grantees found that, regardless of
audience—students, farmers, dry cleaners, auto
shop workers, and residents—all learned better
through hands-on activities rather than classroom-
type presentations. School letter wnting campaigns,
school and home energy audits, and geographic
information system (GIS) mapping helped promote
student involvement. Isles, Inc., for example,
found that hands-on activities are a good addition to
lectures. The students really appreciated the
opportunity to do an actual energy audit. The same
principle held true for agricultural and business
projects. When owners, workers, and farmers saw
pollution prevention technologies in action, they
became more receptive to implementing them in
their respective workplaces. Wichita-Sedgwick
Department of Community Health, which
conducted numerous workshops on its small
quantity generator pollution prevention project,
found that even though many people attended these
workshops, onsite demonstrations or technical
assistance would have been a more effective means
of communication.
"Lack of One-on-One Contact Inhibited
Our Success"
The Mid-America Regional Council,
which sought to obtain input from the
residents of Kansas City in the local
environmental pollution prevention planning
processes, believes a lack of personal
contacts with community members limited
its success. The grantee said it felt that if
more one-on-one contact had been initiated
earlier in the program, more local leaders
would have become involved. The grantee
did gain the support of a large number of
community leaders; however, their
participation in the workshops was
disappointing. If personal contact had been
made with the leaders in the early stages of
grant design, the grantee believes that they
might have been willing to commit more
time to the program.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
Similarly, other grantees noted that visual displays helped engage their target audience.
The Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments (AVCOG), for example, used an
innovative display showing how pollutants travel from homes, businesses, and communities into
ground-water drinking supplies. The simple display used food coloring in water to show
pollutant pathways. AVCOG found that people really were interested in the display and readily
learned from it.
Include some type of awards and
recognition component.
Grantees noted that all people—from
school children to business people to local
residents—thrive on recognition for their
efforts to protect the environment. One of the
most successful business assistance grantees,
the Elizabeth River Project, credits
recognition and friendly competition as the
best way to spur pollution reduction.
Elizabeth River awarded recognition "stars"
to participating businesses that reported
reductions through its voluntary program.
Grantees also indicated that
recognizing achievements often results in
other benefits such as increased community
awareness of environmental issues and
increased communication. In Somerville,
Massachusetts, for example, peer leaders
participating in the pollution prevention
internship program received citations for
demonstrating leadership, intelligence, and hard work during the 200 hours they completed under
the EJP2 grant. The event, broadcast on cable television and covered by the Boston Globe,
helped increase community awareness of environmental justice issues.
The University of Louisville's Citizen Award for Pollution Prevention enabled
community members to acknowledge the efforts of local businesses and fostered communication
between the community and local industry.
Encourage small, incremental changes with demonstrated cost savings and benefits.
The most successful EJP2 grantees encouraged small, incremental changes with
demonstrated cost savings and benefits. Grantees told EPA that this tip is particularly important
Partnerships: A Key to Success
The Lincoln-Lancaster County Health
Department (LLCHD) attributed its success
to an alliance with its community partners.
According to LLCHD, "By using people who
were trusted by community members,
residents were more receptive than they
would have been had an outsider approached
them." The contacts also had the advantage
of cultural familiarity—knowing how to
approach their community to achieve project
goals. As a result, LLCHD generated a high
level of interest in pollution prevention
within four minority communities. LLCHD
and its partners held community meetings to
discuss neighborhood environmental
concerns, trained residents to conduct
pollution prevention outreach within their
own communities, provided pollution
prevention technical assistance to small
businesses, and translated and distributed a
large number of outreach materials.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
for audiences whose livelihoods depend on
success and cannot take significant risks (e.g., dry
cleaners converting to wet cleaning, farmers
converting to organic farming). Identifying
smaller changes with cost savings, however,
helped businesses begin implementing pollution
prevention activities. The Elizabeth River
Project, for example, found that it was able to
encourage businesses to participate by working
with them to undertake small projects. Elizabeth
River recruited businesses by publicizing the
small, visible environmental improvements
achieved by other participants.
Personal Contact and Flexibility
Improves Attendance
To entice business owners to attend
pollution prevention demonstrations, Mobile
Outreach for Pollution Prevention
(MOPP) partners made personal phone calls
or visits to businesses to tell them about
MOPP. Though time constraints did not
always permit a call, partners noted an
increase in attendance when this personal
contact was made. MOPP also sponsored an
open house, which gave participants the
freedom to visit the MOPP at their
convenience. This flexible program
attributed to the increased numbers of
participants. MOPP reached more than 300
businesses and demonstrated pollution
prevention equipment used in solvent
distillation, removal of residual oil from oil
filters, parts washing, and enclosed paint gun
cleaning.
Time and time again grantees cited the
demonstration of cost savings as a key element to
their success. The Missouri Energy Resources
Project, for example, had difficulty persuading the
local school board to allocate additional funding
needed to implement its recommendations to
improve energy efficiency in the 22 schools
participating in the grant project. Eventually, the
grantee convinced the school board that the
proposed cost savings resulting from
implementing recommendations would make the effort worthwhile. Each of the participating
schools installed a new lighting system in addition to recommendations developed under the
grant.
Focus on individuals who can make decisions to change practices (e.g., business owners
rather than employees).
Several grantees noted the importance of making sure the target audience has the
authority to act on the information they receive through workshops, trainings, and meetings. The
Association for Community-Based Education, for example, trained farmworkers on integrated
pest management techniques. While the workers can leam, they do not have the power to change
practices as the farmowners do. Alternatively, Citizens for a Better Environment (CBE)
worked with environmental managers empowered to make decisions. Acme Steel's
environmental manager, for example, was very responsive to concerns about environmental
problems stemming from the company's operation, which included toxic releases of air and dust
emissions from the company's coal piles.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
D. Difficulties Encountered
Grantees faced numerous challenges when implementing their projects. Many had
difficulty overcoming the following barriers.
Small businesses are hard to reach.
Many grantees found it difficult to work with small
businesses on pollution prevention projects for a
variety of reasons.
• Businesses lacked staff to focus on
environmental issues. Grantee Center for
Hazardous Material Research (CHMR)
noted that often these small companies do
not have any environmental expertise, and
the current staff, whether it is a maintenance
worker or an owner, do not have much time
for anything beyond ensunng compliance, if
that. To overcome a lack of interest in
pollution prevention, CHMR offered its
services to numerous businesses, knowing
that only a few would ultimately accept.
Shipyards Say No to Pollution Prevention
in New Orleans
The Louisiana Environmental Justice
Project aimed to work with community
members and shipyards to prevent pollution.
Despite numerous contacts, however, no
industry representatives were willing to
support source reduction at shipyards.
According to the grantee, industry seemed
afraid of or indifferent to the issues
presented by an unknown "environmental
action group."
Businesses mistrusted pollution prevention service providers. Businesses feared that
outsiders might find violations and report them to the authorities. According to El
Puente, in the economically disadvantaged community of Greenpoint-Williamsburg,
New York, "Businesses in poor, minority urban areas are often small, not regulated well,
non-unionized, and use immigrant labor. These businesses thrive on being anonymous.
They do not have the money to comply with the more than 70 city regulations and do not
want to take the risk of having illegal practices exposed. Working with these businesses
takes a long time to build a relationship of trust and to enable grantees to develop the
organizational capacity for addressing these issues."
Businesses were highly transient. In its followup visits to Opa-locka small businesses
that received technical assistance, grantee Miami-Bade County often found empty
warehouse bays and no forwarding address. In its final survey of 184 facilities that
received assistance and responded to an original survey, more than a quarter of the
business (SO businesses) were no longer in operation during the final survey. Some of
these businesses reopened 1 or 2 months after they closed within a few blocks of their
original location. This movement from location to location makes consistent permitting
and educational assistance difficult. Upon consulting the county's permitting section, the
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
grantee learned that this is a common occurrence in Opa-locka, as well as other low-
income communities.
The loan projects had an especially
difficult time recruiting small businesses to
participate in pollution prevention loan
programs. In some cases, the grantees had
difficulty getting the businesses interested in
pollution prevention loans at all. In the case of
Working Capital, for example, the grantee
promoted its new pollution prevention program
as part of its existing loan program with a kick-
off event, direct mail, and participation in
community events. Even so, the grantee had
difficulty recruiting businesses to participate.
In response, Working Capital refocused its
marketing strategy by highlighting the
economic benefits of practicing pollution
prevention, such as reducing costs through
improved business efficiency, rather than
focusing on the environmental benefits. In
other cases, businesses in disadvantaged
communities could not qualify for loans due
to compliance problems. The Bowdoin
Street Health Center (BSHC), for example,
found that some auto shops in the immigrant
communities established themselves without
appropriate permits and operated for some
time before government officials realized the
shops were operating illegally. BSHC was
unable to provide loans to auto shops because
none of shops was able to comply with
environmental regulations, no matter how
much technical assistance was provided to
them.
Communities are often more interested in
cleanup than prevention.
In some cases, the pollution
prevention solutions offered by grantees did
not align with community priorities. In order
to obtain buy-in from communities, several
Mill Creek Had Difficulty Reaching
Businesses
Very few businesses responded to notices of
the pollution prevention challenge grants
offered by the Rivers Unlimited Mill Creek
Restoration Project. The grantee realized
that this opportunity was hidden amongst
announcements of several other
opportunities. By making the announcement
more prominent, the grantee was able to
elicit at least a few responses from interested
businesses.
Linking Pollution Prevention to
Community Concerns Fosters Success
When promoting pollution prevention to
residents, Escambia County, Florida,
linked prevention with issues important to
the community, such as aesthetics and crime.
The county worked with community
development associations and government
officials to ensure pollution prevention
efforts were integrated into development
plans for the community or done
concurrently with other development efforts.
The grantee also presented information on
the linkages between prevention and
community concerns at neighborhood
association meetings and at other
community development events. For
example, the grantee made a presentation on
pollution prevention in the home of
volunteers gathered for community cleanups
before the cleanups actually began.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
grantees had to defer pollution prevention projects and instead address specific community
concerns, such as rodents, litter, or other existing pollution problems. The University of
Cincinnati, for example, found that residents of the Lower Price Hill community were not
concerned or aware about pollution prevention solutions. Residents saw their immediate needs as
reducing litter, removing graffiti, and beautifying their neighborhood. The grantee overcame this
problem by working with the community to fulfill these goals, and later keeping them aware of
pollution prevention as a possible solution.
The same finding holds true for businesses. While grantees would initially hope to assist
the businesses in preventing pollution, they found so many environmental violations that they
had to help the businesses become compliant. The Greater Laredo Development Foundation,
for example, found that 70 percent of the 30 freight companies visited were violating various
hazardous materials regulations. The grantee educated and trained local businesses (i.e., trade-
handlers, freight forwarders, trucking companies) on how to comply with the regulations and
prevent accidents involving hazardous freight.
Uncertain EPA funding schedule disrupts project planning.
Some grantees noted that the uncertainty of EPA's schedule for awarding the EJP2 grants
made it difficult for them to coordinate with
project partners and retain their commitment
and enthusiasm for participating in the proposed
project. Given that grant projects work best
when the grantees obtain buy-in early from all
stakeholders and community members, the
uncertainty of the EPA funding schedule
exacerbated this problem.
Poor project planning limits success.
Some grantees failed to do the proper
background research, which inhibited their
success. The New River Highlands
Conservation and Development Council, for
example, had hoped to reach owners of property
in the watershed through students at a local
school. The main sources of pollution for the
watershed are soil erosion and runoff from
cattle. As it turned out, however, the students'
parents did not own land along the river and the
grantee had difficulty reaching the landowners.
Better preliminary research into the
EPA Needs to Balance Accountability and
Flexibility
According to one grantee, the Clean Water
Fund (CWF), EPA needs to determine a
new way to hold EJP2 grantees accountable
as well as give more leeway to allow project
activities not originally included in the grant
proposal. The grantee commented that many
EJP2 grantees are small organizations that
do not have the expertise or time to
complete all of the necessary paperwork
accurately to request changes in project
work. EJP2 grantees need more support
from EPA to facilitate adjustments to grant
project work. CWF believes it is the nature
of EJP2 work for unexpected circumstances
to occur that prevent planned project work
from happening or that make other types of
project work more sensible than planned
activities.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
demographics of the school and community might have helped the grantee to design a more
effective project. As noted above, good preliminary research often resulted in successful
projects.
Other grantees had misconceptions of the EJP2 grant program as a funding source. At
least one grantee assumed that it would receive annual funding through EJP2 and structured its
project accordingly. When the organization did not receive funding in subsequent years, the
project faltered.
Lack of staff focusing on the EJP2 project can slow project progress and limit grantees' ability
to continue project activities beyond the grant period.
Although hiring new staff takes time, grantees found that projects otherwise suffered
because staff were overburdened with too many responsibilities. The Turtle Mountain Band of
the Chippewa Indians, for example, did not receive enough EJP2 funding to hire a P2
Coordinator as originally planned, so all grant responsibilities fell on one staff person. This
person, who was also working on three other grant projects at the same time, had difficulty
meeting the demands of all projects.
Those grantees that allocated full-time
staff to the project were better able to meet
their project goals. The Wichita-Sedgwick
County Department of Community
Health, for example, said that it needed to
hire a full-time staff person to effectively
administer the pollution prevention program.
According to the grantee, the program
required more attention and detail than was
possible as a part-time activity or if it was
added to someone's "regular" job.
Ultimately, Wichita-Sedgwick obtained
permanent funding for the position.
Other grantees feared that without a
full-time staff person, the project would not
continue beyond the EJP2 grant. Montana
State University (MSU) Extension Service,
for example, worried that two of the three
tribes participating in its community
education project would not continue
activities upon completion of the grant. One
of the participating tribes did hire a full-time
Insufficient Staff and Other Funding
Sources Limit Post-Grant Success
The Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer
District established a curbside recycling
program in a low-income, minority
neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. While
6.5 tons of recyclables were collected from
nearly 700 community members during the
grant period, the collection program faltered
once EJP2 funding ceased. The grantee
stated that in order for the program to be
truly successful, alternate sources of
financing should have been found. Too
much reliance was placed on the grant
money. The grantee also identified a second
challenge: there was insufficient funding to
sponsor someone full-time. The project's
success was limited by staff working on the
curbside program in addition to other
duties.
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Section II—Findings and Analysis
person to work on the project, which encouraged MSU that activities would continue after EJP2
funding expired.
£. Findings by Project Type
Sections III through IX provide detailed findings and analysis for the seven categories of
grant projects (i.e., helping small businesses prevent pollution in communities, fostering
partnerships between industrial facilities and communities, educating communities on pollution
prevention, promoting efficient resource use within communities, fostering youth education and
involvement, demonstrating agricultural pollution prevention, and improving tribal
environments). These sections summarize grantee accomplishments, provide snapshots of a
variety of successful and unsuccessful grant projects, and outline effective strategies for project
success, based on feedback from grantee interviews.
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SECTION III—HELPING SMALL BUSINESSES PREVENT POLLUTION IN
COMMUNITIES
Small businesses such as auto repair shops, dry cleaners, and printers often generate small
quantities of hazardous waste that may threaten the environment and the health of residents and
workers in some communities. Many low-income and minority neighborhoods have a large
share of such facilities6 and, according to grantees interviewed for this study, face three major
challenges when trying to prevent pollution from small businesses:
• Small businesses have few employees and resources, which limits the amount of time
they can spend learning about environmental regulations, government technical assistance
programs, and pollution prevention measures.
• Small businesses have limited financial resources, which makes them more wary of
purchasing new pollution prevention equipment.
• Small businesses are often transient businesses—they have high employee turnover or
they temporarily close due to economic difficulties—which limits the community's
ability to establish working relationships with them.
EJP2 grantees addressed these challenges through four types of projects. First, grantees
developed voluntary partnership programs where participating businesses identified and
implemented pollution prevention goals in exchange for free technical assistance and public
recognition for their efforts. Second, grantees carried out demonstration projects to show the
cost-effectiveness and environmental value of pollution prevention technologies and took
additional measures to ensure the adoption of the technology by small businesses. Third,
grantees helped small businesses finance new pollution prevention equipment purchases through
loan programs. Fourth, grantees earned out technical assistance and training programs that
provided small businesses with the skills they need to safely handle and reduce the usage of
hazardous materials and reduce harmful air and water emissions. Most of the grantees targeted
small auto repair shops and dry cleaners. Other targeted sectors included printers, shipyards,
electroplating businesses, incinerators, janitors, chemical manufacturers, food service businesses,
and petroleum refineries.
A. Accomplishments
From 1995 to 1997, 27 EJP2 grantees carried out pollution prevention projects that
provided technical assistance and training to small businesses. Accomplishments for each type
of project are described below.
Voluntary Partnership Programs
6 Percival, Robert V , ed , Alan S. Miller, Christopher H. Schroeder 1992 Environmental regulation: law,
science, and policy (Law school casebook series) Boston, MA. Little, Brown, and Company.
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Section HI—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
As a result of the two voluntary programs carried out by EJP2 grantees, 82 businesses set
pollution prevention goals, and 27 implemented them. Although both programs initially focused
on small businesses, the grantee that achieved the most success expanded its recruiting efforts to
larger businesses. In this case, one business reduced hazardous waste by nearly 2 million
pounds, another limited styrene emissions by 95 percent, and a third reduced toxic chemicals
covered by the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act by 85 percent.
Demonstration Projects
EJP2 grantees carried out 83 demonstrations of pollution prevention technologies to 159
businesses. Demonstration projects focused on wet cleaning, water-based auto parts cleaners,
and diesel bus air pollution control. One successful demonstration proved water-based auto parts
cleaning systems to be just as effective as existing chemical-based systems and showed that
conversion to water-based cleaning systems would save auto shops money—an estimated $200
per ton of volatile organic compound (VOC) reduced. Impressed by the demonstration results,
the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) began to require use of water-
based parts cleaners by all auto repair businesses within its jurisdiction. SCAQMD estimates this
will prevent 10 tons of VOC emissions daily within a four-county area that includes Los Angeles
County. Grantees carrying out demonstration projects also created outreach materials to facilitate
adoption of pollution prevention technology by businesses. These materials, which should
continue to be useful for other organizations planning similar demonstrations, include a bilingual
video, marketing handbook, case study, fact sheets, and information packets.
Loan Programs
Loan programs were less successful in preventing pollution: of the five loan programs
carried out by EJP2 grantees, only one program was successful in awarding loans to businesses
for purchase of pollution prevention equipment. This program awarded loans, collectively worth
$120,000, to four businesses. As a result, the businesses reduced toxic air emissions by
approximately 70 percent. EJP2 grantees had difficulty awarding loans to small businesses for a
number of reasons, including businesses' fear of taking a financial risk, businesses' ineligibility
for loans due to environmental violations, and grantee inexperience with lending money to small
businesses in low-income communities.
Technical Assistance and Training Programs
Grantees carrying out general technical assistance and training programs did not measure
the amount of pollution prevented through their work. Most grantees, however, measured the
number of activities conducted and the number of businesses reached through their efforts.
D The 15 grantees that carried out general technical assistance programs reached 238
businesses through onsite visits and pollution prevention audits.
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Section HI—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
• The most successful grantee in this category provided onsite visits to 124 businesses, and,
as a result, 61 of those businesses implemented pollution prevention, recycling, and
proper disposal measures.
• Another successful grantee certified 217 workers to handle hazardous waste materials
safely.
• The grantees reached 2,013 additional people representing at least 105 businesses through
94 conferences, seminars, workshops, and presentations.
• Lastly, grantees developed resource guides, fact sheets, brochures, and tool kits, which
reached at least 108 businesses.
Some of the 27 grantees targeting small businesses developed pollution prevention
products that should prove useful for some time beyond the grant period. Pollution prevention
products include the following:
• Checklist for local inspectors
• Expert system software program for printers
• Handbook for pollution prevention in painting
• Training curriculum for peer groups of businesses
• Bilingual video for auto repair shops.
As an example of the potential impact of these products, a training curriculum developed
by an EJP2 grantee (originally used to help qualify small businesses for pollution prevention
loans) was adopted by the New Mexico Environment Department for use by small businesses in
its Green Zia Environmental Excellence Program, a voluntary pollution prevention program.
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
B. Snapshots
Voluntary Programs
Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Chesapeake, Virginia: Assisting Businesses That Volunteer to
Prevent Pollution (3-97-2)7
By expanding a voluntary program that encourages businesses to prevent pollution, the
Elizabeth River Project (ERP) helped businesses reduce a significant amount of toxic emissions,
raised community awareness of the value of pollution prevention, and provided public
recognition of businesses that implemented pollution prevention measures. Through the
voluntary River Stars program, ERP helped 60 businesses set pollution prevention goals, leading
the way for 12 of these businesses to implement pollution prevention measures that significantly
reduced air and water emissions in a low-income, African-American community in southern
Virginia.
After recruiting local shipyards, auto repair shops, and printers to join the River Stars
program, ERP helped the businesses identify and implement pollution prevention goals through
onsite visits, training conferences, and a hotline. In one instance, ERP held a conference
specifically on shipyard pollution prevention. The conference, attended by 50 local businesses,
featured technical seminars, in addition to speakers from a shipyard trade association and the
state regulatory agency.
In addition to assisting businesses, ERP coordinated a variety of neighborhood
improvement projects. The projects, such as marsh restoration, trash cleanup, and tree planting,
included residents and employees of local businesses. As a result of the projects, ERP raised
community awareness of the importance of environmental responsibility among community
members, helping make public recognition of business pollution prevention achievements much
more meaningful to both businesses and residents.
Demonstration Projects
Los Angeles, California: Demonstrating the Effectiveness of Pollution Prevention (9-95-2)
By conducting demonstrations of water-based auto parts cleaning technology at volunteer
auto repair facilities in inner-city Los Angeles, the Institute for Research and Technical
Assistance (IRTA) proved water-based parts cleaners are a feasible and cost-effective alternative
for cleaning auto parts. IRTA's carefully conducted study convinced the South Coast Air Quality
Management District (SCAQMD) to promulgate a new regulation that requires repair and
7 EPA coded each grant project for easy reference with project summaries throughout the document Table
B-2 in Appendix B includes an alphabetical list of projects and the associated code
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
maintenance cleaning operations in their jurisdiction (Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San
Bernardino counties) to adopt water-based cleaners. IRTA estimated that auto repair facilities
affected by the ruling will convert 40,000 solvent cleaning units to water-based systems, reducing
10 tons of solvent emissions each day in SCAQMD's jurisdiction, twice the level of emissions
from a large oil refinery. IRTA indicated the change saves about $200 per ton of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) reduced. One facility expected to save $1,400 per cleaning unit after the
switch.
Before initiating the demonstrations, IRTA conducted research to determine ways to
improve existing water-based auto parts cleaners to make them more effective and affordable.
IRTA then worked with five equipment manufacturers and vendors to improve their water-based
parts cleaners to meet IRTA's specifications. IRTA conducted 24 demonstrations of the
improved technology (consisting of different combinations of equipment and water-based
formulations) at 21 volunteer auto repair facilities in inner-city Los Angeles.
Rural Communities in Idaho: Taking Pollution Prevention on the Road (10-95-7)
The University of Northern Iowa's Waste Reduction Center (1WRC) developed the
Mobile Outreach for Pollution Prevention (MOPP), a mobile home that travels around the
country providing pollution prevention and waste prevention information to small, rural
communities. Using EJP2 grant funds, the MOPP sought to collectively organize and implement
pollution prevention outreach programs focusing on small businesses in rural and urban areas and
on tribal lands in Idaho. The IWRC tailored the MOPP to suit the needs of its target audience by
using surveys administered to automotive businesses. The MOPP toured continuously for 8
weeks to demonstrate equipment used in anti-freeze recycling, solvent distillation, removal of
residual oil from oil filters, parts washing, and enclosed paint gun cleaning. State-specific
environmental regulatory compliance information was also distributed to participants.
The MOPP also answered questions raised by participants and offered technical
assistance. To create greater interest in the MOPP, staff personally visited automotive shops
within selected towns and invited them to watch the demonstrations. The MOPP visited 31
communities and performed 34 demonstrations for an estimated 425 participants.
Midwest Communities: Conducting Preliminary Research Prior to Carrying Out Full-Scale
Demonstrations (7-97-5)
The University of Northern Iowa carried out two demonstrations of the Hydro Power
Pak™ after the inventor approached the grantee. The inventor believed the device could be
installed on diesel-fueled buses to reduce their air emissions and meet the urban bus retrofit
requirements specified in Section 219(d) of the Clean Air Act Amendments. Although the
demonstrations showed the device could reduce hydrocarbon and particulate emissions by up to 9
percent, it did not prove effective enough to meet the standards set by Section 219(d). The
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
grantee noted that, had it had more preliminary information on the product, they would not have
conducted a full-scale demonstration.
Loan Programs
Minority and Low-Income Communities in Washington State: Helping Businesses Finance
Pollution Prevention (10-95-2)
Cascadia Revolving Fund (CRF) created the Pollution Prevention Lending Program and
provided four loans to Korean-owned dry cleaning businesses to help them purchase pollution
prevention equipment. The $120,000 worth of loan money is expected to reduce the dry
cleaners' air emissions by 70 percent every year. In addition to awarding loans, CRF reached out
to small businesses from many different sectors, providing them with advice on financial
strategies for preventing pollution and achieving environmental compliance. The funding from
the EJP2 program served as a "loan loss reserve" that allowed CRF to award loans to businesses
lacking collateral. As businesses paid back the loans, CRF could make new loans.
CRF focused on dry cleaners after conducting research on industries that were mainly
comprised of small businesses and were facing regulatory pressure to minimize environmental
impacts. CRF promoted the Pollution Prevention Lending Program by distributing information
at a Waste Information Network fair, co-sponsoring an environmental seminar, and sending out
targeted mailings.
General Technical Assistance and Training Programs
City of Opa-locka, Florida: Building Trust With Small Businesses (4-95-4)
In the low-income community of Opa-locka, Florida, the Miami-Bade County
Department of Environmental Resources Management (DERM) provided nine onsite pollution
prevention assessments to small businesses, held 11 workshops during business hours and near
business locations, and revisited businesses to provide eight followup workshops. Through the
workshops, DERM taught pollution prevention strategies to 160 businesses and informed them
that DERM provided nonregulatory technical assistance. In addition to teaching pollution
prevention measures, the workshops and onsite assessments helped DERM build trust with the
businesses, making future collaborative work more likely.
Seattle, Washington: Trying to Persuade Businesses to Reduce Pollution (10-97-2)
To reduce community exposure to industrial pollutants in a low-income Seattle
neighborhood, the Community Coalition for Environmental Justice (CCEJ) worked with
residents to identify pollution prevention strategies for local businesses and encouraged business
owners to implement these strategies. To begin, CCEJ identified local pollution sources using
EPA databases, such as the Toxic Release Inventory database. Next, CCEJ worked with
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
residents to design pollution prevention strategies for local businesses and identify government
and nonprofit organizations that could provide technical assistance to these businesses. CCEJ
then met with businesses and provided them with suggestions for preventing pollution, based on
its work with residents. In spite of CCEJ's efforts, however, businesses did not implement
pollution prevention measures. CCEJ believes this was because businesses did not have any
regulatory incentives to change. Other EJP2 grantees in similar situations, however, were
successful in persuading businesses to implement pollution prevention measures. These grantees
attributed their success to demonstrating the cost savings of pollution prevention to businesses or
recognizing business pollution prevention achievements.
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
Voluntary Programs
o Keep the voluntary program highly structured. Specific criteria and standards for
receiving recognition in a voluntary program keep businesses motivated to participate in
the program. ERP's River Stars program included a ranking system (one, two, or three
stars). Businesses could progress from one to two to three stars only after carrying out
specific pollution prevention activities, such as employee education. ERP found that the
structure created a competitive, yet friendly, spirit among participating businesses,
encouraging them to progress in their pollution prevention efforts.
H Find a group of volunteers to provide technical support. To improve the level of
participation in its voluntary program for auto repair shops in low-income Denver
communities, the Tri-County Health Department encouraged pollution prevention
equipment (high-volume, low-pressure paint guns) suppliers to provide additional
technical assistance to businesses interested in implementing pollution prevention
measures.
n Find a champion at each participating business. ERP, for example, identified a mid-
level employee at a local shipyard to consistently encourage upper management to
implement pollution prevention measures. Eventually, upper management invested in
new pollution prevention technology.
n Provide extra assistance to participating businesses to help document results
accurately. EJP2 grantees found businesses needed a high level of assistance to help
them document the results of their pollution prevention efforts. Otherwise, businesses
might choose a measurement method that gives a poor representation of the amount of
pollution they have prevented or select no method at all.
Demonstration Projects
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
• Improve consumer awareness and increase demand for products and services
provided through pollution prevention technologies. EJP2 grantees have found some
businesses are hesitant to adopt pollution prevention technology because of fears that
consumers will reject their services. Ecology Action, for example, learned that dry
cleaners feared losing customers if they switched to wet cleaning technology. Ecology
Action advised future grantees to make sure project activities address the need to educate
consumers. The grantee noted a press conference is a good method for building
consumer awareness and for publicizing local businesses using pollution prevention
technologies.
• Find businesses already using pollution prevention methods to demonstrate their
economic feasibility. EJP2 grantees have collaborated with successful businesses that
use pollution prevention to demonstrate to other businesses that adopting pollution
prevention technology makes good business sense. The Korean Youth & Community
Center (KYCC), which provided demonstrations of wet cleaning to minority dry cleaners
in Los Angeles, collaborated with existing wet cleaning facilities to sponsor tours and
demonstrations at their businesses. Although onsite demonstrations were important in
raising the interest of dry cleaners, most were still hesitant to adopt wet cleaning
technology. Repeated contact and financial assistance might be necessary to ensure
adoption of demonstrated technology.
• Work in partnership with manufacturers to develop new pollution prevention
technologies. Without IRTA's preliminary studies, which determined how to improve
existing water-based parts cleaners, and its collaboration with five manufacturers to meet
its specifications, IRTA's demonstrations might not have proven this technology to be as
cost-effective or comparable in performance to existing technology.
• Changing industry behavior requires ongoing and time-consuming contact and
collaborative work with all parties involved. To demonstrate the effectiveness of
pollution prevention technology to industry, IRTA needed to provide ongoing contact and
assistance to the auto repair facilities that volunteered to participate in the
demonstrations. IRTA also worked hard to promote the results of its demonstrations to
local government agencies.
Loan Programs
• Leave loan programs to the experts. The most successful EJP2 loan programs were
those created by financial institutions with a history of lending money to small businesses
in low-income communities. EJP2 grantees without lending experience were
unsuccessful in distributing pollution prevention loans to businesses in low-income
communities. The Cascadia Revolving Fund (CRF), a well-established community
development financial institution, used EJP2 grant funds to develop a Pollution
Prevention Lending Program that encouraged the adoption of pollution prevention
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
strategies by small businesses. CRT demonstrated its expertise by establishing specific
requirements for obtaining loans and targeting its outreach program to dry cleaners.
• Target receptive industry sectors for loans. Some small businesses are more likely to
seek loans to implement pollution prevention than others. EJP2 grantees that targeted
their limited resources toward receptive industry sectors found more success than those
that did not have targeted loan programs. CRF, for example, researched various industry
sectors to determine which small businesses were facing future regulations that could
require substantial capital improvements. As a result of its research, CRF concentrated
its resources on dry cleaners.
General Technical Assistance and Training Programs
• Workshops must be highly promoted, focused, convenient, and rewarding for small
businesses to attend. EJP2 grantees generally found it difficult to attract small
businesses to pollution prevention workshops. Grantees that succeeded in attracting
small businesses to workshops offered them at a convenient time (e.g., evenings) or place
(e.g., business sites), provided door prizes and free meals, conducted extensive
promotional activities, made followup phone calls to individual businesses, and focused
workshops on a particular industry or regulatory requirement.
• Collect measurement data before and during the project. Collecting data on the level
of knowledge of pollution prevention or amount of pollution prevented before and after
EJP2 projects is a difficult endeavor. The Local Government Commission (LGC)
suggested collecting pre-project data as early and often as possible. LGC collected much
of their pre-project data through their preliminary research activities such as onsite
interviews with janitorial businesses. To collect data on changes in level of awareness or
behavior changes, LGC included a post-project survey card in product kits it distributed
to janitorial businesses and their customers.
• Continue the project beyond the grant period. EJP2 projects can continue to have a
positive effect on small businesses when grantees carry out activities to help perpetuate
pollution prevention beyond the grant period. EJP2 grantees worked with local
governments to gain permanent funding for their programs or to make the use of their
product a requirement for businesses to receive permits (e.g., viewing a video on
pollution prevention techniques in auto repair shops). The Wichita-Sedgwick County
Department of Community Health (WSCDCH) used EJP2 grant funds to educate small
businesses in Wichita, Kansas, on the latest pollution prevention techniques and
encouraged them to participate in a small quantity generator hazardous waste reduction
program. As a result of the program's success, the county government allocated funds to
support the program on a full-time basis.
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Section III—Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
• Raise public awareness of the importance of business pollution prevention.
Technical assistance programs work best when businesses receive positive feedback from
the community for their pollution prevention activities. The University of Louisville, for
example, set up a Citizen Award for Pollution Prevention program, in which residents of
the low-income West End community of Louisville reviewed local industry practices and
selected recipients for pollution prevention achievement awards. By including residents
in the award process, the grantee raised public awareness of the importance of pollution
prevention to the community, which in rum encouraged businesses to senously consider
pollution prevention measures. As a result of the awards program, businesses not
receiving awards approached the University of Louisville for pollution prevention
implementation assistance.
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SECTION IV—FOSTERING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
AND COMMUNITIES
EJP2 grantees helped communities define their environmental concerns and communicate
them to local industries, while providing technical assistance to local industrial facilities to
facilitate changes. EJP2 projects supported collaborative efforts such as Good Neighbor
Dialogues among communities and local industries and helped residents gather and interpret
Toxic Release Inventory and other data to identify industrial pollution concerns and support local
pollution prevention efforts.
A. Accomplishments
Six EJP2 grantees from 1995 to 1997 conducted projects designed to foster partnerships
between communities and large industrial facilities. While these projects did not directly prevent
pollution within the grant period, many of these projects convinced businesses to implement
pollution control measures, improved community access to monitoring data, and fostered
significant collaborations between communities and industries that might make pollution
prevention more likely in the future. One grantee, for example, facilitated dialogues between a
community task force and 12 local industries and as a result obtained $550,000 in funding from
the state and federal government to develop an air toxics monitoring program, set up a local air
pollution control district, and establish a community air pollution information center. Overall,
the six EJP2 grantees:
• Carried out 17 Good Neighbor Dialogues.
• Helped get community concerns into a Supplemental Environmental Project undertaken
by a local company.
• Convinced four businesses to implement pollution control measures.
• Developed two databases to help communities access pollution prevention information
and monitor permits of local businesses.
• Established three neighborhood action groups that continue to meet weekly to plan
pollution prevention strategies for local industry.
B. Snapshots
Midwest Cities: Good Neighbor Dialogues Give Voice to Community Concerns (5-96-1)
Citizens for a Better Environment (CBE) provided technical and financial support to local
grassroots organizations to help facilitate constructive partnerships among communities and local
industries. In Chicago and Minneapolis, CBE helped communities establish Good Neighbor
Dialogues that provided residents with the opportunity to meet directly with plant managers to
discuss environmental concerns and pollution prevention opportunities.
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Section IV—Fostering Partnerships Between Industrial Facilities and Communities
Participating businesses have not yet implemented pollution prevention measures as a
result of the dialogues, but according to CBE, they have greatly increased their awareness and
understanding of pollution prevention's economic benefits. As a result, these businesses have
begun to take initial steps to improve the environment. Participating businesses have purchased
equipment to control air emissions (e.g., a steel manufacturer installed a more efficient pollution
control device on one of its blast furnaces). They have also prepared for environmental
emergencies (e.g., a chemical manufacturer installed leak detection sensors in its chemical
storage room) and begun to solicit community input regarding pollution issues. Participating
community groups have continued to emphasize the economic benefits of pollution prevention in
their dialogues with local industries.
CBE also helped community groups in Chicago by ensuring their concerns were included
in a Supplemental Environmental Project (SEP) undertaken by a local company in response to its
violation of an environmental law. As part of its settlement agreement, the company agreed to
clean up an abandoned industrial site and restore a local wetland. Partly due to CBE's efforts,
EPA revised its SEP guidelines to reflect the potential for citizen involvement in developing SEP
ideas. In addition, the Illinois Office of the Attorney General began a collaborative effort with
CBE to encourage more outreach to community groups during the process of settling violations
to state environmental law.
CBE also worked with a community group in a low-income Minneapolis neighborhood to
monitor local businesses through their permits. CBE collected and entered information on the
hazardous waste, industrial discharge, and storm-water permits obtained by local businesses into
a database developed by CBE for use by the community. The database helps the community
monitor the status of these permits and identify facilities with the best potential for pollution
prevention.
Jefferson County (West End), Kentucky: Forging Constructive Partnerships Between
Industry and the Community (4-96-1)
In the West End neighborhood, a low-income community in Jefferson County, Kentucky,
the University of Louisville provided technical assistance to the West County Task Force to open
a dialogue with 12 local industries in a synthetic rubber complex and collaboratively develop an
air toxics monitoring program for their community. As a result of its technical assistance, the
University of Louisville helped the West End community obtain an additional $550,000 in grants
from the state and federal government to set up a local air pollution control district, establish a
community air pollution information center, and develop an air toxics monitoring program to
track more than 70 chemicals using EPA methods. To implement the air toxics monitoring
program, the University of Louisville facilitated meetings between local industry and the
community to select 13 monitoring sites throughout the neighborhood. The meetings also led to
the identification of four additional air pollutants released by the industries but not covered by
the EPA monitoring methods.
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Section IV—Fostering Partnerships Between Industrial Facilities and Communities
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
• Before initiating collaborative projects, be sure that residents are aware of the link
between local industries and pollution problems. Grantees found that residents are not
interested in participating in collaborative projects if they do not see the benefit of
reducing industrial pollution. Be sure to link the reduction of industry pollution to
problems that residents are familiar with.
• Communities and industries need to respect each other's needs and be willing to
seek "win-win" solutions. Collaborative projects are most effective when both sides are
willing to be honest and open about their concerns and are willing to listen to each other.
Residents should approach industries in a non-adversarial way and enlist technical
support from government or nonprofit organizations to develop pollution prevention
solutions that benefit both the community and the industry. If some residents are
employed by the industry, the community should mention they appreciate the value of the
industry to the community. Public recognition of industries in exchange for pollution
prevention measures can be a useful tool in encouraging businesses to participate in
collaborative projects.
• Include an engineer in Good Neighbor Dialogues. Engineers facilitate Good Neighbor
Dialogues among community organizations and local industries by communicating
effectively with company plant managers about incorporating pollution prevention
measures into everyday plant operations as well as explaining technology issues to
communities.
• Consider SEPs as a tool for addressing community concerns. Residents should take
advantage of federal or state SEP guidelines that allow them to incorporate their
community concerns into mandatory environmental projects undertaken by local
industrial facilities.
• Compromise instead of working alone to develop solutions. The University of
Louisville helped the West County Task Force work with local industry to select 13 air
monitoring sites. The local industries recommended a certain number of sites, while the
task force and the University of Louisville each came up with its own list of priority sites.
Working together, the three parties were able to agree on 13 final sites. The University of
Louisville believes the compromise solution worked best because it helped all
participants to better understand each other's concerns.
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SECTION V—EDUCATING COMMUNITIES ABOUT POLLUTION PREVENTION
Through EJP2 outreach and technical assistance projects, community members learned
valuable skills needed to make informed environmental decisions and press for environmental
change in their communities. Community workshops, television broadcasts, brochures, and
newsletters are some of the methods EJP2 grantees used to teach residents about the importance
of implementing pollution prevention measures in their homes and communities. To ensure the
effectiveness of outreach campaigns in communities where language and cultural differences
exist, such as immigrant communities, EJP2 grantees developed bilingual and culturally
appropriate educational materials and programs.
A. Accomplishments
From 1995 to 1997, EJP2 funded 45 grantees to carry out projects that focused on
educating communities about pollution prevention. Community outreach programs had a great
impact in terms of providing pollution prevention and environmental education to low-income
and minority communities. Grantees conducting community outreach and education projects:
• Sponsored 277 workshops, conferences, and seminars.
• Provided information to more than 40,400 people in communities across the nation.
• Trained 343 volunteers in pollution prevention and environmental awareness.
• Provided 770 onsite pollution prevention assessments to homes and businesses.
Additionally, grantees developed 58 outreach products including brochures, newsletters,
videos, databases, and pollution prevention manuals, which will continue to provide useful
information for community members in the future.
B. Snapshots
Kansas City (Westside), Missouri: Environmentally Sound Neighborhoods (7-95-4 and 7-96-
1)
The Metropolitan Energy Center (MEC), located in Kansas City, Missouri, received two
EJP2 grants to create a sustainable urban development model. MEC invented a process to serve
as a model for sustainable urban development that can be used and replicated in other
neighborhoods across the country. The key to success for MEC was its flexible approach to the
grant project. Because the project involved the cooperation of numerous partners and focused on
gaining the support of neighborhood residents, goals for the project were left open and developed
as the grant project progressed. The grantee united neighborhood leaders and established open
lines of communication with them in order to determine the specific needs and desires of
community residents. From the suggestions offered at community visioning sessions, MEC
identified common issues and created a replicable process for sustainable urban development.
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Section V—Educating Communities About Pollution Prevention
MEC published the results of its grant projects in an instruction guide that outlines the
steps associated with the design of the model for sustainable urban development. In addition to
the creation of the model, MEC addressed the needs of neighborhood residents by providing
weatherization services to more than 60 homes and sponsoring neighborhood cleanup campaigns.
MEC also worked with the local public transportation authority to develop bus routes that met
the needs of neighborhood residents.
New York City (Harlem), New York: Pollution Prevention Education for Harlem Residents
(2-97-2)
The Harlem Environmental Impact Project (HEIP) provided pollution prevention
education to low-income residents of Harlem. The grantee believed that a targeted outreach
campaign would enable residents to make informed decisions about the environmental quality of
their neighborhood and address local environmental justice issues. HEIP held six workshops that
provided approximately 100 attendees with information on local environmental justice issues
such as air pollution, sewage treatment plants, brownfields, and childhood lead poisoning.
Additionally, the grantee produced broadcast-quality videos of the workshops, which were aired
on public access television, reaching an estimated 20,000 people. HEIP published and distributed
newsletters and brochures to local churches, hospitals, schools, and community groups
throughout the neighborhood.
In addition, HEIP established the Harlem P2 Council (HPPC) that included leaders from
local community organizations, city government officials, community centers, and schools.
Members of HPPC developed strategies for providing pollution prevention outreach to the
community and made recommendations to government officials at the local and state level
concerning environmental justice issues in Harlem. The grantee also developed a Web site that
included a calender of events, information on pollution prevention and environmental issues, and
links to or data on Harlem-based and other environmental pollution prevention Internet sites.
As a result of HEIP's efforts, the City Council of New York City authorized a $3,000 allocation
to the HPPC to continue community outreach efforts.
Wyandotte County, Kansas: Pollution Prevention Outreach for Both Old and Young (7-97-1)
The northeast section of Wyandotte County, Kansas, is an economically depressed area
that is home to IS Superfund sites and two hazardous waste sites. Lack of a coordinated outreach
program to provide information and education to the residents of this sector on environmental
justice and pollution prevention prompted Community Health and Education Services to take
action. The grantee assisted in the formation of the Northeast Pollution Prevention Task Force, a
group of community educators that compiled informational materials and distributed them to
residents. The community educators gave pollution prevention presentations to schools,
churches, civic organizations, and businesses. In addition to these outreach measures, the grantee
educated a group of young individuals on lead and carbon monoxide poisoning and household
hazardous wastes. These individuals then presented this information to local Scout troops and
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Section V—Educating Communities About Pollution Prevention
community and senior centers as a summer job. The grantee hoped that involvement of youth
would lead to increased interest in pollution prevention initiatives among the adults of the
community.
Through these outreach strategies, Community Health and Education Services provided
pollution prevention and environmental quality information to more than 13,000 residents of
Wyandotte County. The grantee gave presentations at six local schools and involved the students
in activities such as essay and coloring contests. Additionally, the grantee distributed 125 carbon
monoxide detectors to families.
Lowell, Massachusetts: Hazardous Waste Disposal Education for Cambodians (1-95-5)
The Waste Watch Center (WWC), located in Lowell, Massachusetts, partnered with the
Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association (CMAA) to provide information on appropriate
disposal of used motor oil and other household hazardous wastes to Cambodian residents.
Together, the WWC and CMAA sponsored activities that promoted the proper disposal of used
motor oil. A "Change Your Oil Day" offering free oil changes to interested parties attracted more
than 200 individuals. Additionally, WWC and CMAA developed a bilingual automotive wastes
brochure and distributed it to Cambodians via community retailers and social service agencies. In
order to deter individuals from dumping hazardous wastes into city storm drains and raise
awareness about water quality issues, the grantee placed 425 storm-drain markers throughout
Cambodian neighborhoods. The CMAA held a Southeast Asian Water Festival at which the
WWC handed out water quality and household hazardous waste information to attendees. An
informal survey of 32 festival attendees determined that 26 individuals recognized the storm-
drain markers and understood their purpose.
The grantee noted that aside from attaining the project objectives, outreach efforts
stimulated considerable activity within the Cambodian community of Lowell. Residents of the
Cambodian community improved or established relationships with a number of public utilities
departments. In addition, the community enhanced its visibility and prominence in Lowell by
demonstrating its commitment to a cleaner environment.
Chicago, Illinois; Gary, Indiana; and Hammond, Indiana: Reaching Out to Communities
(5-95-3)
The Grand Cal Task Force sought to conduct pollution prevention outreach and education
activities in various localities throughout Indiana. Grand Cal hired a full-time outreach
coordinator to coordinate and implement outreach programs for low-income and minority
communities. The outreach coordinator delivered a number of pollution prevention presentations
to local schools, colleges, hospitals, maternity clinics, and housing projects. The grantee,
however, received little response and support for the project. Members of the targeted sector
expressed greater concern over securing employment rather than improving the environmental
quality of their neighborhoods. The general lack of interest among the targeted sector for
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Section V—Educating Communities About Pollution Prevention
pollution prevention hindered the success of the project. Young expectant mothers did express
interest in and concern over pollution prevention initiatives that would have a positive impact
upon the health of their children. This example reinforces the importance of tailoring the EJP2
message to make it relevant for the target audience.
The outreach coordinator delivered 24 pollution prevention presentations to various
community groups, reaching an approximate 320 people. In addition to the distribution of
general information, the grantee assisted in conducting 10 onsite visits to facilities. Though the
grantee did not know the extent of the impact its program had upon the targeted sector, the
grantee believed that its outreach campaign led to a heightened awareness of the importance of
pollution prevention.
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
Grantees conducting successful outreach campaigns used the strategies highlighted in
Section II of this report to achieve results. For instance, many grantees attributed project success
to the commitment of those involved. Forming partnerships with those who possess expertise in
specific areas such as community history, pollution prevention methods, or outreach and
communication added strength to the grant project and increased the likelihood of a successful
grant project. Additionally, a number of grantees, especially ones that partnered with other
agencies, noted the importance of maintaining patience and flexibility when working on projects.
Accommodating schedules, needs, and visions of not only partners, but also the target sector, can
be arduous and time consuming. Projects that included the involvement of a variety of partners
for multiple tasks often faced time and budget constraints. In other examples, overly ambitious
projects rarely resulted in success. Grantees noted that if the project scope was too broad and
ambitious, they could not successfully complete it within the allotted time.
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SECTION VI—PROMOTING EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE WITHIN COMMUNITIES
EJP2 grantees focused on making communities more resource efficient through pollution
prevention by demonstrating energy efficiency in housing, promoting alternative transportation,
and creating urban gardens. Demonstration projects coupled with education enabled grantees to
supply essential pollution prevention and environmental quality information to residents while
providing them with beneficial services.
Grantees worked with communities to improve housing in low-income neighborhoods
and provide energy saving options in improved structures. In addition to weatherization and
other services, grantees provided educational materials on energy reduction, household hazardous
waste, and other pollution prevention measures to members of targeted communities. Partnering
with public transportation agencies enabled a number of grantees to improve the quality of
service to low-income, minority neighborhoods. A number of communities wanting to improve
resource efficiency used EJP2 funds to establish urban gardening centers in low-income
neighborhoods. These centers united residents and involved them in community improvement
projects.
A. Accomplishments
From 1995 to 1997, EJP2 funded 12 grantees to carry out pollution prevention projects
that focused on improving efficient resource use within communities. Accomplishments of these
grantees include the following.
Housing. Energy, and Transportation Demonstration Projects
Housing and energy projects focused on improving energy efficiency of housing and
educating residents. Six grantees focused their efforts on providing low-income residents with
home energy reduction services and information. As a result of their efforts, grantees:
• Conducted onsite energy assessments or provided energy reduction services to 299
homes, schools, and businesses.
• Sponsored 25 educational workshops and conferences.
• Supplied information to 683 people.
The efforts of one grantee to improve air quality in low-income neighborhoods served by
public transportation convinced city officials to purchase four alternative-fuel prototype buses.
Urban Gardens
Urban garden projects prevented pollution by giving community residents the opportunity
to leam and practice organic farming techniques that eliminate the use of pesticides and other
chemicals that can pollute groundwater or contaminate food. Urban garden projects also helped
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Section VI—Promoting Efficient Resource Use Within Communities
low-income and minority neighborhood residents gain easier access to organic foods, which,
according to grantees, are not as readily available in their neighborhoods as in other
communities. Three grantees initiated urban garden projects in low-income and minority
neighborhoods. In total, these grantees:
• Established 26 urban gardening centers.
• Sponsored 130 education and training workshops.
• Received participation from 2,800 residents.
• Trained 375 volunteers to oversee the maintenance of the gardens.
B. Snapshots
Housing and Energy Demonstration Projects
Atlanta, Georgia: Energizing Atlanta Neighborhoods About Pollution Prevention (4-95-7)
The EJP2 grant project under the Southface Energy Institute focused on helping
affordable housing providers in the Atlanta Empowerment Zone to cut energy waste. Partnering
with a number of affordable housing organizations and networks, Southface: helped Habitat for
Humanity design 20 houses that exhibited energy efficiency; provided technical assistance on
energy efficiency to the Historic District Development Corporation, located in the Martin Luther
King, Jr., Historic District; worked in cooperation with the Community Housing Resource Center
in an effort to provide energy-efficient tools and materials at wholesale cost to contractors;
developed a training program on resource efficiency and environmentally sound, affordable
housing; and provided onsite energy-efficiency inspections for a number of homes.
Through the grant project, Southface trained more then 300 housing and policy
professionals, provided more than 1,000 hours of direct technical assistance, worked with more
than 12 affordable housing groups, and improved more than 330 homes. As a result of the
project, Southface estimates reductions of 1,237 tons of carbon dioxide, 25,099 pounds of sulfur
dioxide, and 9,095 pounds of nitrogen oxides.
Denver, Colorado: Sustainable Low-Income Housing Designs (8-96-1)
The Northeast Denver Housing Center's (NDHC) Fillmore Street Project demonstrated
economically viable sustainable principles for low-income housing. The grantee constructed a
pilot single family house to determine the actual costs and performance of the "green" building
materials and products before engaging in the larger task of constructing a five-unit affordable
townhouse. In addition to constructing a sustainable housing prototype, NDHC trained numerous
low-income and minority men and women on sustainable construction and deconstruction.
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Section VI—Promoting Efficient Resource Use Within Communities
NDHC selected materials for the prototype based on criteria including pollution prevention,
affordabihty, waste generation during manufacture, energy use, water use, and recyclability.
Aside from sustainable construction, the grantee trained 10 to 15 low-income individuals on
issues such as lead-based paint and asbestos hazards, construction and demolition waste
management, environmental issues in housing, and green building products.
Despite construction delays, NDHC was able to complete a single-family home prototype
and succeeded in introducing the concept of integrating sustainable design principles into low-
income housing. Using experience gained from this project, NDHC now acts as a consultant to
other nonprofit organizations involved in sustainable and affordable housing designs.
Transportation Demonstration Projects
Boston, Massachusetts: Improving Transportation, Decreasing Pollution (1-97-3)
Neighborhoods Against Urban Pollution (NAUP) is a collaborative effort of six Boston-
based neighborhood organizations and environmental nonprofits. NAUP developed a grant
project that addressed citizens' concerns about environmental health hazards resulting from
emissions from diesel fuel buses. The grantee encouraged the Massachusetts Bay Transportation
Authority (META) to reduce diesel emissions from MBTA buses and to improve transit service
overall to underserved neighborhoods. Additionally, NAUP raised community awareness on the
hazards of diesel exhaust and the potential for preventing pollution by replacing diesel buses with
cleaner, alternative-fuel buses. As a result of NAUP's work, MBTA committed to not buying
additional conventional diesel buses and brought four alternative-fuel prototype buses into
service.
Boston, Massachusetts: Building a Better Urban Environment With Transportation (1-96-1)
The Conservation Law Foundation (CLF), located in Boston, Massachusetts, provided
education to minority communities on the impacts of motor vehicles and the benefits of
environmentally preferable alternatives. The grantee developed materials to help communities
tackle transportation issues on their own, reducing the need for outside assistance. A citizen's
guidebook, City Routes, City Rights: Building Livable Neighborhoods and Environmental Justice
by Fixing Transportation, includes information such as traffic calming measures, finding
alternatives to diesel-powered transit, and working with government officials to implement
change. The guide also presents success stories of traffic control efforts that have stabilized and
enhanced inner-city neighborhoods. In addition to the guide, CLF developed training and
workshop materials for community groups to help them carry out educational programs and
address and discuss urban transportation problems at group meetings. The grantee also developed
educational materials on urban transportation problems and incorporated them into youth training
programs.
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Section VI—Promoting Efficient Resource Use Within Communities
CLF distnbuted its citizen's guidebook to more than 500 individuals and attended 10
community group meetings, providing technical assistance on strategies to solve urban
transportation problems. The grantee's efforts have been recognized by community development
corporations throughout New England, as well as the Service Transportation Policy Project.
Urban Garden Projects
Los Angeles, California: Greening Communities Through Gardening (9-97-5)
The Los Angeles Conservation Corps' (LACC) Greening Exchange Project helped low-
income areas of Los Angeles develop community gardens that were used as tools to educate
residents about how to develop productive gardens without the use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, and herbicides. LACC worked with government agencies and private companies to
establish the gardens. Through the EJP2 project, LACC created the Los Angeles Community
Garden Council, which advocates for community gardens throughout Los Angeles. In addition,
LACC gathered and distributed donated gardening materials, supplies, tools, and equipment; and
trained community gardeners in organic gardening.
The Greening Exchange Project was extremely successful and popular among the
residents of the targeted communities. The project resulted in the creation of 18 community
gardens in underserved areas of Los Angeles that are now growing fruits, vegetables, and herbs
organically. It secured approximately $88,000 in donated materials, supplies, tools, and
equipment for use in the community gardens and provided training for approximately 300
community gardeners in organic-intensive gardening.
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
• Community improvement projects receive widespread support. Residents especially
enjoyed cost savings associated with weatherization projects and convenience associated
with public transportation improvements. Grantees noted the importance of explaining
the connection between environmental improvements and personal cost savings and other
benefits to residents.
• Evaluation of success is difficult. Grantees involved in resource efficiency projects often
faced barriers in evaluating the success of their programs. For instance, it is difficult to
gauge the success of urban garden projects because they focus on community
involvement and improvement. Lacking quantifiable factors that indicate success or
failure makes it hard for grantees to measure and express the achievements of the project.
Denver Urban Gardens, for example, developed demonstration gardens that would:
address the need for healthy pesticide-free produce for low-income families; clean up
polluted, vacant lots to be sustainable, productive land; and provide hands-on education
to the residents. While the project benefitted its participants and achieved success by
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Section VI—Promoting Efficient Resource Use Within Communities
affecting change at the grassroots level, quantifying achievements associated with the
project was not possible.
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SECTION VII—
EJP2 youth education progYa^tau^rlt*srubeVfc*&l*Wftf Variety of environmental issues,
including industrial pollution and household hazardous waste. They also trained students to
become effective community advocates and linked them to local environmental professionals,
who provided mentorship and potential internship opportunities. According to EJP2 grantees,
students often brought home what they learned in youth education programs by encouraging their
families to implement pollution prevention measures and informing them of community
environmental concerns.
A. Accomplishments
The 11 youth education projects accomplished a variety of curricula and internship
projects. Many grantees developed or taught EJP2 curricula to educate youth at a variety of
schools and community colleges. Some curricula provided specific training such as pollution
prevention in auto repair, while others taught students advocacy skills (e.g., letter writing to
businesses) and covered a wider variety of pollution prevention issues. Other EJP2 grantees
provided internships to youth to teach them pollution prevention concepts or help them become
community advocates. EJP2 internship programs allowed grantees to provide intensive pollution
prevention training to youth, enabling them to provide technical assistance to businesses and
conduct pollution prevention outreach to residents.
Prepared by:
Curricula Projects
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Youth education projects sirccee^ffrrPpToXTOng'v^luaWle training to students and
produced many immediate environmem^MtyScts^COTcQbf student activities. Overall, EJP2
grantees developed five new pollution preventipn curricula and trained more than 1,300 students
at 20 schools. Students trained to I
Conserved more than 130,000 gallons of water.
Replaced more than 1,000 hazardous household products at home with safer alternatives.
Reported 10 leaking fire hydrants to local authorities and convinced three of their
employers to correct poor waste management practices through pollution prevention.
Internship Projects
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Section VII—Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
Students receiving training and participating in internships became valuable resources to
their community, by:
n Conducting waste audits at local businesses
1=1 Making presentations to residents
n Distributing pollution prevention information
E Writing letters to the editor
Q Holding community meetings
n Conducting health surveys
G Developing Web sites to provide environmental information to the community.
B. Snapshots
New York City (Greenpoint and Williamsburg), New York: Teaching Students to Become
Environmental Advocates (2-95-3 and 2-97-1)
Through the Training Student Organizers (TSO) Program, the Council on the
Environment (COE) helped students in the heavily polluted Greenpoint and Williamsburg
communities of New York City to address environmental concerns in their neighborhood. COE
developed and used its Greenpoint/Williamsburg Environmental Education project curriculum to
essentially train students to become community advocates. COE involved students from eight
area schools in weekly classes and environmental projects on a variety of issues, including water
quality, community toxics, source reduction, energy conservation, air quality, and sustainable
development. Over 2 years, COE trained 1,307 students, who completed more than 20
environmental improvement projects in their communities.
With assistance from COE, students learned how to: promote pollution prevention in
their community (through presentations, demonstrations, and events at school); access
government technical assistance programs; contact environmental experts; hold public meetings;
write letters and press releases; conduct environmental surveys in their neighborhoods and
homes; develop environmental outreach materials (including fact sheets, advertisements, and
educational posters); and communicate with local businesses. Over 2 years, TSO students
reached more than 3,300 local residents through pollution prevention outreach and training
activities.
To track the results of TSO projects, COE provided students with simple worksheets to
complete as homework to measure the amount of water conserved or record the number of
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Section VII—Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
individuals listening to their presentations. Using these worksheets, COE determined how much
water students conserved at home during a water conservation project, how many hazardous
household products families replaced with safer alternatives, and how many leaking fire hydrants
students reported to local authorities.
The TSO program helped youth in Greenpoint and Williamsburg to become valuable
assets to their communities. Students wrote 157 letters to the editor on pollution prevention
issues and had 10 of them published in local newspapers. TSO students were offered jobs and
internships to support pollution prevention work, collaborated with existing local groups,
provided pollution prevention information at community events, organized community meetings
for outreach purposes, were called upon by local newspapers for environmental stories, and
completed other community advocacy work.
Perhaps the most dramatic outcome of the TSO program occurred after students mapped
more than 40 local industries in their neighborhoods that were required to report toxic chemical
releases but were not doing so. In response, students wrote good-neighbor letters to the
industries to inform them they were aware of their use of toxic chemicals and to encourage them
to adopt pollution prevention measures to benefit the community. Students then organized a
community meeting to raise awareness of the community toxics problem—they obtained a venue
for the meeting, drafted a press release, wrote and mailed invitations to public officials and
business associations, created posters and flyers to promote the event, and developed and
implemented an agenda that included leading small group discussions. At the meeting, which
was attended by 105 residents, adults did a mapping activity as students had done and
brainstormed potential solutions to pollution problems. In addition, as a result of the meeting, a
representative from New York City's Department of Environmental Protection pledged support
to ensure identified businesses complied with the law.
Somerville, Massachusetts: Preventing Pollution While Teaching Youth Valuable Job Skills
(1-97-2)
Through an internship program, the Community Action Agency of Somerville (CAAS)
trained 12 Haitian and Latin American youth as peer leaders who conducted pollution prevention
outreach to 10 auto repair shops in low-income communities in Somerville, Massachusetts.
CAAS partnered with the City of Somerville Environmental Protection Office (EPO) to
accomplish the project. CAAS coordinated the youth groups, while EPO provided pollution
prevention training to the youth and acted as a technical advisor.
After coordinating a group of six Latin American and six Haitian youth to become peer
leaders, CAAS taught them a number of skills, including writing business letters, planning and
facilitating meetings with businesses, and communicating effectively with adults. EPO and guest
trainers from EPA, Tufts University, and the Massachusetts government taught the youths the
causes and effects of pollution, the basics of pollution prevention (e.g., process change and
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Section VII—Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
product substitution), and information on implementing specific pollution prevention measures in
auto repair shops.
Peer leaders developed a checklist for completing hour-long onsite visits and worked
directly with auto-related businesses, performing detailed pollution prevention assessments.
After each assessment, the peer leaders prepared a report that rated each business' environmental
performance and provided pollution prevention recommendations specific to that business.
CAAS found an effective method for teaching pollution prevention to small auto shops in
low-income and minority communities. The method created a level of cooperation not generally
found by EPO when providing nonregulatory technical assistance through workshops, onsite
assistance, or matching businesses with others that have successfully achieved pollution
prevention.
The peer leaders quickly learned the pollution prevention and skills development
material, which improved their confidence and raised their sights for jobs and future educational
opportunities. The Somerville Board of Alderman awarded citations to the peer leaders for
demonstrating leadership, intelligence, and hard work during the training and projects they
completed under the internship program.
Trenton, New Jersey: Teaching Students to Audit School, But Unable to Implement Energy-
Efficiency Measures (2-95-6)
Isles, Inc., developed a curriculum to teach 50 students in two fifth-grade classes in
Trenton, New Jersey, about energy, its use, and how people can conserve it. Isles also taught
students how to conduct an energy audit of their school. Isles hoped that the students' results
would encourage their school to implement energy-efficiency measures. To complete the audit,
students used classroom survey worksheets to count the number of light fixtures in the school
and measure light levels, calculated the potential watts saved per hour using more energy-
efficient bulbs, identified possible improvements to be implemented dunng the following school
year, and calculated the annual cost savings as a result of recommended changes.
Although the students determined methods for improving energy efficiency at their
school, the school itself had already retrofitted their lighting 3 years before and did not have the
resources to carry out an additional retrofit so soon. Nevertheless, students prepared and
presented a report to the Trenton Superintendent of Schools on their findings and encouraged the
superintendent to implement similar youth education projects at other area schools.
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Section VII—Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
Oxford Hills Region, Massachusetts: Teaching Pollution Prevention to Auto Repair
Vocational Students (1-97-1)
In an effort to help keep pollutants out of the only source of drinking water for a rural,
low-income Maine community, the Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments (AVCOG)
developed a pollution prevention curriculum for students in high school auto repair programs.
The curriculum covers fluids and waste management, pollution prevention in auto body work,
and health and safety. AVCOG also developed a resource guide to accompany the curriculum
including student handouts, contact information, and Internet resources applicable to each
module of the curriculum. To promote the curriculum, AVCOG made five presentations at
teacher consortiums held throughout the state and distributed 25 copies of the curriculum. To
pilot test the curriculum, local vocational teachers used the modules and resource guide
throughout the academic year to supplement their regular auto repair lessons and to emphasize
the concept of teaching students through hands-on work.
Milwaukee (South Side), Wisconsin: Students Become Advocates for Cleaner Air (5-97-4)
The Sixteenth Street Community Health Center worked with the South Division High
School in Milwaukee's South Side neighborhood to develop and implement a curriculum on air
quality and asthma. As part of the curriculum, 154 biology and chemistry students developed a
bilingual questionnaire to survey 800 of their classmates, worked with the Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources to monitor air quality (e.g., ozone and particulate matter) in their
neighborhood, and researched the causes, triggers, and treatments of asthma. The survey
revealed that 16 percent of the students at the school suffered from asthma—two times higher
than the national average for people under 18. In addition, the students found that air quality in
the South Side neighborhood was worse than in other areas of the city. To promote their project
and report their findings, the students developed a Web site , created a brochure, and designed an educational computer program.
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
Curricula Projects
• Train students to become community advocates. EJP2 youth education curriculum
programs were most effective in engaging students when they trained students to become
community advocates. Some curricula included out-of-class activities such as
neighborhood surveys or presentations that helped students leam the skills community
advocates use to effect change.
• Include a simple method to measure results and collect data. Without a method to
measure results of EJP2 youth education programs, it is difficult to determine their
effectiveness in preventing pollution. EJP2 grantees in general have found that youth are
quite capable of collecting accurate data if methods are simple enough. In COE's TSO
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Section VII—Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
Program, for example, students were given worksheets to determine how many gallons of
water or watts of electricity they conserved at home or school as part of their assigned
pollution prevention projects. COE students completed and handed in the worksheets as
homework, which were then reviewed by COE staff for accuracy.
o Keep projects focused. EJP2 youth education projects worked best when they were
focused. By keeping projects focused on one or two pollution prevention topics, youth
were more interested in participating and completing the projects, making results from the
projects more likely. COE involved students in weekly classes and in environmental
projects that covered at least two topics over the course of a semester. By focusing on
one particular pollution prevention topic in detail for an extended time instead of a wide
variety of topics (e.g., low-impact transportation versus all of the ways to prevent
pollution in the home), COE was able to help students develop and carry out focused
pollution prevention projects that achieved results.
n Youth projects should also be structured and straightforward. Although students in
the COE program helped create and transform their projects, COE staff ensured projects
were structured enough to achieve results. To prepare for presentations to other students
and community members, for example, COE first had students research and develop
presentation boards, demonstrations, and outreach materials, all of which formed the
basis for their presentations. COE also ensured projects were straightforward enough for
students to carry out. For example, COE provided students with Toxics Release
Inventory and other right-to-know data to use in mapping local industries in their
neighborhoods, rather than asking the students to try and obtain this information on their
own.
Q Encourage environmental professionals to meet with youth to open up opportunities
for internships and mentors. Environmental professionals from local businesses,
government, nonprofit organizations, and utilities show youth that their environmental
training has real-world applications. EJP2 grantees connected youth with environmental
professionals and found that many are willing to offer youth paid internships or act as
mentors for them. This is especially important in minority and low-income communities,
where youth generally have more limited access to job training and career opportunities.
D Partner with a technical expert to produce curricula if the organization lacks
expertise. Sometimes the technical expertise necessary for achieving pollution
prevention results goes beyond the ability of the average community group. Many
successful EJP2 grantees partnered with technical experts to access resources unavailable
to them. AVCOG, for example, a regional planning and economic development agency
in Maine, partnered with an active nonprofit organization with pollution prevention
expertise, the Northeast Waste Management Officials Association, to produce its auto
repair curriculum for vocational students, which AVCOG would not have been able to
produce on its own.
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Section VII—Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
Internship Programs
• Train bilingual youth to provide technical assistance to small businesses. Since
youth participating in the CAAS internship program were bilingual in either Haitian
Creole or Spanish, they were able to provide assistance to non-English-speaking auto
shop owners. According to CAAS and EPO, auto shop owners in immigrant
communities appear more willing to make pollution prevention changes through the
youth inspection method than through more traditional methods such as pollution
prevention workshops, onsite technical assistance, and matching businesses with others
that have already implemented pollution prevention measures. Auto shop owners enjoyed
working with the youth and having the chance to provide them with an educational
opportunity. An informal followup inspection conducted by EPO indicated auto shop
owners who received youth inspections were experimenting with pollution prevention
measures.
• Understand limitations in keeping youth interested. To keep youth excited about
pollution prevention work, CAAS decided to let the youth have more of a say in what
work they would do and how they would do it. CAAS realized, however, that this
practice sometimes required CAAS to provide additional training to the youth, limiting
the time available for youth to complete projects and achieve pollution prevention results.
For example, CAAS decided to let youth research and write a brochure on hazardous
household products instead of just translating an existing brochure. Although the
students gained important skills, the brochure was not completed within the time frame
originally planned. EJP2 grantees should weigh the benefits of providing youth with the
ability to choose versus the benefits of completing projects and achieving pollution
prevention results.
• Pay interns a good wage to retain them. Some EJP2 grantees found that youth
participation in internship programs fluctuated due to family demands such as needing to
find a higher paying job or having to move away. In response to this challenge, grantees
suggest paying interns a stipend and to try and retain a core group of interns who can help
train new students that join the program. This provides stability to the program, allowing
more effective training of student interns.
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SECTION VIII—DEMONSTRATING AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENTION
Pesticides, fertilizers, and soil erosion from farms can cause water pollution problems in
low-income, rural communities. In addition, conventional agricultural practices can put the
health of farm workers at risk. To encourage farmers and ranchers to prevent pollution, EJP2
grantees demonstrated innovative farming methods and provided tools and education on best
management practices. In addition, to promote worker safety, a number of grantees secured
funding to help immigrant farm workers initiate changes in farming practices. Although many
projects helped raise the awareness of farmers, most grantees had difficulty convincing farmers
to make the next step and integrate pollution prevention measures into their usual farming
practices. According to EJP2 grantees interviewed, lack of community support and limited
financial resources are two major hindrances to adoption of environmentally sound agriculture.
A. Accomplishments
From 1995 to 1997, five EJP2 grantees carried out pollution prevention projects that
sought to reduce agricultural pollution. The most successful component of these grants was
providing education to and raising awareness among farmers and their communities. During the
course of the projects, the grantees:
E Conducted 63 workshops and demonstration events that were attended by approximately
2,826 farmers. The workshops and demonstrations were on topics ranging from
composting and integrated pest management (IPM) to raised bed farming and sustainable
livestock raising.
H Distributed outreach materials to nearly 800 people.
o Trained 67 migrant workers on IPM.
Grantees also created two community-supported gardens and developed a reforestation
project that involved 223 community members planting 450 trees.
B. Snapshots
Texas Panhandle, Texas: Sustainable Agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (6-96-1)
The National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) coordinated an outreach effort
for Latin American farm families and agricultural workers in the Texas Panhandle. The grant
project was designed to increase access and use of technical information on IPM and other
sustainable agriculture practices. To boost farmers' and workers' knowledge of IPM and
sustainable agriculture, NCAT partnered with a local grassroots organization, the Promised Land
Network (PLN) to solicit community support. PLN and NCAT conducted workshops and
demonstration projects on sustainable farming systems and created community supported
agriculture gardens that established a partnership between agricultural producers and consumers.
NCAT also funded farmer learning exchange trips and offered mini-grants to support small-scale
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Section VIII—Demonstrating Agricultural Pollution Prevention
agriculture projects in the community including a sustainable poultry production marketing
project.
The most significant result of the project was the awareness the community acquired of
the linkages between agriculture, environment, and human health. This is illustrated both by the
number of participants in each project activity and in the sheer number of demonstration projects,
meetings, and workshops that were conducted. By offering 32 hands-on demonstrations and
providing face-to-face interactions, NCAT opened the lines of communication with farmers and
agricultural workers and attracted a high level of interest. Responding to the needs of these rural
families and combining education with social and cultural events enabled NCAT to reach more
than 1,700 people and propelled the grant project toward success. The project also opened new
doors to local, regional, and national resources for ongoing access by these Latin American
families.
Fordyce, Hartington, Bow Valley, Custer County, and Adams County, Nebraska: Making
an IMPACT on Nebraska's Farmers (7-95-6)
Using EJP2 funding, the Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society (NSAS) developed the
Nebraska IMPACT project, which provided eight grants to local agricultural groups in low-
income rural areas to teach farmers how to integrate pollution prevention into agricultural
production methods. IMPACT groups: designed and monitored on-farm investigations of
environmentally sound farming practices; provided workshops, site tours, and field
demonstrations to more than 200 interested farmers; and gave presentations at cooperative
extension events and meetings, reaching an additional 175 attendees. One group, for example,
raised chickens in movable, bottomless pens on the pasture to reduce the need for chemical
fertilizers and eliminate waste disposal problems. In another example, a different group put more
land into chemical-free production by using goats to control weeds rather than pesticides.
Support for the pollution prevention practices increased over time as the farmers realized
profits had increased. Although these practices slightly reduce input costs, the major benefit is
the value added to the farmer's product and the resulting increased profits. As a result of the field
days, workshops, and education events, the groups also experienced an increase in membership
and interest in pollution prevention agricultural farming methods and found that cooperative
extension service staff became more aware of the needs of farmers interested in implementing
pollution prevention measures.
Northwest Ohio: Reducing Pesticides, Improving Worker Health (5-95-8)
Protecting People through Pesticide Pollution Prevention, a program undertaken by the
WSOS (Wood, Sandusky, Ottawa, and Seneca counties) Community Action Commission in
northwest Ohio, focused on protecting the health of migrant and seasonal farm workers and their
families by providing financial incentives to growers to adopt IPM methods. The most significant
accomplishment of the grant involved the education of growers and migrant farm workers on
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Section VIII—Demonstrating Agricultural Pollution Prevention
1PM. Under the EJP2 grant, the WSOS Commission developed a cost-share program that
provided funding for 11 growers to invest in pesticide pollution prevention techniques and
designed, in partnership with the Farm Labor Research project, a bilingual training curriculum
for migrant workers on the basics of IPM, which was attended by 67 individuals.
The cost-share program raised more than $40,000, which was then redistributed to
growers to purchase equipment and implement pesticide pollution prevention techniques. As a
result, farmers managed 444 acres of land using IPM techniques, saving approximately 37,810
gallons of chemical pesticides.
Imperial Valley Communities, California: Leading a Community Toward Understanding (9-
95-4)
The Resource Policy Institute sought to facilitate discussions over a hotly debated water
transfer proposal in the Imperial Valley, a major agricultural area in southern California. Though
the debate has not been settled, the grantee made significant strides in forging consensus by
bringing interested parties to the discussion table.
The debate centered around a proposal to transfer some of the valley's water resources to
the city of San Diego. Some residents believed that less water would mean costlier water, and
without abundant supplies of affordable water for crop irrigation, the local economy would
suffer. Advocates for the water transfer argued that the water supply would not be endangered if
conservation techniques were adopted by the valley's residents. The Resource Policy Institute
established the Imperial Valley Environmental Leadership Council (ELC), a group of Imperial
Valley residents, local government officials, and representatives from a business development
council and county housing authority to resolve this issue. The ELC held conferences at which
local farmers, residents, and politicians could voice their opinions over the water transfer issue.
The conferences also served as a forum for exchange of information on water conservation
measures. Through a series of workshops at schools, universities, and community-based
organizations, the Resource Policy Institute provided background information on the concepts of
environmental justice and the use of pollution prevention. The grantee developed 10 bilingual
EJP2 handouts and one bilingual video, Pollution Prevention: The Key to EnvironmentalJustice,
which were distributed to more than 500 people.
Though the residents of the Imperial Valley are still divided over the water transfer issue,
the Resource Policy Institute assisted in opening the lines of communication between the two
sides and was able to provide residents with the information they needed to make informed
decisions regarding the environmental quality of their land.
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
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Section VIII—Demonstrating Agricultural Pollution Prevention
The effective strategies used by grantees carrying out agricultural EJP2 projects were
based on the factors contributing to program success highlighted in Section II. For example,
grantees involved in successful agricultural projects also found that personal interaction was
essential to opening the lines of communication and establishing trust with farmers and workers.
Gaining the support and assistance of a recognized member of the community also proved to be
highly effective in building relationships with the targeted audience. Personal interaction
enabled grantees to better understand the needs of the agricultural community, allowing grantees
to modify grant projects to better meet the demands of farmers and workers. Once grantees
established trust with the community, many grantees found that an effective strategy for
distributing information among farmers and workers was combining educational workshops with
demonstration activities. On the other hand, a number of grant projects found workshops that
used a classroom-like instructional format alone did not achieve as much success. Although
workshops and demonstrations provided valuable information on a variety of topics, this
information alone did not initiate pollution prevention practices among farmers. Farmers
required clear evidence that pollution prevention activities would save them money and yield
high-quality crops.
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SECTION IX—IMPROVING TRIBAL ENVIRONMENTS
Tribes face unique challenges when addressing environmental problems in
their communities. Some of these problems include air and water pollution caused by off-
reservation activities, a lack of tribal environmental infrastructure such as legislation and
enforcement measures, limited tribal financial resources, and difficulty gaining access to state
and federal technical assistance programs due to typically remote tribal locations. EJP2 provided
funding for outreach to tribal communities and providing technical assistance to tribal
businesses. EJP2 also helped tribes develop overall strategies to address environmental concerns
and promoted the development of tribal environmental legislation and other environmental
infrastructure essential for pollution prevention.
A. Accomplishments
From 1995 to 1997, 25 EJP2 grantees carried out pollution prevention projects that
focused on improving tribal environments. Through these projects, grantees:
• Hosted 43 educational workshops, seminars, and community events, reaching more than
2,350 people.
• Trained 41 volunteers in pollution prevention techniques to assist in educating tribal
residents.
• Distributed brochures, fact sheets, and other outreach materials to 1,950 people.
• Provided energy reduction measures, sustainable agriculture practices, and alternative
energy services to 392 tribal members.
• Constructed a "green" building on tribal lands.
• Adopted two systems to capture alternative energy sources to meet communities' needs.
• Conducted eight waste audits at tribal facilities.
• Established a pollution prevention resources library containing technical, general
environmental, and tribal history and philosophy information.
B. Snapshots
Rosebud Sioux and Blackfeet Indian Tribes: Integrating Cultural Design and Resource
Efficiency (8-95-10)
To combat the housing crisis facing the Rosebud Sioux and the Blackfeet Indian Tribe
(located in South Dakota and northwest Montana), the Waste Reduction Institute for Training
and Applications Research (WRITAR) secured EJP2 grant funds to create housing designs that
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would be both resource- and energy-efficient and reflective of Native American cultural values
and traditions. Energy-efficient housing prevents pollution by reducing the demand for fossil-fuel
energy and the air pollution associated with it. Community-based housing design workshops
allowed WRITAR to ascertain the needs of the communities as well as involve tribal members in
the design and construction of the housing. Additionally, WRITAR collaborated with the Center
for Resourceful Building Technology of the University of Oklahoma College of Architecture,
and the American Indian Council of Architects and Engineers to develop an affordable,
sustainable housing model—the Rosebud Design. This model, a single-family home that can be
modified to meet owner specifications, cost less than $ 11,000 for materials. The U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development recognized the project through its Building
Innovation for Home Ownership Award Program.
Through open communication with tnbal members on their housing needs and economic
means, WRITAR developed a culturally and environmentally responsive building design that is
affordable to those residing in low-income areas.
Lower Sioux Tribe: Energizing the Community About Alternative Power Sources (5-95-4 and
5-97-2)
The Lower Sioux community, located in Minnesota, sought to find environmentally-
friendly sources of energy to support tnbal economic development and maintain community
stability. EJP2 grant funds enabled the Tribe to conduct a wind feasibility study, provide
education and outreach materials for community members, and establish a wind energy
demonstration project. The grantee faced challenges such as fluxes in wind energy and problems
with the contractor. The obstacles, however, did not cause the Lower Sioux to waver in their
pursuit of an alternative energy source.
Through determination and perseverance, the Lower Sioux successfully constructed a
fully operational demonstration unit, created educational materials for the public, and distributed
energy-savings information to 450 members of the community.
Northern Cheyenne, Fort Peck, and Crow Indian Tribes: Leading Tribes Toward
Environmental Awareness (8-95-3)
Responding to the fact that many Native American tribes lack a well-developed
understanding of basic pollution prevention concepts, Montana State University (MSU)
Extension Service strived to educate residents of three tribal communities, the Northern
Cheyenne, Fort Peck, and Crow Indian Tribes, all located in Montana. The grantee formed
leadership teams at each of the participating reservations to guide the development and
implementation of the project. The leadership teams identified the leading environmental
concerns of each tribe, developed appropriate pollution prevention information and education
efforts, and served as the reservation pollution prevention and implementation board. The
leadership teams communicated effectively with their tribes; however, their dependance upon the
grantee for guidance and funding hampered the long-term goals and success of the project. The
three leadership teams conducted five pollution prevention workshops, reaching 98 people. Only
57
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one of the tribes committed funding to continue the established pollution prevention initiatives
after the completion of the grant period. MSU believed the leadership teams would have
achieved greater success if they had established their own goals. Even so, the grantee felt the
leadership teams made a positive impact upon their tribes.
Chickaloon Native Village: Renewable Energy for Native Americans (10-97-1)
Residents of the Chickaloon Native Village, located in south-central Alaska, rely heavily
upon the local environment to supplement their diets and support their livelihoods. Fossil fuel
pollution has posed many problems for the Chickaloon Natives; to combat the ill effects of these
harmful contaminants, the village used EJP2 funds to invest in a comprehensive renewable
energy resource development framework. After researching alternative electricity sources, the
grantee determined that wind and water power were the most applicable and cost-effective
renewable technologies considering climate and terrain. The grantee performed a physical
inventory of the surrounding lands and established a small hydro-electric plant and wind station
in close proximity to the village. Operators, hired by the grantee, monitored the equipment to
determine the project's success. After some months of monitoring, the grantee discovered the
original wind station site did not provide enough energy so the wind station was moved to a new
location. The repositioning of the wind station caused a delay in the project, resulting in
insufficient funding for continued monitonng of the wind station. The villagers, however, were
determined to see their project succeed and performed work on the second wind station on a
voluntary basis.
Shoshone & Northern Arapaho Tribes: Educating Tribal Members and Reducing Exposure
(8-95-6)
The Wind River Indian Reservation, home to the Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes,
lies in west-central Wyoming and comprises 2.3 million acres of land. Using EJP2 funds, the
grantee sought to reduce the exposure of tribal members to potentially toxic chemicals though a
combination of efforts aimed at education, access to information, pollution prevention planning,
and elimination of hazardous chemicals from households. To distribute information to tribal
members and engage them in discussions focused on environmental issues, the grantee held four
public meetings and two environmental fairs that provided information for adults as well as
children. Through these outreach efforts, the Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes provided
essential environmental health information to approximately 1,000 tnbal members. The
environmental fairs enabled the grantee to ascertain the concerns and issues that were important
to the community and use the information to shape the discussions of the public meetings.
Additionally, the grantee developed three informational brochures, created a hazardous material
inventory database, and established a library containing information on chemical and hazardous
materials. The grantee noted that the grant project allowed it to provide useful and needed
information to tribal members and that the results exceeded expectations.
C. Insights and Strategies for Project Success
58
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The effective strategies used by grantees carrying out tribal EJP2 projects were similar to
the factors contributing to program success highlighted in Section II. Many grantees attributed
overall project success to public outreach campaigns. For example, tribal grantees noted the
importance of understanding the cultural beliefs and environmental needs of the targeted
community in order to effectively communicate with them. In addition, successful grantees
stressed the importance of educating both adults and children. Educating adults on pollution
prevention issues helped them gain an understanding for the impetus behind the program and
encouraged them to lend their support. By targeting youth, grantees fostered a growing
appreciation for environmental issues. Other grantees hoped to reach the parents through the
children. Additionally, tribal grantees noted that effective internal and intergovernmental
communication was vital in effecting and provoking changes in tribal communities.
Communication among groups helped tribal communities establish sound relationships with
many technical assistance organizations, which facilitated the implementation of programs.
In order to address the needs and gain the support of the target sector, some grantees
needed to modify the original project plans. Project modifications allowed grantees to provide
communities with needed pollution prevention and environmental education as well as provide
other desired services to residents, such as recycling collection programs and community cleanup
activities. When grantees could not focus activities on pollution prevention, they could help
communities move up the waste reduction hierarchy.
Grantees involved in tribal projects also learned the importance of persistence. Several
grantees implemented alternative energy demonstration projects and achieved success due to
their relentless pursuit of environmentally preferable energy sources. Complications due to
natural factors such as fluxes in wind energy or a shortage of funding due to unanticipated
problems did not stop grantees from pushing ahead and achieving their goals. Another important
lesson learned through tribal grant projects was following through with communities to ensure
that grant projects were sustainable. Many grantees hoped that the information and services
provided to tribal members would have a lasting impact, however, few actually assessed the long
term impact of their project.
59
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SECTION X—CONCLUSION
Through this analysis, EPA determined that the EJP2 grant program has had mixed
success in achieving its goals. The Agency believes the grant program successfully served its
purpose—to operate as a fund for innovation enabling a wide range of community groups, tribes,
and local governments to identify environmental problems and potential approaches for their
communities, within the general outline of prevention solutions. While some individual grantees
conducted successful projects that resulted in measured quantities of pollution prevented, most
projects could not describe success beyond an anecdotal assessment.
To use limited resources most effectively, EPA plans to restructure the EJP2 grant
program in FY 2000 to focus efforts on publicizing approaches that work and providing
information to communities to help them conduct successful projects, rather than sponsoring new
grant competitions. The EJP2 program was never intended to be a permanent funding source.
EPA believes that its resources are best spent on transferring information on effective strategies
to communities across the nation, rather than funding new groups to experiment with EJP2
solutions tried previously under the grant program.
60
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APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGYN
This report focuses on EJP2 grants awarded from 1995 to 1997 and work conducted
through 1999. The report does not look at results from grants awarded after 1997, since many of
these grantees were still completing their projects at the time of the analysis. This report only
examines environmental justice grants provided through the EJP2 program—it does not look at
other federally funded environmental justice grant programs (e.g., EPA's Community/University
Partnership Grants Program) and does not examine EPA Region-funded environmental justice
grants.
To begin the analysis, EPA first developed study questions to guide the assessment
process. In addition to seeking information on the environmental justice issues addressed by
each grantee, EPA also sought to answer the following questions concerning project
implementation:
• Was the grantee able to accomplish the goals identified at the outset? Did the scope of
the project change over the course of its implementation? Why?
• What aspects of the project worked well? What factors contributed to its success?
• What did the grantee consider the greatest accomplishment of the grant?
• What aspects of the project did not go as well as planned? What major barriers or
challenges did the grantee encounter? How did the grantee overcome them?
• What important lessons did the grantee leam through implementation of the grant?
Would the grantee approach the project differently based on these lessons learned? How?
• What advice does the grantee have for other communities wanting to implement similar
projects?
• Has the grantee developed products that can be shared with other communities?
• Was the grantee able to track activities conducted such as number of workshops or onsite
visits?
• Did the grantee identify any other indicators to measure the project's impact such as
increased awareness of pollution prevention techniques, adoption of pollution prevention
technologies, or environmental or human health improvements?
EPA conducted file reviews for all EJP2 grantees to answer as many of the study
questions as possible. EPA looked at products created and progress and final reports submitted
by the grantees (107 grantees submitted these reports). To collect more detailed information on
project activities and results, EPA interviewed 88 of the 131 grantees (67 percent) that received
funding between 1995 and 1997. EPA could not interview the remaining grantees due to
61
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Appendix A Methodology
scheduling difficulties, disconnected phone numbers, or turnover in grantee personnel. EPA
believes many of the grantees not interviewed had additional results not captured in this
assessment. After completing the interviews and report reviews, EPA analyzed trends and
determined effective strategies for project success across all grantees and by project type.
62
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APPENDIX B: EJP2 FUNDING AND DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS
From 1995 through 1997, EPA provided more than $10 million in EJP2 funds and a total
of 131 grants (see Figure B-l). Throughout the first 3 years of the grant program, EPA funded an
average of 45 grants per year across all 10 EPA Regions, including some projects that were
national in scope. In all, EPA awarded 127 grants to organizations8 within a single state and 4
multi-state or national grants from 1995 through 1997. Community groups and other
organizations in 39 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico received grant awards. On
average, EPA awarded two grants per state. Organizations in New York, California, and
Massachusetts received the most grants—nine or more each. Figure B-2 shows the allocation of
grants by state.
Figure B-l. Distribution of EJP2 Grant Funds, 1995 to 1997
$4.18 million
(70 grants)
$3.96 million
(50 grants)
$2.08 million
(11 grants)
1995
Some organizations received more than one grant.
63
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Appendix B: EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Figure B-2. Distribution of EJP2 Grants by State, 1995 to 1997
CT
Table B-l, the EJP2 Grant Program Summary Table, provides details on the funding
amount, grantee type, community or city targeted, and focus of grant activities. Each grant has
been assigned a code to help readers refer to this table while reading this assessment. An
alphabetical listing of grantee names and codes is provided in Table B-2.
64
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Appendix B. EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Table B-l. EJP2 Grant Program Summary Table
Grantee
REGION 1
FY95
Bowdoin Street Health
Center
City of Boston, Office
of Environmental
Health
NEWMOA
Roxbury Community
College/Tellus
Waste Watch Center
Working Capital
FY96
Conservation Law
Foundation
FY97
Androscoggm Valley
Council of
Governments
Community Action
Agency of Somerville
Funding
Amount
$53.450
$53.450
$53.450
$100.000
$39.649
$100.000
$77.791
$93.161
$46.839
Grantee Type
Other
organization
Local
government
Other
organization
Higher learning
Environmental
organization
Other
organization
Environmental
organization
Local
government
Community-bas
ed organization
Community/City
Targeted
Boston. MA
Boston. MA
New England rural
communities
Boston (Roxbury
community), MA
Lowell. MA
Dorchester/Roxbury
(Grove Hall
community) and
Worcester (Green
Island community),
MA
Boston. MA
Oxford Hills region,
ME
Somerville, MA
Sectors
Targeted
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Schools
Households
Small Business
and Industry
Transportation
Small Business
and Industry.
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Automotive
Repair/Service
Automotive
Repair/Service
Automotive
Repair/Service
Automotive
Repair/Service
Automotive
Repair/Service
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
African-American,
Asian-American.
Latin American
Latin Amencan
Latin Amencan
Afncan-Amencan,
Asian-American.
Latin Amencan
Asian-American
Afncan-Amencan.
Asian-American.
Latin American
Afncan-Amencan.
Asian-American,
Latin Amencan
Caucasian
Afncan-Amencan,
Latin American
Assigned Activity
Category
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Youth Education
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Resource Efficiency
Youth Education
Youth Education
Code
1-95-1
1-95-2
1-95-3
1-95-4
1-95-5
1-95-6
1-96-1
1-97-1
1-97-2
65
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Appendix B EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Neighborhoods
Against Urban
Pollution
Tellus Institute
REGION 2
FY95
Citizens
Environmental
Research Institute
Clean Water Fund
Council on the
Environment. Inc
Dunbar Association.
Inc
El Puente of
Wilhamsburg
Isles. Inc
FY96
We Act/Natural
Resources Defense
Council
Funding
Amount
$100,000
$100.000
$100.000
$11.663
$49.452
$100.000
$98.885
$25.000
$200.000
Grantee Type
Community-bas
ed organization
Environmental
organization
Environmental
organization
Environmental
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Community/City
Targeted
Boston (Roxbury,
Dorchester.
Mattapan, Jamaica
Plain, Chinatown,
South Boston, East
Boston, and Chelsea
communities), MA
Memmack Valley
communities, MA
New York City
(Garden City Park
community. Long
Island). NY
Camden County, NJ
New York City
(Greenpomt and
Wilhamsburg
communities.
Brooklyn). NY
Syracuse. NY
New York City
(Greenpomt and
Wilhamsburg
communities.
Brooklyn). NY
Trenton. NJ
New York City (North
Manhattan
communities), NY
Sectors
Targeted
Households,
Small Business
and Industry.
Transportation
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Households,
Schools
Schools,
Transportation
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Households.
Schools
Small Business
and Industry,
Transportation
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Incinerators
Automotive
Repair/Service.
Printers
Dry Cleaners
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
African- American,
Latin Amencan
Not specified
African-American,
Latin American
African-American,
Asian-American,
Latin American
Afncan-Amencan,
Caucasian. Latin
Amencan
Afncan-Amencan.
Latin American
Afncan-Amencan,
Caucasian. Latin
Amencan
Not specified
Afncan-Amencan,
Latin Amencan
Assigned Activity
Category
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Youth Education
Helping Small
Businesses
Community Outreach
Youth Education
Community Outreach
Code
1-97-3
1-97-4
2-95-1
2-95-2
2-95-3
2-95-4
2-95-5
2-95-6
2-96-1
66
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Appendix B- EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
FY97
Council on the
Environment. Inc
Harlem Environmental
Impact Project, Inc
Haudenosuanee
Environmental Task
Force
Incorporated Rabanal
Small Farmers
New Jersey
Community
Development
Corporation
REGION 3
FY95
Alice Hamilton
Occupational Health
Center
Delaware Valley
Citizens' Council for
Clean Air
New River-Highland
RC&D Council
Painters and Allied
Trades Labor
Management
Cooperation Fund
University of Maryland
at Eastern Shore
Funding
Amount
$99.997
$30.000
$100.000
$44.100
$66.903
$81.670
$46,200
$96.960
$94.875
$49,940
Grantee Type
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Other
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Other
organization
Environmental
organization
Local
government
Other
organization
Higher learning
Community/City
Targeted
New York City
(Greenpoint and
Williamsburg
communities,
Brooklyn), NY
New York City
(Harlem community).
NY
Iroquois Confederacy
Rabanal. PR
Paterson. NJ
Washington. DC,
Baltimore, MD.
Pnnce George's
County. MD
Philadelphia
(Germantown and
Mount Airy
communities), PA
Smyth County and
Washington County,
VA
Philadelphia, PA;
Baltimore, MD.
Alexandria, VA
Washington. DC
Sectors
Targeted
Schools
Households
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Agriculture
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry.
Building and
Construction
Small Business
and Industry.
Local
Government
Agriculture.
Schools
Small Business
and Industry.
Building and
Construction
Schools
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
African-American,
Caucasian. Latin
American
African-American
Native American
Latin Amencan
Not specified
African- Amencan,
Latin Amencan
Afncan-Amencan
Caucasian
Latin Amencan
Afncan-Amencan
Assigned Activity
Category
Youth Education
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Agricultural P2
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Community Outreach
Youth Education
Helping Small
Businesses
Youth Education
Code
2-97-1
2-97-2
2-97-3
2-97-4
2-97-5
3-95-1
3-95-2
3-95-3
3-95-4
3-95-5
67
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Appendix B EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
FY96
Delaware Valley
Citizens' Council for
Clean Air
FY97
Center for Hazardous
Material Research
Elizabeth River
Project
Garden Resources of
Washington
Howard University
REGION 4
FY95
Broward County
Department of Natural
Resources
Carroll County
Pollution Abatement
and Conservation
Project
City of Atlanta, GA
Mnami-Dade County.
FL
Funding
Amount
$195,090
$100,000
S82.422
$56.245
$100.000
$80.000
$23.714
$50.000
$84.536
Grantee Type
Environmental
organization
Environmental
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Higher learning
Local
government
Local
government
Local
government
Local
government
Community/City
Targeted
Philadelphia
(Germantown and
Mount Airy
communities), PA
Allegheny County
(Rankm. Homestead.
Braddock,
McKeesport,
Homewood, and
Brushton
communities), PA
Norfolk. VA,
Portsmouth, VA.
Chesapeake, VA
Washington. DC
Washington, DC
Broward County, FL
Carroll County,
Tnmble County, and
Gallatm County, KY
Atlanta, GA
Miami-Dade County
(CityofOpa-locka),
FL
Sectors
Targeted
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Households.
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry.
Schools
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Shipyards
Automotive
Repair/Service,
Electroplating
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
African-American
Not specified
African- American
African- American
African-American
Not specified
Caucasian
Not specified
African-American
Assigned Activity
Category
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Resource Efficiency
Helping Small
Businesses
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Partnerships with
Industrial Facilities
Community Outreach
Code
3-96-1
3-97-1
3-97-2
3-97-3
3-97^t
4-95-1
4-95-2
4-95-3
4-95-4
68
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Appendix B EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Northampton County.
NC
Poarch Creek Indians
Southface Energy
Institute
University of North
Carolina at Charlotte
FY96
University of Louisville
FY97
Birmingham
Environmental
Clearinghouse
Citizens for a Better
South Flonda, Inc
Escambia County. FL
Georgia
Environmental
Organization
Mississippi Band of
Choctaw Indians
University of North
Carolina - Continued
Funding
Funding
Amount
$80.000
$90.000
$70,000
$21.750
$208.322
$100.000
$90,773
$79,728
$31.900
$91.632
$29.095
Grantee Type
Local
government
Tribe or tribal
organization
Environmental
organization
Higher learning
Higher learning
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Local
government
Community-bas
ed organization
Tribe or tribal
organization
Higher learning
Community/City
Targeted
Northampton County
and Bertie County,
NC
Poarch Creek Indians
Atlanta, GA
Gaston County, NC
Jefferson County
(West End
community). KY
Birmingham, AL
Miami-Dade County
(City of Hialeah). FL
Escambia County
(Wamngton
community), FL
Atlanta (Proctor
Creek communities),
GA
Mississippi Band of
Choctaw Indians
Gaston County, NC
Sectors
Targeted
Agriculture
Agriculture
Households,
Building and
Construction
Small Business
and Industry,
Agriculture
Small Business
and Industry
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Households
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Local
Government
Small Business
and Industry.
Agriculture
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Chemical
Manufacturing
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
African-American
Native American
Not specified
Not specified
African- American
Afncan-Amencan
Latin American
Afncan-Amencan,
Caucasian
Afncan-Amencan
Native American
Not specified
Assigned Activity
Category
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Partnerships with
Industrial Facilities
Partnerships with
Industrial Facilities
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Community Outreach
Code
4-95-5
4-95-6
4-95-7
4-95-8
4-96-1
4-97-1
4-97-2
4-97-3
4-97-4
4-97-5
4-97-6
69
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Appendix B EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
REGION 5
FY95
Clean Water Fund
Environmental
Careers Organization
Grand Cal Task Force
Lower Sioux
Minneapolis Urban
League
Native American
Educational Services
College
University of
Cincinnati
WSOS Community
Action Commission
FY96
Citizens for a Better
Environment
Funding
Amount
$85.000
$50.000
$66.080
$49.920
$58.320
$6.780
$88.900
$95.000
$148.987
Grantee Type
Environmental
organization
Environmental
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Tnbe or tribal
organization
Communrty-bas
ed organization
Tribe or tnbal
organization
Higher learning
Community-bas
ed organization
Environmental
organization
Community/City
Targeted
Minnesota.
Wisconsin, and
Michigan tnbal
communities
Minneapolis, MM,
Chicago. IL, Ann
Arbor. Ml. Whiting.
IN, Cleveland. OH
Chicago, IL. Gary. IN.
Hammond, IN
Lower Sioux Tnbe
Minneapolis. MN
Menommee Tribe
Cincinnati (Lower
Price Hill community),
OH
Sandusky County,
Seneca County,
Ottawa County.
Wood County, and
Wyandot County, OH
Chicago (Southeast
community). IL,
Milwaukee (South
Side community). Wl.
Minneapolis
(Hawthorne
community), MN
Sectors
Targeted
Small Business
and Industry
Households,
Schools
Households.
Local
Government
Small Business
and Industry
Households
Households,
Small Business
and Industry
Agriculture
Small Business
and Industry
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Automotive
Repair/Service
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Native American
Not specified
African-American,
Latin American
Native Amencan
African-American
Native Amencan
Caucasian
Latin Amencan
Afncan-Amencan,
Latin Amencan
Assigned Activity
Category
Tribal Environments
Partnerships with
Industrial Facilities
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Youth Education
Tribal Environments
Community Outreach
Agricultural P2
Partnerships with
Industrial Facilities
Code
5-95-1
5-95-2
5-95-3
5-95-4
5-95-5
5-95-6
5-95-7
5-95-8
5-96-1
70
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Appendix B. EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
FY97
Fond du Lac
Reservation Business
Committee
Lower Sioux
Mill Creek Restoration
Project - Rivers
Unlimited
Sixteenth Street
Community Health
Center
Youngstown-Warren
Regional Chamber of
Commerce
REGION 6
FY95
BillJ Pnest Institute
for Economic
Development
Technology
Assistance Center
Greater Laredo
Development
Foundation
Jemez Pueblo
Pollution Prevention
Project
New Orleans Youth
Action Corps
Pueblo of Pojoaque
Funding
Amount
$22.080
$90.000
$99.998
$98.375
$100.000
$80.000
$80.000
$80.000
$80.000
$80.000
Grantee Type
Tnbe or tribal
organization
Tnbe or tribal
organization
Environmental
organization
Other
organization
Other
organization
Other
organization
Other
organization
Tnbe or tribal
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Tribe or tribal
organization
Community/City
Targeted
Fond du Lac Tnbe
Lower Sioux Tnbe
Hamilton County and
Cincinnati, OH
Milwaukee (South
Side community). Wl
Mahomng County
and Trumbull County.
OH
Dallas. TX
Laredo, TX
Jemez Pueblo
New Orleans. LA
Pojoaque Pueblo,
Nambe Pueblo, and
San lldefonso Pueblo
Sectors
Targeted
Small Business
and Industry,
Schools
Households.
Local
Government
Small Business
and Industry.
Schools
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry.
Transportation
Households
Households
Local
Government
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Native American
Native American
African-American,
Caucasian
Latin American
Latin American
African-American.
Latin American
Latin American
Native American
Not specified
Native American
Assigned Activity
Category
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Community Outreach
Youth Education
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Tribal Environments
Youth Education
Tribal Environments
Code
5-97-1
5-97-2
5-97-3
5-97-4
5-97-5
6-95-1
6-95-2
6-95-3
6-95-4
6-95-5
71
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Appendix B. EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Zion Travelers Baptist
Church
FY96
National Center for
Appropriate
Technology
FY97
Central Arkansas
Regional Solid Waste
Management District
City of Houston
Louisiana
Environmental Justice
Project
REGION 7
FY95
Arkansas Institute for
Social Justice
Haskell Indian Nations
University
Lincoln-Lancaster
County Health
Department
Metropolitan Energy
Center
Missouri Energy
Resources Protect
Funding
Amount
$30.000
$236.442
$99.998
$94,062
$100.000
$20.000
$45.000
$39.000
$49.800
$72.000
Grantee Type
Community-bas
ed organization
Other
organization
Local
government
Local
government
Community-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Tribe or tnbal
organization
Local
government
Environmental
organization
Environmental
organization
Community/City
Targeted
St John the Baptist
Parish (Mt Airy.
Garyville, and Lions
communities). LA
Texas Panhandle
communities
(colomas near
Hereford). TX
Faulkner County.
Monroe County,
Praine County, and
Lonoke County, AR
Houston. TX
New Orleans, LA
St Louis. MO
Midwest tnbal
communities
Lincoln County and
Lancaster County.
NE
Kansas City
(Westside
community), MO
St Louis. MO
Sectors
Targeted
Local
Government
Agriculture
Households.
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Local
Government
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Households
Schools
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Automotive
Repair/Service,
Electroplating
Shipyards
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
African-American
Latin American
Not specif ed
African- American.
Latin Amencan
Africa n-Amencan
African-American
Native Amencan
Asian-American,
Latin Amencan,
Native Amencan
Afncan-Amencan
Afncan-Amencan
Assigned Activity
Category
Community Outreach
Agricultural P2
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Partnerships with
Industrial Facilities
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Community Outreach
Resource Efficiency
Resource Efficiency
Code
6-95-6
6-96-1
6-97-1
6-97-2
6-97-3
7-95-1
7-95-2
7-95-3
7-95-4
7-95-5
72
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Appendix B EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Nebraska Sustainable
Agriculture Society
University of
Nebraska - Omaha
Wichita-Sedgwick
County Department of
Community Health
FY96
Metropolitan Energy
Center
FY97
Community Health
and Education
Services
Lincoln-Lancaster
County Health
Department
Metropolitan St Louis
Sewer District
Mid-America Regional
Council
University of Northern
Iowa
REGION 8
FY95
Denver Urban
Gardens
Grand Junction
Energy Office
Funding
Amount
$25.000
$75.000
$73,000
$213.760
$70,000
$80,000
$80,554
$10,000
$99,163
$25,000
$55,000
Grantee Type
Environmental
organization
Higher learning
Local
government
Environmental
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Local
government
Local
government
Local
government
Higher learning
Community-bas
ed organization
Local
government
Community/City
Targeted
Custer County.
Adams County, and
Fordyce, Hartington,
and Bow Valley. NE
Midwest communities
Wichita. KS
Kansas City
(Westside
community), MO
Wyandotte County.
KS
Lincoln County and
Lancaster County,
NE
St Louis. MO
Kansas City. MO and
Kansas City. KS
Midwest communities
Denver, CO
Mesa County and
Grand Junction, CO
Sectors
Targeted
Agriculture
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Transportation
Households.
Small Business
and Industry.
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Households
Households
Transportation
Households
Small Business
and Industry.
Building and
Construction
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Pnnters
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Latin American
African-American,
Caucasian
Asian-American,
Latin Amencan,
Native American
Not specified
African-American,
Latin Amencan
Not specified
Not specified
Latin Amencan
Assigned Activity
Category
Agricultural P2
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Code
7-95-6
7-95-7
7-95-8
7-96-1
7-97-1
7-97-2
7-97-3
7-97-4
7-97-5
8-95-1
8-95-2
73
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Appendix B EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Montana State
University Extension
Sen/ice
Northwestern Band of
the Shoshoni Nation
Running Strong for
American Indian
Youth
Shoshone & Northern
Arapaho Tribes
Smte Gleska
University
Tn-County Health
Department
Turtle Mountain Band
of Chippewa Indians
Waste Reduction
Institute (WRITAR)
FY96
Northeast Denver
Housing Center, Inc
FY97
Montana State
University
Montana Tribal
Business Information
Network
National Association
of Black
Environmentalists
Funding
Amount
$50.000
$50.000
$25.000
$40.000
$50.000
$30.000
$25,000
$50,000
$250,000
$100.000
$85.000
$100,000
Grantee Type
Higher learning
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Local
government
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Environmental
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Higher learning
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Environmental
organization
Community/City
Targeted
Northern Cheyenne.
Fort Peck, and Crow
Indian tribes
Utah tnbal
communities
Oglala Sioux Tnbe
Shoshone and
Northern Arapaho
tnbes
Rosebud Sioux Tnbe
Denver, CO
Turtle Mountain Band
of Chippewa Indians
Rosebud Sioux and
Blackfeet Indian
tnbes
Denver, CO
Northern Cheyenne,
Fort Peck, and Crow
Indian tnbes
Montana tnbal
communities
Denver (Northeast
Park Hill community).
CO
Sectors
Targeted
Households.
Local
Government
Local
Government
Agriculture
Schools
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Schools
Small Business
and Industry,
Building and
Construction
Building and
Construction
Schools
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Automotive
Repair/Service
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Native American
Native American
Native American
Native American
Native American
Caucasian, Latin
Amencan
Native Amencan
Native Amencan
Native Amencan
Native American
Native American
African-American
Assigned Activity
Category
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Helping Small
Businesses
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Resource Efficiency
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Community Outreach
Code
8-95-3
8-95-4
8-95-5
8-95-6
8-95-7
8-95-8
8-95-9
8-95-10
8-96-1
8-97-1
8-97-2
8-97-3
74
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Appendix B: EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Running Strong for
American Indian
Youth
Town of Meeker
REGION 9
FY95
Cityof Nogales. AZ
Institute for Research
and Technical
Assistance
Pima County, AZ
Resource Policy
Institute
South Bayshore
Community
Development
Corporation, Inc
FY96
Korean Youth &
Community Center,
Inc
FY97
Association for
Community Based
Education
Ecology Action, Inc
Institute for Research
and Technical
Assistance
Funding
Amount
$30,000
$25.000
$86.250
$96,750
$72,000
$50,000
$95.000
$100.000
$100,000
$41.484
$96.516
Grantee Type
Tnbe or tribal
organization
Local
government
Local
government
Other
organization
Local
government
Environmental
organization
Commumty-bas
ed organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Commumty-bas
ed organization
Environmental
organization
Other
organization
Community/City
Targeted
Oglala Sioux tnbe
Rio Blanco County
(Town of Meeker),
CO
Nogales, AZ
Los Angeles. CA
Pima County (City of
South Tucson), AZ
Imperial Valley
communities, CA
San Francisco. CA
Los Angeles. CA
Central Coast
communities. CA
Northern California
communities, CA
Los Angeles. CA
Sectors
Targeted
Agriculture
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Households,
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Agriculture
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Automotive
Repair/Service
Restaurant/Foo
d Service
Dry Cleaners
Dry Cleaners
Automotive
Repair/Service
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Native Amencan
Not specified
Latin Amencan
Latin Amencan
Latin Amencan
Latin Amencan
African- American
Asian-American
Latin Amencan
Asian-American
Latin American
Assigned Activity
Category
Tribal Environments
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Agricultural P2
Helping Small
Businesses
Helping Small
Businesses
Code
8-97-4
8-97-5
9-95-1
9-95-2
9-95-3
9-95-4
9-95-5
9-96-1
9-97-1
9-97-2
9-97-3
75
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Appendix B- EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Local Government
Commission
Los Angeles
Conservation Corps
REGION 10
FY95
American Lung
Association
Cascade Revolving
Fund
City of Pilot Point
Painting Industry
Partnership
Sea Mar Community
Health Center
Spokane Tnbe
University of Northern
Iowa
Urban League of
Portland
FY96
Tulahp Tnbes of
Washington
FY97
Chickaloon Native
Village
Funding
Amount
$42.000
$60.000
$25.000
$75.000
$49.737
$50.000
$25,000
$25.000
$70.743
$79.155
$196.614
$80.000
Grantee Type
Community-bas
ed organization
Environmental
organization
Environmental
organization
Other
organization
Local
government
Other
organization
Other
organization
Tnbe or tribal
organization
Higher learning
Community-bas
ed organization
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Tnbe or tnbal
organization
Community/City
Targeted
Richmond. CA
Los Angeles. CA
Seattle (Central
Seattle and Ranier
Valley communities).
WA
Washington
communities
Pilot Point. AK
Seattle. WA,
Tacoma. WA,
Portland, OR
Seattle, WA
Spokane Tnbe
Idaho communities
Portland, OR
Tulalip Tnbes of
Washington
Chickaloon Native
Village
Sectors
Targeted
Small Business
and Industry,
Schools
Households
Households
Small" Business
and Industry
Households.
Local
Government
Small Business
and Industry.
Building and
Construction
Households
Agriculture
Small Business
and Industry
Small Business
and Industry
Local
Government
Local
Government
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Custodial/Janito
rs
Dry Cleaners
Automotive
Repair/Service
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Not specified
African-American,
Latin Amencan
African-American,
Caucasian
Asian-American
Native American
Not specified
Not specified
Native Amencan
Not specified
Africa n-Amencan
Native Amencan
Native Amencan
Assigned Activity
Category
Helping Small
Businesses
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Tribal Environments
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Helping Small
Businesses
Community Outreach
Tribal Environments
Tribal Environments
Code
9-97-4
9-97-5
10-95-1
10-95-2
10-95-3
10-95-4
10-95-5
10-95-6
10-95-7
10-95-8
10-96-1
10-97-1
76
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Appendix B. EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Grantee
Community Coalition
for Environmental
Justice
International District
Housing and Social
Services
Oregon Environmental
Council
Tacoma Urban
League. Inc
NATIONAL
FY96
National Association
of Community
Development Loan
Funds
FY97
America Works
Partnership
Oil, Chemical, and
Atomic Workers
International Union
Reynoldstown
Revitahzation
Corporation
TOTAL
Funding
Amount
$20.000
$80,000
$80,000
$80.000
$250.000
$160.138
$130,000
$159,753
$10,217,001
Grantee Type
Commumty-bas
ed organization
Commumty-bas
ed organization
Environmental
organization
Commumty-bas
ed organization
Other
organization
Community-bas
ed organization
Other
organization
Other
organization
Community/City
Targeted
Seattle (South Park
community), WA
Seattle, WA
Portland (Albma
community), OR
Tacoma (Salishan
community), WA
Communities
throughout the United
States
Oakland, CA,
Chicago, IL
Los Angeles, CA;
northwestern Indiana,
central New Jersey,
Philadelphia, PA
Atlanta. GA
Sectors
Targeted
Small Business
and Industry
Schools
Schools
Households.
Building and
Construction
Small Business
and Industry
Building and
Construction
Small Business
and Industry
Local
Government
Businesses
and Industries
Targeted
Petroleum
Refining
Ethnic
Communities
Targeted
Latin American
Asian-American
African-American
African-American,
Asian-Amencan
Not specified
African-American,
Native American
Not specified
Not specified
Assigned Activity
Category
Helping Small
Businesses
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Helping Small
Businesses
Resource Efficiency
Community Outreach
Community Outreach
Code
10-97-2
10-97-3
10-97-4
10-97-5
Natl-96-1
Natl-97-1
Natl-97-2
Natl-97-3
77
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Appendix B: EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Table B-2. Alphabetical Listing of Grantee Names and Codes
Alice Hamilton Occupational Health Center 3-95-
America Works Partnership Natl-97-
American Lung Association 10-95-
Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments 1-97-
Arkansas Institute for Social Justice 7-95-
Association for Community Based Education 9-97-
Bill J. Priest Institute for Economic Development 6-95-1
Birmingham Environmental Clearinghouse 4-97-1
Bowdoin Street Health Center 1-95-1
Broward County Department of Natural Resources 4-95-1
Carroll County Pollution Abatement and Conservation Project 4-95-2
Cascadia Revolving Fund 10-95-2
Center for Hazardous Material Research 3-97-1
Central Arkansas Regional Solid Waste Management District 6-97-1
Chickaloon Native Village 10-97-1
Citizens Environmental Research Institute 2-95-1
Citizens for a Better Environment 5-96-1
Citizens for a Better South Florida 4-97-2
City of Atlanta, GA 4-95-3
City of Boston, Office of Environmental Health 1-95-2
City of Houston, TX 6-97-2
City of Nogales, AZ 9-95-1
City of Pilot Point, AK 10-95-3
Clean Water Fund (Region 2) 2-95-2
Clean Water Fund (Region 5) 5-95-1
Community Action Agency of Somerville 1-97-2
Community Coalition for Environmental Justice 10-97-2
Community Health and Education Services 7-97-1
Conservation Law Foundation 1-96-1
Council on the Environment, Inc. (1995) 2-95-3
Council on the Environment, Inc. (1997) 2-97-1
Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air (1995) 3-95-2
Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air (1996) 3-96-1
Denver Urban Gardens 8-95-1
Dunbar Association, Inc 2-95-4
Ecology Action 9-97-2
El Puente of Williamsburg 2-95-5
Elizabeth River Project 3-97-2
Environmental Careers Organization 5-95-2
Escambia County, FL 4-97-3
Fond du Lac Reservation Business Committee 5-97-1
78
-------
Appendix B: EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Garden Resources of Washington 3-97-3
Georgia Environmental Organization 4-97-4
Grand Cal Task Force 5-95-3
Grand Junction Energy Office 8-95-2
Greater Laredo Development Foundation 6-95-2
Harlem Environmental Impact Project 2-97-2
Haskell Indian Nations University 7-95-2
Haudenosuanee Environmental Task Force 2-97-3
Howard University 3-97-4
Incorporated Rabanal Small Farmers 2-97-4
Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (1995) 9-95-2
Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (1997) 9-97-3
International District Housing and Social Services 10-97-3
Isles, Inc 2-95-6
Jemez Pueblo Pollution Prevention Project 6-95-3
Korean Youth & Community Center, Inc 9-96-1
Lincoln-Lancaster County Health Department (1995) 7-95-3
Lincoln-Lancaster County Health Department (1997) 7-97-2
Local Government Commission 9-97-4
Los Angeles Conservation Corps 9-97-5
Louisiana Environmental Justice Project 6-97-3
Lower Sioux (1995) 5-95-4
Lower Sioux (1997) 5-97-2
Metropolitan Energy Center (1995) 7-95-4
Metropolitan Energy Center (1996) 7-96-1
Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District 7-97-3
Miami-Dade County, FL 4-95-4
Mid-America Regional Council 7-97-4
Mill Creek Restoration Project - Rivers Unlimited 5-97-3
Minneapolis Urban League 5-95-5
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians 4-97-5
Missouri Energy Resources Project 7-95-5
Montana State University 8-97-1
Montana State University Extension Service 8-95-3
Montana Tribal Business Information Network 8-97-2
National Association of Black Environmentalists 8-97-3
National Association of Community Development Loan Funds Natl-96-1
National Center for Appropriate Technology 6-96-1
Native American Educational Services College 5-95-6
Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society 7-95-6
Neighborhoods Against Urban Pollution 1-97-3
New Jersey Community Development Corporation 2-97-5
New Orleans Youth Action Corps 6-95-4
79
-------
Appendix B. EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
New River-Highland RC&D Council 3-95-3
NEWMOA '. 1-95-3
Northampton County, NC 4-95-5
Northeast Denver Housing Center, Inc 8-96-1
Northwestern Band of the Shoshoni Nation 8-95-4
Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers International Union Natl-97-2
Oregon Environmental Council 10-97-4
Painters and Allied Trades Labor Management Cooperation Fund 3-95-4
Painting Industry Partnership 10-95-4
Pima County, AZ 9-95-3
Poarch Creek Indians 4-95-6
Pueblo of Pojoaque 6-95-5
Resource Policy Institute 9-95-4
Reynoldstown Revitalization Corporation Natl-97-3
Roxbury Community College/Tellus 1-95-5
Running Strong for American Indian Youth (1995) 8-95-5
Running Strong for American Indian Youth (1997) 8-97-4
Sea Mar Community Health Center 10-95-5
Shoshone & Northern Arapaho Tribes 8-95-6
Sinte Gleska University 8-95-7
Sixteenth Street Community Health Center 5-97-4
South Bayshore Community Development Corporation, Inc 9-95-5
Southface Energy Institute 4-95-7
Spokane Tribe 10-95-6
Tacoma Urban League, Inc 10-97-5
Tellus Institute 1-97-4
Town of Meeker 8-97-5
Tri-County Health Department 8-95-8
Tulalip Tribes of Washington 10-96-1
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 8-95-9
University of Cincinnati 5-95-7
University of Louisville 4-96-1
University of Maryland at Eastern Shore 3-95-5
University of Nebraska at Omaha 7-95-7
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1995) 4-95-8
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1997) 4-97-6
University of Northern Iowa (Region 7) 7-97-5
University of Northern Iowa (Region 10) 10-95-7
Urban League of Portland 10-95-8
Waste Reduction Institute (WRITAR) 8-95-10
Waste Watch Center 1-95-5
We Act/Natural Resource Defense Council 2-96-1
Wichita-Sedgwick County Department of Community Health 7-95-8
80
-------
Appendix B: EJP2 Funding and Distribution of Grants
Working Capital 1-95-6
WSOS Community Action Commission 5-95-8
Youngstown-Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce 5-97-5
Zion Travelers Baptist Church 6-95-6
81
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APPENDIX C: GRANT PRODUCTS BY ASSIGNED CATEGORY
Helping Small Businesses Prevent Pollution in Communities
Alice Hamilton Occupational Health Center
Bill J. Priest Institute for Economic Development, Technology Assistance Center
Bowdoin Street Health Center
Cascadia Revolving Fund
Center for Hazardous Material Research
City of Boston, Office of Environmental Health
City of Houston, Texas
City of Nogales, Arizona
Community Coalition for Environmental Justice
Dunbar Association, Inc.
Ecology Action, Inc.
Elizabeth River Project
Greater Laredo Development Foundation
Howard University
Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (1995)
Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (1997)
Korean Youth & Community Center, Inc.
Local Government Commission
National Association of Community Development Loan Funds
Northeast Waste Management Officials Association
Painters and Allied Trades Labor Management Cooperation Fund
Tri-County Health Department
University of Nebraska at Omaha
University of Northern Iowa (Region 7)
University of Northern Iowa (Region 10)
Wichita-Sedgwick County Department of Community Health
Working Capital
Fostering Partnerships Between Industrial Facilities and Communities
Birmingham Environmental Clearinghouse
Citizens for a Better Environment
City of Atlanta, Georgia
Environmental Careers Organization
Louisiana Environmental Justice Project
University of Louisville
82
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Appendix C: Grant Projects by Assigned Category
Educating Communities About Pollution Prevention
American Lung Association
Arkansas Institute for Social Justice
Broward County Department of Natural Resources
Carroll County Pollution Abatement and Conservation Project
Central Arkansas Regional Solid Waste Management District
Citizens Environmental Research Institute
Citizens for a Better South Florida, Inc.
Clean Water Fund (Region 2)
Community Health and Education Services
Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air (1995)
Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air (1997)
El Puente of Williamsburg
Escambia County, Florida
Georgia Environmental Organization
Grand Cal Task Force
Grand Junction Energy Office
Harlem Environmental Impact Project, Inc.
International District Housing and Social Services
Lincoln-Lancaster County Health Department (1995)
Lincoln-Lancaster County Health Department (1997)
Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Mid-America Regional Council
Mill Creek Restoration Project - Rivers Unlimited
National Association of Black Environmentalists
New Jersey Community Development Corporation
Northampton County, North Carolina
Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers International Union
Oregon Environmental Council
Pima County, Arizona
Resource Policy Institute
Reynolds Revitalization Corporation
Sea Mar Community Health Center
South Bayshore Community Development Corporation, Inc.
Tacoma Urban League, Inc.
Tellus Institute
Town of Meeker
University of Cincinnati
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1995)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1997)
Urban League of Portland
83
-------
Appendix C. Grant Projects by Assigned Category
Waste Watch Center
We Act/Natural Resources Defense Council
Youngstown- Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce
Zion Travelers Baptist Church
Promoting Efficient Resource Use Within Communities
America Works Partnership
Conservation Law Foundation
Denver Urban Gardens
Garden Resources of Washington
Los Angeles Conservation Corps
Metropolitan Energy Center (1995)
Metropolitan Energy Center (1996)
Missouri Energy Resources Project
Neighborhoods Against Urban Pollution
Northeast Denver Housing Center, Inc.
Painting Industry Partnerships
Southface Energy Institute
Fostering Youth Education and Involvement
Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments
Community Action Agency of Somerville
Council on the Environment, Inc. (1995)
Council on the Environment, Inc. (1997)
Isles, Inc.
Minneapolis Urban League
New Orleans Youth Action Corps
New River-Highland Resource and Conservation Development Council
Roxbury Community College/Tellus
Sixteenth Street Community Health Center
University of Maryland at Eastern Shore
Demonstrating Agricultural Pollution Prevention
Association for Community-Based Education
Incorporated Rabanal Small Farmers
National Center for Appropriate Technology
Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society
WSOS Community Action Commission
84
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Appendix C. Grant Projects by Assigned Category
Improving Tribal Environments
Chickaloon Native Village
City of Pilot Point
Clean Water Fund (Region 5)
Fond du Lac Reservation Committee
Haskell Indian Nations University
Haudenosuanee Environmental Task Force
Jemez Pueblo Pollution Prevention Project
Lower Sioux Communities (1995)
Lower Sioux Communities (1997)
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
Montana State University
Montana State University Extension Service
Montana Tribal Business Information Network
Native American Educational Services College
Northwestern Band of the Shoshoni Nation
Poarch Creek Indians
Pueblo of Pojaque
Running Strong for American Indian Youth (1995)
Running Strong for American Indian Youth (1997)
Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes
Sinte Gleska University
Spokane Tribe
Tulalip Tribes of Washington
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
Waste Reduction Institute
85
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