REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS
FOR THE GREAT LAKES
EPA/NASA MEETING
CLEVELAND, OHIO
JANUARY 5, 1978
-------
AGENDA
GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY MEETING
JANUARY 5, 1978
10:00 AM
11 EPA REGION V GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE
II, REMOTE SENSING PROGRAM FOR GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY
A, PROGRAM OVERVIEW
B, FATE OF POLLUTANT MAPPING
1, CLEVELAND HARBOR
2, PLUARG TASK D 5 RIVER STUDY
3, DISPERSION MODELING
t\. MILWUAKEE HARBOR
C, BIOMASS MAPPING
!• PHYTOPLANKTON
2, BENTHIC ALGAE
D, USE OF REAL TIME DATA FOR AIDING SURFACE SURVEYS
E, SUMMARY OF REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES
F, LERC PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPING CORRELATIONS
G, LERC REMOTE SENSING FACILITIES
H, NIMBUS G COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER (CZCS)
III. EPA MEASUREMENT NEEDS
IV, FUTURE EPA REGION V/NASA LERC ACTIVITIES
V, FACILITY TOUR
A, IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM
B, AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
-------
REMOTE SENSING PROGRAM FOR GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY
NASA LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES!
TO DEVELOP METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING WATER QUALITY AND OTHER LIMNOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS IN THE GREAT LAKES USING REMOTE.SENSING DATA, ULTIMATE GOALS WILL BE
TO DEVELOP REALISTIC SYSTEMS USING DATA FROM SATELLITES SUCH AS LANDSAT AND NIMBUS-
G, SYSTEMS WHICH DO NOT PROVE FEASIBLE FOR SATELLITE ALTITUDES WILL BE DEVELOPED
FOR AIRCRAFT PLATFORMS,
THE CRITERIA IS THAT THE METHODS AND/OR SYSTEMS:
A, CAN EVENTUALLY BE OPERATED BY EPA TO PERFORM OPERATIONAL SURVEILLANCE OF
THE GREAT LAKES,
B, ALLOW THE SURVEILLANCE TO BE PERFORMED MORE EFFICIENTLY (LESS RESOURCES)
OR MORE EFFECTIVELY,
C, BE TRANSFERRED TO EPA,
-------
ij ^ *' *!^JHHBHB91
MAUMEE R.
LANDSAT
APRIL 7, 1976
BAND 5 (600-700 NM.l
IMAGE ID NO. 2441-15311
NASA
Ox...
-------
GREAT LAKE USES FOR REMOTE MEASUREMENTS
^^g^^^^^HV^V^BV^^MMVM^Bt^MMOA^VI^^ •^•^••^^••^^•'•^^••^^•^•'^••^'•^•••^•^••^••^^^•^•••^•^•^^•^^^••^^^^^•^•^B
0 EXTRAPOLATION OF SHIP MEASUREMENTS OVER LARGE AREAS (SPATIAL VARIATIONS)
6 EXTRAPOLATE BETWEEN SHIP CRUISES (fEMpbRAT^ARIATIONS)
8 PROVIDE NEAR REAL TIME AREA INFORMATION FOR SELECTING SHIP SURVEY SITES
6 DETERMINE ZONE OF INFLUENCES FOR WATER INTAKES
6 MONITOR NEAR SHORE VARIABILITY AND FATE OF POLLUTION SOURCES
0 DETERMINE DISPERSION PATTERNS, SHORE EROSION, AND AREAS OF RESUSPENSION
0 MONITOR TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT
0 MONITOR UPWELLING
i
9 PROVIDE SYNOPTIC INFORMATION FOR LARGE LAKE MODELS (LAKE DYNAMICS, PARTICULATE
DISPERSION, TROPHIC CONDITIONS) AND FOR PERFORMING BUDGET ANALYSES
I AID IN DETERMINING FATE OF DREDGE MATERIALS
8 MONITOR INDUSTRIAL WASTES SUCH AS OIL AND ACIDS
0 MONITOR MUNICIPAL WASTES
0 MONITORING OF TROPHIC STATE
-------
L A K\E
O N\TA R I O
MAIN U^KE ERIE
STATION LOCATION MAP
-------
6.5-
9
J
4 -
GO
3 -
2-
1 -
DINOPHYCINAE
CRYPTOMONADINAE
DIATOMEAE
CHRYSOMONADINAE
CHLOROPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA
/
n 1 1 r—
APR MAY JU^E JULY JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
7-13 6-12 2-8 2-9 27 26 22-28 20-26 20-26 13-21
AUG SEPT
\s>
\i
f
SEASONAL CYCLE OF PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS BY MAJOR
TOXONOMIC GROUPS IN LAKE ERIE
-------
MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER IMAGERY
LAKE ERIE - WEST BASIN
MARCH 23. 1975
CHANNEL 8 (T20NM)
ALTITUDE- 10,000 FT
t,
t_ ^
-------
JOINT EPA/NASA
REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
DEFINE & DEVELOP
OPERATIONAL
SYSTEM
DATA DELIVERY
EPA EVALUATION
CONDUCT ASVT
OR FULL SCALE
DEMONSTRATION
TRANSFER SYSTEM
CAPABILITY
SECOND
GENERATION
REQUIREMENTS
PRESENT
STATE-OF-THE
ART
CONDUCT MINI
DEMONSTRATIONS
WITH EPA
INVOLVEMENT
DEFINE MISSION
AND SYSTEMS
I SATELLITE
* AIRCRAFT
I SHIPS
8 SURFACE STATIONS
\
6 IDENTIFY NEEDS
DEFINE REQIIIRE-
MEMTS
CONDUCT R&D FOR:
g INSTRUMENTATION
® TECHNIQUES
6 DATA PROCESSING
-------
-------
u^^f - t
/lAxr-^<
-------
INTERNATIONAL
JOINT
COMMISSION
ADMIN,
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
POLLUTION FROM
LAND
USE
ACTIVITIES
REFERENCE
GROUP
TASK A
PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT
TASK B
LAND USE
INVENTORY
TASK C
TASK D
PILOT WATER- EFFECT ON
SHED STUDIES LAKE WATER
QUALITY
-------
I, PLUARG TASK D OBJECTIVES - ACTIVITY 3
A, DETERMINE KINDS AND QUANTITIES OF CONTAMINANTS
ENTERING LAKES, PARTICULARLY UNDER EVENT'
CONDITIONS, $&, Sf^~\ ^^'
'l, SEDIMENTS
2, NUTRIENTS
3. TOXIC SUBSTANCES
4, DISSOLVED MATERIALS
B. IDENTIFY DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS OF CONTAMINANTS,
C, ASSESS IMPACT ON ENTIRE LAKE SYSTEM,
-------
Nemadji R.
Menomonee R.
Maijmee R.
SITE
Maumee R./L. Erie - W. Basin
Genesee R./L. Ontario
Menomonee R./L. Michigan
Grand R./L. Michigan
Nemadji R./L. Superior
SHIP SURVEY RESPONSIBILITY
Ohio State Univ. - Center for Lake Erie Area Research
State Univ. N.Y. at Buffaco - Great Lakes Laboratory
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab (NOAA)
University of Minnesota at Duluth
Study sites and organizations having ship survey responsibilities.
-------
TABLE 1, OVERALL SUMMARY OF AIRCRAFT AND SHIP ACTIVITY
SITE
MAUMEE
GENESEE
MENOMONEE
GRAND
NEMADJ I
PERIOD OF
AIRCRAFT
FLIGHTS
2/17-6/5
PERIOD OF
SHIP
SURVEYS
2/18-6/23
2/24-9/24 3/31-9/24
2/20-6/7
2/23-4/2
4/1-7/8
2/13-9/9
2/25-7/2
3/31-5/21
PLANNED
SITE
COVERAGE
17
4
4
4
4
33
NO, AIRCRAFT NO, SHIP
FLIGHTS SURVEY DAYS
REPORTED REPORTED
16
6
7
9
9
47
15*
7
7
9
10
48
NO, DAYS BOTH
AIRCRAFT &
SHIP COVERAGE
8
2
2
3
5
2.0
*15 TOTAL CRUISES REPORTED, MOST WERE MULTIPLE DAY CRUISES
-------
DETROIT
SANDUSKYBAY
MAUMEE R.
WEST BASIN-LAKE ERIE
FEBRUARY 23, 1976
EPA/OHIO STATE U. - CLEAR/NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (DCS) CHANNEL 6 (632 NM)
ALTITUDE 12.5 KM (41,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
s**
V
-------
WEST BASIN-LAKE ERIE
MARCH 22, 1976
EPA/OHIO STATE U. - CLEAR/NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (DCS) CHANNEL 6 (632 NM)
ALTITUDE 12.5 KM (41,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
SANDUSKYBAY
MAUMEE R
-------
WEST BASIN-LAKE ERIE
MAY 12, 1976
EPA/OHIO STATE U. - CLEAR/NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (DCS) CHANNEL 6 (632 NM)
ALTITUDE 12.5 KM (41,000 FT)
NASA / LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
MAUMEE R.
0 2
6 8 10 n. mi.
L^mr^^mm
12 16 20 km
-------
180
160
140
120
.100
(A
o
GO
"S
•o
01
CL
CO
3
GO
80
60
40
20
+ April 12
o April 13
X March 8
468
Radiance at 714nm, mW/cn£«m
10
Figure 33. Generalized correlation applicable to data from multiple days.
59
-------
NASA
C-77-1412
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
mg/l
0-10
11 -20
21 -30
31 -50
WEST BASIN-LAKE ERIE
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS MAP
MARCH 8. 1976
-CD 51-75
• 76-100
• 101 -125
O 126 -150:
151 -175
CD 176-200
EPA / OHIO STATE U. -CLEAR / NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
PRODUCED USING SCANNER IOCS)
CHANNEL 8 (714 NM) DATA
NASA / LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
CD-12104-43
-------
Western Arm Surface Total Organic N Values (mg/i)
on April 4, 1976
-------
SUMMARY OF QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL PARAMETER MAPS PRODUCED FOR PLUARG SURVEY
(SUSPENDED SOLIDS USED AS TRACER)
RIVER CHEMICAL PARAMETER
MAUMEE DISSOLVED OXYGEN, TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
GENESEE CHLOROPHYLL A
MENOMONEE CHLORIDE, AMMONIA NITROGEN, NITRATE NITROGEN,
TOTAL SOLIDS, DISSOLVED -OXYGEN, TOTAL PHOS-
PHORUS, PARTICULATE PHOSPHORUS
GRAND CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN,
CHLOROPHYLL A, SILICA, TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
NEMADJI TOTAL PHOSPHORUS, TOTAL ORGANIC NITROGEN,
SILICA, SULFATE
-------
oo
100
CO
ca
o
CO
<=)
UJ
ca
o_
CO
CO
50
0
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADING OF WEST
BASIN OF LAKE ERIE
K\\ \\NMAUMEE RIVER c 6,
LOADING (MONTHLY TOTAL)
r
U.S, SHORE EROSION INPUT
(MONTHLY TOTAL) CL
O LOADING CALCULATED FROM
REMOTE SENSING AND SHIP
DATA - "v
O
JAN
FEB
MAR APR
1976
MAY
JUN
-------
L ONTARIO
V
GENESEE R.i
ROCHESTER N.Y.
NIAGARA R
LANDSAT
MAY 10, 1976
BAND 5 (600-700 NM.j
IMAGE ID NO. 2474-15124
NASA
-------
NUMERICAL MODELLING
S NUMERICAL MODEISFOR WIND DRIVEN CURRENTS IN GREAT LAKES HAVE BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED AT LERC, AT PRESENT, HOWEVER, NO FURTHER
MODEL DEVELOPMENT IS BEING PERFORMED
0 EPA-GROOSE ILE IS PRESENTLY DEVELOPING NUMERICAL CURRENT, DISPERSION AND
ECOLOGICAL MODELS
0 LERC IS WORKING WITH EPA-GROSSE ILE ON THE UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING
DATA TO PROVIDE SYNOPTIC INPU'iS FOR MODELS
- 1975 CLEVELAND HARBOR DATA
- 1976 PLUARG TASK D DATA
6 EPA-GROSSE ILE IS USING THE LERC COMPUTER FACILITIES VIA REMOTE TERMINAL
FOR RUNNING THEIR MODELS
-------
CALCULATED WEST BASIN SUBSURFACE (4,6 M) CURRENTS AT 9:00 AM, MARCH 8, 1976
DETROIT RIVER
- » .. .
» • • * i i i v \ v >PELEE <
* • ' ; l v x ^ v v
MAUMEE RIVER
DISTANCE
CURRENT
MAGNITUDE
I
N
20 CM/SEC
-------
I«K>*. '• '-.»~ -•Bar^Jl^dlBS
MILWAUKEE WIS.
LANDSAT
APRIL 29, 1976
BAND 5 (600-700 NM.)
IMAGE ID NO. 2463-15530
NASA
-------
MENOMONEE RIVER-LAKE MICHIGAN
MARCH 22, 1976
EPA/WISCONSIN DEPT. NAT. RES./NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (DCS) - CHANNEL 6 (632 NM)
ALTITUDE -12.5
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
MENOMONEE R.
n. mi.
10 km
-------
3.0 km.
MENOMONEE RIVER-LAKE MICHIGAN
APRIL 8, 1976
EPA/WISCONSIN DEPT. NAT. RES./NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (M2S) - CHANNEL 4 (560 NM)
ALTITUDE - 3.04 KM (10,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
-------
MENOMONEE RIVER APRIL 8,1976
LAKE MICHIGAN
ro
o
MILWAUKEE
Figure 75. Contour plot of suspended solids (ing/a) - see tables 10 and 11 for particulate phosphorus.
-------
-------
-------
LAKE ONTARIO
GENESEE RIVER AUGUST 3,1976
PARAMETER
\
EXPERIMENTAL
DATA RANGE
EQUATION
EQUIVALENT CONTOUR LINES
SUSPENDED CHLOROPHYLL A
SOLIDS
1 ng/1
7
15
20
25
30
35
7.8^9/1
8.7
9.9
10.6
11.4
12.1
12.9
Suspended Solids Concentration
Shown on Contours
SUSPENDED
SOLIDS 0-38 mg/1 -68.97+0.633X
CHLOROPHYLL A 4.3-12.9 p. g/1 -2.79+0.0956X
WHERE X EQUALS RADIANCE COUNTS
STANDARD
ERROR OF
ESTIMATE
4.4
2.4
CHANNEL
5
5
FIGURE .58 CONTOUR PLOT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND CHLOROPHYLL A
-------
PHYTOPLANKTON - CHLOROPHYLL MEASUREMENTS
9 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES ARE BASED ON EFFECTS OF CHLOROPHYLL/PIGMENT LIGHT
ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE ON REFLECTANCE SPECTRA
0 REMOTE SENSING METHODS TESTED IN GREAT LAKES
A, RATIO OF RED AND BLUE BAND INTENSITIES
B, DIFFERENCES OF RED AND BLUE BAND INTENSITIES
C, SUNLIGHT INDUCED FLUORESCENCE ir,^ U L?f
D, LASER INDUCED FLUORE^NCE /k— />— -^ - I-
9 MEASUREMENT COMPLEXITY
GREAT LAKES CHLOROPHYLL RANGE - ,5 TO 80 MG/M3 .' ^
VARIETY OF SPECIES ABUNDANT AT VARIOUS TIMES
LARGE VARIATIONS IN VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
SIGNIFICANT INORGANIC PARTICULATE PRESENT AT HIGHER CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS
«
-------
10.0
5.0
w
1.0
H 0.5
S
0.1
0.4
RELATIVE
PHYTO. CONC.
0.001
0.010
0.030 -----
0.100 ---
0.300 --
0.5
A (urn)
0.6
0.7
CHANGE IN REFLECTANCE OF WATER WITH INCREASING CONCENTRATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON
-------
3,0r
CD
Q_
§
O
2,5-
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
7
COLOR INDEX (RED/BLUE)
(DATA FROM LAKE HURON AND GEORGIAN BAY
OVER A 6 MONTH PERIOD - 1974)
-------
1976 Lake Michigan Survey
(R.R. Simons)
-------
E
LI
h
ins
^ 1
r
+ SRMPLE I
n SHMPLE: 2
t 5HMPLE 3
X SHMPLE H
H00
500 B00 700
WRVELENETH/ NM
-------
-------
-------
o
v<
-------
B
y
h
U15
T
i
\
y
"y"
3'
I
K
X OPEN WRTER 10/13/77
RE5ERRCHER 10/13/77
EYRE 10/13/77
H00
500 E00 700
WRVELENETH/ NM
-------
CLADOPHORA MAPPING
0 A BENTHIC ALGAE WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO MAJOR PROBLEMS IN NEAR SHORE AREA, HIGH
TOLERANCE TO TURBID WATER, INDICATOR OF NUTRIENT LOADINGS,
9 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES OF MONITORING BY RATIOING OF TWO ADJACENT BANDS HAS
BEEN DEMONSTRATED WITH AIRCRAFT SCANNERS,
0 HIGH SPACIAL RESOLUTION (40 TO 80 METERS) IS REQUIRED
0 HIGH ALTITUDE REMOTE SENSING COULD EFFICIENTLY AID STUDIES ON PRODUCTIVITY IN
RELATION TO LOCATION, SEASON AND OTHER ABIOTIC PARAMETERS,
i GROUND TRUTH IS NECESSARY TO ESTIMATE BIOMASS - IMAGERY COULD BE USED FOR SAMPLING
SITE SELECTION,
9
/
-------
GENESEE RIVER-LAKE ONTARIO
AUGUST 3, 1976
EPA/SUNY-GREAT LAKES LAB./NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (MZS) - CHANNEL 3 (515 NM)
ALTITUDE - 3.04 KM (10,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
-------
GENESEE RIVER-LAKE ONTARIO
AUGUSTS, 1976
EPA/SUNY-GREAT LAKES LAB/NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (M2S) - CHANNEL 5 (600 NM)
ALTITUDE - 3.04 KM (10,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
-------
n, mi.
10 km
GRAND RIVER-LAKE MICHIGAN
MARCH 22, 1976 &L
EPA/NOAA - GLERL/NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (DCS) - CHANNEL 6 (632 NM)
ALTITUDE - 12.5 KM (41,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
-^M-
//«
-------
o
c
0
5 n. mi.
10 km
GRAND RIVER-LAKE MICHIGAN
MARCH 23, 1976 /
EPA/NOAA - GLERL/NASA
RIVER EFFECTS SURVEY FOR IJC/PLUARG
SCANNER (DCS) - CHANNEL 6 (632 NM)
ALTITUDE - 12.5 KM (41,000 FT)
NASA/LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
-------
REAL-TIME TRANSMISSION OF IMAGE DATA FROM AIRCRAFT TO SHIP
AIRCRAFT
DCS
CONTROL
DATA
DATA
ENCODER
INERTIAL
NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
VIDEO DATA
TRANSMITTER
r__ j
200 MILE RANGE
SHIP
RECEIVER
VIDEO DATA
NS & rnMTRni
DATA
DECODER
PROCESSOR
(FIXED CONTROLS)
RECORDER
(FIXED CONTROLS)
PRODUCT:
^GEOMETRI-
^CALLY
ACCURATE SCALED!
IMAGE WITH MAP
REGISTRATION I
-------
MULTISPECTRAL
SCANNER
PLATFORM
/
DIRECT
> TELEMETRY
) LINK
_/ IN NEAR REAL TIME
»>
IMAGE ON
SURVEY
SHIP
OR-
IMAGE ON
OPERATIONS
BASE
SAMPLING
/-vxv.
PLAN
SURVEY
SHIP
IMAGE PRODUCTS IN NEAR REAL-TIME (NOT REQ ADP)
-------
AIRCRAFT
SATELLITE
R, S, DATA
GEOMETRICALLY
ACCURATE
IMAGE
GENERATED
SOMETIME
AFTER SATELLITE
PASS OR
AIRCRAFT
FLIGHT
PROVIDE
QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTION OF
TRANSPORT
PATTERNS,
UPWELLING S
ESUSPENSION
INDICATE
AREAS EFFECTED B
DREDGING OPERA-
TIONS
AREA COVERAGE
SURFACE ALGA
OR BENTHI
ALGAE GROWTH
FOR FURTHER
GUIDE
ANALYSIS
OF SHIP-
DAT
NTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY
TRANSPORT
ETERMINE TIME
PERIOD FOR RUNNING
TRANSPORT, DISPERSION
AND OTHER NUMERICAL
MODELS
IMAGE PRODUCES (POST MISSION) NOT REQUIRING ADP
-------
PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR WHICH REMOTE SENSING i_CAN ! BE JglUZED
(NOW OR IN THE NEAR-TERM FUTURE)
PHOTIC DEPTH- NUTRIENTS (INDIRECT)
jkubk. &>>*-
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS; ^ ;•?/**-« METALS (INDIRECT)
*y?*~«/<^
INORGANIC PARTICULATE ^ TEMPERATURE
ORGANIC DETRITUS VERTICAL MIXING (SEA STATE)
DISSOLVED ORGAN I CS OIL
LIVING BIOMASS (PHYTOPLANICTON
AND BENTHIC ALGAE)
-------
AIRCRAFT OR
SATELLITE
R,S, DATA
SCREENING IMAGE
PRESENTLY CAPABLE
OF BEING PERFORMED
NOT FULLY
DEVELOPED
SHIP/BUOY
DATA
PI
RE-PROCESSING:
GEOMETRIC
CORRECTION
SURFACE
REFLECTION
CORRECTION
ATMOSPHER,
CORRECTION
/
,
.DETERMINE lT
INDIRECT
RELATIONS
\ EXIST
\
SINGLE EVENT
CORRELATION
SURFACE
RADIOMETRIC
MEASUR,
AP OF
VOLUME
REFLECTANC
OF
\ NUTRIENTS
METALS-
TOTAL
SUSPENDED
PARTIC.CONC
/'ESTIMATED
£'UT FOR ^\/OF PARAMETERS,
.E LAKE \ FOR WHOLE LAKE/
;RICAL MODELS]
'CONCENTRATION OF \
PHYTOPLANKTON '
IBENTHIC ALGAE
VORGANIC DETRITUS
\ IN ORGANIC PARTICULAR x 7
f- '—*>1^
COMPUTER GENERATED DATA PRODUCTS
- ^x v LOADING
»-f
-------
QUANTITATIVE PASSIVE
MEASUREMENTS
(VOLUME REFLECTANCE: THE SUM OF TOTAL BACK SCATTERING FROM
SEVERAL TYPES OF PARTICLES)
RA = RV (1 -f) (1 - £w) T? + Bs
-------
—, I (W INCIDENT RADIATION
e
VOLUME SCATTERING
ELEMENT
& U) ABSORBED
RADIATION
6(©,X) SCATTERED RADIATION
-------
RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATIONS
VOLUME REFLECTANCE = R Ca(X), 3 (6,A)]
= nnm + 3?*i —^-+ 1*125
, uuuj. ~ t j£.i a+b * •*•
£- 33 b*
1 a
r *
c=b+a, b=2n/ B(9)sin 9d9
b* = 2" / B ( 8 ) sin Od8
X
2
FOR A MIXTURE HAVING SPECIE CONCENTRATIONS Ci, C7 ,,,
b* =|>J +b*C1 +b*C211l
a =Eaw +alCl +a2C2«"
PRESENT DEFICIENCY IS LACK OF MEASUREMENTS OF b* AND a
-------
NASA LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER
,09
VOLUME REFLECTANCE FOR NEMAJI RIVER
PARTICULATE (A = 460 AND 540 NM)
* 3.
,08
,07-
PREDICTION BY RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL
X - 460 NM MEASUREMENTS BY AIRBORNE MULTI SPECTRAL
(X)- 540 NM SCANNER
,06
560 NM WAVELENGTH
S ,05
o
UJ
UJ
GC.
,oov
-A
460 NM WAVELENGTH
20 30 - 40
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION MG/L
50
-------
NASA LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER1
640 NM
WAVELENGTH
720 NM
WAVELENGTH
VOLUME REFLECTANCE FOR NEMAJI RIVER
PARTICULATE
(X= 640 AND 720 NM)
PREDICTION BY RADIATIVE TRANSFER
MODEL
MEASUREMENTS BY AIRBORNE MULTI-
NM SPECTRAL SCANNER
20 30 40' 50
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION MG/L
-------
_.. _ ....... ..... . ._ . ..„.
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF
90° SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS
Participate j_ Sampling
Concentration % Inorganic Location
L_j__i_11.5 mg/1
18.1
131.0
1 Nemadji
2 Grand Michigan
3 Cattaraugus Cr
Milwaukee Harbor
500
WAVELENGTH (X) nm
1 L j
-------
*
JE
&
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF
TOTAL ATTENUATION (C) COEFFICIENTS
Sampling
Location
IParticulate
'Concentration
% Inorganic
18.1 tng/1
Grand, Michigan
3 Western Basin
Maumee
5 Cattaraugus Cr.
6 Milwaukee Harbor
7 Green Alga Culture
500
WAVELENGTH
JL.--.U I J
LU.U
-------
CORRELATION DEVELOPMENT FOR MIXTURE
OF PARTICULATE SPECIES
OBTAIN SINGLE
SPECIE SAMPLES
FOR COMMONLY
FOUND MIXTURES
CYCLOTELLA
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TEST CORRELATIONS UNDER ACTUAL FIELD CONDITIONS
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PRESENTLY CAPABLE
OF BEING PERFORMED
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IN REGION Rn
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EXTENSION
SPATIAL
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MAJOR FACILITIES
EARTH OBSERVATIONS BRANCH
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2, F-106/LEAR
3. PROJECT ICEWARN (C-130)
1, IMAGE PROCESSING COMPUTER SYSTEM
5, OPTICAL PROPERTIES LABORATORY
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CAMERAS
AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS
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AIR-GROUND DATA LINK
SLAR
RADAR IMAGE PROCESSOR
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SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS
SPECTRAL TRANSMISSOMETER
LARGE ANGLE SCATTERING METER
DUAL LASER SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING METER
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SCANNER SYSTEMS
SPECTRAL
BANDS,
RESOLUTION
GROUND
RESOLUTION
SWATH
WIDTH
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4,5 MI (AT
10,000 FT)
16 MI (AT
40,000 FT)
115 MI (AT
500 MI)
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NIMBUS-G MISSION OBJECTIVES
OBSERVATION OF GASES OR PARTICIPATES IN THE TROPOSPHERE OR
STRATOSPHERE TO DETERMINE FEASIBILITY OF MAPPING SOURCES,
SINKS AND DISPERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS
OBSERVATION OF OCEAN COLOR, TEMPERATURE AND ICE CONDITIONS,
PARTICULARLY IN COASTAL ZONES, WITH SUFFICIENT SPATIAL AND
SPECTRAL RESOLUTION TO DETERMINE FEASIBILITY OF:
A) DETECTING POLLUTANTS ON WATER SURFACE
B) DETERMINING THE NATURE OF MATERIALS SUSPENDED IN THE
WATER
c) APPLYING THE OBSERVATIONS TO MAPPING OF SEDIMENTS,
BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCTIVE AREAS, AND INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN COASTAL EFFULENTS AND OPEN OCEAN WATERS
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NIMBUS G; COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER
LAUNCH: FALL 1978
GROUND COVERAGE: ± 800 KM ABOUT NADIR
ENTIRE GREAT LAKES SCENE IN 5 OUT OF 6 DAYS
(SCAN ANGLE IS DIFFERENT FOR EACH DAY)
SENSOR: SIX SPECTRAL BANDS: FIVE VISIBLE, ONE THERMAL,
825 x 825 METER RESOLUTION AT NADIR
BANDS X(NM) AX(NM) OBSERVATIONS
20 CHLOROPHYLL ABSORPTION
2 520 20 CHLOROPHYLL CORRELATION
3 550 20 DISSOLVED ORGANICS
H 670 20 SUSPENDED SOLIDS
5 750 100 (LANDSAT) SURFACE VEGETATION
6 THERMAL IR 10,5-12,5v SURFACE TEMPERATURE
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LERC CZCS ACTIVITIES
0 DEVELOP ALGORITHMS FOR GREAT LAKES PARTICULATE AND DISSOLVED
SUBSTANCES USING OCS/F-106 (BOTH PRE AND POST LAUNCH EXPERIMENTS)
I DETERMINE OPTIMUM CZCS GAIN AND TILT ANGLE SETTINGS FOR GREAT
LAKES CONDITIONS
9 DEVELOP DATA PROCESSING AND PRODUCTS NECESSARY TO UTILIZE THE
AVAILABLE HIGH FREQUENCY COVERAGE AND WHOLE LAKE MAPPING POTEN-
TIAL OF CZCS
INVESTIGATE UTILITY OF REAL TIME DATA FOR SELECTION OF SHIP
SAMPLING CRUISES AND SITE LOCATIONS
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