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DECISIONMA KER rs
STORMWATER HANDBOOK
A PRIMER
Prepared by
NANCY PHILLIPS
Watershed Unit
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5
Chicago, Illinois
Distributed by the
TERRENE
INSTITUTE
April 1992
-------
nr
Produced by the Terrene Institute in cooperation with the Water Quality Work-
group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Boston, Massachu-
setts. Points of view expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views
or policies of Terrene Institute or EPA, nor does any mention of trade names
and commercial products constitute endorsement of their use.
Citation for this book
Phillips, N. 1992 Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook. Terrene Institute, Washington, DC
Photo credits
Bethany Eisenberg, Harvey Olem, and Gregory Biberdorf
ISBN 1-880686-04-X
Copyright® by the Terrene Institute, Inc
All rights reserved
COPIES MAY BE ORDERED FROM
The Terrene Institute
1700 K Street, N.W., Suite 1005
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 833-8317
Fax (202) 466-8554
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
-------
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Preface
Components of the Handbook
Introduction to Stormwater Pollution ...
An Approach to Stormwater Pollution Control . . .
(sJonslructural and Structural Best Management Practice-,
funding Mechanisms . .
Water Quality Checklist ...
How to Use the Water Quality Site Plans . ...
For Further Reading
Stale Nonpoint Source Coordinators
Survey Sheet
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This handbook was developed through the Water Quality Workgroup, composed of
representatives from federal and state agencies, regional and local commissions,
the engineering community, and the local citizenry. The workgroup members were
Carol Coughlin
Bethany Eisenberg
Robert Kubit
Alan Macintosh
Richard Marks
Nancy Phillips
John Rogers
Thanks also go to the many anonymous reviewers who devoted their professional
and personal time to improve this handbook. Specials thanks go to Tom Davenport
and Tom Schueler for their input and Bethany Eisenberg for preparation of the water
quality plans
Dr. Harvey Olem is acknowledged for his technical input and for managing the
project for the Terrene Institute Thanks are extended to Gretchen Flock, Jaye D.
Isham, Lura Svestka. and Judy Taggart of JT&A. inc., for editing, typesetting, and final
production of the handbook.
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PREFACE
With increased environmental awareness,
more citizens have become involved in
making decisions on local management of our
natural resources. These motivated people are
shaping environmental policies and programs in
communities across the country
Urban stormwater runoff is a significant
source of pollution to our nation's waters Essen-
tially, when rain falls or snow melts, water runs
off Ihe land. Our own uses of water (irrigation,
cleaning) may also create runoff As this runoff
travels over the land and impervious surfaces
into ground and surface waters, it carries vari-
ous pollutants generated from our everyday ac-
tivities The scope of this problem is massive. To
effectively protect our environment, we must all
work together to manage urban stormwater run-
off
This handbook provides simple, straightfor-
ward information on urban stormwater runoff
— why it is a concern, how to control it using
best management practices (BMPs), and how to
get help and information. However, because
stormwater management is site- and project-spe-
cific, this handbook cannot prescribe BMPs for
every situation. The goal of this handbook is to
make you familiar with some simple concepts:
ways to protect important natural resources and
identify pollutants of concern and their sources,
and management practices to prevent and con-
trol pollutants
It is our sincere hope that this information
will enable you to more fully address the com-
plex problem of slormwater management
(urban runoff}- Local commitment and educated
actions are key to the development and imple-
mentation of successful management programs
Working together, we can all benefit from im-
provements in the quality of our water re-
sources
Preface
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COMPONENTS OF
THE HANDBOOK
This handbook is organized into two parts-
water quality plans and accompanying text
with background information. Each part should
be used in conjunction with the other However,
the text and water quality plans can also be used
independently Tins handbook has been devel-
oped as an interactive teaching tool that encour-
ages the reader to "jump right in "
Water Quality Plans
In this handbook you will find four water quality
site plans, each representing a different water
resource area groundwater, fresh water,
wetlands, and salt water Each of these tradi-
tional site plans portrays a setting that includes
residential, commercial, and industrial develop-
ments
A basic assumption is that runoff from the
developed area will affect the resource area(s)
Therefore, stormwater best management practi-
ces (BMPs) are included on the site plan to give
you possible approaches that could mitigate the
effects of runoff for that site and prevent pollu-
tants from entering the water resource.
A variety of BMPs to control stormwater
pollution are used throughout the plans to en-
courage you to group them into a system. Taken
together, these BMPs offer a feasible means to
control urban stormwater runoff.
Each water quality site plan includes a leg-
end that identifies the BMPs with a number (1,
2, 3) that correlates to the numbered fact sheet
in the text Each fact sheet has a picture, brief
description, and general guidelines for that par-
ticular BMP
Text
The text is organized into the following sections-
• Introduction to Stormwater Pollution
— provides a general discussion of and
technical information on stormwater run-
off.
• An Approach to Stormwater Pollution
Control — discusses impacts of develop-
ment, changes in water quality, and typical
urban pollutants.
• Nonstructural and Structural Best
Management Practices — contains the
fact sheets that describe the BMPs. These
are keyed to the index of BMPs on the
water quality plans and should be used for
reference.
• Funding Mechanisms — outlines the
various funding mechanisms that could
support these activities.
Components of The Handbook
-------
• Water Quality Checklist — guides local
officials during the review process. The
checklist should be given to those in-
volved with the project (engineers, land-
owners, consultants) before site plan
review so their questions and concepts in
this handbook can be addressed.
• How to Use the Water Quality Site
Plans — provides a narrative description
on how to use the water quality site plans
as a teaching tool.
• For Further Reading — contains addi-
tional material that readers are strongly
encouraged to use. Contact names and
telephone numbers make it easier to ac-
cess these references.
• State Nonpoint Source Coordinators —
lists agencies by state, with addresses and
telephone numbers.
• Survey Sheet — asks questions of read-
ers to get feedback on this handbook.
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INTRODUCTION TO
STORMWATER POLLUTION
With development, changes in water quan-
tity and quality within a watershed can
adversely affect water resource areas Reviews
of water quantity generally address changes in
the rate and timing of discharge from a site
(water volume and velocity), water quality re-
views address changes in the composition of the
discharge from a site (pollutants of concern)
General problems from both water quantity and
quality perspectives as well as information on
the pollutants of concern are provided on the
following pages
Impacts of Urbanization on
Stormwater Runoff
Changes in Water Quantity from a
Site to the Resource Area(s)
Changes in water quantity result from alter-
ations in the site's physical characteristics This
is usually caused by an increase in the percent-
age of impervious cover on the site, a decrease
in vegetative cover, and alterations of the slope.
In addition, installation of "efficient" drainage
devices, such as gutters and pipes, contributes
to this problem. These changes can result in the
following:
• Increased velocity of stormwater runoff,
which can cause numerous problems,
including an increase in the frequency
and severity of flooding, accelerated
channel erosion both locally and
downstream, and alteration of the
streambed composition
• Reduced infiltration into the ground that
depresses the underlying water table
(affecting groundwater recharge) and, in
turn, lowers the level of surface
walerbodies dependent on groundwater
discharge, such as surrounding lakes,
streams, and wetlands. (This is
commonly referred to as a decrease in
base flow)
• Increased volume of stormwater runoff,
which, when combined with higher
velocity, accelerates the rate of channel
erosion and changes in streambed
composition These changes could result
in a loss of animal habitat and disruption
of the natural ecology of the streams.
Changes in Water Quality from a
Site to the Resource Area(s)
Changes in water quality result from changes in
land use that contribute new or additional pollu-
tants to the stormwater runoff. This can result
in the following:
• Elevated nutrient inputs
• Greater contribution of solids, such as
sediment
Introduction to Siormwater Pollution
-------
Increased pathogens
Introduction or increased loading of
toxic substances, such as heavy metals,
pesticides, oil, road salt, and synthetic
organic chemicals
Elevated inputs of organic matter
More litter and rubbish along stream
banks
Lower levels of dissolved oxygen
Alteration of the natural stream
temperature
Typical Urban Pollutants
Nutrients
• Contaminants: Phosphorous and nitro-
gen.
• Sources: Septic systems, agricultural
runoff (fertilizers, animal waste), and
urban landscape runoff (fertilizers, deter-
gents, plant debris)
• Effects Phosphorus is typically the pn-
mary nutrient of concern in freshwater
systems as is nitrogen in saltwater sys-
tems. These nutrients encourage algal
growth that can contribute to greater tur-
bidity and lower dissolved oxygen concen-
trations. Lower dissolved oxygen can
cause the release of other substances (pol-
lutants) into the water column Higher lev-
els of nitrogen (nitrates) in groundwater
are most commonly associated with agri-
cultural practices and malfunctioning sep-
tic systems
• Impacts: Can limit recreational values
(swimming, boating, fishing, and other
uses), reduce animal habitat, and contami-
nate water supplies.
Solids (suspended and deposited)
• Contaminants: Sediment (clean
contaminated) and floatable wastes.
and
• Sources: Construction sites, agricul-
tural lands, and other disturbed and/or
non-vegetated lands, including eroding
stream banks. Floatable wastes are con-
tributed from street litter and careless dis-
posal practices.
• Effects: Increased turbidity and deposi-
tion of sediment.
• Impacts: When deposited, clean sedi-
ment can decrease storage capacity in
waterbodies, destroy benthic habitat (in-
cluding animal nesting and spawning
areas), and smother benthic organisms.
Suspended solids can decrease transmis-
sion of light through water, and interfere
with animal respiration and digestion.
Contaminated sediment acts as a reservoir
for particulate forms of pollutants, such as
organic matter, phosphorus, or metals that
could be released later. These pollutants
can be toxic or can decrease dissolved ox-
ygen levels through the process of sedi-
ment oxygen demand (SOD). Floatable
wastes reduce the aesthetic value of the
resource area and can cause clogging.
Pathogens
• Contaminants: Bacteria and viruses.
• Sources: Animal waste (including pets
and birds), failing septic systems, illicit
sewage connections.
• Effects: Presence of bacteria and viral
strains, including fecal streptococcus and
fecal coliform, in high numbers
• Impacts: Can pose health risks, and
close or restrict use of shellGsh beds and
beach areas
Metals
• Contaminants: Heavy metals, including
lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, mercury, and
chromium.
• Sources: Industrial activities and waste,
illicit sewage connections, automobile
wear, exhaust and fluid leaks, and atmo-
spheric deposition.
• Effects: Increased toxicity of runoff and
availability of metals that can enter into
the food chain.
Decisionmaker's Storm water Handbook
-------
• Impacts: Metals can accumulate in cer-
tain animal tissues that could be ingested
by humans or other animals. They affect
sensitive animal species, plants, and fish-
eries.
• Effects: Increased toxicity to sensitive
animal species and fishery resources.
• Impacts: Causes loss of sensitive ani-
mal species and fishery resources.
Hydrocarbons
• Contaminants: Oil and grease, other
petroleum-based substances, and polycy-
clic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
• Sources: Parking lots and roadways, oil
leaks, auto emissions, illicit sewage con-
nections, and illegal dumping of waste oil.
• Effects: Degraded appearance of water
surfaces; limiting water and air interac-
tions (lowered dissolved oxygen).
• Impacts: Toxic to sensitive animal spe-
cies; degrades fisheries habitats.
Toxic Organics
• Contaminants: Pesticides, polychlon-
naled biphenyls (PCBs)
• Sources: Indoor and outdoor use, in-
dustrial activities, illicit sewage connec-
tions
• Effects: Increased toxicity to sensitive
animal species and fishery resources
• Impacts: Cause loss of sensitive animal
species and fishery resources
Acids
• Contaminants: Nitrates (NOs), sulfides
(S02)
• Sources: Incomplete combustion pro-
cess coupled with atmospheric reactions
(acid rain)
Humic Substances
• Contaminants: Plant materials, such as
grass clippings, and leaves.
• Sources: Urban and suburban land-
scapes.
• Effects: Increased loading into water-
bodies of organic materials that require
oxygen to decompose; lowered dissolved
oxygen levels can cause the release of
other substances (pollutants) into the
water column.
• Impacts: Degrades fishery resources,
and reduces fish populations.
Salt
• Contaminants. Sodium and chloride
• Sources: Road salting procedures.
• Effects: Increased toxicity to organ-
isms, reduction of fishery resources, and
increased levels of sodium and chlorides
in surface and ground waters Could
stress plant species' respiration processes
through their effect on soil structure and
can cause loss of other compounds neces-
sary for plant viability.
• Impacts: Causes loss of sensitive ani-
mal species, plant species, and fishery re-
sources and contaminates surface and
ground waters
Introduction to Stormwater Pollution
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AN APPROACH
TO STORMWATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
When determining water quantity and qual-
ity issues for any site, you should take
several simple steps that, when followed, will
identify the major concerns within the project
area.
STEP 1
Identify the Resource
Area(s)
B Determine the drainage area of concern
by using topographic maps and drainage
system plans
• Identify flow patterns
B Identify resource area(s) that are affected
by urban stormwater runoff. Consider
these potential resource areas:
groundwater, fresh water, salt water, and
wetlands. Consider on-site and off-site
resource areas.
• Identify other critical and sensitive areas,
such as stream buffers, forest
conservation areas, habitats, steep slopes,
and open spaces that need protection.
• Identify critical geologic features, such as
permeable soils, water table, and bedrock.
STEP 2
Identify Pollutants and Their
Sources
• Identify the sources of pollutants and
potential pollutants within the drainage
area. Stormwater runoff can contain a
variety of pollutants at different levels,
depending on the nature of the proposed
development and the surrounding area.
MAJOR SOURCES*
POLLUTANT
INDUSTRIAL/
AGRICULTURE RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL
Acids
Pathogens
Humic substances
Hydrocarbons
Metals
Nutrients
Salt
Solids
Toxic organics
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
The above matrix identifies major sources of pollutants
commonly found in stormwater runoff. It is important to
note that all of the pollutants could be found in a given
area. You must identify those pollutants (and their
sources) that are of greatest concern, based on the re-
source area to be protected and its use.
An Approach to Stormwater Pollution Control
-------
in
STEP 3
Consider Effects to
Resource Area(s)
When considering the possible effects to the re-
source area, identify the pollutants of concern
and prioritize them based upon the designated
use of the resource area. Uses can include boat-
ing and similar water-related uses, swimming,
wildlife habitat, fisheries, shellfishing, and water
supply.
• Freshwater Areas (including lakes,
ponds and streams). Areas sensitive to in-
creased nutrient levels (phosphorus, pri-
marily), sediment (scour and deposition),
and bacterial discharges.
• Salt Water Areas (including estuarine
systems and salt water ponds). Areas sen-
sitive to increased nutrient levels (nitro-
gen, primarily), sediment deposition,
bacterial discharge, and heavy metals.
• Groundwater Areas (including aquifers
and contribution zones to public and pri-
vate wells). Areas sensitive to increased
nitrate, sodium, chloride, and pesticide
levels.
• Wetlands Areas (including freshwater
and saltwater wetland systems). Areas
sensitive to sediment, hydrocarbons, and
heavy metals.
STEP 4
Identify the Water Quality
Design Storm
• Select the appropriate design storm to
ensure adequate water quality control
• Compare the water quantity requirements
with the water quality needs of the
resource area.
Water quality design storms focus on the
smaller and more frequent events (1-month to 3-
year storms) as compared to the typical water
quantity design storm of 25 years. These smaller
storms can account for as much as 80 to 90 per-
cent of the annual rainfall and as much as 75 per-
cent of the total volume of rainfall in the area.
At a minimum, the BMP should be designed
to effectively treat the "first flush" of stormwater
runoff — generally defined as the first half-inch
of runoff from a site. The first flush volume can
carry a high percentage of the pollutant load for
that storm event.
Selecting a design storm requires consider-
ation of regional and/or local variables, includ-
ing precipitation levels, inter-event dry periods,
degree of imperviousness, and soil types.
STEP 5
Consider Pollutant Loads
• Avoid the common trap: "It's only a little
bit, it won't hurt the resource area." A
natural system will have a maximum
assimilative capacity and only can accept a
certain pollutant load.
• A careful review for stormwater
management will consider pollutant
loading to the system.
STEP 6
Identify Best Management
Practices
• Identify which BMPs are appropriate for
the pollutants of concern, the conditions of
the site, and desired goals/objectives for
resource protection Develop a BMP
system
• BMPs can be pollutant-specific, therefore,
a single BMP may not remove all
pollutants found in stormwater runoff
• BMPs have different removal efficiencies.
Depending on the degree of protection
required, you may need to use multiple
practices.
• BMPs have site-specific limitations; not all
BMPs will work in any given situation.
Factors such as soil type, depth to
groundwater, and topography should be
considered and may limit your choices.
• To address site-specific needs and
limitations, design a system of BMPs that
will effectively prevent or remove
pollutants at the desired level. For
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
-------
example, your review prescribes treatment
for solids and dissolved metals in runoff
from a development under construction to
a surface water reservoir. An appropriate
system could be a temporary
sedimentation basin, followed by
vegetated swales, then a wet pond, and
finally discharge to the receiving water.
Taken together, such a system might be
the best available treatment for the
stormwater runoff.
STEP 8
Review Existing and New
Development
A review for stormwater management can in-
clude existing as well as new development. Im-
plementing water quality BMPs in existing
developed areas is commonly referred to as ret-
rofitting; this can include modification of exist-
ing practices (such as detention basins) and
construction of new BMPs — dry wells, filter
strips, or infiltrative practices, for example. Ret-
rofitting can be incorporated easily during re-
development or when deemed appropriate by
the landowner and/or local authority
STEP 7
Broaden Your Horizons
When reviewing a specific site, remember that
adjoining land uses and, in most cases, all land
uses within an entire watershed will affect the
resource area. A proper water quantity and
quality review considers the entire watershed,
its uses, and the cumulative impact on the water
resource.
• Review the site and determine volume and
pollutant loading characteristics.
• Consider the effect of adjoining land uses
within the project site's drainage area in a
review of the sub-drainage area.
Selection of appropriate BMPs for the new
site will depend on the designated use of the re-
source area. Also consider the cumulative im-
pact of all land uses to the resource area.
STEP 9
Always Remember . . .
The amount of mitigation necessary and appro-
priate at each site will differ because of varia-
tions in site conditions and the economics
involved in the particular project. All facets, in-
cluding existing development, affected resource
areas (including their present and potential
use), and the nature and scope of the project
should be considered All the stormwater man-
agement options shown or referred to on the
water quality plans are not always essential for
all proposed projects BMPs should be deter-
mined based on ihe particular water resource
area that receives the stormwater discharge.
An Approach to Stormwater Pollution Control
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'
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NONSTRUCTURAL AND
STRUCTURAL BEST
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
T
his section contains eight fact sheets that describe common best managemc'iii practices
(BMPs) to prevent or control contamination of runoff The practices include.
Fact sheet number Page
1. Nonstructural BMPs 15
2. Wet Pond Detention Basins 19
3. Dry Pond Detention Basins 23
4. Artificial Wetlands 27
5. Water Quality Inlets and Oil and Grease Trap
Catch Basins 31
6. Infiltration Practices 33
7. Vegetative Practices 37
8. Erosion and Sediment Control Practices
During Construction 41
Each BMP identified on the water quality plans is keyed to a fact sheet for reference. Some
of the fact sheets have a number of related BMPs. For example, the fact sheet on infiltration
practices describes infiltration basins, trenches, islands, and various subsurface structures. All
of the BMPs described are found on the water quality plans.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
-------
If
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FACT SHEET 1
NONSTRUCTURAL BMPS
Introduction
This fact sheet discusses best management
practices that seek to prevent contamination of
runoff. Through maintenance, education, or
planning and design, these BMPs reduce the
generation and accumulation of pollutants on
impervious areas and the amount of such areas
Implementing these BMPs requires cooper-
ation and participation from municipal person-
nel, project proponents, and the public. The use
of nonstructural BMPs to prevent pollution has
proven a very cost-effective way to manage
stormwater runoff
These BMPs act to reduce the contribution
of pollutants from sources and, in some cases,
remove pollutants The following pollutants can
be controlled by nonstructural BMPs1
• Nutrients
• Oil and grease
• Sediment
• Toxic chemicals
• Trace metals
• Bacteria
• Litter
Major nonstructural (also called source con-
trol) BMPs are described in this fact sheet and
listed by those people who usually implement
these practices: community governing bodies,
public works departments, and private citizens.
Public education programs can be consid-
ered a nonstructural BMP that should be imple-
mented for everyone. People can learn to
properly dispose of litter, yard waste, oil, and
other household wastes They can also learn
how to use fertilizer correctly on their lawns and
gardens Much pollution enters water resource
areas as a result of carelessness or ignorance,
which can be prevented through education
Community Governing
Bodies: Boards of Health,
Zoning, Conservation, and
Planning
Protection Areas
• Buffer Zones Buffer zones around sen-
sitive water resource areas can help re-
duce the impact of urban runoff. Forested
and grassed areas around waterbodies can
trap pollutants, encourage infiltration, and
reduce erosion. Buffer zone regulations
generally are part of community and state
wetland protection laws, wellhead protec-
tion programs, and public surface drink-
ing water programs.
• Setback Requirements. Setback re-
quirements are discrete distances tradi-
tionally administered by boards of health
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
-------
and zoning boards to protect human
health needs. They also can be used to
protect resource areas, ensure ecological
integrity, and avoid concentration of flood
flows.
• Easement. Easements are an alternate
method to protect land areas around criti-
cal resources. Easements are an effective
tool to use with designated buffer zones
and setbacks. Traditionally, the easements
are negotiated with individual landowners
and included as part of the deed to the
property.
• Critical Areas. Critical areas, including
riparian zones, can be designated to main-
tain the quality of the resource area as
well as sustain animal habitat Once desig-
nated, these areas require long-term pro-
tection. Typically, planning boards,
conservation commissions, and other
local units of government are responsible
for critical area management.
Land Use Planning/Zoning
Land use planning/zoning seeks to balance de-
velopment needs with the needs of the resource
area. Communities may restrict activities or set
aside critical land near waterbodies that are im-
portant to protect. This can be accomplished by
watershed protection plans and cluster develop-
ment. Resource-based master planning can
allow development while minimizing the effects
of urbanization. However, it is critical that the
community determine the level of protection
needed to ensure long-term viability of its re-
source areas
The mechanisms to protect resource areas
will usually involve boards and commissions
that are responsible for wetlands management,
planning, zoning, groundwater management,
and boards of health.
Reduced Impervious Areas
Pollution from urban runoff increases when
areas are covered with impervious materials
that collect pollutants and then release them
during rainstorms or when snow melts. Impervi-
ous areas can be reduced by incorporating open
spaces into urban areas, protecting wetlands,
and using alternatives to impervious surfaces,
such as gravel or porous pavement An impor-
tant goal for everyone should be to minimize di-
rectly connected impervious areas, which will
help reduce storm flow volumes and velocity
and, if properly implemented, pollutant loadings.
Zoning regulations can be used to ensure that
new developments include vegetated open
space.
Comprehensive Site Planning
Many problems related to site development can
be minimized by careful site planning. This in-
cludes such concepts as fingerprinting Gdentify-
ing total area to be developed within the
subdivision, including septic systems, roadways,
houses, and other appurtenances), minimum
tree coverage requirements, maximum site dis-
turbance requirements, steep slope protection,
phased development and seasonal develop-
ment
Sanitary Waste Management
Decisions related to the installation of commu-
nity sanitary sewers and management of pri-
vately owned on-site disposal systems can be
critical to maintaining the integrity of the re-
source area. Sewering critical areas and requir-
ing proper septic system placement can reduce
or eliminate the potential for pollutants to enter
the resource area. Frequent inspections and
cleaning can increase the longevity and effi-
ciency of septic systems, thereby reducing pol-
lution.
Department of Public Works
Catch Basin Cleaning
Most municipalities clean catch basins periodi-
cally. However, pollutants that collect in catch
basins between cleanings can be resuspended
during a rainfall. More frequent cleanings can
help to mitigate this problem .especially in areas
surrounding sensitive water resources.
Low Salt Application
Deicing salts used on roadways can adversely
affect water resources. Stormwater manage-
ment programs should specify low salt applica-
tions or salt substitutes in especially sensitive
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
-------
areas. Many communities already restrict salt
use near surface drinking water supplies.
Street Sweeping
Many communities sweep streets regularly, but
generally for aesthetics rather than water quality
control. Studies by the Nationwide Urban Run-
off Program indicated that streets must be
swept twice a week to noticeably-reduce pollu-
tant discharges in runoff; however, even this fre-
quency by itself did not produce high removal
rates. To be effective, street sweeping should be
incorporated into runoff quality control pro-
grams.
Private Citizens
Animal Waste Collection
Animal wastes, usually from pets, are a source of
bacteria in urban runoff. The level of bacteria
can be lowered by reducing or eliminating waste
left where it can be washed into the runoff. Reg-
ulations requiring collection and proper disposal
of pet wastes from yards, parks, roadways, and
other urban areas can help prevent this prob-
lem.
Reduced Use of Pesticides and
Fertilizers
Pesticides can be toxic to certain animal species,
and fertilizers can contribute nutrients to
waterbodies Pesticides and fertilizers contain-
ing nitrogen have contaminated drinking water
Agricultural practices are a source of these pol-
lutants. Use of these products in urban areas is
usually at a rate of application two to three times
greater than that used for agriculture This in-
creases the likelihood that pollutants may enter
the water resource area.
Communities can lower the impact of these
substances on receiving waters by reducing
their use and switching to slow release fertiliz-
ers.
Neighborhood Recycling Programs
These programs are designed to remove pollu-
tants from urban and rural households. This can
include recycling cans, bottles, and plastics,
which often end up as floatable material in
stormwater, and composting yard wastes (grass
clippings and leaves). Also, household hazard-
ous waste collection and proper disposal of
wastes, such as used oil and antifreeze, ensures
that these pollutants do not enter the pollutant
stream.
Industrial and Commercial Waste
Management Program
Industrial and commercial sites can also be in-
volved in good housekeeping practices. Removal
of hazardous substances can prevent pollutants
from entering stormwater runoff. Maintaining a
clean area can reduce the amount of floatable
materials found in stormwater.
Conclusion
Implementing the BMPs presented in this fact
sheet require a strong commitment from local
officials and extensive planning and community
cooperation Some of these BMPs also require
conferences with the project proponent. Com-
munity review boards must investigate develop-
ment plans closely to determine if nonstructural
BMPs are included. Residents living in areas
close to water resource areas must also be
aware of their responsibility to protect these re-
sources.
Nonstructural BMPs should be used in con-
junction with well-planned structural BMPs
Comprehensive stormwater pollution control
should include aspects of nonstruclural BMPs
to be successful
Additional Information
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoff A Pracucal Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs $40. 777 N. Capitol
Street. NE. Suite 300. Washington, DC 20002-4201,
(202) 962-3256
Pitt, D.G. WG Gould, and L LaSota. 1986. Landscape
Design to Reduce Surface Water Pollution in Residen-
tial Areas Water Resources 32. Single copies free;
bulk orders 20C per copy. University of Maryland, Ag-
ricultural Duplicating Services, 6300 Sheridan Street,
Riverdale, MD 20737; (301) 403^263.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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. .
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FACT SHEET 2
POND DETENTION BASINS
Introduction
This fact sheet discusses the characteristics,
physical requirements, and design guidelines
for wet pond detention basins (also known as
wet ponds, retention ponds, wet detention ba-
sins, and detention ponds).
In a wet pond, stormwater runoff is directed
into an artificially constructed or enhanced natu-
ral pond, where a permanent pool of water is
maintained. During a storm event, the pool vol-
ume is increased until the capacity is exceeded.
When this occurs, excess runoff is discharged
through an outlet or emergency spillway.
Pollutant Removal
Wet ponds can remove the following pollutants:
• Suspended solids
• Total phosphorus
• Total nitrogen
• Trace metals, both participate and
dissolved
Wet pond pollutant removal mechanisms
include:
• Settling: When the pond detains runoff,
particulates and associated pollutants ac-
cumulate, or settle, within the pond. Addi-
tional stormwater entering the pond
displaces the runoff, but the settled mate-
rial remains.
• Vegetative uptake: Aquatic plants in
wet ponds often remove nutrients and
other pollutants from the runoff before it
is discharged to the receiving water. The
amount of vegetation in a wet pond can be
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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limited to that which is established natu-
rally or enhanced by additional plantings.
Studies indicate that properly designed wet
pond detention basins can be expected to re-
move pollutants effectively at the maximum re-
moval rates as follows:
• Suspended solids: up to 98 percent
• Total phosphorus: up to 70 percent
• Total nitrogen: up to 48 percent
• Lead: up to 95 percent
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
zinc, and copper: up to 45 percent
Physical Requirements
To be effective, wet ponds require:
• Large amounts of land: Wet ponds gen-
erally are better suited for new develop-
ment projects with large amounts of open
land.
• Non-porous soils: Since wet ponds must
maintain a pool of water, they should not
be built in areas with porous soils. Filtra-
tion can be prevented by constructing the
pond bottom below the normal groundwa-
ter elevation or by using synthetic, imper-
meable materials or clay.
• Level topography: Wet ponds are not
suited to areas with extreme slopes; there-
fore, sites should be relatively flat
• Operation and maintenance: To oper-
ate and maintain a wet pond properly
• Remove accumulated sediments every
five to six years or as necessary
• Inspect, clean, and repair inlet and
outlet structures
• Inspect and repair pond bottom
• Control erosion (regrade, revegetate,
replace riprap)
• Remove debris and litter
• Control nuisance insects, weeds, odors,
and algae
• Harvest deciduous vegetation prior to
onset of fall, as necessary
Design Guidelines
Principles of wet pond design include the follow-
ing:
• Multiple levels: Wet ponds generally
have a multi-level design.
• First level: contains the permanent pool
of water.
• Second level: contains the flat,
vegetated inundation area to be used
during storms.
• Third level: also should be vegetated
but is inundated only during extremely
heavy storms.
• Sizing rules: These rules specify the
volume of runoff to be detained during a
storm. Different government agencies
specify different sizing rules, but none of
these rules should be considered a design
standard
• Spillways: Wet ponds should contain
emergency spillways to prevent flooding
from large storms
• Sediment forebays: Sediment forebays
are areas or structures that trap larger
sediment particles. They can be located
upstream or incorporated into the wet
pond. These BMPs can be easily cleaned
to improve efficiency
• Separated inlets and outlets: Inlet and
outlet structures should be constructed as
far away from each other as possible —
prelerably at opposite ends of the pond —
to prevent short circuiting and increase
detention time
• Other factors: These factors, which are
discussed in the references listed at the
end of this section, include:
• Vegetation
• Side slopes
• Depth
• Shape
• Buffers
-------
Additional Information
For more information on characteristics or de-
sign of wet ponds, refer to the following publica-
tions:
Maryland Association of Soil Conservation Districts.
1987. Stormwater Management Pond Design and
Construction Manual. $15. Howard Soil Conservation
District, 9025 Chevrolet Drive, EUicott City, MD
20142; (410) 465-3180.
Maryland Department of the Environment 1986. Feasi-
bility and Design of Wet Ponds to Achieve Water Qual-
ity Control. $3. Fiscal Services Division, Cash Receipt
Unit, 2500 Broening Highway, Baltimore, MD 21224;
(410) 631-3553.
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs. 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoff: A Practical Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs. $40. 777 N. Capitol
Street, NE. Suite 300, Washington. DC 20002-4201;
(202) 962-3256.
U.S Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice. Field Office Technical Guide. Contact your state
or county office listed in the phone book under U.S.
Government. Department of Agriculture.
. Engineering Field Manual. Contact your state or
county office listed in the phone book under U.S. Gov-
ernment, Department of Agriculture.
. 1986. Revised Urban Hydrology for Small Water-
sheds. Technical Release No. 55. $29. Order
#PB87101580. U.S. Department of Commerce, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
22161; (703) 487-4650.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Methodol-
ogy for Analysis of Detention Basins for Control of
Urban Runoff Quality. EPA 440/5^7-0001. Free.
Urban Sources Section (WH-553), 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460: (202) 260-7085.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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I I
FACT SHEET 3
DRY POND DETENTION BASINS
Introduction
This fact sheet discusses how dry pond deten-
tion basins (also known as dry ponds, dry deten-
tion basins, and dry retention ponds) remove
pollutants; their design, physical, and mainte-
nance requirements; and how to retrofit flood
control dry ponds.
Pollutant Removal
Dry ponds can remove the following pollutants:
• Total phosphorus
• Total nitrogen
• Suspended solids
• Trace metals
• Hydrocarbons
• Bacteria
Removal mechanisms for pollutants include:
• Settling: Dry ponds are designed to
store runoff before discharging it. During
this time, heavier particles settle out, thus
removing suspended solids and pollutants,
such as metals that are attached to the
particles.
• Infiltration: In some dry ponds, stored
runoff is discharged through perforated
pipes under the pond bottom or porous
media, thereby providing some minor
filtration.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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• Vegetative uptake: Some dry ponds
are designed with vegetated areas that fil-
ter and absorb pollutants. These vegetated
areas can be established naturally or en-
hanced through plantings.
Field studies indicate that dry pond detention
basins can be expected to remove pollutants
within the following ranges:
• Suspended solids: 50 to 70 percent
• Total phosphorus: 10 to 20 percent
• Total nitrogen: 10 to 20 percent
• Lead: 75 to 90 percent
• Zinc: 30 to 60 percent
• BOD: 20 to 40 percent
• Hydrocarbons: 50 to 70 percent
• Bacteria: 50 to 90 percent
Physical Requirements
To be effective, dry ponds require-
• Large amounts of land: Since dry ponds
require a large expanse of land, it is easier
to locate them in new developments.
• Gentle slopes: Side slopes should be no
greater than 3:1 to prevent erosion during
larger storms and allow for easier mow-
ing. Steeper banks should be riprapped to
prevent washouts.
• Porous soils: Dry ponds need perme-
able soils (or alternatives such as under-
drains) to avoid problems with standing
water. If the bedrock layer is too close to
the surface of the soil, excavating a dry
pond may be both expensive, difficult, and
ultimately ineffective. Soil borings can de-
termine the depth of bedrock
• Operation and Maintenance: To oper-
ate and maintain a dry pond properly:
• Mow the slopes periodically and check
for erosion
» Inspect the pond regularly for sediment
buildup and vegetative overgrowth, and
clear them away
Remove debris and litter, which can
clog control devices
Periodically unclog extended detention
control devices
Design Guidelines
Principles of dry pond design include the follow-
ing:
• Proper sizing: Desired detention time
and volume of runoff are the most impor-
tant criteria when determining the size of
dry ponds. One example of a sizing rule
comes from the Maryland Department of
the Environment, which specifies that
water quality dry ponds must aDow the
runoff volume generated from the one-
year, 24-hour storm to be released over a
minimum of 24 hours.
• Aboveground outlet structures: These
are less susceptible to clogging and easier
to maintain. Otherwise, separated inlet
and outlet structures should be used.
• Sediment forebay: Sediment forebays
are areas or structures that trap larger
sediment particles. They can be located
upstream or incorporated into the wet
pond. These BMPs can be easily cleaned
to improve efficiency.
• On-site disposal areas for sediment:
These disposal areas should be capable of
holding sediment from at least two
cleanout cycles. The manual prepared by
the Metropolitan Washington Council of
Governments (1987) describes a simple
way to calculate sediment disposal re-
quirements.
• Maintenance right-of-way: The Metro-
politan Washington Council of Govern-
ments suggests a public or private
right-of-way for maintenance access that
has a minimum width of 10 feet and maxi-
mum slope of 15 percent. Lack of proper
access can lead to expensive disputes over
damage to residential property. •
• Retrofitting: Dry ponds originally de-
signed for water quality control generally
provide little treatment for small storms
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
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because the outlets are designed to allow
these storms to flow directly through the
pond. Retrofitting these systems with new
outlet structures can sometimes be an effi-
cient way of converting the flood control
structure to one that will control runoff
pollution. However, communities must en-
sure that the overflow capacity of the pond
is maintained. If the existing structure was
designed to handle flows from the 25-year
storm before overflowing into an emer-
gency spillway, these conditions should be
maintained after the retrofit of the dry
pond; otherwise, it may no longer serve its
original flood control function. Study of
the hydraulic characteristics of the dry
pond will probably be necessary to ensure
this condition.
Other than retrofitting the outlet structure,
some form of temporary storage can be pro-
vided for smaller storms by building a small
stone berm around the existing outlet structure.
In this way, smaller storms can be detained be-
fore being released rather than flowing directly
through the pond, as in many current systems
Additional Information
For more information about the processes, de-
sign, and maintenance of water quality dry
ponds, refer to the following publications:
Maryland Department of the Environment 1991. Stan-
dards and Specifications for Soil Erosion and Sedi-
ment Control $11.25. Steve Kay, Maryland Sediment
and Stormwater Administration, 2500 Broening High-
way, Baltimore, MD 21224; (410) 631-3553.
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs. 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoff. A Practical Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs. $40. 777 N. Capitol
Street, ME, Suite 300. Washington, DC 20002-4201;
(202) 962-3256.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Ser-
vice. Field Office Technical Guide. Contact your state
or county office listed in the phone book under U.S.
Government, Department of Agriculture.
. Engineering Field Manual. Contact your state or
county office listed in the phone book under U.S Gov-
ernment Department of Agriculture.
Ml
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FACT SHEET 4
ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS
Introduction
Artificial wetlands (also known as created or
constructed wetlands, artificial marshes, and ar-
tificial wetland systems) can treat stormwater
runoff effectively because they combine the pol-
lutant removal capabilities of structural
stormwater controls with the flood attenuation
provided by natural wetlands. Careful design, in-
cluding configuration, the choice of vegetation,
and potential pretreatment requirements, is cru-
cial to these systems' effectiveness.
Pollutant Removal
Artificial wetlands remove the following pollu-
tants:
• Suspended solids
• Nutrients
• Oil and grease
• Bacteria
• Trace metals
These wetland systems remove pollutants
through:
• Settling: Wetlands reduce runoff veloc-
ity, thereby promoting settling of sus-
pended solids.
• Vegetative uptake: Plants, which both
remove and filter pollutants, often function
as part of the denitrification process that
removes nitrogen. The level of efficiency
and types of pollutants filtered vary with
the kinds of plants growing within the sys-
tem. Cattails, bulrushes, and canary grass
are among the most commonly used wet-
land plants.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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Artificial wetland systems can be highly efficient
when constructed and maintained properly.
These systems can be expected to achieve or ex-
ceed the pollutant removal rates as estimated for
wet pond detention basins.
• Suspended solids: up to 98 percent
• Total phosphorus: up to 70 percent
• Total nitrogen: up to 48 percent
« Oil and grease: up to 90 percent
• BOD: up to 45 percent
• Trace metals: up to 95 percent
Physical Requirements
To function effectively, artificial wetlands re-
quire:
• Large amounts of undeveloped land: A
large area is needed to provide sufficient
water storage; therefore, it is easier to in-
corporate wetland systems into new devel-
opments rather than retrofit them into
existing developed areas.
• Dry weather source of baseflow: A min-
imum baseflow should be provided for the
wetland system to survive during periods
of dry weather.
• Operation and maintenance: Artificial
wetlands require regular maintenance to
operate effectively, including:
• Periodic sediment removal and
• Harvesting of dead vegetation. If these
plants are allowed to decay, pollutants
that were taken up will be recycled back
into the water.
Design Guidelines
Because using wetland systems to control
stormwater runoff is relatively new and wetland
function is not yet fully understood, universally
accepted design criteria do not exist However,
some general guidelines are important to wet-
land design, including the following:
• Maximize detention time: The Rhode
Island Department of Environmental Man-
agement has recommended that wetland
systems be designed for 24-hour detention
during the one-year storm. This allows
more sediments to settle, while plants can
absorb greater amounts of nutrients and
other pollutants. Runoff travel time can be
increased by reducing the gradient over
which water flows or lengthening the dis-
tance it flows before discharge.
• Separate inlets and outlets ade-
quately: If the distance separating the
inlet and outlet is not sufficient, flow enter-
ing the wetland may not be fully mixed
during large rainstorms. This phenome-
non, known as "short circuiting," can
greatly reduce the level of treatment
• Provide pretreatment for sediment re-
moval: Sediment accumulation in
wetlands can shorten their effective life;
therefore, some suspended solids should
be removed from the runoff before it en-
ters the system. An area near the inflow
channel can be excavated to provide a
shallow pond for sediment deposition
Also, a separate sediment forebay may be
added to the BMP system. In addition,
sloped sides will allow easy removal of
both sediment and decaying plants.
• Use live plants: Live plants from nur-
sery stock will take hold faster and often
grow better than transplants from other
wetlands. The Metropolitan Washington
Council of Governments notes that stands
of at least two hardy, primary plants
should be put in approximately 30 percent
of the total shallow area Up to three other,
less aggressive species can be planted in
clumps around the perimeter. New plants
should be added as needed in years 1 and
3 to ensure viability of the system.
• Variable bottom topography: The depth
of the artificial wetland should vary from
-12 to +12 inches of the normal water ele-
vation.
Additional Information
More information about artificial wetlands can
be found in the following publications:
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
-------
Maryland Department of the Environment. Sediment
and Stormwater Administration. 1987. Guidelines for
Constructing Wetland Stormwater Basins. $2. Fiscal
Services Division, Cash Receipt Unit, 2500 Broening
Highway, Baltimore, MD 21224; (410) 631-3553.
-. 1987. Wetland Basins for Stormwater Treatment:
Discussion and Background. $6.25. Baltimore.
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs. 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoff: A Practical Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs. $40. 777 N. Capitol
Street. NE. Suite 300. Washington. DC 20002-4201;
(202) 962-3256.
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Manage-
ment, Rhode Island Nonpoint Source Management
Program. 1989. Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater
Treatment Processes and Designs. Free. 83 Park
Street, Providence. RI02903; (401) 277-2776.
Strecker, E., J. Kersnar, and E. Driscoll. In press. The
Use of Wetlands for Controlling Stormwater Pollution.
Prep, for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Re-
gion V Water Division and Office of Water Regulations
and Standards, Water Enforcement and Permits, and
Wetlands Protection by Woodward-Clyde, Suite 990,
111 SW Columbia, Portland. OR 97201; (503) 222-
7200.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, SoD Conservation Ser-
vice. Field Office Technical Guide. Contact your state
or county office listed in the phone book under U.S.
Government, Department of Agriculture.
. Engineering Field Manual. Contact your state or
county office listed in the phone book under U.S. Gov-
ernment, Department of Agriculture.
Wengrzynek, RJ. and C.R. Terrell. 1990. Using Con-
structed Wetlands to Control Agricultural Nonpoint
Source Pollution. $20. Order #PB 92102359. U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, National Technical Informa-
tion Service. Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 487-4650.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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Side View
Stormdram
Inlet
\ I I
Permanent Pool
400 Cubic Feet
of Storage Per
Contributing
Acre, 4 Feet
Deep
Access
Manholes
Trash Rack Protects
Two 6 Inch Orifices
Inverted Elbow
Pipe Regulates
Water
Levels
First Chamber
(Sediment Trapping)
Second Chamber
(Oil Separation)
Overflow
Pipe
Reinforced
Concrete
Construction
Third Chamber
FACT SHEET 5
WATER QUALITY INLETS AND
OIL AND GREASE TRAP CATCH BASINS
Introduction
Water quality inlets (also known as oil and grit
separators) and oil and grease trap catch basins
are underground structures that remove float-
able and suspended solids.
Water quality inlets are usually found where
there is vehicular traffic or gas and oil storage,
such as parking lots, service stations, and load-
ing areas.
Oil and grease trap catch basins are gener-
ally incorporated into the traditional storm
sewer system. Oil and grease trap catch basins
are functionally similar to water quality inlets
that are described in this fact sheet.
Pollutant Removal
Water quality inlets remove the following pollu-
tants:
• Suspended solids
• Litter
• Oil and gasoline
• Grease
• Trace metals
The primary removal mechanisms are
• Settling: In these inlets, runoff flows
through three chambers, which slow its
movement and allow matter to settle.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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• Separation: The baffles and elbows
within the inlets skim pollutants off the
surface of the runoff.
Limited information exists on the efficiency
of these structures. Results generally depend on
the volume of water detained permanently, the
velocity of flow, and the depth of baffles and el-
bows in the tank.
Well-maintained water quality inlets should
be capable of removing:
• Suspended solids: up to 25 percent
• Oil and grease: up to 75 percent
• Trace metals: up to 25 percent
Physical Requirements
Water quality inlets are limited by only a few re-
strictions:
• Use must be limited to small
watersheds no larger than two acres
• If dry weather flows occur within the
drainage system, then it must be
designed to accommodate them as well
as rainfalls
• Operation and maintenance:
eration and maintenance of water quality
inlets requires
• Cleaning of the system at least twice a
year to remove accumulations of
pollutants Municipalities use a vacuum
truck or carefully siphon out each
chamber and then manually remove the
remaining matter. Wastes must be
tested to determine proper disposal
methods. Currently, no universally
acceptable disposal methods exist for
these wastes.
Design Guidelines
Among the minimal design criteria for water
quality inlets are:
• Watershed size
• Detention time required
• Velocity of entering runoff (which
should be restricted by size of inlet pipe)
• Access to the inlet (separate manhole
and metal steps) to help in cleaning
• The volume of the permanent pool per
each impervious acre that contributes
runoff and in each chamber of the
system
Other factors include:
• Clogging
• Preventing resuspension
• Hydraulic design
• Design for the inverted elbow that
connects the second and third chambers
Conclusion
Detention times for water quality inlets are usu-
ally measured in minutes or hours; therefore,
these BMPs do not remove pollutants as effec-
tively as facilities that retain runoff for days.
However, since these inlets are relatively small,
they can be placed throughout a drainage sys-
tem, rather than just downstream, to capture
coarse sediments, floating wastes, and acciden-
tal or illegal spills of hazardous wastes and thus
reduce maintenance of infiltration systems or
detention basins.
Additional Information
For additional information concerning the pro-
cesses, design, and maintenance of water quality
inlets, consult the following document:
American Petroleum Institute, Refining Department
February 1990 Design and Operation of Oil-Water
Separators Rrsl Edition API Publication 421 848
plus shipping and handling and applicable state tax
1220 L Street. NW, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 682-
8375
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoff A Practical Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs $40. 777 N. Capitol
Street, NE, Suite 300. Washington, DC 20002-4201;
(202) 962-3256.
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
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**- '•••-*.
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FACT SHEET 6
INFILTRATION PRACTICES
Introduction
Infiltration is one way in which pollutants are re-
moved from stormwater runoff. This fact sheet
addresses various infiltration best management
practices that force runoff into the soil to re-
move pollutants and recharge groundwater.
Examples of infiltration BMPs include infil-
tration basins, trenches, leaching facilities, dry
wells, leaching catch basins, and infiltration is-
lands.
It is important to note that the concept of in-
filtration practices, although somewhat ac-
cepted, has variable efficiency and longevity.
Careful planning and consideration need to pre-
cede implementation. Practices that have been
poorly planned and installed have been known
to fail completely.
Pollutant Removal
Infiltration BMPs remove the following pollu-
tants:
• Suspended sediments
• Trace metals
• Total nitrogen
• Total phosphorus
• BOD
• Bacteria
The primary pollutant removal mechanism
is infiltration. A secondary mechanism for some
practices, such as infiltration basins, is settling.
• Infiltration: Stormwater is directed into
the infiltration structure, where the runoff
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
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IT
fills the system and infiltrates into the
ground. Pollutants adsorb onto soil parti-
cles as infiltration occurs.
• Settling: Stands of grass on the basin
floor can trap sediments.
Infiltration BMPs can remove pollutants effi-
ciently. The Metropolitan Washington Council of
Governments estimates the following removal
rates for infiltration basins with the capacity to
store and exfiltrate 0 to 5 inches of runoff per
impervious acre in the contributing watershed:
• Suspended solids: 75 percent
• Total phosphorus: 50 percent
• Total nitrogen: 45 to 65 percent
• Trace metals: 75 to 80 percent
• BOD: 70 percent
• Bacteria: 75 percent
Subsurface infiltration BMPs have similar
pollutant removal rates.
In both surface and subsurface BMPs, the
greater the runoff capture efficiency of the sys-
tem, the greater the pollutant removal potential.
Physical Requirements
To be effective, these BMPs require.
• Variable amounts of land: Since these
BMPs can be located below ground, they
can be built in areas such as parking lots
and access roads. If they are constructed
at the downstream end of a drainage sys-
tem or are aboveground basins, infiltration
BMPs can require large amounts of land
These BMPs can be made smaller by lo-
cating some upstream, thus reducing land
requirements for downstream BMPs.
• Porous soil: Permeability tests should
be performed at the proposed structure
site to determine the soil infiltration rate.
Areas with clay, silt, and other dense soils
will probably be unsuitable.
• Two to four feet clearance above
groundwater: To provide proper treat-
ment and reduce the possibility of contam-
inating groundwater, this minimum
distance should be maintained between
the bottom of the BMP and the mean high
groundwater elevation.
• Operation and maintenance: Infiltra-
tion BMPs require
• For aboveground infiltration areas,
frequent inspections for clogging,
erosion, tree growth on the embankment,
and density of grass growth in the
bottom: several times the first few
months, annually thereafter, and
following large storms.
• Periodic cleaning out of pre-treatment
inlets either manually or with a vacuum
pump; removal of accumulated sediment.
• Mowing, tilling, reseeding, fertilizing,
and watering of grass buffer strips and
bottom vegetation.
• As deemed necessary, inspection of
structures with observation wells to
ensure continued performance.
Design Guidelines
Principles of design for these BMPs include the
following:
• Soil Infiltration rate: As previously
noted, many soils are inappropriate. Soils
underlying the infiltration structure must
be tested for porosity and seasonal high
groundwater elevation. The Metropolitan
Washington Council of Governments spec-
ifies soils with infiltration rates of 0.5
inches per hour for structures and basins
• Sizing rules: Structures must be sized
to handle Ihe desired design storms and
allow larger storms to bypass them. Infil-
tration basins should be designed to cap-
ture and release the first half-inch of
rainfall from the drainage area. Another
factor is the amount of time it takes the
basin bottom to dry out between rain-
storms — usually specified for at least
three days.
• Rainfall characteristics: Structures
must empty within a reasonable length of
time. To effectively remove pollutants
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
-------
from runoff, underlying soils must dry out
between rainstorms. Many sources spec-
ify that infiltration structures should con-
tain runoff for no more than three days.
Therefore, the size of the infiltration struc-
ture will depend upon the permeability of
the soil.
• Off-line design (subsurface struc-
tures): Since these structures do not have
outlets, they must be designed off-line of
the regular drainage system so runoff will
enter the structure until it is full and addi-
tional runoff will be directed away from
the BMP. This prevents damage to the
structure and eliminates backups during
large storms.
• Shape, vegetation, and access (infil-
tration basins): Basins should be de-
signed with gently sloping sides and a flat
bottom to allow easy access for mowing
and tilling bottom vegetation and remov-
ing sediments. Access should be provided
through a public or private right-of-way at
least 12 feet wide that can withstand light
equipment. Immediately after construc-
tion, the basin floor should be planted
densely with reed canary grass or tall fes-
cue.
• Emergency spillway (infiltration ba-
sins): An emergency spillway should be
incorporated into the basin to release run-
off from storms larger than those for
which the area is designed.
• Sediment forebay: Sediment forebays
are areas or structures that trap larger
sediment particles They can be located
upstream or incorporated into the wet
pond These BMPs can be easily cleaned
to improve efficiency.
• Redundancy of practices: Several infil-
tration practices in series will increase the
efficiency of the system. Redundancy is
highly recommended to ensure pollutant
removal.
• Limited applications: All parties should
carefully consider the application of infil-
tration practices. Not all infiltration de-
vices will work in all situations every time.
Also, infiltration practices may not be rec-
ommended, given the land use in the im-
mediate area. Improperly placed practices
can have a net negative impact on ground-
water quality.
Additional Information
For additional information concerning the pro-
cesses, designs, and maintenance of infiltration
BMPs, consult the following publications:
Maryland Department of the Environment. Sediment
and Stormwater Administration 1984. Standards and
Specifications for Infiltration Practices. $9. Fiscal Ser-
vices Division, Cash Receipt Unit, 2500 Broening
Highway, Baltimore, MD 21224. (410) 631-3553
. 1985 Inspector's Guidelines Manual for
Slornwaler Management Infiltration Practices $4.
Baltimore
. 1986 Inspectors' Guideline Manual for Stormwa-
ter Management Infiltration Practices $4. Baltimore.
. 1986 Minimum Water Quality Objectives and
Planning Guidelines for Infiltration Practices $2. Bal-
timore
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoff A Practical Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs $40 777 N. Capitol
Street, NE, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20002-4201,
(202) 962-3256
U S Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice. 1987. Water Quality Field Guide TP 160 Free
USDA SCS. Publications Division, PO Box 2890,
Washington, DC 20013, (202) 720-5157
Nonstructural/Stwcturat BMPs—Fact Sheets
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FACT SHEET 7
VEGETATIVE PRACTICES
Introduction
Vegetative best management practices are used
primarily to reduce the velocity of stormwater
runoff in an attempt to promote infiltration and
settling of suspended solids and prevent ero-
sion.
Used alone, these vegetative BMPs usually
cannot treat stormwater sufficiently; therefore,
they are generally part of a system containing
other BMPs, where they act to remove sus-
pended solids from runoff before more intensive
treatment
Examples of vegetative BMPs include filter
strips, grassed swales, riparian areas, and basin
landscaping.
Pollutant Removal
Vegetative BMPs remove the following pollu-
tants:
• Suspended solids
• Organic material
• Nutrients
• Trace metals
Vegetative BMPs remove pollutants by:
• Infiltration: Runoff is directed to travel
over vegetation, rather than impervious
areas, so that it infiltrates into the ground.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sneets
-------
• Settling: Vegetation reduces runoff ve-
locity. Heavier suspended particles settle
out of the flow and are filtered by the vege-
tation.
• Plant uptake: Under certain circum-
stances, vegetation can absorb some pollu-
tants from the runoff. Plant uptake is more
effective if small berms are used to pro-
duce ponding.
While each practice alone generally cannot
entirely control runoff velocity and pollutants, it
can enhance a total system. The efficiency of the
following practices is affected by a variety of fac-
tors, as described by the Metropolitan Washing-
ton Council of Governments:
• Filter strips: Efficiency has been ranked
from good to mediocre, depending on the
strip's length and slope, the soil's porosity,
size of the runoff area, type of vegetation,
and the runoffs usual velocity. Vegetated
strips supplemented with shrubs and
small trees may remove more pollutants
than grassed strips because shrubs and
trees can absorb and retain more nutri-
ents.
• Swales: Swales' ability to remove pollu-
tants has been assessed as moderate to
negligible, depending upon slope grading,
type of grass cover, underlying soils, and
the distance from the swale's bottom to
groundwater. Grassed swales that include
check dams can increase the pollutant re-
moval efficiency and slow stormwater run-
off velocity.
• Riparian reforestation: This BMP's effi-
ciency is limited; in fact, if trees grow over
an impervious area, nutrients from fallen
leaves and pollen can pollute. However,
trees near streambanks can stabilize soil,
reducing erosion and resulting sediment,
and can cool water temperature, benefit-
ting many aquatic species.
• Basin landscaping: The efficiency of
stormwater basins in removing pollutants
depends upon the landscaping plan.
The pollutant removal rates of vegetative
practices vary widely. Vegetative practices often
remove some of the suspended solids during
small storms (up to 50 percent). Removal rates
for nutrients, trace metals, and BOD are often
low, but can be important when combined with
other BMPs into a system.
Physical Suitability
To be effective, vegetative BMPs require that
• Vegetated areas be fairly large in
relation to the area being drained
• The vegetated area is relatively flat
• The groundwater level is relatively low
• Operation and maintenance: The fol-
lowing procedures must be followed to op-
erate vegetative BMPs properly:
• Mowing and repairing the outer edges
of the vegetated area to prevent
channeling and concentrated flows
• Periodic inspection to determine the
condition of the outer edges
• Reseeding bare spots and removing
weeds
• Watering and staking trees and
protecting them against rodents
• Fertilizing, to establish vegetation and
regular maintenance
Design Guidelines
Principles behind the design of vegetated BMPs
vary with each type. The slope of the land, type
of soil, size of the contributing watershed, and
land use in the area all affect the design.
Construction
• For maximum pollutant removal
efficiency, a minimum length of 200 feet
is recommended for grass swales.
• Proper ground cover must be
developed quickly and then maintained.
Fast growing grasses and other plants
should be used initially to vegetate the
area. Storm flows should not be
diverted to the area until vegetative
cover is well established.
-------
• Vegetative areas should be planned for
land with a slope no greater than 5 to 10
percent.
• Expected flow velocities must be
calculated to ensure that runoff will not
wash away vegetation or cause erosion.
Some vegetative BMPs may require a struc-
ture, such as a small impoundment, that collects
the concentrated flow and distributes it evenly
across the area. These structures help prevent
channeling in the vegetation that can increase
erosion of soil into the waterbody.
Additional Information
More information about vegetative BMPs can be
found in the following publications:
Maryland Department of the Environment 1984. Stan-
dards and Specifications for Infiltration Practices. $9
Fiscal Services Division, Cash Receipt Unit, 2500
Broening Highway, Baltimore, MD 21224; (410) 631-
3553.
. 1986. Wetland Basins for Stormwater Treatment
Discussion and Background. $6.25. Baltimore.
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs. 1987. Control-
ling Urban Runoft A Practical Manual for Planning
and Designing Urban BMPs. $40. 777 N. Capitol
Street, NE. Suite 300, Washington, DC 20002-4201;
(202) 962-3256.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice. 1983. Standards and Specifications for Soil Ero-
sion and Sediment Control. Contact your local county
or state office listed in the phone book under U.S.
Government, Department of Agriculture.
. 1986. Technical Guide for Wetland Management.
Virginia Department of Soil and Water Conservation.
1972. Best Management Practices Handbook: Agricul-
ture. Plann. Bull. 316. Free. 203 Governor Street, Suite
206, Richmond, VA 23219-2094. (804) 786-2064.
-------
-------
;Nw«M.
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• > . ,
' :* : \
' •• • , -' --;•
v 4.5
FACT SHEET 8
EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
PRACTICES DURING CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
During construction, vegetation is removed
from the site, exposing the topsoil. Rainfall can
erode this bare soil, carrying it to nearby
waterbodies where it may settle to the bottom.
This sediment may deposit pollutants attached
to it and could smother benthic organisms and
their habitat.
Both temporary and permanent best man-
agement practices can be used on construction
sites. Temporary BMPs, which usually do not
require engineering analysis, are designed to
control pollutants for days to months and are
usually removed when no longer needed. Per-
manent BMPs, on the other hand, are designed
to remain in place for years and generally re-
quire engineering analysis.
Nonstructural construction BMPs, which
can prevent erosion, are more effective than
structural controls, which capture eroded soil.
However, since the latter require more advance
planning, local officials must carefully review
construction plans. Generally, communities pass
ordinances that require specific BMPs for cer-
tain situations and stipulate how these practices
should be installed.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
-------
Descriptions of various types of erosion and
sediment control practices follow.
Diversions
Temporary diversions are channels with a sup-
porting ridge built across the downslope to di-
vert runoff around a construction site to a
receiving area, such as a detention basin. De-
sign criteria include
• Timing of construction
• Channel capacity
• Cross-sectional width and height of
berm
• Channel grade and runoff velocity
• Adequate outlets to receiving areas that
will not be affected by the flow
Temporary diversions must be inspected
•within 24 hours after rainfall and daily during
prolonged storms; any repairs must be made im-
mediately.
Permanent diversions although of similar
design to temporary, should be designed by a
registered professional engineer as part of the
initial site development. Design specifications
require advance assessment of potential hazards
if the BMP fails to hold. Criteria also resemble
those for temporary diversions, with the excep-
tion of more stringent specifications for the
channel cross section. Maintenance standards
are identical for both
Management of Overland Flows
Overland flow is runoff that sheets over the land
rather than running in channels BMPs to con-
tain overland flows can be put on all slopes
These BMPs can also be used to contain pollu-
tants from storage piles.
Temporary BMPs for managing overland
flows include sedimentation control practices,
such as:
» Filter fabric fences
• Straw bale fences
• Mulching
Permanent erosion control practices include:
• Seed ing with mulching
• Sodding
Both types of BMPs should be built accord-
ing to predefined criteria and have distinct main-
tenance standards.
Channelized Flow Sediment Traps
Channelized flow is runoff through depressions,
swales, or channels. Channelized flow BMPs,
which are usually temporary, vary by drainage
area:
• Less than 2 acres: filter fabric barriers
and straw bales (also temporary
diversions) and check dams
• Less than 5 acres: sediment traps
• Less than 150 acres: sediment basins
Each of these BMPs is constructed to pre-
determined criteria and has definite mainte-
nance standards.
Permanent Drainageway
Stabilization
Concentrated runoff can erode soil and carry it
to receiving waters Permanent BMPs to stabi-
lize areas of concentrated flow include:
• Seed ing with mulching
• Sodding
• Grassed waterways
• Geotextile reinforced grassed
waterways
• Rock- and concrete-lined waterways
Each of these permanent BMPs should be
constructed to predetermined criteria and have
definite maintenance standards.
Inlet Protection
BMPs to minimize pollutant movement can
never be totally effective; therefore, practices to
prevent pollutants from entering waterbodies
are necessary. These temporary BMPs to pro-
tect storm drain inlets include straw bales and
barriers made of filter fabric or similar material.
All of these BMPs should be constructed to
predetermined criteria and maintained though a
pre-set schedule.
-------
Dewaterlng Settling Basins
During pumping of suspended sediment, pollu-
tants can flow out of a construction site and into
receiving waters. Temporary dewatering set-
tling basins can detain this sediment-laden dis-
charge long enough to allow most of it to settle.
Design criteria and maintenance schedules
for settling basins should be stipulated in design
plans.
• Maintenance: All erosion control and
sedimentation structures should be in-
spected and repaired as needed. A recom-
mended inspection schedule is twice
monthly and after each rainfall event.
Recommended Ordinances
Sediment runoff on streets flows into drains
and then pollutes receiving waters. Communi-
ties should write ordinances that contain both
BMPs to minimize sediment runoff and meth-
ods to clean up sediment when it reaches the
street, with design criteria and maintenance
schedules.
Additional Information
Kamber Engineering (A Division of Chester Environ-
mental Group). 1989. Wetland Regulations: How They
Affect Development and Construction Projects. $2.
818 West Diamond Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20878;
(301) 840-1030.
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, De-
partment of Environmental Programs. 1990. Perfor-
mance of Current Sediment Control Measures at
Maryland Construction Sites. $15. 777 N. Capitol
Street, NE, Suite 300, Washington. DC 20002-4201;
(202) 962-3256.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice. Water Management and Sediment Control for
Urbanizing Areas. Contact your local county or state
office listed in the phone book under U.S. Govern-
ment, Department of Agriculture.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1989.
Wisconsin Construction Site Best Management
Practice Handbook. $5.45. Document Sales, PO. Box
7840, Madison, Wl 53707; (608) 266-3358.
Nonstructural/Structural BMPs—Fact Sheets
-------
-------
FUNDING MECHANISMS
Adequate funding sources and mechanisms
must be established to ensure that opera-
tion and maintenance (O&M) continues as
planned. Several options may be considered by
the community.
Lump Sum Payment by
Project Proponent
This one-time payment by the project propo-
nent covers the O&M costs for that site. These
payments are also called impact fees. The funds
should be put into an interest-bearing capital
fund that is controlled by the servicing depart-
ment (Department of Public Works) and boards
and commissions (planning, conservation) re-
sponsible for oversight of the O&M operations
Special Assessment
District-Stormwater Districts
Initially, the community has to identify area(s)
where it would be beneficial to establish and
maintain stormwater facilities. These would
then become stormwater districts, subject to a
special assessment or provisions for stormwa-
ter management.
Special Property Tax
A special tax levied as part of the local property
tax can be proposed and brought to voters for
approval. The public should be thoroughly edu-
cated on the issues to encourage passage of
such a tax and ensure consistent servicing of
the stormwater facilities.
Storm Sewer Tie-in Fee
The town could assess a storm sewer tie-in fee
(similar to a sanitary sewer fee) for every devel-
opment proposed in the community. The assess-
ment could be based upon the amount of
impervious coverage of the site.
Stormwater Utility
A utility is established that would provide ser-
vices to the user community(s), such as flood
control, drainage, and stormwater management
The utility is responsible for all levels of service:
plan development, implementation, and opera-
tion and maintenance. A fee is charged to users
based upon the amount of impervious coverage.
General Funds
Funding is provided through county or slate
taxes The monies may support front-end con-
struction costs to be later reimbursed or may be
used for regular operation and maintenance ex-
penses.
Long-term Borrowing
Usually in the form of general obligation bonds
or revenue bonds, these funds can support any
aspect of stormwater management. Generally,
they are used to establish regional stormwater
management facilities and are later paid off.
This process requires voter approval.
Funding Mechanisms
-------
fit,
-------
WATER QUALITY CHECKLIST
This
I rev
is checklist, which is intended for use during the review process, should be made part of every
review file. All questions should be addressed by the project proponent before project approval.
Is the resource area(s) identified on the plan? Please address
groundwater, surface water (fresh and salt), and wetlands.
QYes Q No
Have the pollutants of concern resulting from the proposed
development been identified?
Have the potential impacts of pollutants of concern on the resource
areas(s) been discussed?
Has the pollutant loading been addressed?
Have appropriate BMPs for treating pollutants and mitigating
impacts to the resource area(s) been proposed?
Has a description been provided of how the BMP selected will
function to provide water quality control for smaller, more frequent
storms?
Have the pollutant removal efficiencies of the BMPs been
discussed'
Are they adequate to maintain the existing quality of the resource
area?
Are they adequate to meet the pollutant load requirements?
Has the pollutant removal mechanism employed by the BMPs been
identified?
Has the proponent adequately considered the variables of
precipitation patterns, inter-event dry periods, soil types, and
impervious cover?
QYes
Q Yes
Q Yes
QYes
QYes
QYes
QYes
Q Yes
QYes
QYes
Q No
a NO
a NO
a NO
a NO
a NO
a NO
a NO
a NO
a NO
Water Quality Checklist
-------
•II Has the engineer used appropriate technical references to develop Q Yes Q No
the performance standards, design specifications, or selection of a
design storm?
Has the engineer used appropriate methods to calculate pollutant QYes QNo
loads?
Has the project proponent considered the constraints that the site Q Yes Q No
may impose on the use of BMPs and does the proposal address
constraints (depth to groundwater, soils, slopes, available area, etc.)?
Is the proposed operation and maintenance schedule adequate for Q Yes Q No
the project?
Is it addressed by design or long-term maintenance agreements? Q Yes Q No
Have responsible parties been identified for operation and Q Yes Q No
maintenance?
Has an adequate funding mechanism been proposed to support the Q Yes Q No
operation and maintenance schedule?
Has the project proponent addressed the use of nonstruclural and Q Yes Q No
structural BMPs for the area and presented acceptable reasons why
one, the other, or both have been chosen?
Has there been a discussion of the economic feasibility and need Q Yes Q No
for the stormwater management plan, including existing site
conditions, existing and proposed uses, benefits to resource areas,
regional impacts or management plans, and economics of the
project'
Have aesthetics and safety been adequately addressed by the Q Yes Q No
project proponent?
Have steps been taken to minimize site clearing, grading, and/or Q Yes Q No
creation of impervious cover in the basic design of the development
site?
Have landscaping and/or habitat creation been considered? Q Yes Q No
Have all applicable permits been applied for or obtained by the Q Yes Q No
applicant?
-------
How TO USE THE
WATER QUALITY SITE PLANS
The four individual site plans contained in the
pockets at the end of this handbook depict
development within the drainage area to a par-
ticular water resource. Four resource areas —
groundwater, fresh and salt surface waters, and
wetlands — have been selected.
To help you become familiar with the site
plans, how to use them, and the appropriate
stormwater management practices, we will lead
you through the freshwater site plan.
The main elements of this plan include:
• Legend: Identifies the BMPs
• Resource Area: Freshwater bodies
• Pollutants of Concern: A list of pollu-
tants that can affect the resource area
• Important Notes: Special guidelines
• Existing Light Residential
• Existing Residential
• New Industrial/Commercial
• New Dense Residential
• Recreational
Step 1
Locate the resource area, which is identified in
two places on the plan.
1. The title: PROTOTYPE STORMWATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
FRESHWATER RESOURCES SITE PLAN
(lower right-hand corner).
2. The area under development POND/LAKE
(upper left-hand corner).
3. Notation: RESOURCE AREA FRESHWATER
BODIES (lower left side).
Step 2
Think about the proposed land use and how it
may affect the resource area. Note the pollu-
tants of concern listed on the plan that could be
generated by the development. This list is priori-
tized to indicate pollutants that are likely to pose
the greatest threat to the specific resource area.
In this example the freshwater pollutants in-
clude nutrients (phosphorus), pesticides, patho-
gens, suspended solids, oil and grease,, and
heavy metals. The pollutant of concern is deter-
mined by its potential to negatively impact the
resource area.
Step 3
Determine if the use proposed will generate any
of these pollutants What pollution can be ex-
pected from a new residential or industrial de-
velopment? If the development is a retrofit, what
are the existing uses? If the proposed develop-
ment will change the existing land use, how will
it affect the resource area? In some cases, a sin-
gle pollutant will be generated; however, usually
there will be a variety of pollutants.
How to Use the Water Quality Site Plans
-------
u
• Identify the pollutants of concern —
the pollutants that require treatment by
stormwater best management practices.
Then select the BMPs best-suited for the
site. BMPs are graphically depicted
throughout the plan and identified in the
legend.
1. LEGEND (lower left-hand corner).
Step 4
For example, look closer at the range of options
to protect fresh water when considering a new
dense residential development (located on the
lower right-hand side of the plan). Note the fol-
lowing information:
• The development (roadways, housing
units)
• The BMPs within the development
• Reduced pesticide/fertilizer use
• Reduced salt use
• Land use planning/zoning
• Neighborhood recycling program
• Designated riparian area
• The BMPs outside of the development
• Wet pond detention basin with
artificial wetlands
• Designated riparian area
• Additional resource area (existing
wetlands)
The BMPs shown within the residential area
are identified on the legend with a number that
relates to a fact sheet describing them in more
detail, with basic technical information.
Step 5
Look again at the new dense residential develop-
ment Note how the planned unit (clustered) lay-
out differs from the existing light residential
development next door. Stormwater from the
roadway is discharged into a wet pond detention
basin before it flows to the additional resource
area, an existing wetland. This is an example of
using BMPs in a series, otherwise known as a
system. All of the stormwater runoff from the
site will receive some type of treatment through
a mix of structural and nonstructural BMPs.
Note the suggestion to reduce pesticide and fer-
tilizer applications and that no pavement (imper-
vious cover) has been proposed within the
designated riparian area.
BMPs are used throughout the drainage
areas in the new residential, recreational, and in-
dustrial/commercial developments to protect
the freshwater resource. Retrofitting has been
employed in existing residential and redevelop-
ment areas to reduce pollutant loads.
A special BMP system has been included on
the Freshwater Resource Plan. It is located by
the snow pile. Note that the plan shows the
snow storage location, followed by an oil and
grease trap catch basin that then goes to a point
where the system splits, with a portion of the
flow going to the vegetated swale and the other
portion going to the water quality inlet The inlet
is followed by a leaching facility that has an
overflow that discharges to the vegetated swale
when the capacity of the leaching facility is ex-
ceeded. This is an example of an off-line treat-
ment system. This system allows for a certain
portion of the stormwater runoff (usually the
first flush) to be directed to the water quality
BMPs for extended treatment. Off-line treat-
ment can be especially useful as an approach to
retrofitting.
Step 6
Imagine that you are responsible for community
stormwater management as an urban planner or
county engineer. A comprehensive approach, as
depicted by the water quality plan, could ade-
quately manage the stormwater discharges and
pollutant loading to the resource area. You have
gone from management of a single site to an en-
tire drainage area!
Taking an even broader approach, an entire
watershed could be reviewed and managed in a
similar manner. You can select a series of BMPs
in a system to manage stormwater flows and pol-
lutants to protect all the resource areas. The use
of more regional practices, rather than site-spe-
cific practices, can be implemented to protect re-
sources in a watershed.
-------
FOR FURTHER READING
The following booklets contain information
for the public, teachers, and business and in-
dustry professionals on water systems and envi-
ronmental issues that affect water quality. Prices
listed include shipping and handling unless oth-
erwise noted.
TITLE: A Primer on Water
Intended Audience: Schools, Business and
Professional, Industry
Description: A 50-page booklet that describes
basic hydrology, the hydrologic cycle,
groundwater, and groundwater movement
Defines terms such as "aquifier" Also talks about
streamflow and how floodplains are formed Basic
and complete primer on water $2 75.
Order From: Books and Open-File Services, U S
Geological Survey, Box 25425, Federal Center,
Denver, CO 80225 (303) 236-7476
TITLE: Handle with Care: Your Guide to
Preventing Water Pollution
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: A practical 30-page guide to
pollution prevention at home. Includes a national
source list for help. $9.95 ($2 S&H). Bulk
discounts.
Order From: The Terrene Institute, 1700 K Street.
kw.. Suite 1005, Washington, D.C. 20006; (202)
833-8317.
TITLE: Urban Runoff and Stomwater
Management Handbook
Intended Audience: General Public, Local
Governments
Description: A 15-page publication that explains
slormwaler management problems and describes
practical methods for educating communities
$4.50 ($2 S&H). Bulk discounts.
Order From: The Terrene Institute
TITLE: Fact Sheets
Intended Audience: General Public, Local
Governments
Description: A series of briefing sheets for
decisionmakers that overview specific water
quality management practices Set of 11-$15, any
6-$10; separate sheets: $2.50 each ($2 S&H).
• Regional Stormwater Management Planning
• Institutional Support for Stormwater
Management Programs
• Urban Runoff Impacts to Receiving Waters
• Facts about Stormwater Management
Programs in the State of Florida
• Stormwater Management Ordinances for
Local Governments
• Stormwater Control Benefits of Managed
Floodplains and Wetlands
• Financing Mechanisms for BMPs
• Uses of Wetlands in Stormwater
Management
• Impacts of Changes in Hydrology Due to
Urbanization
For Further Reading
-------
n
• Integrated Stream Management Programs
Reduce Impacts to Aquatic Habitats
• Retrofitting Stormwater Management
Basins for Phosphorus Control
Order From: The Terrene Institute.
TITLE: Controlling Nonpolnt Source Water
Pollution: A Citizen's Handbook
Intended Audience: General Public, Local
Governments, Business and Professional
Description: A 170-page book that outlines the
state planning process to control nonpoint source
pollution and suggests how citizens can
encourage, monitor, and support state efforts.
$7.50. Bulk discounts: 5 to 9,20 percent; 10 to 99;
25 percent; 100-plus, 40 percent.
Order From: The World Wildlife Fund
(incorporated with The Conservation
Foundation), P.O. Box 4866. Hampden Post
Office, Baltimore, MD 21211; (410) 5166951.
TITLE: Groundwater Information Flyers
Intended Audience: General Public, Business and
Professional, Local Government
Description: Nine 3-hole-punched booklets
published by the Massachusetts Audubon
Society's Community Groundwater Protection
Project to help Massachusetts citizens and local
officials protect groundwater sources in their
communities. Set $15; $2 each. Bulk discounts
• An Introduction to Groundwater and
Aquifiers
• Groundwater and Contamination- From the
Watershed to the Well
• Mapping Aquifiers and Recharge Areas
• Local Authority for Groundwater Protection
• Protecting and Maintaining Private Wells
• Underground Storage Tanks and
Groundwater Protection
• Pesticides and Groundwater Protection
• Landfills and Groundwater Protection
• Road Salt and Groundwater Protection
Order From: Educational Resources Office,
Massachusetts Audubon Society, South Great
Road, Lincoln, MA 01773; (617) 259-9500, ext.
7252.
TITLE: Groundwater: Why You Should Care
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: Brochure gives practical information
on how to prevent groundwater contamination.
First copy free w/self-addressed, stamped
envelope. To order quantities, call 1-800-66&0206.
Order From: Water Environment Federation, 601
Wythe Street. Alexandria, VA 22314-1994.
TITLE: Wetlands
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: Brochure describing the importance
of wetlands and how individuals can help save
(his valuable resource. First copy free
w/self-addressed, stamped envelope. To order
quantities, call 1-80066&0206.
Order From: Water Environment Federation.
TITLE: National Wetlands Newsletter
Intended Audience: General Public, Business and
Professional, Legal, Scientific. Public Policy, and
Environmental Organizations
Description: A non-technical journal for people
involved in wetlands issues and reporting on
legal, scientific, and public policy developments
concerning wetlands. Includes comprehensive
wetlands literature guide. $48 per year. Student
discounts.
Order From: Environmental Law Institute, 1616 P
Street, NW. Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036,
(202) 939-3844
TI TLE(s) Phosphorus Control in Lake
Watersheds: A Technical Guide to
Evaluating New Development
Implementation Strategies for Lake
Water Quality Protection: A
Handbook of Model Ordinances and
Nonregulatory Techniques for
Controlling Phosphorus Impacts
from Development
Comprehensive Planning for Lake
Watersheds
Intended Audience: Local Governments
Description: Three publications of a series that
focuses on effects of development on watersheds
and community planning to control them. Free.
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
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Order From: Maine Department of Environmental
Protection, State House Station #17, Augusta. ME
04333 (207) 2893901.
TITLE: The NPDES Best Management
Practice Guidance Document
Intended Audience: Local Governments
Description: This publication provides a basis for
developing BMP plans under the NPDES
program. Free.
Order From: SAIC, EPA Stormwater Hotline,
7600-A Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22043;
(703) 8214823.
TITLE: Baybook: A Guide to Reducing
Water Pollution at Home
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: A 32-page guide to reducing water
pollution. Topics include erosion control,
drainage, septic systems, paving, landscaping,
gardening, pesticides, household chemicals,
water conservation, and boats $1.
Order From: Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay,
Inc., 6600 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21212; (410)
377-6270.
TITLE: A Homeowner's Guide to Domestic
Wells
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: A 32-page booklet about locating,
constructing, and maintaining a domestic well. $6
(free to Virginia residents).
Order From: Publications Services, Virginia Water
Resources Research Center, 617 N. Main Street,
Blacksburg, VA 24060
TITLE: A Homeowner's Guide to Septic
Systems
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: A booklet to help homeowners
construct and maintain their sewage systems. $6
(free to Virginia residents).
Order From: Publications Services, Virginia Water
Resources Research Center.
TITLE: Hazardous Chemicals In Your Home:
Proper Use and Disposal
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: Fact sheet defines and describes
hazardous household products and their disposal.
1 to 10 free; IOC thereafter.
Order From: Rutgers Cooperative Extension,
Publications Distribution Center, Cook College,
Dudley Road, Box 231, New Brunswick, NJ
08903; (908) 932-9762.
TITLE: Water Quality Fact Sheet Series
(1-10)
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools
(Grade 7 to 12)
Description: These 10 double-sided fact sheets
cover TVA's Water Quality Role. Multiple-use
Management, Thermal Stratification and
Dissolved Oxygen Interaction in Reservoirs,
Nonpoint Source Pollution, Wastewater
Assimilation, Federal and State Agency Roles in
Water Quality Management, The Role of the
Private Citizen, Bacterial Contamination of Water
and Effects on Recreation, Water Conservation,
and Toxic Contamination of Streams and
Reservoirs. Free.
Order From: Tennessee Valley Authority, Water
Quality Branch, Attn: Department Library, Haney
Building 2C, 1101 Market Street, Chattanooga,
TN 37402-2801; (615) 751-7338.
TITLE: Community Action Guides for
Waste, Household Waste,
Groundwater, Drinking Water,
Pesticides, and Farmland
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools
(Grades 9 to 12), Business and Professional,
Industry, Environmental Organizations, Public
Interest Groups, Governmental Agencies
Description: Six separate booklets. $4 each. $1.50
S&H for first booklet; 50C for additional booklets.
Bulk discounts.
• The Waste Guide concentrates on general
issues;
• The Household Waste Guide on reducing
waste;
• The Groundwater and Drinking Water
Guides cover everything from supplies to
quality, treatment, and monitoring.
For Further Reading
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• The Pesticides Guide discusses pesticides'
relationship to health, agriculture, forests,
and communities.
• The Farmlands Guide discusses how
farming practices affect food, water, air, and
lifestyles.
Order From: Concern, Inc., 1794 Columbia Road
NW, Suite 6, Washington, DC 20009; (202)
32&4160.
TITLE: Groundwater: Out of Sight — Not
Out of Danger
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools
(Grades 6 to 12), Business and Professional,
Municipal Officials
Description: Pamphlet describes groundwater,
aquifiers, recharge areas, and costs for managing
groundwater. Free.
Order From: New England Interstate
Environmental Training Center, 2 Fort Road,
South Portland, ME 04106; (207) 767-2539.
TITLE: Here Lies the Problem . . . Leaking
Underground Storage Systems
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools
(Grades 10 to 12), Business and Professional,
Industry
Description: Pamphlet describes the use of
underground storage tanks and problems
associated with leaks from them, including leak
prevention Free.
Order From: New England Interstate
Environmental Training Center
TITLE: Impact of Timber Harvest on Soil
and Water Resources (EB 827)
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools,
Business and Professional, Industry
Description: A 17-page overview of key
watershed concerns and research findings related
to logging and soil and water resources in the
Pacific Northwest $1. Bulk discounts.
Order From: Publications Orders, Agricultural
Communications, Oregon State University.
TITLE: Maintaining Woodland Roads
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools,
Business and Professional, Industry
Description: An 11-page booklet that describes
the most common and important road
maintenance activities for avoiding erosion and
related soil and water problems. $1.50. Bulk
discounts.
Order From: Publications Orders, Agricultural
Communications, Oregon State University.
TITLE: Impact of Forest Practices on
Surface Erosion
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools,
Business and Professional, Industry
Description: Describes surface erosion on forest
lands and techniques to minimize these
problems $1 25 Bulk discounts
Order From: Publications Orders, Agricultural
Communications, Oregon State University
TITLE: Slope Stability on Forest Land
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools,
Business and Professional, Industry
Description: Describes slope failures, their
causes and control, particularly sedimentation of
streams resulting from landslides. $1 25 Bulk
discounts.
Order From: Publications Orders, Agricultural
Communications, Oregon State University,
Administrative Services, Room A-422, Corvallis,
OR 97331-2119; (503) 737-2513.
TITLE: Soil and Water Conservation: An
Introduction for Woodland Owners
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: A 4-page fact sheet that describes
how common woodland management activities
can influence soil and water resources 75C.
Order From: Publications Orders, Agricultural
Communications, Oregon State University.
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
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TITLE: Pesticides and Groundwater: A
Health Concern for the Midwest
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: Describes symptoms and potential
health effects of pesticides in ground water,
including ways to protect groundwater. $6.
Order From: Freshwater Foundation, 725 County
Road 6, Wayzata, MN 55391; (612) 44&0092.
TITLE: Land and Water 201
Intended Audience: General Public
Description: Brochure describes the
state/USDA/TVA Regional Resource
Conservation Program to reduce soil erosion and
improve water quality in the Tennessee Valley
region. Free.
Order From: Tennessee Valley Authority, Water
Quality Branch, Attn: Department Library, Haney
Building 2C, 1101 Market Street, Chattanooga,
TN 37402-2801; (615) 751-7388.
TITLE: River Fact Sheets
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools
(Grades 9 to 12)
Description: Nineteen fact sheets on major rivers
within the Chesapeake Bay watershed:
Susquehanna, Conestoga, Elizabeth, Gunpowder,
Chester, Potomac, Rappahannock, and Anacostia
Free
Order From: Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay,
Inc., 6600 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21212, (410)
377-6270.
TITLE: Nonpoint Source NEWS-NOTES
Intended Audience: General Public, Schools
(Grades9 to 12), Business and Professional,
Industry, Environmental Organizations, Public
Interest Groups, Governmental Agencies
Description: Nonpoint Source NEWS-NOTES is
an occasional bulletin (ranging from 28 to 32
pages) dealing with the condition of the
environment and the control of nonpoint sources of
water pollution. NEWS-NOTES is published under
the authority of section 319(1) of the Clean Water
Act by the Nonpoint Source Information
Exchange, Office of Water, U.S Environmental
Protection Agency. Free
Order From: NPS News-Notes (WH-553),
Assessment and Watershed Protection Division.
U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC
20460; Fax (202) 260-1517
TITLE: The Nashua River Greenway
Intended Audience: General Public, Business and
Professional
Description: Brochure includes a map of the
extensive greenway areas protected along the
Nashua River and its major tributaries and
describes the importance of preserving river
corridors. First copy free: cost for quantity.
Order From: Nashua River Watershed
Association, 348 Lunenburg Street, Fitchburg,
MA 014204566; (508) 342-3506.
TITLE: Watershed Newsletter
Intended Audience: General Public, Business and
Professional
Description: Quarterly newsletter deals with
watershed management, water quality, land
conservation, and related environmental issues
affecting a 540-square-mile region of central
Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire
First copy free; cost for quantity.
Order From: Nashua River Watershed Association
TITLE: The Power to Protect: Three
Stories about Groundwater
Intended Audience: State, Regional and Local
Governments, Water Utilities, Developers,
Schools, and General Public
Description: 30-minute video on groundwater
protection issues. Topics include nonpoint source
pollution, aquifer delineation, mapping, overlay
districts, and community coordination. $25.
Order From: Massachusetts Audubon Society,
Educational Resources Department, South Great
Road, Lincoln, MA 01773; (800) 677-9453.
To Rent: Send $10 to New England Interstate
Environmental Training Center, 2 Fort Road,
South Portland, ME 04106; (207) 767-2539.
For Further Reading
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STATE NONPOINT SOURCE
COORDINATORS
ALABAMA
Chief, Mining/Nonpoint Source
Alabama Department of Environmental Management
1751 Congressional W.L Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
Telephone: 205/271-7839
ALASKA
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
P.O BoxO
Juneau.AK 99811
Telephone- 907/465-2653
ARIZONA
Nonpoint Source Program Manager
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
2655 E. Magnolia, Suite #2
Phoenix, AZ 85034
Telephone 602/392-4066
ARKANSAS
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
8001 National Drive/P.O Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Telephone 501/562-7444
CALIFORNIA
Nonpoint Source Program Manager
California State Water Resources Control Board
Division of Water Quality
901 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Telephone: 916/657-0687
COLORADO
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Water Quality Control Division
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
Telephone: 303/331-4756
CONNECTICUT
Principal Sanitary Engineer
Department of Environmental Protection
122 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Telephone: 203/566-7049
DELAWARE
Director
DNREC, Division of Soil and Water Conservation
89 Kings Highway, PO Box 1401
Dover. DE 19903
Telephone- 302/739-4411
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Chief, Water Hygiene
Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs
2100 Martin Luther King. Jr Drive
Suite 203
Washington, DC 20020
Telephone 202/404-1120
FLORIDA
Environmental Administrator
Stormwater Management Section
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Telephone- 904/4884782
GEORGIA
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Water Quality Management Program
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
7 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive
Suite 643
Atlanta, GA 30334
Telephone: 404/6564905
State Nonpoint Source Coordinators
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GUAM
Administrator
Guam Environmental Protection Agency
RO Box 2999
Agana, GU 96910
Telephone: 671/64^8863
HAWAII
Environmental Planner
Office of Environmental Planning
Department of Health
5 Waterfront Plaza. Suite 250
500 Ala Moana Boulevard
Honolulu. HI 96813
Telephone: 808/586-4337
IDAHO
Chief. Water Quality Bureau
Division of Environmental Quality
14 ION. Hilton
Boise. ID 83720-9000
Telephone: 208/334-5860
ILLINOIS
Supervisor, Areawide Nonpoint Programs
Division of Water Pollution Control
2200 Churchill Rd., Box 19276
Springfield. IL 62794-9276
Telephone 217/782-3362
INDIANA
Environmental Scientist
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
5500 W Bradbury
Indianapolis, IN 46241
Telephone- 317/243-5145
IOWA
Bureau Chief
Surface and Groundwater Prot Bureau
1DNR, 900 East Grand
DesMomes, IA 50319
Telephone 515/281-8869
KANSAS
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Bureau of Environmental Quality
Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Forbes Field. Building 740
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
Telephone. 913/296-5565
KENTUCKY
NPS Pollution Control Section Supervisor
Kentucky Division of Water
Frankfort Office Park
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
Telephone: 502/564-3410
LOUISIANA
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Department of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 82215
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2215
Telephone: 504/7650634
MAINE
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Bureau of Water Quality Control
State House #17
Augusta. ME 04333
Telephone: 207/289-3901
MARYLAND
Director, Sediment and Storm water Administration
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Hwy.. Building 30
Baltimore, MD 21224
Telephone: 301/631-3543
MASSACHUSETTS
Environmental Engineer
Department of Environmental Protection
Technical Services Branch
P.O. Box 116
N. Grafton, MA 01536
Telephone: 508/366-9181
MICHIGAN
Chief, Nonpoinl Source Unit
Michigan DNR
Surface Water Quality Division
PO Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
Telephone- 517/335-4177
MINNESOTA
Head, Nonpoint Source Unit
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul. MN 55155
Telephone 612/296-7323
MISSISSIPPI
Chief, Water Quality Management
Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality
PO Box 10385, 2380 Hwy #80 W
Jackson. MS 39204
Telephone- 601/961-5171
MISSOURI
Environmental Specialist
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, WPCP
PO. Box 176
Jefferson City. MO 65102
Telephone: 314/751-7225
MONTANA
Environmental Specialist
Montana Department of Health and Environmental
Sciences
Cogswell Building, Room A-206
Helena, MT 59620-0909
Telephone: 406/444-2406
Decisionmaker's Stormwater Handbook
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NEBRASKA
Chief, Water Quality Division
Department of Environmental Control
P.O. Box 98922, State House
Lincoln. NE 68509
Telephone: 402/471-4220
NEVADA
Environmental Management Specialist
Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources
123 W.Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89710
Telephone: 702/687-4670
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NFS Program Director
New Hampshire Department of Environmental
Services
Water Quality
P.O. Box 95,6 Hazen Drive
Concord. NH 03301
Telephone: 603/271-3503
NEW JERSEY
Chief, Bureau of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Quality Planning
401 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
Telephone: 609/633-7021
NEW MEXICO
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
New Mexico Environmental Department
Environmental Improvement Division
1190 St. Francis Drive
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe.NM 87502
Telephone- 505/827-2795
NEW YORK
Chief, Groundwater Management Section
Department of Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 201
Albany, NY 12233-3508
Telephone 518/457-6781
NORTH CAROLINA
Nonpoint Source Program Coordinator
Division of Environmental Management
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611
Telephone. 919/733-5083
NORTH DAKOTA
Director, Division of Water Quality
Department of Health and Consolidated Labs
1200 Missouri Ave., Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58502-5520
Telephone: 701/221-5210
OHIO
Director. Water Pollution Program
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
Columbus, OH 432664149
Telephone: 614/644-2798
OKLAHOMA
Water Quality Programs Director
Oklahoma Conservation Commission
2800 N. Lincoln Blvd.. Suite 160
Oklahoma City. OK 73105
Telephone: 405/521-2384
Director
Oklahoma Department of Pollution Control
1000 N.E. 10th Street
Oklahoma City. OK 73152
Telephone: 405/271-4468
OREGON
Senior Nonpoint Source Specialist
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
811SW 6th Avenue
Portland. OR 97204
Telephone: 503/229-6035
PENNSYLVANIA
Director, Water Quality Management
Department of Environmental Resources
PO. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063
Telephone 717/787-2666 '
PUERTO RICO
Water Quality Area Director
Environmental Quality Board
RO. Box 11488
Santurce. PR 00910
Telephone- 809/725-0717
RHODE ISLAND
Nonpoint Source Management Coordinator
Rhode Island Department of Environmental
Management
Division of Environment Coordination
83 Park Street
Providence, RI 02903
Telephone 401/277-3434
Chief, Division of Agriculture and Marketing
Department of Environmental Management
22 Hayes Street
Providence, RI 02908
Telephone 401/277-2781
SOUTH CAROLINA
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Division of Water Quality
South Carolina Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Telephone: 803/734-5228
State Nonpoint Source Coordinators
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SOUTH DAKOTA
Clean Lakes/Nonpoint Administrator
Division of Water Resource Management
Joe Foss Building, 523 E. Capitol
Room 425
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Telephone: 605/7734216
TENNESSEE
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Tennessee Department of Environment and
Conservation
ISO Ninth Avenue, N.
Terra Building, 4th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1534
Telephone: 615/741-7883
TEXAS
Head, Pollution Abatement Unit
Texas Water Commission
P.O. Box 13087
Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Telephone: 512/463-8447
Engineer
Texas Soil and Water Conservation Board
P.O. Box 658
Temple, TX 76503
Telephone: 817/773-2250
UTAH
Environmental Scientist
Division of Water Quality
Department of Environmental Quality
Salt Lake City. UT 84114-1870
Telephone: 801/5384146
VERMONT
Chief, Water Resources Planning
Department of Environmental Conservation
Building 10 North, 103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0408
Telephone: 802/244-6951
VIRGIN ISLANDS
Director
Division of Environmental Protection
Nisaky Center, Suite 231
St. Thomas, V] 00802
Telephone. 809/774-3320
VIRGINIA
Nonpoint Source Coordinator
Virginia Division of Soil and Water Conservation
203 Governor St. Suite 206
Richmond, VA 23219-2094
Telephone: 804/7864382
WASHINGTON
Nonpoint Source Unit Leader
Washington Department of Ecology
PV-11
Olympia, WA 98504
Telephone: 206/438-7069
Nonpoint Grants Section Head
Department of Ecology/Water Quality
Financial Assistance Program
PV-11
Olympia. WA 98504-8711
Telephone: 206/459-6067
Shellfish Protection Unit Leader
Washington Department of Ecology
PV-11
Olympia. WA 98504
Telephone: 206/459-6783
WEST VIRGINIA
Nonpoint Source Administrator
Department of Natural Resources
1201 Greenbrier Street
Charleston. WV 25311
Telephone: 304/348-2108
WISCONSIN
Chief, Nonpoint Source Management
Department of Natural Resources
101 S. Webster/RO. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
Telephone. 608/266-9254
WYOMING
Planning and Nonpoint Supervisor.
Water Quality Division
Herschler Building, 4 West
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Telephone. 307/777-7079
Decisionmaker's Stormvvater Handbook
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