EFFECTS OF
STRIP-MINE
DISCHARGES
MARINE
CAPE ROSIER
MAINE
ON
IRON!
THE
Environmental Prote
Region I
Division of Surveillan
Needham Heights,
August, 1970
ction Agency
ce and Analysis
Massachusetts
-------
4155
EFFECTS OF STRIP-MINE DISCHARGES
ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT NEAR CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Quality Administration
New England Basins Office
Northeast Region
Needham Heights, Massachusetts
August, 1970
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1
Summary 1
Conclusions 3
Recommendations 3
INTRODUCTION 5
Purpose • 5
STUDY AREA 7
General Description 7
The Mining Operation 8
MATERIALS AND METHODS 11
Field Procedures 11
Laboratory Procedures 11
CHEMICAL RESULTS 15
Marine Waters 15
Sediments • 19
Shellfish 22
Seaweeds 28
Ground Waters 30
BIOLOGY 37
Faunal Composition 37
Bottom Sediments • 45
-------
Page No.
Study Area 48
Data Evaluation of Effluent and Control Areas 48
Seasonal lienthic Population Trends 50
DISCUSSION 53
REFERENCES 57
APPENDIX 58
ii
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
I Ground Water Locations 12
II Trace Metals in Cape Rosier Coastal Waters ^
III Trace Metals in Sediments 20
IV Metals Concentrations in Soft-shell Clams 24
V Metals Concentrations in Seaweeds 29
VI Metals Concentrations in Well Water 33
VII Drinking Water Standards for Metals as Set Forth ^5
by Three Health Organizations
VIIIA Percentage Values of Selected Study Organisms- 39
Presented by Survey
VIHB Total Numbers and Percentage Values for Five Predominent 39
Groups of Benthic Invertebrates
IX Benthic Invertebrates 41
XA Comparison of Total Numbers plus Percentage Values 47
of Indicator Organisms in the Study Area
XB Comparison of Number of Kinds in Effluent and 47
Control Areas
iii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page No,
1. Survey and Station Locations, Cape Rosier, Maine 9
2. Callahan Mine Complex 10
3. Water Supply Sampling Locations 32
4. Comparison of Total Organisms and Selected Indicator
Organisms 48
iv
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APPENDIX
A-l Shellfish Closure
A-2 Station Locations - Cape Rosier, Maine
Page No.
60
A-3 Benthic Organisms Per Square Meter, Cape Rosier, ,-,
Maine - Phase I (Dec. 1967)
A-4 Benthic Organisms Per Square Meter, Cape Rosier, gc
Maine - Phase II (May, 1968)
A-5 Benthic Organisms Per Square Meter, Cape Rosier, 73
Maine - Phase III (July, 1968)
A-6 Benthic Organisms Per Square Meter, Cape Rosier, 70
Maine - Phase IV (Sept. 1968)
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
At the request of the Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries and
the Maine Water and Air Environmental Improvement Commission, the Fed-
eral Water Quality Administration in cooperation with the United States
Public Health Service initiated a survey of the coastal waters of Cape
Rosier, Maine, in order to assess the effects of trace metal discharges
to the marine environment of the area.
A series of four surveys were accomplished on a quarterly basis from
December, 1967 to September, 1968. Shellfish, marine waters, seaweeds,
sediments and ground water were collected during each of these surveys
for trace-metal analysis. In addition, benthic organisms were also col-
lected and enumerated in order to determine the effect of the mine's
effluent on marine populations. A fifth survey was conducted by the Maine
Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries during December, 1968, to assess the
background trace metal levels in shellfish, marine water and sediments of
the surrounding area.
Trace metal values of marine water are quite variable from station to
station. Environmental parameters such as tidal stage, climatic condi-
tions and utilization of trace substances by marine organisms at the time
of sampling reduce the usefulness of trace metals in sea water as a basis
of representative conditions.
Although trace metal levels in sediments vary from station to station*
-1-
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zinc and copper values In the area of the Callahan Mine effluent are
significantly higher than the average of all other stations. Sediment-
tary zinc values in the area of the effluent range from 2.6 to 5.7 times
higher than the average of all other stations sampled. Sedimentary
copper values in the effluent area range from 3.4 to 6.9 times higher
than the average of all other stations sampled.
Metals concentrations detected in shellfish of the effluent area are
high compared to background locations.
Zinc concentrations in seaweed from the effluent area range from 3 to 7
tiroes higher than other stations. Copper concentrations in seaweed of
the effluent area range from 2 to 3 times higher than other stations.
Analyses of well water collected from selected sites in the Cape Rosier
area indicate that for the most part metals levels are within the limits
for drinking water set by the U.S. Public Health Service. Some isolated
cases of lead concentrations in excess of USPHS Standards are noted.
Marine benthic populations were sampled and evaluated during each of the
four surveys. Two polychaete worms, Aricidea jeffreysii and Nephthys
incisa, are the most abundant and uniformly distributed species of the
Cape Rosier area. Comparisons of the seasonal trends of these and other
species in the effluent and control areas indicate no abnormal effect
to the marine adult benthic fauna, resulting from the strip-mine
discharge.
-------
Conclusions
1. Zinc and copper values in sediments, seaweeds and shellfish of the
effluent area indicate a heavy influx of these substances to the
marine environment of Goose Cove. Although limits for metals con-
centration in shellfish have not been promulgated by any agency, it
appears that the concentrations found in shellfish near the outfall
. may represent a potential health hazard, as Goose Cove is presently
open for the taking of shellfish for human consumption (see page A-l).
2. Except for isolated cases of excessive lead concentrations, trace
metal levels in well water are within USPHS drinking water standards.
3. Benthic population trends evaluated during the course of the survey
indicate that the adult fauna of the Goose Cove area is able to toler-
ate the effects of the mine's effluent.
Recommendations
1. Because Goose Cove is open for taking of shellfish at the present time
and a potential public health hazard, represented by the high metals
concentrations present in shellfish of the Goose Cove area exists, it
is recommended that further monitoring of this resource be undertaken
by State authorities.
2. In order to validly interpret the long-term effects of trace-metal
loadings to the marine environment, future biological work with rela-
tion to metals should concentrate on the larval stages of organisms
-3-
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rather than adult populations. Work with the much more sensitive
juvenile or larval stage will yield information on growth supres-
sion and toxicity at this stage of development, which does not
become obvious in the adult populations until life cycles are com-
pleted.
3. It is further recommended that future monitoring of public water
supplies of the area be carried out to determine if the high lead
concentrations detected at two Stations (11F and 14F) are persis-
tant, as lead contamination of water supplies presents a definite
public health hazard.
-4-
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INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals discharged to the hydrosphere have long created
serious pollution problems because of the adverse effect excessive
amounts of metals have on aquatic life and the overall degradation
of water quality by them. The immediate and long range effects of
heavy metals upon the life histories of marine organisms are not
completely understood or readily predicted. For these reasons
particular attention is given to anomalous heavy metals concentra-
tions as potential hazards to the flora and fauna of the marine
environment.
Purpose
In November, 1967, the Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries
and the Maine Water and Air Environmental Improvement Commission,
requested the FWPCA, Northeast Region, to conduct an investigation
in the Cape Rosier coastal waters in order to assess the potential
hazards to marine life which may result from the discharge of metals
and other chemical wastes during strip mining operations.
Goose Falls, a small cove located on the southeast portion of Cape
Rosier, Maine, is the source of sea water for the aqueous flotation
and separation process of the Cmllahan copper and zinc strip mine
located nearby. Goose Falls also receives the effluent from this
process.
A series of four surveys were conducted by the FWPCA from the period
-5-
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Purpose (Cont.)
of December, 1967 to September, 1968 - the results of which have been
used in the determination of water quality in the area, the effects
it may have on marine life, and the notential public health hazard
posed by metals discharges. A fifth survey was conducted by the
Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries to assess the background
trace metal level in shellfish, marine water and sediments of the area.
-6-
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STUDY AREA
General Description
Cape Rosier is located in the central coastal section of the State of
Maine and constitutes a portion of Hancock County (See Fig. 1). Cape
Rosier is a small, hilly, peninsular land body known for its natural
beauty and esthetic quality. The Cape is surrounded by Castine Harbor
and the tidal waters of the Bagaduce River to the north, the open
waters of the Penobscot Bay to the west, and the island studded East
Penobscot Bay to the south. Prominent land marks in relation to the
Cape include the City of Castine (north), Isleboro Island (west),
and Little Deer Isle (southeast) Other portions of Hancock County
lie to the east and include the Town of Brookville.
The coastline of Cape Rosier is ruggedly typical of Maine. Many
natural coves penetrate the shoreline and numerous fingerlike land
formations penetrate the waters edge forming excellent shelters for
man and wildlife alike. Picturesque islands of various sizes dot
the northern and southern tips of the Cape.
The economy of Hancock County is orincipally dependent upon the fishing
industry. This area is recognized as one of the world's largest pro-
ducers of lobsters and soft shell clams Other shellfish harvested
for profit include crabs and scallops.
Cape Rosier itself has a history of mining activity. The Callahan
Complex shown in Figure 2 is located in the vicinity of Goose Pond and
-7-
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STUDY AREA (CONT.)
includes part of the Rosier Mines, now defunct. Prior to this operation
Goose Pond, a tidal water pond was the only predominent inland water
body Goose Pond has been drained, and presently a small, shallow,
fresh water pond and a man made ditch, Weir Cove ditch, exists in
this area.
The Mining Operation
The Callahan Mining Corporation started a copper and zinc strip mine
in early 1968. The mining process involves removal of copper-zinc
ore from the strip-mine area to a crushing mill . The ore is crushed
to a size of 3'8 of an inch and is then wet ground in a ball mill.
Various chemicals are then added to promote selective froth flotation:
a copper froth concentrate is removed first and then the zinc froth
concentrate is removed.
The ground materials remaining after the copper and zinc minerals have
been floated off plus the filtrate are pumped to a tailing pond. The
mixture of solid material and sea water, or slurry as it is commonly
called, is estimated to settle to approximately 55 percent solids. The
remaining water is pumped or allowed to overflow into an effluent pond.
The water from the effluent pond is then discharged to Goose Cove.
Rain and ground water which collects in the open pit mine is periodically
pumped directly to the effluent line. Figure 2 depicts the general
flow of water through the mine complex.
-8-
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/ SURVEY AREA AND STATION LOCATIONS
CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
DECEMBER. 1967 - DECEMBER. 1968
LEGEND
• Station Location
•V On BoOui
• Known nviMraltratton of nwtafi at ihown on
mop* of Colby* Atkj* Of Hancock Count y, 1971
[ Th«M Oft incfccottd 01 "coop«r")
' v
BLUE HILL
CAST PENOBSCOT
BAY
^
Flfl PI
^
FIGURE I
-9-
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GOOSE FALLS COVE
UNDERWATER EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
SALT
WATER TO
"~" MILL
FRESH
WATER
POND
INTERMITTANT FLOW
fe. WEIR COVE
'mr DITCH
CALLAHAN MINE COMPLEX
CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
-10-
FIGURE 2
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Procedures
Marine water samples were collected one foot off the bottom at all
stations with a Kemmerer water sampler. Each sample was transferred to
a one liter plastic bottle and acidified for preservation.
Benthic samples were taken with a Petersen grab, an aliquot portion
removed and preserved with acid for sediment analysis and the remainder
put through a 0.5 mm screen. Macrofaunal organisms retained on the
screen were removed to a jar and preserved with formaldehyde for
laboratory analysis.
Seaweed samples, Ascophylum nodosum, were hand picked at the closest
possible proximity to the actual station location. These samples were
iced to retard biological degradation.
Ground water samples were collected by personnel of the Maine Water and
Air Environmental Improvement Commission at selected well sites around
the survey area- (See Table 1).
All clam samples were hand collected by the Maine Department of Sea and
Shore Fisheries.
Laboratory Procedures
Marine and ground water, seaweeds and sediments were analyzed for zinc,
cadmium, nickel, copper and lead concentrations by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer Model 303). December, 1967 and May,
-11-
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Station
Number
TABLE I
GROUND WATER LOCATIONS - Dec. 1967 - Sept. 1968
Cape Rosier, Brookville, Maine - Harborside Area
IF From Property of Brainard Farnham. This is a 63 foot drilled
well which serves two houses - one now vacant. There is some
copper pipe, but remainder is plastic. This has replaced
older copper pipe and when it was all copper in 1962 a test
showed.1 mg/1 copper, The well is at first house on right
on old mine road.
2F From property of Malcolm Gray. This is a dug well which serves
two houses (one near road and now vacant and one further back).
The cover is nailed on. The pipe to the sink is plastic, but
faucet and a short piece of pipe is brass. The well is repor-
ted to be about 10 ft. (or a little more) deep. The well is
on the east side of the road at Harborside.
3F From property of Richard Howard Sr. The well is on west side
of road at Harborside. It is a 315 ft. drilled well. Pipe
is all plastic. Samples taken from basement at pressure tank.
4F From property of Murray Bray, but is a community veil serving
ten houses, including Mr. Tracy Howard. Flows out of well
casing in pit where sample was taken. This is in area behind
third house on right, west of Harborside Corner.
5F From property of James Babbridge. A spring delivers water to
house by plastic pipe with a very little copper in the house.
This is the last house on shore side before cove west of Harbor-
side Corner.
-17-
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Station
Number
TABLE I (Cont.)
GROUND WATER LOCATIONS - DEC. 1967 - SEPT. 1968
Cape Rosier, Brookville, Maine
Road from Harborside to Rosier Grange
All houses listed were sampled.
6 F Fifth house, west side. Property of B. Redman. This is a dug
well less than 10 feet deep. Sample was dipped from well after
breaking ice one foot below top of well.
7 F Ninth house, east side. Robert T. Howard. Spring with house
over it across the road and back 200 feet toward Harborside.
Sample dipped from source. Also serves eighth house west side
of road near cemetary entrance.
8 F Tenth house, and store, west side. Carl Leach. Spring—plas-
tic pipe.
9 F Eleventh house, east side G. Dyer. Spring on C. Leach property-
serves this and also next house. This spring is covered and is
located only a few yards from drainage ditch to Weir Cove.
10 F Callahan Mining Corp.
Drilled well near Office and laboratory. 290 feet deep, samp-
led at pump.
Main Road — Rosier Grange toward Brooksville.
11 F Red house on east side of Weir Cove on side road - spring on
property of Forest Tyson; water flows to cellar in iron pipe.
Sampled at pump.
12 F Second house on east side of road - J.R. Gray property, Spring -
concrete block and wooden cover. Sample dipped from source.
13 F Horseshoe Market - Perry Smith property, Drilled well 92 feet
deep, plastic pipe. Sampled in washroom. Apartment on second
floor has copper pipe.
This is at the "Creek School" location on USGS Map.
14 F Third house, west side, not counting trailer and market pro-
perty of Rosco Rankin - has water rights to spring on Holbrook
Wildlife Sanctuary. Plastic Pipe; sampled at sink.
-13-
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Laboratory Procedures (Cont.)
1968 analyses were performed at the Hudson-Delaware Basins Office of the
FWQA. Subsequent analyses were performed at the New England Basins Office
of the FWQA.
Clam samples from all five surveys were analyzed for zinc, copper, iron,
manganese, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, lead, and chromium at the U. S.
Public Health Service Laboratory at Narragansett, Rhode Island. Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry was also used for these analyses.
Benthic macrofauna collected during the first four quarterly surveys
were separated and microscopically identified at the New England Basins
Office of the FWQA. Identification was performed utilizing standard
biological keys, and results were mathematically evaluated to detect
trends in the data.
-14-
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RESULTS
Marine Waters
Quantities of trace metals found in sea water overlying the biological
sampling sites are shown in Table II.
To delineate the five surveys accomplished during the course of this
program, phase designations have been used as follows:
Phase I - December, 1967
Phase II- May, 1968
Phase III - July, 1968
Phase IV - September, 1968
Phase V - December, 1968
Phase I - (Dec. 1967)
Trace metal values in marine waters during the initial survey showed
variable concentrations of these elements at almost all stations. This
appears to be an indication of the active geology of the area, and must
be taken into consideration when assessing the potential hazards of trace
metal contamination in the marine environment.
Values for zinc (in mg/1) ranged from 1.640 at Station 9 to 0.047 at
Station 8, and an average value of 0.361 mg/1 was obtained for all
stations.
Copper values ranged from 0.302 at Station 9 to 0.042 at Station 7 and
an average value of 0.113 mg/1 was obtained for all stations. Other
trace elements (Cd, Ni, and Pb) were somewhat lower.
-15-
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TRACE METALS IN CAPE ROSIER COASTAL WATERS, MG/L
TABLE II
DECEMBER, 1967 TO JULY, 1968
Station
1
2
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
; 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Goose
Pond Br.
Zn
0.088
0.132
0.84
0.116
; 0.049
0.047
1.640
0.138
'
-
-
-
0.649
0.105
-
_
_
-
-
0.166
PHASE I
Cd Ni
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
-
-
-
-
0.001
0.001
-
.
—
-
-
0.002
0.061
0.004
0.050
0.020
0.021
0.020
0.009
0.031
-
-
-
-
0.008
0.025
.
_
_
-
-
0.026
Cu
0.070
0.109
0.093
0.087
0.042
0.117
0.302
0.117
-
-
-
-
0.187
0.073
-
.
_
-
-
0.047
Pb
0.08
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.04
0.08
-
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
-
0.00
PHASE II PHASE III
Zn Cd Ni Cu Pb Zn Cd Ni Cu Pb
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.070 <0.01 0.07 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.45
<0.01
-------
••J
I
TRACE METALS IN CAFE ROSIER COASTAL WATERS, MG/L
TABLE II (cont)
SEPTEMBER, 1968 TO DECEMBER, 1968
Station
1
2
3
4
7
8
9
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
Zn
0.105
0.035
0.030
0.030
0.035
0.030
0.040
0.060
0.035
0.135
0.040
0.035
0.045
0.095
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PHASE IV
Cd Ni
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.025
0.025
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.025
0.04
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.06
0.06
0.10
0.06
0.14
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cu
0.230
0.090
0.065
0.080
0.105
0.090
0.100
0.135
0.090
0.200
0.100
0.075
0.105
0.245
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pb
0.27
0.27
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.27
0.31
0.19
0.27
0.22
0.31
0.27
0.22
0.27
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Zn
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.02
.
0.02
0.03
0.015
0.015
0.02
0.04
0.015
Cd
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
0.02
-
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
PHASE V
Ni
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
o.
-
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
10
10
06
01
06
10
10
10
Cu
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.035
-
0.030
0.08
0.015
0.02
0.035
0.045
0.035
Pb
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.20
-
0.20
0.23
0.08
0.20
0.27
0.20
0.20
-------
Phase II -(May 1968)
Except for copper, metals levels In coastal waters of the Cape Rosier
area decreased markedly during the Phase II survey, and in most cases
were below the minimum detection limit of the instrument used to analyze
them.
Copper concentrations varied somewhat from station to station as compared
to the Phase I results, but an average value of 0.132 mg/1 for all
stations closely approximates the average of the first survey.
Phase III - (July 1968)
Metals levels during the Phase III survey were generally higher than levels
found during Phase II. Again copper was an exception to this variability
with an average value of 0.122 mg/1 for all stations.
Zinc values ranged from 0.28 mg/1 at Station 15 to 0.04 mg/1 at Station
20 and an average value of 0.085 mg/1 was obtained for all stations.
Lead values increased markedly during this Phase, reaching a maximum value
of 0.50 mg/1 at Station 3, and an average value of 0.37 mg/1 for all
stations.
Phase IV - (Sept. 1968)
During this Phase, average copper concentrations for all stations remained
somewhat similar to previous surveys at 0.122 mg/1. Zinc concentrations
ranged from 0.135 mg/1 at Station 17 to 0.03 mg/1 at Stations 3, 4, and 8.
-18-
-------
The average zinc value for all stations was 0.054 mg/1. Lead concentrations
remained high, maximum values of 0.31 mg/1 being found at Station 9 and 18.
The average lead concentrations for all stations was 0.25 mg/1.
Phase V - (Dec. 1968)
Background samples collected during this time period tended to substantiate
high metals concentrations normal to the Cape Rosier area. Although these
samples were apparently free from the effects of pollutional influx, trace
metal levels were fairly high at all stations, averaging 0.022, 0.079,
0.037, and 0.20 mg/1 for zinc, nickel, copper, and lead, respectively.
Sediments
Trace metal levels in sediments of the Cape Rosier area readily reflect
the long term input of the mining operation on the benthic environment,
as these sediments act as a storehouse of materials. Results of three
Phases (II, IV, and V) are shown on Table III. During all phases stations
near the Callahan Mine effluent (7, 8, and 9) have average trace metal
concentrations significantly higher than the rest.
In May, 1968, zinc values (in mg metal/kg dry material) ranged from 99.5
at Station 8 to 12.2 at Station 1. Average zinc values at Stations 7
and 8 were 2.6 times higher than the average of all other stations.
During the September, 1968 survey, trace metal levels in sediments
generally increased at all stations. Zinc values range from 228.00
mg/kg dry material at Station 9 to 23.01 mg metal/kg dry material at
-19-
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TABLE III
Phase 11
Trace Metals In Sediments (Mg metal/kg dry material)
Cape Rosier, Maine, May and September, 1968
Phase IV
September
1
IS)
o
i
Station
1
2
3
4
7
8
9
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Ave.
Max.
Min.
Ave . of
Ave . of
others
zn
12.2
36.0
43.3
18.5
47.8
99.5
32.6
24.1
14.1
35 8
37.8
-
-
-
36.2
99.5
12.2
7&8 73.65
28.27
Factor,7&8 2.6
to others
Cd
0.26
0.32
0.30
0.18
0.36
0.44
0.18
0.28
0.15
0.15
0.15
-
-
-
0.25
0.44
0.15
0.40
0.22
1.8
Ni
7.09
8.80
11.22
8.88
13.64
21.96
18.37
13.45
13.50
6.78
14.82
-
.
12.59
21.96
6.78
17.80
11.43
1.6
Cu
5.51
5.62
8.37
4.81
9.93
26.79
7.69
10.39
1.96
1.01
3.39
-
-
.
7.77
26.79
1.01
18.36
5.42
3.4
Fb
3.59
2.97
3.05
2.40
3.35
5.27
3.17
3.62
2.35
2 80
3.15
-
-
.
3.25
5.27
2.35
4.31
3.01
1.4
zn
27.23
48.96
43.68
44.12
52.63
215.92
228.00
34.74
24.48
-
23.01
41.07
43.27
48.17
67.33
228.00
23.01
221.96
39.21
5.7
Cd
0.189
0.372
0.283
0.204
0.343
0.469
0.912
0.342
0.191
-
0.192
0.246
0.367
0.225
0.333
0.912
0.189
0.690
0.268
2.6
Ni
15.32
23.42
17.80
14.30
28.60
29.50
28.66
15.66
12.24
-
12.27
21.76
25.67
26.01
20.86
29.50
12.24
29.08
19.37
1.5
Cu
6.79
18.89
8.74
1818.07*
18.02
65.04
67.10
8.93
4.51
-
5.68
5.86
8.43
9.59
18.96
1818.07
4.51
66.07
9.54
6.9
Pb
7.79
5.85
8.90
75.99*
10.75
12.07
12.77
6.46
3.44
-
3.60
3.60
12.69
12.78
8.36
75.99
3.16
12.42
7.54
1.6 F
Ave, of 8&9
1.6 Factor 8&9 to others
* Not included in Average
-------
TABLE III (Cont.)
i
N)
Station
Trace Metals in Sediments (mg metal/kg dry material)
Cape Rosier, Maine December, 1968 (Phase V)
Cd
Ni
Cu
Pb
22
23
8,9
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
St. George
River
16.11
9.80
109.23
32.04
26.94
24.87
12.33
5.35
14.64
17.21
9.02
10.18
31.25
0.18
0.13
0.62
0.21
0.13
0.18
0.08
0.01
0.10
0.07
0.08
0.04
0.13
4.17
4.72
14.69
7.92
11.08
11.66
3.80
2.34
7.12
12.05
4.14
5.22
12.28
3.11
1.54
19.74
2.90
3.48
3.34
2.53
0.74
2.48
2.41
1.41
1.67
6.14
2.22
2.97
19.28
4.38
6.74
6.80
6.48
1.00
6.30
3.44
2.44
2.09
14.51
Note i Phase III Sediment Samples - Laboratory accident. No values Reported.
Sedimnt »amples not collected during Phase I (refer to Interim Report on Cape Rosier)
(1)
-------
Sediments (Cont.)
Station 18. Average zinc values at Stations 8 and 9 were 5.7 times higher
than the average of all other stations. It should be noted that at Station 4
during this Phase extremely high copper and lead values were noted in the
sediment (1818.07 mg Cu/kg dry material and 75.99 mg Pb/kg dry material.
Trace metal levels in seaweeds and clams at this station, although high,
do not reflect such an abnormal concentration to be present. For this
reason it is felt that an enriched piece of material was picked up at this
Station during sampling and is not representative of conditions of the area.
Copper values for all stations during this Phase ranged from 1818.07 mg
metal/kg dry material at Station 4 to 4.51 mg metal/kg dry material at
Station 16. Average copper values for Stations 8 and 9 were 5.7 times
higher than the average of all other stations, excluding Station 4.
Background samples collected during December, 1968 (Phase V) reflect the
same general trend of sediment metals concentrations found in previous
surveys. Stations near the effluent area demonstrated much higher metal
values, especially with respect to copper and zinc, than other stations.
Shellfish
For some time it has been understood that shellfish, expecially the
bivalves, have the ability to selectively concentrate heavy metals to
levels greater than those found within their environment. Many heavy
metals are known to be detrimental to human health. The contamination
of edible shellfish by heavy metals, therefore, can present a serious
health hazard. In general, shellfish accumulate metals by osmosis
-22-
-------
Shellfish (Cont.)
directly from the hydrosphere and by feeding on organisms in lower trophic
levels which also have the faculty of metals uptake.
The fact that Goose Cove (Figure 2) receives the effluent from the zinc
and copper metal processing complex of the Callahan Mine operation indicates
the possibility of metals entering the marine water and shellfish of Cape
Rosier, Maine. Metals analyses were conducted on the softshell clam,
Mya arenaria, for the determination of the presence and concentration of
nine metals.
Clams were qualitatively sampled from selected areas on the coast of
Cape Rosier and included the Goose Cove effluent area. The bulk of
these data are presented on Table IV.
Phase I
Shellfish in the effluent area (Stations 8 and 9) exhibited slightly
higher metals concentrations than other stations. Copper concentrations
in shellfish of this area were 4.8 mg/kg wet tissue compared to average
copper concentrations of 2.9 mg/kg wet tissue for all other stations.
Zinc concentrations in shellfish of the effluent area were 18.8 mg/kg
wet tissue compared to 13.8 mg/kg wet tissue for all other stations.
Other metals (See Table V) showed similar trends in concentrations.
Phase II
Metals levels in shellfish during this Phase generally increased at all
-23-
-------
TABLE IV
METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN SOFT SHELL CLAMS - Mg/Kg WET TISSUE
CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
Phase I (December, 1967)
Phase II (May, 1968)
.p-
I
Station
1
2
4
6
7
8
9
11
14
Zn
14.7
12.6
15.2
13.3
13.6
18.5
19.1
13.7
-
Cu
2.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
2.4
4.9
4.6
2.7
-
Fe
93.6
123.8
138.9
154.0
75.1
526.0
759.7
286.7
-
Mn
2.4
5.9
6.0
5.9
1.3
20.2
21.4
39.9
-
Ni
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
6.2
0.3
-
Co
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
-
Cd
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
-
Pb
2.4
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.2
4.9
2.4
2.2
-
Cr Zn
0.2
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.3
1.4
1.2
2.0
-
16.6
13.8
14.4
16.6
16.6
45.2
28.4
16.2
14.9
Cu
2.7
2.3
4.3
2.6
4.6
8.4
6.8
1.6
2.5
Fe
89.8
262.0
678.2
513.5
281.8
1709.0
131.1
122.4
682.2
Mn
68.2
17.3
43.8
8.0
3.9
204.3
23.4
22.4
28.6
Ni
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
2.1
0.6
1.4
Co
0.1
0.7
0.9
0.5
0.7
1.2
0.7
0.0
0.8
Cd
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
Fe
4.6
1.1
3.2
2.4
2.1
19.5
17.0
0.5
2.5
Cr
4.2
1.3
1.6
2.2
1.4
3.9
2.1
0.6
2.5
-------
I
to
01
I
TABLE IV (CONT.)
METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN SOFT SHELL CLAMS - Mg/Kg WET TISSUE
CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
Phase III (July, 1968)
Cu Fe Mn Ni Co Cd Pb Cr
Station Zn
1 20.1 1.8 327.0 15.6 2.5 0.5 0.1 2.4 1.2
2 17.3 1.8 177.3 10.9 0.8 0.0 0.1 2.2 1.2
4 18.1 1.6 189.2 8.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.9 0.2
6 15.0 2.2 145.5 3.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.4
7 15.4 1.6 76.7 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.5 0.2
8 69.6 4.8 868.5 37.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 5.3 1.3
9 36.5 3.0 123.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.5 0.4
11 14.6 2.3 330.2 34.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.3
14 16.4 1.4 305.5 34.3 1.5 0.5 0.1 1.4 0.2
Zn
Phase IV (September, 1968)
Cu Fe Mn Ni Co Cd Pb Cr
13.9 3.1 1028.0 341.2 1.2 1.3 0.1 2.5 1.2
12.6 2.0 115.8 2.9 0.7 1.9 0.1 1.1 0.5
43.6 7.5 1181.0 80.6 2.0 0.5 0.7 14.0 1.5
15.6 3.3 477.0 5.5 2.7 0.3 0.1 1.7 1.7
17.4 2.9 580.3 19.9 1.1 0.0 0.1 1.9 1.2
35.6 4.6 1942.0 101.8 1.1 0.7 0.6 12.4 1.7
13.4 4.0 690.0 174.3 1.9 1.0 0.2 2.2 1.2
12.5 2.6 430.2 3.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.2 1.3
16.5 2.2 2971.0 191.4 1.5 1.5 0.2 5.6 1.4
-------
I
NJ
TABLE IV(Cont.)
REFERENCE STATIONS
PHASE V
METALS CONCENTRATIONS OF SOFT SHELL CLAMS MG/KG WET TISSUE
December, 1968
Station
8
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Cu
2.9
2.0
1.4
1.2
1.1
2.9
0.9
0.9
1.6
1.7
1.3
Zn
34.7
16.9
11.6
12.5
9.8
13.8
10.4
8.9
8.8
11.0
10.9
Cd
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.4
Pb
7.1
2.4
1.3
1.8
0.0
1.1
1.7
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
Co
1.2
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
Fe
1722.0
766.4
287.5
876.3
196.7
199.1
225.8
355.8
654.8
530.3
262.6
Cr
3.3
6.4
2.7
3.4
3.2
4.5
5.1
5.1
2.6
1.3
2.6
Mn
189.4
21.6
19.2
21.6
4.0
4.3
21.5
21.5
17.1
4.6
3.8
Ni
1.61
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.8
2.1
2.1
1.4
0.9
1.0
-------
Phase II (Cont.)
stations.
Copper and zinc concentrations in shellfish of the effluent area averaged
7.6 and 36.8 mg metal/kg wet tissue, respectively. Copper and zinc
concentrations in shellfish of all other areas averaged 2.9 and 15.6 mg
metal/kg wet tissue, respectively. There was also a significant increase of
lead in shellfish of the effluent area.
Phase III
Zinc concentrations increased slightly for all stations, and significantly
in the effluent area (3310 mg Zn/kg wet tissue). Copper concentrations
generally decreased during this Phase to 1.8 mg/kg wet tissue at all stations
outside the effluent area, and 3.9 mg/kg wet tissue in the effluent area.
Lead and chromium concentrations in shellfish of the effluent area also
decreased, while cadmium remained constant.
Phase IV
Zinc concentrations increased to 18.9 mg/kg wet tissue in shellfish of all
stations outside the effluent area and decreased to 24.5 mg metal/kg wet
tissue in the effluent area. Copper concentrations in shellfish increased
in both the effluent area and other stations. Lead and chromium concentra-
tions in shellfish of the effluent area increased, while cadmium remained
f
constant.
-27-
-------
Phase V
Copper concentrations in shellfish of the effluent area decreased to
2.9 mg metal/kg tissue, while zinc increased to 34.7 mg/kg. Lead
and cadmium also decreased while chromium increased. Other stations
sampled during this Phase cannot be directly compared with previous
phases, because station locations were changed.
Seaweeds
Metals concentrations in seaweeds Ascophylum nodosum from the Cape
Rosier area reflect long-term metals loadings in the marine environment.
Seaweeds, unlike clams, obtain metals by direct exchange with the
hydrosphere, utilizing dissolved materials. On the other hand, clams
more readily utilize particulate matter which contains metals previously
assimilated such as detrital material and aggregates. For this reason,
seaweeds may be considered a primary consumer of metals from the
environment, and clams a secondary one utilizing metals that have already
passed through at least one trophic level.
Table V shows metals concentrations in seaweeds in the Cape Rosier area
reported on dry weight basis. As in the case with clams and sediments,
seaweeds at Station 8 and 9 near the effluent of the Callahan Mine,
exhibited metals concentrations much higher than surrounding areas.
Generally, seaweeds at Station 9 contained higher concentrations of
metals during April and July, while in September, highest values were
reported at Station 8.
-28-
-------
TABLE V
METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN SEAWEEDS, MG/KG DRY MATERIAL
CAPE ROSIER - APRIL 1968 TO SEPTEMBER 1968
JHASE II - APRIL
PHASE III - JULY
PHASE IV - SEPTEMBER
Station
1
2
3
4
7
8
9
10
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Max.
Kin.
Ave.
8 f. 9
Ave.
f\f_ i_
Others
Factor
Zn Cd
113.07 0.66
92.53 0.66
103.05 1.11
105.23 0.63
207.12 1.29
256.20 0.14
478.92 4.16
131.36 0.78
107.73 0.71
98.35 0.93
94.51 0.62
109.21 1.27
- -
.
-
478.92 4.16
92.53 0.14
367.56 2.15
116.22 0.87
8 & 9 to 3.2 2.5
Others
Ni
3.29
13.09
2.09
22.74
2.98
5.44
3.90
5.53
8.93
9.08
4.55
3.43
_
_
-
22.74
2.09
4.67
7.57
0.6
Cu Pb
7.36 4.47
8.86 4.63
5.43 4.84
7.26 3.90
5.05 4.79
12.81 6.69
19.26 4.05
6.31 4.06
6.24 5.39
7.42 3.89
6.24 4.10
6.60 4.40
_ _
_
-
19.26 6.69
5.05 3.89
16.04 5.37
6.68 4.45
2.4 1.2
Zn Cd Ni Cu Pb Zn Cd Ni Cu Pb
37.0 0.33 0.50 2.61 2.03 56.8 0.30 4.28 5.98 3.93
34.6 0.22 1.10 2.36 1.25 49.0 0.27 7.86 5.66 3.06
31.9 0.14 0.70 1.06 1.06 117.7 0.22 4.77 6.20 2.86
39.4 0.23 1.18 2.28 1.97 107.2 0.25 3.57 6.19 2.61
49.0 0.17 1.74 2.90 1.39 90.5 0.38 5.45 5.72 4.47
91.0 0.21 1.21 2.88 1.21 871.3 0.82 6.54 22.99 8.71
119.4 0.79 6.21 7.01 2.48 230.1 0.49 3.08 9.04 4.64
— — •• — — • «• ™ _«.
41.1 0.32 1.02 3.24 2.05 48.0 0.25 3.75 4.52 0.95
15.9 0.21 0.15 3.02 0.63 51.9 0.24 3.65 4.68 1.90
33.6 0.22 1.49 1.75 1.49 143.7 0.50 9.95 4.88 5.19
20.4 0.16 0.61 - 1.22 69.5 0.19 5.24 3.96 1.16
48.4 0.22 5.39 3.86 - 97.6 0.33 5.51 5.02 2.98
54.0 0.19 1.73 2.54 1.54 65.0 0.84 3.42 4.31 1.85
25.2 0.18 0.78 1.82 1.25 39.5 0.08 6.30 7.06 1.85
119.4 0.79 6.21 7.01 2.48 871.3 0.84 6.54 22.99 8.71
15.9 0.14 0.15 1.06 0.63 39.5 0.08 3.08 3.96 0.95
105.2 0.50 3.71 4.94 1.84 550.7 0.66 4.81 16.02 6.68
33.6 0.22 0.94 2.40 1.45 78.0 0.37 5.31 5.35 2.73
3.1 2.3 4.0 2.1 1.3 7.1 1.8 0.9 3.0 2.4
I
to
vD
I
-------
Seaweeds (Cont.)
Average values for zinc at Stations 8 and 9 were significantly higher for
all surveys than the average of all other stations, ranging from 3.1 to
7.1 times higher during July and September, respectively.
Maximum values for zinc occurred at Station 8 during September when a
concentration of 871.3 rag/kg dry material was detected in the seaweeds.
The highest value occurring at Station 9 was 478.92 mg/kg during April.
Copper concentrations in seaweeds were also high in the effluent area,
ranging from 2 to 3 times higher than the average of all other stations
during July and September, respectively.
Maximum copper concentrations in seaweeds at Station 8 occurred during
September (22.99 mg/kg), while at Station 9 the maximum occurred in
April (19.26 mg/kg).
The abundance of other metals (Cd, Ni, and Pb) was not as pronounced in
the effluent area as copper and zinc. However, in most cases they were
above values found at other stations.
Ground Waters
Ground water collected from locations near the Callahan Mine complex
were analyzed for the metals zinc, cadmium, nickel, copper, and lead.
The purpose of these analyses was to determine whether or not the
mine was causing metals contamination of the well water used for drinking
by local inhabitants of Cape Rosier. When subjected to water, metals
-30-
-------
Ground Waters (Cont.)
can be leached from the ground and transported into ground water systems
from which well water is drawn. If incidents of heavy metal loadings
occur, serious health hazards can result.
Table VI lists the concentrations of the five metals analyzed, and
Figure 3 indicates the approximate sample locations. Table VII which
indicates the drinking water standards for metals as set forth by three
health organizations serves as an aid in distinguishing if the Cape Rosier
well waters are meeting recommended and allowable concentrations for
certain metals.
Since nickel is not listed on the standards table, no direct conclusions
can be derived for this metal except that it is not considered harmful
to human beings in small concentrations. Zinc, cadmium and copper appear
to be well within acceptable limits for drinking water for Phases I,
III, and IV.
The data indicate that lead was also within limits except during Phase I
and III for certain stations. During Phase I Stations 11F and 14F had
lead concentrations of 0.09 mg/1 and 0.08 mg/1 respectively. These
concentrations are greater than the maximum allowable USPHS limit of
0.05 and approach WHO International and WHO European limits of 0.10.
-31-
-------
GOOS6 FALLS COVE
WATER SUPPLY SAMPLING LOCATIONS
CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
DECEMBER, 1967-DECEMBER, 1968
-32-
FIGURE 3
-------
I
u>
TABLE VI
Metals Concentration - mg/1 in Well Water
Cape Rosier, Maine December, 1967 - September, 1968
Station
IF
2F
3F
4F
5F
6F
7F
8F
9F
10F
11F
12F
13F
I4F
PHASE
Zn
1.5.
1.6
0.1
0.1
1.6
0.1
0.02
1.6
0.03
0.07
1.6
0.04
0.05
0.05
I
Cd
0.0
0.001
0.0
0.002
0.001
0.0
0.001
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.001
0.0
0.001
0.0
Ni
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.0
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
.04
Cu
0.5
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.2
0.005
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.14
0.05
Pb Zn
0.0
0.0
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.0
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.0
0.01
0.08
Goose Pond
At Weir
Cove
0.03
0.0
.03
0.02
0.0
< .01
1.3
0.4
< .01
0.8
-
< .01
< .01
< .01
< .01
-
< .01
< .01
< .01
< .01
Cc
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
PHASE II
1
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
-
.01
.01
.01
.01
-
.01
.01
.01
.01
Ni
< .01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
_
< .01
0.15
< .01
< .01
-
< .01
< .01
< .01
< .01
Cu
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.07
0.2
-
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.06
-
0.04
0.08
0.09
0.04
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Pb
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
_
.01
.01
.01
.01
-
.01
.01
.01
.01
Phase I - December, 1967
Phase II - May, 1968
-------
PHASE III
TABLE VI (Cont.)
Metals Concentration - mg/1 in Well Water
Cape Rosier, Maine December, 1967 - September, 1968
PHASE IV
Station
IF
2F
3F
4F
5F
6F
7F
8F
9F
10F
11F
12F
13F
14F
Goose Fond at
Weir Cove
Zn
.
1.07
0.11
0.04
0.47
.
0.03
0.72
0 07
0 04
-
0.02
0.03
0.04
.
Cd
.
0.01
< .004
< .004
< .004
-
< .004
< .004
< .004
< .004
-
< .004
0.008
< .004
_
Ni Cu
0.03
<.01 0.05
<.01 0.25
<.01 0.04
<.01 0.15
-
<.01 0.04
<.01 0.04
<.01 0.0
<.01 0.03
.
<.01 0.02
<.01
<.01 0.11
_ _
Pb Zn
.
< .03
< .03
< .03
< .03
_
< .03
< .03
0.05
< .03
.
0.05
< .03
0.1
0.0
0.68
0.08
0.08
0.45
0.09
< 0.01
-
0.01
0.02
_
_
0.01
0.05
.
Cd
< .004
< .004
< .004
< .004
< .004
-
< .004
-
< .004
< .004
-
.
< .004
< .004
_
Ni
< .01
< .01
< .01
< .01
< .01
-
< .01
-
< .01
< .01
.
-
< .01
< .01
_
Cu
< .005
0.03
< .01
< .005
0.120
_
< .005
_
< .005
< .005
_
_
0.03
0.25
„
Pb
< .03
< .03
< .03
< .03
< .03
_
< .03
_
< .03
< .03
_
_
< .03
< .03
—
Phase III - July, 1968
Phase IV - September, 1968
-------
CJ
TABLE VII
Drinking Water Standards For Metals (mg/1)
as set forth by three Health Organizations
ELEMENT . WHO INTERNATIONAL - 1958 WHO EUROPEAN -( 1961) U.S.P.H.S. (1962)
Cadmium
Chromium
^Hexavaleni
Copp*r
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Zinc
Permissive
Limit
--
t) --
1.0
0.3
--
0.1
5.0
Excessive Maximum
Limit Allowable
--
0.05
1.5
1.0
0.1
0.5
15
Recommended
Limit
--
—
3.0*
0.1
--
0.1
5.0
Tolerance
Limit
0.05
0.05
--
--
0.1
--
_ _
Recommended
Limit
--
—
1.0
0.3
--
0.05
5.0
Maximum
Limit
0.01
0.05
--
--
0.05
--
_-
* After 16 hours contact with new pipes;
But water entering a distribution system should have less than 0.05 mg/1 of copper.
-------
Ground Waters (Cont.)
During Phase III both Stations 9F and 12F have lead concentrations
of 0.05 mg/1. These are maximum allowable by USPHS Standards. Station
1AF has a concentration for lead of 0.10 mg/1. This is two times greater
than the USPHS figure and equal to maximum for WHO International and
equals the tolerance limit for WHO European.
-36-
-------
BIOLOGY
A marine survey in the water surrounding Cape Rosier, Maine was per-
formed to evaluate the effects of a strip mine effluent on benthic
invertebrate life in the outfall area.
Sampling was undertaken outside of Goose Cove to establish a control
area which was relatively free of the strip mine discharge and had a
bottom sediment composition similar to the effluent area. The survey
was initiated in December 1967, before the strip mine was operational to
establish the composition of the benthic community for comparison with
the three surveys (May, July, and September, 1968) performed after the
mine began discharging the waste. Surveys were conducted during different
times of the year to establish seasonal patterns and determine if any
organisms exerted a major controlling influence on the community. A
comparison of population trends of benthic invertebrate life within the
control and effluent area was made to evaluate the influence of the strip
mine effluent.
Faunal Composition
Benthic marine animals are divided into two ecologically different groups:
the epifauna and the infauna. (9) The epifauna comprises those animals
living upon or associated with rocks, stones, shells, pilings, and
vegetation either sitting upon or crawling on these substrata. The
infauna comprises those animals living buried in or digging into the
substratum. They are most abundant below the intertidal zone, which was
the area sampled for these surveys.
-37-
-------
The infaunal environment of the sublittoral zone is more stable than
the epifaunal environment. It is constantly covered with water and is
therefore not subjected to drastic temperature changes, winter ice, and
land predators, such as shore birds. The infauna, being continuously
exposed to the strip mine effluent, would be the most likely to show any
adverse effects that might be attributed to the mine. Because of this
environmental stability and because of their uniform distribution over
broad geographical areas, the infaunal forms were emphasized in this study.
Iversity in kinds and numbers of benthic marine fauna was found in the
level, muddy, bottom communities of the sheltered coves of Cape Rosier
and of Nautilus and Ram Islands.
The predominent form of benthic life, in terms of total numbers, was the
marine polychate worm. This class of invertebrates made up an average
of 76% (Table VIIIB) of the total December to September sample population.
Second and third in order of abundance were the amphipods (Class Crustacea),
averaging 12% and the nematodes, which averaged 6%. Cumaceans (Class
Holothurioidea) and bivalves were fourth and fifth in numbers, each
comprising 1% of the population.
?wo polychaete worms, Arcidea jeffreysii and Nephthys incisa> both members
of the infauna, were the most abundant and uniformly distributed species
of the Cape Rosier Survey. Aridicea jeffreysii comprised from 33% to
39% (Table VIIIA) of the total organisms in each of the four surveys and
was found in 78% (Table IX) of the sample stations. Nephthys incisa
-38-
-------
TABLE VIII
1 o
A-Percentage Values of Selected1^ Study
Organisms-Presented by Survey
Cape Rosier, Maine 1967-68
u>
Organisms December
Aricidea jeffreysii 39.35%
Nephthys incisa 45.227,
Nematoda (Class) .127.
Corophium volutator 1.557,,
Prionospio steenstrupi
May
37.62%
10.06%
22.447.
6 . 50%
2.70%
Survey
July
33.30%
10.74%
2.87%
7 . 53%
4.60%
B-Total Numbers and Percentage Values1 for Five Predominent
of Benthic Invertebrates - Presented by Survey
Cape Rosier, Maine 1967-68
Survey
December
May
July
September
Average
Polychaetes Amphipods
Total Total
No. 1* No. 7.*
52,528 92.177. 2,670 4.687.
94,459 60.28% 15,260 9.747.
75,738 72.207. 23,212 22.13%
50,470 80.86% 9,072 14.53%
68,299 76.387. 12,554 12.777.
Nematodes
Total
No.
70
35,154
3,010
952
9,796
September
46.63%
18.55%
1.52%
3.84%
4.75%
Groups
Cumaceans Bivalves
Total Total
%* No. %* No.
.121 644
22.44% 2,072
2.87% 966
1.52% 672
6.74% 1,088
1.13% 798
1.32% 882
.92% 1,288
1.08% 658
1.11% 906
%*
1.40%
.56%
1.23%
1.05%
1.06%
Percentage values refer to percent contribution to total number of organisms in survey
Selected organisms are the first five listed in Table IX
Percent of total organisms
-------
contributed 10% to 45% (Table VIIIA) of the total organisms in each of the
surveys and was present in 91% (TableK) of the stations. Together,
these two species of marine polychaete worms comprised 55% of the total
number of organisms in the survey (Table IX).
Aricidea jeffreysii, a member of the Paraonidae family, is a small,
delicate, threadlike worm living a sedentary existance in a fragile
tube while feeding indiscriminately in the upper layers of the sediment.
Paraonids such as Acididea jeffreysii are thought to be more widely
distributed than their sparse records might indicate since they are in
general, very small and easily overlooked. (3) Only a sieve with a
small mesh size opening such as the .595 mm used in this survey will
retain them. This polychaete was first in order of abundance making up
38% of all animals (Table IX).
The second most dominant organism, Nephthys incisa, constituting 16% of
all organisms (Table IX) is also a non-selective deposit feeder which
burrows into the flocculent layer that lies loosely on the surface of
the sediment and into the gray silty layer just below. This marine
worm has an eversible proboscis with a pair of horny teeth enabling it
to perform as a carnivore, but the existing literature has reported it
to be a deposit feeder when found in soft, muddy bottoms. (4) Since
predators are not believed to be stable members of the infauna, it is
important to realize that in the Cape Rosier area Nephthys incisa feeds
on the sediments. It is, therfore, considered to be an acceptable or-
ganism for use in the comparison of the control and effluent stations.(5)
The two organisms discussed above, Aricidea jeffreysii and Nephthys incisa,
-40-
-------
TABLE NO. IX
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
Listed in Order of Abundance
CAPE ROSIER 1967 - 1968
Rank Species
1 Aricidea jef f reysi^i
2 Nephthys incisa
3 Nematoda
4 Corophium volutator
5 Prionospio steenstrupi
6 Scolecolepides viridis
7 Marine oLigochaete
8 PhoxerphaLus holbolli
9 Ampithoe spp.
10 Capitella capitata
11 Scoloplos acutus
12 Cumaceans
13 Pholoe minuta
14 Ampelisca macrocephala
15 Harmothoe extenuata
16 Tryphosa pinguis
17 Ninoe nigripes
18 Apistobranchus tullbergi
19 Allorchestes littoralis
20 Polydora cilita
21 Phyllodoce groenlandica
22 Ammotrypane aulogaster
23 Sjpj-o s_etosa
24 Amphicteis gunneri
Number of
Individuals
145,404
64,386
39,186
21,420
12,040
10,108
7,910
7,658
7,406
6,958
5,726
4,354
4,298
3,976
3,052
3,052
2,870
2,786
2,142
1,428
1,386
952
952
854
o/o of Total
Organisms
38,161
16.898
10.284
622
160
653
076
010
944
1.826
1.503
1.143
1.128
1.044
.812
.801
.753
.731
.562
.374
.364
.250
.250
.224
Cumulative o/o
by Number
38,161
55.059
65.343
70.965
74.125
76.778
78.854
80.864
82.808
84.634
86.137
87.280
88.408
89.452
90.264
91.065
91.818
92.549
93.111
93.485
93.849
94.099
94.349
94.573
o/o Occurrence in
all Samples Taken
78.26
91.30
34.78
60.87
34.78
21.74
2.17
47.83
34.78
58.70
36.96
60.87
34.78
54.35
34.78
21.74
54.35
10.87
13.04
4.35
26.09
41.30
2.17
15.22
Class
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Nematoda
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Olicochaeta
Crustacea
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Holothurioidea
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
-------
fe
I
Rank Species
25 Mya arenaria
26 Cirratulus arandis
27 Clymella torquata
28 Gananarus marlnus
29 Cossura longocirrata
30 Nucula proxima
31 Periploma fragilis
32 Echinarachnius parna
33 Mytilus edulls
34 Melita dentata
35 Ostracod
36 Diplocirrus hirsutus
37 Harmothoe Imbricate
38 Eteone lactea
39 Lumbrineris tenuls
40 Polydora llgnl
41 Littprlna littorea
42 Macoma balthlca
43 Pectlnaria gouldll
44 Ampharete acutlfrons
45 Nereis arenaceodonta
46 Strongylocentrotus
drobachlensls
47 Glycera dlbranchiata
48 Nephthys caeca
49 Anonyx nugax
50 Leptocheirus pinguis
51 Spisula solidissima
52 Clymenella zonalis
53 Eulalia billneata
54 Lumbrineris fragllis
Number of
Individuals
770
756
742
728
658
602
574
504
476
448
448
406
392
378
351
334
322
308
308
252
252
252
238
224
210
196
196
168
168
168
o/o of Total
Organisms
.202
.198
.195
.191
.173
.158
.151
.132
.125
.118
.118
.107
.103
.099
.092
.088
.084
.081
.081
.066
.066
.066
.062
.059
.055
.051
.051
.044
.044
.044
Cumulative o/o
by Number
94.775
94.793
95.168
95.359
95.532
95.690
95.841
95.973
96.098
96.216
96.334
96.441
96.544
96.643
96.735
96.823
96.907
96.988
97.069
97.135
97.201
97.267
97.329
97.388
97.443
97,494
97,545
97,589
97,633
97.677
o/o Occurrence in
all Samples Taken
30.44
17.39
13.04
6.54
17.39
21.74
6.52
10.87
23.91
8.70
15.22
15.22
17.39
28.26
26.09
17.39
6^52
23.91
17.39
6.52
10.87
19.56
4.35
8.70
2.17
6.52
2.17
4.35
4.35
15.22
Class
Pelecypoda
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Pelecypoda
Pelecypoda
Echinoidea
Pelecypoda
Crustacea
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Polydora
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Echinoidea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Crustacea
Pelecypoda
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
-------
Rank
Species
Nunfoer of
Individual
% of Total
Organisms
Cumulative
by Nurrber
% Occurrence in
all Sartples
Taken
Class
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Spisula polynma
Eteone lonqa
Edotea triloba
Acmaea testudinalis
Cythura carinata
Scoloplos rubustus
Terebellides stroemi
Tellina agilis
Arabella iricolor
Lyonsia hyalina
Macoma tenta
Nassarius" trivittatus
Paraphoxus spinosus
Paraonis fulgens
Acarina
Gnathia spp.
Lysianopsis alba
Notonastus luri'dus
Aitpharete gracilis
Anphicteis extenuata
Corophium cylindricium
Glyoera capitata
Meterythrops robusta
Pherusa afrinis
Potamilla neglecta
Stemaspis fossor
Asterias forbesi
Caprellidea
154
140
140
126
112
112
112
112
98
98
98
84
84
70
56
56
56
56
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
28
28
.040
.037
.037
.033
.029
.029
.029
.029
.026
.026
.026
.022
.022
.018
.015
.015
.015
.015
.011
.011
.011
.011
.011
.011
.011
.011
.007
.007
97.717
97.754
97.791
97.824
97.853
97.882
97.911
97.940
97.966
97.992
98.018
98.040
98.062
98.080
98.095
98.110
98.125
98.140
98.151
98.162
98.173
98.184
98.195
98.206
98.217
98.228
98.235
98.242
2.17
6.52
10.87
6.52
2.17
6.52
8.70
10.87
2.17
4.35
2.17
6.52
6.52
2.17
4.35
2.17
2.17
4.35
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
4.35
4.35
6.52
2.17
2.17
4.35
Pelecypoda
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Gastropoda
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Pelecypoda
Polychaeta
Pelecypoda
Pelecypoda
Gastropoda
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Arachnida
Crustacea
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Asteroidea
Crustacea
-------
Rank
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Species
Cardita borealis
Cladocera
Lepidonotus squamatus
Nephthys bucera
Platynereis megalops
Talorchestia longicornis
Ampelisca spinipes
Amphipholis squamata
Ampithoe rubricata
Calliopius laeviusculus
Dulichia porrecta
Gatnmarus locusta
Grubia compta
Jaeta marina
Jassa marmorata
Littorina obtusata
Maldanopsis elongata
Nephthys picta
Nereis virens
Paqurus pollicaris
Paranatis speciosa
Pherusa plumosa
Stegocephalus inflatus
Syllidae
Yoldia limatula
ineous (unidentified) 6
imber of Organisms 381
Number of
Individuals
28
28
28
28
28
28
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
,264
,029
o/o of Total
Organisms
.007
.007
.007
.007
.007
.007
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
.004
Cumulative o/o
by Number
98.249
98.256
98.263
98.270
98.277
98.284
98.288
98.292
98.296
98.300
98.304
98.308
98.3L2
98.316
98.320
98.324
98.328
98.332
98.336
98.340
98.344
98.348
98.352
98.356
98.360
o/o Occurrence in
all Samples Taken
2.17
4.35
4.35
4.35
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
Class
Pelecypoda
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Crustacea
Ophiuroidea
Crustacea
Crustacea
Crustacea
Crustacea
Crustacea
Crustacea
Crustacea
Gastropoda
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Pelecypoda
Pelecypoda
-------
were found to be the most dominant, stable, and uniform of all the benthos
collected and are believed to have a similar ecological niche in the upper
layers of the substratum. They indiscriminately ingest the substratum,
where precipitating metals would be concentrated, in search of organic
nutrients. The feeble currents of muddy bottom areas allow organic matter
to settle out, thus providing an adequate source of nutrients for large
numbers of deposit feeders. Any heavy metals, such as zinc and copper,
that are present would also settle to the bottom. Appreciable amounts of
these metals, e.g., zinc, copper, iron, lead, cobalt, cadmium, etc., are
disruptive to ecosystems -- copper, in particular may have a devastating
effect on biological systems. Consequently, comparisons between the effluent
area (Stations 8 and 9) and selected stations in the control area (Stations 1,
2, 3, and 4) will chiefly involve the two deposit feeding polychaete worms,
Aricidea jeffreysii and Nephthys incisa, but will include comparisons of total
organisms and total kinds as well.
Third in order of abundance were the nematodes (10%) found in 34% of the
stations (Table IX). A majority (31,920) of the total number of nematodes
(39,186) were found at Station 17 during the May survey (TableVEBB) . A small
amphipod, Corophium volutator, was fourth in numerical order (5%) and present
at 69% of the stations. Although it does inhabit a burrow and can feed there,
it may leave it, either to feed or possibly to undertake periodic migration.(6)
Because of its ability to migrate once it becomes a member of the epifauna, this
animal is considered to be too unstable to be used as an index species, even
though it feeds on organic detritus and was found in large numbers (2,828) at
Station 8 of the effluent area during the May survey.
-45-
-------
Fifth in numerical order was the small spionid Prionospio steenstrupi
contributing 3% of the total population (Table IX). This marine worm
is a selective deposit feeder that utilizes two large tentacles on its
head to carry fine particles from the surface to its mouth. Ecologically
this is important because this polychaete feeds in the niche where preci-
pitating metals would accumulate. Although it was present in large num-
bers at Station 8 during the May survey, Prionospio steenstrupi has not
been used as a principle index specie because it was not found in any of
the December survey samples.
Those species that contributed less than one percent of the total popula-
tion are considered "fringe species" because of their lack of numbers and
uniformity (Table IX). Of the total 107 kinds, 93 fringe species contri-
buted only 8% of the total organisms. The remaining 14 of the 107 kinds
contributed 89% of the total number of organisms (Table IX). The two
most dominant species composed 55* of the organisms collected.
The great diversity of benthos found in the majority of the soft bottom
station indicates a nomal, clean environment, but lack of numbers and
uniformity of these fringe species prevent using them for comparison be-
tween effluent and control stations. These fringe species are used, how-
ever in comparing the total kinds of the two areas (Table XB).
Bottom Sediments
A field analysis of bottom sediments of the effluent and control stations
had an average of 75-100% silt, except Station 4 which has an average of
55% silt. Fine sand and small amounts of gravel made up the remaining
-46-
-------
TABLE X
A comparison of Total Numbers
Plus Percentage Values of Indicator
Organisms in the Study Areas
Cape Rosier, Maine 1967 - 68
Control Area Effluent Area
(Stations 1, (Stations 8, 9)
2,3,4)
Total Number
of Organisms 237,580 35,322
Total Number of
Aricidea jeffreysii 135,422 4,620
Total Number of
Nephthys incisa 51,926 5,516
Percent
Aricidea jeffreysii 57.007. 13.087,
Percent
Nephthys incisa 21.867. 15.627.
Cumulative Percentage
(A. jeffreysii and
N. incisa) 78.861 28.707.
Control and
Effluent area
Combined
272,902
140,042
57,442
51.327.
21.05%
72.37%
B-Comparison of numbers of kinds
(actual and average figures) In Effluent
and Control Areas
Cape Rosier, Maine 1967 - 68
Station Average No. of
Kinds per Meter December
sq
Control
1
2
3
4
Effluent
8
9
20.0
19.5
13.5
19.0
18.0
19.8
12
11
12
18
15
18
No. of Kinds per Meter sq.
May July September
13
16
11
16
27
23
28
24
17
26
19
21
27
27
14
16
11
17
-47-
-------
percentages of sediment materials.
Study area
Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 were selected for comparison with Stations 8 and
9 because of their similar sediment composition and their distance from
the strip mine discharge pipe (Fig. 1). Station 7 was too close to the
effluent area and Stations 15 and 16 were near the Weir Cove ditch that
connects with a fresh water pond near the mining area. The remaining
Stations (10, 17, and 19) were not sampled continuously during the survey.
The study area will therefore consist of Stations 8 and 9 ( the effluent
area) and Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 (the control area).
Data Evaluation of Effluent and Control Areas
The dominant benthic invertebrates, Aricidea jeffreysii and Nephthys incisa,
were found in all of the study area stations (Tables A-3 to A-6) and comprised
72% of the total organisms (Table X).
A greater density of the benthic fauna in the first four sampling sites
(Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4) indicates the presence of a source of organic
enrichment from the Bagaduce River that is not available to Stations 8 and 9.
Values for changes in the percent composition of the benthos from the Dec-
ember to September surveys were used in comparing the control and effluent
stations rather than actual numbers. However, the raw data may be found
listed in Figure 4.
-48-
-------
NOTE:
20-1
18-
16-
00
UJ
t-
o
- 14-
o
o
o
12-
z
o 10
OC
O
u.
o
a: 8
UJ
to
ID
Z
ui 6
o
tr
UJ
4-
2-
A, Reported in terms of average
numbers and percent increose or decrease
B. Numbers used in graph are the
average values for the Control
Area stations (1,2,3,4) and
for the Effluent Area
stations (8,9)
LEGEND
• Control Area (C)
O Effluent Area (E)
Total Organisms
— Aricidea jeffreysii
Nepnthys incisa
1
DEC. 1967
1 1 "I
MAY 1968 JULY 1968 SEPT. 1968
COMPARISON OF
TOTAL ORGANISMS AND SELECTED INDICATOR ORGANISMS
CAPE ROSIER MAINE 1967-68 (NOTE A)
-4'--
FIGURE 4
-------
Total organisms increased 328% in the effluent area (Stations 8 and 9)
from December, 1967 to May, 1968; while increasing 467. in the control
stations (1, 2, 3 and 4). This increase of organisms in the effluent
area occurred over a four month period during which the strip mine was
in operation. Aricidea jeffreysii increased by 1407. during this period
in the control stations and by 8587. in the effluent stations. As the
population of^Aricidea jeffreysii accelerated dramatically along with
total organisms per square meter, the population of Nephthys incisa
decreased markedly in both areas. Apparently, Nephthys incisa could not
successfully compete with the rapidly increasing Aricidea jeffreysii for
the available nutrients.
Seasonal Benthic Population Trends
Nephthys incisa decreased 47% in the control stations and decreased 167.
in the effluent stations.
From May to July, a decrease in numbers for all organisms occurred in
both areas, except for Nephthys incisa which increased 248% in the efflu-
ent stations. This general decline in organisms in both areas indicates
the possibility that the carrying capacity of the organic nutrients in
the sediments had been reached with inevitable deceleration of population
as food availability decreased. During this period of a 5970 decline in
total organisms and a 68% decline for Aricidea jeffreysii in the effluent
area, the competition for food and space lessened for Nephthys incisa,
which responded with a strong 248% increase in population.
-50-
-------
From July to September, in the effluent area, Nephthys incisa continued
with a 237o increase in population while Aricidea jeffreysii reversed
its downward trend with a 349% increase during this period. Total or-
ganisms increased 97. in the effluent stations. Conversely, the control
stations continued the downward trend with a 247« decrease in Aricidea
jef freysii, a 6% decrease in Nephthys incisa, and a 337<, decrease in total
organisms. In the study area Nephthys incisa appears to be taking advan-
tage of the midsummer reduction of Aricidea jeffreysii by either continu-
ing to increase in numbers (effluent area) or by beginning to level off
(control area).
In September, 1968, the effluent stations had an increase in Aricidea
jeffreysii, Nephthys incisa, and total organisms over December, 1967.
This increase occurred while the strip mine was in operation for
approximately seven months. For this same period the control stations had
a decline in Nephthys incisa and total organisms.
Juvenile Nephthys incisa were predominent in both the control and effluent
stations throughout the survey. (7) The presence of these juveniles suggest
that reporduction occurred despite the presence of waste discharge at
Station 8 and 9.
Large numbers of the polychaete Prionspio steenstrupi (4,242 per square
meter) were found at Station 8 during the May survey and were abundant
during the July and September surveys (Tables A-3, A-4 and A-5). This
worm feeds on fine particles from the surface sediment where the highest
copper concentrations were found in the sediment (26.79 tng/kg) of the
-51-
-------
May Survey (Table III).
Also present in large numbers (2,828 per square meter during the May
Survey at Station 8) was the filter feeding amphipod Corophium volutator,
that strains fine detritus from the sediment (Table A-3).
The presence of large numbers of organisms in the effluent area and the
similarity of population trends of Aricidea jeffreysii and Nephthys incisa,
total organisms and number of kinds in the study area indicate that there
have been no adverse effects to the marine environment caused by the strip-
mine waste discharge into Goose Cove.
-52-
-------
DISCUSSION
Excessive concentrations of heavy metals present a direct hazard to
marine organisms.
Two serious effects may result from the influx of trace metals to the
marine environment. The first is the direct deleterious effect which
these pollutants may have on marine flora and fauna. Secondly, is the
inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency in certain marine plants caused
by heavy metals.
Concentrations of copper in excess of 0.05 mg/1 have been found to have
toxic effects on marine ecosystems. Raymont and Shields (8) found that
the polychaete worm Nereis sp. was killed in 4 days when subjected to this
concentration of 0.05 mg/1 copper. Pringle (9) found the soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria, to be extremely sensitive to copper. Using a 0.2 mg/1
concentration at 10°C and 20°C, all clams died within 23 days at the
lower temperature, while at the higher temperature, all succumbed in 6 to
8 days. Copper concentrations of less than 0.1 mg/1 in marine water have
been found to inhibit photosynthetic processes. Zinc, cadmium and lead
are similarly toxic.
The inhibition of photosynthesis in marine plants caused by heavy metals
is extremely hard to detect in situ. However, its effects over a long
time span may be devastating as a reduction of photosynthesis would upset
the entire ecological and productive balance of the area in question.
At sub-toxic levels, marine organisms which are used as food, notably clams,
-53-
-------
may concentrate metals to a degree which makes them hazardous to human
health.
Zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium and lead all have undesirable effects on
human health. Briefly, copper and zinc are necessary elements for proper
human nutrition and biological function, but excesses can be toxic. Lead,
cadmium and chromium are foreign to the human body, are non-essential and
serve no beneficial function. (10)
Lead and cadmium tend to accumulate in the body tissue rendering them
harmful if one is subjected to small concentrations over a period of time.
Chromium is not cumulative.
No standards have been set forth related to maximum allowable concentrations
for specific metals in shellfish. This report can only refer to metals
at various concentrations which could potentially cause a health problem.
Specific conclusions regarding health hazards are left up to the reader.
The concentrations found for zinc and copper are apprently within safe
limits from a health standpoint. Emetic concentrations for zinc are re-
ported to range from 675-2280 mg/1. (11) Doses of copper over 100 mg are
thought to be injurious.(12) Zinc concentrations are highest at Station
4, Phase IV; Station 8, Phases II, III, IV; and Station 9, Phases II,
III.* Copper in general, follows a similar trend for most stations and
phases. Station 4, 8, and 9 have the highest values.
*Hereafter, station and proper phase designation will be noted as: Example:
8-11 for Station 8, Phase II.
-54-
-------
Cadmium and lead are found in the greatest concentration at Stations 4, 8
and 9 with chromium being highest at Station 1. The fact that these elements
are recognized as health hazards is reflected by the limits for drinking water
imposed for Cd, Pb, Cr, by WHO International, WHO European, and USPHS. These
standards are presented on Table VII.
To point out one possibility of many potential health hazards, let us
consider the concentration of lead for Station 8, Phase II (19.5 mg Pb/Kg
wet tissue. A reported onset of a case of gastro-enteric plumbism was
associated with an alimentary intake of 10 to 15 mg. of lead. (12) An
individual consuming a large quantity of clams containing a similar amount
of lead could be taken ill, not to mention potential complications from
chromium and cadmium.
Cadmium poisoning of humans has resulted from the consumption of foods
or liquids left in cadmium-plated containers. Several health departments
have had to forbid the use of cadmium-plated food containers and pipes
in recognition of the health hazard which can be caused by them.(11)
The presence of significant quantities of lead, cadmium and chromium in
the tissue of clams from the entire Cape Rosier coastal sample area indicate
other sources of heavy metals enrichment in addition to the mine effluent.
According to Colby's Atlas of Hancock County, 1871, there are shown several
areas in the proximity of Cape Rosier, Maine waters with known mineralization
of metal. These are indicated as "copper"; however, many other elements
probably exist as a constituent of the ore bodies. The locations of mines,
-55-
-------
active and inactive, and ore bodies are indicated on Figure 1. Natural
weathering and leaching of elements, combined with surface runoff and
ground water infiltration is the probable means of metals entering into
the marine waters. Inactive as well as active mines are of significance
when explaining metals in clams and marine waters because a characteristic
feature of heavy metal pollution is its persistance in time as well as in
space for years after the pollutional operations have ceased. (13)
-56-
-------
REFERENCES
1. Interim Report on Chemical and Biological Characterization of Water
and Sediment from Cape Rosier, Maine. U.S. Department of the Inter-
ior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Boston, MA. 1968.
2. Petersen, D.G. Johan, 1913. The Valuation of the Sea, Part II. The
animal communities of the sea bottom and their importance for marine
zoogeography. Report of the Danish Biological Station. Vol. 21,
44 pp.
3. Pettibone, M.H., 1963. Marine Polychaete Worms of the New England
Region. Smithsonian Institute, U.S. National Museum. Bulletin 227,
part 1.
4. Sanders, Howard L., 1960. Benthic Studies in Buzzards Bay III. The
Structure of the Soft-Bottom Community. Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol. 5, No 2.
5. Thorson, Gunnar, 1957. Bottom Communities (sublittoral or shallow
shelf). In Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Memo.tr 67
Geological Society of America, Vol. 1, 1296 pp.
6. Yonge, C.M. 1952. "Aspects of Life on Muddy Shores." in Essays in
Marine Biology. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 29.49.
7. Personal communication with Dr. Marian H. Pettibone, Smithsonian
Institute, U.S. National Museum, May 1, 1968.
8. Raymont, E.E.G., and J. Shields. 1962, 1964. Toxicity of copper and
chromium in the marine environment, pp. 275-290. In: Recommended
procedures for the bacteriological examination of sea water and shell-
fish. 1962 APHA. New York.
9. Pringle, B.H., Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. In
press.
10. Browning, E., 1961. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. Butterworths,
London
11. State of California, 1963. Water Quality Criteria. The Resources
Agency of California,State Water Quality Control Board.
12. Kehoe, Robert A., 1966. Lead. Symposium on Environmental Lead Con-
tamination. USDHEW, Public Health Service Publication No. 1440
13. Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria. 1968. U.S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, FWPCA, Washington, D.C.
-57-
-------
APPENDIX
-53-
-------
Shellfish Closure
The official closure of shellfishing in Cape Rosier is confined to the
flats and waters of that section of Harborside, in th» town of Brook-
ville, Hancock County, between a red painted wood post located in a
point of land approximately 200 yard north westerly of the Goose Falls
Bridge and a red painted wood post located on a stone pier approximately
one mile southwesterly of said point of land. The closure area does
not include Goose Falls Cove, which receives the mine processing discharge.
-59-
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
CAPE ROSIER, MAINE
Station #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Latitude
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
44°
22i
22'
22>
22'
22'
21'
21'
.21'
21'
21'
19'
19'
19'
19'
18'
20'
20'
22'
22'
26'
23'
22'
21'
20'
18'
24'
24'
17'
15'
22'
34"
28"
17"
09"
03"
54"
40"
22"
19"
13"
37"
23"
15"
16"
28"
13"
41"
43"
13"
08"
42"
43"
34"
56"
11"
50"
24"
37"
38"
20"
Longitude
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
68°
48'
47'
47'
47'
48'
48'
48'
48'
48'
48'
49'
47'
47'
46'
47'
45'
49'
47'
47'
46'
48'
47'
45'
45'
40'
30'
34'
31'
34'
33'
16"
51"
22"
05"
51"
39"
15"
39"
43"
59"
10"
22"
21"
53"
01"
38"
23"
26"
03"
57"
47"
46"
55"
03"
45"
58"
31"
12"
41"
52"
-60-
-------
r 4-3
Sg.
CAPE BOSIEH. .4/UNF - OECEwBEP 196?
9 10 {5 16 1? 18 19
•ifP-ITVI i Mi
vjF.PH I v<; T'JCIS'V
\JPPHI re; 'Af C'»
t\ifpHT<<; n• jcEy^
NJFPM r v«; -PP .
CAP I Tit i I. [nftt-;
C rt P I I f l L 1 C H "-• i T ft T '
S6
5390 42
11? 56
68f
14
ll? iosn
1*0 644
1*
9*
56 42
28
196
-------
CI3PATULIOAE
MEBf
TABLE «-1 (CONT.)
NUMBER
T 9 9 10 15 16 I? 18 1»
1* - - 14 - -14
LU <*BR I N€« T OAF
NlNOE NjflRJPFS - - ?B 14 42 - .48
----14---
OJ HARMOTHOF EXfEMHATA _ 25
-------
TABLE A.-, (CONT.1
STATION NUMBER
U)
M/A "-TN40TA
3 *
9 10 1> 16
28
14
1*
70
2*
18 19
-------
-•> (CONT.)
KT*'r>«;
STATION MUMBER
.'T[r ttO
SEA JRC'ITN
TOT/IL ''UT 4 Mf SMS
\l, ITftTI
"'« IS
•> -\ <»
J 4ft
1 *
11 12
./M fir ,|F 1 IN THE
3910
4?
u
U 14
163q ?296
7 IS IB
1 150 1*10
1 6 16
-------
A-*
PER SU.
ROSIER* M«INF - MAY
TNCISA
CAPTTOTfl
L&CTE4
» 3 * 7 8 9 10 15 16 1? IS i»
1*71* 125S8 126
16?*
1*
1082
252
51 •
8*
350
70
-------
TA9LE A.4 (CONT.)
STATION NUMBER
MTNUTA
0«:
I
NtNOt
HAPMOTHOP EXTPMHATA
H4RMOTHOP
SPTONIDAP
CILUTA
POLVDOR4 LIGNT
PRIONOSPTO STFFVSTRUPT
3 * 7 9 9 10 15 16 I7 It If
57*
U
U
U 14
70 5* 28
2A 42
96 57*
42
is*
448
42
168
70
70
1400
2940
-------
S Tf-
TABLE A-A (CONT.)
STATION
1 7 T »
7 S 9 10 |5 U if 18 1»
952
U
15*
up (jus A ^FFI jf <;
14
U
56
U
14
-------
TABLE A.ft. (CfW.I
STATION NUH9ER
00
I
SPINT°ES
CO»OPHTTO»E
ORCHE&TIIOAE
1 ?
3 * 7 9 • 10 IS It I7 IS 1»
434
»?
51fl
70
14
14 168 - 154
14
170 1
121b
3B2A 546
4?
56 4970
168
-------
TABLE A-i (CONT.)
STATION
S J.OCU*!TA
BANMABUS
PMOTI04F
PINQUI5
115
JASS* MAPMOR4TA
10 15 It lT
70
53?
U
14
70
126
U
U
-------
O
SEA
T4&LE *-/ ICONT.)
* t n">«
CAJ>f»ELi_TOFA
1*
U
jo
is
41*
98 U 04
5*.
2f»
U
15*
-------
T»BLE *-4
-------
TABLE 4-i (CONT,)
H 9 10 IS 16 l' IS
TOT»L MwO* 11 im 11 1» 1Z 2? 23 * 21
«*MfLF.firv(TN v.< *R^IT»«PY ^ALUP OF i I.M THE
-------
A-5
.BENTHIC
Sn.
CAPE ROSIER* *AtM€ - JUtr. 1<*«,S
ST»TION
TNCTS*
PICTA
CAPTTiTn
'.••not
10 is 16 1? 18
574
4Q2» 57* 504
qg
70
32?
322
140 18? 840
84
B*
532
9t*
f t. 4?
812
*' 2B
2730 U 1120 14
U
T«2 420 434 H48 42
84
70
90 420 42
-------
TAHLt *-« (CONT.I
MTN'ITA
ACUTHC
SPP.
NtMOt
EXTFMi'ATft
U
To
14
'8 1*
14
1*
*<>
- - 2V*
1?A 14 70
14
14
Q 10 ?S 16
14
U
?8 160 168 140
28
50* 28 224
42
?8 140 3T8 ?38 6*4
44fl
70
3598
112
-------
-«! (CONT.)
KT^nc;
STATION NU*BC«
Wl
AMPHARI-TinAE
CLYME^FLI.A
1 ' 1 *
7 8 9 10 15 16 1? j« 19
95?
1*
70
U
266
1* 45
1*
84
164
3??
168
1* 56
47«,
42
1*
56
56
ONi30CJt'pAT'»
ro
-------
l»MOXOCfcBH*LIO*F
TABLE *T* (CONT.)
KTNOS
STATION NUMBER
t ? 3 4 7 • Q 10 (5 16 lT 18
SPP
169
168
1* 14
!»ECTI*»ftRlIO»E
U 7« U
14 14
1414
4?
1662
14
224
420
56
14
56
112
!484 196 98 182
-------
TA9UE «-* fCONT.)
F: SPP,
81 v JI.
11?
!>••>
37B
67*1
9 10 \% U IT 18 1«
140 238
2fl 12ft
70
14 14
70 U
U
42
14
910
126
28
TO
14
1*
98
-------
TAHLE A-« ICONT.)
STATION
L*CNStA
OSf»»C')OS
i
-J
00
I
NEHATOUFS
IS
U
U
TOT4I.
TOTAL
O«OUALlTATIVF C4MPLF-GTVFN AN ARfllTRftfy
14
?66
210
266
14
1946 13236 3450
'4 17 £0 21
)F 1 IN THE TOT&LS
U
U
U
4?
233fl
la
9 10 \1 U I7 18 19
84
42
2ft
46?n
21
1*4
41 84
14
14
2« 2800
2044 8316 29*6 8120 5110
19 16 12 24 24
-------
T*8t_r A-fe
8CNTMIC
CAPE
sO
APICIOF4 JEFFPFYSII
TNCIS*
PHVLLOOoCTOAE
LiCTEA
PABANATI«: SP£cin«;a
E"LALIA
14
2996
Vfc
14
28
14
14
42
19 f5 16
332
112 "4 2450
7fl Ufl
42
14
14 446
70 1S90
5* 1*
14
uo
14
154 14
18 19
154
36* U
-------
TAStE ••* (CONT.)
STATION NUMBER
i
00
o
I
MTNUT4
OP.HIN!
nt;
NTMOK
EXTFVM4TA
1 4 \
t n 4!
42
14
38
w
I*
-
_
1*
15*
1*
9 10 15 16 1? 18 1»
70 - - " fl • .
SIS
14
490
14
14
14
1330
1*
1*
126
14
-------
TAUCE •-* (CONT.)
CO
ANIPHICTETS 6JNNFRT
TOROIIATA
CUVMfcLLA
COSSU^TnAF
NEBEIS AOENACEPnovT*
PECTIN4Q1TOAE
PECT1NARTA 3CVJLr>IT
10
16
U
15*
70
266
1* 28
14
-------
T4RLE »'--4 (CONT.)
STATION
7 8 9 10 IS 16 \f Ifl 1»
AMP-* IP JO A
COROPtiTTOAE
i
00
fs>
I
ORCHESTTIHAE
A«*PI
MART
u
4?
9R
i?o*
70
u
56
94 4?
14
14
126
U
1*
-------
TARLE *-« (CONT.»
K ruins
ST»TtnN NUMBER
MYA fl:VPN«
-------
-b (TOST.)
K'"f«5
N!I*9E«»
> 3 • 7 8 9 10 IS 16 17 10
Tn
DECAPOD
TOTAL • I
ib
oa
u
11 17
8S4
*3lZ » 392 1*66
13 * 3 13
------- |