EPA ACTIVITIES CONCERNING
PETROLEUM DISTILLATE PRODUCTS
Volume I
Final Report
GCA
GCA CORPORATION
Technology Division
213 Burlington Road
Bedford, Mass. 01730
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GCA-TR-CH-84-06(1)
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Chemical Coordination Staff
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, B.C.
Contract No. 68-01-6775
Task Nos. 3 arid 8
EPA Project Officer
Robert E. Janney
EPA Task Manager
Arnold M. Edelman
EPA ACTIVITIES CONCERNING
PETROLEUM DISTILLATE PRODUCTS
Volume I
Final Report
Prepared by
Timothy L. Curtin
February 1985
GCA CORPORATION
GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by
GCA Corporation, GCA/Technology Division, 213 Burlington Road, Bedford,
Massachusetts, 01730, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-01-6775, Task Nos. 3
and 8. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed are those of the authors
and not necessarily those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention
of company or product names is not to be considered as an endorsement by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume 1
Page
Section 1 Executive Summary 1
Section 2 Introduction 5
Section 3 Petroleum Product Industry 9
Section 4 Current and Completed Agency Projects 18
Volume 2
Appendices
A. Federal Register Citations
B. Report Abstracts 247
C. Document Contents 276
D. Agency Responses to Information Requests 327
iii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 Integrated Refinery Process Flow Chart 13
iv
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1 Summary of EPA Projects Concerning Petroleum Distillates 2
2 Telephone Survey Questions 8
3 Number and Capacity of Refineries Owned and Operated by
Maj or Companies 10
4 Percent Volume Yields of Petroleum Products by Year,
United States Refineries 15
5 Production of Petroleum Products by Year 16
6 Derivation and Use of Major Petroleum Products 17
7 Current EPA Projects Concerning Petroleum Distillates 19
8 Tasks Required for NSPS/NESHAP Development 34
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SECTION 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a study for the Chemical Coordination
Staff of EPA's Office of Toxic Substances to determine EPA activities
concerning petroleum distillate products. The majority of information contained
in this report was gathered during the summer of 1984.! Initial Agency activities
were identified through the Federal Register .Search System which is a computerized
data base of Federal Register notices. The EPA Regulatory Agenda was also
reviewed to determine relevant projects and their associated EPA contacts.
The personnel identified in the Federal Register notices and the Regulatory
Agenda were contacted by telephone or in writing to gather more material on the
particular projects. Written questionnaires were sent to most of the individuals
identified in the previous efforts.
The major agency projects concerning petroleum distillate products as of
June, 1984 are summarized in Table 1. This table presents information on Agency
contacts and phone numbers, regulatory authority, regulatory status, and exposure.
The second part of the table presents the status of various Agency information
gathering activities including chemical composition; exposed population; :
exposure levels; health, economic, and engineering data; and exposure and risk
models. In some cases, more than one Agency contact within an EPA Division or
Office is appropriate. For the sake of simplification, only one contact is
listed in Table 1.
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TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATE PRODUCTS AS OF JULY 1984
N>
EPA
Project Substance Contact
G to
o e c
•HO *ri
O4Jl« *rl ill V4
3 u a M u u dim 2 n jz a «n o*> to*j o.'o «-u
Hlllnhav Altt-lln«-4 hw ' Ct-nt-lia 'K*H- H1' ^3O HO KU WQ Url Ctd XO -HO
.Huinoer nuciioncy . acams MIW fit ta uo w(^ idrJ M^p wp wca WZ W2»
OFFICE OF AIR
Xylene Exposure Xylene
Ozone NAAQ.S Ozone
Refinery Fugitive VOC
NSPS
Benzene Storage NESHAP Benzene
Benzene Fugitive NESHAP Benzene
Bulk Gaaollne Terminala VOC
NSPS
On-Shore Production NSPS VOC
SOX
Diatillatlon Operation* VOC
NSPS
Refinery Waatewater NSPS VOC
Petroleum Solvent Dry VOC
Cleaning NSPS
FCCU Regenerator NSPS SOX
Organic Solvent Cleanera VOC
NSl'S
Caaoline Marketing NESHAP Benzene
Asphalt Concrete NSPS VOC
POM Dec la ion POM
VOL Storage VOC
Nancy
Pate
Dave
McKee
Gil
Wood
Gil
Wood
m'
Wood
Gil
Wood
Gil
Wood
Doug
Bell
Gil
Wood
Dale
Pohl
Gill
Wood
Bob
Roaenthal
Rick •
Colyer
Ken
Durkee
Kent
Berry
629-5645
629-5655
629-5655
629-5655
£ AQ e£ e c
D/T- JOJJ
629-5655
629-5655
629-5624
629-5655
629-5624
629-5655
629-5671
629-5578
629-5596
629-5504
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
. CAA
CAA
CAA
QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
Not currently Under Active Assessment
Review u3 uuuuuun
Red Border c c
Dropped 1 2 c c c c c cc c
Promulgated c c
Propoaed c c
Propoaed c c
Phaae 2 c c
Propoaed c c
Propoaed c c
Proposed
Phaae 1 1 2 c c c c c
Review 12 c c c c c
Completed 1 2
Proposed
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TABLE 1. (CONTINUED)
ProJ ect
EPA
Substance Contact.
FTS Rcf.ulntory
Number Authority
RogiilAtory
Status
Exposur
Effects
OFFICE OF EMERGENCY AND REMEDIAL
Gasoline Listing
Oil Pollution
Prevention
Gasoline Richard
llorner
Various Barbara
Hostage
382-2668 CWA
CKRCLA
382-2186 CWA
Phase 1
Exposur
Scenari
Chesicz
Cosposi
0» VI
W f 1
o :)
.ST.?
y « .rt (i «t
w »-i »* o n
o oi . i rt t' rt ;t a
p. > nl w o t* Ml *J
!-: «u w « o rj i: «
i*j »j u; o uj o MI n
M
P « W
W *-4 •-<
O : « >:
RESPONSE
6
8
n
n n n
Hazardous Substances
Pollution Prevention
Discharge of Oil
Various L. M. 382-2196 CWA
Flaherty
Oil Jack 382-2814 CWA
Kooyoomjlan
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Synthetic Fuel PUN Various
Catalytically Cracked
Clarified Oil Listing
U) Used Motor Oil Listing
Proualent 4A Listing Various
C9 Test Rules Various
Larry 382-7971 TSCA Prenanufacturlng Notices are done on a case-by-case basis
Longnecker
Albert 382-3842 TSCA
Colll
Albert 382-3842 TSCA
Colll
Albert 382-3842 TSCA
Colll
Kevin 475-8129 TSCA Proposed
HcCormlck
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Cancer Assessment
Review of Criteria for
Vapor-Phase Uydroearbona
Health Assessment
for Toluene
1 - Hunan
2 - Aabient
3 - Hunan Ecologlc
4 - All but Spills
5 - Water
Gasoline Robert
McGaughy
William
Various Ewald
Toluene William
Ewald
6 - All
7 - Disposal
8 - Disposal Spills
9 - Spills
10 - Air
382-7341 CAA Planned 1 10 n n
629-4164 CAA Review 3 10 c c
629-4164 CAA Complete 1 6 c c
c - completed
n - need
u - underway
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TABLE 1. (CONTINUED)
Project
Review of Policy on
Petroleum Products In
Pesticide!
Effluent Guidelines for
Off-shore Oil and Gas
Effluent Guideline! for
Petroleum Refineries
Health Advisory for No. 2
Fuel Oil and Kerosene
Ambient Water Quality
Criteria Document!
Dsed Oil Listing
Used Oil as Fuel
Waste Oil Storage
Waste Oil aa Dust
Suppressant
Management Standards
Waste Oil
Leaking Underground
Storage Tanks
Refinery Wastes
Listing
g s?
•** O si
* « O rH «<> il« U !< «l
14 tt H -H tf -rl tl < > ) i -H V "
ss ss ss s.g 3,3 •£ i g 33 a
EPA FTS Regulatory Regulatory g.,2 g. g 8 & S.S. £5 «2 §S 1.2 8.41 3 -S
Substance Contact .Number Authority Status ^B ,3£S3 flS fij wouS 55 ££ 3^
Various Gary
Burin
Oil t, Gas Dennis
Ruddy
Oil Dennis
Ruddy
Fuel Oil Joseph
Toluene Tom
Benzene Puree 11
Napthalene
Ethylbenzene
Used Mike
Oil Petruaka
Dsed Oil Mike
Petruala
Waste Oil Mike
Petruska
Waste Oil Mike
Petruaka
Waste Oil Mike
Petruska
Gasoline Penny
llanaon
Refinery Ben
Smith
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
557-7695 FIFRA Conteaplated 3 A n n n n
OFFICE OF WATER
382-7165 CWA Phase 1 5 Environmental Impact Statements
382-7165 CWA Promulgated 5
382-7575 CWA Draft 5 n n n
245-3042 CWA Ambient W. Q. n n n
Criteria
Available
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
382-7917 RCRA Phase 1 39cccccc
382-7917 RCRA Phase 1 37cccecc
382-7917 RCRA Phase 1
382-2814 RCRA Phase 1 6
382-4791 RCRA Phase 1 1 7 n u u
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SECTION 2
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Crude petroleum consists of hundreds of different chemicals, or chemical
groups from methane to asphalt. Refineries process crude oil through a
series of physical and chemical processes into myriad products. Petroleum
products are divided into salable cuts by the operations within the refinery.
Because of the diversity of petroleum products, analysis and regulation
of potentially toxic products of petroleum processes have been undertaken by
various program offices within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Eight offices within EPA have responsibility for assessing or regulating
potentially toxic products of the petroleum refining industry. They are the
Office of Pesticide Programs and the Office of Toxic Substances which are
located within the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances; the Office of
Water Regulation and Standards and the Office of Drinking Water, located
within the Office of Water; the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response and
the Office of Solid Waste located within the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response; and the Offices of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and Mobile
Sources, which are part of the Office of Air and Radiation. The Office of
Research and Development has also performed studies aimed at various segments
of the petroleum products industry.
The Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances advises the Administrator
of EPA on all matters regarding the assessment, regulation, and control of
pesticides and toxic substances and manages the Agency's pesticides and toxic
substances program under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS), is responsible for developing and operating Agency programs
and policies for new and existing chemicals. In each of these areas, the
Office Director is responsible for information collection, data development,
health, environmental, economic assessment, and negotiated or regulatory
control actions. The Office Director also is responsible for coordinating
communication with the industrial community, environmental groups, and other
parties on matters relating to the implementation of TSCA; providing technical
support to international activities coordinated by the Office of International
Activities; and managing the joint planning of toxics research under the
auspices of the Chemical Testing and Assessment Research Committee. As a
part of this Office, the Chemical Coordination Staff establishes policies and
procedures for the coordination and integration of Agency and Federal activities
concerning toxic substances, and creates and analyzes chemical and industry data
bases for integration of Agency chemical activities.
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The Existing Chemical Assessment Division of OTS is charged with the
following responsibilities:
• Provides program management for TSCA testing and existing chemicals
program. Identifies and manages the evaluation and implemention of
non-regulatory remedial control actions for risk posed by existing
chemicals to human health and the environment.
• Identifies specific sources of exposure and potential effects on
human health or the environment for which testing or control
regulations may be warranted and evaluates the types of hazards and
degrees of risk reflected in the data and petitions submitted to
the Agency under TSCA Sections 4, 8, and 21.
• Develops and implements recordkeeping and reporting rules under
Section 8 of TSCA to obtain industry data needed to identify and
evaluate possible unreasonable risks posed by commercial chemicals.
• Develops and implements procedures for systematically screening
available information on existing chemicals and uses of chemicals
to identify priority chemicals or categories of chemicals for
further evaluation.
• Develops and implements procedures for the selection of specific
chemicals or chemical categories for testing under Section 4.
Procedures include conducting or coordinating the review of relevant
data on candidate substances, negotiating industry testing without
rulemaking, preparing test rules and conducting public hearing,
responding to priority designations of the TSCA Interagency Testing
Committee (ITC), and evaluating requests for exemptions from testing.
PROJECT PURPOSE
The Office of Toxic Substances currently is attempting to define an
appropriate role in the assessment and control of petroleum products.
Recent decisions of the Office of Pesticide Programs and numerous on-going
and recently completed projects within the Agency indicate a possible need
for a more broadly-based Agency strategy to address the potential risks
associated with all petroleum products. In order to obtain a proper perspective
for future strategy development, the Chemical Coordination Staff, in conjunction
with the Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, has conducted a scoping
exercise to identify what the Agency has done, is doing, or will be doing
concerning the broad category of materials called petroleum products.
PROJECT APPROACH AND REPORT ORGANIZATION
Because regulatory procedures used by EPA generally focus on each environmental
medium, an overall strategy to address the potential risks associated with
petroleum products does not exist. This report presents a summary of recent
and ongoing EPA projects involving petroleum distillates, excluding petrochemical
feedstocks, gasoline additives, and products of combustion. Where applicable,
areas of overlap or areas with the potential for integrated information
exchange are presented.
6
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Systematic data gathering activities, including literature searches and
telephone inquiries, were used to summarize relevant EPA activities and
technical reports concerning petroleum distillates. Basic information on
petroleum products was examined to identify chemicals or groups of chemicals
that are output products from the refinery. The manufacture, use, or disposal
of these petroleum products was investigated.
For chemicals or groups of chemicals identified as petroleum products,
a search of the Federal Register Search System was conducted permiting
retrieval of all Federal Register citations that concern a chemical substance.
Literature searches to obtain citations and abstracts of EPA-sponsored
program reports also were performed.
Concurrently with the literature search activities, telephone surveys
were made of EPA personnel who had been identified as responsible for analysis
or regulatory development for petroleum distillates. Table 2 lists types
of information obtained from these surveys.
The information gathered through literature searches and EPA contacts is
presented in this report. Section 3 provides a brief discussion of major
products of the petroleum refining industry. Section 4 is a summary of
current Agency projects, and Section 5 presents summaries of recently completed
Agency projects. Federal Register citations and report abstracts are contained
as appendices to the report.
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TABLE 2. TELEPHONE SURVEY QUESTIONS
• Substance identification
• EPA contact
• Exposure scenarios of concern
- Products
- Commercial and industrial processes/uses
- Consumer uses
- Disposal
- Environmental media
• Effects of concern
- Human health
- Ecologic
- Abiotic
• Status of any risk assessment
• Regulatory control actions planned or completed
• Authority used
• Status of technical analysis
• Information needs/information available
- Chemical composition
- Exposed population
- Exposure levels
- Toxicological data
- Economic data
- Engineering data
- Exposure models
- Risk assessment models
• Technical/regulatory reports available
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SECTION 3
PETROLEUM PRODUCT INDUSTRY
GENERAL INDUSTRY PROFILE
On January 1, 1980, there were 311 petroleum refineries operating in the
continental United States with a total crude capacity of 3,005,000 m per
stream day. Refining capacity is concentrated in Texas, Louisiana, and Cali-
fornia. Table 3 summarizes the U.S. refining capacity as of January 1, 1980.
Although refining capacity grew steadily through the 1970's, a similar
trend in capacity growth is not anticipated during the 1980's. The decrease
in the rate of capacity expansion can be traced to demand reductions resulting
from rising gasoline prices, the slowdown of economic growth, the availability
of substitutes in some applications, environmental opposition to new refineries,
and the increasing fuel efficiency of newer automobiles. Those additions to
capacity that are most likely to occur at existing refineries are changes to
allow processing of lower quality high-sulfur crudes and to increase the
output of unleaded gasoline.
PETROLEUM COMPOSITION
Crude petroleum is made up of hundreds of different individual chemicals,
from methane to asphalt. Although most of the constituents are hydrocarbons,
ultimate analyses indicate the presence in small quantities of nitrogen (0 to
0.5 percent), sulfur (0 to 6 percent), and oxygen (0 to 3.5 percent).
Refineries process crude oil through a series of physical and chemical processes
into myriad products. The hydrocarbon products can be divided into two major
chemical classes—open-chain or aliphatic compounds, and ring compounds.
The open chain compound class consists of the n-paraffin series (C H- + 2^»
the isoparaffin series (C H™ „), and the olefin series (C EL ). Paraffins
comprise a larger fraction o? most petroleums than any of the other individual
classes. Important members are n-hexane and n-heptane. Paraffins predominate
in most straight-run gasoline. Branched-chain compounds, isoparaffins, are
very desirable and frequently are manufactured by catalytic reforming, alkylation,
and isomerization. Naturally occurring members of this class are 2- and
3-methylpentanes, 2,3-dimethylpentane, and 2-methylhexane. Olefins are
either not present in crude oil or exist in very small quantities. Cracking
processes produce large amounts of olefins. Olefins possess better antiknock
properties than normal paraffins but have poorer properties than highly
branched paraffins and aromatics. Their usefulness in mixtures is reduced
somewhat by their chemical reactivity, since they can polymerize or oxidize
easily when stored. Olefins are the most important class of compounds
chemically derived from petroleum in the making of other products.
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TABLE 3. NUMBER AND CAPACITY OF REFINERIES
OWNED AND OPERATED BY MAJOR COMPANIES
Company
Exxon
Chevron
Amoco
Shell
Texaco
Gulf
Mobil
ARCO
Marathon
Union Oil
Sun
Sohio/BP
Ashland
Phillips
Conoco
Coastal States
Cities Service
Champ 1 in
Tosco
Getty
Number of
refineries
5
12
10
8
12
7
7
4
4
4
5
3
7
5
7
3
1
3
3
2
Crude capacity
(1,000 m3/cd)
251
233
197
183
168
145
142
133
93
78
77
72
73
68
58
47
46
38
35
35
10
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Ring compounds, consisting of naphthenes (C H? ) and aromatics (C H9 ,),
comprise the other major class of compounds presentnin crude petroleum? The
naphthene series, which has the same empirical formula as the olefin series,
differs in that its members are completely saturated. It is the second most
abundantly occurring series of compounds in most crudes. Members are methyl-
cyclopentane, cyclohexane, dimethylcyclopentane and methyl-cylohexane. These
napthenes predominate in most gas oils and lubricating oils from all types of
crudes. They also are present in residual products. Members of the aromatic
series of compounds are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. These
compounds are present in crudes only in very small quantities but are produced
by chemical processing for their use as chemical feedstocks and as antiknock
agents.
Petroleum crudes are characterized by variability in composition and
must be evaluated before they can be refined. Paraffin-based crudes consist
primarily of open-chain compounds and furnish low-octane number straight-run
gasoline and excellent but waxy lubricating oil stocks. Intermediate-based
crudes contain large quantities of both paraffinic and naphthenic compounds
and furnish medium-grade straight-run gasolines and lubricating oils. Both
wax and asphalt are found in these oils. Naphthene crudes contain a high
percentage of cyclic compounds and furnish relatively high-octane-number
straight-run gasoline. The lubricating-oil fractions must be solvent refined.
Asphalt is present.
REFINING PROCESSES
The initial step in refining crude oil is to separate physically the oil
into distinct components or fractions through distillation at atmospheric
pressure. There are several possible combinations of fractions and quantities
available from crude distillation depending upon the type of crude being
processed and the products desired, High boiling components often are separated
further by vacuum flashing or vacuum distillation. The crude oil still
provides feedstock for downstream processing and some final products.
Thermal cracking operations include coking and visbreaking. In each of
these operations, heavy oil fractions are broken down into lighter fractions
by the action of heat and pressure; heavy fuels and coke are produced from
the uncracked residue. Visbreaking is a mild form of thermal cracking that
causes very little reduction in boiling point but significantly lowers the
viscosity of the feed. The furnace effluent is quenched with light gas oil
and flashed in the bottom of a fractionator, while gas, gasoline, and heavier
fractions are recycled.
Coking is a severe form of thermal cracking in which the feed is held at
a high cracking temperature long enough for coke to form and settle. The
cracked products are separated and drawn off, and heavier materials are
recycled to the coking operations.
Catalytic cracking is used to increase the yield and quality of gasoline
blending stocks and to produce furnace oils and other useful middle distillates.
By this process the large hydrocarbon molecules of the heavy distillate
feedstocks are fractured into smaller olefinic molecules. The use of a
11
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catalyst permits operation at lower temperatures and pressures than those
required in thermal cracking. In the fluidized catalytic cracking process, a
finely powdered catalyst is handled as a fluid as opposed to the beaded or
pelletized catalysts employed in fixed and moving bed processes.
Reforming is a molecular rearrangement process to convert low-octane
feedstocks to high octane gasoline blending stocks or to produce aromatics
for petrochemical uses. Hydrogen is a significant co-product of reforming.
Isomerization, like reforming, is a molecular rearrangement process used
to obtain higher octane blending stocks. In this process, light gasoline
materials (butane, pentane, and hexane) are converted to their higher octane
isomers.
Alkylation involves the reaction of an isoparaffin (usually isobutane)
and an olefin (propylene or butylenes) in the presence of a catalyst to
produce a high octane alkylate, an important gasoline blending stock.
Hydrotreating is used to saturate olefins and improve hydrocarbon streams
by removing unwanted materials such as nitrogen, sulfur, and metals. In
addition to or in place of drying and sweetening in hydrotreating units,
petroleum fractions in the lubricating oil range are processed further through
solvent, acid, or clay treatment in the production of motor oils and other
lubricants.
The manufacture of hydrogen has become increasingly necessary to maintain
hydrotreating operations. Natural gas and by-products from reforming and
other processes may serve as charge stocks. The gases are purified of sulfur
and processed to yield a high purity hydrogen.
Solvent extraction processes separate petroleum fractions or remove
impurities through the use of differential solubilities in particular solvents.
Asphalt is a residual product of crude distillation. It also is generated
from deasphalting and solvent decarbonizing—two specialized steps that
increase the quantity of cracking feedstocks.
Figure 1 shows the integration of the refinery.
PETROLUM PRODUCTS
Petroleum products are divided into salable cuts by the operations
within the refinery. These refinery fractions may be classified as follows:
• Light distillates—motor gasolines, solvent naphthas, jet fuel,
kerosene, and light heating oilsj
• Intermediate distillates—heavy fuel oils, diesel oils, and gas
oils ;
• Heavy distillates—heavy mineral oils, heavy floatation oils,
waxes, and lubricating oil; and
• Residues—lubricating oils, fuel oils, road oils, asphalts, and
coke.
12
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DRY CAS
*-FUEL GAS
*-LP CAS
MOTOR
GASOLINE
U>
LIGHT HYDROCRACKED GASOLINE
HEAVY
HYDROCRACKED
GASOLINE
HEAVY FUEL
OIL
ASF11ALT
COKE
Figure.!. Integrated refinery process flow chart,
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In terms of total national output, the percentage yields of most refined
petroleum products have remained constant over recent years. The percentage
yields of the major refined petroleum products from crude oil for the years
1971 through 1978 are summarized in Table 4. Table 5 shows the yearly
output of the major products.
The diversity of refinery output varies with refinery capacity. Large
integrated refineries operate a wide variety of processing units, enabling
the production of many or all of the products shown in Table .4. On the
other hand, many refineries are relatively small, have only a few processing
units, and produce only selected products, such as distillate oil and asphalt.
Through the 1970's residual fuel oil and petrochemical feedstocks have
accounted for an increasing share of total refinery output. These increases
can be traced to the use of residual fuel in industrial applications and the
growth in petrochemical markets due to the increased production of synthetic
rubber, fibers, plastics, and other materials manufactured from petrochemicals.
The increased output of residual fuel oil and petrochemicals is balanced by
the declining output of gasoline and kerosene. Table 6 summarizes the
derivation and use of each major petroleum product.
14
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TABLE 4. PERCENT VOLUME YIELDS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY YEAR
United States Refineries
1971-1978
(Percent)
Product
Motor gasoline
Jet fuel
Ethane
Liquefied gases
Kerosene
Distillate fuel oil
Residual fuel oil
Petrochem. feedstocks
Special naphthas
Lubricants
Wax
Coke
Asphalt
Road oil
Still gas
Miscellaneous
Processing gaina
Total
1971
46.
7.
0.
2.
2.
22.
6.
2.
0.
1.
0.
2.
3.
0.
3.
0.
- 3.
100.
2
4
2
9
1
0
6
7
7
6
2
6
8
2
8
4
4
0
1972
46
7
0
2
1
22
6
2
0
1
0
2
3
0
3
0
- 3
100
.2
.2
.2
.8
.8
.2
.8
.9
.7
.5
.1
.8
.6
.2
.9
.4
.3
.0
1973
45.6
6.8
0.2
2.8
1.7
22.5
7.7
2.9
0.7
1.5
0.2
2.9
3.6
0.2
3.9
0.4
- 3.6
100.0
1974
45
6
0
2
1
21
8
3
0
1
0
2
3
0
3
0
- 3
100
.9
.8
.1
.6
.3
.8
.7
.0
.8
.6
.2
.8
.7
.2
.9
.5
.9
.0
1975
46.5
7.0
0.1
2.4
1.2
21.3
9.9
2.7
0.6
1.2
0.1
2.8
3.2
0.1
3.9
0.7
- 3.7
100.0
1976
45.5
6.8
0.1
2.4
1.1
21.8
10.3
3.3
0.7
1.3
0.1
2.6
2.8
0.0
3.7
1.0
- 3.5
100.0
1977
43.4
6.6
0.1
2.3
1.2
22.4
12.0
3.6
0.6
1.2
0.1
2.5
2.9
0.1
3.6
1.0
- 3.6
100.0
1978
44.1
6.6
0.1
2.3
1.2
22.4
12.0
3.6
0.6
1.2
0.1
2.5
2.9
0.1
3.6
1.0
- 3.6
100.0
Hydrogen, etc.
SOURCE: American Petroleum Institute.• Basic Petroleum Data Book. Section
VIII. Table 4-4a.
15
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TABLS 5. PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY YEAR
United States Refineries
1969-1978
(I,000,m3/Cd)a
Year
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
Motor
gasoline
872
909
951
1,000
1,039
1,011
1,037
1,088
1,118
1,140
Distillate
fuel oil
370
391
297
419
449
424
422
465
521
501
Residual
fuel oil
116
112
120
127
154
170
197
219
279
266
Jet fuel
140
131
133
135
137
133
138
146
155
155
Kerosene
45
42
38
35
35
25
24
24
27
24
NGL
and LRGb
54
55
57
57
60
54
49
54
56
—
Total and product output reports may vary by data source.
t>NGL = Natural gas liquids; LRG = Liquified refinery gases.
SOURCE: American Petroleum Institute. Basic Petroleum Dai:a Book.
Tables 5, 6, 6a, 7, 7a, 14, 15, 16, 16a, 17, and 17a.
Section VII.
16
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TABLE 6. DERIVATION AND USE OF MAJOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Product
Refining processes employed
Typical uses
Light gases
Gasoline
Kerosine
Gas oils
Lubricating
oils
Residua
Distillation of crude petroleum
Distillation of crude petroleum
Cracking of heavy fractions (thermal, catalytic,
hydrocracking, coking of pitch, residues, etc.)
Reforming (catalytic and thermal)
Polymerization of light olefins
Isomerization of C^ and Cg paraffins
Alkylation of olefins with isoparaffins
Distillation of crude petroleum
Cracking of heavier fractions (thermal, catalytic,
etc.)
Distillation of crude petroleum (atmospheric and
vacuum)
Cracking of heavier fractions (thermal and
catalytic, etc.)
Hydrocracking of residual oils
Vacuum distillation
Distillation of crude petroleum (atmospheric
and vacuum)
Hydrocracking special residual oils
Solvent refining of residual oils
Vacuum distillation of petroleum
Distillation of synthetic petroleum made by
cracking
Chemical manufacturing, gasoline
manufacturing, fuels (LPG)
Automotive and aircraft fuels, solvent,
chemical manufacturing, illuminant,
cooking fuel
Jet-aircraft fuel, illuminant, cooking and
space-heating fuel, solvent
Domestic and light industrial fuels, diesel
fuels, chemical manufacturing, gasoline
manufacture, solvents, road oils
Various lubricating oils, pharmaceutical
white oils, sources of waxes and petro-
latums, petroleum jelly, asphalt, lubri-
cating greases
Manufacturing of fuel oils and gasoline,
chemical manufacturing, source of coke,
asphalt
Coke
Thermal cracking of residuums and pitches
Fuel, metallurgy, industrial electrodes
-------
July 1984
SECTION 4
CURRENT AND COMPLETED AGENCY PROJECTS
INTRODUCTION
Because of the diversity of products of a petroleum refinery, the potential
for EPA technical or regulatory analysis is great. This section describes current
and completed EPA projects concerning members of the group of petroleum products.
Since this report serves as a directory for information exchange regarding
petroleum products, descriptions of EPA projects focus on types of data
potentially available from the respective program offices. Table 7 lists
EPA projects currently underway; the following sections describe those major
projects and the responsible Offices.
THE OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) is responsible
for the air quality planning and standards functions of the Agency. This
Office develops national standards for ambient air quality, emissions standards
for new stationary sources, and emission standards for hazardous pollutants.
In addition, the Office develops national programs, technical policies,
regulations, guidelines, and criteria for air pollution control; assesses the
national air pollution control program; provides assistance to States and the
Regional Offices; develops emission factors and monitoring strategies for
toxic air pollutants; and monitors compliance with stationary source emission
limitations under the Clean Air Act.
Within OAQPS, two divisions are responsible for technical and regulatory
analysis of air pollutants resulting from the production and use of potentially
toxic petroleum products.
Strategies and Air Standards Division
As a part of OAQPS, the Strategies and Air Standards Division is
involved in analysis programs for petroleum products. Specifically, the
Strategies and Air Standards Division is charged with the following responsibilities:
• Identify and evaluate the need to regulate potential pollutants and
recommend appropriate control strategies;
• Develop, review, and revise national ambient air quality standards; and
• Prepare cost, economic, and benefit analysis in support of regulatory
actions.
18
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TABLE 7. CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
Hazardous Substances Pollution Prevention for Facilities
Subject to Permitting Requirements of Section 402
RIN: 2040-AA34
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 151
ABSTRACT:
This regulation's purpose is to prevent spills of hazardous
substances into navigable waters. It sets forth requirements for
the Spills Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plans for
facilities which (a) are not related to transportation, (b) which
store, manufacture or otherwise handle hazardous substances at
their facilities, and (c) are subject to NPDES permits. The
Agency will likely exempt any small facilities which store less
than ten times the reportable quantities of spilled, hazardous
substances.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1451.
FTS:8-382-3000.
FTS-.8-382-2196.
TIMETABLE:
Final
ACTION
NPRM
RPRM
Action
DATE'
09/01/78
00/00/00
00/00/00
FR CITE
43 FR 39276
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
33 USC 1321 "/ CWA 311"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Yes
AGENCY CONTACT:
L. M. Flaherty
(WH-548B)
Washington, DC 20460
202 382-2196
19
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
Discharge of Oil (Revision)
RIN: 2040-AA48
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 110
ABSTRACT *
This revision will extend applicability to deep water ports and
extend reporting requirements for oil to 200 miles offshore. It
will provide for U.S. obligations under international MARPOL
agreements. It will also provid for exemptions from reporting
requirements for permitted dischargers and for special use
applications of oil.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1579.
FTS:8-382-3000.
TIMETABLE: ACTION DATE FR CITE
NPRM 07/00/85
Final Action 04/00/86
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
33 USC 1321 "/ CWA 311"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Undetermined
AGENCY CONTACT:
Jack Kooyoomjian
(WH-548b)
Washington, DC 20460
202 382-2814
ANALYSIS: ACTION DATE FR CITE
RIA, RFA
20
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES,
TITLE:
Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation
RIN: 2040-AA49
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 112
offshore. This
for facilities
ABSTRACT:
This revision to 40 CFR 112 will include exemptions from
reporting requirements and will extend EPA's oil pollution
authority from three miles to two hundred miles ~**-'-'»—
revision does not affect the existing exemption
that store 1,320 gallons or less.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1584.
FTS.-8-382-2196.
TIMETABLE:
ACTION
NPRM
Final Action
DATE
05/20/80
01/00/85
FR CITE
45 FR 33814
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
33 USC 1321 "/ CWA 311"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Undetermined
AGENCY CONTACT:
L. M. Flaherty
(WH-548)
Washington, DC 20460
202 382-2196
21
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
Standards
Waste Oil
for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes:
RIN: 2050-AAOO
PRIORITY: Yes CRITERIA: Major
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 266
ABSTRACT:
Pursuant to the requirements of the Used Oil Recycling Act
(incorporated into RCRA by amendment in 1980), the Agency is
evaluating what types of regulatory controls should apply to the
re-use and re-cycling of used oil. EPA will propose regulations
based on these evaluations. In addition the Agency is considering
proposal of near term interim controls including notification
requirements for facilities that blend, distribute, and burn used
oil fuel sold to non-industrial boiler owners.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1713.
Docket No. 3012.
FTS:8-382-4788.
TIMETABLE:
Interim
ACTION
RPRM
NPRM
Final Rule
DATE
06/00/84
01/00/85
01/00/86
FR CITE
43 FR 58946
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 6921 "/ RCRA 3001"; 42 USC 6932 " / RCRA 3002"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Yes
AGENCY CONTACT:
Michael Petruska
(WH-565)
Washington, DC 20460
202 382-7917
ANALYSIS:
ACTION DATE
RIA, RFA
FR CITE
22
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TITLE:
NSPS: Refinery Fugitive Emissions
RIN: 2060-AA28
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 60, Subpart GGG
ABSTRACT:
This regulation will control fugitive emissions of volatile
organic compounds from new, reconstructed, or modified processing
units in petroleum refineries. Jt will allow no detectable
emissions from pressure relief devices during normal operations;
require a leak detection and repair program for valves and pumps;
and the use of certain equipment for compressors, sampling
connections, and open-ended lines to reduce emissions.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1696.
FTS.-8-629-5578.
TIMETABLE: ACTION DATE FR CITE
NPRM 01/04/83 48 FR 279
Final Action 03/00/84
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7411 "/ CAA 111"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: No
AGENCY CONTACT:
Gilbert Wood
(MD-13)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919 541-5578
23
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
NSPS:
Petroleum Solvent Dry Cleaning
RIN: 2060-AA32
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 60
ABSTRACT: '
This regulation will control emissions of volatile organic
compounds from dry cleaning equipment in which petroleum solvent
is used. EPA is considering exempting facilities that clean less
than an as yet undetermined amount of material a year.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1690.
FTS:8-629-5624.
TIMETABLE:
Final
ACTION
NPRM
Action
DATE
12/14/82
03/00/84
FR CITE
47 FR 56118
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7411 "/ CAA 111"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Yes
AGENCY CONTACT:
Dale- A. Pohl
(MD-13)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919 541-5624
24
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
NSPS: Distillation Operations
RIN: 2060-AA35
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 60
ABSTRACT:
This regulation will control emissions of volatile organic
compounds from modified and reconstructed facilities at petroleum
refineries and synthetic organic chemical plants.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1733.
FTS:8-629-5578.
TIMETABLE- ACTION DATE FR CITE
11METABLE. 57538
Final Action 03/00/85
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7411 "/ CAA 111"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Undetermined
AGENCY CONTACT:
Doug Bell
(MD-13)
Research Triangle Park
NC 27711
919 541-5578
25
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
NSPS: Petroleum Refinery, FCC Regenerators (Revision)
RIN: 2060-AA36
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 60
ABSTRACT"
This standard will require control of sulfur dioxide from
fluidized catalytic cracking units.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR NO. 1736.
FTS:8-629-5624.
TIMETABLE: ACTION DATE Vn
NPRM 01/00/84 49 FR 2058
Final Action 03/00/85
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7411 "/ CAA 111"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: No
AGENCY CONTACT:
Gilbert Wood
(MD-13)
Research Triangle Park
NC 27711
919 541-5624
26
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_. TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
NSPS: Asphalt Concrete Plants
RIN: 2060-AB41
REVIEW: Yes
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 60
ABSTRACT:
EPA is reviewing this standard to determine whether revisions are
warranted. The review will assess performance and costs of
control systems and economic and technological developments in
the industry of particular interest are asphalt recycling plants
which in some cases have experienced "blue haze" emissions. The
review will seek information to identify and quatify the "blue
haze" constituents and assess control techniques.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
FTS: 80629-5596.
TIMETABLE: ACTION DATE FR CITE
Begin Review 00/00/00
End Review 00/00/00
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7411 "/ CAA 111"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: No
AGENCY CONTACT:
Kenneth Durkes
MD-13
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919 541-5596
27
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
NESHAPS:
Benzene Fugitive Emissions
RIN: 2060-AA45
CFR CITATION:
40 CFR 61 J
ABSTRACT:
This regulation would limit benzene
emission sources in new and existing
organic chemical manufacturing plant
no detectable emissions due to leaks
and product accumulator vessels. The
require a leak detection and repair
and pumps, and would require certain
sampling connections, and open-ended
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1126.
Docket No. A-79-27.
FTS:8-629-5578.
emissions from fugitive
petroleum refineries and
s. The standards would allow
from safety/relief valves
standards would also
program for pipeline valves
equipment for compressors,
valves.
TIMETABLE:
Final
ACTION
NPRM
Action
DATE
01/05/81
05/00/84
FR CITE
46 FR 1165
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7412 "/ CAA 112"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Yes
AGENCY CONTACT:
Gilbert Wood
(MD-13)
Research Triangle Park
NC 27711
919 541-5578
28
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
Decision
on Regulation on Polycyclic Organic Matter
RIN: 2060-AB48
ABSTRACT:
EPA is currently reviewing available information on polycyclic
organic matter (POM) to determine whether emmissions of POM into
the ambient air endangers public health. If EPA concludes that
POM does endanger public health, then EPA must set a national
ambient air quality standard standard under Section 109 of the
Clean Air Act, list POM as a hazardous air pollutant under
section 112, or test significant POM source categories for
regulation under section 111 (or pursue a combination of such
actions).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR NO. 2067.
FTS: 8-629-5504.
TIMETABLE:
Final
ACTION
NPRM
Action
DATE
02/13/84
00/00/00
FR CITE
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7422 "/ CAA 122"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: No
AGENCY CONTACT:
Kent Berry
MD-13
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919 541-5504
29
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TABLE 7. (CONTINUED). CURRENT EPA PROJECTS CONCERNING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
TITLE:
Fuels and Fuel Additives
RIN: 2060-AA59
PRIORITY: Yes CRITERIA: Major
CFR CITATION:
• 40 CFR 79
ABSTRACT:
These protocols will help determine effects of fuel and fuel
additives on public health and emission control devices. They
will ensure that motor vehicle fuels and additives will not harm
the public health. They will also ensure that they do not damage
emission control devices in motor vehicles.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
SAR No. 1328.
FTS:8-374-8339.
TIMETABLE- ACTION DATE FR CITE
NPRM 01/00/85
LEGAL AUTHORITY:
42 USC 7545 "/ CAA 211"
EFFECTS ON SMALL BUSINESS AND OTHER ENTITIES: Undetermined
AGENCY CONTACT:
Richard A. Rykowski
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
313 668-4339
30
-------
The Strategies and Air Standards Division currently is performing analysis
for two programs associated with the petroleum products industry.
Xylenes
The Strategies and Air Standards Division is performing a preliminary
exposure assessment for xylenes. Xylenes have been listed as a group of
chemicals to investigate for human health and ecological effects as soon as
funds become available. It is anticipated that a health assessment and a
more detailed exposure assessment be started in 1986 or 1987. Exposure to
xylenes from commercial and industrial production processes and commercial
and industrial uses will be assessed.
Xylenes—
As part of the Regulatory Impact Analysis for the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for ozone, available information on emissions, controls and
control costs for petroleum refineries is being reviewed and summarized.
Plant-specific emissions data in the National Emissions Data Systems are
being examined, and existing EPA New Source Performance Standards, Control
Techniques Guidelines, and other studies are used to develop control cost
equations for varying control levels. Control costs are categorized by
Source Classification Codes for use in a computerized least-cost model, which
generates overall national control costs for alternative ozone standards.
Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards—
The Emission Standards and Engineering Division has the following
responsibilities: i
• Develop, review, and revise national emission standards for hazardous
pollutants and new source performance standards. Provide guidance i
for delegation of standards;
• Study stationary source categories and analyze control methods and
economic information;
• Provide technical expertise in emission control technologies; and
• Evaluate development alternatives for their technical soundness and
for their compatibility to emissions regulations.
The Emission Standards and Engineering Division of OAQPS currently is
developing new source performance standards (NSPS) and national emission
standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for several source categories
of the petroleum products industry.
A NSPS is designed to reduce emissions of criteria pollutants from new
or modified sources as defined by Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. Criteria
pollutants are those for which an ambient air quality standard has been set—
lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
31
-------
and ozone and its volatile organic compound precursors. The petroleum products
industry is regulated by NSPS's, primarily because of their contribution to
volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. These compounds have been identified
as having the potential to endanger public health or welfare. Many of these
individual compounds may be toxic to human health in varying degrees.
In 1970, Congress directed that NSPS for these sources require the
application of the best adequately demonstrated system of emission reduction
considering costs, energy requirements, and other environmental impacts. The
1977 Amendments to the Act specify that emissions must be controlled continuously
and specify a time schedule for adopting standards.
A NESHAP is designed to reduce air emissions, which, in the judgment of
the Administrator, cause or contribute to air pollution which may reasonably
be anticipated to result in an increase in mortality or an increase in serious,
irreversible, or incapacitating illness. In the NESHAP process, emissions of
a particular hazardous pollutant from some or all sources, both new and
existing, are considered rather than emissions of all criteria pollutants
from a particular source category. The intent of a NESHAP is to protect the
public health with an ample margin of safety.
In addition, the Clean Air Act, as amended, requires that the Agency
review promulgated NSPS's every four years. The review should determine how
the source category has changed over the last four years, and specifically,
whether the emergence of new processes, control technology, or new information
would warrant a revision of the standard. If a revision were performed, it
would proceed in a manner similar to the development of a new standard. The
Clean Air Act, as amended, also requires that the Agency publish (and shall
from time to time thereafter revise) a list which includes each hazardous air
pollutant for which it intends to establish a NESHAP.
Background information for standards development is basically the same,
regardless of the particular industry source or pollutant being considered.
The basic information necessary to characterize the industry can be divided
into the following groups:
• Pollutants considered;
• Definition of source category processes;
• Emissions of pollutants;
• Financial assessment of the industry;
• Potential control techniques;
• Cost of control;
• Economic impact of source control;
• Effectiveness of control; and
• Exposure/risk assessment (NESHAP's only).
32
-------
Table 8 shows specific tasks applicable to the development of any NSPS
or NESHAP. The following subsections describe specific NSPS or NESHAP develop-
ment activities currently underway or recently completed by the Emission
Standards and Engineering Division for source categories within the petroleum
products industry. These descriptions focus primarily on the petroleum
products covered and the information available.
Organic Solvent Cleaners —
Information supporting standards of performance for new and modified
organic solvent cleaners (degreasers) was gathered under the authority of
Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. Emissions from these sources that were
studied are VOC's. The Administrator determined that emissions from organic
solvent cleaners contribute to the endangerment of public health or welfare.
The proposed standards would reduce volatile organic compound emissions
from cold cleaning degreasers, open top vapor degreasers, and conveyorized
degreasers. The owner or operator of the affected facility would be required
to follow proper operating procedures and equipment specifications by degreaser
type and size. The discussion that follows summarizes the control equipment
and operating requirements for each affected facility proposed in 1979.
The control equipment for cold cleaners includes a cover, drainage racks
or baskets, specified freeboard ratio, visible fill line, and a permanent
label with operating requirements. Also if a sprayer is used, a solid spray
is required. If an electric agitation pump is used, rolling motions are
required.
The operating requirements proposed for cold cleaners include closing of ,
the cover when the degreaser is not in use, spraying parts inside of tank, '<
restriction of drafts of air over tank, time limit on drainage of parts,
restriction of air agitation, and waste solvent disposal requirements.
The control equipment for open top vapor degreasers includes a cover,
safety switches and labels. The owner or operator would have the option of
using a refrigerated freeboard chiller or a carbon adsorber with lip exhaust
on large degreasers. On small degreasers with a vapor-air interface area of
less than one square meter, the owner or operator would have these same
options and an additional option of a specified freeboard.
The operating requirements for open top degreasers would include all of
the requirements for cold cleaners as well as specified work load moving
rates, restricted work loads, vapor level restrictions, a properly operating
water separator, and repairing of leaks.
The control equipment proposed for conveyorized degreasers includes
refrigerated chillers, carbon adsorption systems, drying tunnel, and safety
switches.
33
-------
TABLE 8. TASKS REQUIRED FOR NSPS/NESHAP DEVELOPMENT
Task 1 - Data Base Development and Review
Task 2 - Industry Assessment and Control Analysis
Task 3 - Emission Testing
Task 4 - Background Document Preparation
Task 5 - Model Plant and Regulatory Analysis
Task 6 - Cost Analysis
Task 7 - Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment
Task 8 - Review and Proposal
Task 9 - Public Hearing and Promulgation
34
-------
The operating requirements for conveyorized degreasers would include all
of the requirements for open top degreasers plus minimized openings, down-
time covers, and specified condenser water operating procedures.
The beneficial and adverse environmental impacts associated with the
various control system alternatives that were considered are presented.
The beneficial impacts on air quality are moderate for the proposed
standards. There would be a small adverse water quality impact from the
wastewater from carbon adsorbtion control systems. A small adverse energy
impact would be associated with the proposed standards. There would be no
noise or radiation impacts associated with the proposed standard.
The costs associated with the proposed standards for new and modified
organic solvent cleaning facilities have been judged not to be of such magnitude
to require an analysis of the inflationary impact. Many facilities would
realize a net cost reduction due to implementation of the proposed standards.
Implementation of proper operating procedures and control devices would
reduce solvent loss and minimize solvent expenditures. Control of open top
and conveyorized vapor degreasers as well as manufacturing and maintenance
cold cleaners would have a positive economic impact. Waste solvent disposal
for all degreasing operations would have a small negative economic impact.
Appendix C of this report contains a summary of the information presented
in "Organic Solvent Cleaning-Background Information for Proposed Standards",
EPA-450/2-78-045.
VOC Fugitive Emissions in Petroleum Refining—
Standards of performance for stationary source: VOC's from fugitive
emission sources in the petroleum refining industry are being developed under
the authority of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. These standards would
affect new and modified/reconstructed existing stationary sources of VOC in
the petroleum refining industry.
Six regulatory alternatives were considered in standard development.
Regulatory Alternative I represents the level of control within the industry in
the absence of new regulations. It provides the basis for comparison of the
impacts of the other regulatory alternatives. The requirements for Regulatory
Alternative II are based upon the recommendations of the refinery VOC control
techniques guideline (CTG) document (EPA-450/2-78-036). The requirements
would be as follows:
• Quarterly monitoring for leaks from valves in gas service,
pressure/relief devices in gas service, and compressor seals (also
monitoring relief valves after overpressure relief to detect improper
reseating);
• Annual monitoring for leaks from pump seals and valves in light
liquid service;
35
-------
• Weekly visual inspections of pump seals and immediate instrument
monitoring of visually leaking pumps; and
• Installation of caps, blind flanges, plugs, or other valves to seal
all open-ended lines.
Regulatory Alternative III would provide more effective control than
Regulatory Alternative II by increasing the frequency of equipment inspections
and by specifying additional equipment requirement:
• Quarterly monitoring for leaks from valves in gas and light liquid
service;
• Monthly monitoring for leaks from pump seals in light liquid service;
and
• Installation of rupture disks on safety/relief valves, mechanical seals
with controlled degassing reservoirs on compressors, and closed purge
sampling systems.
Regulatory Alternative IV would reduce emissions further by specifying
equipment for pumps rather than monthly monitoring. Dual mechanical seals
with a barrier fluid and degassing reservoir vents would be required on pumps
in light liquid service. Other controls would be required as specified for
Regulatory Alternative III.
Regulatory Alternative V provides emission control by requiring more
frequent inspections on valves in gas and light liquid service. Valves would
be monitored monthly. The control requirements for other sources would be
• identical to those required in Regulatory Alternative IV.
Regulatory Alternative VI would provide the greatest level of emission
reduction by controlling fugitive VOC emissions through additional equipment
specifications. In addition to the equipment specifications as required
under Regulatory Alternative V, Regulatory Alternative VI would require the
installation of sealed bellows valves in gas and light liquid service.
Total fugitive emissions of VOC from new units in the petroleum refining
industry in 1986 would be 19.8 gigagrams under Regulatory Alternative I,
compared to 6.2, 4.5, 4.1, 3.6 and 1.4 gigagrams under Regulatory Alternatives II
through VI. The average percent emissions reductions from the Regulatory
Alternative I level effected by Regulatory Alternatives II through VI would
be 69, 77, 79, 82, and 93 percent, respectively.
For the maximum number of modified and reconstructed units, total VOC
fugitive emissions in 1986 are expected to be 43.5 gigagrams under Regulatory
Alterantive I, compared to 13.6, 9.9, 9.0, 8.0 and 3.1 gigagrams under Regulatory
Alternatives II through VI.
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In addition to reducing emissions to the atmosphere, implementation of
Regulatory Alternatives II through VI would reduce the waste load on wastewater
treatment systems by preventing leakage from process equipment from entering
the wastewater system. The impact of solid wastes generated by the replacing
mechanical seals, rupture disks, plugs, and other metal parts would be insignificant,
since these wastes could be recycled.
Energy savings would result under Regulatory Alternatives II through VI.
Only a minimal increase in energy consumption would result from operation of
combustion devices and installation of dual mechanical seals. Assuming
recovery of all emission reduction achieved by the regulatory alternatives,
the energy savings over a 5-year period from new units would have an energy
content ranging from 1,090 terajoules (Regulatory Alternative II) to 1,770 terajoules
(Regulatory Alternative VI). An additional 2,450 to 3,970 terajoules could
be recovered from modified and reconstructed units for the same period.
A more detailed analysis of environmental and energy impacts is presented
in Chapter 7 of the background information document.
Cumulative capital and annualized costs, including recovery credits, for
the entire petroleum refining industry were estimated for the first five
years of implementing'each of the regulatory alternatives (1982 - 1986). The
estimates for new and modified/reconstructed units are based on May 1980 dollars.
During the first five years of implementation of Regulatory Alternative II,
the cumulative capital costs for the petroleum refining industry would be
$1.8 million for new units and an additional $3.7 million for modified/reconstructed
units. In the fifth year, the industry would incur net annualized credits of
$!«3 million and $3.3 million for new and modified/reconstructed units,
respectively, due to the value of the recovered product.
Under Regulatory Alternative III, cumulative capital costs would be
$8.2 million for new units and $19.0 million for modified/reconstructed
units. Net annualized costs of $31 thousand for new units and $900 thousand
for modified/reconstructed units would be incurred by the industry in 1986.
Under Regulatory Alternative IV, cumulative capital costs for the period
from 1981 to 1986 would be $20.0 million and $47.0 million for new units and
modified/reconstructed units, respectively. The net annualized costs in the
fifth year would be $3.2 million for new units and $7.7 million for modified/
reconstructed units.
The 5-year cumulative capital costs as a result of implementing Regulatory
Alternative V would be $20.0 million for new units and $47.0 million for
Codified/reconstructed units. The net annualized costs in the fifth year
would be $3.6 million and $9.2 million for new and modified/reconstructed
units, respectively.
Regulatory Alternative VI would incur the greatest capital cost and net
annualized cost of all the regulatory alternatives. Cumulative capital
costs for the industry would be $274.0 million for new units and $610.0 million
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for modified/reconstructed units. The net annualized costs in 1986 would
be $64.1 million for new units and $146.3 million for modified/reconstructed
units.
Industry-wide price increases are not expected to result from implementation
of any of these regulatory alternatives because the net annualized costs to the
industry are an insignificant fraction of the net annual revenues.
Appendix C of this report contains a summary of the information presented
in "VOC Fugitive Emissions in Petroleum Refining Industry - Background Information
for Proposed Standards", EPA-450/3-81-015a.
Petroleum Dry Cleaning—
The dry cleaning industry is a service industry involved in the cleaning
and/or renting of apparel. Petroleum solvent dry cleaning is offered
by the commercial and industrial sectors of the industry and represents about
30 percent of the total quantity of apparel cleaned by the aggregate dry
cleaning industry.
In order to evaluate the environmental, economic, and energy impacts
associated with implementation of a standard for the petroleum solvent dry
cleaning industry, the Administrator has examined several regulatory alternatives
for petroleum solvent dry cleaning. The three regulatory alternatives
developed for controlling VOC are summarized below.
• Regulatory Alternative I - No new source performance standard
(NSPS) would be promulaged for the petroleum solvent dry cleaning
industry. For the purpose of determining impacts, this alternative
uses baseline emission control levels to project VOC emission
growth.
• Regulatory Alternative II - All affected petroleum dry cleaning
facilities would be required to reduce the petroleum solvent content
in the vacuum still waste and to implement an effective maintenance
program to eliminate any perceptible fugitive VOC liquid and vapor
leaks.
• Regulatory Alternative III - In addition to the provisions of
Alternative II, all affected petroleum dry cleaning facilities
would be required to reduce VOC emissions from dryers by requiring
the use of a recovery dryer.
The environmental and energy impacts of the regulatory alternatives are
summarized in the background information document. Regulatory Alternative I
would have the greatest adverse environmental impact while Alternative III
would have the greatest benefical impact. The maximum nationwide VOC emission
reduction would occur under Regulatory Alternative III, with negligible water
Pollution impacts and actual reductions in solid waste emissions. Regulatory
Alternative HI also would produce the most favorable energy impacts, with
savings in nationwide energy consumption resulting from solvent recovery.
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The estimated economic impacts are also summarized in the background
document. While both Regulatory Alternatives II and III would have potential
benefical economic impacts, Regulatory Alternative III would have the greatest
potential economic impact for petroleum solvent dry cleaning facilities
having large throughput capacities.
Appendix C of this report contains a summary of the information presented
in "Petroleum Dry Cleaners - Background Information for Proposed Standards."
Distillation Operations —
The proposed NSPS for distillation operations within the synthetic
organic chemicals industry does not explicitly include refinery operations.
The project, however, initially did include petroleum refineries. Thus, some
information valuable to studies of distillation of refinery products may be
contained in the regulatory docket. This subsection presents a summary of
the basic analysis results described in the background information document.
Appendix C contains a summary of the types of information contained in "Distillation
Operations in Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing - Background Information
for Proposed Standards."
The proposed distillation standard examines the use of a single control
technique, combustion, as applied to varying percentages of new distillation
facilities. Combustion devices are the most effective controls and are
demonstrated for application at all distillation facilities. This procedure
is in contrast to most NSPS's, where alternative control technologies applied to
all affected facilities are examined. A maximum or cutoff value of total resource
effectiveness (TRE) is associated with controlling any given percentage of i '
affected facilities by combustion. The TRE value of a facility is proportional
to the cost of combustion per megagram of VOC destroyed for that facility. A
facility with a TRE below the cutoff TRE value would be required to reduce
VOC emissions by combustion (using a boiler, thermal incinerator, or flare).
The environmental impacts of requiring VOC control for varying percentages
of new distillation facilities have been analyzed. If no standard were
promulgated, projected 1987 VOC emissions from new, modified, or reconstructed
distillation facilities would be 84,000 Mg/yr. The regulatory possibilities
under consideration reduce these emissions up to 78,000 Mg/yr. This represents
up to a 90 percent reduction beyond the'level that would be experienced due to
SIP regulations or economic reasons, if no standard were promulgated.
Any increase in emissions of other air pollutants as a result of
controlling VOC emissions would be negligible. There would be no direct solid
waste impacts under any of the regulatory alternatives, and impacts on noise,
space requirements, and availability of resources would be negligible.
No increase in total plant wastewater is projected. There is no organic
wastewater effluent associated with combustion devices. Therefore, the only
possible instances of water pollution impact would be those where additional product
recovery is employed to reduce emissions. Carbon adsorption and absorption
with water are the only product recovery techniques currently in use in the
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industry which have an associated organic wastewater effluent. Based on past
industry experience, very few new distillation facilities are expected to employ
carbon adsorption or water absorption. Therefore, the wastewater generated
is expected to be minimal.
The projected fifth year energy usage under the proposed standard would
depend on the number of units that use boilers and flares and could range
from a fuel savings of 2.70 billion megajoules/year (1320 bbl oil/day) to a
fuel usage of 0.57 billion megajoules/year (270 bbl oil/day).
The projected fifth year capital cost to the organic chemical industry
under the proposed standard would be; approximately $16.5 million. The projected
annualized costs would range from a net savings of $8.3 million to a net cost
of $10.4 million, depending on the number of units that used boilers and
flares. The maximum projected capital and annualized costs were projected to
be reasonable.
Petroleum Wastewater —
The Emission Standards and Engineering Division of OAQPS has recently
begun a project to develop a NSPS for VOC emissions from refinery wastewater
drains, wastewater/oil separators and air floatation units. Currently, no
information is available concerning the potential coverage of this standard.
The Agency's internal schedule indicates that a draft regulatory package will
be available for internal Agency review in mid-summer 1984.
Volatile Organic Liquid Storage —
• Proposed standards for volatile organic liquids would control emissions .
of VOCs from vessels that store volatile organic liquids (VOLs). VOL storage
vessels are located primarily at chemical manufacturing facilities and bulk
storage terminals. These vessels are used for storing a variety of materials,
including raw materials, final products, and/or usable byproducts, waste
tars, residues, and nonusable byproducts.
In order to evaluate the environmental, economic, and energy impacts
associated with implementation of a standard for VOL storage vessels, the
Administrator has examined several regulatory alternatives for VOL storage
vessels. The VOL regulatory alternatives, in order of increasing emission
control potential, are summarized below.
• Regulatory Alternative I would require that each storage vessel
storing a VOL with a true vapor pressure less than 76.6 kilopascals
(kPa) (11.1 psia) be equipped with a noncontact internal floating
roof with primary and secondary seals. A vapor control system would
be required for all storage vessels storing a VOL with a true vapor
pressure greater than or equal to 76.6 kPa.
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• Regulatory Alternative II would require that each storage vessel
storing a VOL with a true vapor pressure less than 76.6 kPa be
equipped with an external floating roof with a mechanical shoe
primary seal and a continuous secondary seal. A vapor control system
would be required for all storage vessels storing a VOL with a true
vapor pressure greater than or equal to 76.6 kPa.
• Regulatory Alternative III would require that each storage vessel
storing a VOL with a true vapor pressure less than 76.6 kPa be
equipped with a contact internal floating roof with a liquid-mounted
primary seal. A vapor control system would be required for all
storage vessels storing a VOL with a true vapor pressure greater than
or equal to 76.6 kPa.
• Regulatory Alternative IV would require that each storage vessel storing
a VOL with a true vapor pressure less than 76.6 kPa be equipped with
a contact internal floating roof with a liquid-mounted primary seal
and a continuous secondary seal. A vapor control system would be
required for all storage vessels storing a VOL with a true vapor
pressure greater than or equal to 76.6 kPa.
• Regulatory Alternative V would require that each storage vessel be
equipped with a vapor control system such as thermal oxidation
[Alternative V(a)] or carbon adsorption [Alternative V(b)].
The environmental regulatory alternatives are summarized in the background
information document for this standard. The only alternative having any
adverse environmental impacts would be Regulatory Alternative V, which would
require that each vessel be fitted to a vapor control system.
The economic impacts also are summarized in the background document.
Regulatory Alternatives II and V have potential adverse economic impacts.
.gasoline Marketing —
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the air pollution regulatory
strategies available to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC),
including benzene (Bz), ethylene dibromide (EDB), and ethylene dichloride
(EDC), and gasoline vapors (GV) from the gasoline marketing industry. VOC
emissions contribute to ambient ozone/oxidant concentrations and, thus, in
some areas contribute to a failure to attain the ambient standard. Benzene
is known carcinogen, which has been listed as a hazardous air pollutant under
Section 112 of the Clean Air Act and is present in varying amounts in gasoline.
EDB, EDC and gasoline vapors each have been shown to cause cancers in laboratory
animals. EDB and EDC are generally added to leaded gasoline, but are not
present in unleaded gasoline. The following segments of the gasoline marketing
industry were considered: bulk terminals (including storage tanks and tank
trucks), bulk plants (including storage tanks and tank trucks) and service
stations (both inloading of underground storage tanks and refueling of vehicles).
The regulatory strategies examined controls on all segments of the industry,
both with and without selected size cutoffs for small facilities, as well as
controls onboard vehicles to reduce refueling emissions.
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There are still areas of the country which have not yet attained the
national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for Ozone. The Clean Air Act
requires that all areas achieve the NAAQS by December 31, 1987. Some States,
as part of their State implementation plans to meet the statutory requirement,
are considering control of gasoline marketing sources, especially the refueling
of motor vehicles. Thus, an analysis of gasoline marketing regulatory strategies
must address the need to attain the ozone NAAQS in selected areas. However,
the emissions from gasoline marketing sources may induce public health risks
which require control on a national basis. The analysis evaluated regulatory
strategies which address both the more limited nonattainment issue in part of
the country and the broader question of the need for a national control
program to limit potential hazardous exposure.
A contractor is updating the data base relevant to possible regulation under
Section 112 of benzene emissions from gasoline marketing, including bulk terminals,
bulk plants, service stations, and automobiles. The contractor is using available
information (EPA files) to update numbers and locations of sources (by latitude
and longtitude for the large sources, where information is available, otherwise
by state and region), plant throughputs and emission factors, automobile fleet
Projections, effect of regulations in place, and efficiencies, costs, and
frequency of use of the latest control technologies based on actual practice.
In addition, the contractor is analyzing the data base and projecting potential
emission reductions achieveable through application of Stage I, Stage II and
on-board controls.
New Source Performance Standard for Bulk Gasoline Terminals —
Standards of performance "for bulk gasoline terminals were proposed in the
Federal Register on December 17, 1980 (45 FR 83126). This action promulgates
standards of performance for bulk gasoline terminals. These standards implement
Section 111 of the Clean Air Act and are based on the Administrator's
determination that petroleum transportation and marketing cause, or contribute
significantly to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger
public health or welfare. The intended effect of these standards is to require
all new, modified, and reconstructed facilities at bulk gasoline terminals to
control emissions to the level achievable through use of the best demonstrated
system and environmental and energy impacts.
The promulgated standards of performance limit volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from each affected facility on which construction, modification,
°r reconstruction commenced after December 17, 1980 (after August 18, 1983,
for reconstruction necessitated by State or local regulations). The affected
facilities is the total of all the loading racks at a bulk gasoline terminal
which deliver either gasoline into any delivery tank truck or some other'liquid
product into trucks which have loaded gasoline on the immediately previous load.
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The promulgated standards require the installation of vapor collection
equipment at the terminal to collect total organic compound vapors displaced
from gasoline tank trucks during product loading. The standards limit emissions
from the collection system to 35 milligrams of total organic compounds per
liter of gasoline loaded, unless the facility has an existing vapor processing
system (construction or refurbishment commenced before December 17, 1980). In
this latter case, the standards limit emissions from the vapor collection system
to 80 mg/liter.
The Agency has concluded that it is quite costly in light of the resulting
emission reduction for an owner whose existing facility becomes subject to
NSPS (e.g., through modification or reconstruction) to meet 35 mg/liter when
the facility already has a system capable of meeting 80 mg/liter.
To control tank truck leakage emissions during loading, the promulgated
standards require that loadings be made only into gasoline tank trucks tested
for vapor tightness. The terminal owner or operator is required to obtain the
identification number and test documentation for each gasoline tank truck
loading at the facility. In accordance with Section lll(h)(3) of the Clean
Air Act, the Administrator may approve alternative procedures that assure that
loading will be limited to vapor-tight trucks.
The standards are based on the use of carbon adsorption and thermal
oxidation type vapor processors for the 35 mg/liter limit, which represent
the best demonstrated technology. Test data show the ability of these systems
°f continuous emission reduction to achieve the 35 mg/liter emission limit
of the standards of performance. Although only some of the refrigeration systems
tested met 35 mg/liter (all the systems tested were designed to meet the State
implementation plan (SIP) limit of 80 mg/liter), test data and engineering
calculations also support the ability of refrigeration systems to achieve the
35 mg/liter emission limit of the standards. In addition, the major manufacturer
has stated that all currently manufactured refrigeration systems cati be
specified to operate at 35 mg/liter. In selecting those standards, the Agency
considered costs, nonair quality health and environmental impacts, and energy
requirements.
OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES
The Office of Mobile Sources has the responsiblity to characterize
emissions from mobile sources and develop control programs, to recommend
emission standards and any related test procedures for mobile sources, and to
conduct regulatory compliance programs to ensure that mobile sources adhere
to the standards developed.
Within the Office of Mobile Sources, the Emission Control Technology
Division is responsible for assessing emissions from all mobile sources and
developing new emission standards in cases where the new standards are effective
to implement. To support the goal of standards development, the Division
must consider test procedure development, technology assessments, characterization
of regulated and unregulated pollutants from currently regulated and unregulated
sources, cost effectiveness analyses, fuel economy test procedures and the
relationship between fuel economy and emissions, in-use vehicle performance
assessments, and the feasibility of implementing in-use vehicle control strategies.
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The Engineering Operations Division is responsible for the complete
range of tasks required to provide the necessary facilities and equipment in
support of all emission and fuel economy testing programs.
Since both these divisions deal primarily with emissions of fuel combustion
products, they do not fall within the scope of this project. Some relevant
data on fuel characteristics, however, may be available from this Office.
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
The Office of Solid Waste is responsible for implementing the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. As such, the Office has lead
responsibility for the development of all regulations and guidelines under
RCRA as well as the establishment of basic policies for technical and financial
assistance, public participation, and a number of other programs. The following
divisions operate within the Office of Solid Waste:
• State Programs and Resource Recovery Division;
• Land Disposal Division; and
• Waste Management and Economics Divison.
The following subsections describe some of the major projects being performed
by the Office of Solid Waste.
Used Oil as Fuel
The regulations promulgated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) in 1980 (and the additions/revisions of 1981 and 1982) covered
hazardous wastes, but left used oil largely unregulated. In line with sections
that allow exemptions for materials that are reused, recycled or reclaimed,
used (waste) oils have been used as fuels and dust suppressants without being
manifested or tested. Also, waste oils sometimes serve.as carriers for
other hazardous wastes, such as chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic solvents.
As a result of this lack of regulation, waste oils containing heavy metals,
organic solvents, and other contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls)
are dispersed into the environment with.little knowledge of the potential
health impacts and resulting risks to exposed populations. The prupose
of this study is to analyze the risks associated with the use of waste oil as
a fuel.
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Risk assessment is an estimate of the probability and severity of harm to
human health or to the environment as a result of some occurrence. This section
is a quantitative assessment of the risks associated with waste oil burning.
The sources are characterized by examining waste oil burning practices and
estimating emissions from oil space heaters, small waste oil boilers (defined
as those with capacities of less than 15 million Btu/h) , and medium-size oil
boilers (defined as those capacities of 15 to 150 million Btu/h). This effort
was followed by air dispersion modeling to estimate the ground-level
concentrations of waste oil contaminants in the emission. The resulting
concentrations in air were then used to estimate doses to exposed populations
and to determine the response to the population in the form of threshold toxic
effects or excess cancers.
The numbers used to estimate risk to exposed populations were derived from
Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) or from carcinogenic potency factors developed
by the EPA's Cancer Assessment Group. For those waste oil contaminants that
have a threshold response (i.e., a threshold level below which no adverse
effects are observed), the TLV's were modified in two ways: 1) a factor was
added to account for lifetime vs. workweek exposure, and 2) another factor
was added to account for exposure to the most susceptible portion of the
population vs. the typical adult male worker. Risk was estimated by comparing
the modified TLV's—referred to as Environment Exposure Limits (EEL's)—with
the concentrations calculated by the disperson models. For those waste oil
contaminants classed as carcinogens, the current theory is that no safe
threshold exists. For these contaminants, the carcinogenic potency factors
modified for airborne exposure (referred to as reference concentrations) were
used to calculate excess cancers. The ambient air concentration estimated
from the disperson modeling is compared with the reference concentrations to
calculate the number of cancers that would occur from exposure to the ambient :
air concentration. Risk is determined by stating the number of cancers per
10iOOO, 100,000, or 1,000,000 people, referred to as a risk levels of 10 4,
10~5, or 10~6, respectively. Risk was also stated as the risk of cancer to
an individual (one chance in 300,000, etc.)- Appendix B explains the method
for assessing health effects in more detail.
Waste oil varies widely in its composition, depending on the type of oil
(e.g., industrial oils such as hydraulic oil vs. crankcase oil from automobiles
and diesel engines), the extent of its previous use, and the addition of other
wastes (such as degreasing solvents) to the oil. Because its composition
varies, waste oil cannot be easily characterized. The approach taken in this
study was to compile available waste oil composition data and look at the
distribution of concentrations of contaminants. The median, 75th percentile, and
90th percentile concentrations were calculated for each contaminant. The
waste oil composition used for the modeling represented the 90th percentile
concentrations so that risk estimation would err on the side of overestimating
rather than underestimating the risk.
Two air dispersion models were used to estimate ground-level concentrations
of contaminants from sources burning waste oil: the Industrial Source
Complex (ISC) model, and the Hanna-Gifford model. The ISC model, a point-source
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model used to estimate maximum concentrations around a single point source or
several point sources, was used to estimate ground-level concentrations of
threshold contaminants. The Hanna-Gifford model, an area-source model used
to estimate ground-level concentrations from many sources throughout an
entire area (such as a city and its suburbs), was used as the "urban model"
to determine concentrations of both threshold and nonthreshold contaminants from
the widespread burning of waste oil. Air dispersion modeling results are
presented.
For proper interpretation of the results, it is important to know several
of the assumptions used in the modeling. Emissions of metals from waste oil burning
can vary from 20 percent (or less) to 100 percent, depending on boiler operation
and condition. This range is very wide, but a review of data in the literature
indicated that the emission of about 50 percent of the metals in the waste oil
is common. In the dispersion modeling, it was assumed that 75 percent of the
metals are emitted. Although this assumption is realistic, it could result
in overestimating risk in some cases. A limited amount of modeling was also
done based on an assumed emission of 50 percent of the metals in the oil.
Destruction removal efficiencies (DRE's) of organics in waste oil boilers
were assumed to be 97 percent. Some additional modeling was done based on a
99 percent DRE. Some recently completed waste oil test burns done as part of
a current study for the EPA confirm that the usual DRE exceeds 99 percent
(occasionally, slightly less). Again, the DRE assumption used in the modeling
is realistic, but may err slightly on the side of overestimating risk.
The concentrations calculated from the air dispersion modeling were compared
with the EEL's and the reference concentrations for threshold and nonthreshold
contaminants (see Section 5 for detailed results). The threshold contaminants
that appear to present a potentially significant risk are barium, hydrogen
chloride, and lead. Concentrations of each of these substances from sources
burning waste oil could have a significant impact on air quality. The other
threshold pollutants (cadmium, chromium, zinc, naphthalene, toluene, and
ijl.l-trichloroethane) do not appear to have a serious impact on air quality or
pose a significant health risk.
Potential cancer risk estimates are also summarized. At a risk level of
approximately one cancer in 10,000 or lO"4, chromium is a contaminant of conern.
At a risk level of 10~5, arsenic, and in some cases dioxins, become additional
contaminants of concern. At a risk level of 10~6, or one excess cancer in a
million people, cadmium also becomes a contaminant of concern.
Other waste oil nonthreshold contaminants pose lesser cancer risk levels
of 10~7 (carbon tetrachloride, PCB's, tetrachloroethylene, and
1.1,1-trichloroethane) or 10~^ (benzene and trichloroethylene).
Waste Oil Storage
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for environmental
contamination from waste oil storage systems.
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Generally, stored waste oil falls into one of two categories: automotive/diesel
or industrial. Automotive/diesel waste oils consist primarily of crankcase
oils generated by cars, trucks, and other vehicles. Because these oils are
usually consistent in composition and levels of contamination, increased
contamination as a result of mixing the oils from different sources is not
likely. The contaminants that are common in these oils are the metals
barium, chromium, and lead. Lead is still the contaminant of greatest concern,
despite the fact that the decrease in the use of leaded gasoline has lessened
its significance. These waste oils also contain some potentially hazardous
polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNA's).
Industrial waste oils are generated by industry. They include metal
working, hydraulic process, electrical, refrigeration, and turbine oils.
These waste oils can contain a wide range of potentially hazardous constituents,
including halogenated solvents, aromatic solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's), and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, and zinc). The levels of these
contaminants range from very high to essentially zero.
Waste oil is stored in below-ground tanks and 55-gallon drums. Most of
the tanks now in use are made of unprotected steel, but this practice is
changing, particularly for below-ground tanks. For example, to avoid corrosion
problems, the major oil companies are replacing most of their below-ground
steel tanks that fail with fiberglass units.
Tank sizes vary widely, but the vast majority of them (both below-
ground and above-ground) hold 500 gallons or less. Some facilities, however,
have 5,000- to 10,000-gallon tanks, and collector-processors of waste oil
occasionally have tanks that hold a few hundred thousand gallons.
Waste oil that is lost as a result of spills or leaks may contaminate
the land, groundwaters, surface waters, and even the air. The current study
focuses on an evaluation of soil contamination. Evaluation w«?.s limited to
the rate or depth of penetration of waste oil into the soil.
A worst-case scenario approach was selected for determination of the
environmental impact of losses from waste oil storage systems. This scenario
describes the worst conditions for environmental contamination that reasonably
can be expected to occur. If environmental contamination is low under these
conditions, more typical situations are likely to result in little or no
contamination.
Environmental contamination from waste oil loss from above-ground tanks
can result in seepage of spilled oil from the impounded area around the
storage tank or from leaks in the tank bottom. The time required for spilled
oil to contaminate a depth of 30.5 centimeters (12 inches) of soil depends on
the type of soil present within the secondary containment (impoundment) area.
It is predicted that a spill with an average depth of 30.5 centimeters within
the secondary containment area will penetrate a typical sandy soil to a depth
of 30.5 centimeters in only a few minutes. The amount of oil lost depends on soil
porosity, but it will certainly be more than 25 percent. Because cleanup times
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range from an hour to several days, much of the oil will be lost before it
can be cleaned up; thus, a secondary containment system with a sandy soil
bottom is virtually useless. The rate of oil seepage is much slower if the
soils in the secondary containment area are silt or clay, and expeditious
cleanup of spilled oil lessens the loss considerably.
Leaks from the bottom of above-ground tanks also pose severe problems if
the soil under and around the tank is sandy. In the event of a major rupture,
oil may reach a shallow (100 centimeters or 39 inches deep) water table in a
matter of minutes. It would take several days for an oil to reach the groundwater
table if the tank were placed on a silty soil. Regular monitoring of oil
levels within the tank is necessary to assure that a failure does not go
undetected.
Failure of an underground tank will result in seepage of oil into the
surrounding soils. Because leaks are not visible from the surface, they are
likely to go undetected for a much longer period than those from above-ground
tanks. Failure of a tank placed in an average sandy soil may result in
oil migration to a water table 100 centimeters (39 inches) deep in less than
an hour. An average silty soil may lengthen migration times to 1 or
2 months. Because of the long periods of time that may elapse before
detection of oil loss from a below-ground tank, the potential for environmental
contamination from a below-ground tank in a silty soil is still significant.
Clay is the only type of soil that is believed to be safe for burying
below-ground tanks, and this belief may be overly optimistic. Recent
research indicates that interaction of some organics with clay can greatly
increase its permeability.
Spills from containers and drums will result in some seepage of oil into
soils. Depth of oil penetration was evaluated for both catastrophic spills
and sequential small spills. Catastrophic spills tend to spread over a large
surface area. Soil penetration varies with soil type and the type of oil
spilled. A light oil spilled on a gravel surface results in the deepest oil
migration. Sequential small spills do not spread over such a large area, but
the repeated spillage usually occurs in the same location. The result is a deeper
localized penetration of oil, even though the total volume of oil may be small.
In general, groundwater contamination due to spills from containers and
drums should be minimal. Because cleanup of these spills is typically minimized,
however, some soil contamination can be expected, and leaching of some oil
components from oil-contaminated soil may occur.
Waste Oil as a Dust Suppressant
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for harm to human
health or to the environment presented by the use of waste oil as a dust
suppressant. This study is one of three funded by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, to assess the environmental impact
of common waste oil practices. The practices covered in the other two studies
are waste oil storage and use of waste oil as a fuel.
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This study is divided into three main parts: 1) the characterization of
the use of oil as a dust suppressant, 2) the environmental fate of waste oil
contaminants, and 3) a risk assessment. The results indicate that the use of
waste oil as a dust suppressant is potentially harmful to human health and the
environment.
The waste oil management system consists of generators, collectors,
processors, and reusers. Most road oiling is done by collectors, many of whom
also participate in other segments of the industry. For example, these collectors
may also reprocess or blend used oils into boiler fuels. Some road oiling is
done by local government agencies and private industries, which may also be
generators. Because of the large number of participants and the undocumented
nature of the collection/processing segments of the industry, tracing the movement
of waste oil is difficult and it is often necessary to make estimates based on
numerous interviews.
In addition to the projects already listed in this section, the Office of
Solid Wastes is considering listing all non-product refinery wastes under
RCRA.
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
The Agency has authorized a national survey of leaking underground storage
tanks not containing hazardous wastes to determine how many tanks there are,
how many are leaking, and what geophysical factors are associated with leaking
tanks. Initially, this study focuses on motor fuel storage. Subsequent studies
may deal with other kinds of underground tanks and above-ground tanks and
pipelines. A pilot exposure study for leaking underground motor fuel storage
tanks will be undertaken by the Exposure Evaluation Division of this office.
It has been recommended, therefore, that the Office of Toxic Substance
survey be extended in the initial data gathering phase to include additional
types of underground storage tanks. The Office of Solid Waste is in the
process of developing regulations for the control of used oil under Section 3012
of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. These regulations will address
all aspects of used oil recycling from generation to final usage, including
storage. Since storage of used oil in underground tanks is common,
particularly by generators such as service stations, there is an important
interface of this project with the leaking underground storage tanks project.
It has been recommended, therefore, that the Office of Toxic Substances
include used oil tanks in its survey of underground gasoline storage tanks. The
regulation of certain underground storage tanks under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act may be deferred until an overall control scheme for leaking
underground storage tanks is resolved. OSW has regulations to cover tanks
used to store hazardous wastes and is in the process of revising them.
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It has been recommended that the following facilities be included in the
initial survey of tanks.
• Service stations - There are approximately 113,000 service stations;
each typically has a single 500 gallon underground tank for used oil
storage.
• Automotive repair shops - There are approximately 123,800 repair shops;
approximately 93,000 of these store used oil in a single 500 gallon
underground tank, and 30,800 store in a single"500 gallon above ground tank.
• Automobile dealerships - There are approximately 63,000 dealers, each
typically storing in a 500 gallon underground tank.
• Fleet maintenance garages - There are approximately 44,600 garages.
Approximately 42,000 store in a single 600 gallon underground tank,
and 2,600 store in a single 600 gallon above ground tank.
• Airplane service facilities - There are approximately 1500 airplane
service facilities each storing used oil in a single 250 gallon above
ground tank.
At these facilities, most used oil is stored in underground tanks, and many of
them will be addressed under the Office of Toxic Substances' leaking underground
storage tank program. The Office of Solid Waste does not have significant
data on these facilities on which to base a Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act regulatory strategy.
Additional studies are being conducted within the Office of Toxic Substances
in support of various sections of the Toxic Substances Control Act. More
complete descriptions of these projects are not available.
OFFICE OF EMERGENCY AND REMEDIAL RESPONSE
The Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) is responsible for
implementing the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund) and Section 311 of the Clean
Water Act (CWA).
CERCLA provides for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency
response for hazardous substances released into the environment (land, air,
water) and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste sites. The Emergency
Response Division (ERD) is currently engaged in rulemaking to amend Subpart H
of the National Contingency Plan (NCP) pursuant to Section 311(c)(2)(G) of
the CWA and Section 105 of CERCLA. Subpart H specifies testing and data
requirements for inclusion of a dispersant, surface collecting agent, or
biological additive on the NCP Product Schedule, and establishes the procedures
by which an On-Scene Coordination (OSC) may authorize the use of products
listed on the Schedule in responding to an oil discharge in navigable
waters.
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In addition, OERR has the responsibility for several CWA regulations,
including: the Hazardous Substances Pollution Prevention for Facilities
Subject to Permitting Requirements of Section 402 (40 CFR 112); the Hazardous
Substances Pollution Prevention for Facilities Subject to Permitting Requirements
of Section 402 (40 CFR 151); and, the Discharge of Oil regulation (40 CFR 110).
The Emergency Response Division currently is examining the possibility
of revising the promulgated oil pollution prevention regulation. In 1974, in
accordance with oil pollution prevention regulations (40 CFR 112), EPA initiated
the Oil Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Program. The primary
objectives of the program are to reduce the number and volume of nontransportation-
related oil spills and to prevent any such spills that did occur from reaching
navigable waters of the United States. This is accomplished by requiring
each facility that stores oil in quantities as set forth in 40 CFR 112 to
develop and implement an oil spill prevention control and countermeasure
compliance plan, to have it certified by a registered professional engineer,
and to have it available for review by the EPA Regional Office during all
facility inspections. Inspected facilities that are in violation of the
regulations are subject to EPA enforcement proceedings and possible civil
penalties. The Emergency Response Division is in the process of amending the
oil discharge regulation (40 CFR 110). This regulation was promulgated in
1970. Despite significant changes in the Clean Water Act, only minor changes
have been made to the regulation. In addition, the U.S. Coast Guard needs a
determination by the EPA Administratior of the quantity of oil determined to
be harmful in the marine environment of a deepwater port in order to be able
to implement the Deepwater Port Act. Finally, EPA has received a number of
requests concerning possible changes in the regulation. The amendments of
40 CFR are scheduled to be promulgated in June 1985. The Emergency Response
Division is also studying the feasibility of listing gasoline as a hazardous
substance under the designation authority of Section 102 of CERCLA.
OFFICE OF WATER
This office is responsible for EPA activities pertaining to the management
of water programs. These responsibilities include program policy development
and evaluation, standards development, overview, and technical support.
There are four major offices within the Office of Water. Three of these
offices have responsibilities relevant to the petroleum products industry.
Thay include the Office of Water Regulations and Standards, which has major
responsibilities under the Clean Water Act; the Office of Drinking Water,
which is responsible for Agency activities under the Safe Drinking Water Act;
and the Office of Water Enforcement and Permits, which develops policies for
compliance monitoring and enforcement actions and for management of the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System under the Clean Water Act.
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OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
The Office of Water Regulations and Standards is responsible for developing
an overall program strategy for the achievement of water pollution abatement
and control. As such, it assures the coordination of all national water-
related activities within this water program strategy and monitors national
progress toward the achievement of water quality goals. The Office is responsible
for development of effluent standards for industrial sources, water quality
monitoring, and ocean dumping regulations.
Within the Office of Water Regulations and Standards, three divisions
have responsibilities that could involve petroleum products — the Effluent
Guidelines Division, the Criteria and Standards Division, and the Monitoring
and Data Support Division. Currently, the major effort concerning petroleum
products within the Office of Water Regulations and Standards is being
conducted by the Effluent Guidelines Division.
The Effluent Guidelines Division is charged with the following
responsibilities:
• Develop industrial point source effluent limitations and pretreatment
standards for controlling the discharge of toxic, nonconventional,
and conventional pollutants into the Nation's waterways.
• Provide engineering and analytical technical expertise in defining the
most appropriate technologies for pollution control.
• . Conduct in-depth technical studies relating to alternative treatment
technologies and recycling and reuse of wastewater to minimize
the overall discharge of all toxics into the environment.
• Conduct engineering analyses and data acquisition to evaluate the
occurrence and impact of toxic pollutants in the raw waste, treated
wastewaters, and sludge streams discharged by industry.
• Provide assistance to State and Regional Permit Writers in resolving
engineering, economic, and scientific problems arising from permitting
activities based upon effluent guidelines.
Relevant to the study of petroleum distillates, the Effluent Guidelines
Division recently has completed a technical background document and a 50,000-page
rulemaking record concerning wastewater discharge from the disposal and
industrial production processes involving petroleum distillates. Industry
source identification, environmental release to water and land data, economic
data, engineering data, control technology assessments, and control cost
evaluations have been compiled.
The Criteria and Standards Division, which is responsible for developing water
quality standards, is investigating effluents containing toluene, benzene, and
napthalene discharged from commerical or industrial production processes, disposal,
and spills within the petroleum products industry. Ambient water quality criteria
documents are available.
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The Monitoring and Data Support Division prepares industrial environmental
assessments which address impacts from industrial discharges to waters and sewage
treatment plants. Environmental assessments have been prepared for the Petroleum
Refining and Offshore Oil and Gas Effluent Regulations.
OFFICES OF DRINKING WATER
The Office of Drinking Water is responsible for the implementation and
coordination of the programs established by the Safe Drinking Water Act. It
establishes standards, develops regulations, policies, and guidelines for
drinking water quality and treatment requisite to protect the public health
and welfare. It also develops regulations specifying minimum requirements for
the State programs designed to protect underground sources of drinking water from
endangerment by subsurface emplacement of fluid through wells. Where State
programs are insufficient or nonexistent, it develops State-Specific Federal
Regulations and implements the program.
This Office is currently developing drinking water standards or guidelines
for several petroleum based products including benzene, toluene, xylenes, and
ethyl benzene. A draft Health Advisory on November 2 Fuel Oil/Kerosine has also
been prepared. The Office also has an interest in the use of petroleum asphalts
or coatings in drinking water piping systems and tanks.
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
The Office of Toxic Substances, as mandated by the Toxic Substances
Control Act, is responsible for developing and operating Agency programs and
policies for new and existing chemicals. In each of these areas, the Office
Director is responsible for information collection, data development, health,
environmental, and economic assessments, and negotiated regulatory control .
actions. The Office Director also is responsible for coordinating communication
with the industrial community, environmental groups, and other parties
on matters relating to the implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act
and managing the joint planning of toxics research under the auspices of the
Chemical Testing and Assessment Research Committee. In fulfilling these
responsibilities, the Office of Toxic Substances is investigating several
facets of the petroleum products industry; the major projects are described
in the following subsection.
Used Motor Oil Chemical Advisory
In February of 1984, EPA's Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances issued
a chemical advisory to service station workers, engine mechanics, and any other
workers who handle used motor oil. They are advised to minimize skin contact
with used oil and promptly remove any used oil from their skin. In a laboratory
study, mice developed skin cancer after their skin was exposed to used motor oil
twice a week without being washed off for most of their life span. While this
one study is not conclusive, substances found to cause cancer in laboratory animals
may also cause cancer in humans. The advisory presents recommendations for the
proper handling of used motor oil.
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Chemical Advisories discuss toxic effects of chemicals of concern, routes
of exposure and alternative methods of reducing risks. They are written by
EPA's Office of Toxic Substances after consultation with interested parties
which could include companies, public interest groups, and other agencies.
They are designed to be used where an increased awareness of potential risk is
likely to lead to meaningful precautions, and are addressed and distributed to
individuals or organizations for whom the information is most useful. Chemical
Advisories are intended to encourage voluntary risk reduction actions by
individuals or organizations in instances where regulatory control is not
appropriate or as interim measures while regulatory action is pursued.
Synthetic Fuel Premanufacturing Notice
Synthetic fuels may be submitted to OTS under Premanufacture Notice (PMN)
Regulations. The Chemical Engineering Branch reviews such notices to identify
and estimate environmental releases or worker exposure throughout the industrial-
commercial cycle. Currently there are no PMN reviews underway. PMN's are
often received for petroleum additives. For both petroleum additives and
synthetic fuels, much of the work has to be based on analogy to what happens in
the petroleum industry.
Catalytically Cracked Clarified Oil
Regulatory activities are being considered by the Office of Toxic Substances
under TSCA for Catalytically Cracked Clarified Oil (CCCO). The Risk Management
Branch is reviewing data submitted from the American Petroleum Institute (API)
during 1982. The API study of lifetime mouse skin painting indicated the positive
control and the test material both caused significant response, but the onset
of neoplasia development was much more rapid for the test material than for
the established oncogen. It is general knowledge that petroleum oils which
contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are likely to be carcinogenic.
According to the public TSCA Inventory, approximately 18.5 billion pounds of
Catalytically cracked clarified oil were reported as produced or imported in
1977. Because the data base on Catalytically cracked clarified oil is incomplete,
it is recommended that the Risk Management Branch review the advisability of
OTS-initiated contacts with industry to obtain additional information on a
voluntary basis from manufacturers and processors. This information should
specifically include known and probable uses of Catalytically cracked clarified
oil, the extent of current monitoring for PAH during the manufacture and
processing of this product, and the availability/feasibility of alternative
processes to obtain comparable products.
Provalent 4-A
The Chemical Hazard Identification Branch of OTS has reviewed preliminary
results of a skin painting study reporting that each of two tested materials
(ARCO LB-7979 and Provalent 4A (catalytically and/or thermally cracked petroleum
distillates)) had produced skin tumors when applied to the shaven skin of mice.
The submitter stated that all tumors observed thus far had been characterized as
benign by the performing laboratory. The submitter also stated that the
incidence of apparently benign skin tumors observed at this stage of this study
does not indicate a substantial health risk to humans.
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It was recommended that the Atlantic Richfield company and Mobil Oil
Corporation should be requested to provide the CAS numbers of the components
in their products. It was also recommended that EPA transmit a copy of a
status report to the Mobil Oil Corporation, the Standard Oil Company (Indiana),
NIOSH, OSHA, DOE, DOT and OWWM.
ETHYLTOLUENES, TRIMETHYLBENZENES, AND Cg AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FRACTION:
PROPOSED TEST RULE
In its Tenth Report, the Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) designated
mixed ethyltoluenes (ET) and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TMB) for priority
consideration for environmental and health effects testing. In its Eleventh
Report, the ITC recommended that the other trimethylbenzenes be considered
for testing. Under section 4(a) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA),
EPA is proposing that manufacturers and processors of the Cg aromatic hydrocarbon
fraction, which contains ethyltoluene (ortho-, meta- and para- isomers)
and the 1,2,3-, 1,3,5-and 1,2,4-isomers of trimethylbenzene as primary components,
test the Cg aromatic fraction for health effects, including neurotoxicity,
mutagenicity, teratogenicity, reproductive effects and carcinogenicity (in
the event the results of mutagenicity studies are positive). Health effects
testing would be performed according to test standards prescribed in a subsequent
rulemaking. Environmental effects testing is not being proposed at this time.
This notice, constitutes EPA's response to the ITC's designation of ET (mixed
isomers) and 1,2,4-TMB as priority candidates for testing, and to the ITC's
recommendation that the other trimethylbenzenes (1,2,3- and 1,3,5-isomers) be
considered for testing.
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
The Office of Pesticide Programs is responsible for implementing the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and certain provisions of
the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The Office coordinates all Agency:
programs concerning pesticide management and regulation, including the establishment
of tolerance levels for pesticide residues which occur in or on food; the
registration and re-registration of pesticides; the monitoring of pesticide
levels in food, humans, and nontarget fish and wildlife; and the preparation
of guidelines and standards for products in the development of more effective
pesticide control programs. In addition, the Office provides policy direction
to technical and manpower training activities in the pesticide area; develops
research needs and monitoring requirements for the pesticide program; reviews
impact statements dealing with pesticides; and carries out assigned
international activities.
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The Hazard Evaluation Division of the Office of Pesticide Programs, which
is responsible for performing risk assessments on proposed and existing
pesticide uses, currently is investigating human and environmental exposure
to petroleum distillates used as carrying agents for pesticides. Areas
of concern include food residues, applicator exposure, and general environmental
exposure from pesticidal uses. No additional information is available.
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Office of Research and Development is responsible for performing all
inter and intra Agency research activities. The identified projects relating to
petroleum distillate products are listed below.
Review of Vapor Phase Hydrocarbons
Information on vapor-phase hydrocarbons presented in this document covers
basic atmospheric chemistry relative to secondary products, especially ozone;
sources and emissions; ambient air concentrations; relationship of precursor
hydrocarbons to resultant ozone levels in ambient air; health effects; and
welfare effects. The principal conclusions from this document are as follows.
Hydrocarbons are a principal contributor to the formation of ozone and other
photochemical oxidants; however, no fixed single quantitative relationship
between precursor hydrocarbons and resulting ozone concentrations can be defined.
This relationship varies from site to site depending on local precursor mixes,
transport considerations, and meteorological factors. Consequently no single
quantitative relationship can be defined nationwide. While specific hydrocarbon
compounds can be of concern to public health and welfare, as a class, this group
of materials cannot be considered a hazard to human health or welfare at or
even well,- above those concentrations observed in the ambient air.
Health Assessment Document for Toluene
Considerable information is available on the effects of toluene on
humans and experimental animals after inhalation exposures. The data on oral
exposure are much less satisfactory, although one acceptable subchronic oral
study using rats is available. No information on dermal exposures suitable for
use in human risk assessment was encountered.
The subchronic and chronic inhalation data lend themselves less to the
definition of dose-response relationships. Most of the reports of human
exposures failed to define precisely levels or durations of exposure, involved
relatively small numbers of exposed individuals, and did not adequately control
exposure to other toxic agents. The animal data are of little use in supporting
the human data because humans appear to be more sensitive to toluene than the
experimental animals on which data are available.
Qualitatively, dermal exposure to toluene can cause skin damage, as is the
case with many solvents, but systemic signs of intoxication are likely to occur
only in cases of gross overexposure.
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