Best Management Practices
For Forested Wetlands In Georgia
Georgia Forestry Association
Wetlands Committee
Revised April, 1993
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . I.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . .1.
Technical Criteria For Jurisdiction! Identification ...... 2.
Identification of Forested Wetlands by Physiographic Class . . . . .3.
Floodplains, Terraces and Bottomlands. . . . . . .3.
Black River Bottoms . . . . . . . .3.
Red River Bottoms ........ 3.
Branch Bottoms ......... 4.
Muck Swamps ......... 4.
Wet Flats .......... 5.
Pine Hammock and Pine Savannahs . . . . . .5.
Pocosins. ..... ... 5.
Carolina Bays ......... 6.
Cypress Strands and Cypress Stringers . . . . . .6.
Peat Swamps and Cypress Domes . . . . . . .7.
Gulf Coves, Lower Slopes Adjacent to Streams & Piedmont Bottomlands ... 7.
Multiple Use Guidelines ......... 9.
Streamside Management Zones . . . . . . . .11.
Wetland Access Systems .... .... 15.
Harvesting Wetland Sites . . . . . . . . .18.
Regenerating Wetland Forests . . . . . . . .21.
Summary of Recommended BMPs For Forested Wetlands . . . . .24.
Appendix .......... 25.
References .......... 26.
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Technical Criteria for Jurisdictional Identification.
The legal definition of wetlands, as enacted by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and unanimously adopted by the
EPA. U S Army Corps of Engineers, the Soil Conservation Service, and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service is "Those
areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency or duration sufficient
to support and under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted
for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, andsimilar
areas."
The methodology used for identifying and delineating junsdictional wetlands is found in the 1987 U S Army Corps
ofEneinecrs Wet lands Delineation Manual. Technical Report Y-87-1 Wetlands possess three essential characteristics:
(1) hydrophytic vegetation, (2) hydric soils, and (3) wetland hydrology. All three must he present under normal
circumstances for an area to be identified as a wetland. Each characteristic is described in the following le\l
Hydrophytic Vegetation. Defined as macrophytic plant life growing in water, soil or on a substrate that is at least
periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content A national interagcncy panel has developed
a "National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands" winch has been subdivided into a regional list The list
separates vascular plants into five basic groups commonly called "wetland mdicatorstatus" based on a plant species'
frequency of occurrence in wetlands They are (1) obligate \\etland, (2) facultative wetland. (3) facultative. (4)
facultative upland, and (5) obligate upland An area has met the hydric vegetation criteria when, under normal
circumstances, more than 50 percent of the composition of the dominant species from all strata (trees, shrubs.
grasses) are obligate wetland (OBL), facultative wetland (FACW). and/or facultative (FAC) species
Examples of trees for each indication group arc
OBL - bald cypress, overcup oak, water tupelo
FACW - slash pine, sweet bay, green ash. swamp chestnut oak, willow oak. sugarbcrry
FAC - loblolly pine, black gum, sweelgum. red maple, yellow poplar
FACU - white oak. longleaf pine, southern red oak
Hydric Soils. Defined as soils that are saturated at least 15 consccuti\e days or inundated at least 7 conscculixc
days during the growing season in most years The National Technical Committee or Hydric Soils (NTCHS) has
developed a list of the nation's hydric soils which has been subdivided into a state list based on the physical
characteristics of organic and mineral soils Local lists have been compiled and are available from county SCS
offices
Wetland Hydrology. Defined as areas which are seasonally inundated and/or saturated to the soil surface for a
consecutive number of days and/or more than 12 5 percent of the growing season Indicators ma> include, but arc
not limited to drainage patterns, drift lines, sediment deposition, watermarks, stream gauge data and flood
predictions, historic records, visual observation of saturated soils and visual observation of inundation Areas wet
between 5 percent and 12 5 percent of the growing season may or may not be wetlands Areas saturated to the surface
for less than 5 percent of the growing season arc non-wetlands
Note For the purpose of better defining hydric soils and wetland hydrology, the growing season is usually the
period between the last freezing temperature in the spring and the first freezing temperature in the fall Most SCS
county soil surveys contain tables showing when these dales occur (usually in table 2 or 3 of modern surveys) In
Georgia the COE Savannah District uses the 28 degree Fahrenheit or lower temperature threshold at the frcquenc>
of "5 years in 10 probability Therefore the growing season for Camdcn Count> is between February 2 and
December 22
Landowners with questions concerning delineation or application of specific sihicultural practices should
contact:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1-800-448-2402
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1-404-347-4015
USDA Soil Conservation Sen-ice 1-706-546-2115
Georgia Forestry Commission 1-800-GA-TREES
UGA Cooperative Extension Service 1-706-542-3447
Georgia Forestry Association 1-404-416-7621
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IDENTIFICATION OF FORESTED WETLANDS
BY PHYSIOGRAPHIC CLASS __
Forested wetlands occurin all three majorphysiographic regions of Georgia (Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain).
Both large and small areas of wetlands are found in streambeds, low-lying level to concave stream terraces, and flood
plains of these regions. Because wetland characteristics such as vegetation, soil, and hydrology differ within the same
region, different wetland types are recognized and described in this publication. The Forested Wetlands identified in
this document are not necessarily classified as jurisdictional wetlands as defined and regulated under the Clean Water
Act. However, the wetlands types described here encompass certain soil, site conditions, and timber types in which
jurisdictional wetlands are likely to be found (see page 2).
FlOOdplainS, Terraces And Bottomland - flat areas bordering major and minor water courses. Formed by
deposits in times of flooding.
Black River Bottoms.
Ground Line
Water Table
Flood plains of major river systems generally originating in the Coastal Plain. Characterized by sandy sed-
iments and slow movement of surface water. The floodplains of the streams are on a modest scale and have
not developed a clean division of natural levees, backswamps, sloughs, and terraces.
Hydrology and Soils. Significant ground-water movement occurs throughout the year.
The flood plain is inundated during the spring season in the North and sometimes during
the summer season in the South. The frequency of flooding is associated with storm events.
Soils are usually poorly drained with very poorly drained soils in sloughs and oxbows.
Common soil series are: Bibb, Levy, Nawney, Bladen, Rains, and Meggett.
Vegetation. Forest tree species include bald cypress, blackgum, water tupelo, green ash,
sweetgum, water hickory, water oaks, and red maple. Loblolly, slash, spruce and pond
pines are common. In the southernmost areas cabbage palm is prevalent.
Red River Bottoms.
Ground Line
Water Table
Flood plains of major river systems originating in the Piedmont or Mountains. Characterized by sandy and
silty sediments. Sloughs and oxbow swamps are commonly interspersed and if large enough may be classified
separately as muck swamps. Levees of the river bottom and first terraces are somewhat higher but flood per-
iodically from seasonal rains. Second terraces nearest to the uplands flood infrequently.
Hydrology and Soils. Significant ground-water movement occurs throughout the year. The
floodplain is characterized by turbid sediment bearing water flowing in well-defined channels
and sloughs with overland flow occurring periodically. The duration of flooding is seasonal and
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typically during the winter and early spring or after main storm events. Soils are well drained
to very poorly drained. Common soil series in the oxbow and sloughs are: Chastian and
Wehadkee. First terraces are dominated by: Congaree, Tawcaw, Chewacla, Wehadkee, and
Roanoke. Chewacla, Congaree and Riverview are found on second terraces.
Vegetation. Forest tree species in the oxbows and sloughs include bald and pond cypress,
blackgum and water tupelo. Water hickory, laurel oaks, willow oaks, red maple, cottonwood,
ash, riverbirch, spruce pine and pond pine are found in the first terrace. The second terraces
are dominated by ash, red maple, sweetgum, water oak, hickory, sycamore, yellow poplar,
loblolly and slash pines.
Branch Bottoms.
Ground Line
Water Table
Relatively flat, alluvial land located near the headwaters and in floodplains of minor drainages. They are dom-
inated by constant seepage of spring-fed water with minor flooding during the wet seasons.
Hydrology and Soils. Surface water flows year round in well defined channels except during
extremely dry periods. Channels are fed by significant groundwater movement and seepage and
are subject to minor overflow after main storm events. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained.
Common soil types are Bibb, Surrency, Bladen, Pelham and Rutledge.
Vegetation. Forest tree species include black gum and cypress near the channels, sweetgum,
water oak, sycamore, red maple, yellow poplar, ash and loblolly pine. In the southern most areas
slash pine and cabbage palms are common.
Muck Swamps.
Water Table
Ground Line
Large areas adjoining drainages near the coast and large sloughs and oxbow depressions of major river flood-
plains. Muck swamps are usually found at the lowest elevations and are characterized by slow moving to st-
anding water.
Hydrology and Soils. Semi-permanently to seasonally flooded through a combination of
precipitation and overland flow. These sites are usually inundated year-round. Soils are poorly
to very poorly drained. Common soils are: Muckalee, Johnston, Satilla, Chastain and Rutledge.
Vegetation. Forest tree species are dominated by bald and pond cypress, water tupelo and black
gum. Swamps associated with redwater rivers are dominated by water tupelo and bald cypress
Those associated with blackwater rivers are dominated by blackgum and both cypress species.
The more stagnant the water the more likely that pond cypress and blackgum will dominate.
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Wet Flats - expanses of shallow or low-lying land located between well defined natural drainage systems. Wet flats
are inundated or saturated for varying periods of time during the growing season.
Pine Hammocks & Pine Savannas.
Low
Hammock
Ground Line
Water Table
Broad interstream flats generally underlain by clays where drainage systems are poorly developed. Sites are
characterized by weak overland flow and constant seepage. Commonly found in the flatwoods of the Coastal
Plain.
Hydrology and Soils. Seasonably saturated by high or perched water tables from precipitation.
Standing water and shallow overland sheet flow are common during the wet seasons. Soils are
somewhat poorly to very poorly drained. Common soils are: Leon, Pelham, Bladen, Meggett,
Wahee and Ocilla.
Vegetation. Forest tree species include open canopies of longleaf pine with laurel oak, some
loblolly, slash and pond pines. The wetter portions are dominated by sweetgum, willow oak,
red maple, loblolly pine and cypress.
Pocosins.
Water Table
Broad shrub bogs with elevated centers where drainage is restricted due to elevated rims, sluggish outlets and
impermeable soils located in the northern portion of the lower Coastal Plain. Pocosins consist of organic soils
which accumulate due to the poor drainage. Pocosins are characterized by continuous wetness.
Hydrology and Soils. Pocosins are saturated for most of the year by high or perched water
tables from precipitation. Standing water is common during the wet season. Soils in the center
are very poorly drained grading to poorly drained at the edges. Pocosin soils include: Ponzer,
Belhaven, Pungo and Pamlico.
Vegetation. Vegetation is dominated by pond pine and evergreen shrubs. Forest tree species
common to pocosins include pond pine, cypress, Atlantic white cedar with scattered sweetgum,
willow oak and red maple. Dense understories are of titi, red bay, sweet bay, loblolly bay, wax
myrtle, sweet gallberry and blueberry are common.
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Carolina Bays.
NW
SE
Water Table
Geomorphologically distinct, elliptical depressions with either saturated organic or mineral soils located in
the middle and lower Coastal Plain, primarily in North Carolina. Carolina Bays usually have a northwestern-
southeastern orientation and a sandy rim on the southeastern side. Carolina bays are characterized by poor
surface drainage and restricted outflow.
Hydrology and Soils. Seasonally saturated by water tables from precipitation. Standing water
and weak overland flow are common during the wet season. Most soils are poorly to very poorly
drained, however, soils formed on the sandy rims are well drained. Common, poorly drained
mineral soils are: Coxville, Rutledge, and Rains; mineral soils on the sandy rim are Norfolk,
Lakeland and Kureb; common organic soils are Kingsland, Croatan and Pamlico.
Vegetation. Vegetation varies from herbaceous marshes to evergreen shrubs to swamp forests.
Forests are dominated by a combination of red, sweet and loblolly bay. Pond pine, loblolly,
red maple, blackgum and yellow poplar are sometimes present. Dense understories of titi, fetter-
bush and gallberry are common.
Cypress Strands - Cypress Stringer.
Ground Line
Water Table
Elongated or linear depressions in the flatwoods landscape following subsurface clay and limerock topography
characterized by drainage through multiple braided channels or sheetflow into the blackwater rivers. Cypress
stringers are narrow strands and occur frequently.
Hydrology and Soils. Semi-permanently to permanently flooded during the growing season
with surface waterusually flowing in braided channels. The organic rich soil grades into a sandy
humus rich hardpan underlain by gleyed and somewhat mottled sandy soil over limerock. The
soil drainage class is very poorly drained. Common soils are: Ellabelle, Surrency, Rutledge,
Bayboro, and Cape Fear.
Vegetation. The forest vegetation is dominated by bald cypress interspersed with sweetbay and
red bay, swamp black gum and sometimes cabbage palm.
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Peat Swamps, Cypress Domes
Peat Swamp
Ground line
Water Table
Cypress Domes
Ground line
Water Table
Upland flats and shallow organic depressions occurring in the lower Coastal Plain located in broad interstream
areas from which blackwater rivers and branch bottoms originate. Sites are characterized by standing water and
constant seepage. Cypress domes are generally much smaller than peat swamps and are dominated by cypress and
black gum.
Hydrology and Soils. Seasonally saturated by high or perched water table from storm
precipitation. Standing water is common with very slow surface flow to an outlet occurring
during the wet season. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained. Common soils are: Belhaven,
Pungo, Kingsland, Surrency, Ellabelle and Emory.
Vegetation. Forest tree species include bald and pond cypress, loblolly, slash and pond pine,
blackgum and red maple. Understory vegetation includes sweet bay, red bay, fetter-bush,
blueberry, titi, and greenbriar. Cypress domes are predominantly cypress and black gum with
little understory in the interior.
Gulfs, Coves, Lower Slopes Adjacent to Streams and
Piedmont Bottomlands.
Ground Line
Water Table
Bed Rock
Ground Line
Water Table
Piedmont Bottomlands
Non-eroded fertile mineral upland flats, side slopes and stream bottoms located in the Piedmont and Mount-
ains. Sites are characterized by poor internal drainage and lateral water movement.
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Hydrology and Soils. Water input by overland flow, precipitation and seepage. Sites may be
seasonally or intermittently flooded or saturated. Soils are well to poorly drained. Common soils
are: Enon, Iredell, Chastam, Roanoke, Chewacla and Congaree.
Vegetation. Forest tree species include nver birch, box elder, sweetgum, sycamore, ash,
northern red oak, water and willow oak, loblolly pine, black cherry, red maple, black gum, and
black walnut.
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MULTIPLE USE GUIDELINES
A key aspect of proper management of the forested wetland ecosystem is the minimization of site impacts associated
with silvicultural practices including timber harvesting. These impacts are not limited to the physical site but include
other values inherent to the wetland environment. Forest managers operate within the social and political
environment as well as the biological!
In addition to timber production, management strategies should include provisions for other benefits from forested
wetlands. Good forest wetlands management practices and multiple-use are not mutually exclusive. Within
the framework of these guidelines it is possible to carryout harvesting and regeneration practices, provide for
recreation, wildlife habitat, and maintain the primary hydrological functions of wetlands as natural filters and
reservoirs of clean water. Some sites may, by their characteristics accommodate more uses than others.
Much attention has been paid to the "multiple-use" concept. Nature is a multiple-use concept practitioner. Wetlands
perform multiple functions for multiple "users". Wetlands provide habitat for numerous species of flora and fauna,
maintain the local hydrologic balance and recharge groundwater, and provide an "outdoor classroom" for education
and research. Intelligent, judicious use of the wetland resource can successfully involve multiple uses and maintain
a healthy balance. The key to success is an understanding of the wetland ecosystem and a stewardship approach for
its management.
Suggested Best Management Practices are intended to protect, maintain, and improve the various wetland "functions"
and potential uses. Each of the potential multiple uses of wetlands should be examined individually:
Timber Production - Irregular shaped or patch clearcuts provide increased "edge effect" habitat for wildlife species.
Refer to the specific BMPs for harvest, regeneration, road building, etc.
Hydrologic Functions - Forested wetlands help dissipate flood waters and improve water quality by filtration and
sediment trapping. See the separate discussion of streamside management zones for further information.
Fisheries - Follow BMP guidelines for timber-related activities to protect surface waters from turbidity, siltation,
temperature changes, pollution/contamination from fuels, lubricants, herbicides, pesticides or other substances.
Wildlife - Most wildlife management techniques are acceptable on wetlands sites. These include establishment of food
plots, cover and nesting areas for game and non-game species as well as maintaining mast producing trees. Some timber
harvesting practices improve habitat for numerous wildlife species. For more information refer to Cooperative
Extension Service Publication "Selective Practices and Plantings for Wildlife", 1987.
Grazing - Livestock grazing is not recommended on most forest wetlands because of soil compaction, water pollution
and destruction of regeneration and wildlife habitat.
Aesthetics - Many people base their opinions on what they see. Minimize the visual impact of silvicultural practices
when and wherever feasible. For example, moderate- size clearcuts, streamside and roadside management, buffer
zones, and other responsible management practices help minimize adverse public reaction.
Recreation - Hunting, fishing, boating, hiking, camping, birdwatching, photography, etc. are valuable activities
which can be successfully coordinated with silvicultural management strategies. All uses should be conducted to
minimize impacts to the wetlands ecosystem.
Education and Research - Well managed forested wetlands serve as examples of how sound silvicultural practices
minimize damage and can, in fact, enhance the wetland environment. All BMPs are recommended with this in mind.
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Forested wetlands, especially bottomland hardwoods, are very productive ecosystems with multiple functions and
values. It is not possible for any policy to maximize each multiple use. These guidelines, suggestions, and
recommendations are intended to address multiple-use issues and provide a balance that best combines various uses.
With proper management, wetlands can be used for commercial timber production without compromising environmental
quality. It is imperative that the forestry community comply with both the letter and spirit of all existing
regulations in implementing Best Management Practices.
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STREAMSIDE MANAGEMENT ZONES
Introduction
Forestry BMPs are designed to protect water quality from road construction, timber harvesting, site preparation, and
other silvicultural practices that may cause non-point source pollution. In addition to the protection provided by BMPs,
Streamside management zones (SMZs) are areas adjacent to flowing or standing water which require more specific
or more stringent management considerations to protect water resources. Management practices are recommended for
both primary and secondary SMZs (Figure 1).
SMZs may have beneficial impacts such as regulating stream temperatures, ameliorating upslope discharges of
pollutants and water to adjacent watercourses, and serving as a buffer or screen to minimize the visual impact of
silvicultural activities. The exact role that SMZs play is, however, not readily predictable due to each site's unique
physical and biological characteristics and how they are integrated with the adjacent watercourse characteristics.
Definition of Wetland SMZs
Streamside management zones are land areas adjacent to natural perennial streams and natural lakes, ponds, and other
standing water that require specific management considerations to provide the water and streambank with special
protection from land-use activities. These zones may be partly or completely in jurisdictional wetlands.
Perennial streams are defined as flowing throughout the year (except during extremely dry periods) in well-defined
channels, and should be quite obvious. Intermittent and ephemeral streams are characterized as having seasonally
flowing water. These streams may be more difficult to recognize, but can be protected with existing forestry BMPs.
Purpose of the SMZ
The purpose of an SMZ is to protect the natural water system from adjacent land-use activities. Areas on both sides
of watercourses or around standing bodies of water should be delineated and given special consideration to protect
streambank integrity and avoid water pollution.
SMZs are not intended to clean-up the results of poor upstream, upslope or adjacent practices. The SMZ does provide
a generally undisturbed buffer area so vegetation and the forest floor slow surface flow and physically trap and filter
out suspended sediments before these particles reach the stream channel or open water. The SMZ can also act as a sink
of limited capacity for essential elements, nutrients and other chemicals via hydrologic, biologic, and physical
processes, both on the surface and subsurface. Adequately vegetated SMZs also provide wildlife corridors and shade
which may regulate stream water temperatures. This can be an important consideration in trout streams and wildlife
management.
Determination of SMZ Width
There is no uniform formula for the determination of SMZ width because of their highly site-specific nature.
The width of the SMZ necessary to ensure protection of water quality and quantity has not been demonstrated by specific
studies. No scientific means are currently available for exactly defining optimal SMZ width.
If shading to control temperature in the watercourse were the only management concern, only a relatively narrow SMZ
would be necessary for protection. Other conditions that must be factored into determination of SMZ width, however,
include slope, depth to water table, vigor of npanan vegetation, nature of the hydraulic connectivity between the SMZ
and the watercourse, degree of management (e.g., harvesting) within the SMZ, the potential for windthrow or
blowdown of residuals into the watercourse, and other local conditions.
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The width of an SMZ should be determined by on-site evaluation. Variation in topography or other conditions
along a watercourse or surrounding a body of standing water may require changes in the SMZ width. Generally, the
steeper the slope the wider the SMZ, and the more gentle the slope the narrower the SMZ. A similar rule-of-thumb
applies for erodible soils: the more erodible the soil the wider the SMZ, and the less erodible the soil, the narrower
the SMZ needed.
For the majority of conditions in Georgia, the width of an SMZ should range from at least 20 feet on each side of
streambeds in slightly erodible soils to 50 feet in severely erodible soils where slopes perpendicular to the stream are
less than 5 percent, such as in the Lower Coastal Plain. In areas such as the Upper Coastal Plain, where slopes vary
greatly, SMZs should range from at least 40 feet in slightly erodible soils and 5 percent slopes to 160 feet in severely
erodible soils and 20 percent slopes. In areas where slopes exceed 20 percent, such as in the Piedmont and Mountain
regions, the SMZ should range from at least 80 feet wide in slightly erodible soils to a minimum of 160 feet in severely
erodible soils. Refer to Figure 1. for generalized width recommendations based on slope and erosion hazard. Managers
should be aware of the site conditions that would require a change in the width of the SMZ from what is generally
recommended.
SECONDARY
SMZ
LOWER COASTAL
PLAIN: 01
UPPER COASTAL
PLAIN:
40'
PIEDMONT &
MOUNTAIN:
80'
20'
40 '
80'
STREAM BED
SMZ
20'
40'
80'
.SECONDARY
SMZ
0'
40'
80'
Figure 1. Generalized streamside management zones and their widths by region
Specific Recommendations Within TTie Wetland SMZ
Timber Harvest. For any harvest within the SMZ, all standard BMPs apply. In additon:
BMP Recommendations
1. Consider SMZs in the preharvest planning.
2. Determine the SMZ width.
3. Locate log decks and sawmills on well-drained sites at least 50 feet outside the primary SMZ.
4. Stabilize roads, stream crossings and monitor conditions at crossings, bridges, culverts, etc. See Sec-
tion II, Stream Crossings in Recommended Best Management Practices for Forestry in Georgia
for specific guidelines.
5. If no harvest is to occur within the SMZ, it should remain as undisturbed as possible, including limited
access, etc. to protect site integrity and productivity.
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6. Harvesting within an SMZ, including patch clearcuts and selective harvests, should leave the forest
floor as undisturbed as possible.
7. Selective harvests should leave a residual stand with diverse species composition and x' leave1' trees
of various heights.
Practices to be Avoided
1. With the exception of stream crossings, placing roads or skid trails within an SMZ.
2. Unnecessary stream crossings.
3. Locating landings, staging areas, or log decks within the SMZ.
4. Contamination of soil and water by refueling, servicing or repairing equipment.
5. Felling trees into the streambed. Debns such as tops and limbs should be kept out of the stream. If such
materials enter streams or sloughs, they should be removed. Water flow should not be restricted or
impeded in any way.
6. Avoid rutting and soil compaction by limiting logging equipment use within the SMZ. Use harvesting
systems which minimize soil disturbance. Avoid activity on saturated soils.
Access. The SMZ should remain as undisturbed as possible to protect site integrity and productivity. Therefore, limit
access through the SMZ.
Timber Stand Improvement. Timber management objectives may be best met by removal of undesirable species by
mechanical or chemical methods on individual stems.
Wildlife. Selective timber harvest plans should include provisions for leaving trees essential for wildlife. Residual
trees should include various height classes and species diversity, providing both food and suitable habitat. SMZs also
serve as travel lanes for some species. More speci fie recommendations are dependent upon the species involved. State
and federal regulations pertaining to wildlife, such as endangered species, must be observed.
Fire. Use of fire should be restricted within the SMZ when managing for hardwoods. Fire can be detrimental to
hardwood regeneration and productivity. Wetland SMZs should be protected from fire, especially during dry periods
because riparian vegetation may be necessary for the stability and integrity of the streambank and the periphery of open
bodies of water. Uncontrolled fire can destroy the litter, duff, and humus layers of the forest floor and expose mineral
soil to erosion altering conditions.
Chemicals. Pesticide and fertilizer use should be limited within the SMZ because of their pollution potential. Pesticide
treatment should be made by injection or directed application. Forest fertilizer should be applied in such a manner
(rate, time, frequency of application, etc.) to prevent soil or water pollution. If state and federal laws regarding the
proper use of silvicultural chemicals are adhered to, and manufacturer's label directions followed; the judicious use
of chemicals should not jeopardize the SMZ or the water it protects. Care should also be taken in areas adjacent to
the SMZ to prevent the drift, spill, seepage, or wash of silvicultural chemicals into the SMZ or watercourse.
Site Preparation. Mechanical site preparation is prohibited within the primary SMZ.
Reforestation. Natural regeneration, hand planting, or direct seeding are generally acceptable within the SMZ. Refer
to the regeneration recommendations for specific guidelines.
Summary
BMPs Recommended
1. Consider SMZs in planning.
2. On-site evaluation to determine SMZ width.
3. Harvest systems which minimize forest floor disturbance.
4. Any type of cutting practice, including patch clearcutting, except where it will affect water temperatures
to the detnment of trout.
5. Natural regeneration, hand planting, or direct seeding.
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Practices to be Avoided
1. Crossing streams or wet sites.
2. Use of wheeled or tracked vehicles.
3. Leaving trees, tops, or anything in the water.
4. Placement of anything in the streambed that would impede water flow.
5. Roads or trails or any kind, unless absolutely necessary.
6. Fire.
7. Mechanical site preparation or machine planting.
8. Sawmills, log decks, landings, or staging areas.
9. Aerial or broadcast application of silvicultural chemicals.
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WETLAND ACCESS SYSTEMS
Properly constructed and maintained access systems are an essential element in the management of Georgia's forested
wetlands. Access systems (roads of permanent or temporary nature) are required for routine management, timber
removal, fire suppression, and fire protection.
Properly constructed roads provide a means to access and conduct normal silvicultural operations without site
degradation. Roads that are improperly located, constructed, or maintained have the potential to adversely affect water
quality, water quantity, and aesthetics. They also accelerate erosion, and reduce or degrade wildlife and/or fishing
habitat. Access roads should not significantly alter the hydrologic make-up of the forested wetland. Access roads
and stream crossings should comply with guidelines established in the "* Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control
in Georgia."
Forested Wetlands Access Guidelines
Permanent roads provide all season access for silvicultural operations. Permanent roads should only be constructed
to: (a) serve as access for large and frequently used areas, (b) serve as approaches to watercourse crossings, (c) serve
as access for fire protection or property protection
Temporary roads are constructed to provide access into a specific area for a specific operation. Properly constructed,
these temporary roads have less effect on the hydrology of forested wetlands than permanent roads and should be used
whenever practical (see guidelines for closing, page 16)
Low water, hard surface crossings are a viable alternative to culvert or bridge crossings. Such crossings must be
designed to create a stable foundation in shallow streams. These types of crossings should not be designed to serve
as a dam and should limit the placement of rock or stabilization material to 6" above the streambed.
Wetland access roads and crossings should be made at right angles to the main stream channels and constructed to allow
normal water flow under seasonal fluctuations and storms. An example of these types of crossings are bridges, culverts,
or low water, hard surface crossings. Care must be taken to prescribe the correct size and/or frequency to assure normal
water flow (Table 1).
Table 1. Drainage for 2!/2- inches per hour rainfall"
Cross-Section Area of Pine Required (in so ft.) for:
Acres in
Watershed
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1,000
Impervious
Soils
3.4
5.8
8.0
9.9
11.6
13.4
15.0
16.6
18.2
19.7
33.2
45.7
56.0
66.8
113.0
Steep Slopes
Heavy Soils
25% +
2.6
4.3
5.9
7.3
9.7
10.1
11.2
12.4
13.6
14.7
24.9
33.6
42.0
49.4
88.9
Mod. Slopes
Mod. Soils
15-25%
1.9
3.2
4.4
5.4
6.4
7.4
8.3
9.2
10.1
10.8
18.4
27.1
30.5
36.6
62.1
Gentle Slopes
Light Soils
6-15%
1.2
2.0
2.8
3.5
4.1
4.7
5.3
6.3
6.3
6.8
11.7
15.8
19.5
23.2
39.4
Flatland
Sandy
Soils
0.7
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
6.6
9.0
11.2
13.2
22.4
"(Modified from Talbot's Formula for a 2'/2-inch per hour rainfall)
15
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To use the tables in selecting a culvert:
TABLE 2*
1. From Table 1, for the given watershed (Drainage) area, soil and
cover conditions, read the required pipe cross-section area for 2-
inches of rainfall per hour.
2. Select a culvert from Table 2 that has at least the required area
determined above.
3. For watersheds that require more than 44.2 square feet of pipe (a
90-inch pipe), multiple pipe combinations should be used to meet
the pipe area requirements. It is generally preferable to use mult-
iple pipes of the same size and the pipes should be spaced leaving
a distance of 1/2 the pipe diameter between the pipes. For ex-
ample, if two 72-inch pipes are required, the pipes should be spac-
ed 36-inches apart.
Diameters of Round Pipe Needed
for Pipe Cross-Section Areas Listed
in Table 1
Pipe Cross-Section
Area
(sq. ft.)
0.55
0.79
1.25
1.80
3.10
4.90
7.10
9.60
12.60
15.90
19.60
23.80
28.30
33.20
38.50
44.20
Diameter
(inch)
10
12
15
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
•"King's Handbook on Hydraulics, modified by Forestry BMP Handbook Technical Advisory Committee.
When constructing access systems such as stream crossings, isolated wetland crossings, fill roads, or low water hard
surface crossings; the access system should be stabilized to prevent erosion and/or stream sedimentation. For areas
that will not stabilize quickly, grass seeding or other stabilizing methods or materials must be used to prevent erosion
or sedimentation.
After the activities on a temporary road have ceased, the removal of culverts and/or bridges is recommended. Allowing
temporary roads to revegetate reduces potential erosion and allows the road bed to return to its natural state.
Recommendations for seeding and mulching roads and disturbed areas are found in Table 3. Landowners may inquire
with the Game and Fish Division for preferred plant mixtures which will improve wildlife habitat.
Table 3. Recommendations for Seeding, Mulching and Fertilizing Roads, Skid Trails and Disturbed Areas in Georgia
UPPER & LOWER COASTAL PLAINS REGIONS
Dates
Septl
to
Nov 15
NovIS
to
Feb 15
Feb IS
to
June 15
Species lor planting Rates/Acre
Tall fescue or 23-35 Ib
•Pensacola1 bahlagrass 23-35 Ib
and rye grass I5lb
Tall fescue or 25-35 Ib
•Pensacola' bahiagrass 20-25 Ib
and Abnnzli rye 1 bu
Pensacola Bahiagrass 20-25 Ib
or bermuda grass and 6 Ib
scanfled serlcea or 30-4O Ib
•ambro* virgala lespedeza
PIEDMONT REGION
Dates
Septl
to
Nov 1
Nov 1
to
Mar 12
Mar 1
to
Apr 15
Apr 15
to
July 1
Species for Planting Rates/Acre
Tall fescue and 23-35 Ib
annulled sencea or
•Ambro' nrgata lespedeza 50-60 Ib
Tall fescue and 25-35 Ib
unhulled sencea or
•Ambro' virgata lespedeza 50-60 Ib
and Abruzzi rye 1 bu
Tall fescue and 25-35 Ib
scarified sencea or
•Ambro' virgata lespedeza 30-40 Ib
Pensacola bahiagrass and 25-35 Ib
scarified sencea or
•Ambro' virgata lespedeza «0-€0 Ib
or
common bermuda grass 6 Ib
and scarified sencea or
•Ambro' virgata lespedeza 40-50 Ib
MOUNTAIN REGION
Dates
Mar 15
to
June 1
and
June 1
to
Aug 152
Aug is
to
del 15
Oct 15
to
Mar 15
Species for Ranting Rates/Acre
Tall Fescue and 25-35 Ib
sencea or 'ambro'
virgata lespedeza 40-50 Ib
Weeping lovegrass and 4 Ib
scarified sencea or
•Ambro- virgata lespedeza 40-50 Ib
Browntopor-Oove- 20-30 Ib
proso millet3
Tall fescue and 40 Ib
Unhulled serlcea or
•Ambro' virgata lespedeza 4O40 Ib
or red clover 40 Ib
Tall fescue and 25-35 Ib
unhulled serlcea or
•Ambro' virgata lespedeza 40-60 Ib
and Abruzzi rye (for 1 bu
nurse crop)
'inoculate legume seed
'Planting during mis period m hazardous and may have to be repeated
3Can |jg used for temporary cover June to August
NOTE Fertilize with BOO to'l,000 Ib per acre of 8-12-12 Mulch slopes with 4,000 Ib small grain straw or 5,000 Ib hay per acre
16
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Fill roads should be constructed only when absolutely necessary for access. This is especially important in wetlands
with flowing water systems; fill roads always have the potential to restrict natural flow patterns. Cross drains may
be needed to ensure adequate surface water flow consistent with pre-existing conditions. When possible, roads should
be constructed at natural ground level because they are less likely to restrict flowing water. If fill roads are necessary
for access, they should be constructed parallel to the flow of the main channel and outside the SMZ except when the
road is built for the purpose of crossing the mam channel.
Since all Mil roads have the potential to restrict the flow patterns or volumes of water movement through forested
wetlands, water conveyance structures such as culverts, bridges, and fords must be installed with care to assure the
conveyance of water through fill roads to provide for flood control, erosion control, and control potential damage to
site productivity. Care must also be taken to size such structures to accommodate water volumes experienced during
wet seasons or storms.
To prevent excessive rutting during adverse weather, traffic should be restricted and roads regraded. Gravel, mats,
and fabric can be used to improve drainage and bearing capacity of road. Broad based drainage dips, water bars, and
turnouts are effective means of minimizing erosion losses for access crossings and roads which have significant
topography changes. Refer to the publication, "Recommended Best Management Practices for Forestry in Georgia"
for guidelines.
Access systems should be constructed only after sufficient planning has been performed. As with all silvicultural
activities, access systems should be constructed with emphasis placed on systems which will maintain or enhance
existing wetlands functions.
Recommended BMPs for Access Systems
1. Properly plan the access system.
2. Follow recognized and approved construction methods.
3. Construct stream crossings at right angles to the channel.
4. Use properly sized culverts and cross drains.
5. Stabilize soils around bndges and culverts.
6. Use temporary culverts and crossings where practical.
7. Restrict traffic on wet roads.
17
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HARVESTING WETLAND SITES
Timber harvesting is necessary to achieve most management objectives in forest wetlands. Planning the harvest and
selecting the right harvesting system can achieve management objectives such as timber production,
ensuring stand establishment, and improving wildlife habitat, while avoiding the risks of detrimental impacts.
Planning the Harvest
Several factors should be considered before logging is initiated. Plan all access roads and major skid trails. Avoid
locating major roads or trails in areas where rutting or soil puddling may occur. Structure road and trail drainage
systems to allow continuous natural drainage. Estimate the amount of harvested timber that must be removed from
the tract and the routes used to haul timber. Balance the road system to avoid over-using a particular haul road or skid
trail. Plan the access system to minimize traffic over unstable soils or highly sensitive areas.
Schedule the harvest to take advantage of dry weather when the site would be least degraded. Also consider the impact
of harvest timing on regeneration. If coppicing is used for regeneration, plan the harvest in late fall or early winter
to increase reproductive vigor of the stump sprouts.
Determine the type of system best suited for harvesting in terms of system impact on site quality. Most harvesting
systems can be used to log wetland sites, although some modification to the equipment may be required. At least three
different harvest systems are suitable for wetland logging.
Conventional harvesting systems currently log most of the wetland sites in the South. These systems are commonly
comprised of a chamsaw crew, several skidders, a loader, and haul trucks (Fig. 2). Some mechanized operations use
rubber tired feller-bunchers, rather than a chamsaw crew for felling. Others use tracked feller-bunchers which create
less impact on the site than rubber-tired units. Logging with a conventional system can be used successfully on wetland
sites, if access is planned and movement across the site is ngidly controlled.
CHAINSAW CREW
OR
FELLER-BUNCHER
SAWHAND
HAUL TRUCK
Figure 2. Components of a conventional harvesting system used for wetland logging
18
-------
Cable yarder and aenal harvesting systems have been used in the South at different times to log wetlands inaccessible
to conventional harvesting systems (Fig. 3). These systems are expensive to operate and not widely available. In most
cases, a conventional harvesting system with controlled access to the site is as effective as either an aenal or cable
system.
CHAINSAW CREW
OR
FELLER-BUNCHER
HELICOPTER *-~ JT— ^^^ CABLE YARDER
SAWHAND JC -S^ HAUL TRUCK
Figure 3. Components of a cable and aenal harvesting system for wetland logging.
Harvesting Constraints
During the harvest, constraints should be placed on equipment to minimize site disturbance, particularly in
the SMZs. Encourage the use of low ground pressure tire or track configurations on all equipment, especially on all
skidding equipment. Locate skid trails along the contour to reduce erosion and improve vegetative reproduction.
Trees should not be felled into the streambed and debns, such as tree tops and limbs, should be kept out of the stream.
If trees are felled into the stream, remove the matenal from the stream pnor to completing the harvest. All equipment
should be refueled, serviced and repaired well away from the stream. Trash, such as discarded oil and hydraulic fluid
containers, should be removed from the site to avoid soil and stream contamination. Landings should be maintained
during operation and cleaned up prior to moving. Landing size should be kept to a minimum and located on high ground
where possible.
Special effort should be made to keep the SMZ areas intact during the harvest. Avoid stream crossings whenever
possible to minimize stream contamination by leaking diesel fuel or oil. Do not place landings or log decks in an SMZ.
Avoid placing roads or skid trails in the SMZ. If a road is required, be sure to stabilize the crossing area prior to use.
Keep disturbance from logging equipment to a minimum.
Harvest Supervision
Supervision is required to ensure that any forest operation proceeds in a correct manner. Make sure the logging crew
understands what is expected during harvest. Logging operations on wetland sites should be closely supervised
to avoid environmental problems. Areas that require detailed supervision include timber transport and skidding
operations. Limit the operations on sensitive sites during periods of abnormally wet conditions to avoid site damage.
Monitor road and culvert conditions to prevent problems before they occur.
19
-------
Recommended Best Management Practices for Harvesting Wetland Sites
Recommended BMPs for wetland harvesting operations differ slightly from those provided for other harvesting
situations, as detailed in the Georgia Forestry Commission pamphlet** Recommended Best Management Practices for
Forestry in Georgia". The following practices are recommended when harvesting most wetland sites:
Recommended BMPs
1. Areas on both sides of a water course should be given special consideration to protect stream bank
integrity.
2. Limit the operations on sensitive sites during periods of abnormally wet conditions to avoid site damage.
3. Locate all major skid trails outside the SMZ.
4. Approaches to water crossings should be as near to a right angle as possible.
5. Keep skidder loads light and use high flotation tires or wide tracks to improve flotation.
6. Concentrate skid trails when ground is saturated to minimize compaction and soil disturbance.
7. When ground is dry, alternate skid trails to minimize soil disturbance.
8. Locate landings (log decks, docks, etc) before establishing the road system.
9. Keep the number and size of landings to a minimum. Where possible, place decks and landings on sites
that are well drained and slightly sloped to ensure rapid drying during wet periods.
10. Place landings outside the SMZ. When servicing equipment at the landing do not allow waste oil or fuel
to drain onto the ground. Remove all garbage and trash from the landing prior to abandonment and seed-
in the site to reduce erosion potential.
11. Keep all roads and ditches free of logging debris.
Proper planning, recommended harvest practices, and adequate supervision during the harvest will help protect and
maintain our forested wetlands for future use and enjoyment.
20
-------
REGENERATING WETLAND FORESTS
Successful regeneration begins with a forest management plan which evaluates regeneration options prior to harvest.
Repeated selective harvesting without regard for regeneration usually results in a decline of stocking and value of
desirable species. The choice of regeneration method is dependent on timber species present, age, stocking, soils, other
site and stand characteristics, and the landowner's primary management objectives. Successful regeneration may be
natural or artificial.
Concepts of Natural Regeneration
Forested wetlands can be extremely productive and many have the capacity to naturally regenerate themselves. Natural
regeneration utilizes the normal cycle of species succession. Landowner objectives determine whether the regeneration
cycle will focus on early or climax species. Two types of silvicultural systems, even age and uneven age, are available.
Their application will depend on fundamental management decisions and the silvicultural characteristics of desired tree
species. Well-stocked young to middle-aged stands provide more management and regeneration options than
understocked or over-mature stands.
Hardwood Regeneration. Clearcuttmg, properly applied, has the greatest application of any
management system for natural regeneration of quality southern hardwoods. Coppice
regeneration from stumps and roots of young vigorous stands is generally more successful than
those from mature or climax species. Schedule the harvest in late fall or early winter to increase
reproductive vigor of the stump sprouts. Hardwood regeneration which relies on seed
production and dissemination from seed trees is generally impractical and unnecessary.
Shelterwood systems may have application for regeneration of late successional species and
are frequently recommended for wildlife management or aesthetic considerations.
Pine Regeneration. A regeneration harvest is required. This may include intermediate or
shelterwood systems or leaving evenly spaced seed trees to provide adequate seed fall. Once
seedlings are established the seed trees should be removed. Clearcuts timed to coincide with
natural seed fall may result in adequate regeneration on some sites.
Concepts of Artificial Regeneration
Some wetland sites are not conducive to site preparation and planting equipment. However, during dry periods many
of these sites can be artificially regenerated with pine or hardwood species with varying degrees of success. Artificial
hardwood regeneration is usually more expensive due to seed or seedling costs, availability, and the extra protection
needed from herbaceous and woody competition. Sites that can be artificially regenerated tend to have greater rates
of success when planted or seeded to pines.
Artificial regeneration includes but is not limited to the use of prescribed fire, chemical, or mechanical site preparation
treatments such as chopping, shearing, piling, raking, disking, bedding and fertilization. (Minor drainage for removal
of surface water may be recommended and is widely practiced). Minor drainage does not include drainage associated
with the immediate or gradual conversion of a wetland to a non-wetland. Stand establishment may be accomplished
by broadcast seeding, or by hand or machine planting seed or seedlings. Species choice is a management option.
Recommended Regeneration Practices by Wetlands Groups
Regeneration systems commonly used in forested wetlands include- patch or clearcut followed by natural or artificial
regeneration, shelterwood, seed tree, and group selection. Single tree selection systems may be recommended for
sensitive areas such as streamside management zones. Definitions of these systems are found in the appendix.
Care must be exercised during intermediate cuts to avoid soil puddling and compaction and prevent residual stand
damage. Regeneration systems that require repeated stand entry are less effective for forest wetlands types with high
organic soils. These types may include black river bottoms, branch bottoms, muck swamps, peat swamps and cypress
domes.
21
-------
Complete overstory felling is the preferred site preparation method for obtaining natural regeneration of bottomland
hardwoods. Site preparation practices that significantly till surface soil should be minimized on areas that are subject
to flooding or where surface runoff may result in increased turbidity of adjacent waters.
FLOOD PLAINS. TERRACES AND BOTTOMLAND
Natural Regeneration: From seed, seedlings in place prior to and from coppice following a
harvest cut. Harvest may be stand clearcutting, patch cutting or group selection. Clearcutting
is most effective for hardwood regeneration. Natural regeneration of pine requires seed or
seedlings in place prior to harvest or the implementation of a regeneration type harvest.
Regeneration of desired species may be encouraged by removing understory stems.
Artificial Regeneration: Not normally recommended in bottomland, first terrace, or muck
swamps. Regeneration of second terraces may be accomplished by a wide array of site
preparation techniques. These may include various combinations of shearing, disking,
bedding,burning, herbicides, and fertilization. Planting of seed or seedlings may be by hand
or machine. The choice of method and species is a management option.
WET FLATS
Natural Regeneration: From seed, seedlings in place and coppice development following
clearcutting, patch cutting or group selection. Broadcast burning for pine regeneration should
be conducted when soil moisture is acceptably high.
Artificial Regeneration: Accomplished by a wide array of site preparation and stand
establishment techniques including mechanical, chemical, burning and fertilization. Bedding
is recommended and widely practiced. The choice of method and species is a management
option. Broadcast burning should be conducted when soil moisture is acceptably high.
PEAT SWAMPS. CYPRESS DOMES
Natural Regeneration: From seed, seedlings in place and coppice development following
clearcutting.
Artificial Regeneration: May be accomplished by direct seeding.
GULFS. COVES. LOWER SLOPES ADJACENT TO STREAMS. PIEDMONT
BOTTOMLANDS
Natural Regeneration: From seed, seedlings m place and coppice development following
clearcutting, patch or group selection.
Artificial Regeneration: Accomplished by a wide array of site preparation and stand
establishment techniques including both mechanical and chemical. Mechanical site preparation
should be avoided within the primary SMZ.
22
-------
Recommended Regeneration Systems By Forested Wetland Type
NATURAL REGENERATION
Type
Clearcut
Group Shelter Seed1
Selection Wood Tree
ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION
Mechanical Direct
She Prep Plant Seed
FLOOD PLAINS, TERRACES, BOTTOMLAND
Black River A
Red River A
Branch Bottoms A
Piedmont Bottoms A
Muck Swamps A
WET FLATS
Pine Hammocks & Savannas A
Pocosins or Bays A
Cypress Strands A
CYPRESS DOMES- PEAT SWAMPS
Peat Swamps A
Cypress Domes A
GULFS, COVES, LOWER SLOPES A
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
A
B
D
C
D
C
B
C
B
C
A
B
C
C
C
C
B
C
B
C
B
B
C
C
C
1Seed tree cuts are not recommended on first terraces of flood plains, terraces and bottomland.
A - Highly effective
B - Effective
C - Less effective
D - Not recommended
Recommended BMPs for Regeneration Systems
1. Evaluate regeneration options prior to harvest.
2. Minimize soil degradation from harvest and site preparation by limiting operations on saturated soils.
3. Construct beds and plant on the contour.
4. Avoid mechanical site preparation and planting in the SMZ.
For Natural Regeneration
5. Harvest during dormant seasons to take advantage of current seed sources and favorable coppice growth.
6. Harvest the present stand as completely as possible to allow maximum light for shade intolerant species.
7. Harvest trees at a stump height of less than 12" to promote vigorous coppice.
8. Control residual stems larger than 1.5" DBH by shearing, felling girdling or herbicides within 6 months
of harvest.
23
-------
Summary of Recommended BMPs For Forested Wetlands
SMZs
1. Consider SMZs in planning.
2. Determine and mark SMZ width on site.
3. Harvest systems which minimize forest floor disturbance.
4. Any type of cutting practice, including patch clearcuttmg, except where it will affect water temperatures to
the detriment of trout.
5. Natural regeneration, hand planting, or direct seeding.
Practices to be Avoided
1. Crossing streams or wet sites.
2. Use of wheeled or tracked vehicles.
3. Leaving trees, tops, or anything in the water.
4. Placement of anything in the streambed that would impede water flow.
5. Roads or trails or any kind, unless absolutely necessary.
6. Fire.
7. Mechanical site preparation or machine planting.
8. Sawmills, log decks, landings, or staging areas.
9. Aenal or broadcast application of silvicultural chemicals.
Access Systems
1. Properly plan the access system.
2. Follow approved construction methods.
3. Construct stream crossings at right angles to the channel.
4. Use properly sized culverts and cross drains.
5. Stabilize soils around bridges and culverts.
6. Use temporary culverts and crossings where practical.
7. Restrict skidder and truck traffic on wet roads.
Harvesting Wetland Sites
1. Protect stream bank integrity.
2. Limit the operations on sensitive sites during periods of abnormally wet conditions to avoid site damage.
3. Locate all major skid trails outside the SMZ.
4. Approaches to water crossings should be at right angles.
5. Keep skidder loads light and use high flotation tires or wide tracks to improve flotation.
6. Concentrate skid trails when ground is saturated to minimize compaction and soil disturbance.
7. When ground is dry, alternate skid trails to minimize soil disturbance.
8. Locate landings (log decks, docks, etc) before establishing the road system.
9. Keep the number and size of landings to a minimum. Where possible, place decks and landings on sites that
are well drained and slightly sloped to ensure rapid drying during wet periods.
10. Place landings outside the SMZ. When servicing equipment at the landing do not allow waste oil or fuel
to drain onto the ground. Remove all garbage and trash from the landing prior to abandonment and seed-
in the site to reduce erosion potential.
11. Keep all roads and ditches free of logging debns.
Regeneration Systems
1. Evaluate regeneration options prior to harvest.
2. Minimize soil degradation from harvest and site preparation by limiting operations on saturated soils.
3. Construct beds and plant on the contour.
4. Avoid mechanical site preparation and planting in the SMZ.
For Natural Regeneration
5. Harvest during dormant seasons to take advantage of current seed sources and favorable coppice growth.
6. Harvest the present stand as completely as possible to allow maximum light for shade intolerant species.
7. Harvest trees at a stump height of less than 12" to promote vigorous coppice.
8. Control residual stems larger than 1.5" DBH by shearing, felling girdling or herbicides within 6 months
of harvest.
24
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APPENDIX
Clearcutting. Strictly speaking, the removal of the entire standing crop. A silvicultural system in which the old crop
is cleared over a considerable area at one time; conifer regeneration is generally artificial, natural regeneration
possible by seeding from adjacent stands or from seed and/or advanced growth already on the ground. Hardwood
regeneration from coppice.
Group Selection. A modification of the selection system in which trees are removed in small groups at a time. The
canopy is opened by group cuttings to create evenly distnbuted gaps that are enlarged by subsequent cuttings as
regeneration develops.
Patch Cutting. A modification of the clearcutting system developed in the Pacific Coast, whereby patches of 40-
200 acres are logged as single settings, separated for as long as practicable by living forests. In the Southeast
the sizes are generally smaller.
Seed Tree. A tree selected and retained following harvest to provide seed for natural regeneration.
Seed Tree Cutting. Removal in one cut of the mature timber from an area, save for a small number of seed bearers
left singly or in small groups. The objective is to create an even-age stand.
Selection Cutting. The annual or periodic removal of trees, individually or in small groups, from an uneven-age
forest. The improvement of the forest is a primary consideration.
Shelterwood Cutting. Any regeneration cutting in a more or less regular and mature crop, designed to establish a
new crop under the protection of the old.
Shelterwood Systems. Even-aged silvicultural systems in which in order to provide a source of seed and/or pro-
tection for regeneration, the old crop is removed in two or more successive Shelterwood cuttings, the first of which
is ordinarily the seed cutting and the last is the final cutting, any intervening cuttings being termed removal
cuttings.
Single Tree Selection. The removal of single, mature, individual or exceedingly small clumps of several such trees.
This system is used in situations that preclude complete overstory removal such as streamside management zones,
recreation areas, and locations where aesthetics are a prime consideration.
Silviculture. The science and art of cultivating forest crops. The theory and practice of controlling the establish-
ment, composition, constitutional growth of forests.
25
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REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alabama's Best Management Practices for Silviculture. 1983. Alabama Forestry Commission. 29 p.
Best Management Practices for Forested Wetlands in North Carolina. N.C. Forestry Commission, Unpublished.
Best Management Practices for South Carolina's Forest Wetlands. 1988. S.C. Forestry Commission. 20 p.
Best Management Practices for Forestry in Georgia. 1988. Georgia Forestry Commission. 24 p.
Carlton, R. L. and Jeff Jackson. 1987. Selected Practices and Planting for Wildlife. Cooperative Extension
Service, University of Georgia. 11 p.
Forestry Best Management Practices for Water Quality in Virginia. 1989. Virginia Division of Forestry. 76 p.
Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, 1989, Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia.
Glossary of Geology. 1987. American Geological Institute. Third Edition, R. L. Bates and J. A. Jackson, Editors,
788 p.
Kellison, R. C., J. P. Martin, G. D. Hansen, and R. Lea. 1988. Regenerating and Managing natural stands of
bottomland hardwoods. APA. 88-A-6, 26 p.
Management Guidelines for Forested Wetlands m Flonda. 1987. Florida Division of Forestry and Florida
Forestry Association. 46 p.
Nutter, W. L. and J. W. Gaskin. 1988. Role of Streamside Management Zones in Controlling Discharges to
Wetlands. Pgs. 81-14 in Hook, Donal D. and Lea, Russ, editors. 1989 Proceedings of the Symposium: The
Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States; 1988 July 12-14 Orlando Florida. General Technical Report
SE-50 Asheville, NC. USDA Forest Service Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 168 p.
Reed, P.B., Jr. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur m Wetlands: National Summary. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Biol Rpt. 88(24). 244 pp.
Soil Survey Interpretations for Woodlands in the Southern Coastal Plain and Associated Areas of Georgia, North
Carolina, and South Carolina. 1970. USDA Soil Conservation Service. Progress Report W-16. 26 p.
Soil Survey Interpretations for Woodlands in the Southern Piedmont Areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina,
and South Carolina. 1969. USDA Soil Conservation Service. Progress Report W-13. 20p.
Terminology of Forest Science Technology Practices and Products. 1983. Society of American Foresters.
Washington, DC. 370 p.
U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. 1987. Hydnc Soils of the United States, 1987. In cooperation with the
National Technical Committee for Hydnc Soils. USDA-SCS, Washington, DC.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1988. The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future. USDA Forest Resource
Report No. 24. Washington, DC. 512 p.
26
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For additional information regarding an> aspect of this booklet, contact \our local Water Quality Coordinator located
in one of the following districts
GEORGIA FORESTRY
COMMISSION OFFICES
Georgia Forestry Commission
Central Office
PO Bo\ 819
Macon Georgia 31298-4599
l-800-GATREES
Rome District Amencus District
3086 Martha Berry H\vy . NE 243 US H\vy 19 North
Rome, Georgia 30165-7708 Amencus. Georgia 31709-9717
(706) 295-6021 (912) 928-1301
Gainesville District Tifton District
3005 Atlanta Hwy Route 3. Box 17
Gainesville. Georgia 30507 Tifton. Georgia 31794-9401
(706) 534-5454 (912) 386-3617
Athens District Camilla District
1055 E Whitehall Road PO Box 345
Athens. Georgia 30605 Camilla. Georgia 31730
(706) 542-6880 (912) 336-5341
Newnan District Statesboro District
187 Corinth Road Route 2. Box 28
Newnan, Georgia 30263-5167 Statesboro. Georgia 30458-9803
(404)254-7218 (912)764-2311
Milledgeville District McRae District
119 Highnay 49 Route 1. Box 67
Milledgeville. Georgia 31061 Helena. Georgia 31037
(912)453-5164 (912)868-5649
Washington District Wa\cross District
1465 Tignall Road 5003 Jacksonville Hw>
Washington, Georgia 30673-9802 Waycross. Georgia 31503
(706) 678-2015 (912) 287-4915
Urban Project
6835 Memorial Drive
Stone Mountain Georgia 30083-2236
(404) 294-3550
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