QUARTERLY
REPORT
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
WATER LABORATORY
CORVALLIS, ORECON
JANUARY 1-MARCH 31, 1969
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGION
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY
QUARTERLY REPORT
January 1 through March 31, 1969
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Northwest Region, Corvallis, Oregon
April 1969
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CONTENTS
EMS.
OFFICE OF LABORATORY DIRECTOR 1
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM
Physiological Control Branch 3
Ecological Control Branch 4
WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 11
Paper and Allied Products Research Branch 11
Food Wastes Research Branch 12
Special Studies Branch 13
NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM 16
NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM 21
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS RESEARCH PROGRAM 28
TRAINING & MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT 33
CONSOLIDATED LABORATORY SERVICES PROGRAM 35
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND INVESTIGATIONS 38
POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE 39
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OFFICE OF THE LABORATORY DIRECTOR
Dr. Bartsch lectured to and reviewed on-going and planned activities
of the Limnology Department of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia; the Water Resources Center of Ohio State University at Columbus;
and the Department of Zoology of Indiana University at Bloomington.
Dr. Bartsch attended two meetings of the Project Advisory Committee
to the Upper Great Lakes Commission on Inland Lake Renewal and Management
Demonstration, held in Madison, Wisconsin.
Dr. Bartsch appeared as an expert witness at the Potomac River
Enforcement Conference, held in Washington, D. C.
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM
9841/1601 and 9884/000
GENERAL
By invitation of a representative of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Dr. Bartsch assisted in planning research activities for
controlling eutrophication in small lakes in the Prairie Province area
of Canada at a meeting held in Winnipeg on January 11.
At the request of the Office of Science and Technology of the
Executive Office of the President, Jr. Bartsch represented the United
States at an Expert Meeting on Eutrophication Research, iield in Paris,
France, on January 27-29, under the Advisory Group on Water Management
Research of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Dr. Bartsch attended a meeting of the Joint Industry-Government Task
Force on Eutrophication, held in New Brunswick, New Jersey; he serves
as Chairman of the Research Committee of this organization.
At the request of the Florida Air and Water Pollution Commission,
Dr. Bartsch, along with representatives of the Southwest Regional
Office, made an on-the-site inspection of Lake Apopka and gave consulta-
tive assistance in connection with eutrophication problems involved.
Dr. Powers participated in a Water Resources Planning Meeting
February 9-10 at Lansing, Michigan, relative to phosphorus removal
from sewage tributary to Lake Michigan. This participation was at the
invitation of the Michigan Water Resources Commission. The meeting
was called by the Joint Legislative Committee on Water Resources Planning
of the Michigan Legislature.
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Dr. Bartsch attended a meeting of the advisory group to the
Eutrophication Institute at the University of Wisconsin where reviews
were given of projects being supported by the FWPCA.
At the invitation of the Great Lakes Basin Commission, Dr. Powers
moderated a session at a conference on the Application of Systems
Analysis to the Great Lakes held at Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 18-21.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL BRANCH
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Physiology Section
Studies to determine the minimum and optimum nitrogen and phosphorus
requirements for the growth of Selenastrum capricornutum were continued
both in static and continuous flow assays. Tentative results show
that, when other nutrients are not limiting, growth responses to phos-
phorus in concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 0.62 mg/1 are similar. In
the case of nitrogen, algal growth was similar in concentrations ranging
from 0.14 to 14.0 mg/1.
A comparison was made between methods and techniques for assessing
algal biomass in cultures of Selenastrum capricornutum and Anabaena
flosaquae. Dry weight and absorbance determinations can only be employed
validly when growth is fairly dense. Determination of cell numbers with
the Coulter Counter is the most accurate method of S.. capricornutum.
especially at low cell densities. A_. flos-aquae, being a filamentous
alga, is not amenable to use of this method. The fixation of 14C, however,
was found to be a sensitive and reproducible procedure for determining
growth of this alga.
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Algal Assay Procedures Section
The printing of the Provisional Algal Assay Procedure (PAAP) was
completed. Thus far, requests for approximately 300 copies have been
filled.
The design and construction of three—four reactor unit—continuous-
flow chemostat systems were completed. Studies have been made relative
to the hydraulic inflow and discharge efficiency of the chemostats. The
maximum residence time for the 1000 ml reactor is 13-14 days. Algal
productivity in an aerated reactor is greater than that in an unaerated
reactor.
Aquatic Plant Control Section
The pilot scale evaluation of phycoviruses for blue-green algae
control is being conducted at Syracuse University under a contract
research grant. Preparations, including the culturing of viruses and
algae, are underway and the evaluation will begin as soon as weather
permits.
ECOLOGICAL CONTROL BRANCH
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Nutrient Control Section
A field study to investigate the effect of hypolimnetic aeration and
destratification on nutrient availability and algae production was initiated
in January 1969 on CUne's Pond, about 20 miles north of Corvallis. A
contract agreement with the owner will permit experimental manipulation
of this one-acre eutrophic body of water. Plastic sheets are being used
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to partition the pond into sections, one of which will be subjected to
aeration and another held as a control. Background limnological data
collection on the pond began in January.
Meetings have been held with Professor Jack Donaldson, Oregon State
University, and with personnel of the U. S. Forest Service relative to
the proposed study of incipient eutrophication in Waldo Lake. A contract
is being negotiated with the U. S. Geological Survey for installation
of gaging equipment on the outlet of the lake. It is planned to initiate
physical-chemical-biological monitoring of the lake in early summer.
Studies on the nutrient content of rain and snow have continued.
Snow samples were obtained from the Waldo Lake drainage, and rain and
snow samples from the Corvallis and Klamath Falls areas.
A coordinating body for the Detroit Lakes study has been organized,
known as the "Lake Sal lie Weed Control Study Group." The first meeting
was held in Fargo, North Dakota, in February. It was decided to postpone
weed harvesting in Lake Sallie until 1970, to permit collection of
adequate pre-iiarvest background limnological data. Experimental spray
irrigation with secondary effluent by the Soil Conservation Service will
be postponed until present experimental work is concluded. Chemical
analysis of sediment samples and aquatic weeds from Lake Sallie has
continued at the Corvallis Laboratory.
Laboratory studies of nutrient removal in soil columns, and of
nutrient transport through a thermocline are continuing. A report on
results of the soil column studies is in preparation.
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Sediment-Water Nutrient Interchange Section
Emphasis during the past quarter has been on laboratory interchange
experiments and analysis of sediments from lakes representing various
geographical areas and lake types. These lakes were: Upper Klamath
Lake, Oregon; Lake Herman, South Dakota; Lake Sallie, Minnesota; Woahink
Lake, Oregon; and the Sal ton Sea, California. The sediments of oligo-
trophic Woahink Lake were sandy and contained only traces of soluble
orthophosphate, whereas the remaining lakes investigated are eutrophic
and exhibit high levels of phosphorus and other nutrients in the
sediments. In a 32-inch core from Lake Herman, for example, the ortho-
phosphorus in the interstitial water of the core varied from 0.3 mg P/l
in the upper 12 inches to 2.4 mg P/l at the 22 to 32 inch level.
Further studies on the effects of freezing of sediments showed
increases of both ortho- and total phosphorus in Lake Sallie inter-
stitial water. Orthophosphate increased from 0.4 to 1.3 mg P/l, and
total soluble phosphorus from 0.55 to 6.7 mg P/l. These results conform
to those obtained in freezing studies on sediments from other lakes.
Laboratory interchange tests of nitrogen and phosphorus were con-
tinued, using sediment and water from Upper Klamath Lake. A two-fold
increase in total phosphorus and nitrogen in the water phase (biomass
included) under algal growth conditions was found, and an apparent shift
of nitrogen and phosphorus from the water to the sediment took place as
algal growth decreased.
Several trips were made to Upper Klamath Lake to monitor winter
conditions and to obtain water and sediment samples for laboratory use.
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A working paper by A. R. Gahler entitled "Field Studies on Sediment-
Water Algal Nutrient Interchange Processes and Water Quality in Upper
Klamath and Agency Lakes" is in manuscript.
Shagawa Lake Project
Field work during the past quarter was severely limited by weather
conditions. Insufficient ice cover precluded work on Shagawa Lake.
Sediment samples were obtained for the Corvallis lab during much of
the winter and recently water samples were taken for use in PAAP tests
at Corvallis. A cooperative project with the Cincinnati Water Research
Laboratory on sludge freezing experiments is being conducted.
Emphasis was placed on completing chemical analysis of water
samples obtained during the 1968 field season. ,A number of these
samples were sent to Corvallis for analysis.
Data work-up and initial reporting on pilot plant operation and
efficiency, the nutrient and water budget of Shagawa Lake, and the
1968 field experiment program were begun during this quarter. These
reports will receive high priority during the fourth quarter, FY 1969.
Grant and Contract Research
Technical reviews of preproposals and proposals for research grants,
demonstration grants, and contracts were provided for the following
subject matters:
1. "Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrification"
2. "iiiochemistry and Ecology of Autotrophic Microorganisms"
3. "Eutrophication in Coastal Waters"
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4. "Nutrient Enrichment: Role of Organic N in Growth of
Phytoplankton Populations"
5. "The Role of Silica in Water Quality Control"
6. "Preliminary Phytoplankton Survey of Great South Bay"
7. "Biological Models of Freshwater Communities"
8. "An Investigation of Algal Lytic Agents"
3. "Eutrophication-Jiostimulation Assessment Workshop"
10. "Limiting Nutrients and Temperatures for Southern California
Coastal Phytoplankton"
11. "Algal Diseases and Possible Application"
12. "Research and Development of a Selective Algaecide to Control
Eutrophication"
13. "Demonstration Studies of Flushing Small Shallow Lakes"
14. "Hater Quality Control with Polymeric Flocculants"
15. "Effects of NTA on Lake Sediments"
16. "Bottom Sediments and Water Quality"
17. "Ion Exchange Properties of Phosphate Solutions"
18. "Nutrient Cycles and Eutrophication in Great South Bay"
19. "Limnology of John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas"
20. "The Role of Tubificidae (Sludge Worms) in Maintaining the
Eutrophic Status of Lakes"
21. "Dynamics of the Eutrophication of a Main-stem Reservoir by
Phosphorus"
22. "Community Analysis in the Littoral Zone of Lakes"
23. "The Carbon Dioxide System and Eutrophication"
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24. "Nitrate Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Lake Eutrophication"
25. "Role of Nitrpgen (N02', N03", NH4+) in Lake Eutrophication"
26. "Eutrophication and Fish Growth in Lake Washington"
27. "A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Silt and Silt Removal in a
Northern Prairie Lake"
28. "Investigation of Phosphorus Availability in Oligotrophic Lakes"
29. "A Real-time Chemical Study of a Riverine Reservoir"
30. "Sediment-Water-Bacteria Interaction in Eutrophication"
31. "Phosphorus in Aquatic Ecosystems, Model Experiment"
Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 1969
In Nutrient Control, work will intensify at Cline's Pond as the
experimental research gets under way. Laboratory work on nutrient
transport through a thermocline will continue, and work will be
initiated on nitrogen fixation and nutrient requirements of rooted
aquatic plants. Investigation of nutrient content of rain and snow
and preparations for the Waldo Lake studies will continue.
In Sediment-Water Interchange, research related to jm sj_tu_ experi-
ments on inhibition of sediment-water nutrient interchange will go
forward. Plans are being formulated for fabrication of large plastic
experimental enclosures which will be placed in Upper Klamath Lake. A
cooperative project with the FWPCA Cleveland laboratory in a study of
dissolved oxygen depletion in Lake Erie will begin June 1969. Sediment
from Lake Erie will be sent to this"laboratory for analysis and experi-
mental treatment. Laboratory research on nutrient interchange will
continue, and attention will be given to development of experimental
lake dredging programs.
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Preparations for the coming field season are under way at Shagawa
Lake. This year, in addition to the large 150,000 gallon basins, stimu-
lation of algal growth will be studied in smaller in-lake vessels of
approximately 150 gallons and 5 gallon capacities. The PAAP will be
employed to evaluate the biostimulatory responses of algae to samples
in connection with the Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, project. The samples
will include primary sewage effluent, secondary sewage effluent, Shagawa
Lake water and Burntside Creek water. Burntside Creek is the primary
contributor of water to Shagawa Lake.
Studies will be continued to determine the environmental and
nutritional requirements of the PAAP test species. Studies will be
initiated to evaluate the PAAP. Water samples from lakes at various
trophic levels will be tested.
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WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
9841/1204, 1206, 1210, 1301
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS RESEARCH BRANCH - 3841/1204
Status of Activities & Significant Accomplishments
Polymers in Waste Treatment
For the remainder of the project scheduled to terminate at the
end of the current fiscal year, samples will be collected from four
different pulp mills including bleached and unbleached sulfite pulp,
Kraft pulp, and a ground wood mill. Polymers showing best results to
date will be tested on these samples.
Research Needs in the Pulp and Paper Industry
A listing of research needs and program plans for the State of
Washington was prepared during the quarter. This was developed from
the American Paper Institute research needs list for projects which
could be implemented under the Section 6 grants program.
Grant and Contract Research Status
Research and demonstration grant projects listed on the preceding
quarterly report are all still active. The Lebanon Crown-Zellerbach
Project was delayed due to failure of major pumping equipment and
resumption of the project is awaiting shipment of a new pump.
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 1969
Because of limitations on staff and financial resources, together
with the considerable interest in FWPCA grant projects, most staff time
during the quarter will be committed to review and monitoring of proposed
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and existing grant projects. Plans are being completed for the initiation
of in-house research studies including cooperative work in connection with
the Crown-Zellerbach Lebanon grant project.
FOOD WASTES RESEARCH BRANCH - 9847/1206
Status of Activities and Significant Accomplishments
The draft of the final report on Burley, Idaho's, pilot plant
operation was reviewed internally according to Administrative Circular,
Communications No. 4. Following minor changes it was forwarded to the
Regional Office for further action. Another meeting of the Engineering
Committee of the Potato Processors of Idaho was attended to keep
abreast of their current efforts. A meeting of NCA (National Canners
Association) and various seafood processors was attended at Seattle,
Washington, to partake in discussions related to waste treatment and
disposal problems within their industry. A pilot plant used for drying
of various wastes was viewed in operation on shrimp waste at Charleston,
Oregon.
Grant and Contract Research Status
University of Washington (WP 01486-01-08): A draft of a portion
of the State-of-the-art paper on potato processing was received and
is being reviewed.
\l. T. French Co. (WPRD 15-01-C7): Construction continues as
weather permits.
Snokist Growers (WPRD 58-01-68): Data analysis is continuing
for final report.
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Dallas, Oregon (WPRD 29-01-08): Construction still discontinued
for winter months.
Four grant applications and one preproposal were reviewed.
Areas of Concern
There-are now 25 grants outstanding in assigned areas with approval
of five additional ones pending. These additional responsibilities
continue to be expanded although no positions are assigned to the 1206
category.
Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 1969
A number of visits will be made during the quarter to existing
grant projects never previously inspected and a national meeting of the
National Canners Association will be attended in Washington, D. C. A
review meeting will be held during the quarter with selected individuals
to discuss final preparation of the state-of-the-art report on potato
processing waste treatment. Grant application and preproposal reviews
continue to occupy a major portion of staff time. Some relief is
expected and the initiation of some in-house research projects antici-
pated with the return of R. J. Burm to Corvallis at the conclusion of
the Hawaiian Sugar Waste Study during the fourth quarter.
SPECIAL STUDIES BRANCH - 9841/1210. 1301
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Lumber and Wood Products - 1210
Pilot plant activities on anaerobic treatment of urea glue and
steam vat condensate is continuing. Oata have been evaluated in the
aerobic biological treatment study of urea glue and steam vat condensate.
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Forestry and Logging - 1301
A statement of research needs and proposed work plans were completed.
Technical Projects Activities
The search continues for suitable sites for the Log Storage and
Handling Project and some water and benthic samples were collected at
selected sites to determine the effects of log storage on water quality.
Field activities in connection with the Study of Waste Treatment
at Recreational Areas were concluded except for bench and pilot scale
studies on specific treatment methods. A verbal progress report was
given to the Ski Operators School in March in Missoula, Montana.
Grant'& Contract Research
Project objectives on demonstration grant WPRD 174-01-Rl-68,
Klamath Plywood Corporation, iiave been reviewed and the request
received for changes in these objectives. This has been done in
light of review by the grantee of present waste disposal practices
and the finding that in-plant changes can greatly reduce waste flows.
No waste treatment plant construction has been undertaken.
Areas of Concern
rJo funds or positions have been assigned to research activities
concerned with Forest Industries. Present activities are limited to
those conducted with borrowed personnel.
Reports and Papers
The final report of the Plywood Glue Waste Study was completed and
submitted for publication.
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Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 1969
Preparation of a draft of the final report on the Recreational
Sites Study will begin during this quarter. An internal program review
will be held on the Log Storage and Handling Project to determine new
project objectives in view of expanded extra-mural research activities.
Responsibility for national research activities in the Wood Products
and Forestry and Logging categories will be transferred to the Paper
and Allied Products Branch during-the quarter with the transfer of
Mr. B. D. Clark out of the "program-. Internal planning sessions will
be held to determine FY 70 work plans to take into account revised
staff and resources.
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NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM - 9841/1613
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Consultation and Advisory Services^
All 5000 copies of the "Industrial Waste Guide on Thermal Pollution,"
released by the Secretary on January 10, were depleted by February 25.
Reprinting of 5000 additional copies is in progress; copies will be
available early in the fourth quarter, FY 1969.
The staff, assisted by the Duluth Laboratory, iield Technical
Seminars on Thermal Pollution Control in Ada, Oklahoma, January 6-7;
Athens, Georgia, January 9-10; Cincinnati, Ohio, February 3-4; Metuchen,
New Jersey, February 6-8; and Charlottesville, Virginia, February 10-1].
Assistance was provided'the Great Lakes Regional Office relative to
a proposed power plant site on Lake Erie; to the South Central Regional
Office relative to a proposed power plant op Dardanelle Reservoir; and
to the Southwest Regional Office concerning expansion of the Four
Corners Project by Southern California Edison Company.
At the request of the Missouri Basin Region, Alden Christiansen
presented a paper, "Thermal Pollution," to the Missouri Water Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, February 25.
In February Mr. Rainwater participated in an intradepartmental
meeting at Headquarters on delineation of thermal mixing zones and
implementation of water quality standards. NTPRP will provide technical
support on this work.
Completion dates on the state-of-the-art document, "Status of
Thermal Pollution and Research Needs," .iave been extended tp April 15,
1969, for the portion on Engineering and Economic Considerations and
until August 1, 1969, for the portion on Biological Effects.
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Proceedings of the two Symposia on Thermal Pollution are in galley
proof; publication is anticipated in the fourth quarter, FY 1969.
Sources of Heat Input to Water
A project was started to refine the presently used techniques for
predicting evaporative heat loss by putting them on a sounder theoretical
basis and lessening their empiricism. A field study will be conducted
on a small stream in the arid "region of Oregon. Evaporation rates will
be determined by an energy budget on the stream and, in addition,
evaporation pan data will be collected. Wind velocities will be taken
in two elevations within the turbulent boundary region. Equations
based on the mass transfer wtthin the turbulent boundary region will
•use this wind profile data and humidity measurements to compute evapora-
tion rates. These rates will be compared to those determined from the
energy budget to determine the applicability of these equations to
small turbulent- streams.
Effects of Heat Management on the Environment
Plans were finalized'and equipment ordered to study the effects
of steam condenser water on the mortality and reproduction of zoo-
plankton. This research is to provide answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the lethal temperatures for some important
species of zooplankton?
2. Are temperature'effects cumulative?
3. VJhat are the effects of thermal shock upon reproductive
ability?
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4. What would be the effect of condenser or thermal plume
temperatures upon'zooplankton?
Plans were finalized and equipment ordered to study effects of a
floating hot water "lens on the emergence of aquatic insects. The
primary purpose of the experiment'is to determine whether hot effluents
to water will be harmful to the insect population when the hot water
is floated on top of cool water and the insects contact this hot layer
only during emergence.
Effects of Temperature on Fresh and Marine Fish Species
See Biological Effects Research Program Report, Page 28.
Engineering and Cost Aspects of Heat Dissipation
A mathematical model has been developed for evaluating design data
for counterflow and crossflow natural draft cooling towers. Description
of this model will be distributed in the fourth quarter.
The loss of water due to evaporation in cooling is a major economic
concern to semi-arid regions and may also be associated with possible
adverse meteorological effects. Plans were finalized and equipment
assembled to study the efficiency of covered cooling ponds in decreasing
the amount of water lost through evaporation in the cooling Process. The
effects of induced'turbulence to reduce evaporation loss in wet cooling
towers is also being researched. In the lab, turbulence will be induced
in the film motion generated on an endless belt.
LocalMeteorolo.qica.1 Effects of Cooling Towers
A synoptic report by Dr. Fred Decker, Associate Professor of Physics,
Oregon State University on "Cooling Towers and Weather" is in final
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manuscript form. Distribution is anticipated in the fourth quarter.
Design Criteria for Heat Discharge Outfalls
Theoretical work is underway on turbulent diffusion of a heated
plume. Under reasonably restrictive conditions a mathematical model
is available to predict the statistical behavior of small particles in
a turbulent field. This model may be extended to cover the behavior of
other (tagged) fluid beds such as in a heat wake. Experiments will be
conducted to obtain compiled Langrangian and Eulerian statistical data
of the same flow fields.
General
Mr. Rainwater participated in a meeting January 22 with Edison
Electric Institute, various power companies and other Federal agencies.
The purpose of the meeting, organized by Johns Hopkins University, was
to improve cooperation and coordination of private and government
sponsored research.
Grants and Contracts
Reviews of applications for research grants were made on the follow-
ing subjects:
1. "Processes of Heat Removal from Bays & Estuaries" and "The
Sea-Breeze Circulation and Water Surface Exchange"
Reviews of proposals or scope of work on contracts were made on the
following subjects:
1. "Effects of Heated Discharges in Great Lakes"
2. "Research on Fossil-Fueled Superheaters for Nuclear Power
Plants"
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3. "Studies on the Utilization of Waste Heat from Nuclear
Power Plants in Artificially Mixing the Great Lakes"
4. "Use of Underground Water Strata for Dispersion of Waste
Heat"
5. "Methods of Rejecting Waste Heat to the Atmosphere"
6. "Non-Evaporative Cooling Towers"
7. "Suggestions for Development of Structure in Inland
Cooling Waters"
Areas of Concern
The need for better technology to predict thermal behavior in the
"mixing zone" of a water body remains the top priority research need.
Discussion with Regional Directors and power industry representa-
tives are pointing up the importance of the coastal areas in the United
States, and the need for priority research therein. It appears that
the coast is going to be the preferred location for many new power plants.
Research on both the engineering aspects of heat transport and behavior
and the biologic effects should be given high priority.
Reports and Papers
Alden Christiansen presented a paper titled, "Thermal Pollution,"
February 25, 1969, at the annual meeting of the Missouri Water Pollution
Control Association.
Plans for the Fourth Quarter. FY 1969
With the technical seminar series completed, most needed equipment
ordered and the weather breaking, the major thrust in the fourth quarter
is to activate fully the intramural research described in the section on
status of projects.
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NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM - 9841/1607
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY BRANCH
1. Kraft Mill Effluent Plumes: Sufficient work has been accomplished
to indicate that kraft mill effluents can be followed from the outfall
down the plume through a substantial dilution factor, should it become
necessary to do so. The measurement"is made at the laboratory on
samples taken in the field. He have installed a field sampler in our
boat which could automate sample taking and handling in the field.
In previous work on gaseous tracers for reaeration studies in
shallow streams, hand operations, i.e., wading into streams to dose
and to obtain samples was practical. In work of this nature in
estuaries, it was obvious that a mechanical system operable at various
depths with a considerable degree of automation was required. We have
constructed, installed, and operated such a device on dye tracer work
on the Yaquina. A further development underway wfll allow radioactivity
measurements in situ, whereas, at present, samples of radioactivity
must be brought back for laboratory measurements. The dosing material
portioned and packaged for dispersing by vendors is extremely expensive
per run. Since 1t is anticipated that numerous runs will be made at
various estuaries, we are developing an apparatus for handling, dispens-
ing, and packing individual does. This will be located at the OSU
Radiation Center.
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A benthic respirometer has been completed and put to an initial
mechanical test in Yaquina Bay at the dock of the OSU Marine Science
Center at Newport, Oregon. This device is intended for use in studies
of the oxygen kinetics resulting from bottom sediment disturbances as
in dredging operations.
2. Biological Assessment: Plans were made for a training course,
"Quantitative Evaluation of Biological Information Obtained in Coastal
Waters," to be held at the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory April 22-23.
Drs. Saul Saila, University of Rhode Island; Henry Regier, University
of Toronto; Howard Sanders, WoodsHole Oceanographic Institute; and
John McGowan, Scripps Institution-of Oceanography, will serve as
lecturers for the course. An invitation was sent to each of the
coastal Regional Offices and Headquarters to nominate attendees at
the training session.
Additional work on the preparation of guidelines for conducting
p.redischarge site evaluations and post-discharge monitoring will be
conducted by the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, in cooperation
with oun program.
3. NAS-NAE Report: Working groups preparing the National Academy
of Sciences - National Academy of Engineering Report on management of
v/astes in the coastal environment are scheduled to meet for a few days
commencing July 7. Each working group is to have ready preliminary
papers as a definitive step toward the final report. The FWPCA members
of the various working groups are expected to contribute material on
FWPCA activities In coastal waters. We have, therefore, requested
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information from the Water Pollution Surveillance Branch and the Office
of Estuarine Studies at Washington headquarters and input from each
coastal Regional Director concerning projects now underway, problems
for which no work has as yet been commenced, and recommended siting
for additional coastal pollution facilities per particular regional
requirements, for our compilation, analysis, and inclusion in the
material to be considered at the meeting.
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY BRANCH
1. Coastal Distribution of Pollutants: A method has been developed
to determine the dilution and height of rise of waste fields discharged
from ocean outfalls (applies to lakes also) with any angle of discharge
and under any situation of density stratification. For the present it
has been necessary to restrict the solution to cases where the current
in the receiving fluid is not important. A report has been drafted
describing the analytical approach and is under review prior to distri-
bution. The computer'program"has been tested a limited number of times
but sufficiently to provide some estimate of costs and the ability to
cope with various cases. For instance, on the CDC 3300 it requires 25
seconds to analyze a typical discharge under 10 possible density regimes.
At present this represents a cost of $2.00. Approximately three minutes
of typist or keypunch time is required to set up the problem data.
In the interest of testing the solution, we would like to analyze
any cases suggested by readers of this report. If a check on operating
systems is requested, we will need to know:
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A. Waste flow, M3/sect and density kg/m3
B. Number, spacing, size, and orientation of ports, in meters,
and degrees from horizontal.
C. Depth of water over ports, m
D. Representative density profiles, either as an analytical
function, a tabular listing, or a graphical representation.
We would also like to know how close the computed values agree with
actual observations—either before or after we provide the former. If
this period of testing proves satisfactory, a small sub-program will
be added to output a selection of diffuser designs and depths to meet
user inputs of dilution and submergence requirements.
2. Columbia River Estuary Temperature Model: The first verifica-
tion run on the hydraulics of the Columbia River was made. Input data
consisted of river flows, initial water elevations for 260 junctions,
and current speeds for 276 channels. Depending on the closeness of
the Initial conditions of the model to the prototype, the numerical
solution will converge, stability permitting, after a few hours simulation
of the prototype. The solution was stable for a Mannings' n_ - 0.02 in
all channels and an integration period of 2 minutes; it was unstable
for n = 0.025. No attempt has been made yet to assign individual jVs
to each channel.
3. Estuarine Diffusion of Pollutants Project: Technical reviews
on a point score basis were made on 19 bid submissions for the state-
of-the-art report. Preliminary plans were made for outlining suggested
participation by Regional Office representatives to the technical sessions.
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PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT BRANCH
B. David Clark, a senior sanitary engineer, will transfer to the
staff from Waste Treatment Research and Technology filling the vacancy
created by the transfer of William Clothier, our senior biologist,
to the Regional Office. Preparation of a research and development
program for pollution control from barge dumping will begin soon.
Upon completion of Lake Superior study report, preparation of the
state-of-the-art report on ocean outfall design will be resumed.
Grant and Contract Research
Technical reviews were provided on applications and proposals
for research grants and contracts related to the following subjects:
1. "System'Analysis of Thermal Loading in an Estuarine System"
2. "Wind-induced Currents in Stratified Lakes"
3. "Investigation of Factors Controlling the Distribution and
Fate of Lead in Controlled and Natural Rivers and Estuaries"
4. "Effects of Heat Discharges in Great Lakes"
5. "Sub-bottom Profiling Study of Qhesapeake Bay"
6. "Effect of Wind on Advection and Dispersion in A Shallow
Estuary"
7. "Limiting Nutrients and Temperatures for Southern California
Coastal Phytoplankton"
3. "Field Study of Aeration Processes in a Shallow Estuary"
9. "Pipeline Disposal of Sediment in Estuaries"
10. "Aerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge with Effluent Disposal by
an Ocean Outfall"
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11. "An Investigation of the Fate of Oil and Other Pollutants in
the Beaches of the Coastal Zone Near Santa Barbara"
12. "Investigation of Surface Films - Chesapeake Bay Entrance"
13. "Description, Analysis, and Mathematical Modeling of Dissolved
Oxygen and Oxygen Demand Distributions in Salt-marsh-bordered Estuaries"
14. "Flow and Dispersion of Warm Water Discharged into Lakes and
Rivers"
Areas of Concern
Additional staff is required to handle technical assistance and
consultations for projects peripheral to pur current program.
Equipment
Thirty used film recording Richardson (Geodyne) current meters
were received on loan from the Gre.at Lakes project.
Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 1969
Chemical/Biological Oceanography Branch - A gas-.iandling system for
preparing radioactive tracer doses will be initiated at the Radiation
Center, Oregon State University, to prepare samples for our radiation
studies.
Reaeration'runs on the'Yaquina estuary will be continued, using
automated sampling equipment now installed aboard our vessel.
Our benthic respirometer equipment will be taken to Puget Sound for
respirometric measurements before proposed dredging operations are
commenced.
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Physical Oceanography Branch - Further verification runs at
different river flows and roughness coefficients will be made. The
entire temperature model will be tested with an initial temperature
time step'of one hour. Work on the user's manual will continue.
The contract for the state-of-the-art report will be awarded.
The project officer for this contract-will work closely with the
contractor in setting up meeting place, scheduling the technical
sessions, informing FWPCA representatives of progress, and selecting
the participants to be invited to write various chapters of the
report.
Problem Analysis and Engineering Development Branch - A research
and development program for pollution control from barge dumping will
be initiated. Work will be resumed on preparation of the stater-of-the-
art report on ocean outfall design.
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS RESEARCH PROGRAM
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Thermal Pollution Studies
1. Simulation of Adult Salmon Migration Through Elevated
Temperatures: The testing facility at Bonneville was reassembled
and checked for winter damage, which proved to be negligible. One
unit was activated to determine its heating capacity. The unit
responded favorably and confirmed"that the present heating capacity
is very adequate for maintaining the proposed temperatures.
Additionally, a bench scale-(1/10) prototyped the above recircu-
lating system was assembled and tested at the Cprvallis laboratory.
Steel head smolts (5/pound) were maintained with feeding for one
month using less than 1;0 percent makeup water per minute. Ammonia
levels were monitored and these never reached dangerous levels.
These results indicate that the Bonneville facility will be capable
of maintaining good water quality for non-feeding adults.
2. Tissue Enzyme Studies: The optimum extract concentration
of tissue (usually brain, muscle, and liver) was determined for the
in vitro assay of the following enzymes in juvenile coho salmon:
(1) otrhydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (a-HBD); (2) lactic dehydrogenase
(LDH); (3) phosphohexose isomerase (PHI); (4) glutamic oxalacetic
transaminase (GOT); (5) glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT; (6) leucine
amino naphthylamidase (LAN); (7)'isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD);
(8) alkaline phosphatase;'(9) acid phosphatase; and (1) cholinesterase.
These enzymes probably represent"less"than 0.1 percent of the total
number of enzymes in fish. The in vitro heat lability or inactivity
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of each of these enzymes was determined by conducting the enzyme
assays at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35°C. Enzyme activity
usually increases lineally with temperature and approximates Van't
Hoff's law until the enzyme is adversely affected, whereupon enzyme
activity decreases. Thp temperature at which the latter occurred
was defined as the labile temperature in these assays. Cholinesterase
and GPT were -found to be irreversibly denatured by high temperatures;
studies of the other'enzymes are still to be conducted.
Additional testing pf soluble Cholinesterase on a pilot scale
with live fish was conducted because it is labile in vitro at sub-
lethal temperatures and because this temperature effect is irreversible.
Live cohp smolts acclimated to 8°C were warmed progressively to 26°C
over a three-hour period. Groups of three fish each were removed at
8, 20, and 26°C and assayed for soluble Cholinesterase activity per
unit wet weight of'brain," The levels of enzyme activity were not
affected at or below 20°C, but soluble brain Cholinesterase was
inhibited in the live smolts'that'had been warmed to 26°C. The above
results'are"important because they demonstrate a case of close agree-
ment between in vitro and in vivo enzyme lability. The relationship
between the enzyme activity in the soluble fraction and the activity
in whole homogenates is currently being investigated, and until this
portion of thq study is completed, these results can only be regarded
as preliminary.
Adverse Properties of Sulfite Waste Liquor (SWL)
Coho salmon tests were'completed for the 1968 spawning season and
the results are being compiled in a preliminary report. Significant
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results include the following:
1. SWL decreased the effective life of sperm from 30 seconds to
less than 10 seconds at 500 ppm of SWL.
2. A preliminary experiment to determine the effect on the ferti-
lization of eggs when washed extensively to free them of ovarian fluid,
indicated that such treatment increases the gametocidal effect of
540 ppm of SWL.
3. Sex products are more sensitive to SWL in isotonic saline
than in creek water.
4. SWL begins to decrease'fertilization success of unwashed
eggs (with copious amounts of*ovarian fluid) in isotonic saline at
SWL concentrations > ca. 200 ppm, However, this effect was small
and fertilization"averaged 73 percent'at 500 ppm SWL. Very little
effect was noted when the same tests'were conducted ip creek water.
5. Survival to feeding stage (swim-up) was determined for eggs
that were fertilized and then placed in artificial redds (nests). In
the coptrol section, approximately 6 percent of the eggs were infertile,
but the remaining 94 percent"hatched after the expected incubation
period. After hatching, these fry remained in the gravel and emerged
when they reached the'feeding*stage. In contrast to th-js, the
presence of 50 ppiji SWL was associated with embryo and fry mortality
(21 percent), early hatching (ca. two weeks), premature emergence
(as sac fry), and a total survival of'74 percent.
Subsequent to the coho"study, steel head eggs were tested in
February. All eggs were washed slightly to remove excessive pvarian
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fluid whiqh is characteristic of artificial spawning. This washing is
necessary to approximate natural conditions. The preliminary results
are listed below:
1. SWL was considerably "more deleterious to the fertilisation
of washed eggs, both in saline and creek water, than was the case for
unwashed eggs. H,ence» tne sensitivity of the fertilization test has
been improved greatly.
2. Fertilization of washed steelhead eggs was adversely affected
beginning at concentrations of-less than lOCTppm SWL. Less than 10
percent fertilization occurred at concentrations of 575 ppm SWL in
creek water.
Fertilized steelhead eggs were also placed in artificial redds to
determine the effects of 50 ppm SWL.
Further testing was not possible due to limitations of specimens
and manpower.
Areas of Concern
As before, the water supply and facilities remain highly restrictive
and inadequate. Fluctuation in the quality of water that supplies the
fish tanks is a major concern and has in the past negated experimental
results.
Reports and Papers
A paper entitled "Thermal Pollution from a Fish Physiologist's
Point of View" was presented informally by the Program Chief at the
annual meeting of the Pacific Fishery Biologists held at Harrison Hot
Springs, British Columbia, in March.
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Equipment and Facilities
Final blueprints and specifications have been completed for the
proposed Bioeffects Laboratory. As yet, no construction money has
been allocated.
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 1969
The Bonneville facility will be reactivated and given a full-scale
test using adult spring chirjoo(<. Tests of thermal effects will begin
in June using adult sockeye salmon.
We will continue to determine thermal effects to enzymes in vitro
i
and compare the results between species. In vivo studies will be
started.
The present SWL studies will be terminated on schedule and the
resulting data will be reported.
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TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT - 9825/000
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
~ 1 T *" ~ T "~ ~ "T " —^^^^^^f*^^^^^^^^—~^^^^^i^*^~*^^^
Direct Training
"Design and Management of Sewage Treatment for Small Federal Instal-
lations" training coqrse was held January 6-10 and January 20-24 at the
laboratory for a total of 48 trainees.
The "i^jutrient Removal and Advanced Waste Treatment" seminar was
held in Portland on February 5-6 with approximately 200 people in
attendance.
"Design and Management of Sewage Treatment for Small Federal Instal-
lations" training course was presented in Anchorage, Alaska, at the
Alaska Methodist University during the week of February 10 for 68
students.
"Chemical Analyses for Water Quality" training course was held
at the laboratory on March 10-21 for 24 students.
Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (CAMPS)
An institutional-type training program for sewage treatment plant
operators began April 7 at Lin,n-Bentqn Community College. The 26
students are from Idaho and Oregon.
Contacts have been made with Department of Labor representatives
and state officials in the Northwest Region to discuss on-job training
of sewage treatment plant operators. Washington an
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Use of lecture room facilities, audio-visual equipment, and
visuals were provided laboratory staff members.
Grant and Contract Research
7
A review of training grant application from Oregon Technical
Institute has been completed and comments forwarded,
Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 69
T
"Laboratory Analyses in Treatment Plant Operations" May 5-16
Qualitative Evaluation of Biological Information Obtained in
Coastal Waters - Seminar April 22-23, 1969.
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CONSOLIDATED LABORATORY SERVICES PROGRAM
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
1. Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis: The Kjeldahl nitrogen automated
digestion system has been assembled and optimum digestion time and
temperature conditions are being determined. The manual and automated
systems are being run at all levels- Some difficulty is being
experienced with reproducibility as a function of a refractory type
of nitrogen samples.
A chart reader from surplus equipment has been developed to
speed up the measurement of peak heights from the Technicon data
presentation. The peak heights and base lines of samples and
standards are determined and a computer program is used to calculate
the answers. The analyst types into the computer all the necessary
data. A computer program calculates the slope of the line and
deviations from Beers Law based on standards. The analyst has full
control of the data from the measurement of the peak height to the
final answer.
2. Gas Chromatographic Analysis: The Fisher Hamilton gas
partitioner has been set up to analyze for dissolved gases in water,
particularly oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.
3. Fluorometric Analysis: The Turner Model 210 Spectrofluoro-
meter has been used to determine fluorescence of Kraft liquor. When
wastewater Kraft liquor is excited at 210 my, it emits energy at 305 my.
Pond effluent at Kraft mills was diluted 1000 to 1 with sea water; at
this dilution it could be detected by fluorometric techniques.
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A literature reported fluorescent cyanide determination appears to
lack sensitivity when methanol and acetonitrile are used as solvents.
A sulfate fluorescent determination was run on the Turner instrument.
The fluorescent determination extended the level of sulfate to 5 tng/l,
however, time considerations preclude the use of this technique,
4. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: Sulfate and nitr.ite
interfere with the determination of calcium by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. High nitrate levels depress the sensitivity of
the analysis. Preparation of standards with the same level of nitrates
as the samples solves the problem of sensitivity. The sulfate problem
is more difficult to solve, but dilution of sulfate appears to be the
approach to reduce the interference.
5. General Chemical Analysis: The anthrone method for low level
sugar concentrations in wastewater is being evaluated.
By increasing the rate of oxygen flow through the carbonaceous
analyzer, the time between injections has been reduced permitting an
injection every 30 seconds.
6. Biochemical - Microbiological: Experimental work was started
for the development of a reproducible seed for the BOD determination
of spent sulfite wastewater.
7. Biology: A sample separating dish for separation and enumeration
of benthic organisms was fabricated following directions that appearec
in Progressive Fish Culturist. Volume 31, No. 1, January 1969, p. 32.
The dish will permit more rapid separation and rapid enumeration.
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Areas of Concern
Interfacing of the Technicon data presentation through the computer
at Oregon State University with the necessary internal controls.
Reports and Papers
Analytical Techniques for the National Eutrophication Research
Program.
Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 69
A computer program for the intra-analytical quality control program
will be made. Continuation of development of the automated Kjeldahl
nitrogen analysis will take place. A study will be made to determine
the k-rate for streams in the pollution surveillance network.
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TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND INVESTIGATIONS - 9818A/000
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Flathead Lake Study
The final report is being cleared for publication.
Middle Snake River Study
Additional survey work is planned for late summer of 1969.
Kraft Mill Ocean Outfall Survey
Data from field surveys is being compiled and analyzed. Project
is' under supervision of TA&I, Northwest Region.
Treatment Plant Operational Data Survey
Regional program now being initiated under the Construction Grants
Program.
Camp Angell Study
The final report is being reviewed at the Northwest Regional Office.
Benthic Oxygen Demand Study
Planning was completed and equipment was designed and fabricated.
Equipment for field studies now being tested.
Ketchikan Bacteriological Study
Planning was completed and field studies will start May 5, 1969.
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 69
A bacteriological survey of the Ketchikan area will be made. The
benthic oxygen demand study field work on the lower Willamette will be
started.
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POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE - 9822/000
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Sampling at all Regional surveillance stations was conducted
monthly throughout the winter, results being reported simultaneously
through SHAVES and STORE!.
Special intensive sampling was conducted around the clock at
three locations involving suspected water quality deficiencies.
Sampling was also designed to yield indication of validity of previous
sampling at the stations involved.
Reports have been prepared on the intensive sampling programs
and copies have been distributed to appropriate offices.
A program has been written for use with the STORE! system to
identify violations of water quality standards within any given reach
of stream. !his program was prepared following a similar addition to
the SHAVES system.
Personnel of the Pollution Surveillance Branch at Corvallis are
being separated from that activity in order to combine all !echnical
Operations Activities at the Regional Office in Portland. For the
spring and summer seasons one technician will be assigned to Corvallis
in order to coordinate incoming samples, data sheets, and supplies which
will continue to be served by the laboratory until duplicate facilities
can be provided in Portland.
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 69
Routine sampling will continue. Long term BOD will be determined
at about 20 special stations for the River Basins Planning Activity.
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