DRAFT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF WASTEWATER FACILITIES
WPC-Tex-992/1094
IMPACT STATEMENT NUMBER 7308
OFFICE OF GRANTS COORDINATION, REGION VI
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DALLAS, TEXAS
APPROVED BY:
thur W. Busch
Reaional Administrator
September 6, 1973
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OFFICE OF -THE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VI
1600 PATTERSON. SUITE 11 OO
DALLAS. TEXAS 7S2OI
September 17, 1973
To All Interested Agencies and Public Groups
To comply with the provisions of the National Environmental Policy
Act of 1969, we have prepared a draft environmental inpact statement for
the Trinity River Authority's proposed expansion of its Central Regional
Treatment Facility.
In accordance with Section 102(2) (c) of the National Environmental
Policy Act, we are requesting contents of various federal, state and
local agencies on the draft of our environmental statenent. When con-
rnents of the agencies concerned are received, we will prepare the final
environmental inpact statement to be forwarded to the Council on
Environmental Quality. Any contents that you make will be included as
an attachment to the statement when it is placed on file with the
Council.
We would appreciate receiving your Garments by October 19, 1973,
to allow the statements to be given early review by the Council.
This Agency will hold a public hearing on the draft environmental
impact statement. A copy of the notice of the public hearing is
enclosed.
If you should require additional information, please contact
Mr. Jim De La Plaine, Office of Grants Coordination, at telephone
nintoer (214) 749-1101.
1W. Busch
Regional Administrator
3 Enclosures
Draft EIS for TRA
Notice of Public Hearing
Public Hearing Agenda
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VI
16OO PATTERSON. SUITE 11OO
DALLAS. TEXAS 7S2O1
OFFICE OF THE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING
The Environmental Protection Agency will hold a public hearing
in Dallas, Texas, beginning at 1:00 p.m. on October 9, 1973. The
hearing vail be held in Conference Room A and B, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1600 Patterson Street. This hearing will be convened
to present the Draft Environmental Impact Statement on the Trinity
River Authority Wastewater Facilities.
The Trinity River Authority has submitted an application for
federal financial assistance for the construction of additional
wastewater treatment facilities at its Central Regional Wastewater
Treatment Facility. The application has been designated WPC-TexL-992/1094.
The purpose of the hearing is to assure that public participation
is an integral part of the agency planning and decision-making process
by informing the interested citizens about the status and progress
of studies and findings, and by actively soliciting ocmnents from
all concerned groups and individuals.
In order to permit maximum public participation, the Hearing
Officer may, at his discretion, reconvene the hearing on Wednesday,
October 10. In addition, a session will be held on Tuesday evening,
October 9, beginning at 6:00 p.m.
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Persons wishing to participate in the hearing are requested to
notify Mr. Ancil Jones, Grants Coordinator, Office of Grants Coordi-
nation, Environmental Protection Agency, 1600 Patterson Street,
Suite 1100, Dallas, Ttexas, 75201. While advance notice is requested,
persons wishing to present testimony may indicate so at the hearing
registration. Those persons who will be unable to attend but desire
to submit written comments to be entered in the record should send
those comments to the same address before October 5, 1973.
Copies of the inpact statement to be presented at the hearing
are available fron the Environmental Protection Agency office at
the above address.
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HEARING AGENDA
October 9, 1973
1. Call to Order by Hearing Examiner 1:00 p.m.
2. Statement of Purpose of Hearing
3. Ccnntents by State Agencies
4. Presentation of Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Question and Answsr Session reqardinq Draft Environmental Impact
Statement
Response by Environmental Protection Aqency, State and/or City,
as appropriate.
Recess
5. Testimony
6. Statement by Hearing Examiner
7. Adjourn
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY Page
1. Name of Action 1 (a)
2. Description of the Proposed Action i (a)
3. Summary of Environmental Impact and Adverse
Environmental Effects i (b)
4. Alternatives Considered ii
5. Reviewing Agencies ii
INTRODUCTION
I.
II
III
BACKGROUND
A . General
B. Proposed Action
C. Social and Environmental Setting
ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
General
Major Objectives
Constraints or Conditions
Structural and Non-Structural Alternatives
Centralized vs. Decentralized Systems
Treatment Subsystem and System Alternatives
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Description of Proposed Treatment Facility
Description of Existing Treatment Facility
Modification to Existing Plant
Proposed Line Work
Total Area to be Affected by this Project
Relationship of this Project with other
Trinity River Basin Studies
Status of Project, June 1973
1
1
7
14
43
43
43
43
44
46
49
60
60
65
69
69
70
70
71
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IV. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PROPOSED ACTION 73
A. Environmental Conditions Should the Proposed
Action be Implemented 73
V. ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE
PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED97
A. General 97
VI. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S
ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT
OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY101
VII. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RE-
SOURCES MICH UQUlbte INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED"
ACTION, SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED103
A. Resources Which Will be Irretrievably Committed 103
B. Alternatives 108
VIII. COMMENTS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION
DISSEMINATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX I - Archeological and Paleontological Considerations
APPENDIX II - Botanical Considerations
APPENDIX III - Zoological Considerations
APPENDIX IV - Geological Considerations
APPENDIX V - Cooperative Regional Solid Waste Program Summary
Report
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SUMMARY
(X) Draft Environmental Statement
( ) Final Environmental Statement
Environmental Protection Agency
Region VI, Office of Grants Coordination
Dallas, Texas
1. Name of Acti on
Administrative Action (X)
Legislative Action ( )
2. The proposed action consists of federal grant assistance as
authorized by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972 (Public Law 92-500).
The Trinity River Authority of Texas (TRA) has applied for federal
funds to aid in the construction of additional wastewater treatment
facilities at its Central Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility site.
The expanded facility, located in Grand Prairie, is expected to treat
the wastewater generated in the following areas through the year 1985.
Arlington (part)
Bedford
Carroll ton
Coppell
Dallas (part)
Dallas/Fort Worth Airport
Euless
Farmers Branch
Addison
Grand Prairie
Irving
The proposed project involves the construction of a 70 Million
Gallons per Day (MGD) activated sludge treatment facility to be
operated in parallel with the existing 30 MGD trickling filter facility
1 (a)
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located at the TRA's Central Regional Treatment Site. The combined
discharge (100 MGD) from these two systems will receive additional
treatment by chemical precipitation, carbon absorption, and disinfection
prior to discharge to the Trinity River approximately 8 stream miles
upstream from downtown Dallas.
Sludge from the facility will be dewatered and incinerated at the
plant and the ash produced will be disposed of by land filling on
the plant site.
In addition to the treatment plant expansion, this project will include
construction of a new 3 million gallon reservoir at the site of the
existing Elm Fork Detention Reservoir and 31,700 feet of relief sewers
parallel to the existing West Fork Interceptor, the Mountain Creek
Interceptor, and the Cottonwood Creek Trunk Interceptor. The total
estimated cost of the project is approximately 41 million dollars.
3. Summary of Environmental Impact and Adverse Environmental Effects.
The proposed facilities are expected to reduce health hazards in the
service area, enhance water quality in the trinity River, and aid in
orderly physical development in the member communities, assuming
adherence to existing land use plans.
The minor adverse effects which cannot be avoided are those normally
associated with the existence and operation of wastewater treatment
facilities. The increased noise levels and possible odors emanating
from the facility will be minimized by modern desiqn techniques and
efficient operation.
1 (b)
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Disruption of the environment and inconveniences to citizens during
construction are unavoidable but will be reduced in severity by proper
construction scheduling and techniques.
No serious adverse effects are anticipated due to the construction
and operation of the proposed facility, unless a significant change
occurs in the character of anticipated future development. The minor
adverse effects expected appear to be acceptable when compared to the
beneficial effects to be derived from the proposed project.
4. Alternatives Considered.
Several alternatives have been considered given due considerations
to both economic and environmental factors. In addition, numerous system
and subsystem alternatives have been evaluated-in arriving at the
alternative selected.
5. List all Federal, State, and Local Agencies from which Comments
have been Requested.
Federal Agencies
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Environmental Planning and Management
U. S. Forest Service
Regional Office
1720 Peachtree Road, N.W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
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Department of Health, Education & Welfare
1114 Commerce Street, Room 904
Dallas, Texas 75202
U. S. Department of the Interior
Assistant Secretary - Program Policy
Attn: Office of Environmental Projects Review
Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 20240
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Southwest Region
Federal Building
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
National Park Service
P. 0. Box 728
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501'
U. S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
630 Federal Building
300 East 8th Street
Austin, Texas 78701
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Building 41
Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Bureau of Reclamation
P. 0. Box 1R09
Amarillo, Texas 79105
Bureau of Land Management
P. 0. Box 1449
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
Office of Economic Opportunity
1100 Commerce
Dallas, Texas 75202
Federal Highway Administration
Director Highway Programs Office
819 Taylor Street
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Economic Development Agency
702 Colorado
Austin, Texas 78701
Army Corps of Engineers
1114 Commerce Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
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Department of Housing A Urban Development
819 Taylor
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Department of Commerce
Attn: Dr. Sidney Galler
Deputy Assistant Secretary of
Environmental Affairs
Washington, D. C. 20235
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Federal Building
144 First Avenue South
St. Petersburg, Florida 33701
Council on Environmental Quality
HQs - Environmental Protection Agency
722 Jackson Place, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20506
Division of MuniciDal Wastewater Programs
Attn: Ralph Fuhrman
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Dr. Carl Shuster, Jr., Director
Water Programs Imoact Statement Office
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C". ; 2046,0 *
Office of Federal Activities
Environmental Protection Agency
Attn: Peter Cook
Washington, D. C. Z0460
Management & Budget, Organization &
Management Systems Division
Attn: Mr. Charles Nelson
17th and Pennsylvania, Room 9026
Washington, D. C. 20503
State Agencies
Office of the Governor
Division of Planning Coordination
Capitol Station
P. 0. Box 12428
Austin, Texas 78711
Texas Air Control Board
820 East 53rd Street
Austin, Texas 78751
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State Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, Texas 78756
Texas Industrial Commission
10th Floor, State Finance Building
Austin, Texas 78701
Texas Parks & Wildlife Department
John H. Reagan Building
Austin, Texas 78701
Texas Water Quality Board
P. 0. Box 1-3246
Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711
Texas Highway Department
llth and Brazos
Austin, Texas 78711
Railroad Commission of Texas
910 Colorado
Austin, Texas 78701
Texas Water Rights Commission
722 Sam Houston Office Building
Austin, Texas 78701
Texas State Historical Survey Committee
P. 0. Box 12276, Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711
Department of Agriculture
P. 0. Drawer B.B.
Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711
General Land Office
.Library & Archives Building
Austin, Texas 78701
Texas Animal Health Commission
1020 Sam Houston Office Buildinq
Austin, Texas 78711
Forest Station
c/o Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843
State Soil & Water Conservation Board
1018 First National Building
Temple, Texas 76501
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Texas Tourist Development Agency
Room 500
John H. Reagan Building
Austin, Texas 78701
Texas Water Development Board
P. 0. Box 13087
Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711
Association of Texas Soil & Water
Conservation Districts
306 West 14th Street
Friona, Texas 79035
Texas Conversation Council, Inc.
730 East Friar Tuck Lane
Houston, Texas 77024
Bureau of Economic Geology
University of Texas
University Station, Box X
Austin, Texas 78712
Texas Council for Wildlife Protection
3132 Lovers Lane
Dallas, Texas 75225
Texas Forestry Association
P. 0. Box 1488
Lufkin, Texas 75901
Local Agencies and Individuals
Trinity River Authority of Texas
P. 0. Box 5768
Arlington, Texas 76011
Forrest and Cotton, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
Suite 201, Bruton Park
8700 Stemmons Freeway
Dallas, Texas 75247
Mr. John L. Spinks, Jr.
Southwest Regional Representative
National Hudubon Society
P. 0. Box 9585
Austin, Texas 78757
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INTRODUCTION
Historically, the evolution of the water carrier system of waste
removal reflects the most economical solution to a critical public health
problem, the removal of pathogenic organic waste from areas of human
habitation. The present level of treatment required reflects the addi-
tional necessity of reclaiming the water used to carry the waste. The
method of ultimate disposal of the solids removed from the water is
primarily determined by the continued need to protect the public from
the adverse effects of pathogenic organic waste. Thus, the overall ob-
jective of this project and indeed the entire wastewater collection and
treatment system is to benefit the public health.
It is intended that the proposed project will yield a long-term
solution to the problem of the removal of pathogenic organic waste from
areas of human habitation, e.g., interceptors, treatment area, detention
basin, etc. With the present concentration of effort in the wastewater
treatment field, it is anticipated that unit processes will continue to
improve and that the need for reclaimed water will demand their use. It
is anticipated that with these same developments, it will become increas-
ingly necessary and feasible to tighten restrictions on the acceptance
of industrial waste until the problems associated with them are elimi-
nated completely. The prime objective of this project is the continued
protection of public health through the provision of sanitary sewer treat-
ment service to areas where the population concentration could produce a
health problem without this service.
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1. BACKGROUND
A. General
1. The Trinity River Authority of Texas. The Trinity River Authority
of Texas is a political subdivision of the State of Texas created
in 1955 by the 54th Legislature under Article XVI, Section 59 of
the Texas Constitution. The Authority's jurisdictional boundaries
comprises all of the territory contained within Tarrant, Dallas,
Ellis, Navarro, and Chambers Counties, and generally that portion
of the following Counties that lie within the watershed of the
•Trinity River: Kaufman, Henderson, Anderson, Freestone, Leon,
Houston, Trinity, Madison, Walker, San Jacinto, Polk and Liberty.
The Trinity River Authority is governed by a 24-member Board of
Directors appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent
of the Senate of the State of Texas. Representing the 17 counties
which lie within the Authority's jurisdiction are four directors
from Dallas County, 3 directors from Tarrant County, and 1 director
from each of the remaining counties. There are also 2 directors
at large.
The' Trinity River Authority is vested with all the powers of
the State under Article XVI, Section 59 of the Constitution to ef-
fectuate flood control and the conservation and use, for all bene-
ficial purposes, of storm and flood waters in the Trinity River
Watershed, subject only to:
(1) Declarations of policies by the Legislature as to the use
of water;
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(2) Continuing supervision and control by the State Board of
Water Engineers;
(3) The provisions of Article 7471 prescribing the priorities
of uses for water; and
(4) The rights heretofore and hereafter acquired in water by
municipalities and others.
Regarding water quality, the act creating the Trinity River
Authority states:
"It shall be the duty of the Authority to exercise with
the greatest practical measure of the conservation of
beneficial utilization of storm, flood and unappropriated
flow waters of the Trinity River Watershed in the manner
and for the particular purposes specified hereinafter in
this section and elsewhere in this act, powers, including
those: . . .
(K) As a necessary aid to the conservation, control,
preservation and distribution of such water for bene-
ficial use, the Authority shall have the power to
construct, own and operate sewage gathering, trans-
mission and disposal services, to charge for such
services, and to make contracts in reference thereto
with municipalities and others."
The Trinity River Authority is authorized to make contracts
for service under Article 8280-188 and Article 1109i, Vernon's
Annotated Civil Statutes, and the Regional Waste Disposal Act,
(compiled as Chapter 25, Water Code of Texas).
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2. The Trinity River. The Trinity River rises in four North Central
Texas counties, Grayson, Montague, Archer and Parker Counties, in
what are called forks, namely, the East Fork, the Elm Fork, the
West Fork and the Clear Fork. The mainstream begins with the
junction of the Elm and West Forks at Dallas. From its headwaters
H snakes 548 miles to Trinity Bay or the upper end of Galveston
Bay. Its watershed, or drainage area, covers 17,845 square miles,
and its width varies from a few feet at the north to a substantial
girth at its mouth. The river begins in a section known as the
Cross Timbers. It drains portions of the Grand Prairie and the
Black Land Prairie, flows across the Post Oak Belt, the Piney Woods
Region, and finally the Gulf Coast Plain. Over a substantial per-
iod of time its flow has -gathered sufficient soils to have estab-
lished a true delta with'distributaries of sufficient size to cut
off at least partially ^that part of the'Bay known as Turtle Bay.
Viewed culturally, the-Trinity River has been a traditional divi-
sion line between East Texas and Central' Texas. Not far from its
western bank, the Pine 'and Hardwood growth in red soils which char-
acterize the eastern area give way to rolling, virtually treeless
plains with a much darker, even black, soil which supports a dif-
ferent immigrant group who generally follow different occupational
callings.
Water pollution has been a serious problem in the Upper Trin-
ity River. Basin's metropolitan area for many years, and there is
a simple general reason. Except when the area lakes are spilling
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over following heavy rains, the entire basin above the metropoli-
tan area 1s virtually 100% dammed off and consumed by people and
their activities 1n the metropolitan area. Most of the water Is
released to the river, but only as effluents from wastewater
treatment plants. Ninety-plus percent of the river flow in and
below the metropolitan area consists of such effluents, except
during and right after rains. Wastewater treatment plants in the
metropolitan area appear to be better than the average for this
country, but few, 1f any, other areas create such a sizable river
with Its effluents only, without any dilution water from upstream.
The consequent problems in the river are predictable: low
Dissolved Oxygen (D. 0.), high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), high
coliform count, few fish, sludge banks on the river bottom, high
ammonia concentrations, occasional odors, blooms of suspended algae,
etc. The Trinity River Authority 1s studying ways to reduce these
problems 1n the river, and to do 1t in such a way that the reduction
of one problem will not increase another. Our main effort for the
low flow conditions is the development of a mathematical model of the
stream, indicating how each of the problems 1n the river would respond
to various possible changes in wastewater treatment.
When it rains, other water quality problems occur in the
river. It 1s known that with a moderate rise in the river follow-
ing a period of low flow, the water quality in the river actually
decreases. For example, the D. 0. becomes lower, the BOD higher,
conforms higher, and fish die. Apparently, something other than
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pure rainwater is entering the river along with the usual efflu-
ents. Possible sources are: leaves, oil, trash, and such from
city streets and storm sewers; trash, natural debris, fertilizers
or pesticides from rural land; poorer treatment of regular efflu-
ents because of rainwater infiltration into the system; bypassing
of industrial effluents; and the resuspension of organic sludges
which collect on the river bottom during long periods of low flow.
These possible sources are actually being measured during rises
in the river and will be analyzed in a way analogous to that for
•low flow conditions, that is, to recommend changes which will re-
duce the problems the most for the money spent.
3. Present Treatment Process. The first regional wastewater treat-
ment system conceived and constructed in the southwest was the
Trinity River Authority's Central Sewage System. Originally,
this system provided service to the Cities of Dallas', Irving,
Farmers Branch and Grand Prairie.
The Central Wastewater Treatment Facility is located on a
450 acre site immediately north of the Dallas-Fort Worth Turnpike
and immediately west of Loop 12 in Grand Prairie.
The treatment plant is a two-stage trickling filter plant
with the following major features: raw sewage lift station; pri-
mary clarifier; sludge thickeners; sludge digesters and drying
beds; chlorination facilities; and oxidation ponds. Office and
laboratory facilities are also provided. The plant was constructed
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to treat 30 million gallons a day (MGD) to a quality of 20 milligrams
per liter (Mg/L) BOD and 50 Mg/L suspended Solids (SS).
Construction on the original project began in 1958, and the
Central Sewage System became operational in 1959 serving an esti-
mated population of 70,000 in the original four customer cities.
The original system consisted of (1) the treatment plant facili-
ties; (2) Elm Fork Interceptor and lift stations 1 and 2; (3)
West Fork Interceptor; (4) Mountain Creek Interceptor; and (5)
Jefferson Avenue Interceptor, lift station 3 and force main. The
total initial construction cost of all projects initiated in 1958
amounted to $5,822,000 which reoresents the cost of a treatment
plant with a 30 MGD capacity and 25.5 miles of interceptor ranging
in size from 27 to 72 inches in diameter.
Since 1959, the Central System is now receiving flows from
Arlington, Bedford, Euless, Carrollton, Copoell, Addison, and soon
the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport, in addition to the flows
generated by the four original customer cities. During the first
few years of operation, the daily flows treated averaged 7.0 MGD.
As the population of the various cities served by the Central
System increased, the need of additional interceptor facilities
became aoparent.
Since the opening of the plant in 1959, the population growth
of the cities served by the Central Sewage Facility has increased
at a phenomenal rate. The City of Euless experienced over a 350%
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growth rate between the years 1960 and 1970 while the Cities of
Bedford and CarrolIton experienced a 271% and 226% growth re-
spectively, and the Cities of Arlington, Farmers Branch, and
Irving experienced over a 100% growth rate. Present population
forecasts project 950,000 people to be served by the Central
System by 1990. This growth rate has had its effect on using
up the present capacity of the Central Sewage Facility. Flow
rates are estimated to be 50.6 MGD for 1975 and 78.1 MGD for 1980.
The need for expansion is clearly evident.
As a designated regional wastewater treatment operator,
the Trinity River Authority's Central System expansion will also
be necessary to meet the service needs of the area designated in
the North Central Texas Council of Governments Upper Trinity
Basin Sewage Treatment Plan.
Today the Central System is comprised of 72.5 miles of inter-
ceptor, 4 lift stations and a treatment plant. The average daily
flow has increased to approximately 32 MGD with a connected load
of approximately 300,000 people representing service to eleven
customer cities 'in the Mid-Cities area between Dallas and Fort
Worth.
B. Proposed Action
1. Project Description'. From the history and descriptions, three
primary problem areas may be identified relating to the existing
Central Sewerage System Uastewater Treatment Plant. These are:
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(A) Capacity. Based on information previously discussed, it is
clear that the present capacity of the plant is no lonqcr
adequate to meet the projected needs of the existing and
anticipated customers. The Trinity River Authority's Central
Sewerage System is commited to providing additional capacity
up to 100 million gallons per day. Commitment to a regional
system has created a situation where a cycle has developed
and, at least for the foreseeable future, will probably
continue. This may be summarized as "request for service --
extension of interceptor — expansion of plant." Such a
cycle is difficult to break without a prior decision as to
the limits of the service area to be served by a single plant.
The decision becomes particularly difficult when the initial
expense for a new regional treatment system is considered.
For this report, the ultimate service area envisaged for
the Central Sewerage System by the NCTCOG Upper Trinity River
Basin Comprehensive Sewage Treatment Plan has been assumed.
This is sufficient to consider the presently proposed plant
expansion as a reasonable alternative for increased capacity
because this expansion is concurrent with presently accepted
and approved planning for the provision of sewage service in
the Upper Trinity Basin.
(B) Degree of Treatment. It is clear that the existing method of
treatment is no longer sufficient by itself, to insure com-
pliance with existing water quality criteria. The reason is
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simply that since the plant was built, the standards have
changed. Where primary and secondary treatment was adequate,
tertiary treatment is now required.
(C) Odor. The primary cause of odor can be identified as the
pond used for the disposal of partially digested sludge.
The remaining pond, however, is also suspect since experience
has shown that such ponds tend to become anaerobic during the
colder months and "turn over" in the spring as temperatures
increase. "Turn over is usually accompanied by odor. In
addition to the seasonal odor, a background odor is noticeable
at the plant site. ' Some of this may be due to the sludge pond
and possibly the digesters.
From the above, it can be concluded:
(1) That additional capacity must be provided to meet future waste-
water disposal needs up to 100 million gallons per day.
(2) That the degree of treatment presently being given to exist-
ing wastewater flows is inadequate to meet current requirements
and must be increased to a degree requiring tertiary treatment.
(3) That the following is required at the existing plant to elimi-
nate odor.
a. The sludge pond needs to be eliminated and an alternative
method of solids disposal provided.
b. The polishing pond needs to be eliminated and an alter-
native method of treatment provided.
c. The sludge digesters need to be rendered reliable or elim-
inated and replaced with a reliable solids handling system.
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d. Sludge must be removed from primary clarifiors before
it becomes anaerobic, or as quickly as possible if al-
ready anaerobic.
From the above discussion, the Trinity River Authority pro-
poses to implement the following plan. The principal features of
this plan are identified as:
(1) Modify the existing process to eliminate known sources of
odor.
(2) Modify the existing process to include the required degree
of treatment.
(3) Expand the existing facilities to the required 100 MGD capac-
ity.
A discussion of the specific actions proposed to implement these
objectives follows:
(1) Odor Elimination The following features of the proposed de-
sign are specifically intended to eliminate odor:
a. Alternate Sludge Facilities. It is proposed to provide
alternate sludge handling facilities including a sludge
holding tank, dewatering, and incineration facilities.
b. Elimination of Sludge Pond. Because of the partially un-
digested nature of the solids in the sludge pond, it is
recognized that discharge of either the solids or the
supernatant directly to the river could represent a sig-
nificant public health hazard. Because of the less than
optimum digestion conditions existing in the sludge pond
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and the absence of a method of controlling these condi-
tions, the likelihood of digestion being completed in the
pond appears remote. Without comolete digestion, odor-
less air drying cannot be expected.
Therefore, foil wing completion of alternate sludge hand-
ling facilities, to include dewatering and incineration,
the following method of eliminating the sludge pond is
proposed:
(1) The solids will be withdrawn first so that odors may
be kept to a minimum by the existing liquid cover and
the algae population therein.
(2) Solids will be degritted to protect subsequent equip-
ment.
(3) Solids will then be dewatered to reduce heat required
in incineration.
(4) Dewatering pressate or filtrate will be sent to the
head of the plant for treatment.
(5) Solids will then be incinerated for deodorizing and
sterilization.
(6) Incineration residue will be removed for burial on
site or in a sanitary landfill.
(7) Following removal of the solids, the remaining water
in the pond will be sent to the head of the plant for
treatment.
c. Elimination of Polishing Pond. Since its construction,
the polishing pond has served the partial function of a
- 11 -
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final clarifier for the settlement of trickling filter
sludge as well as the function of an oxidation pond.
Therefore, it is proposed to use the same method For
the elimination of the polishing pond as was proposed
for the elimination of the sludge pond.
d. Elimination of Sludge Digesters. Prior to dismantling
of the existing digesters, sludge will be removed and
processed through the proposed sludge handling system.
e. Prevention of Odor in Proposed Sludge Holding Tank. Gases
coming from the proposed sludge holding tank will be
treated with ozone to remove odor.
f. Equalization Pond Odor Prevention. To prevent the occur-
rence of odor in the proposed equalization pond, the
equalization pond will be preceeded by primary clarifi-
cation and will be aerated.
g. Toxic Waste Control. To prevent plant upset by toxic
waste, which would result in odor, a monitoring system
will be provided on the interceptors to indicate the
presence of toxic levels of waste in the interceptors.
The equalization basin will be divided into several sec-
tions to allow isolation of the waste upon receipt at
the plant. Thereafter, it may be gradually blended with
the remaining wastewater in non-toxic concentrations and
treated.
h. JUltimate Disposal. Incinerator residue will be disposed
of in a sanitary landfill on site.
- 12 -
-------
(2) Features to Provide Required Degree of Treatment. The fol-
lowing features of the proposed design are specifically in-
tended to provide the required degree of treatment.
a. Treatment Process. The existing facilities will be
modified to provide secondary treatment to the first
30 millions gallons per day of flow. An additional bio-
logical process will be provided for the remaining an-
ticipated flow. Both processes will be followed by
tertiary physical treatment including carbon absorption,
filtration, aeration,-and chlorinatton.
b. Reliability. An equalization basin will be provided to
reduce the flow and quality fluctuations in the incoming
waste, thus allowing less opportunity for upset. Com-
partmentalizing the equalization basin and an interceptor
toxic monitoring system will allow toxic concentrations
to be identified and isolated. A revision of the power
supply will provide back-up service in the event of
blackout.
c. Wet Weather .Flows. The primary clarifiers, filter chlor-
ination, and aeration equipment will be sized to provide
minimum treatment to increased flows resulting from in-
filtration during wet weather.
(3) Features Associated with' Capacity Increase. The following
additional work is required with the increase of capacity:
a. A railroad spur will be required into the plant to allow
bulk purchase of chemicals. In the case of chlorine, the
- 13 -
-------
need for storage facilities will thus be eliminated. It
is proposed to widen a plant levee to carry the spur.
The spur will connect to an existing railroad line ad-
jacent to the existing plant site.
b. It will be required to install new interceptors into the
plant site to deliver the increased flows. This means
that the existing plant levee must be crossed.
c. A new bridge will be required to allow passage of heavy
equipment and to provide all-weather access. It is pro-
posed to relocate the bridge northward and increase the
span.
2. Financial Information. Table 1-1 shows the total cost for all proj-
ects contemplated under grant application WPC-TEX-992/1094, the
amount eligible for grant and local shares for cost. The Trinity
River Authority will have funds available to finance the local
share of the project.
C. Social and Environmental Setting
1. Physical Characteristics of the Upper Trinity River Basin.
(A) Topography. Generally, the topography of the area affected
by the Central Sewerage System is flat to gently rolling,
which is typical of the Coastal Plain. Towards the northern-
most and westernmost ends of the service area, one may en-
counter the more rugged features marking the beginning of
the Central Lowland areas.
(B) Geology. The geology of the service area of the Central
Sewerage System appears to be dominated by the upper cretaceous
- 14 -
-------
TABLE 1-1
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
REGIONAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
ESTIMATED COST OF IMPROVEMENTS
WPC-TEX-992/1094
March 7, 1973
Projects
Cottonwood Creek; Project 1
Parallel West Fork Interceptor
Parallel Mountain Creek Inter-
ceptor 1
Elm Fork Detention System
Lift Station Enlargements
Regional Plant Expansion
Subtotals
Construction
Cost
Engineering
and
Contingencies
Right-of-Way
Costs
Project Cost Grant Amount
Project Cost
After Grants
$
165,000
1,200,000
250,000
450,000
500,000
31,598,000
$ 24,750
180,000
37,500
67,500
75,000
6,319,600
$ 11,500
64,000
12,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
$ 201 ,250
1,444,000
299,500
517,500
575,000
37,917,600
$ 142,312
1,035,000
215,625
388,125
431 ,250
28,438,200
$ 58,938
409,000
83,875
129,375
143,750
9,479,400
$ 34,163,000 $ 6,704,350 $ 87,500 $ 40,954,850 $ 30,650,512 $ 10,304,338
TOTAL PROJECT
$ 10.304.338
-------
formations, particularly the Woodbine and Eagle Ford Form-
ations. The Austin formation, being white chalky limestone
and limy marl with layers of shelly marl on top, outcrops
along the eastern edge of the service area. Because it is
a hard resistant formation, its resistance to erosion has
caused practically all the drainage lying west of its out-
crop to concentrate in the main gorge of the Trinity River
at Dallas. This includes Mountain Creek and Elm Fork. The
larger stream valleys contain deposits of alluvium belonging
to the Quaternary period.
(C) Soils. The soil types found in the service area are primar-
ily East Cross Timbers, which is practically coextensive with
the outcrop of Woodbine Sands and Black Land Prairie to the
east of the East Cross Timbers. In the East Cross Timbers,
soils vary in color from gray to light brown, reddish brown
and1 red. They are generally well drained and erode easily
on the slopes. The native vegetation consists principally of
small oaks, hickory, and other hardwoods. Native grasses are
scarce and not very nutritious. The principal alluvial soils
are the Trinity Clay, the Catalpa Clay, the Frio Clay, the
Frio fine sand loam, and the Ocklockonee fine sandy loam.
The Black Land Prairie is a treeless plain somewhat dissected
by streams. Its topography varies from flat and undulating to
gently rolling and rolling. The stream valleys are generally
broad and shallow and contain large areas of alluvial soils
- 15 -
-------
which in the absence of levees would be subject to overflow.
The native vegetation consists mainly of prairie grasses,
with a few elm and hackberry trees located along the water-
courses. The principal upland soils are dark waxy clays,
some of which are calcareous and other noncalcareous. The
calcareous clays are friable when dry, but the noncalcareous
clays are generally tight even when dry. The principal al-
luvial soils found in the broad stream bottoms in the region
are the Trinity Clay, the Catalpa Clay, and various members
of the Ocklockonee series.
The Trinity Clay is the predominating soil type along the
main streams. It is a dark calcareous clay, derived by the
deposit of silt from the region of the Black Land Prairies.
It exists in generally flat topography where the drainage
is poor. In its natural condition, the Trinity Clay supports
a growth of hardwood timber including the following species
and varieties: Pin Oak, Burr Oak, Pecan, Ash, Elm, Gum,
Locust, and Haw. When wet, the Trinity Clay is very waxy
and gummy.
(D) Hydromorphic. The principal aquifer in the region of the
Central Sewerage System is the Basal Trinity Sands. The prin-
cipal water bearing beds in Dallas County are, in descending
order, the Sands of the Woodbine, the Paluxy and the Basal
Trinity Sands. The yield of these aquifers is low and area
reliance is primarily placed on surface reservoirs. The
- 16 -
-------
aquifer recharge areas which might be affected are, from
west to east, the Basal-Trinity-Paluxy Sands and the Wood-
bine Sands. All of these recharge areas are upstream of the
existing plant discharge.
(E) Paleontology. There have been no major paleontological finds
in the area except for the recent discovery of pre-historic
animal bones at the site of the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional
Airport presently under construction. It is felt generally
that the massive urbanization of the study area has resulted
in the obliteration of many potential sites for exploration.
A more detailed discussion of studies on this subject is
found in Appendix I.
2. Hydrology.
(A) Surface Water.
1. Relevant Bodies of Water. In the study area the major
means of water supply is surface water. There are a num-
ber of reservoirs in the area including Grapevine Lake,
Garza-Little Elm Lake, Lake Lavon, Lake Arlington, Lake
Ray Hubbard and Lake Benbrook. There are no natural lakes
in the study area. The Trinity River has been discussed
previously, as was water quality in the river, Aquifer re-
charge is upstream from the proposed plant discharge.
2. Trinity River Water Quality Problems. The Trinity River
_from Fort Worth to below Dallas is of very poor quality.
As previously discussed the sewage effluent comprises 95%
- 17 -
-------
to 98% of the flow in the river during low flow periods.
Since the river flows through a massive urban complex
the pollution from non-point sources is considerable.
The ability of the stream to support other than a few
rough fish is non-existent. During high flow the re-
suspension of organic sludge depletes the D. 0. to zero
in some stretches of the stream.
The tertiary treatment proposed should play a significant
role in helping to return the river to a more productive
resource.
3. Information on Stream Flow. Rainfall information has
been presented elsewhere in this report. Seasonal vari-
ations in stream flow at the Trinity River gauging sta-
tion at Dallas are shown on the accompanying Tables 1-2 &
l-2a and 1-3 & l-3a.
4. Areas Subject to Inundation and Flooding. All elements
of the proposed improvements including the treatment
plant outfall will be located above the flood contour.;
(B) Groundwater. There are no potential water quality problems
associated with groundwaters which would result from the pro-
posed project.
3. Climate. The climate in the study area is moist to dry. Spring
and autumn months are mild, with warm days and cool nights, and
summers are long and usually hot. Winters are usually mild; however,
there are brief periods of extreme cold.
- 18 -
-------
TABLE 1-2
176 TRINITY RIVER BASIN
0-0570. Trinity Piver at Dallas, Tex.
LOCATION.--let 32*46'30", long 96V9MO", Dallas County, on left bank on donnstrean sldr of left pier of Cexmerce Street viaduct
In Dallas, 5.2 nlles downstream frtn confluence of v.'est and Elm Forks, and at mile 500.3.
DRAINAGE AREA.-6.106 sq ml.
PERIOD OF RECORD.-October 1898 to December 1899 (gage heights only published In WSP 28 and 37), July 1903 to current year.
GAGE.-Water-stage recorder. Datum of gigc Is 368.02 ft above rrcan sea level. Oct. 1, 1898, to Dec. 31, 1899, nonrecordlng gage
It lite 2 nlles upstream at different datun. July 1, 1903, to July 20, 1930, nonrecording e*ge at present site and datum.
July 21, 1930, to Sept. 30, 1932, nonrecordlng gage at site 6 miles downstrea-n at datum 3.08 ft lower.
AVERAGE DISCHARGE.-66 years, 1,486 cfs (1,077.000 acrc-ft per year).
EXTREMES.--Current year: Maximum discharge, 67.000 cfs Hay 8 (gage height. 40.68 ft); minimum. 120 cfs Oct. 29
Period of record: Naxltrjm discharge, 184,000 cfs Kay 25. 1908 (cage height, 52.6 ft), from rating curve defined by cur rent-
re ter measurements below 109,000 cfs; minimum observed for periods 1903-6, 1920-69, 1.2 cfs July 4, 1953, result of .storage
behind temporary dan 4 nlles upstream.
Maximum stage since at least 1840. that of Hay 25. 1908. Flood In 1866 reached about the same stage.
REMARKS.--Records good. Flow Is largely regulated by 10 major upstream reservoirs having a total combined capacity of 2,334.000
acre-ft of which 994.900 acre-ft 1s for flood control. The city of Dallas reported the diversion for runiclpal use duilng
the year of 129,200 acrc-ft of water from the Elm Frrk, 41,403 acre-ft fron laic Tev.akcn1 (on Sablnc River), the purchase of
9,380 acre-ft from north Texas Municipal Water District (from the East Fork), and the return of 130,400 acrc-ft of sewage effluent
to river 4 miles downstream from station. For other diversions and effluent retuins above station see records for stations
8-0480 and B-0492.
REVISIONS (WATER YEARS).--WSP 850: 1903-6 (monthly *nd annual means). ISP 1922: Drainage area.
DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND. HATER YEAR OCTOBER I96B TO SEPTEMBER 1969
OAT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUC SEP
1 231
2 233
1 226
4 261
9 220
» 220
T 2*0
1 213
t 1.370
10 2.790
II 896
12 291
13 261
It 233
IS 220
16 214
IT 220
II 194
1» 161
20 169
tl IBS
22 207
23 tea
24 161
25 181
St 181
27 ITS
2B 163
29 169
30 ITS
JI 169
TOTAL 10.882
DEAN 3S1
MAX 2.T90
MIN 163
AC-FT 21.580
169
283
T43
499
2T6
240
226
291
384
299
220
200
207
226
299
348
261
214
194
200
214
226
220
214
214
341
2.040
2.630
1.020
465
13.363
445
2,630
169
26,510
1.040
T35
841
357
332
299
291
276
268
247
254
261
240
24 T
233
220
233
261
438
SOT
447
402
299
268
261
247
276
307
291
261
240
10.679
344
1.040
220
21.180
CAL TR 1968 TOTAL 706.966
HTR TR 1969 TOTAL 831.578
240
233
240
247
240
233
240
261
254
233
233
226
214
214
226
240
254
220
220
247
247
214 .
226
226
233
207
200
194
567
2.470,
3.100
12.599
406 ~
3.100
194
24,990
PIEAN 1,932
MEAN 2.278-
829
475
373
307
291
247
276
261
268
226
233
307
323
569
1,600
938
429
357
307
357
942
3,120
1.650
1,150
1.000
2,160
2,480
2,760
______
______
__
24,237
866
3,120
226
3,060
3,260
3.460
3,460
3,580
3.T90
3,700
3.740
3.740
3,960
3.610
3.420
2,210
1,160
3,940
8.T20
3.680
6.920
3.430
2.120
1.490
2.540
4,610
4.900
4,110
4,190
4.780
5.520
6.080
6.160
5.920
5.3TO
5.300
5.350
5.350
5.400
5.350
5.300
4.860
3.550
3.260
3.220
3,050
4,550
3.910
3,180
2.660
7,490
8.730
5.370
4,510
4.120
4.020
4.450
4.030
3.500
2,900
3.370
3,770
2,550
2.240
— — —
125,260 130,730
4,041
8,720
1.160
4.358
8.730
2.2*0
48,070 248,400 259,300
MAX
MAX
23.400 HIM
53.600 MIN
163
163
2.100
1,020
1,730
1,730
8,790
10,700
41,000
53.600
25,000
10,600
6,610
5,880
5,200
6,940
11,200
6,430
11,800
12,900
8,640
7,560
7.540
8,260
10,300
9,840
8,730
8,500
10,300
9,140
8,900
7,800
5.780
333,320
10,820
53,600
1,730
665,100
AC-FT
AC-FT
5.390
5.000
5,100
5.150
4,900
4,850
4.800
4.750
4.650
4.600
4.560
4.510
4,460
4,510
4.560
4.560
4,510
4,460
4.380
4.330
4.280
4.240
4,240
3.550
2.280
1.610
1.550
1.520
1.490
1.460
120.250
4,008
5.190
1,460
238.500
1.402.000
1.649.000
1.410
1,430
1.310
1,220
1,400
1.490
1.490
1.430
1.340
1.310
1.140
645
420
291
307
332
366
384
357
332
366
438
429
366
323
299
268
299
307
315
307
22.141
714
1,490
268
43.920
323
291
276.
268
778
605
429
332
261
247
233
233
247
240
379
42S
411
323
284
247
240
254
315
348
323
360
599
411
348
375
307
11.112
358
778
233
22.040
214
20O
550
940
447
348
307
768
340
307
291
366
315
276
261
254
268
254
254
220
226
291
2,990
2,620
605
410
350
307
276
230
— —
15,005
500
2,990
200
29.760
-------
TABLE l-2a
)90 TRINITT RIVER BASIN
08057000 Trinity River at Dallas, Tex.
LOCATION.--Lat 32*46'30'. long 96'49'ID", Dallas County, on left bir.l- on downstream &1de of left pier of Commerce Street viaduct
In Pallas, 5.2 miles downstream fron confluence of Vest and Elm Forks, end at nfle 500.3.
DRAINAGE AKEA.--i.106 sq ml.
PERIOD OF RECORD.-October 1898 to December 1899 (gage heights only published In MSP ?8 and 37). July 1903 to current year.
CAGt.—Mater-stage lecorder. Datum of gage 1s 368.02 ft above rcan sea level. Oct. I, 1E9B, to Dec. 31, 1899. nonrecordmg
gaje at site 2 r.lles upstretm at different datum. July 1, 1903, to July 20, 1930, nonrecordmg gage at present site and
datum. July 21, 1930, to Sept. 30, 1932, no*recording gage at site 6 miles downstrean at datum 3.08 ft lower.
AVERAGE DISCHARGE.--(7 years, 1.494 cfs (1.0E2.000 acre-ft tar year).
EXTREMES.--Current year: Haxloim discharge. 20,200 cfs Apr. 16 (gage height, 34.66 ft) maximum gage height, 34.83 ft Apr. 26;
iftnimim discharge. IBS cfs Sept. 11
Period of record: Maximum discharge, 18-1,000 cfs Hay 75, 1908 (gage height, 12.6 ft), fron ratlm curve extended above
109.000 cfs; minimum observed for periods 1903-6, 1920-70, 1.2 cfs July 4, 19S3, result of storage behind temporary dam 4
•lies vpstreaa.
Maximum stage since at least 1040, that or Hay 25. 19C8. Flood In 1866 reached about the same stage.
REMARKS.--Records good. Flow Is largely regulated by 11 major upstream reservoirs having a total confined capacity of 2,205,000
aere-ft of ».'Mch 648.600 acre-ft Is for flood control. The city of Dallas reported the diversion for nunlcipal use during
the year of 134,COO «re-fl of water from the Elia Fort. 43,300 acre-ft Crew Lake Tawakont (on Sablne River), the purcnasc
of 8,800 acre-ft from North Texas Municipal Vater District (fron the East Fork), and the return of 137,800 acre-ft of sewage
effluent to river 4 nlles dovnstrea/i from station. For other diversions and effluent returns above station sec records for
stations 08048000 and 08049200.
REVISIONS (WATER TEARS).--WP 850: 1903-6 (monthly and annual neans). WSP 1732: 1937 ^M). HSP 1922: Drainage area.
DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEE1 PER SECOND, HATER YEAR OCTOBER 1969 TO SEPTEMBER 1970
OAT
1
2
3
*
5
•
T
a
9
10
ii
12
13
14
IS
16
IT
II
14
20
21
22
23
24
IS
26
27
28
29
30
31
TOTAL
MEAN
MAX
MIN
AC-FT
til If.
WAT YD
OCT
2T6
2*4
284
264
2T6
2«8
2»B
268
254
234
240
2i470
4,110
It 930
645
485
402
166
123
315
32)
299
294
251
291
307
551
If 370
745
2,480
1 . 500
22.128 11
736
4,810
24?
45.280 22
1469 TOTAL
I97C TOTAL
NOV
64 5
525
485
565
475
402
375
402
340
307
323
315
291
299
307
307
619
475
340
284
216
276
276
276
307
284
332
366
348
31)
— -
.157
372
645
276
.130
850.813
730,362
C£C
291
284
284
284
344
1.030
1,510
764
542
420
337
323
307
291
261
284
299
315
323
307
307
291
291
299
332
332
307
475
3.470
3.980
1,270
20,174
651
3,960
261
40,020
MEAN
KEAN
JON
666
1.420
1.230
968
1,110
2,040
1.420
1,19C
1,610
2.060
1,440
6C5
545
505
438
438
411
393
402
375
332
323
323
307
315
307
323
299
291
299
307
22,872
738
2.060
291
45,370
i.331
2,092
FED
1.670
3,010
810
525
438
525
465
402
366
451
177
337
340
340
674
747
438
402
424
460
315
323
525
4,070
13.500
6.980
3,040
7,240
«... .
-.-_
— — -
49.366
1.763
13.500
307
97,920
MAR *PR
7,550 5,000
3,760 5,003
5.460 4,580
5.I7C 4,150
3.850 3.190
4,480 3.700
6.J30 2.630
5.620 1,410
5.440 760
4.960 645
6.070 64C
7,170 630
6,840 62S
6.840 605
6,910 710
7,280 910
10,600 1.010
9.950 1.070
7,420 2.530
8,100 1.480
12, COO 2,570
12,!00 2,580
9,840 2,690
7,900 2.690
7.030 5.950
6.000 18,400
5.680 12,600
5.550 5,490
5.500 4,700
5.140 7,070
5, 100 — —
211.720 107,315
6,530 3,577
12,100 18,400
3.760 605
419.900 212.900
MM 53.6CC MIN 194 ACFT
KAX 16,430
KIN 230 ACFT
MAY
9,640
5.890
6.800
7,520
8,1 BO
8,700
8.9CC
8.430
7,780
6,850
S,6«
5.230
5,100
5.COC
4,950
4,950
4,800
4.150
4.700
4.380
4,120
3.920
3.710
1.430
2.000
3,210
4.040
4,750
4,220
5.490
10.400
175.530
5.662
10.400
1,430
348,200
1, baa, ooo
1,450, COO
JUN
7,750
4,470
3,730
3.680
4,230
4,510
4.560
4,600
3.990
1.960
646
385
525
495
438
402
375
284
261
268
307
375
495
332
233
284
337
291
261
299
......
51.093
1.703
7,750
233
101,300
JUl
291
268
261
261
254
269
254
284
247
323
348
384
456
323
307
284
284
291
276
254
393
348
254
323
375
323
299
299
284
348
402
9,566
309
456
247
18.970
AUC
402
393
193
411
375
411
312
357
384
456
418
291
233
233
241
284
291
226
951
464
240
299
1.530
651
348
307
240
200
228
456
383
12.434
402
1.530
200
24.700
SEP
2,160
4. 140
2.060
559
393
357
315
233
207
200
200
230
351
438
307
596
5.090
2.840
691
357
307
291
1.790
1.640
525
1.770
1.090
1,180
2,460
4,040
_
36,787
1,226
5,090
200
72.970
-------
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
WATUR RESOURCES DIVISION
Off//as
TABLE 1-3
Used riitlne (able elated
File Number <
I District.
igc Head lo fy.
Cage hclBlils used Jo half tcnllis bet ween ?•.»£. and AS.£ feel;
hundred.!,* below and tenths above Ihesr limits.
nm'"""—~
-------
Joly lOJl
^,
TABLE l-3a LMt«^ r' "
_^_ • . . ^^
Daily Gage Height, in Feel, and Discbargc, in Second-Feet, of ....... S...{?.&.* #0". 2. .............. Halia .../.....: ...<£.._.
sSl *i
!<*i v:
A; y.
V tvi
> Til
fc.1 • *
\'- ^
• K'
44
Si
t YlAI
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2C
27
2S
29
jh
'•31
OCTOUEB
Cncc
height
Discharge
I?
/76
3 I
/o.b-S
/a.S?
/*.?,?.!
/*J3
/o.oo
9.86
.3:21.
fi.f.6.
356
NOVEMBER
Gncc
height
...S....
/4.#
g > i y.3?1
Z3C.ll//ty5
a.?.!.
37^
JA
lijHT
...S.....
..... 3,3.70
Discliargc
310
346
.ISO
E5S
..?.A1
DECEMBER
Gnpc
height
! 5"
333H ^
2.18
.J.
.
J/.spoij.&jz
S I
Discharge
JANUAIIY
liright
j
.<}<
Discharge
.&.<$<*?&.
4,030 S
JEU?.2£l.
30.ZOO
" jy/j--
....J?j.0.fVO. L..-^.
-S
....$,M.d#.&.\,
....6as.Q.//3/|
!/^f..l
\0.70\
.6,950
Gtir.e
liciplit
.6/.7..!Q;!/4
Discharge
i 3.?&j..^
3 3*"
R ?.oo| /<*/£'
'!..«.»
x^./.?.
/,/4Q\
MAIICII
G.1RC
15
?°A.W:
3oA 9.
370M
.37.8'!...?/-f.
33 J!' ?:
3oo'
?. 8 a:..
ii ???
S12!L/K.«?.
27/ /A
Dischsrpe
23C
23?!
2
..?3!.i!.
11
!il?
2211!,
-iii
,.?..'..l.!il5
,..?.?..*! i:
20
•!|1S
.?o.3:ii?
i
!'o-
"2-
K:
" " .'..25° 1"^ ° ""
Szd/xA/T
420
705O
35^:
2'
11
-
,Bf
&£_
^.7..
•»»•....
*•••••-..
TOTAL
Mtan
Sccood-kel pel
Kjuart EJ|«,^.
Run-off in intha.
Run-off Li acre-
l«t
1 95,0fcl.
.4.4?.4£
22,510
74/.
! 246 1-?o
.-^5^3
/3<~-535
ijSjto
?, /cy?-
.4«R
7476'
^r
ii.
.-L
-------
The average dates of occurrence for various temperature values
are shown in Tables 1-4 and 1-5.
Tables 1-6 and 1-7 show other climatological data germane to
the study area.
The average prevailing direction of the wind by month since 1898
is reflected below.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Velocity (Knots)
10.
11,
12,
10.
10.
9.3
9.2
8.9
9.4
9.8
9.8
Prevailing Direction
(8 pts. of compass)
NW
INW
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
sw
PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION
JUNE 1971 - MAY 1972
Month
June, 1971
July
August
September
October
November
December
January, 1972
February
March
April
May
Resultant Direction in Degrees
180
180
140
130
180
170
220
250
210
190
170
130
- 19 -
-------
TABLE 1-4
Al'K. 15
Average Date of First
and Last 32' Temperatures
Average Date of First
32' In The Fall
Average Date of Last
32' In The Spring
DEC.
JAN. 30
M"""'""'"' "
Mean Annual Temperatures
By Climatic Divisions
1 93 1 -60 )
00.00 Black Figures: i;
Mean Annual Precipitation Hn.—
in Inches
BQ.0 White Figures:
Mean Annual Temperature
in Degrees F.
-------
TABLE 1-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
Source: KOAA, Environmental Dala Servile, Lec.it Climalploqical Data.
Additional dala lor these locations »ic hsled in Ihe (able o' Texas Irmpjnilurc, freeze. p/DMing scaion,
and precipitation rcccx-ds. til covnlics
Ab.lene
Arnanllo
Austin . .
Brownsville
CO/PUS Chnsli
Dallas ...
Da Kio
El paso
For) Worth .
Galv-fslon
Housion
LubbKK
Midland-Odessa
Port Artnur-bcaumonl
San Anqelo
San Antonio . .
Victoria ....
Waco
i
Tcrnpcralurc !
OJL
OCX
111
ion
109
10.
r
sH
8 4'
6.5:
?V
• 94)
•OS
x"' *\
*° S o
S* *«' ><'
r*Ji c *" ^1 ^ ^ w K "•
00
ttj
- <
— 1<
-i
' i;
105 7-34 11
ITi
11
lot
11?
101
in;
in?
10;
10
in
ID.
in
111
Wichita Falls 111
"Lake Charles, La. 104
7-ii
7-61
74!
8.16
' 737
80S
74'
6 SI
8-4;
-:
i
—i
-i
:•'&
1-4:
7 °1
Ml
7-Vi
z2 ?R S =
, 95 54 6 78
71 107 6 75
101 74 1933
10? 1 17 19
2-99 t7 7 8 76
1-3!
2}
1-62
2-91
94 37 9 18
172 18 8 88
104 61 4 30
87 44 « S7
8 799 1? 4 U 35
:
— i;
-11
• i
• 763 1
1 4i
ix
i y.
251
95 13 1565
83 101 88<
. V8 70 599
19 IB 17 76
1)0 54 11 75
tV> 0, 1-49 116 21 703
7 31
161
8-44
8J1
\
— '
—15
i:
1 31
i «:
' 1-4;
• !•Humdty| Wind 'S
!
r
— i.
2*
S 03
9-71
9 67
967
94;
635
761
932
7-00
8-45
B6i
7-41
743
914
1013
4-49
Sll
lost
44)
4-S3
5<: |S s is
*S if't 7 f- nt-
£?' SE 5?}
42 104 67 ItO 71
63 103 91 840 5'
J» 10 4 75 <49 JO
SS 91 74 847 f>
59 lU7rlSO 9-61 67
57 II 6, C9 641 «3
SI 11 4 97 4-78
»9B
29.19
llll
2904
21 58
I9S2
2683
2492
3325
. 3S19
. Itn
2315
. N i:
. 2803
4215
J9«
2518
2983
J714
J?3?
IS 17
1?97
J4M
?7M
2947
3844
. 1837
1»37
1938
1H9
1940
1941
194]
194]
1944
194S
1946
It47
1943
1949
1950
1951
1957
I9S3
I9S4
I '-.3
19il
I9»2
1941
1964
1965
1946
1967
1966
1969
1970
25 (9
25 oS
13 il
n ro
4142
Kit
2478
1401
3006
3SI6
3475
21 79
55 08
2448
21 »
2127
24 It
1903
;j ;•>
It r
3-105
SO 95
{ 24 II
27 SS
TEXAS DROUTHS, 1892-1970
The following (able 3>Mws the duiation arid e^pr1
Of Tcxns (truuths by nuior jrca:, Iki2lli:o | nr • ^
purpose, drouth* arc Jtrl.itunly Ji.rmrd nv \«hin 11^
division has ks< Ilinii 71 uvi tint of ihc I'JJi i. ,
noimal precipitation Ihc I'Jll CO norm.il pncv
b shOun al [lie UOIIOM ol Ilic I.idlL lor >Jih ;i .1
in inches A slum t.iblc uhich fullous sliovi^ ii'i ir,
qufncy of droulhs in iai.Ii jria and il.c lutjl njt,
o[ drouth in the nrca No climatic *i,t..
19*7, !9i8 or I9J9
tf
^
mi
IS93
IS44
l.'JI
l'93 .
1901
O05
1101
nun
1910
1911
1915
1117
19:0
1131
l«->2
1924
112i
»•>•>
1913
1934.
1937 .
\1»
1441 .
19-l.f
l»j»
19 Jl
1552 .
19^1
IJil
I9i6. .
I9C3
1981
I9C4
i»:o
193
Oil.
?
1
z
u
2
39
;a
7?
06
»
»
TO
il
74
65
1 1
i:
I.MW Rollins; 1
Tialni 1
...
11
59
J3
SO
...
...
...
Co
>l
57
x£
S?
Xt,
'57
10
72
Et
'«3
...
73
72
...
11
21
...
'i?
'S3
V
v>
a£
'70
• •
6J
V)
74
59
••
73
...
74
...
'it
"is
f?
£•£
63
'is
...
(.7
43
TO
44
72
CS
62
48
a
61
49
"|4
'«1
Kilv.ards
ri.il--aii
'«
CO
74
6!
'«
'ii
cs
69
...
S3
si
ci
SS
«1
?r
>c
'55
62
70
69
73
42
'h
...
69
71
r,s
'so
SS
'61
sr /
73
64
10
74
C9
SO
'12
'74
••
67
••
57
M
•"
E
S
*
'si
M
44
«>
"M
'«
'72
'74
'55
'TI
S3
•"
C 1 .... 11 - !
9CO Normal (Inched — 1*SI 2299.
f3 2551. 3331 1,'J ?3 33 ?f 27
V *
\ r
•. ••
'Si
SI
';j
(S
It
II
;j
'11
T!
61
':»
51
ii
(3
12 «I
HKOL'UI
Ths U'llc 5104^ :*ip rumbcr o.' yn'S ol 4rtJ
jnJ i".1 i.ipi'-or ol si»irjii- crou.n> ror ciJ~"
I'll Hi ti iMjins >•.!•. mJ 10 drou tl >CJr- L'
me 01 dvc M»..ir d-nu !ii one 2 nar ijrou,h J
one 3 srar drojin, lor a loul of ^evun droulhs
..
. 3454
7985
..2414
Years
J ' '. ".
3
Tot.il
Uroutlis
Drouth
Years .
5.
..!
6!
,',
.!
m
10,
111
61
SI
,o!
SI 7
11..*
10,
loi in in
161 I3i I4|
SI
,o!
.:!
', "
n! 14
u!_i>
-------
TABLE 1-7
TEXAS TEMPERATURE. FREEZE. CROWING SEASON. AND PRCCIPITATION RLCORDS. BY COUNTIES
«- - - . . 1. .- nl.l. i'.il i .11* rm'iil M I li ll.d iv.i!% ul
„.,. . „,. .....
..... ..I ,. .1. Inn I
T,l.'i .1 ^*% irri-
nisiiiliii'd 'i*e wiuuh :o
" ' "
nn. f,
ic i'
,.,., il,
nl.ll..
.11* rm'iil M I) lit ll.d iv.i!% ul
„. ../ I'. «...>\s-.,|. C-IIII..IIM.M. /liiMin II- 1 iu». f.| III. 11. ill ih.in..- Ill
nniliiiiin» !i, MlAA I ,11 iru.inrr.lll H.il-1 Sinin n: <>' I in I. I'ul
Bioinc wiwn anri i-rrcipi-iiiun lor r..cli n-.mv m lex.i. II..M l-.r 0,11111,1 uhrrr .,n NO1A N m.' Ins n'.t I'm
u iilnlle mi.m air inifirvlili.il lr.'..i inline cliarlt IK. pared limn n-.i n y.iluu's horn valiim. »nli lo ,.- cMnl.1 ;.ii|-d ir-oijs . ,-.,n
- - -. ii.iii.ii M-nn
nisiiiliiid 'e wiuuh :o enablii u iilnlle mi.m air inifirvlili.il lr.'..i inline cliarlt IK. pare imn n-.i n y.iuus orn vaiim. »i o ,.- cn. ;.i|- ir-is . ,-.,
m!" mi'.i irni5."":ire /or July n eompKicd fion. U»- urn, ol Uic mii.iii.ii M-n
San!hlyirn!.™rj|ure for July i» tt-e Mim oi_in«>_n m.,»iimini and mrai minimum jfor^ulijjlivjijrfJy^lVi^cipjialiunjIjlj «io r.vril/.ii Ilie M yf.ir_n-ii.nj|_iliio_d ril IS(_U
— — — — --- " " Ti rnrVrnluIV Avrr».'P !• rrilP I/MM i NOTII. J lOl.ll I'r.MPII ItlOII
County and Station—
Archer. Au'licrdiy
A r ir. si run L'. Claude
Handera. Mi'tJina
Bcxar. Sj:i Antonio
Drainrin. An?lcton
Brown. Hrou-nwool
Caitohan. rul/um
Colorado. Coiiiinhjs
Donlcy. Clarendon
Duval, Freer.
EJ!i«. WnxaVichie
Falls. Marlm
Fayetic Xlatonia
Foard. Crowcll
Franklin. Mount Vcmon
Freesion*- Fair field
Fno. Dl'-y
Games, ir.r no**
Gilvcs:.*n (.ii.vcv.on
Cam l'o-l
CiUcspic. FrrdrncX*buri
Tirnncraiuir
si
«s
s
\T
3
7j
49!
43!
6'
49 >
79
16'
2li
IS
sc
11
40
6'
63
77
_3
sY
30!
5
55
' si
II
9
33,
23!
SSI
73!
61
9
79:
34!
V
9i
54i
8!
77'
III
1
"I
591
2e,i
•3!
391
36
17;
Ti
171
•51
611
S1
121
16'
931
M'
26!
621
651
5'
4.
53
In
01
a.
X
fa
t:
f* ...
•K
91!
tv.
941
97'
SSi
951
971
95'
92'
91,
9C-!
96.
94'
96'
95
96.
95!
91.
"9
941
9'!
9G
96i
"'
92,
96
93
Mi
93.
94,
931
911
94'
HI
';.
sr,
Sfi
Ml
991
951
16:
95
96.
16,
96
971
961
• V
54'
95
92
95
94!
931
91'
96,
96'
96
99!
56
9S
1C!
961
94!
96'
941
96!
96
941
96 1
96!
911
911
941
911
93
f> i
i.
"='
Kfc
n
-.S
•K.
11'
28
Ii
1 -K.
114!
1061
IIOi
1001
ID'ji
26' IDS'
421 IIOI
411 IIOI
20| 110
381 IDS'
40'
3
371
42
K
211
36'
3V
461
42
.12,
26
4S
331
4J,
37,
411
47
32.
51,
36,
231
361
22
441
3X
26
30-
32,
33,
341
341
36'
441
40'
32'
36,
371
32!
76
30'
IS'
36'
231
2:!
34i
34.
44'
27,
42!
45
32'
31'
33
351
331
42'
2S'
261
3SI
441
35'
37,
2l
36
nil
120
nil
112,
107!
IIOI
I0«!
III!
107,
IOS'
no
1061
1041
117!
1131
1031
1141
110,
1071
110'
KM!
109
I03|
I(I4|
no
1071
1151
116!
1051
101!
114'
UK:
110!
106'
IIOI
IOS
109'
1141
112;
nil
1121
Ifr'l
IIOI
112,
I07|
mi
nil
'."1
113!
1031
1071
1141
1171
iftSi,
IIS!
I (Ml
IOSI
US'
iti;
1141
112'
IIS!
III!
nil
109;
1051
1051
109,
111'
113
101.
1071
ui1
Is
u *
u 0
*J
•>'
-61
"Toi
-b!
Average !• recto D.'tM
UM In
Spnns
1'irsl In
U
p
H
*£
J?
* u
iDiysl Vr
Mar. S
Apr 6
Mar 14
1 en. 7
Mar 31
—01 Apr. C
-II I-cb 24
21 Fcb 26
-2I| Apr. 22
9| Mir. 76
_74l|'
31
—41
0!
~V
—31
21
10!
—.1
—21
-91
9
—2
3;
6'
21
-101
101
— S
111
II
-131
—12'
3!
—ii
—4
IS
21
91
~^-6|
-41
-1!
.-"I
—211
-171
1
-31
21
61
131
-III
12'
—Si
31
31
-91
—31
—7!
—51
41
3!
-91
' 61
10'
S'
91
— 2Ji
0|
•Mnr 6
Apr 3
Kcb 22
Mar II
Mar 6
Mar. 2S
Apr. 6
Mnr 33
Mar 21
Mar. S
Mjr 1
Mar 31
Apr. G
Fcb 10
Mar. 22
Mar 1
Mar 29
Keb 27
Fcb 19
Mar 2S
Nor. 27
Nor S
Nor 13
Dec. 1C
Nor. 6
Nov i
Ucc' G
Oct 70
N'nv. 16
Nov 70
Nov 3
Ucc 4
Nov 24
Nov 2u
Nov. 15
Nov. 6
Nov. 21
Nov II
Nov. 73
Nov 30
Nov. 9
Nor 6
Dec. 10
Nov 19
Dee 1
Nov 14
Nov 29
Dec 16
Nov 1 1
lob 4 | Dec 11
Mar 21 I Nov 14
Apr. 17 Ocl 23
Mar 19 | Nov II
Apr 16 Oct 26
M:.r 5
Mar. S
4pr. 3
Mar. 27
Apr. 15
Mur 31
M.ir. 26
Mar. 26
Apr 5
Mar 1
M.ir 6
Mar. 27
Mar. 29
Mar 27
Mar 25
Apr. 2
Mar 31
Mjr 26
Apr 10
Apr 1
N ,v 21
Nor. 21
Nor. 6
Nov. 14
Oct. 24
Nov 12
Nnr 16
Km II
Nor. 3
Dec S
Nov 26
Nor. 20
Nor 12
Nor S
Nor 21
Nor 7
Nor 1 1
Nnv 14
Nov. 2
Nov II
Apr 23 Ocl IK
Mar. 23 Nor 13
Apr. S Nov e
Apr 20 Ocl 22
M-r 25 Nor 13
M.ir 27 Nor S
Mar. 1 Nov. 24
Apr 4 Nov 7
Fcb 19 Dec 6
Apr 9 Nov 1
reb 16 Dec II
Mar. 27 Nor 11
Apr 3 Nor 6
Mar 16 Nov 21
Mar 20 Nor 21
Mar 9
Mar. 27
Mar. 13
Mar 27
Mar 2
Apr 2
Apr. 7
Apr 2
Fcb 14
Mar 23
Mnr II
Ten 23
Apr s
Jan :i
Apr 5
Apr 1
Nov. 12
Nov 19
Nov 25
Nov 10
Dec 4
Nov C
Nov 6
Nor. 7
Dec. 7
Nor 12
'.or 21
D'C 2
Nov 4
n. c 35
N>. 7
Nut 6
M.
21.11
344!
3I31
27.1
2S2
2S2
1SH
2351
3C1
214
?5i
255
265
J34
214
3431
235^
26.i,
2741
223
214
303!
242
275'
3101
275i
300,
23S,
341,
23S.
I9IJ
2371
1931
2lill
353:
2171
3321
I6S|
226,
23H
330'
2121
2SOI
3651
US,
22S"
3361
311!
319,
22S>
313
2051
2:4'
17.*
235
312!
1SS
233!
2701
2l7i
3301
2061
24SI
279
J!"1
3%C''
•34?
733
357
321|
277J
2131
2li1
2191
2KI
3341
:«y
:s:'
33-.I
3!6I
7ii:
-'I
fi
ri
6
33
«
6
1
97
•;?
s?
11
4S
23
«3
75
73G'
fin
30|
SG,
5»
21
47
32
11,
f 7
2S|
711
7S|
241
^
CS'
23,
CC|
Sll
81
45
77
54
561
3?!
831
32
20
90,
COI
391
2Gi
«
2G
7
48!
19!
301
Ul
27'
JSI
73'
91
73
411
66'
»2|
41,
211
S3'
711
SI
21
KC'
•i'r
60
65'
J
ll.l
"Ts2
70
4 ro
310
1 21
175
Ci
1 6)
"~3S!
1 II
20i
2 44
1 71
236
75
24]
450
3C3
2 US
61
7f
1 52
1 f J
3 Cll
1 10
276
i«
1 48
400
66
440
S3
4 33
\S!
'.,,
—.9?
1 S6
221
.77
30!
241
1 90
1:1
307
2 12
.SO
>2
92
41
232
.73
SS
ISO
69
IOS
&
8
jj
\i
In
32
ii
1 4
.,5
3 1
4
Ii
27
1 4
17
2C
1 f
2" 5
.7
75
40
IS
21
<
1 2
1 7
~3"0
•» •
5!
2C
1 0
"!]
4(
1
40
:]
i\
•1
34
24
IS
10
15
I
!
.7
4
25
I
34
"24
73
S
1 1
7
1 401 1 3
1 SOI 1 5
.ill, 5
.S3! 1 1
2 $(i 30
4C| 4
3 061 22
2 551 2 7
3311 34
2 36! 27
.17
S3
356
370
S
.7
1 1
35
35
330 3 1
1*1' 14
3 /;, : •
771 f
1 SSi 7 0
In Jin |
JlllYW
"I
3 (O1
li.l
151,1
6I1" a
I 7SI I SI
3 12 2 lu
4S| <2
In I In | In |_
'3 sil~4 7lf *M| 2 til
S"| JIM I 40| I "i
?M)| 320 7&J .1(':i
212| 4 is! 21;! i":
f<:• 3 SO, 2 9i| 7 ID
7 (21 3 40! 2 o '
3 .S7! 4 4J> .1 54
I (21 2 SO
'|"iii"| liflln I liriiii'TlrT
"2 1G| 2 lii'j "ill Vl(>,4" lij
I *.?! 2C-.I 41 (.I'll 37
J9jl J 311 4 111 ', (' U71
<(,0! 2-10! I fi'i 21'.U II
2'}1 2«3 1.47 I 4i*i2u
224
I 07
2 "19
2 J5
410
3 IS]
45
75
03
I 731 I 75
i sr,|
2:5
-L1?1
i obT
40))
4 CO1 4 40|
i2|_''Sj
3C2,
I 2 45| 4 20| 3 OJ
|"3U| 3:4|"38J
2 I3l 314! -"
2 441 * 241
38! 4C3 310
2 ,'z! 3 45| 2 3'.
1 J^ 7 rs'
4 OS| 4 41, 3 C:
5:01 ICOl 345
3 20 3 90i 3 SI
3"7Sf4 441 3 7*|
ill I 4.'.| 2.*~
I G3 3 45 - '
I 931 2 79
2 >5! 4 50
'} 1'., 4 70,
3 25| 4 15
3 53! 3 75
3 21); 3 45'
7(3 431
717
23S|
217!
2 111
24>i
I ,'.0i
31sl
3 SO
I 3S|
7431
2121
37(
2.211
200|
3 4(|
3(0 18:! 171
'3 351 2 75' 2~C<
2 S3 2 03|
3 'O1 2 S3
275| 3CCj
I >r.l I M III S3,| 114
400 2 Cm I SO I J'i'. 13
3 7)1 33-1) 3 '.'! I2u iJCI
I 491 I C-2 .i'.l r,^,|7 41
370J 7(0| 1 28) 1 is :•(',*
I 3"3I); J40l 2"97|~2 11 V. 23"
I 2 V.1 ?f,C| I 3-1, I 31 24 Ii
I 3 (.11 2C: I 17) I 7'i 77 34
r4C4|'3 111 1 lu, 2~C>II3I2C
2 I,1. 205 •.:>! Kl'liTt
\ 3 >Ji| ! ! I 211 42| (7 I',42
4 51 203J I C') I :7;4
2
3 'jil 5 2*1 3 23 2 431
2 C3, 4 30 3Cjl 2 10,
_4 23M 331 3 34_j_2_ 33_!
3"is1 j'nrjlfi 2'33"
2931 2
3 i: 445,
2ii' 373
7Gl 72
7C[_19
401 CC|"
2 SS; 2 351
Cll 61
501 64l
3_70I
2CO'
S5j 711
701 5C!
TCI,"
1 551 I 50
55! 311
. 121 I GO'
300IJS1I
111 35f
;l I 79'
3' 2 401
3411 JfS'
'81 3 19'
'31 S7f
'II 76'
II I 16'
3 551 2 351
3 SSI 3 90
"3 131 3"05'
i.)
53'
!V 2 £'.
7 001 1 701
C*l
3 751 5 COI 3 73| 2 3i;
3 751 4 50! 2 S0,_2 051
"l 93~J 'jfl 701 I 1C!
SO' I a\ I Sl| I 70
1 121 2» 203 IT'Sl
1C*! 343! 247 252
_:Gj__62;_Gjhsr
'l 2fl 2 iSl 2011 2"53I
4 CO! 4 Ml 3 241 I 941
I 04, 2 !)! 1 7 2 32T : c:1
I COI 3 33! 2 Ml 2 SO!
1 Oil 4 97, 2 691 I 2 1:1 1:21
2 921 1 701 3 I'll 3 Jil
_l_9j|_l S4I j_S7_
4 Cil 4~Sf ~J 5il 4"C)T"4~!0 ;i »
2SOJ :91| 31» 4 13 470'442j
I SOJ :.35| 2 931 1.101 K7.S 21 01
200| 3IO| U3| 30. 37,i; G2
I .141 2 CD, 2 ID) SOI I 12 :j 4S
194! 304 2.4) I 3ll I « r ••!
ITS' 2f*' SS31 2 Gil 2 17 II '0
20S| 2 10 2 13! CV ">::03
3 Oil 3^77|_3 lll_2_3j|J 65_IC 9?
'f oriT4il""j M| 2 0>~:"2TTj2"5T
1 441 274 2711 I 74| I !: 2^ Ii
174; 3 oil :it\ i 10, i i:::<6
24V 3631 2911 2 G9 22331 SI
l_70. 2 S3! 2J2^ 2 2j| 2 45 31 47
": !
1 101
2 14
1 S4!i_M5^
2~33I I 461 iTOf
1613
1931 1C!\ 270, 2 :}| 2 C7 31 :<5
I 441 24]' I Ol| 741 n 1C 13
212' 167! 215 411 C5 1431
iSS_J °jLJ-!!|Jli! ? <0 —"
2 CD' 3 SO' 255' 23V 2C23li3
212' 23)1 2221 S4| «i Mil
i s:. 2 ii! 2 i9| «:< i :s *i 11
2 30'J SSI I 9i! 53] 90 :3_7_«
2 10' 3 €5,"2 201 39> I SO 23 15
I 80! 3 621 2 SO 1 47| I 10 11 54
I 45' I 7V I U| i I 22 1 Si 23 34
I =',' 2 01' 2 COI S4I k, ,; H]
4:"' ! Oil 2 <6' 3 HI J"' l I (II I If •»"•
-------
Texn Temperature, Frost, Growing Season and Precipitation Records, by Counties —(continued.)
County and Station—
Glas^cock. Garden Cily
Culind. Ooliid. .
Gontalrs. !ii*.:
llamilton, Hainiltcm
Minsford. .Spearman
lUrdeman. Oaanah (near)
llardtn. Koundc
ll^rm.^ju;
Harnton.'MarsliaU
Hartley. Chatming
llaskcll. lla^kell ...
Hays. San Marcus
llcniphill, Can.iclian
llcni'rrson. Athens
lilrtj!,.,! Mis '" I .
Mill. )lill1. t«r mbury
Hopkins. Sulphur Springs.
llOJstni. Crcrkct:
Howard. ItiK Sprmit
Hubaro
Jackson Kdna .
Jasper. Jnpc£
JiH*hdv."MoiiM LockeTT
Jelfer'on, Tort Arthur
Jim Hoot, llcbbronville
Jim Wells. Alice ,
Johnson. Cirburae
Average Fiecic Date?
I In I
~56| I 2"7
2 071 2 tli
I !,6! 3 .',5
731 I 50
29'! 438
I !22| M| .741
VI 224
1101 II
1121 71
!Q6| 181
1091 —121
1131 -21
Nov 10
Urc. 6
Dec 1
Oct. 27
Nov
1131 -71
1031 14'
1101 0>
Nov. 1C
Dec. 4
Nov
Nov 6
Nov 4
?47|
151
2071 4i|
2II| 781
.
23J| SJj
IWI 411
221| 67|
2-iCI
M.ir
Anr
Mar
Mar
Fib
Nov. 21
Ort 25
Nov. 7
Nov 14
Dec 11
I 901 3 SO
I IS I O
I 2R 210
3 4S> 4 iO
267|
("<0 4 "43
1011 C|
Illl — ?2I
1111 —91
I.I
108' 51
j_303|__55
I 24SI 111
1121 -
IOSI 2'
11)1 —3i
Illl —21
112! —141
327|
247|
IDG' 30
2321 27|
I IJ-I 6
I 2lo! 431
2101 JS,
229 30
10H —121
1071 91
II2| —li
1051 20;
1071 21
J7! —101
1071 Hi
109! 121
Illl 121
'
Nov. 10
Dec 15
Dec 4
Nov 14
111
2S1I 211
2431 nil
211' 74
319 12
ov 9
Dec I
Nov. 21
Nov. U
Dec. 18
Nov. 6
7
2 021 3 07
19 213
90
'•)\ 1 72
I 20' 2 Oi
IICI —91
Ilil —131
—141
112! —I2|
IICI 71
Dec 6
Nov 29
Dec I
Nov. 19
Nov 26
Var
Mar
Mar
Mar
Mar
1101 -I2|
I I
1151 —7|
Illl 2>
lOf —171
G6 I 20,
I 2S| 2 ES>
2 33' 1 Ml
IS! 2 ISl
1 10 430
Nov 7
Nov 12
Nov 24
Dec
Dec
10-31 —151 Anr
1081 0 Mar
1121 —51 Mar
1091 91 Fob
1101 —21 Mar
3"93I 4 G?'
571 10)
1 301 3 S3'
J 371 3 32
70|_I 8)1
I 59 ~
951 2 :5'
36, 83'
24SI 191
1 SO1 1 20
.Nov 9
Nov 6
Nov 8
Dcr 10
I>cc
.1 .1 Mar
I ..I Apr
1091 7| Apr
103| III Feb
1151 71 leb
112, 41 Mar
106' II Mir
1091 —III Apr
1141 -7| Mar.
110141 Mar
751
I 2201 60!
218
2:61 611
230
1151 —7; Apr
1IJI —31 Mar
17) 21 Mar
— !•> A?r
41 V.ar
II2.
no, —4!
113. —''
1011 I3i Mar
1101 -m Apr
Joni1* Anwn . . .
Karrcs, Krnedy
Kaufman. Kaufman
Kendall. Boerne
Kenedy. Aimstiont
K»nt. Jaylon
Kerr. Kcrrvill*
Kimble. Junction .....
Kinj. Guthrie
Ktnney. llr.ickcttville.
Klcbcrt KmBsvilIc
Knox. Mu.iilay
Lamar. I'an: ..
Lamb, Lilllcfield
Lnmp.nas. Lampaus,
Li Sailc. Cotulla
Lavjca. HalUitsville
Lcc. lexmgtoi
Leon. Centcrvilic
Liberty. Liberty
Llmesionc. Mexia
Lipscnmb. 1 o,li(t
LiveOaV.. Gcorac West
Llano. I la no
Loving. .V.cntone
UibborX. Lubbock
Lynn. 7ah&ka
McCuIloch. Itrady
McLennan. Waco
MrMiilIen. Tildcn
Madison. Mjdisonville ...
Marion Jtffcrson
Mirlin. Lcnoiah
Mu ati'.'i, Malarorda
"^Mreriift Male Pass
Medina Hondo .
Mrnard Mrn.ird
Midland Mtdlind
M,lirn Tnmeron
Mills _« " "
Mltrhcil Cn.nrfjCily
Mon'arjp !,j» e . .
.1 piroe ..
Moore l)u"i;s
, <•>' M (near)
•C.rowinz
Season
Normal Total I'lrutul.ilion
tLc-Eth
it Kci.ord
January
Febrjary
I
n
n
u
r
3
•-i
"5
"t
•>
14
a
ScDtcrrbcr
Oc'ober
u
ft
V
S
December
|
'in I in |Jn
'2 3. I 7G; 2""I4
4 0'. 1 231 2 97
371 2311 2 -.9
1S2 3 03' 2 4i
Mil 3 7j| 279
5"f.7| 3 l^l" 3 521 2
4 4ji i :c,i 3 oil -
3 V, 3 HI 7 20
3 IK 2 :i| 2 47|
j»i :;si "
4 SO 2" 10
361' 3 14 772|
4 Ui 3 02 I 54'
5 JO, 4 :S 5 11
4 i;!_3 i; 4 2:1
5?S| 3l8|"i3?
3 M! 2 30 2 SS{
1 M| 2 T.4 2 3b
3 57, 3 5.1 2 S3
4 CJl 1 05| 2 441
225''
222J 1.141 I I
4 77| 4 :< I '.
2 70| 2 10| 2 i:i
S 201 7 0!| 7 Oil
5 531 3 SOI 3 75|
4 «0 3 30| 2 "0!
2 4 SI I 55' 2 16!
S3, E3 I 25|
S 72! 4 :ol 3 I8|
l" 1S| 2
2 «5| I 32
3 S5J l'lS
S 55! 1 90
TT3 252
4941 4
2 SSI 2 331
2'ii 2'.5' 2 iO, 2 30
4 531 2 99 1 90
3_1SI 2 35 I 3SI
( 13f 1 40! 2 93|"
4 col 3 :si 2 so,
4 70' 3 2S1 2 70|
4 491 4 I8| 5 051
4 SO 12S. 2 13,
VSJOMI : 33'"
3 13' 30 2(l|
39]' 2: S| 20:!
1 tl| 1 10 I SCi
3 ISl : S3| 2 Oil
_ _.?20r276l"
3 7C1 2 531 2 OOi
4 S7| 2 (.7) I 911
1 ::i 2751 I Sii
4 CO' 1 SO 2 03,
2jl l"02f3":5l
2 3'.| I 70 2 OSI
3 S3) 2 G:| 2 231
3 79 2 70 3 '3'
1 271 30jf2 36|'
] 211 2 20 2 22
: CSI 1 G3I I Ml
3 '-V. 2 IV 1 631
4 :--! 1 OSI I 911
4 151
33!
1501
In | In
1C7| 7l
3351 7CI
2 42| 2 421
S3I 61
3 23' 2 70
2 45 31 S3
2 '.'3 3.1 7J
si,;o is
2 SS|
105! 1 7I|
IG4.
591
(3 19 91
2 IS 33 r,(
so :
1 2 .'(70
5 <*. S3 On
4 31- Si'-o
i i; :3 si
i o» :i GO
•; :. 12
: :; so
I 6J] 4 22<
7 14 3 TSj
2 i:1 3 S3!
1 10! 2 63
475
2 73! 3 13
I 90 1 2 13
2 00' 3 111
__
"2 75, 3": 5|
3331 3 CO,
2 431 3 ?S
4011 4 TO!
I S7|3 l
;iT
2 551 3 C1
2 CM 1 ',1
!74< 401
1711 1 17'
233| 351!
172! 3 4I|
I ill I 2T|
IJSl 1 3C|
1 tO"'~2 35 "
I SSI 3 2J>
I 6*' 2 71'
2 101 3 CO!
2£0 IjSl
""
_
2 C«| 73
S 15 I
2SS| 2 19'
2:i I 33'
2 U1 3 7C
4 7C| 1 :3| 2 OS'
' "
. . ..
Nacocdochis Naco:dochei
Navarro. Corsicana
Newton Newton
Nolan, Roscoe _....._.....
74!
1 331 2 13[
3 G?, 34-| 4 . . _ .
II 7S 101 :<• 241 2"
i •v,; 4 :o; 4 .i. s.. 3 \i_i :i
"73 >4iT72'"ll 27) 2 ":«
471, 1 73! 4 Gil 531 J3I 357.
1001 2 *S| 4 3:i 4 «• 3 l?i I '•O1
48SI 4441 54(| 5,-: 4S:j SII,
. I'J . '.81 L"1. 1SL '- " '• I «'.
I SO'
I !>5'
4 24
2 34,
'12J|
I 9:'
1 4.11
1.SOI
170I
"f6l|
I 7<|
33-
1 t,V
:t>;i
t l'."
2 'J'l
2 r-
4 2>|
1 951 I 70 70
1 43| 2 20 I 45
5031 1S|| :«S
2 501 1 71| fg'
1MI 2Sl"| I 44
1 30, I »' 1 01'
I 791 1 65| 47
2 Ml 2 CJ, ] t<
2 9r| 2 S0| I 71'
2 i4l"2 fO' 92 "
2 17| 2 811 1 TS
1771 1 It 4T.
I Sit I Cj| fl
2 n i is^4 :i
'233 M.r Tl
2S'. 3 IS 471
:t-7| 2«« 257,
34N 2T3! 49:
2 10! 2 15, 53!
« «AI ^ ^Cl | 111
i ri :3 :;
3 93 «j so
4~74 40 C3
7f. I -. 72
I S3 '.) 6S
3 f 4U1
i ro :35i
i":o :•> 23
1 13 ::c4
CK 14 24
!0< 11 is
2 OH li S7
'l Ol'll 73
3C3:> 33
4114:44
,' i« 33
< SS «•' 12
" i :i :f
s:- ii ci
3:1 i:i'C
j 97 •••> t:
I C5 20 CO
i in n «
-------
Tax** Tempcraturr, (=>{>« t, Crowlno Sraion and Prrclpllnllon RrcoriU, liy Counllei.—(cunllnurd.)
Temneraiurc A~ct.iiir>''refte'ETier' No'iiml fuiTirr-Ter'i-Mri'ii'c.'n'
County and Station—
Oohillrcr. Pcrrilon.
OMham. Vi ja
Orange, Off'tii.c
Palo I't'nto. Mmcr.ii Wells.
'P_ai.o>._C.yili2rf.
1'arl.i r. WcaL.crluid.
1'irii.cr. Fiirna
Teens. I 0:1 Sloe'..ton.
Prik. I.IVIIK
I'otur. Aiii.iiillo_^
t'rc.v.a'il (near)
RunicK DaL.nju'r ,
Rusk, Hcnitr-.cn
Salune. l!» ripi.ill .. .
San Aunun-if. Jackson liill ....
_
San J»ciri:o. G:!,.'i:>7ir„• (near)
San I'ctricin. S.rtoa
San Sabi. Sin Sa!).i .
Schlcicrier. i.lrtaracio (near)
Seurr>.Snyi!iT
Shackci.'ord. Albany
Shelby. Cr Her
Sherman. Stratford
Smith. Tiler
Somervcll Hlra Rose
SfTrr. K.o (iundc City
Stephens. Brrctcnr.CiC
Slcrhnn. SHT.'IIIR City
Stcncivail. Aspcrmont
£ji:on. Soiora
Swishcr. TulTi
Tarrant. For; Worth
Taylor, Abilene
Terrell. Sanderioi ,
Terry. Brow rfirld
Thinekmnrinn Ih-nckmorm,
THUS. Meuri ricicor.i
Tom Grren. San Anjeio
Travis. Ausfn
Trimly. Grj\ e:an
T5ler, RocH.in0| 531
16! 94!
V 161
3I| I14|
3SI 1101
i9i IDS;
371 1051
351 1101
III
.. I Mar.
—9| Mar
21 Mar.
81 Mar.
9i Mar
"]J| Mar.
Ill Feb.
51 Aor.
8; Mar.
—101 Apr.
—Si M.ir"
01 Mar.
—301 Apr
—SI Mar.
3! M.ir
23 I Nov 12
1 I Nov 12
14 I Dec. 15
16 Oct 25
6 I Nov. 21
21 I Nov 14
30 | Nov. 13
II Nov 16
31 Nov. 12
19 I Nov 12
5 I Nov. 2i~
14 I Dec. 14
C7| J70| 301, l.«| 1 1731 j?"
- 'HI lE-il .',: .r 1.17/0
'•5! I 21 ,S«l 74 11 1)7
23| T2»l 4f5| 4HJS, JJ
I f 'IJ 7£! •., 77 |i 1,7
Mf"-.4 ~4.-, I 3f
2_9l!_2 4S! 3 SS_3 951 3 t!|_l_SI| 2 It, ! i.J_3 t3| 3 1C 2 19,3., f
"V*| />'! I K\ 2 fOi 2 I'sTf)!)! 5 2"5[ 3" 50| 2 <0|"2 10" 2 '?! 3~05f3 (.0 2 'j',37 79
22S 75' 130. I Cell 031 2 ft! 401 2 l> 14) 11% 3 '.'0 2 2J I f ,| 1 11 22 '3
2501 6I| 424J 4011 40I| 4-CI 5 4t| 341 3 C. 2:5 -••' --•'---'
236! 41 5 SOf 4 CG< 4 00. 4 -.3, 5 C3[ 3 71! I 10 J J."
73S! 2«l 5 201 4 40' 3 75! 4 Sol 3 40, 3 (,'A 4 03 2 I,' 2 TO1 3 iCI 4
rf .W, « *.| 11^ I I I It • J
1 II 33l| 10: 4>r'4<: 75
2'iJ 32»! 4',:i KjSI 1|
Nov 14
Nov 12
N,;v 4
M\
3031
2271
229|
214!
4 l 1151
311 1141
3.1! Illl
28' 1121
3*1 1071
7| leb
-9| Mar.
SI Apr.
31 Mar.
0! Mar.
1C I Dec. 7
61 U3
6, 96!
.
UP'O-I. McCanicy
ti\a!dc. UvaMc
Val Verde. IV 1 Rio
Van '/aniit. Will! Point
Victoria. Victoria
Walker llu.itsville ....
Waller. Heir.gstrid....
Ward. Monj'i.irjs ....
Washmrion. Brnih.-in.
l'«bb. Laredo.
Wharton. fierce
Wheeler. Shamrock ...
Wichita. Wiehitu Falls .
Wilbargcr. Vcrnji .
Willacy. Kayroniiville.
n. Taylor ...
Wilson. Horcsvillc
Wmkler. \%mk
Wise. Knd.-esort
Wood. Mineola .
Yoakmn, Plains.
Youna. Graham
Zavala Crytnl City.
93|
961
Ml 95!
COi 9S.
74' 951
I 941
SI 941
241 1001
3i, 112
33| 109
361 110
261 111
29: 119
351 118!
34! III!
411 1031
39, 1081
35. 1361
—23| Apr.
-SI Mir.
2 Mar.
—SI Anr
—91 Mar.
-5| Mar
II Mnr.
—2: Mar.
20' Mar.
71 Mar
10
26
31
21
10
31
23 I
25 |
6
1G
Nov. 8
Nov. II
Nov. 10
Nov 16
Nov. 1
Nov. 11
Nov. 11
Nov. 13
Nov. 2
Nov. 6
Nov 12
Nov. 15
Nov 28
Nov. 21
Nov ,2
3141 1021 941
222) 47| ) 3
2!4| 41: .87
220! S'j
.79
1.43
I II
««v; ?': .1^1
235! 41! .90* 95
Cf
324
103
.44
237,
2x6
220!
2J3I
235|
I ol
"I
S4
201
"I
451
~sif
51!
.
2C4
.83
.62
270! !I5|
— 27|
f,Ci
54, 9J<
M, 961
67| 96!
I9i 911
47! 941
371 1141
33' 1131
40' 1I4|
40' III)
.'51 I IS|
ffii
1.10
4U3
97
23S
420
5:%5]33
4 ' 1,~4 "'0 4% 2S
I »(,< 2 2:>." 60
2 JSl i 70! I f J7 ',<
I -S| I"! 7J|I73)
2_I4'_ '-•:! »i II 51
2 C'ii I ?"•., I i:,.'5 95
10 4 "Oi i 70, 3 4C 3 70 2 77| 2 'oO, 3 l<>| 4 f I :0.{i ¥3
.751 I 25 2 S0| 3 111 2 70! 2 3r.| I 4»| 1 <5| S • .4117 03
9!| 4 Wl 5 4:! 3 ?7! 3 -Ci 2 "I 2 74 3 :j[ 4 7K 4 77 46 14
]3|_3_7il_500|J^OI_2J2J_2 f 3J 3 C0| 2 7i| 2 C'5| 2 JO 32 65
~~
"',
^]3|
83
1.35
102
S3
Cl
i.;:
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-».' Apr
—21 Mar
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6S| 961
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351 561
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—Si Apr.
-121 Mar.
-71 War.
Dec 6
Nov 27
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391 1121
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33' IIS
14' I ''b
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—141 Apr.
—1| Mar
Dec 26
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Nov 7
•Averaztf inkrval betucen the last 32- f
51 Ml
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Ml 98'
9, 94
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—12! Apr
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04i 9 SI SOI 6S1 I SO! 2251 I 95
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a aaaa
•I some points; e f ,
ilr?»ni:ai!!>n' indu"ri»l'"''1" But '"OUOM changes in air mass
™-do ncl
Weather Reduces Pollution
ba>ii' W"Sl T'"aS h" "S* (1("en'"11 for •"• Pollution than East
... — conditions as reiun«.f. •*^M
Texo°s" "
IMII ™on'p?oo%nmi °' ''"" W'n
-------
4. Botanical Elements. The West Fork of the Trinity River extends
from Fort Uorth, Texas to Dallas, Texas. This flat to gently
rolling area has been greatly exploited leaving only small
patches of forest generally less than 200 acres in size.
Cedar elm, green ash (Fraxinus pensylvam'ca), soap berry (Sapindus
saponaria), American elm (Ulmus americana) and Texas sugarberry
were dominant in this section of the river. Black willow (Salix
nigra) and cottonwood (Populus deltoides) were locally frequent
and dominated some gravel pit areas. Existing sloughs were gen-
erally surrounded by swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata). The
more prevalent understory woody species were coral berry (Symphor-
icarpos orbiculatus), poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) and green-
briar (Smilax spp.).
There were no evident unique sites in this area of the Trinity
River, although some large trees were present. Large trees of
American elm, Texas sugarberry, pecan (Carva illinoinensis). cot-
tonwood, green ash" and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) were notice-
able and were usually found close to the river. A wooded hilly
area with openings and a spring present and located within the
Post and Paddock Riding Club was somewhat unique due to a greater
species and habitat diversity. Forested areas are generally con-
fined to the banks of the river, and as a result, estimates of
abundance are restricted to riverside sites. The area has been
greatly modified due to urban development.
For further detailed discussion of this subject refer to Appendix II,
- 20 -
-------
5. Zoological Elements. The Trinity River lies on the western edge
of the Austroriparian biotic province and its avian and mammalian
faunas are, in general, typical of those of the whole southwestern
United States. Refer to Appendix III for a more detailed discus-
sion.
6. Historical, Archeological and Cultural Considerations. A research
of resources concerned with the historical and archeological devel-
opments of the Upper Trinity River Basin reveal that the Upper
Trinity River Basin historically has developed substantially in
the way as described by Professors Mertes, Glick, Sweazy and Check
from Texas Tech University in a report entitled THE TRINITY RIVER
GREENWAY -- A PROTOTYPE, A STUDY OF THE WEST FORK OF THE TRINITY
RIVER submitted to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth
District Office, Fort Worth, Texas in June 1972. Their findings
and opinions read as follows from pages 47-49 of the report:
"History - Prior to the arrival of the Europeans in the
early 1500's, the Caddo Indian tribes inhabited much of
Texas. Of this tribe, the Wichita group lived in the
lands of the Trinity River headwaters.
A long period of conquest and colonization of Texas was
initiated with the coming of the Spanish conquistadores
and missionaries. Throughout this period Texas was
claimed and fought over by many nations. In 1690 Cap-
tain Alonso de Leon, Governor of Coahuila, came to Texas
to eradicate traces of French occupation. He named a
major river La Santisima Trinidad (Most Holy Trinity),
and it became known as the Three Forks of the Trinity
by early Anglo settlers (it actually has four forks:
Clear, East, Elm, and West).
Mexico gained her independence from Spain, and under
her rule, Texas was colonized by Anglo-American settlers
from 1821 to 1835. In the years 1835-1836 the Texas
Revolution was fought, and the independent Republic
- 21 -
-------
of Texas came to exist from 1836 to 1845. During this
period most texans had settled on the coast or in the
south-central regions of the Republic. Indians and
great herds of buffalo occupied most of the remainder
of the state.
In the 1840's, the Republic began to allow settlements
in the Upper Trinity River Basin area under the empres-
sario system. Heads of household were allowed 640
acres, and single men could claim 320 acres. For each
section taken, one was reserved for the land settle-
ment company and another for the Republic. In this
way, most of what are now Tarrant and Dallas Counties
was settled by colonists of the Peters Company. In
1845 the Republic applied for and was granted state-
hood.
Although Dallas and Fort Worth came to grow in close
proximity, their development patterns of land use
were quite different. Because of distinct physio-
graphic differences, the rancher became predominant
to the west and the farmer settled to the east.
In 1841, John Neely Bryan claimed a parcel of land
under the Peters grant and promoted a townsite that
was later incorporated as Dallas. Dallas County was
named for a Vice-President of the United States and
was organized in 1846.
The La Reunion Colony had been formed by French
settlers in 1854 near the bluffs on the West Fork
of the Trinity. But it failed, and many of its
highly skilled and cosmopolitan members moved to
Dallas and contributed greatly to the city's early
development.
In 1868 a steamboat actually navigated the Trinity
River as far as Dallas rekindling hopes that the
city was in fact at the head of a navigable river.
But similar later efforts met with less success.
The coming of the railroads in the 1870's greatly
increased Dallas' growth. Since then,as Texas'
second largest city, it has become a center of eco-
nomic activity.
A U. S. Army post was built in 1849 and was named
Fort Worth for General William J. Worth, commander
of troops in Texas at that time. The post was aban-
doned in 1853, but a village had grown around it.
Tarrant County was also established in 1849 and
named for General Edward H. Tarrant. He was so
- 22 -
-------
honored for his attack on an Indian village along
Village Creek (a tributary of the West Fork and the
present boundary between Fort Worth and Arlington)
where he and his 70 men dispersed the Indians and
"recovered many stolen horses and much stolen plun-
der". Thus, did the Battle of Village Creek in 1841
make the area safe for settlement.
Fort Worth developed in a colorful western tradition
that still remains imbedded in its culture. After
the Civil War, it became a major point of origin for
the great cattle drives northward on the Chisblm
Trail. In the 1870's, the advent of the railroads
and building of the stockyards led to Fort Worth's
fame as "Cowtown". The mansions of many wealthy
cattlemen such as Burk Burnett, W. L. Waggoner, and
Winfield Scott still stand within the City. Fort
Worth continued to develop through meat packing and
aircraft industries. It exists today as one of
Texas' major metropolitan centers.
Important historic sites in and near the study area
are listed below:
(1) Bird's Fort site. An inscribed granite
marker stands on the site seven miles north of Ar-
lington. In 1840, seven miles north of Arlington,
Jonathan Bird established the fort on the military
road from the Red River to Austin. An important
Indian treaty was signed near the site on September
29, 1843. Remnants of the Snively Expedition sought
refuge there on August 6, 1843.
(2) Cedar Springs. An inscribed granite marker
stands in Dallas on the earliest known historic site
in Dallas County. The area was visited in 1840 by
Colonel W. 6. Cooke's exploration party. A commun-
ity established in 1848 was annexed to Dallas in
1929.
(3) Battle of Village Creek. An inscribed
granite marker stands three miles east of handley
on Highway 80. On May 24, 1841 General Tarrant
and 70 men attacked an Indian village situated
along Village Creek.
(4) La Reunion. A granite marker and a park
are located near the Trinity Portland Cement Plant
in Dallas on Highway 80. This is the site of the
old French colony of the same name.
- 23 -
-------
There are no known historical or archeological sites
within this area that would be adversely affected by
the development of a multiple-purpose channel.
No discussion of the history of the study area would
be complete without at least a brief look at the flood
history of the Trinity River. Most of the forks of
the Trinity that pass through Fort Worth have been
modified by channelization and leveed to contain flood
waters. However, the Fort Worth levee system ends just
upstream from the study area on the West Fork. From
there to the beginnings of the levee system in Dallas
County, the West Fork and some of its major tributaries
continue to periodically flood the lowlands. Fairly
recent and notable examples are the great flood of
1494 and the floods of the late 1950's when Big Fossil
Creek inundated large residential sections in Richland
Hills. The creek system has since been modified to
minimize flood hazards.
Downtown Dallas also developed very close to the river's
flood plain, and in 1908, a large portion of the down-
town area was flooded. In 1926, the City and County of
Dallas Levee Improvement District was created to build
the Dallas Floodway. By 1930, the Trinity River through
Dallas w.as substantially channelized and leveed to form
the floodway. Major supplemental improvements were ac-
complished by the Corps of Engineers in 1953."
Further substantiation to the claim that no historical, archeo-
logical or cultural values will be disturbed by the construction
and expansion of the Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility of
the Trinity River Authority is substantiated in the work entitled
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES WITHIN THE TRINITY RIVER BASIN
by James V. Sciscenti, et. al. of Southern Methodist University of
Dallas, Texas submitted to the Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth Dis-
trict, Fort Worth, Texas.
The summary of this report on the historical and ethnohistorical
significance of the Upper Trinity River Basin reflects the follow-
ing on pages 194 and 195:
- 24 -
-------
Summary and Recommendations
"After the initial settlement of the Upper Trinity Basin
beginning about 1840, river navigation and rail transport
provided the incentive for rapid population of the area
after 1872. Few forts were built for the protection of
the early settlers, and those that were in operation were
short-lived. This area was an unknown wilderness during
the Spanish missionizing and colonizing period, and no
missions were established this far up the Trinity River.
The historical resources of the area consist primarily
of the remains of early settlements dating after 1840,
most of which have been obliterated by urban growth.
The ethnohistorical data for the area is very scarce and
imprecise. Sites of protohistoric occupation may be
expected to exist in some numbers in the area, but great
difficulty will be encountered in attempting to corre-
late these with specific referenced in the historical
literature."
Other studies on the historical, archeological and cultural values
associated with the Upper Trinity River Basin have been listed in
the attached bibliography. These reports lead to the conclusion
that no historical, archeological or cultural values will be af-
fected by the project.
7. Sjpcial and Economic Conditions.
(A) Character of Communities — Economic and Growth. Currently,
cities located in the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas-Fort
Worth metroplex are experiencing a period of rapid urban
growth. As in most cities with a rapid residential, commercial
and industrial development, physical development within the
approximate Mid-Cities area is greatly dependent on the pro-
vision of utilities. To estimate future sewage needs, the
present development of the Mid-Cities area was studied to
- 25 -
-------
Eo:,1 Fork
Trinity K.
Kcechi I
Vil!oge)\
t~
HISTORIC SITES
UPPER TRINITY RIVER BASIN
-------
determine the type and intensity of.land use. Land use
patterns developed by the various city planning departments
were converted to a density coefficient which coefficient
was converted further to represent wastewater discharge
from various areas in varying quantities. Land uses tab-
ulated for use in estimating wastewater flows included shop-
ping centers, shopping districts, commercial uses, manufac-
turing, central business districts, public and semi-public,
and recreation and ooen areas. There are a number of trends
that are associated with the various cities that comprise
the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex:
1. Irving. Completion of U. S. Highway 77, which provided
essential connections between the City of Irving and
job markets in Dallas, began a spectacular period of
residential development in Irving in the early 1950's.
Some industrial properties have been developed in Irving.
Others are still available. Therefore, continued in-
dustrial expansion can be anticipated; however, most of
the residents of this City will commute to jobs outside
the City. Therefore, its considered unlikely that the
character of Irving as a place of commuter residence will
be significantly altered in the near future. Most of
the commercial interests in Irving are concentrated in
a strip developed along S. H. 356, and S. H. 183.
2. Grand Prairie. Beginning with the initial impetus pro-
vided by WWII, much of the land in the City of Grand
- 26 -
-------
Prairie has been occupied by industry. Mostly the
commercial interests in the City are presently con-
centrated in the strip along U. S. Highway 80. However,
substantial residential expansion is being experienced
in Grand Prairie and with it will grow some shopping
centers in those areas. Future growth is expected to
be primarily residential; however, it should take the
form of multiple-family dwellings.
3. Farmers Branch. The City of Farmers Branch is predom-
inately a residential area as a result of the wave of
residential development which spread northward from
Dallas. Completion of the Dallas North Tollway has
stimulated further residential growth in Farmers Branch.
Officials of the City and land planners feel that the
City of Farmers Branch has reached a point to where the
growth is leveling off because of the lack of available
land for expansion. This community will remain pre-
dominately residential in the future.
4. Dallas. The portion of Dallas that is served by the
Trinity River Authority's Central Sewage Plant is pre-
dominately residential in character and with some in-
dustrial land areas included. Future growth in this
area will be predominately residential along the Fish
Creek drainage area with light commercial and multiple-
•family dwellings mixed in a pleasing, kind of workable
arrangement in that area.
- 27 -
-------
5. Carrol Hon. The City of Carrol Iton received a portion
of the outward residential growth from Dallas but re-
ceived a much larger share of the industrial expansion.
Adding a number of major manufacturers to its already
respectable industrial base of the 1960's, CarrolIton
has become a significant center of employment. This
trend, however, is expected to become more residential
in nature with the industries being of the dry or domestic
discharge kind.
6. Arlington. The City of Arlington, untouched by the in-
dustrialization of adjacent areas during UWII, maintained
a suburban character and still offers appealing residen-
tial qualities. However, recent development of the
Great Southwest Industrial District in Arlington has
resulted in much heavier industrial land use in Arlington
than had previously been experienced; however, this in-
dustrial land use is of the warehouse storage character
and discharge of sewage effluent from this area is of
domestic quality. It appears that Arlington will ex-
perience further significant residential and industrial
growth.
7. Euless and Bedford. The Cities of Euless and Bedford
are primarily residential with no large industry, but a
number of small manufacturers of unstandardized products
have become established in Euless. Potential for resi-
dential development of both cities is tremendous and
- 28 -
-------
continued rapid increase in the industrial development
can be expected due to the effect of the Dallas-Fort
Worth Regional Airport.
8. Coppell and Addison. The City of Coppell consists of
mostly scattered residential areas. The City of Addison
is more concentrated with some land being used for resi-
dences and some for industrial purposes. Heavy resi-
dential and moderate to light industrial growth can be
expected from these areas.
9. Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport. An additional factor
widely expected to stimulate growth in the mid-cities
region is the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport now un-
der construction. Sewerage and wastewater runoff gen-
erated by the Regional Airport will be pretreated prior
to entering the Trinity River Authority's Central Sewage
System.
The character of the remaining area in the Mid-Cities region
is largely undeveloped farm land. However, it is expected
that ultimately this too will develop, primarily residentially,
thus, making a massive urban complex along the axis of the
Dallas-Fort Worth dipole.
(B) Population Trends and Projections. Projections of future
population and its distribution are necessary to permit es-
timates of future sewage flow in each portion of the project
area to be made. Distribution of present and projected
- 29 -
-------
population in the project area has been formed utilizing available
information such as census data, current development policies, current
population projections by the Governor's Office, previous planning studies
and transportation studies.
Many projections of population and resulting flow have been made by the
Authority, area cities and other agencies as a part of necessary planning
for water and wastewater facilities. Only those contracting parties now
being served by the Trinity River Authority's system are included.
The tabulations include actual figures for 1970, a reasonably close
approximation for those to be experienced in 1971 and 1972, and estimates
for future years through 1990, the design year of the A Plan report for
major interceptors. In that several improvements to the System requiring
considerable expenditure are proposed for construction by 1976,
projections are shown yearly through 1976, then in 5-year increments
through 1990.
It is expected that all of the population within the project area will
be provided with sewage facilities during the project period. Population
projections developed are based upon consideration of current and
anticipated development trends. These trends could be modified in the
future if development is controlled because of water supply, sewage,
drainage, transportation, or other factors. At this time, specific
development controls such as staged development are not considered
necessary by most area communities; however, as a result of the proposed
- 30 -
-------
project, the anticipated rate of growth may greatly increase and
staged or regulated development may become necessary to safeguard
environmental quality from uncontrolled development. Under strictly
controlled conditions, the population distribution projected herein
could be adjusted as necessary to reflect new development.
8. Miscellaneous Elements. There are no national parks or forests,
or wildlife refuges in the study area. Contemporary human features
throughout the watershed consist of single and multi-family dwellings.
Areas along Fish Creek watershed is predominately undeveloped lands
although intense development is taking place in close proximity to
already developed cores of Arlington and Grand Prairie. The attraction
of the entertainment center in Arlington and Grand Prairie, coupled
with the expected impact of the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport,
is causing a great development to take place in the Mid-Cities area.
With few exceptions, roads in the study area are open and all weather
surfaced. Most are maintained in excellent condition. The main
transportation arteries in the Mid-Cities area are in the Dallas-Fort
Worth Turnpike, S. H. 183, S. H. 114, and I. H. 20 soon to be opened.
Parks and recreation areas are numerous in the area as shown on the
land use map (Figure 1-1).
9. Needs of the Project Area. When growth in an area has taken place
as fast as it has in the project area, the most pressing need is
usually evident in the provision of services, i.e. sewer, water, streets,
fire and police protection, etc. In the case of this project area,
- 31 (a) -
-------
there is a critical need to provide an adequate waste treatment system.
Through planning and cooperative effort, the needs for solid waste
disposal, neighborhood street systems, utilities
- 31 (b) -
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
City or Agency
Arlington
Bedford
Carroll ton
(including Coppell)
Dallas
Dallas/Fort Worth Airport
Euless
Farmers Branch
(including Addison)
Grand Prairie
Irving
TOTALS
1970
TABLE 1-8
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
REGIONAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
ESTIMATED POPULATION SERVED BY FISCAL YEAR
.1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1980
1985
1990
16,600 17,700 19,000 43,300 54,300 68,900 135,600 172,600 242,000 298,000
000 12,.550 13,500 14,300 17,600 28,100 46,000 55,600
800
6,840
0
3,000
28,100
46,000
90,140
191,480
18,150
13,900
0
8,000
28,800
47,400
94,500
228,450
21 ,900
16,300
0
14,400
30,000
48,800
96,000
246,400
25,700
37,800
8,900
29,200
32,200
55,700
104,300
349,650
29,500
39,000
19,300
32,600
35,400
58,700
115,200
397,500
33,200
40,000
22,600
36,000
39,000
66,000
120,000
440,000
36
41
24
39
40
69
127
531
,300
,000
,100
,300
,600
,900
,000
,400
47
45
31
50
46
86
160
668
,800
,000
,700
,000
,700
,300
,000
,200
57,000
50,000
40,000
62,000
50,000
102,000
195,000
844,000
67 ,000
55,000
47,700
74 ,000
52,300
110,000
220,000
979,600
-------
TABLE 1-9
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
REGIONAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOWS - MGD - BY FISCAL YEAR
City or Agency
Arlington
Bedford
Carroll ton
(including Coppell)
Dal 1 as
Dallas/Fort Worth Airport
Euless
Farmers Branch
(including Addison)
Grand Prairie
Irving
TOTALS
1970
1.76
0
0.09
0.7Z '
0
0.30
3.13
4.49
9.55
20.04
1971
1.91
0
1.92
1.50
0
0.54
2.91
5.63
8.23
22.64
1972
2
2
1
1
3
5
9
24
.09
0
.36
.80
0
.03
.22
.20
.15
.85
1973
4.85
1.41
2.88
4.23
1.00
3.27
3.61
6.24
11.68
39.17
1974
6.19
1.54
3.36
4.45
2.20
3.72
4.04
6.69
13.13
45.32
1975
7.93
1.64
3.82
4.60
2.60
4.14
4.49
7.59
13.80
50.61
1976
15.73
2.04
4.21
4.76
2.79
4.56
4.71
8.11
14.73
61.64
1980
20.71
3.37
5.74
5.40
3.80
6.00
5.60
10.36
19.20
80.18
1985
30.25
5.75
7.12
6.25
5.00
7.75
6.25
12.75
24.38
105.50
1990
38.74
7.23
8.71
7.15
6.20
9.62
6.80
14.30
28.60
127.35
-------
TABLE 1-10
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
REGIONAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
ESTIMATED ANNUAL VOLUME FLOW - IN THOUSAND GALLONS
City
or
Agency
Arlington
Bedford
Carroll ton
(including
Coppell)
Dallas
D/FW Airport
Euless
Farmers
Branch (in-
cluding Ad-
dison)
Grand
Prairie
Irving
TOTALS
1970
642,400
0
32,850
262,800
0
109,500
1,142,450
1,638,850
3,485,750
7,314,600
1971
697,150
0
700,800
547,500
0
197,100
1,062,150
2,054,950
3,003,950
8,263,600
1972
762,850
0
861 ,400
657,000
0
375,950
1,175,300
1,898,000
3,339,750
9,070,250
1973
1,770,250
514,650
1 ,051 ,200
1,543,950
365,000
1,193,550
1,317,650
2,277,600
4,623,200
14,297,050
1974
2,259,450
562,100
1,225,400
1,624,250
803,000
1,357,800
1,474,600
2,441,850
4,792,450
16,541,800
1975
2,894,450
598,600
1,394,300
1,679,000
949,000
1,511,100
1 ,638,850
2,770,350
5,037,000
18,472,650
1976
5,471,450
744,600
1,536,650
1,737,400
1,018,350
1,664,400
1,719,150
2,960,150
5,276,450
22,498,600
1980
7,559,150
1 ,230,050
2,095,100
1 ,971 ,000
1,387,000
2,190,000
2,044,000
3,781,400
7,008,000
29,265,700
1985
11,041,250
2,098,750
2,598,800
2,281,250
1,825,000
2,828,750
2,281,250
4,653,750
8,898,700
38,507,500
1990
14,140,100
2,638,950
3,179,150
2,609,750
2,263,000
3,511,300
2,482,000
5,219,500
10,439,000
46,482,750
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TABLE 1-11
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
AVERAGE DAILY FLOW - MGD
PARTICIPANT PERCENTAGES
City or Agency
Arli ngton
Bedford
Carroll ton
(Including Coppell)
Dallas
Dallas/Fort Worth Airport
Euless
Farmers Branch
(Including Addison)
Grand Prairie
Irving
TOTALS
1973
1975
1976
1985
Flow
4.85
1.41
2.88
4.23
1.00
3.27
3.61
6.24
11.68
39.17
%
12.36
3.60
7.35
10.80
2.55
8.35
9.22
15.93
29.82
100.00
Flow
7.93
1.64
3.82
4.60
2.60
4.14
4.49
7.59
13.80
50.61
%
15.67
3.24
7.55
9.09
5.14
8.18
8.87
15.00
27.26
100.00
Flow
15.73
2.04
4.21
4.76
2.79
4.56
4.71
8.11
14.73
61.64
%
25.52
3.31
6.83
7.72
4.52
7.40
7.64
13.16
24.90
100.00
Flow
30.25
5.75
7.12
6.25
5.00
7.75
6.25
12.75
24.38
105.50
%
28.67
5.45
6.75
5.92
4.74
7.35
5.92
12.09
23.11
100.00
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and parks are being met through the intelligent application of
zoning ordinances, building codes and land use plans. All cities
in the study area have highly advanced systems of ordinance and
code control to regulate orderly growth in their respective city.
The need for this project is evident. When one realizes that
this is an area that is subject to tremendous growth then it is
obvious that the provision of adequate treatment of sewage is
mandatory in order to avoid critical health problems in an urban
area.
10. Programs of Others. The most notable project in the area is the
construction of the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport. This
airport is on an 18,000 acre tract between DaMas and Fort Worth.
It is forecast that by 1985 there will be enplanetnents and de-
planements of approximately 20,000,000 persons per year. This
project has spawned a number of highway improvement programs in
order to meet the expected demand on area roadways. The Dallas-
Fort Worth Regional Airport will be served by the Central Regional
Wastewater Treatment System.
Implementation of various wastewater treatment projects is cur-
rently being accomplished in the Upper Trinity River Basin which
will result in beneficial effects on the receiving streams. A
list of projects underway in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex area
are briefly described below.
(A) City of Dallas. Dallas has a ten-year master plan to insure
sufficient sewerage treatment facilities to meet growing needs,
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Dallas has a research facility said to be unequaled in the
country that is utilized for obtaining wastewater treatment
plant design parameters. Dallas is planning to expand
the capacity of its White Rock Plant to 125 MGD using an
advanced treatment process. Anticipated completion date
of construction is 1975.
(B) City of Fort Worth. Fort Worth has scheduled an expansion
of its Village Creek Plant to 96 MGD advanced treatment
facility. Anticipated completion date of construction is
1975.
(C) City of Garland. Construction plans and specifications are
being completed for expansion of existing facilities to pro-
vide a 30 MGD advanced treatment utilizing the physical/
chemical process. Anticipated completion date of construc-
tion is 1974.
(D) City of Lewisville. City has plans to expand its present
plant to 3.0 MGD capacity and to build a new second plant
with 3.0 MGD capacity. Each of the plants will have advanced
treatment. Completion is scheduled for late 1974.
(E) City of Wylie. Construction of a new plant having a 1.0
MGD capacity is scheduled for completion in late 1973.
(F) City of Piano. Construction is scheduled to expand Piano's
1.85 MGD plant to a 4.0 MGD advanced treatment facility by
late 1973.
(G) City of Flower Mound. Construction of a new 0.7 MGD advanced
treatment facility is scheduled by late 1973.
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(H) Trinity River Authority. Plans are being made to expand
the Trinity River Authority's Central Plant from 30 MGD to
100 MGD capacity by 1976 and to eliminate the .oxidation
pond in favor of a more stable and dependable advanced
treatment process.
(I) City of Euless. Presently in the process of phasing out
two (2) overloaded wastewater treatment plants and dis-
charging to the Trinity River Authority's Central Plant.
(J) Trinity River Authority. TRA completed construction in
late 1970 of the 7 MGD capacity wastewater treatment plant
which provides treatment for wastewater generated by the
municipalities of Cedar Hill, Ferris, Duncanville, De Soto
and Lancaster.
(K) Corps of Engineers. The Trinity River Multiple-purpose
Channel Project for the comprehensive improvement of the
Trinity River was authorized by the 89th Congress of the
United States in the Omnibous Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965,
in accordance with plans formulated by the Galveston and
Fort Worth Districts and the Southwestern division of the
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and recommended by the Secre-
tary of the Army.
The authorized project will develop the River Basin's water
resources for navigation, flood control, water supply, rec-
reation and related purposes. The plan provides for a mul-
tiple-purpose channel extending from the Houston Ship Channel
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in Galveston Bay to Fort Worth, Texas; a system of locks
and dams, the dams to provide slack water pools for navi-
gation and the locks to lift and lower vessel traffic be-
tween the pools; four multiple-purpose reservoirs, including
one on the main stem of the river and three on tributary
streams; and five local flood protection projects, including
four in the Fort Worth-Dallas area and one at Liberty, Texas;
and facilities for water quality improvement.
The 1965 act of Congress specifically authorized navigation
as one of the project's purposes, with the provision that
prior to expenditures of any funds for construction of those
features designed exclusively for navigation, the Chief of
Engineers shall submit to Congress a revaluation based upon
current criteria. The revaluation of navigation followed
criteria set forth in the Department of Transportation Act,
Public Law 89-670, approved October 15, 1966. Several changes
in navigation features of the authorized Trinity River Plan
were proposed as a result of the restudy of navigation eco-
nomics. These included adjustments in lock sizes, an increase
in channel width, an elimination of three locks and dams
that were included in the original plan.
A proposed channel alignment provides for numerous cutoffs
across natural bends of the river, and for many reaches, it
-------
channel would be about 355 miles, compared with the natural
river distance of about 552 miles. Additional length of
the channel from the river's mouth to the Houston Ship
Channel is approximately 28 miles.
The only relationship that the expansion of the Central
Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility has to the Trinity
River Multiple-purpose Channel is that the Trinity River
will be the receiving waters of the effluent discharged by
the Central Wastewater Treatment Facility. The Trinity
River itself will receive benefits from the increased qual-
ity of the discharge from the Central Wastewater Treatment
Facility.
Several studies have been made of the treatment requirements
for sewage treatment plants discharging into the Trinity
River with the following conclusions:
1. The Corps of Engineers report indicated that the plan
for maintaining the water quality of the Basin could be
developed through efficient use of available dilution
water and utilization of advanced waste treatment tech-
nology to provide greater removals of BOD.
2. The Texas Water Plan indicates that low flow augmentation
may help to bring water quality to levels that will satis-
fy water uses of the stream on an interim basis, but the
highest technically and economically feasible treatment
of waste would still be needed.
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3. The North Central Texas Council of Governments Upper
Trinity River Basin Comprehensive Sewage Plan concludes
that with the anticipated continued growth of the Dallas-
Fort Worth area, and with the extremely limited water
quality control facilities planned by the Corps of En-
gineers, reuse of water must be practiced and the treat-
ment of wastewaters to the highest practical degree
will be necessary.
Under present plans and conditions, the improvement of waste-
water treatment facilities that discharge into the Trinity
River is necessary whether the Trinity Multiple-purpose Chan-
nel Project is constructed or not. The construction of this
project is in keeping with the declared goals and objectives
of the "Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972" Public Law 92-500, 92nd Congress, S.2770 October 18,
1972 which states in part that "it is the national goal that
the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters be
eliminated by 1985."
The impact that the Trinity River Authority's Regional Waste-
water Treatment Facility expansion has on the whole regional
effort to abate pollution of the Trinity River is significant.
The Authority is attempting to follow through with plans to
implement a sewage treatment operation that will minimize
to the greatest extent possible the emission of pollutants
into the receiving waters of the Trinity River. As has been
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demonstrated, people in the Upper Trinity River Basin's
metropolitan areas are committed to this goal.
11. Future Activities on the Watershed.
(A) General Information. Much of the information presented under
paragraph 7 preceding is pertinent to expected future activi-
ties in the watershed served by the Central Sewage System.
The matter of population trends, past and future, is discussed
under that section, and Tables 1-8 -1-11 show the population
forecasts and flow projections for the cities on the system
through the year 1990.
(B) Extent of Land Use Planning. In order to adequately assess
the impact of the expansion of the Regional Wastewater Treat-
ment Facility on land in the system service area, one must
first determine (1) what is meant by "land use"; and (2) what
different classifications of "land uses" there are.
Based upon the findings of the Committee on Land Use Statistics
as reflected in the publication Land Use Information. A Critical
Survey of U. S. Statistics Including Possibilities for Greater
Uniformity compiled by Marion Clawson with Charles L. Stewart,
the term "land use" is multi-faceted. The Committee generally
agreed that the "only practical answer now, in our judgement,
is to use additional and more specialized terms, so as to make
as clear as possible exactly which concept is in mind, "Activ-
ities using land" is less appealing, perhaps somewhat awkward,
but conveys in some contexts a clearer meaning than "land use",
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as the latter is commonly used." (p. 29) Therefore, for
the purposes of assessing the impact, both beneficial and
adverse, that the Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility
expansion might have on. "land use", we interpret "land
use" as "activities using land."
As for what types of activities use land, we have concluded
that in the Dallas-Fort Worth Mid-Cities metroplex the use
of land is generally along the order of single family resi-
dential, multi-family residential, group quarters, mobile
homes and others, manufacturing, institutional, open space
and retail trade. Accepting that these are the generalized
activities on land in the Mid-Cities service area, we now
will be able to assess more definitively the impact that the
Central Wastewater Treatment expansion can be expected to
have on the service area.
The Commission on Land Use Statistics has concluded that
". . . water, sewer, telephone, electric power, and other
lines are typically below ground surface in many cities;
these create great values in the land which they serve,
and certainly are one form of man's activities that make
use of land." (p. 15)
The accompanying land use map, Figure 1-1 indicates that there
has been a great deal of residential activity in the Dallas-
Fort Worth Mid-Cities area. The color codes reflect the var-
ious land uses as determined by in-depth analysis of cities
- 39 -
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master plans, city zoning ordinances, and other land use
data. The map indicates the present situation as it con-
cerns land use. The areas not color coded are considered
to be rural unzoned areas. Land use projections in those
areas that are presently unzoned are unreliable due to
two factors:
1. In most cases, master plan development is not complete
or projections past the year 1985 are unavailable.
2. Those areas existing as flood plains, etc. have been
zoned residential, not because they will be used as
residential areas, but because residential zoning is
highly restrictive which gives the zoning commission
and the city council the greatest amount of control over
the future development of these areas.
Based on present indicies and information, it is expected
that the expansion of the Central Wastewater Treatment Facil-
ity will not have an adverse effect on the various activities
that land in the service area could accommodate. It is fully
expected that the expansion of the capacity of the treatment
plant and the installation of major interceptors to serve
new areas will have a beneficial effect on the orderly growth
of the Mid-Cities area. The expansion of this plant will al-
low for the elimination of three sewage treatment plants that
are presently unable to treat wastewater to acceptable stand-
ards. It will also allow for the acceptance of sewage from
- 40 -
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areas that are utilizing septic tanks or other means of disposal
of wastewater because this service is not available. By centralizing
the discharge into the main stem of the Trinity, the elimination of
the dispersion of sewage effluent in the main tributaries to the Trinity
will result in a beneficial effect on the water quality in those areas.
The increased water quality will benefit land use by making it acceptable
for use in its highest and best capacity.
(C) Available Plans. The North Central Texas Council of Governments
Upper Trinity Basin Comprehensive Sewage Plan represents a well-developed
plan for the orderly expansion of sewage service in order to protect
area streams from pollution by inadequately treated or raw domestic
sewage. Publications of and planning work accomplished by the North
Central Texas Council of Governments may be seen at their offices at
1201 North Watson Road, Suite 270, Arlington, Texas.
(D) Impact of Possible Land Use Changes. Land use policies now
in effect are expected to be followed in the future. The impact
upon the proposed project by the possible changes in land use controls
within the service area is not thought to be significant. No change in
future land use can alter the fact that pollution problems now exist. It
is extremely doubtful that the existing momentum of growth in the
watershed can be slowed any significant degree without the adoption of
strict land use controls by the area communities. It is obvious that
if an adequate sewage treatment system is to be constructed to serve
- 41 -
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the watershed, a reasonable allowance for future growth must be provided,
especially in those areas where present land use policies and controls
are expected to continue indefinitely.
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II. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
A. General. This section includes consideration and comparison of al-
ternatives and selection of the optimum system.
The following subsections discuss in detail the alternatives in
order that the logic of the decision-making process can be easily
fol1 owed.
B. Major Objectives. The major objectives of this project are listed
below in order of importance.
1. Provide maximum health and safety protection for the area resi-
dents. The transportation, treatment and safe disposal of domestic,
commercial and industrial wastes are among the most important prob-
lems of environmental health today.
2. Reduce the pollution level in bodies of water which are receiving
the treated effluent and prevent violation of water quality stand-
ards. The size of this metroplex, with respect to population and
industries, is causing an ever increasing level of pollution. Treat-
ment plants must keep pace with these increases, which means wastes
should be properly treated. Therefore, man-made pollution may re-
sult in minimum adverse environmental and ecological effects.
3. Alleviate aesthetic problems. The proper treatment of wastes can
alleviate the putrescibility of organic materials and nuisances from
obnoxious odor. Aesthetic problems should also be minimized in a
healthy environment.
C. Constraints or Conditions.
1. THQB Waste Control Order. The preliminary approval granted by the
TWQB to the Authority's Ammended Waste Control Order on August 23,
- 43 -
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1972, set forth the following conditions: (1) 10 mg/L of BOD;
(2) 10 mg/L of TSS; (3) a chlorine residual of 1.0 mg/L after
a contact period of 20 minutes (based on peak dry weather flow).
2. Scope of Project. The existing plant was built in 1959 with a
capacity of 30 MGD. All facilities are in good condition. All
these facilities will be operated continuously as a part of the
future treatment system. No modification of the existing plant
will be included in the expansion (except the change of trick-
ling water seals from mercury to mechanical as required by reg-
ulatory agencies and associated pump and piping changes which
will allow full utilization of the existing treatment units.)
3. Physical. The plant is located in the Mid-City area of the
Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex (see Figure 2-1 location map). The
areas nearby are residential, commercial and light-industrial
areas. The growth of this adjacent area makes utilizing land
outside the existing plant site economically infeasible.
4. Economical and Financial. The total cost of this project must
be within the financial capability of government sponsoring agency
or agencies, as the case may be. Transportation and treatment
facilities must be of efficient design in order to minimize
capital cost and subsequent operation and maintenance cost.
D. Structural and Non-Structural Alternatives. The Trinity River Author-
ity of Texas has investigated the aspects of structural and non-struc-
tural alternatives in regard to the problem of wastewater acceptance
into the system. The Authority is, however, a Regional Agency serving,
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GRAND PRAIRIE
LOCATION MAP
2 J
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 2-1
-------
by contract provisions, a number of governmental agencies, therefore
creating conditions perhaps not as conducive to enactment of non-
structural alternatives. After careful consideration of both al-
ternatives, the Authority has determined the following non-structural
alternatives to be those which are feasible.
Contract provisions with System customers and governmental agencies
being served, which impose the following major non-structural alter-
natives, are listed below.
1. Limitation of total wastewater quantity discharged into the
System.
2. Limitation of wastewater quality discharged into the System.
3. Limitation of wastewater quantity discharged into designated
points of entry into the System.
4. Imposition of rates charged es a function of quantity.
5. Imposition of rates charged as a function of quality.
6. Restriction on prohibitive discharges into the System.
7. Restriction on excessive discharges caused by storm or process
water entry into the System.
The Authority has proceeded to investigate those structural alternatives
which are required to transport and treat all wastewater discharged
into the System within the parameters of the non-structural alternatives
elements. For the design of the wastewater treatment facilities, pro-
cess selection and unit component sizing will reflect the implementation
of the above non-structural alternatives.
- 45 -
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It appears that the structural and non-structural alternatives must
exist in a state of economical balance and that this will be best
achieved by the implementation of those non-structural alternatives
listed herein, combined with such structural alternatives as are
consequently necessary.
E. Centralized vs. Decentralized Systems. A July 1970 North Central
Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) report entitled "Upper Trinity
River Basin Comprehensive Sewerage Plan" addresses the question of
centralization. The report summarized the study of an area covering
roughly 11,000 square miles which included all of the Upper Trinity
River Basin Watershed north of Henderson and Navarro Counties. Based
on this study, the report recommended a comprehensive sewerage system
and expansion program of interceptors, trunk sewers, and sewage treat-
ment facilities located primarily in Dallas and Tarrant Counties. The
recommendation is centered around six plants either already in exist-
ence or under construction. Among these is the Trinity River Author-
ity's Central Sewerage System Plant. The present and proposed devel-
opment of the Central Sewerage System is consistent with the development
recommended in the report, which is now the official interim regional
metroplex plan for the sewage interceptor systems and regional treat-
ment facilities within the NCTCOG area.
Results of the NCTCOG report demonstrate that a trend toward regional
wastuwater collection and treatment systems has developed. The Au-
thority's Central Sewerage System started this trend. Built to serve
only four member cities, the Authority's Central System has grown to
- 46 -
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serve a much larger area as shown in Plates 1 & 2. To reverse that trend
in the case of the Central System service area, and attempt to develop
decentralized systems • would be economically unfeasible due to the large
quantities of resources already invested in the Central System. Addi-
tionally, decentralization to a system of smaller plants requiring
new interceptor systems and consequently new rights-of way would appear
to be more environmentally disruptive than expansion of existing facil-
ities on existing properties and rights-of-way. The same quantity and
quality of effluent would probably (control might affect results some-
what) be discharged to the same river with no economic or environmental
advantage gained.
It has been demonstrated that, at this time, the existing centralized
system appears to be the most feasible and economical solution to the
wastewater problem of the area served, but consideration to location
alternatives for a centralized system has not been fully discussed.
Any consideration of new centralized facilities to be located at another
site other than the existing, must recognize that the major method to
transport the wastewater is by gravity flow. To obtain gravity flow,
the pipeline must be installed with a slope. In level terrain, each
successive joint of pipe must be placed deeper and deeper to maintain
the slope. Since the cost of building the line is largely dependent
on the depth of the excavation required, a practical limit exists at
which a pump or "lift" station becomes more economical. Lift stations
require power and that represents a use of a limited resource.
- 47 -
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
The site of the existing treatment plant was selected from several
considerations, including how advantage may best be taken of exist-
ing drainage patterns, i.e., sloping ground, to economize the instal-
lation of gravity lines. Thus, the existing plant is located at the
confluence of two major streams and near the confluence of a third.
Existing interceptors serve portions of the drainage basins of all
three streams, Mountain Creek, West Fork, and Elm Fork. It is un-
likely that a better location can be found that will provide the same
service to this area without increasing the number of lift stations
required.
If the existing facilities were abandoned and new facilities were pro-
vided at a new site to treat full capacity, the existing lines would
have to be abandoned and replaced, or a very large interceptor and
pump station provided to move the wastewater to the new site for
treatment. Similarly, if new facilities were provided at a new site
to treat the capacity increase, rights-of-way would be required to
transfer the flow to the new facility. A new plant site and new line
work along new right-of-way represents considerably more disruptive to
the environment than expansion of existing facilities. Since the same
quantity of effluent, treated to the same degree, will still be dis-
charged to the same river, no environmental advantage is gained by the
additional expense incurred of an alternate location. When it is
considered that space is available at the existing site, within the
existing levee, for the required plant expansion, expanding the exist-
ing facilities to treat the required capacity becomes the least en-
vironmentally disruptive location alternative and has been selected
as the alternate chosen for development.
- 48 -
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In a study of centralization versus decentralization, some consideration
should be given to residential, commercial, and industrial development
that might be induced by centralized facilities. Many other stimuli
for additional urban growth and development exist within the present
and proposed service area of the Central Sewerage System. In this
area, provision for sewerage service to developing areas is taken for
granted. There is no question that sewage service will be provided
where needed, because, not to do so would create a public health
hazard in many cases; however, services traditionally lag behind
demand and in the case of the Authority's expansion, this tradition is
continued.
F. Treatment Subsystem and System Alternatives, (see Figure 2-2)
1. Subsystem Alternatives. Treatment systems can be broken down into
their constituent parts or subsystems. The four major subsystem
categories and some of the major alternatives available within
each category follow. A number of these subsystem alternatives
were not included in the comparison-selection process shown on
Figure 2-2 due to overriding reasons (refer to EPA's Preliminary
Draft for MANUAL FOR PREPARATION OF IMPACT STATEMENTS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS, March 1973) which are given in the following
discussion.
(A) Effluent Disposal.
1. Ocean Outfall. Ocean outfall is not feasible because the
closest ocean body, the Gulf of Mexico, is 300 miles away.
- 49 -
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The long-distance piping construction makes this dis-
posal method impractical.
2. Disposal in Inland Surface Waters. This is the recom-
mended effluent disposal. Trinity River is the receiv-
ing water body. Discharge effluent in inland surface
waters is the most economical effluent disposal method
for this project.
3. Well Injection. Due to the wastewater quantity and the
potential of causing underground water pollution, this
method is not recommended.
4. Land Disposal. Because of the following reasons the
land disposal of effluent is not practical.
a. Plant is located in a populated residential and
industrial area; crop irrigation area is not avail-
able.
b. The quantity of water and the distance to the closest
irrigation fields (West Texas, one hundred miles
away) make this method economically infeasible.
(B) Treatment. Treatment process alternatives are usually govern-
ed by the effluent quality requirements, and the required ef-
fluent standards in this case minimize the alternative treat-
ments for plant design.
1. Septic Tank. Septic tank treatment is impractical and
impossible in this metroplex area due to the density of
population and lack of available land for soil absorption.
- 50 -
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Usually, septic tanks are considered more practical
in small communities.
2. Primary treatment. Primary treatment could not achieve
the required degree of treatment. The receiving water
body, the Trinity River, has very low flow most of the
year and a major portion of the river flow is sewage
treatment plant effluents. At least secondary treatment
is necessary.
3. Secondary Treatment.
a. Technical Alternatives.
1. Activated Sludge. The Authority's Central Sewage
System treatability study indicated this process
could successfully treat the Central Sewerage
wastewater. Though the secondary treatment pro-
cess is higher in cost, it will produce a more
stable effluent quality and provide better controls.
2. Trickling Filter. In general, the trickling filter
cannot produce the required effluent quality or one
as good as activated sludge process. Also, the new
trickling filters will need a larger area; therefore,
the existing pond treatment must be terminated for a
new trickling filter construction site.
3. Oxidation Pond and Lagoon. The land area require-
ments for ponds makes this alternative impractical.
There is just not enough land for pond and lagoon
treatment.
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b. The activated sludge process 1s the optimum
secondary treatment. The plant will be designed
to treat a flow of 100 MGD which 1s the estimated
1985 flow.
4. Advanced Waste Treatment.
a. Technical Alternatives.
1. Final Polishing of Secondary Effluent. To
use the activated sludge process alone would
not be sufficient to meet the effluent quality
requirements. High rate filtration and carbon
absorption are necessary for removing the
residual organic matters and suspended materials
from secondary effluent.
2. Direct Chemical/physical Treatment. Chemical/
physical treatment can be applied to raw waste-
water. It Is basically a sedimentation process
with required chemicals being fed Into the sedi-
mentation tank. Following In the treatment, more
solIds are removed by filtration, and organic
matter 1s removed by carbon absorption.
b. The advanced treatment design capacity Is also based
on the flow of year 1985. However, the design of
treatment facilities, loadings, contact time, operating
and maintenance costs of the above two Alternatives of
advance waste treatment are significantly different.
(C) Sewer (Primarily Interceptors).
1. Area to be served. Exhibit 1 shows a map of the
regional wastewater system.
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NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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2. Capacity and Phase of Construction. The capacity
and phases of construction are shown In Exhibit 4.
However, construction under the Federal grant
currently being applied for Includes only three
of the interceptors. They are listed below:
a. West-Fork Interceptor Parallel
b. Mountain Creek Interceptor Parallel
c. Cottonwood Creek Trunk Parallel
These Interceptor capacities are designed for flows
of year 1990 and they will be built Immediately
after reception of the grant.
(D) Sludge Disposal.
1. Stabilization. Stabilization becomes unnecessary
1f the sludge will be Incinerated. Stabilization
always reduces the heat value 1n sludge. Therefore,
1f ultimate sludge disposal 1s Incineration, stab-
ilization will not be required or desirable.
2. Thickening, Conditioning and Dewatering. Sludge
thickening and dewaterlng reduce the Incinerator
size and fuel cost. It 1s recommended that the
sludge should be thickened, conditioned and mech-
anically dewatered, so that minimum energy will be
required or desirable.
3. Final Disposal. Actually, final disposal should
be discussed prior to the above two subsections
because the decision regarding the final disposal
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method will affect decisions regarding sludge
stabilization and dewatering process.
a. Land Spreading. Land spreading sludge is
not applicable because of the location
of the plant and the lack of available land.
b. Ocean and Surface Water Disposal. Barge
facilities are not available for ocean dis-
posal. Surface water disposal will cause
odor and water quality problems.
c. Well Disposal. This is not applicable due
to the possibility of polluting the under-
ground water.
d. Pyrolysis. This is an expensive process and
it releases nutrients back to the treatment system,
which is not preferred due to a future nutrient
removal requirement.
e. Incineration. This is the recommended disposal
method for-the TRA Central Plant due to plant
location and constraints. The ash can be land-
filled on site.
2. System Alternatives. Optimum subsystem alternatives are combined
into system alternatives. Alternatives of the TRA Sewerage System
are extremely limited due to the constraints or conditions. Rejec-
tion of impractical alternatives was based on obvious and overriding
reasons which were stated in the previous discussions. Also elimi-
nated from further consideration due to overriding reasons were
- 54 -
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location alternatives other than the existing centralized loca-
tion as discussed in section E of this chapter.
(A) System Alternative A. One possible solution available
to TRA is to build a regional sewer system, to use activated
sludge process and advanced treatment process to treat the
wastewater, to discharge effluent to the Trinity River,
and dispose of sludge by thickening, dewatering, inciner-
ation and landfill. The estimated cost of construction of
this system is $37,908,000 (excluding interceptor system).
The estimated total treatment cost is 10.4 to 14.5
-------
agencies having jurisdiction will be met and
provision of future, stricter standards will be
considered in design.
(B) System Alternative B. Another possible solution for TRA is
to build a regional sewer system to use physical/chemical
process to treat the wastewater, to discharge effluent to
the Trinity River, and to dispose of sludge by thickening,
dewatering, and incineration. The estimated cost of con-
struction of this system is $44,780,000 (excluding interceptor
system). The estimated total treatment cost is 16.1 to 21.7£/
1000 gallons.
1. Impact of Alternative B.
a. This alternative would also eliminate the health
hazard caused by untreated wastewater and the nuisance
caused by obnoxious odors.
b. The treatment system can achieve the required efflu-
ent quality and receive a bonus of higher phosphorus
removal incidental to the process. However, more
sludge will be generated with this treatment system.
This sludge is' more readily dewatered but the quantity
of sludge offsets this advantage. Nitrogen removal
in this system is difficult. The present nitrogen
removal methods will result either in excess ammonia
in the atmosphere by stripping, or in high chloride
in the effluent by chlorination.
c. More sludge will need to be disposed. Low sludge
heat value requires more sludge dewatering facilities
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and a larger incinerator. However, if chemicals
and materials can be successfully recycled in the
processes, this system should be a feasible alter-
native.
d. There are a number of advantages inherent in the
chemical/physical process, such as less land area
requirements more control over treatment plant
performance, etc.
3. Comparisons of System Alternatives. The biological/
physical process (Alternative A) is recommended for
treatment of the wastewater at the Central Plant. The
reasons are as follows:
a. Cost. A comparison of the construction cost and
the operating and maintenance costs for the bio-
logical/physical and the chemical/physical processes
are presented in Table 2-1. The two processes will
have several common unit operations: influent
collection structure, pretreatment, equalization,
re-lift, disinfection and post aeration. The prin-
ciple cost difference is in the method selected for
biological stabilization and the resulting solid
production for ultimate disposal. The costs favor
the biological/physical process (Alternative A).
b. Effluent Water Quality. The activated sludge process
is proven to be capable of providing the required
results. The Treatability Study field data obtained
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from pilot plant tests indicate that the activated
sludge, with additional advance waste treatment can
reduce the BOD5 and SS to levels less than 10 mg/L
and even to 5/5 standards. The chemical/physical
carbon absorption data demonstrated the lower stand-
ards could not be accomplished.
c. Solids Production. The biological/physical process
results in lower quantities of sludge than the physical/
chemical process. This has a considerable effect on
costs, as well as an advantage from ultimate disposal.
4. "No Action" Alternative.
a. Impact of this Alternative.
1. It fails to provide adequate health and safety
protection for area residents by allowing the un-
treated and partially treated wastewater to be
discharged into the Trinity River. The existing
plant capacity is 30 MGD. By 1977 the projected
wastewater flow will be 60 MGD and by 1985, the
estimated.flow will be 100 MGD.
2. It fails to provide adequate public services in
the area of need and development.
3. It fails to protect the quality of the natural
environment by the elimination of pollutants. The
discharges into watercourses of untreated and par-
tially treated wastewater will affect the down-
stream water quality, threaten the well-being of
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wildlife, and also cause severe eutrophication
problems.
4. It will seriously impede the orderly growth in
the Upper Trinity metropolitan area, because of
impairment to the general sewer service.
5. It generates aesthetic problems. The living
conditions and standards of area residents and
others downstream would be affected by the un-
favorable sight and odor of untreated wastewater.
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III. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
A. Description of Proposed Treatment Facility.
1. Proposed Plant Rating. The expansion of the Trinity River Author-
ity's Central Sewerage Plant will allow treatment of the average
projected wastewater flow from the System through the design year
1985. The plant ratings initially, upon completion of construc-
tion, 1977, and at design year are presented in Table 3-1.
TABLE 3-1
PLANT RATING, MGD
Flow 1977 1985
Average Daily 60 100
Diurnal 36-96 60-160
Peak 150 250
2. Proposed Method of Treatment. The proposed method of wastewater
treatment utilizes the biological/physical approach. The exist-
ing plant will be utilized at its design capacity of 30 MGD to
accomplish "roughing operations" and thereby decrease the total
organic loading to the proposed enlargements.
A general description of the proposed wastewater treatment unit
operations and processes is presented in Table3-2and illustrated
in Figure No. 3-1.
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Operation
Screening
Raw Wastewater
Pump Station
Grit Removal
TABLE 3-2
PROPOSED TREATMENT PROCESSES
Description
Mechanically cleaned, vertically inclined
bar screen, with one inch bar openings.
Screenings will be disposed in landfill.
The raw wastewater pumping station will pro-
vide an initial lift of 74 feet of the influ-
ent wastewater to the grit removal basins,
then flow by gravity to existing plant, as
well as to the proposed primary clarifiers,
equalization basins, and activated sludge
processes, including the final clarifiers.
Odor control will be provided of the wet
well exhaust through the use of ozone.
Eight aerated grit removal basins, sized for
250 MGD peak flow at 5 minute detention time.
The flow will be divided with a maximum of
30 MGD to be treated in existing plant and
the remaining flow in the proposed facilities,
The grit will be disposed of by landfill
methods at the existing site.
Primary Clarification
Six circular basins to provide removal of
settleable solids and floatable material,
- 61 -
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Equalization
Aeration Basin
Final Clarification
sized for 220 MGD peak flow with the addi-
tional 30 MGD channeled to the existing
plant clarifiers. At average design flow
of 70 MGD, plus an additional 10 MGD intra-
plant flow, the overflow rate through the
proposed primary clarifiers is 865 gal/ft2/
day and the detention time is 2.1 hours.
Holding capacity of 11 MG to provide a
constant flow to the aeration basins for
minimizing daily fluctuations. Mixing
capability to prevent sedimentation of
solids. The effluent from the existing
plant will be combined with the proposed
plant flow in this equalization basin. The
excess treated storm water will overflow
the equalization basin and be pumped to
the disinfection basin for further treatment.
Eight basins, complete mix design having a
5.2 hour detention time at 110 MGD average
flow. Oxygen transfer into the wastewater
will be accomplished by diffused air, with
facilities of sufficient capacity to remove
carbonaceous waste to 10 mg/L soluble
Eight circular basins to provide a detention
time of 2.1 hours and an overflow rate of
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Relift Pump Station
Filtration
Carbon Absorption
Disinfection
760 gal/ft2/day at 110 MGD average flow
for the separation of the solids and the
liquid.
The wastewater will be relifted to the pres-
sure filters, with flow by gravity to carbon
absorption, disinfection and post aeration
basins. Sufficient head will be provided
to discharge the treated wastewater at river
flood stage.
Pressure type, down flow design, service
o
rate will be 6 gpm/ft . The design flow
rate is 110 MGD.
Expanded bed, granular activated carbon,
upflow design with a service rate of 8 gpm/
ft , 10 minute contact time. Carbon re-
generation facilities will be provided.
The carbon absorbers are sized for a 102
MGD flow rate.
Chlorination contact basins to allow 20
minute contact time and chlorination facil-
ities sufficient to obtain 1.0 mg/L chlorine
residual at peak flow af 250 MGD flow. The
excess, treated storm water (150 MGD) will
be combined with the proposed plant effluent
flow for disinfection.
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Post Aeration Surface aerators will be provided, to
raise the dissolved oxygen of the plant
effluent to a minimum of 2 mg/L prior to
discharge.
Sludge Handling The primary and waste activated sludges
will be concentrated, chemically condi-
tioned, mechanically dewatered, and in-
cinerated. The resulting inert ash will
be disposed of by landfill at the existing
site.
3. Wastewater Treatment Expected. The expected degree of treatment
using the proposed biological/physical process is shown in Table 3-3,
These are based on the average design flow rate of 100 MGD.
TABLE 3-3
WASTEWATER QUALITY
PROPOSED TREATMENT FACILITY
Influent Effluent Removal
Parameter (mg/L) (mg/L) (%)
Total BOD5 263 10 96
Total COD 620 25 95
Suspended Solids 253 10 96
Dissolved Oxygen 0 2 NA
Fecal, log avg. not
to exceed NA 200/100 ml. NA
Chlorine Residual NA 1.0 NA
No provisions for nutrient removal are currently provided.
- 64 -
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4. Special Units. Advanced waste treatment unit operations will
be required to meet the stringent wastewater effluent standards
specified in the proposed Discharge Permit. The effluent from
the proposed biological process will require filtration in order
to meet the suspended solids requirement of 10 mg/L, carbon ab-
sorption to maintain the BOD5 value of 10 mg/L, disinfection,
and post aeration to assure a minimum dissolved oxygen level of
2.0 mg/L.
Ozone generation equipment will be provided for control of odors
through its injection into the exhaust air at specified processing
areas.
The dewatered biological solids will be incinerated to produce a
sterile, inert ash which is readily suitable for on-site landfill.
The necessary air pollution control equipment will be installed
to assure compliance with the Texas Air Control Board requirements
and those of other regulatory agencies having jurisdiction.
5. Land Requirement. The proposed wastewater treatment plant will be
constructed on the existing Authority's site. This site consists
of 450 acres, completely surrounded by a levee. The existing
lagoons, 159 acres, will be drained and utilized for solids dis-
posal following established Texas Department of Health guidelines.
B. Description of Existing Treatment Facility.
1. Existing Plant Rating. The construction of the existing treatment
plant was completed in 1959. The average daily flow during the
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first year of operation was 6.6 MGD. The quantity of wastewater
treated increased to 24 MGD in 1972. With the growth of the
existing cities served by the Authority and the addition of
Arlington to the Central System, the flow rates have averaged
32 MGD the first four months of 1973. Figure No. 3-2 shows
the experienced flows, along with the projected quantities to
design year.
2. Existing Method of Treatment. The wastewater is treated biolog-
ically using trickling filters, with the resulting sludge pro-
duced anaerobically digested and ultimate disposal by ponding.
The principle wastewater treatment unit operations and processes
existing at the Authority's Central Plant are presented in Table
3-4.
TABLE 3-4
EXISTING TREATMENT PROCESSES
Operation Description
Pretreatment This consists of screening, pumping and
flow measurement.
Primary Clarification Two circular basins, 220 ft. diameter, are
provided to remove settleable solids and
floating material. The recirculation flow
from the primary trickling filter is re-
turned to the primary clarificrs for further
treatment.
- 66 -
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140
120
100
q
d
3
3 80
O
UL
O
LU 60
a
DC
LU
>
40
20
0
19
DESIGN C>
EXISTING
,30 M.G.D.
<
OPACITY = 1(
CAPACITY =
^
•*- EXPERIEN
' PRO*
)0 M.G.D.
(
t
CJ
J
?
f
/
CED PLANT
IECTED PLA^
J.
/
/
X
r^
/ 1977
i NEW PLAN
STARTS W
:LOW
T FLOW -^
;
/
T EXPANSIO
^STE WATER
/
/
1
M
TREATMENT
>
60 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
YEAR
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM
AVERAGE DAILY FLOW PROJECTION
r^
MJ
FIGURE NO. 3-2
-------
Primary Trickling
Filter
Secondary Trickling
Filter
Relift and
Recirculation Pumping
Oxidation Pond
Two primary trickling filters having a
total surface area of 69,300 sq. ft., a
total volume of 8.6 acre-feet, and a hy-
draulic capacity of 22.5 MGDs each are
used to biologically stabilize the organic
waste. The primary filters have mercury
type seals.
Two secondary trickling filters having a
total area of 69,300 sq. ft., a total
volume of 7.2 acre-feet, and a hydraulic
capacity of 30 MGD each, are used to pro-
vide additional biological treatment. The
secondary filters have mercury type seals.
The recirculation pumps provide the return
flow back to the primary clarifiers. The
relift pumps provide the lift necessary to
transfer the treated wastewater to the
oxidation pond and/or to the West Fork of
the Trinity River as well as recirculation
to the secondary filters.
The east pond covers 85 acres, approximately
4 to 5 feet deep, having a total volume of
140 MG.
- 67 -
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Sludge Handling The primary sludge is degritted, gravity
thickened and anaerobically digested.
Ultimate disposal of the digested sludge
is by ponding in the west lagoon.
3. Existing Wastewater Treatment. The existing Central Plant effluent
quality is shown in Table 3-5-
TABLE 3-5
WASTEWATER QUALITY
EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITY
Influent Effluent* Removal
Parameter (mq/L) (mg/L) (%)
Flow 24 MGD
Year 1972
Total BODc 252 34.5 86
Suspended Solids 249 55.7 77
Flow 32 MGD
Year Jan.-April 1973
Total BOD5 256 46.5 81
Suspended Solids 294 30.5 89
Discharge Permit
Total BOD. NA 20.0 NA
Suspended°Solids NA 50.0 NA
* The suspended solids value for 1973 does not reflect the high summer
values resulting from presence of algae.
4. Future Plans for Existing Plant. The existing plant will be loaded
at a constant flow rate not to exceed 30 MGD. It will be utilized
to remove-settleable solids and to reduce the organic load. The
effluent from the existing plant will be further treated in the
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proposed plant biologically by the activated sludge process and by
the advanced waste treatment operations.
To correct certain deficiencies in the existing plants, the following
improvements are planned:
(A) The trickling filter mercury seals will be replaced with
mechanical type seals.
(B) The existing anaerobic digesters will be shut down. The
thickened sludge will be blended with the proposed plant
sludge and mechanically dewatered and incinerated.
(C) The oxidation pond and the sludge disposal pond will not
be used. They will be drained and the area utilized as on-site
disposal of the proposed plants screenings, grit, and ash
resulting from incineration.
C. Modification to Existing Plant. No modification to the existing plant
will be included in the project except the change of trickling water
seals from mercury to mechanical as required by regulatory agencies
and associated pump and piping changes which will allow full utiliza-
tion of the existing treatment units.
D. Proposed Line Work. Proposed line work includes the three interceptors
below with their tentative sizes and lengths.
1. West Fork Interceptor Parallel 21,200 ft. of 60 in. and 66 in.
Running west from its point of
connection to the Mountain Creek
Interceptor
2. Mountain Creek Interceptor 4,000 ft. of 60 in. running from
Parallel the plant to its point of
connection to the West Fork
Interceptor
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3. Cottonwood Creek Trunk Parallel 6,500 ft. of 24 in. and 27 in.
Running west from Lift Station
No. 3
Also included in the proposed project is a detention reservoir of
3,000,000 gallons to be constructed adjacent to the existing detention
reservoir, identified on Exhibit I.
E. Total Area to be Affected by this Project. In general, the Authority's
System serves the Elm Fork and the Lower West Fork of the Trinity River.
Exhibit 1 (following page 52) shows existing and proposed facilities,
and a part of the natural drainage area being presently planned. The
Central Plant is located north of the Dallas-Fort Worth Toll Road, in
the northeast corner of the City of Grand Prairie, Dallas County. The
plant location is shown in Figure No. 3-3.
The Central Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant will serve the metro-
politan areas of Bedford, Carrollton, Coppell, Dallas-Fort Worth Regional
Airport, Euless, Farmers Branch, Grand Prairie, Irvinq, and portions of
Addison, Arlington, and Dallas, Exhibit 8 shows the areas served.
F. Relationship of this Project with other Trinity River Basin Studies.
The North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) prepared the
COMPREHENSIVE SEWERAGE PLAN, which includes the Central Plant and
System as one of six regional sewerage systems. The Dlan proposed that
the Central Plant be enlarged to a capacity of approximately 200
NGD by the year 2020. The Central Plant will serve the metropolitan
areas of Bedford, Carrollton, Coppell, Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport,
Euless, Farmers Branch, Grand Prairie, Irving and portions of Addison,
Arlington and Dallas.
(a) -
-------
Previous reports and studies prepared for the Authority recommended
that planning be initiated in 1972 for the enlargement of the Central
System's treatment and transportation facilities. The increased
capacity of the System will be necessary to provide service as the
- 70 (b) -
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FARMERS BRANCH
GRAND PRAIRIE
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE NO. 3-3
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area increases in population. In December 1971, it was recommended
that additions to the treatment plant be implemented in order to
treat 100 MGD which is the anticipated average daily flow to the
System by 1985. Acceptance of this recommendation by the Authority
led to the development of the Treatability Study which investigated
the various treatment methods and reported the design values of each
method studied. The data developed during the Treatability Study
has been used to determine which treatment process or combination
of processes proved to be the more feasible with respect to initial
capital cost, operation and maintenance cost, discharge parameters,
flexibility for expansion to a higher degree of treatment and increased
flows, and impact of the selected processes on the environment.
The Design Analysis Report has been completed on this project which
specifies in detail the proposed wastewater treatment unit operations
and processes.
The proposed action conforms to agency planning in detail.
6. Status of Project. June 1973.
1. Treatability Study. This report presents the results and data
developed during field studies conducted to determine the treat-
ment parameters of various wastewater treatment unit operations
and processes which can be utilized in the enlargement of the
Central Plant. The report was completed in June, 1972.
2. Design Analysis Report. This report, completed March 1973, pre-
sents the design criteria for the biological/physical wastewater
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treatment unit operations and processes recommended for enlarge-
ment of the Central Plant.
3. Plans and Specifications. Following approval of the Design
Analysis Report by the Authority, and other regulatory and funding
agencies, the information and recommendations presented herein
will be used to prepare detailed plans and specifications for con-
struction of plant enlargements and improvements.
The time required for development of plans and specifications
on the plant enlargements is estimated to be a minimum of ten
(10) to a maximum of fourteen (14) months. Further, construction
of the improvements will require approximately thirty-three (33)
months following award of construction contracts. Preparation
of detailed plans cannot begin, however, until all contract and
funding negotiations are finalized.
4. Funding of the Project. A summary of the estimated costs for the
principle elements of the proposed plant enlargement is given in
Table 3-6.
A request, WPC-TEX-992/1094 for Federal funding, has been made with
approval for a portion of the funds obtained.
5. Timing. So far as known, timing of the proposed project is un-
related to any other Federal, state or local programs.
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TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED COST
Pretreatment
Plant entrance piping $ 85,000
Raw wastewater Lift Station 1,470,000
Grit removal basins 840,000 $ 2.395,000
Primary Clarification 1,577,000
Equalization 1,458,000
Activated Sludge Process
Aeration $3,300,000
Final Clarification 2,291,000
Recirculation Station 420,000 6,011,000
Advanced Waste Treatment
Relift Station $ 625,000
Filtration 3,000,000
Carbon Adsorption 3,150,000
Disinfection 370,000
Post Aeration 185.000 7.330.000
Sludge Handling
Sludge Concentration $1,103,000
Sludge Dewatering 1,059,000
Sludge Incineration 3,825,000 5,987.000
Appurtenances
Yard Piping $1,300,000
Buildings and Roads 700,000
HVAC 350,000
Yard Drainage 250,000
Railroad and Embankment 300,000
Electrical Service and Distribution 2,350,000
Instrumentation 1.590,000 6.840,000
Sub-Total Estimated Plant Construction Costs $31,598,000
Construction Contengencies and Engineering 6,320,000
Total Estimated Plant Costs $37,918,000
TABLE 3-6
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IV. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PROPOSED ACTION
A. Environmental Conditions Should the Proposed Action be Implemented.
1. Construction Impact (Short Term Impact)
(A). Alterations to Land Forms. Streams and Natural Drainage
Patterns. There will be no permanent alterations to land
forms, streams or natural drainage patterns outside of the
existing levees due to construction. Any temporary alter-
ations during the course of construction will be rectified
prior to completion of construction.
(B). Erosion Control Measures. Because of the flat character of
the flood plain area in which most work is expected to occur,
it is not anticipated that erosion will present a significant
problem.
In those areas where erosion may occur, it will be required
that erosion be controlled by the use of temporary settling
pits, dikes, berms and area cover material. Temporary dams
will be required for those portions of line work which cross
existing levees. Following such work, the construction sites
will be graded, seeded and restored to their original condition.
(C). Affect of Siltation and Sedimentation on Area Watercourses.
It is possible that some sedimentation and turbidity will
occur in the receiving waters during construction even with
erosion control. It is known that bridge work will be required
to gain access to the plant site for heavy equipment. Every
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precaution will be taken during construction to minimize
the amount of sedimentation and turbidity occurring in the
receiving waters.
(D). Protection for Cover Vegetation and Trees. Where possible,
cover vegetation including trees will be protected by means
of fences and wooden slats attached to trees. Where nec-
essary for construction of line work, vegetation and trees
will be removed. Only such growth within the right-of-way
as is necessary to construction and subsequent operation and
maintenance will be removed.
(E). Clearing with Herbicides. Etc. Clearing involving the use
of herbicides, defoliants, blasting, cutting or burning is
not anticipated, but should any of these methods of clearing
be required, it will be accomplished under supervised condi-
tions and monitored.
(F). Disposal of Soil and Vegetation Spoil. Top soil will be
stockpiled and subsequently placed on stripped areas and
fill areas. Excess soil will be deposited in the lagoon
area. Vegetation spoil will be disposed of by burial, at
at site(s) obtained by the contractor.
(G). Relocation. The project will require no relocations.
(H). Method of Land Acquisition. No lands are to be acquired for
this project.
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(I). Adjacent Land Values. Adjacent land values are not expected
to change significantly due to the nature of the area.
(J). Dredging, Tunneling and Trenching. Construction will not
require dredging or tunneling. Trenching will consist of
crossing intermittent watercourses. These crossings will be
made at times of little or no flow. In most cases, the line
will be encased in concrete where there would otherwise be
a chance of scouring or washout. Construction will require no
significant change in the cross-section of watercourses.
(K). Bypassing. Construction will require no bypassing of
sewage at any time.
(M). Minimizing the Impact of Bypassing. Minimizing the impact of
bypassing will be unnecessary as there will be none.
(N). Dust Control Measures. Dust control measures, if necessary,
will consist of frequent sprinkling with water.
(0). Areas Affected by Construction Noise. The proposed plant
and detention reservoir construction will take place at the
existing plant site and the existing detention reservoir site.
For the most part, construction will be sufficiently removed
from residences so that construction noise will not be heard.
Some portions of interceptor work may be sufficiently close
to residences so that some noise may be heard.
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(P). Precautions Against Noise. Construction of the proposed
facility will require the use of machinery and equipment
which increases ambient noise levels and produces temporary
high noise levels. Equipment to be used will include backhoes,
power shovels, heavy trucks, and compressors and pumps.
These pieces of equipment have an average noise level ranging
from 70 to 85 dBA. The contractor will be required to minimize
the impact of noise as much as possible. For instance, if
pneumatic hammers are used, the contractor will be required to
use new hammers which operate at 90 to 100 dBA, or, if old
hammers are used, to furnish a protective enclosure to
muffle the sound. In general, the contractor will be required
to limit his work to daylight hours. It is expected that noise
impact on wildlife will be limited to temporary displacement
of birds and small mammals.
(Q). Areas Affected by Blasting. It is not anticipated that any
blasting will be required during construction of the pro-
posed project.
(R). Precautions Against Effects of Blasting. Blasting is not
anticipated to be required. Should it be, however, the shots
will be light and will be accomplished under supervised con-
ditions and monitored. The contractor will be required to
take all necessary precautions to protect area residents and
wildlife from any possible effects.
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TABLE 4-1
MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED OCCUPATIONAL NOISE EXPOSURE
Sound Level Daily Exposure Time
dBA hr
90 8
92 6
95' 4
97 3
100 2
102 1-1/2
105 1
110 1/2
115 1/4 or less
TABLE 4-2
MAXIMUM SUGGESTED NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
Sound Level
dBA Daily Exposure Time
70 16-24 hours
75 8
BO 4
85 2
90 1
95 30 minutes
100 15
105 8
110 4
115 2
-------
7$ 40
50
60
70 80 SO 100
NOISE LEVEL (dBPSIL)
J I L
110
120
125
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
NOISE LEVEL (d3A)
J_
120 150
07
CO
-------
(S). Measures to Minimize Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic Dis-
ruption. The contractor is required by state law to provide
and maintain detours and the necessary number of barricades,
signs, flags, flagmen, and traffic cones to adequately direct
traffic. The contractor will be directed to follow these
requirements in the contract specifications. Vehicular
and pedestrian traffic disruption will be minimized further
by other provisions of the contract specifications. The
contractor will be required to submit for approval by the
Engineer, before beginning work on the project, a plan of
construction operations, outlining in detail a sequence of
work to be followed and setting out the method of handling
traffic during construction; to keep traveled surfaces
clean and free of dirt or other materials used in his hauling
operations; and to not cross moving traffic with hauling equip-
ment by weaving with the flow, protected by flagmen or other
protective measures deemed necessary by the Engineer.
(T). Effects of Night Work. The contractor will generally be re-
quired to limit his activity to daylight hours. Night work
will be permitted only under unusual circumstances and when
conditions dictate that an item of work be done at night. For
example, line tie-ins may need to be done at night in order to
take advantage of low flow conditions characteristic of early
mornJng hours. In such cases, only areas required will be
flood-lighted and no harm to wildlife or serious disturbance
to area residents is anticipated.
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(U). Protection Against Construction Hazards. Most construction
will be isolated from the public. That construction near the
public will be line work across raods. The public will be
protected in such cases by protective measures required of the
contractor such as signs, detours, barricades, flagmen, and
warning lights. In all cases, the contractor will De
required to take all necessary precautions to protect the
public and his employees from construction hazards. Safety
provisions for such protection will be included in the con-
tract specifications.
2. Long Term Impact
(A). Land Affected by the Construction. The proposed plant expansion
and additional detention reservoir will be constructed at the
site of the existing plant and the existing detention reservoir.
No additional land purchase will be necessary. The wastewater
treatment site was originally chosen out of geographic neces-
sity as a location near the confluence of three major water
courses: the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, the West Fork of
the Trinity River and Mountain Creek. The project site is
located in a flood plain and reclaimed from an area that was
previously utilized as a gravel pit. The area around the plant
is open and there are no parks or other areas of recognized
aesthetic value within the immediate vicinity. The physical
location of the plant site is ideal for the operation of a
regional sewage treatment facility. Line work will be accomp-
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11 shed within existing right-of-way.
The effect of line work would be on approximately 6
miles of right-of-way 50 ft wide and the plant expansion
will affect approximately 100 acres of the present 450 acre
site owned by the Authority.
(B). Beneficial Uses of Land. The use that is intended is the
same that is presently employed so there is no beneficial use
of the land eliminated.
(C). Change in the Natural or Present Character of the Area. There
will be no change in the area due to this project.
(D). Interference with Natural Views. Proposed structures will not
interfere with or obstruct natural views to any significant
degree. Interceptor lines will be underground and most other
facilities will be constructed at or near grade. Only the
filter standpipe and incinerator stack will extend upwards to
any degree and these structures will be located at the proposed
plant expansion site, which is relatively isolated, surrounded
by levees on three sides and a toll road, which will be at a
distance from the structures, on the fourth side.
(E). Architectural Techniques. Plant facilities will be constructed
into functional units and design of the component units will
consider the aspect of aesthetics in making every effort
tov/ards realizing that goal. Measures anticipated which
should minimize the effect of the project on natural or aesthetic
values are architectural techniques for rendering above-ground
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structures compatible with surrounding environment and
specifications for construction, environment control and clean
up. Architectural techniques which will be employed to minimize
the impact of surface structures on the environment will be
the use of earth-tone materials and compatible pastel colors.
(F). Landscaping. A number of techniques will be employed in an
effort to provide the type of landscaping that will make the
plant site blend with the surrounding area. Trees and shrubs
will be planted, fences will be erected where necessary, grad-
ing and grass planting will be implemented and full time grounds
maintenance measures will be employed.
(G). The Relationship Between Residences and Business, the Project,
and Prevailing Hind Patterns. The prevailing wind is southerly;
the nearest business is approximately one mile from the plant
site. One and one-half miles immediately north of the site there
are numerous residences. The nearest group of these is approxi-
mately one mile northwest of the site and the next nearest
group is approximately the same distance to the west south-
west. The third such residence group is approximately three-
fourths of a mile due east of the site.
(H). Possible Odor Sources and Their Effects. Possible odor sources
and their effects were considered very carefully in the selec-
tion of a treatment process. Since the plant will utilize
activated sludge processes throughout, including elimination
of existing oxidation ponds, odors emanating from the treat-
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ment facility are expected to be infrequent and only during ab-
normal conditions. If, during some rare circumstance, odors do
develop, it is probable that only those residences discussed
above would be subjected to odor nuisance.
(l). Incineration; The proposed features aimed at the control of odor
will result in the elimination of the present conditions which are
causing periodic odor problems. Since incineration of solid wastes
is proposed, a minimal level of emissions and particulate matter
will issue from the proposed plant where previously there was no
such discharge. Present Texas legislation requires that both a
permit to construct and a permit to operate any facility which may
emit air contaminates must be obtained from the Texas Air Control
Board. Incineration equipment will be designed to meet standards
set forth by the Texas Air Control Board.
(0). Assessment of potential odor problems: The following features of
the proposed design are specifically intended to eliminate odor:
1. Alternate Sludge Facilities. It is proposed to provide al-
ternate sludge handling facilities including a sludge holding
tank, dewatering, and incineration facilities.
2. Elimination of Sludge Pond. Because of the partially undigested
nature of the solids in the existing sludge pond, it is recog-
nized that discharge of either the solids or the supernatant
directly to the river could represent a significant public
health hazard. Because of the less than optimum digestion
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conditions existing in the sludge pond and the absence of a
method of controlling these conditions, the likelihood of
digestion being completed in the pond appears remote. With-
out complete digestion, odorless air drying cannot be ex-
pected. Therefore, following completion of alternate sludge
handling facilities, to include dewatering and incineration,
the following method of eliminating the sludge pond is pro-
posed:
a. The solids will be withdrawn first so that odors may be
kept to a minimum by the existing liquid cover and the
algae population therein.
b. Solids will be degritted to protect subsequent equipment.
c. Solids will then be dewatered to reduce heat required in
incineration.
d. Dewatering pressate or filtrate will be sent to the head
of the plant for treatment.
e. Solids will then be incinerated for deodorizing and steri-
lization.
f. Incineration residue will be removed for burial on site or
in a sanitary landfill.
g. Following removal of the solids, the remaining water in the
pond will be sent to the head of the plant for treatment.
3. Elimination of Polishing Pond. Since its construction, the ex-
isting polishing pond has served the partial function of a final
clarifier for the settlement of trickling filter sludge as well
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as the function of an oxidation pond. Therefore, it is pro-
posed to use the same method for the elimination of the
polishing pond as was proposed for the elimination of the
sludge pond.
4. Elimination of Sludge Digesters. Prior to dismantling of
the existing digesters, sludge will be removed and processed
through the sludge handling system.
5. Prevention of Odor in Proposed Sludge Holding Tank. Gases
coming from the proposed sludge holding tank will be treated with
ozone to remove odor.
6. Equalization Pond Odor Prevention. To prevent the occurrence
of odor in the proposed equalization pond, the equalization pond
will be preceded by primary clarification and will be aerated.
7. Toxic Waste Control. To prevent plant upset by toxic waste,
which would result in odor, a monitoring system will be provided
on the interceptors to indicate the presence of toxic levels of
waste in the interceptors. The equalization basin will be divided
into several sections to allow isolation of the waste upon receipt
at the plant. Thereafter, it may be gradually blended with the
remaining wastewater in non-toxic concentrations and treated.
8. Ultimate Disposal. Incinerator residue will be disposed of in 5
sanitary landfill on site.
The proposed features aimed at the control of odor will result in
the elimination of the present conditions which are causing periodic
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odor problems. Since incineration of solid wastes is proposed,
a minimal level of emissions and participate matter will issue
from the proposed plant where previously there was no such discharge.
Present Texas legislation requires that both a permit to operate any
facility which may emit air contaminates must be obtained from the
Texas Air Control Board. Incineration equipment will be designed
to meet standards set forth by the Texas Air Control Board.
(K). Water Quality Standards: This project is designed to conform to the
North Central Texas Council of Governments' area wide plan for the
provision of sewer service to meet water quality standards as set
forth by the Texas Water Quality Board.
(L). Effects on Present water Quality. Algal concentrations below
the outfall will be significantly reduced. During clear, dry
weather such as exists much of the time, chlorophyll con-
centrations in the present pond effluent are around 500 ppb,
and in the river just above the plant around 25 ppb. The pro-
posed action would greatly reduce the algae in the effluent,
and thereby in the river. This will probably be the most
visually obvious effect on water quality, and would be apparent
through the immediate Dallas area.
Associated with the lower algal concentrations and lower total
suspended solids in the effluent would be a lowered propensity
for anaerobic organic sludge to deposit in the river during low
flow. Therewith odors and total suspended solids in the river
would be lowered. Dissolved oxygen in the river would be higher
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due to lower effluent BOD though it cannot be said precisely
how much at particular points downstream. Since BOD requires a
certain amount of time to be assimilated, some of the effects
will be manifest in the immediate area below the plant and some
will occur only after the river has received additional effluents
from the City of Dallas plant, the East Fork, and other sources.
The reduction of eutrophication is not a prime goal of the pro-
posed actions, because there is not firm basis for achieving that
end at this time. Processes designed primarily for nutrient re-
moval are not in the proposed action. However, the proposed use
of ferric chloride for sludge treatment will reduce the phosphates
in the water extract from the sludge. Moreover, the nutrient con-
centrations in the effluent may be reduced as a consequence of the
improved biological and physical treatments called for in the pro-
posed action. Particularly, improved solids removal by the physical
treatments may reduce phosphates, which commonly adhere to certain
solids. The net effects on algal growth and other phenomena of
eutrophication downstream cannot be predicted at this time; it may
or may not be noticeable. In any case they are harmonious and syn-
ergistic with all known anti-eutrophication measures. When the most
effective anti-eutrophication measures for the Trinity Basin are
identified, the proposed action will not foreseeably hinder their
application or effectiveness in this plant.
(M). Effects on Aquatic Biota: Through increased dissolved oxygen and
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reduced solids and toxins such as ammonia, a more vigorous and
diverse aquatic biota will develop, particularly among benthic and
necktonic animals. This project alone is not expected, however, to
raise the dissolved oxygen or reduce other problems to the point
that an unlimited oxygen-requiring, cool-water, and otherwise sen-
sitive fishery will result. Rather, more likely, there will be some
movement in that direction by possibly permitting very rough fish
as carp and gar to survive in the immediate metropolitan area, where
presently only the surface breathing mosquitofish is continually
present. Present indications (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,
personal communication, 1973; Browning unpublished notes) are that
scaly game fish do not persist above SH7 near Crockett because of
occasional severe oxygen depressions (the "black rise") plus an old
lock and dam obstruction at that point; catfish may be found above
that point, up to the vicinity of Corsicana; carp and gar flourish
up to the southern edge of Dallas; and only mosquitofish are found
from there to the farthest upstream (Riverside) STP on the West
Fork. This pattern has exceptions as various fish enter the River
in flood releases or runoff from upstream reservoirs or tributaries,
or certain favorable conditions persistent long enough to permit
upstreatiward migrations. However, dry weather and low flow are the
limiting conditions, and when they occur they reduce the populations
to those indicated above.
Fewer solids will permit cleaner substrates for benthic organisms.
Effects on algae have been discussed above, under 1. Suspended algae
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will be significantly reduced directly below the outfall, and
possibly, though less predictably, reduced farther downstream.
The resulting clearer water in the river may permit somewhat
greater growth of rooted/attached plants, but it is not ex-
pected to be problematic because the natural clay-sand-gravel
substrate of the river and steep banks discourage bottom growths.
(N). Effects of Chlorine residuals on aquatic life; The effects of
chlorine residuals on aquatic life in general is an open question.
Even so, there is one specific study related to the situation at
hand (Silvey, 1970). It and subsequent work (Davis, 1973) in-
dicates that chlorination inhibits or kills stream-purifying,
assimilative bacteria as well as target harmful bacteria, that
chlorinated hydrocarbons are formed in the process, and that
even the harmful bacteria rebound to sizable populations down-
stream.
On the other hand, we know of no kills of fish or other aquatic
macro-organisms which have been attributed to routine effluent chlor-
ination. Moreover, desirable species of fish are known to flourish
in certain waters receiving chlorinated effluents in northeastern
Texas (Lake Lewisville near Denton discharges; Lake Lavon near
McKinney discharges).
On balance, however, we believe it to be a quite open question.
There may be undesirable effects on the aquatic biota, but they
haven't been thoroughly documented yet.
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(0). De-Chlorination; The possibility of de-chlorination exists through
the addition of reducing agents or retention facilities. Reducing
agents (Na2S03, Na2S203) constitute an oxygen demand and are unde-
sirable for that reason, besides cost. Retention facilities would
still leave the question of how much retention is necessary to avoid
harm. Since harm is not yet known, de-chlorination is not indicated.
(P). Effect on municipal and industrial water supplies, irrigation, rec-
reation and other uses: The effect on subsequent use of the receiv-
ing water would be generally desirable. The above-named effects on
water quality (1) and aquatic biota (m) would make it more desirable
for industrial or domestic water supplies, recreation, including
aesthetics, and most other uses. Fresh water fishing is expected to
improve only by allowing first rough fish, then catfish, and then
scaly game fish to move farther upstream in or toward the metropoli-
tan area from the south than at present.
Small, possible decreases in nutrient concentrations resulting from
the project might mean less fertilizer value when used for irriga-
tion, but it is not expected to affect the demand for such use,
if it is detectable at all.
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(Q) Uastewater Re-Use. Water supplies in project area
are adequate at the present time. Re-use is not presently
contemplated.
(R) Effects of Re-Use on Receiving Waters Quality. There is not
sufficient data to draw any conclusion.
(S) Groundwater Recharge. There is no groundwater depletion
problem.
(T) Spray Irrigation is not proposed.
(U) Present and Potential Market for Reclaimed Water in the Area.
is currently unknown. As the quality of the treated waste-
water improves, the possibility of future uses will probably
present themselves.
(V) Diversion of Flows Between Basins will not occur.
(W) Ultimate Disposal Methods for Grit, Ash, and Sludge. Sludge
will be incinerated. The incinerator residue, along with grit,
will be buried in a sanitary landfill as defined by the Texas
State Health Department. As required by the Texas State De-
partment of Health, selection of disposal sites will be based
on consideration of topography and drainage systems, location
of flood plains and water wells, direction of prevailing winds,
proximity of residences and structures, existing zoning, sub-
surface conditions, existing roads and bridges, haul distance,
availability of cover, and expected life of the fill. Every
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effort will be taken to insure that the Public Health is
protected.
(X) Solids Re-Use. There will be no solids reuse. After in-
cineration, ash will be used for land fill.
(Y) Effects on Historic Sites. Recreation Areas or Natural Pre-
serves. No element of the proposed project will be located
near any such sites, areas or preserves.
(Z) Local Areas Designated for Use as Recreational Areas or Natural
Preserves. The map (Figure 1 ) shows the areas that are des-
ignated open space, natural preserve or recreational area.
The area immediately east of the plant site is open space
flood plain.
(AA) Potential Noise Levels. Normal operation and maintenance of
the completed facilities will generate very little noise,
except that generated by large mechanical systems such as
pump motors, compressors, blowers, and fans. In all cases,
mechanical systems will be designed to conform to Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 and Walsh-Healy Act specifica-
tions regarding the limitation of sound pressure acting upon
exposed persons' eardrums. In all cases, the sound pressure
levels generated will be limited to 81 dBA. This will limit
the total noise level, from two adjacent noise sources, to a
maximum of 85 dBA.
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(BB) Measures to Eliminate Noise. The general approach to noise
reduction that will be employed can be divided into two
major parts.
1. Reduction of noise at its source.
2. Reduction of noise level at the listeners' ears by
changes in the path from the source.
Reduction at the source will be accomplished by selection of
equipment with low vibration amplitude and low sound radiation
levels. It will involve proper bearing alignment, proper
lubrication, and use of vibration isolators. In the case of
blowers and compressors, intake and discharge silencers will
be provided.
Reduction of noise level at the listeners' ear will be provided
by changing the relative position of the source and the listener,
by changing the accoustical environment, and by introducing
attenuating structures, such as walls, barriers, or total en-
closures, between the source and the listener.
(CC) Control of Access to Facilities. The proposed plant construc-
tion site is surrounded by a toll road on one side and by
levees on the other three sides, providing single access to
the plant through which coming and going will be monitored.
(DD) Effect on Insect Populations. The proposed project should have
no effect whatever on insect populations.
(EE) Insect Control Programs will not be required.
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(FF) Insecticides will not be required by the proposed project.
(GG) Effect on Wildlife, Birdlife and Aquatic Habitats. Wildlife
on the watershed consists of small mammals and birds. There
are no resident populations of fishes or amphibians since
the watercourses are low D. 0. and intermittent in flow.
Although the construction impact will necessitate a temporary
impairment of the normal habitat for some of these animals
and birds, the long-term impact will not be great. It
should be noted that the population density for the smaller
mammals which now inhabit the watershed grows smaller each
year as urbanization proceeds.
Clearing of vegetation will temporarily dislocate the mammals
and birds along proposed alignments. After completion of all
line work, the cleared areas will again be available for
growth of vegetation and areas cleared for construction will
again be available for wildlife habitat. With regard to the
treatment plant, no large-scale clearing will be necessary;
however, there may be some permanent displacement of mammals
and birds in the oxidation ponds. Since, in the recent past,
there has been human activity in the plant area, it is doubt-
ful that displacement caused by either construction or opera-
tion of the treatment facilities will be significant to any
degree. With regard to aquatic habitats, the effect upon
the aquatic habitat will not be significant. In-stream
dissolved oxygen concentrations will still be at levels
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entirely inadequate for propogation of fish life. The diluted in-
stream values of nutrients added by the wastewater stream will not
be sufficient to impair the quality of the river water nor to have
any long-term impact upon aquatic habitats in the river.
(HH) Project Relation to Flood Plains. As discussed previously, the
site for the Central Sewerage Facility is located in the flood plain
of .the West Fork of the Trinity River. The treatment plant site also
has, at present, and will continue to have, protective floodway levees
around its perimeter, kept in an aesthetically pleasing condition by
proper ground maintenance. The levees are designed to protect the
facility from the Standard Project Flood as estimated by the Fort Worth
District Corps of Engineers. This project will not hamper the flow
of flood waters.
3. Secondary Impacts of the Proposed Action.
(A) The Degree to Which this Project Hill Ultimately Affect Residential
or Industrial Development is not quantifiable. Many factors determine
the degree to which development will occur in the project area.
development primarily depends upon a market for the sale of houses.
Where that market is likely to occur, as in the Mid-Cities area
stimulated by the Regional Airport, Six Flags, Seven Seas, etc., and
where there is available land for development, the development of
residential areas will be significant. The same theory applies in
industrial development. Industry develops because of the potential
to make a profit. The profit potential depends on the availability of
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raw materials at a reasonable price, availability of transportation,
and location in a viable market place and, very important, the
availability of labor. Therefore, should any of these ingredients be
missing, then potential for development is decreased, this is
without regard to whether sewage service is available or not.
Since the Mid-Cities area has an economic and labor base conducive
to industrial development, it is expected that there will be a
significant amount of industrial development. Where adequate sewer
and water services are present, the secondary impact is to create a
more favorable climate in which residential and industrial development
will be able to proceed in an orderly fashion.
(B) Ultimate Effect of the Project on the Character of the Area.
Land use plans and trends indicate that the character of the area will
develop in primarily a residential fashion because of the need for
housing for people who work in the major core centers of Dallas and
Fort Worth. Because of many reasons the Mid-Cities area has developed
a primarily residential character, however, it is expected that needed
services to the Regional Airport will spawn the growth of service
and warehousing type industries in the future around the Airport. In
any event, the proposed project is essential to the orderly development
of the area which is expected to take place.
Concurrent with the long-range planning for sewerage service, there
are a number of studies presently underway that will provide a guide
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to the provision of basic services such as water supply, solid waste
disposal, transportation, etc., to meet the area needs through 1990
and beyond.
Presently the NCTCOG is engaged in a study to determine the best
method for disposal of solid waste and to select sanitary landfill
sites that will serve area needs through the year 1990. This study
is being carried out under the sponsorship of the EPA under Grant
No. G05-EC-00080-01. A synopsis of the study's purpose can be found
in Appendix V - OPERATIVE REGIONAL SOLID WASTE PROGRAM SUMMARY REPORT.
Preliminary information concerning present solid waste loads and
projected future solid waste loads can be obtained from the NCTCOG.
Sufficient data on conclusions regarding this aspect of the environ-
mental assessment is currently not available. However, the detailed
design is due to be completed by January, 1974.
(C) Extent to Which Undeveloped Areas Will Ultimately be Sewered. Where
development has occurred in the watershed and where that area is
designated to be served by the Central Sewage System as outlined in
the NCTCOG UPPER TRINITY BASIN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN, sewage service
will be provided. Service to undeveloped areas will be done in a
manner that complies with the "reserve capacity" requirements of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, Section
204 (a) (5). In undeveloped areas, it will be necessary to construct
sub-systems which will collect and deliver sanitary sewage to the system
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proposed herein. It is the current policy of all the local governing
agencies to require land developers to construct sub-systems of
this type to City Standards and Specifications. It is probable that
all currently undeveloped areas on the watershed will ultimately
be sewered as a result of growth in the area; however, only a portion
will be as a result of the proposed project and those undertaken
by land developers and other privately financed entities within the
design life of the facilities. This project is designed to serve a
drainage area of approximagely 183,000 acres. Table 4-4 demonstrates
how much development is expected to occur in each member city by
design year 1985 and how much of this development is expected to be
residential. Exhibit 8 delineates the project service area of each
City or Agency served.
(D) Relationship Between the Project's Effect .on Growth and the Type of
Growth Desired by the Area Residents. Based on current land use
policies and implementation by current zoning codes developed with
public participation, there is no reason to believe that the growth
stimulated by the project will be other than the type desired by the
area residents. It is possible that the rate of growth may exceed
that desired by area residents, and in such a case a new plan calling
for staged development may have to be prepared by the appropriate
communities.
(E) How This Project is Being Used to Implement Land Use Planning. By
being able to provide a dependable service for sewage treatment, thus
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allowing the elimination of all plants in the service area, land use
planning may be implemented where basic services, such as sewer and
water, will be able to serve where the plan calls for such service.
Where designations of land use categories may change the consideration
of the availability of basic services is a primary consideration in
reaching new determinations. Any such changes would he reviewed by
the public as required by most zoning codes.
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TABLE 4-4
TRINITY RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS
REGIONAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
Existing and Projected Residential Development
City
or
Agency
Arlington
Bedford
Carrollton, Inch
Coppell
Dallas
D/FW Airport
Euless
Farmers Branch,
Incl. Addison
Grand Prairie
Irving
TOTALS
Service
Area
(Acres)
31,600
6,500
21,400
18,400
17,600
7,000
10,200
33,300
36,800
182,800
1973
Developed Residential Usage
Area of Developed Area Population
(Acres) % Acres Served
12,000 50 6,000 43,300
3,000 60 1,800 12,550
8,000 50 4,000 25,700
8,000 50 4,000 37,800
10,000 0 0 8,900
5,000 60 3,000 29,200
8,000 50 4,000 32,200
15,000 60 9,000 55,700
20,000 60 12,000 104JOO
89,000 43,800 349,650
1985
Estimates
Developed Residential Usage
Area of Developed Area Population
(Acres) % Acres Served
30,000 70 21,000 242,000
6,000 70 4,200 46,000
16,000 50 8,000 57,000
14,000 50 7,000 50,000
15,000 0 0 40,000
6,000 70 4,200 62,000
10,000 50 5,000 50,000
28,000 60 16,800 102,000
32,000 60 19,200 195,000
157,000 85,400 844,000
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V. ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED.
A. General. Careful planning, design and construction scheduling can
minimize adverse effects on the environment, In spite of the best
efforts in this direction, however, construction and operation of
the proposed facilities will result in minor adverse effects on the
human environment, and these effects cannot be avoided. Fortunately,
most adverse effects will occur during the construction period and
in a comparatively small area.
The proposed project by itself is the outgrowth of a prior commitment
to a regional system. With each expansion, the reasons for abandon-
ment of this system must be correspondingly more compelling. At this
time, this system still appears to be the most feasible and economical
solution to the wastewater problem of the area served and is consistent
with the Regional Plan for Sewage Treatment.
1. Summary of Adverse Impacts. Unavoidable impacts to the environment
as a consequence of the proposed project are listed as follows:
(A) Unavoidable appearance of man-made structure in remote un-
pooulated areas.
(B) Occasional unavoidable odor associated with wastewater treat-
ment plant.
(C) Unavoidable minimal levels of machine and motor noise detect-
able by operating personnel.
(D) Unavoidable construction noises.
(E) Unavoidable limited disruption of traffic during construction.
(F) Unavoidable minimal levels of air contaminants and particulate
matter in the air.
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(G) Unavoidable removal of trees and disruption of ground along
right-of-way.
2. Disruption and Inconvenience During Construction. The construction
of projects such as the one proposed disrupts the neighborhood and
temporarily impacts inhabitants of the immediate area. Disruption
of vehicular and pedestrian traffic will result in obvious incon-
veniences, such as blocked driveways, closed roads, reduced speeds
in the construction area and soft road or shoulder surfaces follow-
ing installation of sewer lines. These inconveniences can be sig-
nificantly reduced or eliminated by proper scheduling, close coor-
dination with local officials, adequate early notification of the
public, and proper control and protection of traffic by control
signals, signs and barriers. Construction methods which will mini-
mize impacts and maintain environmental protection will be achieved
through the requirements of contract documents and plans and spec-
ifications. In residential areas, open ditches and excavation for
sewers will be in such lengths as to minimize inconvenience and
nuisance. Ground surfaces will be restored as nearly as possible
to their original condition without delay upon completion of con-
struction. Stockpiles and machinery parking will be required to
be so located as to reduce nuisance and temporary blight and to
minimize disruption of flow of traffic. Route selection will
respect and protect vegetation to the maximum extent practical.
3. Noise. Construction of the proposed facilities will require the
use of machinery and equipment which may increase ambient noise
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levels and produce a temporary nuisance condition. Equipment
to be used will include backhoes, power shovels, heavy trucks,
compressors and pumps. These machines have an average noise
level ranging from 70 to 85 dBA. The contractor will be required
to minimize the impact of noise insofar as possible. His work
hours will be limited to daylight hours. Noise impact on wild-
life is expected to be limited to temporary displacement of birds
and small mammals. If the use of pneumatic hammers becomes neces-
sary, the contractor will be required to use new hammers which
operate at 90 to 100 dBA, and if old hammers are used, he will be
required to furnish a protective enclosure to muffle the sound.
Normal operation and maintenance of the completed project will
generate very little noise. The sound levels generated will be
extremely low and far below nuisance sound levels. Location of
the site far removed from dwellings eliminates any opportunity
for a nuisance impact.
4. Loss of Habitat. Construction activities and clearing will re-
sult in a temporary loss of habitat for small mammals and birds.
After completion of the line work and the lift station, however,
the cleared areas will again be available for growth of vegetation
and areas cleared for construction will again be available for
wildlife habitat. At the treatment plant, there may result some
permanent displacement of small mammals and birds because of the
drainage and filling of the oxidation ponds.
- 99 -
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5. Air Pollution. Construction activities may result in small
temporary increases in particulate matter concentrations due
to dust. This will be kept to a minimum by requiring the
sprinkling of dusty areas. Construction equipment will generate
some hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and other pollutants typical
of those produced by internal combustion engines. There will
be no large-scale concentration of such discharges to the
atmosphere and contaminants will not reach dangerous concentra-
tions. At the treatment facility, abnormal operating conditions
may occasionally result in some odors being generated. Every
precaution will be taken in the design of the facilities to
reduce the risk of odor generation.
6. Aesthetic Considerations. Even the best designed and most ef-
ficiently operated wastewater treatment plant is not viewed by
the majority of householders as being an aesthetically desirable
or compatible neighborhood resident. While most people under-
stand that such treatment facilities are essential to the public
health, they are considered a necessary evil to be located in an
area as remote from habitation as possible. The population den-
sities of areas in close proximity to the proposed treatment
i
facilities is extremely low. While everything possible will be
done to make the plant unobtrusive and architecturally pleasing,
it must be recognized that most people would consider it aesthet-
ically undesirable as an integral part of a residential neighborhood,
- 100 -
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VI. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OR MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND
THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
If this project is not built and pollution continues, then, in a compara-
tively short term, the usefulness of the immediate environment with re-
spect to water resources will have been used up. If this project is
built and pollution is eliminated, quality of the environment will be
improved immediately and there will be an opportunity for the mainten-
ance and enhancement of long-term productivity of the environment which
would not otherwise be possible. This productivity would result from
increased, higher order land usage than would be the case if the projects
were not built.
So long as this project is delayed, or in the event that it is not con-
structed, then the present, or then existing, generation must continue
'to pay an "environmental cost" without gaining any benefits whatsoever.
This environmental cost is manifested in restriction of growth and pros-
perity, limiting land usage to lower orders than would otherwise be pos-
sible, and eventual gross pollution of the environment. In this event,
neither the present, existing or future generations will gain any benefits
even though the "environmental cost" will have been paid.
Construction of the proposed project is justified now. It is justified
now in order to provide maximum protection of health and safety to area
residents, to provide adequate and efficient levels of public services,
including sanitary sewers, at a reasonable cost, and to protect the qual-
ity of the natural environment by the elimination of pollutants. To
delay these projects in order to reserve a long-term option for other
- 101 -
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alternatives, Including continuing as at present, would be stewardship
of the poorest kind in the short-term usage of man's environment.
The belief that this project will have a net beneficial effect is
based on present land use practices and available future land use
projections and rates. Should the character of development significantly
change or the rate of growth rapidly increase, serious environmental
degradation may result. For this reason, close coordination of land
use plans and controls among the member communities of this system
will be critical.
- 102 -
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VII. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE
INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION. SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED
The energy and materials required to construct, operate and maintain the
proposed project represent irreversible and irretrievable commitments
of resources. While these resources are essentially non-renewable re-
sources, e.g., concrete, steel, automotive fuels, etc., the goals which
will be met by the proposed project cannot be met in any other way without
similar commitments. The benefits to be realized by commitment of these
resources are worth far more than the depletion costs of their commit-
ment and'the early consumption of these resources in this way is well
justified.
A. Resources which will be irretrievably committed to the project are
identified as follows:
1. Energy. It is estimated that energy will be required at the rate
of approximately 18,340,000 BTU per million gallons when the pro-
posed plant reaches capacity. Of this, it is estimated that
10,000,000 BTU per million gallons will be required in the form
of natural gas to serve the treatment process. The remaining
8,340,000 BTU, equivalent to approximately 2,400 kilowatt-hours
per million gallons, will be supplied as electricity. It is con-
servatively estimated that the total energy cost at full plant
capacity will be $44.70 per million gallons at today's prices.
The cost of both energy forms is expected to increase markedly
in the future. Although some economizing measures are possible
which may become increasingly more attractive as the present
energy crisis worsens, the energy committed will not be retriev-
able.
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Presently, electric power is obtained from Fort Worth. It is
anticipated that a second power source from Dallas will be pro-
vided. The method of providing natural gas is being studied.
2. Chemicals. The chemicals proposed for use in the proposed
project are:
1. Chlorine - disinfection
2. Lime - sludge dewatering
3. Ferric Chloride - sludge dewatering, clarification,
phosphorus removal
4. Organic Polymer - sludge dewatering, clarification,
filtration, phosphorus removal
5. Ozone - odor control
(A) Chlorine. Chlorine is the least expensive disinfection agent
available. It is conventional and provides a residual for pro-
longed disinfection. However, chlorine will contribute to the
chloride concentration in the effluent. If it reacts with am-
monia, a taste or odor problem will result if the water is drawn
downstream for domestic use.
It is estimated that 8,400 pounds per day of chlorine will be
required at an average flow of 100 millions gallons per day.
A dosage of 10 milligrams per liter is assumed. The capital
cost of the chlorination equipment is estimated to be approx-
imately-$55,000. At current unit costs, it is estimated that
the total annual operation cost of chlorination will be approx-
imately $134,000.
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Chlorine is a commonly used chemical and is readily available.
It is expected that this will continue to be the case.
(B) Lime. Lime is one of the most economical coagulants avail-
able which fits the needs of the proposed process. Lime is
readily available and has a history of effectiveness and past
success. However the use of lime can increase the alkalinity
and hardness in the water removed from the sludge. In addi-
tion, the used lime will decrease the heat value of sludge.
Therefore, more fuel is required in the incineration process.
At an average flow of 100 million gallons per day, it is es-
timated that 115 tons of sludge will be produced per day.
Based on planned usage of chemicals for sludge conditioning
and current unit costs, it is estimated that the total annual
costs for lime will be approximately $67,000.
(C) Ferric Chloride. Ferric chloride is another of most economical
coagulants available which fits the needs of the proposed pro-
cess. Ferric chloride is also readily available and also has
a history of effectiveness and past success.
For the 115 tons per day of sludge, estimated to occur at the
average design flow of 100 million gallons per day, it is es-
timated that the total annual costs for ferric chloride will
be approximately $101,000. This is based on the planned usage
of chemicals for sludge conditioning.
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Ferric Chloride and lime may be used to do'the same job. How-
ever, different equipment may be required. Maximum use may be
obtained from ferric chloride by recirculation.
(D) Organic Polymers. Polymers are flexible and do not increase
sludge volume and weight significantly. They increase the
efficiency of settling. They agglomerate a wide variety of
inorganic and organic solids, including colloids, which are
present in wastewaters. They operate efficiently in waters
of widely varying pH or chemical content. They can eliminate
the need for inorganic chemicals, permit reductions in chemical
storage and metering facilities, minimize maintenance of equip-
ment, and make chemical handling safer and cleaner. Polymers
have a low order of toxicity and present no unusual health
hazards in ordinary handling and use. However, since they are
manufactured rather than naturally occurring, they are propri-
etary, more expensive and available in limited quantities.
Their continued availability is subject to the availability
of the market. The total annual cost of polymers for dewater-
ing is estimated to be approximately $18,000, assuming their
use as a filtration aid is continual.
Fortunately, the quantity of polymers required is small. Many
sources are reportedly available at the present time. In the
event of their unavailability, their job can be performed by
lime or ferric chloride. Additional equipment would be re-
quired. Polymers can not be recovered for reuse.
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(E) Ozone. Ozone is a powerful and effective oxidizing agent. It
is quite effective in treating odorous gases already in the at-
mosphere. But ozone is toxic to humans in excessive concentra-
tions. Thus, caution in application is critical. For reasons
of safety and efficiency, the odorous gases are often drawn
into a confined space for ozone treatment.
3. Manpower. It is estimated that when the plant reaches its
design capacity, it will require a commitment of 3.78 manhours
per million gallons treated at an estimated cost of $16.77.
The design will include features to render the work areas
safe, pleasing, and sanitary. However, the manhours once
committed are irretrievable.
4. Money. Money is a method of measuring man's efforts. There-
fore, it must be considered a resource of finite limitations
similar to manhours. Because of the mechanism of bonds, ser-
vice charges, and interest, it may be said that the money com-
mitted to this project will be retrieved through customer service
charges. However, the opportunity to commit the same money to
some alternate endeavor during the lifetime of the bonded in-
debtedness must be described as irretrievable. Compensation
for this irretrievability is reflected in the interest rendered.
The estimated capital cost of this proposed project is $40,954,850.
5. Land. During the lifetime of these facilities, land designated
for their use will be effectively unavailable for other use.
It is not anticipated that these facilities will be abandoned.
- 107 -
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However, should they be, the land may be returned to its former
condition and made available for other use. The exception to
this statement may be the land used for landfill. The subsequent
use of a landfill is dependent on the nature of the solids which
will be deposited therein. No additional right-of-way is re-
quired for this project.
B. Alternatives. The alternatives have been considered from both eco-
nomical and environmental viewpoints at more general levels and more
detailed levels of decision making. The proposed project is considered
to be the most feasible and economical consistent with the stated
objectives and with present and anticipated levels of impact on the
environment.
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VIII. COMMENTS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
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THE STATE OF TEXAS X
COUNTY OF TRAVIS X
As official custodian of the records of the Texas Water
Quality Board, I certify that the attached and foregoing
is a true and correct copy of Page 1 of the Minutes of the
Texas Water Quality Board Meeting of August 23, 1972 reflecting
the action of the Board concerning the application of the
Trinity River Authority of Texas- to amend Waste Control
Order No. 10303, as it appears in the official records in
the office of the Board.
Witness my hand and the seal of the Texas Water Quality Board
this 26th day of January, 1973.
(Seal)
yHugn Cy Yantis, JrJ, Executive "Director
Texa^/Water Quality Board
I/
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TEXAS WATER QUALITY BOARD
MINUTES
OF THE MEETING OF
AUGUST 23, 1972
The Regular Business Meeting of the Texas Water Quality Board
was called to order by Mr. Gordon Fulcher, Chairman, at 9:00 a.m.
in the Madrid Room of the Sheraton Crest Inn, 111 East 1st SLreet,
Austin, Texas with the following members present:
Mr. Gordon Fulcher, Chairman
Mr. J. Doug Toole
Mr. Roy D. Payne, Alternate for Mr. Byron Turinell
Mr. G. R. Herzik, Jr., Alternate for J. E. Peavy, M.D.
Mr. Clayton T. Garrison
Mr. Seth Burnitt, Alternate for Mr. Harry P. Burleigh
Staff members present were Messrs. Hugh C. Yantis, Jr., Executive
Director;. Dick Whittington, Deputy Director; and Josiah Wheat, Legal
Counsel. Other staff members and- interested parties present are
shown on the Attendance List attached (Attachment No. 1).
Mr. Roland Allen, Assistant Attorney General, administered the
oath to all persons who planned to 'appear as witnesses at the meeting.
3700.
Mr. Art Busch, Regional Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency, joined the Board in recognition of the
City of Gatesville for filing Application No. 1,000 for
grants to build wastewater treatment facilities.
3701.
The following applications for waste control orders received
preliminary approval on motion by Mr. Payne, seconded by Mr.
Herzik, and passed unanimously.
El Paso County Water Authority, Amend WCO No. 10795
Harris County Municipal Utility District No. • 13
Jack Ray (Feed Lot Restaurant)
Spicewood in Balcones Village
Trinity River Authority of Texas Amend WCO No. J.0303
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7ULCMER
CHAIRMAN
LEbTEH CLARK
Viei-CHAIIIUAH
. DOUG TOOLr
HARRY P. BURLEICH
TEXAS WATER QUALITY BOARD
JAMES U. CROSS
J E PEAVY. MD
BYRON TUNNELL
HUGH C YANTIS JR
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
PM 478-2831
A C 012
314 WEST IITH STREET 7B7OI
PO BOX 13246 CAPITOL STATION 7O7M
AUSTIN. TEXAS
August 15, 1972
TO: Parties interested in the application of
*-~\ .T . ' '" •.«•»• v.-irr•'•»;•«T.v*vitt.jrr
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HEARING COMMISSION REPORT
SYNOPSIS
I. Applicant
A. 'Name: Trinity River Authority of Texas
B. Address: P.0. Box 5768
Arlington, Texas 76011
II. Discharge
A. Volume: Not to exceed an average of 100,000,000 gallons
per day.
B. Type: Treated domestic sewage effluent
C. Course: Directly into the West Fork of the Trinity River
in Dallas County, Texas, thence into the Trinity
River.
III. Hearing
A. Date: July 13, 1972
B. Location: Duncanville, Texas
C. Hearing Commission; J. Randel Hill, Presiding Officer
Gary D. Schroeder, Industrial Services
Don Eubank, TWQB District No. 4
Jack Morris, TWQB District No. 4
D. Appearances:
1) Proponents: Mr. William B. London, Consultant
Mr. Alan H. Plummer, Project Director
Mr. J. T. Rankin, Engineer
Mr. James L. Strawn, Development Manager
2) Opponents: None
3) Observers: Mr. Morris Howard, City Manager, City of
Irving
Mr. Chris Pledger, Health Dept., City of
Irving
4) Comments Texas Water Development Board
by letter: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
IV. Findings
A. An effluent quality in conformance with the terms and
conditions of the Proposed Waste Control Order will have
no adverse effects upon the uses of the receiving waters.
B. The substantially improved quality parameters proposed
in the attached order will be in conformance with quality
requirements for like discharges into the Trinity River.
C. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the Texas
Water Development Board have endorsed the application.
V. Recommendations
A. Waste Control Order Granted: Yes
B. Effective Date of Board Action: August 23, 1972
C. Status: Preliminary approval
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Hearing Commissioi* report
Trinity River Authority of Texas
Page 2
SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE
-Trinity River Authority of Texas (Central Treatment Plant) has
applied to the Texas Water Quality Board for an amendment to its
existing waste control order to authorize a discharge not to exceed
an average flow of 100,000,000 gallons per day of treated domestic
sewage from its proposed improved regional sewage treatment plant.
Improvements to the existing facility, located approximately nine
miles west of Dallas, Texas, adjacent to Wesb Fork of the Trinity
River, are scheduled for completion in mid-1975. The Authority's
existing waste control order authorizes an average daily discharge
of 30,'000,000 gallons, with the treated effluent being discharged
into West Fork of the Trinity River. By 1975 the quality parameters
required by the attached Proposed Waste Control Order will be in
conformance with quality requirements for like discharges into
the Trinity River.
A public hearing concerning this application was held on July 13,
1972 in Duncanville, Texas. The proposal is to retain the exist-
ing trickling filter process sewage treatment plant. The proposed
additional facilities will allow an increase in discharge volume
and will serve to improve the current effluent quality.
In commenting on the application by letter dated July 6, 1972, the
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department stated that, "since the effluent
objectives are excellent and adequate facilities to prevent by-pass
of sewage are planned, the Department would offer no objection."
The Texas Water Development Board, in a letter dated June 20, 1972,
stated that the proposals described in the application present no
significant hazard to the quality of groundwater in the area. The
application has been unopposed.
In view of the "evidence, the Hearing Commission recommends that the
Texas Water Quality Board grant preliminary approval to the application
of Trinity River Authority of Texas (Central Treatment Plant).
EDR:tt
J. Randel Hill, Presiding Officer
'feary D.ASchrocder, industrial services
August 8, 1972
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Page 1. Except as specified in the Special Provisions herein, this amend-
ment supersedes and replaces Page 1 (issued January 23, 1963) of Waste
Control Order No. 10303.
NAME: Trinity River Authority of Texas
ADDRESS: P. 0. Box 5768
CITY: Arlington, Texas 76011
TYPE OF WASTE CONTROL ORDER: Amendment to Waste Control Order No. 10303
NATURE OF BUSINESS PRODUCING WASTE: Regional Sewage Treatment Plant
GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:
Description: The existing trickling filter process sewage treatment
plant is to be retained as a functional part of the
expanded treatment facility. The new facility will
serve to improve the current effluent quality being
discharged along with the proposed increase.
Preliminary studies are being made considering two
possible treatment processes: (1) Activated sludge
and (2) Chemical/Physical.
Location; Approximately 9 miles due west from downtown Dallas on
the Dallas-Ft. Worth Turnpike near the confluence of
the West Fork'of the Trinity River, the Elm Fork of the
Trinity River and Mountain Creek in Dallas County, Texas.
CONDITIONS OF THE WASTE CONTROL ORDER:
Character; Treated Domestic Sewage Effluent
Volume; Not to exceed an average of 100,000,000 gallons per day
Not to exceed a maximum of 250,000,000 gallons per day
Not to exceed a maximum of 17,400 gallons per minute
Quality; NOT TO EXCEED
Item
BOD
Total Suspended Solids
Monthly
Average
10 mg/1
10 mg/1
24-Hr. Daily
Composite
15 mg/1
15 mg/1
Individual
Samole
20 mg/1
20 mg/1
A chlorine residual of not less than 1.0 mg/1 shall be maintained after
at least a 20-minute detention time (based on peak flow).
Point of Discharge; Directly into the West Fork of the Trinity River
in Dallas County, Texas, thence into the Trinity
River in the Trinity River Basin.
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Proposed Waste Control 0-Jer - Page 2
Trinity River Authority of Texas
SPECIAL PROVISIONS:
This order is granted subject to the policy of the Board to encourage
the development of area-wide waste collection, treatment and disposal
systems. The Board reserves the right to amend this order in accordance
with applicable procedural requirements to require the system covered
by this order to be integrated into an area-wide system, should such
be developed; to require the delivery of the wastes authorized to be
collected in, treated by or discharged from said system, to such area-
wide system; or to amend this order in any other particular to
effectuate the Board's policy. Such amendments may be made when, in
the judgment of the Board, the changes required thereby are advisable
for water quality control purposes and are feasible on the basis of
waste treatment technology, engineering, financial, and related con-
siderations existing at the time the changes are required, exclusive
of the loss of investment in or revenues from any then existing or
proposed waste collection, treatment or disposal system.
These public sewerage facilities shall be operated and maintained by a
sewage plant operator holding a valid certificate of competency issued
under the direction of the Texas State Health Department as required by
Section 20 (a) of Article 4477-1, Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes,
Operation and maintenance of the facilities described by this waste
control order shall'be in accordance with accepted practices for this
type of waste treatment facility and shall include related maintenance
such as painting, proper disposal of solid waste, and weed and grass
cutting.
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Proposed Waste Control Order - Page 3
Trinity River Authority of Texas
SPECIAL PROVISIONS: (Cont'd.)
It shall be the responsibility of the order holder to provide by contract
or otherwise, for the proper disposal of any excess sludge resulting from
the operation of the subject facility. The disposal shall be accomplished
so as to prevent the sludge from entering or otherwise affecting the waters
of the State. In cases where the order holder contracts for the disposal
of the sludge, the order holder shall inform the contractor of the require-
ment concerning the proper disposal of the sludge and shall exercise prudent
care in providing for compliance with this requirement.
The order holder shall comply with the provisions of Board Order No. 69-1219-_
relative to monitoring and reporting data on effluent described in "Conditions
of the Waste Control Order".
The waste control order holder shall comply with the conditions of Waste
Control Order No..10303 issued January 23, 1963 until the proposed improve-
ments to the treatment facilities have been completed. The estimated com-
pletion date for making these improvements is July 15, 1975.
This waste control order shall not issue until after plans and specifications
have been approved by the appropriate State agency and further ratification
by the Board.
CDS:el
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'-f- ^
-ING / M
- 4J«JJ § J £
f ^< • • •—t. .1 . ^
"-'
S GRANOPR AIRJE
-------
Cccl.-ir Hill. Trxns
Trinity" KiVer
fsoraii Coc^raS Sewao
Auth-
ority e'.Vp:rcTs"lo begin
conytruction by June
1973 on a $43 million
moclcrni/.alion of its
Central Sewage system
facilities west of Dal-
las.
The project, raid
James L. Strawn, TRA
development manz.rer,
\vill increase the- plant's
capacity from 30 mill-
ion to 100 million gal-
lons a day, enmuv.ie
smelly lagoons, and
discharge an effluent
of higher oxygen con-
tent into the Trimly
River.
-TRA's board of di-
rectors, meeting in
Huntsville April 21, au-
thorized the Authority
to apply to the Envir-
onmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for a
federal grant to finance
55 percent of the costs
of the plant and inter-
ceptor lines that will
be needed to serve the
burgeoning Dallas-
Fort Worth mid-cities
area. Also, the board
authorised an applica-
tion 10 the Texas Water
Qualilv Board for an
amended was if control
order to discharge an
increased volume of
waste water.
Slrav/n said the fore-
cast of a construction
start by June 1973 was
based on an estimaicd
10 to 12 month? for
detailed engineering
plus an estimated three
months for review and
approval of final plans
and specifications by
the EPA and the Texas
Water Quality Board.
Target date for com-
pletion is early 1975.
TRA is now negoti-
ating contracts with
Dalfas, Irving. Giv.nd
Prairie, Arlington,
Farmers Ijranch, Car-
rollton, Unless and the
Dallas-1-ort Worth Re-
gional Airrjort for
amortizing TRA reve-
nue bends covonnr 15
percent of the project
costs.
Under study arc the
two-stage sludge met-
hod ar.cl the chemical
physical process. A
decision will be made
after careful analyses
of tests and cost fac-
West Of Dalio--
tors.
"We are trying to
keep a tight rope on the
project in order th,u
we may move immed-
iately 'from the engi-
neering to the con-
struction singe." said
SiiMwn. "The"facts are
thai the Centre! plant is
already crowding us
30 million-gallons-per
day capacity, and wo
must move' forward
with all possible speed1.1
Durintj the summer,
when Triniiy stream-
flow lnuou;;li Dallas is
extremely' low, dis-
charges of treated
wastewater from Fort
Worth, Dallas and Mid-
Cities treatment plants
comprise virtually 100
percent of the river's
flow.
"As we get better
sewage treatment in
this area, we are con-
tributing greatly to
pollution control of the
river all the way to
the Gulf," said Strawn.
"Pollution control is
one of the main ob-
jectives of the Trinity
Master Plan, and our
basin-wide water qual-
ity management study
now getting underway
will help us achieve
that goal.1'
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Houston. Texas
CHRONICLE
(Cir. D. 274,512 - S. 310,000)
1 k 157?.
I
3
Plan
Arlington (\P)—'llic- Tiuiity
River Anlliouly expects to be-
gin consliurlion by Jisn-!. l'J/3,
of a $13 million mode-million
of its centi nl .scuar.c s-yElsm
facilities vest of Dallas.
The project vill increase
tlio plant's cnpncity from oO
million to 103 million Dillons a
day, eliminate IH^OCIIS find
discliargc an effluent of lii<;h-
cr oxyprn content into the
Trinity River.
. The authority will apply to
lira Environmental
Protection Agency for a
federal grant to fmnnc-c 55
percent of the costs of the
plant and interceptor lines.
.The authority is negotiating
contracts with 1'JulI.is, Iiwng,
Grand Prairie, Arlington,
Farmers Branch, Ciirrollton.
Eulcss and the Dullas-1- net
Worth Regional Airport for
amortizing revenue bonds cov-
ering 45 percent of the project
costs.
-------
Snydcr, Texas
NEWS
(Cir. D. 6,273)
\
e \
Set On Sewage
Facilities /£U
ARLINGTON, TPX. (AP) -
The Trinity Kivcr Authority ex-
pects to tagiii comli iiciion by
June next year of a (43 million
modernization of its central
sewage system facilities west
of Dallas.
The project, said James L.
Strawn, develop manner, will
increase Die plant's capacity
from 30 million to ICO million
gallons a day, eliminate smelly
lagoons, and discharge an ef-
fluent of higher oxygen content
Into the Trinity River.
The authority's directors
have authorized the authority
to apply to the Environmental
Protection Agency (CPA) for a
federal grant to finance 55 per
cent of the costs of the plant
and interceptor lines that will
be needed to serve the bur-
geoning Dallas-Foci Worth mid-
cities area.
Also, Uie board authorized an
application to the Texas Water
Quality hoard for an amended
waste control order to dis-
charge an increased volume of
nastevrater.
-------
System
upcflatm.
.Trinity River Authority ex-
pects toUegin construction by
June 1973 on a $43 million
• modernization of its Central
Sewage system facilities west
of Dallas.
The project, said James L.
Slrawn, TRA development
manager, will increase the
•plant's capacity from 30 mil-
lion to 103 million gallons a
.day, eliminate smelly lagoons,
and discharge an effluent of
higher oxygen content into the
• Trinity River.
TRA's board of directors,
meeting in Huntsvillc in April,
authorized the Authority to
apply to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for a
federal grant to finance 5.i per
cent of the costs of the plant
and interceptor lines that will
be needed to serve the Dallas-
Fort Worth-Mid Cities area.
Also, the board authority au-
'thorized an application to the
Texas Quality Water Quality
Board for an amended waste
control order to discharge an
increased volume of wastewa-
ter.
Strawn said the forcast of a
construction start by June 1973
was based on an estimated 10-
to-12 months for detailed engi-
neering plus an estimated
three months for review and
approval of final plans and
specifications by the EPA mid
the Texas V/ater Quality
Board. Target date for comple-
tion is early 1975.
TRA is now negotiating con-
tracts with Dallas, Irving.
Grand Prainc, Arlington,
Farmers Branch, Cai roll ton
Eulcss, and the UnlLis-Fort
Worth Kcpjonal Airport for
amortizing TIM revenue bonds
covering 45 per cent of the pro-
ject costs.
Under study are the two-
stage sludge method and the
chemical-physical process. A
decision will be made after
careful analyses of tests and
cost fcaclors.
"We are trying to keep a
tight rope on the projcrl in
order that we may move im-
mediately from the engineer-
ing to the construction stage,"
said Strawn. "The facts are
that the central plant is al-
ready crowding its 3!) million-
gallonsper-day capacity, and
we must move forward with all
possible speed."
During the summer, when
Trinity strcamflow throuijh
Dallas is extremely low, dis-
charges ot lre.itcd wstcwater
from Fort Worth, Dallas and
Mid- treatment plaiits com-
prise virtually 100 per cent of
the river's flew. A
Hurst. Texas
MID CITY NEWS
(Cir. D. 6,379}
-------
12-C FORT WORTH STAR-TELEGRAM Saturday Morning, Oclober
»»!?
Of Area Sewage System
By C. L. niClIHART
Slsr-Tctcsrarn Wrlltr
•HUNTSV1L1.E- Tlic Trini-
ty liivcr Basin now is (lie .sel-
ling "for lite most .active en-
vironmentalists jn Ihc .stale,"
John Scoft of Fort Worth said
here Friday.
That was how Scott, presi-
dent of the Trinity River Au-
thority, sized up the insanmg
of action taken by THA direc-
tors and reports given by the
agency's officials and staff
specialists.
Scott referred to the second
largest construction project
• undertaken by TRA. the ?13.5
million expansion of the Cen-
tral Sewage System in the
. Port Worth-Dallas area.
• t *
| THE1 TREATMENT capaci-
ty of the plant will be ex-
panded from 30 million to 100
million gallons per day during
1973. The plant is or soon will
be serving Arlington, Grand
Prairie, East Dallas. living,
Fanners Branch, Carrollton,
Coppcll, Eulcss. Addison,
Bedford and the Dallas-Fort
Worth Regional Airport.
0. P. Leonard of Fort
. Worth, TRA president when
the first $7 million in bonds
was issued for the Central
Sewage System, observed that
"it is hard lo believe wli.il a
big job His fyalcm is doing."
Leonard admitted he was a
little doubtful about the polcn-
li?l of the project when the
first bonds v.cre issued but
now cities arc eager to be in-
cluded in the system, he said.
• • •
THE QUARTERLY board
meeting included reports
from David JJrunc of Arling-
ton, TRA genera! manager;
Alan H. Plummcr Jr., project
director for TRA's bnsmwidc
water quality management
study; Dr. Richard M.
Browning, planning biologist
for the study, and William R.
Brown Jr., development man-
ager.
The TRA board also author-
ized a contract between TRA
and Ilia City of Fort Worth
under which Fort Worth will
seek financial assistance for
six v.-aste-v.aicr transportation
and trcalmcnl construction
projects under the Texas Wa-
ter Pollution Control Com-
pact.
The board authorized issu-
ance of $170.033 in revenue
bonds for the TRA-Forl Worth
project.
-------
AUG2/1CJ7Z
i
«h ^ *•
~ ; -_
Water board
I awards permit
for new plant
Daily News Austin Bureau
AUSTIN-ThP Texas Water
Quality Board lias given the
Trinity RiyerJuthoruy prelim-
inaiy approval of a permit to
operate a 100.030.030 gallon per
day swage treatment plant.
The plant is to be located on
the Dallas-Fort Worth Turn-
pike near the confluence of the
West Fork of the Trinity, the
Elm Fork of the Trinity and
Mountian Creek.
Final approval awaits ap-
proval of engineering design
specifications by the WQB.
The plant is to discharge the
highly treated effluent into the
West Fork of the Trinity.
It is to be a "tertiary," or
advanced, waste treatment
plant The biochemical oxygen
demand is to be 10 miligrams
per hire, compared to the
normal WQB permit require-
ment of 20 mg-1.
There were no opponents at
the WQB meeting or at a staff-
I,.'.;1 ' • .: : " .
DU.-.C. :r..lie
-------
Arlington. Texas
CITIZKN-JOUKNAL
(Cir. W. 15.CC5)
AUG 311972
Sev/cr Interceptor
Plant for JK/lk
Awarded $795,603
Environmental Protection
Agency aulhorilics liau- come
through with a $795.000 pav-
ment to the Tunny Rivei Au-
thority toward a sewage intoi-
captor system to serve the area
surrounding the new regional
airport
Total cost of the project.
which is now 96 per cent com-
plete, is $2.804.000 The EPA
staled the system will greatly
improve the quality of water
being discharged into the Trin-
ity River.
The system is designed pri-
marily to handle a peakload
from the airport which will
serve an estimated 36 million
passengers yearly The waste
will be moved through the
TRA's Bear Creek imeiccpior
for treatment at Us central
sewage plant in \\ost Dallas.
The EPA has indicated it
may award more than $3 mil-
lion in grants for wastcuaicr
transmission and treatment fa-
cilities serving and future own-
ers of the new airport.
-------
Tr\-a<;
OAK CIJKK TIIinUNE
(Cir. 2>.W 15.700)
!k. o (D
\/1 ,-* *H
C\ r
n r
Trinity Ri\_er Authority ex-
pects to begin construction by
June 1973 on a $13 million mod-
ernization of its Central Sewage
system facilities west of Dallas.
The project, said .lames' L.'
Strawn, THA dc\clopment man-
ager, will increase the plant's
capacity from 30 million to 100
million gallons a day, eliminate
smelly lagoons, and discharge
an effluent of higher oxygen con-
tent into the Trinity River.
TRA's board of directors,
meeting recently in Huntsville.
authorized the Authority to apply
to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for a federal grant
to finance 55 percent of the costs
of the plant and interceptor lines
that will be needed to ser\e the
burgeoning Dallas-Fort Worth
mid-cities area. Also, the board
authori?cd an application to the
Texas Water Quality Hoard for
an amended v.asie control orde
to discharge an increased vol-
4jmc of wastcwater.
j
Strann said the forecast of a
construction slail by June 1973
\va& based on an estimated 10-
to-12 months for detailed cnKin-
ccrinp plus an estimated three
months for review and approval
of final plans and specifications
by the KPA and the Texas V.'ater
Quality Board. Target date for
completion is early 1975.
TRA is now negotiating con-
tracts with Dallas, Ining, Grand
Prairie, Arlington, Farmers
Branch, Carrollton, Eulcss and
the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional
Airport for amortizing TRA re-
venue bonds covering 45 percent
of the project costs.
Under study arc the two-stage
sludge method and the chemical-
physical process. A decision will
be made after careful analyses of
tests and cost factors.
"We are tryins; to k'.-up a tight^-
See TRINITY on Page 10/| J
Continued from Page 1
rope on the project in
order that we nicy move
immediately from the en-
gineering to Ihc construc-
tion stage," said Strawn.
"The facts arc that the
Central plant is already
crowding its 30 million-
gal Ions-per-day capa-
city, and we must move
forward with all possible
speed."
During the summer,
when Trinity strcamflow
through Dallas is ex-
tremely low, discharges
of treated wastcwater
from Fort Worth, Dallas
and Mid-Cities treatment
plants comprise virtually
100 percent of the river's
flow. /
"As we get better scw-f
age treatment in this ar-j
ea, we are contributing'
greatly to pollution con-
trol of the river all the
way to me Gulf," said
Strawn. "Pollution con-
trol is one of the mam
objectives of the Trinity
Master Plan, and our ba-
sin-wide water quality
management study now
getting underway will help \
us achieve that goal." :
-------
i V
* /'
/»*
lo
i,, |,>M'.ni!H::'<»ti>
n nit N
>urvcr tiaveled along
\:>f |).J!.i.*-Forl Worth Turn-
f\,- .i.nd gotten a whiff of
«.,r:5t-!hin,; that smells awful
jjstwi-slof I.o&pl2 ?
'il.jfs the Trinity Kjver Au-
Lv..»nty's c-iiitialTewaRC plant,
li.s'jUd just north of the turn-
pike, and llunjis aic ?poppm'
in Norm Texas to freshen the
hir in that neek of the woods.
Jim Goff. who is direc-lor of
water quality planning for the
North Ccntr.il Texas Council of
Governments, said the foul
Mncll in recent months has
bi-i-n caused by opi-int'onal
pioblcins at the plrnt i>nd by
the I.icI tJi.it the plant uses
ovi'.l.ition ponds as Us moans of
dealing scw;if,e
Uoff explained "Oxidation
ponds for secondary iri-dtmenl
don't woik too well in Jus par-
ticular locality with plants )''.:•;
large These poncts an- based
on sunlight shining into Uie
water and causing algae to
grow — photosynthesis. Algae
gives off oxygen
"The problem in operating
this type of pl.mt is that it is
very sensitive lo the elements
When >ou get long pcnods of
time without sunlight you have
a plant that is approaching a
critical stage.
"These ponds appioach a
point where there isn't suffi-
cient ox> gen being generated
to satisfy the demand for oxy-
gen
"The recent odor problem
Iv.il sour: opcrali'i'inl pii.h-
lems v.iilnn the pi: nt l!cc?u.->s
it was nca-s^sry lo empty
some of their 'digesters' into
one puii'J, there was a heavy
ilfinnrd for o\.vi;cn and the
po:id v.cnl to Uu> condition
without oxygen and smcllcd."
The Trinity Hivcr Autlionty
plan mils for expanding the
|)!ant find eliminating the oxi-
daticn ponds and replacing
th.it section of Ihe plant with
iicntment processes Uiat arc
not dependent on the umclia-
blc elements of siinli;;lit and-
wind action, Gcff said.
lie S3 id the plant will be ex-
panded riid in opera Hun by
lOVo and that this expansion
will inert-arc its capacity
tin iic-fold.
Goff pointed out that the ad-
ditional plant expansion will be
inure expensive and will take
mcie qualified people to oper-
ate it. He said the possibility
e.Msls that the plant will even
by using chemicals and "all
these costs add up."
Goff said the Garbnd and
possibly Lewisville and Flower
Mound sewage plants will go to
the pond less type plant in the
futuie
He emphasised that the ex-
pansion THA central plant is in
keeping with the overall water
quality plan as outlined for the
Xorih Texas rep ion by the
North Cent ml Texas Council of
Governments — both in type of
facilii) and in the time frame
for expansion
He pointed out that COG's
plan is based on two things
(1) obtaining water quality
conditions in the river lor a
quality environment, and
(2) providing a regional sys-
tem _which would be (lie least
cost lo all (hov pn:i.c"'V;:is
It mr.;. *<\. ••.:••> •.' •'..•
citizens of NuiJi u\.'i> »no
have •nv'i-H '.ho i" •'.'I Vi-.j
the U;nla»-rori \\'
-------
Lufkin, Texas
NKWS
(Cir. D. 9.10G - S. 9.501)
MAY
TRINITY RIVKt AljTflOR-
1TY \ I'U'\>v.s\ SI-:\\AGK SYS
TKMI Vu» iiH-\. in a Djllas
press\iclcasc,vn'ioiiiiccd pliMis
to start conslniriioi net 'alor
tlian Juno, J!>63. of n ?43 million
model ni/.;i!ID-, |>.-o^:nni for its
scwayc1 system \v_'5t ol Dallas.
At the same lime Hie board
«uithon/e\J ;m .ipplic.-ili'.m 10 the
Texas \Valcr Qiin'.ly baoid for
an amended was' • control order
!\sc5iirf;c 'JSniiicic.'sscJ vol-
'«pf waste water.
.ic - Authoiily i- negolwting
^atracti v.ith 'Dallas, the Dal-
las - Foil \Vorlli Regional Air-
port and several adjacent torn-
munitics for amoi'.izmg icvenue
bonds covering 4i per cent of
the project costs.
The TKA project will increase
the plant's capacity from 30
million to 103 million gallons
daily, eliminate shelly -sludge.
and will discharge an cfiluyl
of a higher otvgcn content into
the- Trinity River
-------
14K« z
I, 19/2
r •
x.,, f,' r. ti /-• '•flf^r*?
! 1 i. e . .• • I l •' I1 ;~*' »-'J
* " p K
r.. jric « i-j i.y-> ->• I' <7i"*7';\
I i «. '. iV ' J J • " '•-:' •' ''ft* ti b li
fc /-
r' . _-i i"i/
i •— i(
r.y
L'rli.-ui Afl.iiu Hi Her
'Hie snniiiiK. I'Jimo K hydrogen s-ul-
j'liidc. but lo nioio thrin 20,000 Soulli
Irving rcs.d-.-iiK. llwl spells 1'liew —
wild H capital 1*.
Nc-aily cvc.ylip.io the wind kicks up,
or wlicn llif \\callicr j;cls sunny antl
summi'iy, >v\o niaiil scuaue Ircriliiionl
lajjooni ivlcasc a noxious odor that'
Wiills ac.-o"-s the Triiiil\ Rivrr and cn-
l>ulfs a wide sw.ilh of the Dallas sub-
urb. •
• T'ic sai cairvin;: the oflcn«iv c odor
js hvdioiicn sulphide, ll.e s.nnc K.'IS
v\liK-!i in' Hindi Ihcsime.
"We've IMC! iinv nii.nbrr of com-
plaints." says Ii-vinu A:.,is!anl Cily
Mgr. Darwin McGill. "I dr.n't know if
anvone has moved out bci.au<-c of it,
but it docs jpl piellj Iwd «l tunes."
The two l.-i^doii1?, one- "<0 awes in
bizc anj llie oilier 130 ac:c<, iiic oper-
ated by the Trinii\ HIVIV An'boiHv
just across; Ihc nvei west of living
and just noilli of the Dallas-Fort V/oilh
Tui-npikc.
Although an expansion project even-
tually will eliminate the hconns—and
the odor—TJIA officials foresee ichel
no eailicr than spun?of 197J.
"We kno'.v we've got a problem and
we're not living to duck it." «a>s
James Straw n, dcvclonmcpt manager
for TRA "Wc'ic doiiii; cvcr>tinn!; lo
minimize the pio'i'r.ii and solve it as
qiiidJy :is we c.iii "
The iinell. caii«eH by in.idcqu.-.te ox-
yr.ciMiion in the hu^e Ircalnipnt ponds.
patliciilaily p!,i;.-.'ips a l.ir^c p.irt of
Southern living, firqueniiy occui'iui!;
on a day-to-day bnsis during the spring
and Miminci month=.
PasMn" moloiNis on tir (umpike
.il"! r.« ii
/**> A
l i.iiV! I"
. Ihp |.n,-,,i . .
in the pkiMiiniT m..-.,. r,'...
frl compk-iiuii da)c. ,v .,,.
throe ye.us pAl,y ,:, -|.,
•• 'i h'J'Acvir, s.ndi'i.(
Sinn-lion K'l-.cdult- m.iy lv
'to tlnniiMlc the la^«
The odor i<, caused bv
led I'KV.I Fajjcl idy on
in Marr> and ° & °
April, by hvo fnc'toiVSi.-sv.n
explains. "The wi-atlwr -rs.ns
to warm up and thai sins up
the biolo-ical piwc's in ire
ponds. Tl-cii, Ihcio aio Ik 39-
and '30-milc-iier-hoiir vx.rds
thai blow into South Irvm«.
That Miiely doesn't help the by
problem any." illt- UU01- ,,, rail,M ,3,
The TRA already h;:s lalcn Sliawn flr.-fnirs as an1',]
Mcps to tiy i0 ivdnfr. t|,c bic" condition, in nhidiorf-.m-
'odor, but only vnlhnnniip.il IM11S li:i\c overloaded "the
success. One appioach was to I»nds. conMiinniR all of tho
inject 510.000 woilli of "nii^k- owgcn and relossm-; the odol
Ing chemical" — a glon/icd ''Oll!> hjdioRcn siilrjhidc
pcrfiime-irun »,c pond. The coi.d.l.on was ,,ei. .,„,.
thro^h a l.U'0.fooi.JonSM,e. cd ,,boul n ,ear c.-ro. S.'.avvn
Helicoplcr crrv.s also have sa.d. «hcn the \K\ VMS
into'thc ] "mi!rd c!>nri
-------
Waxahachio. Texas
LIGHT
(Cir. D. 3.932)
z
Work
IB Sowoir %ofloiiira DUD
Trinity River Authority ex-
pects to bcjjin construction by
June 1973 on a ?« million
modernization of its Central
1 Sewage;system facilities \vest of
Dallas.
The project, .said James L.
Strawn, TRA development
manager, will increase the
plant's capacity from 30 million
to 100 million nations a dny,
eliminate smelly l.-ioons, and
discharge an effluent of higher
oxyccn content into the Trinity
River.
TRA's board of directors,
meeting in Huntsville Apnl 21,
autliorizcd the Authority to
•apply to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for a
federal grant to finance 55
percent of the costs of the plant
and interceptor lines (hat will
be needed to serve the
burgeoning Dallas-Fort Worth
mid-cities area. Also, the bonrd
authorized nn application to the
Texas Water Quality Board for
an amended waste control order
to discharge an increased
volume of wastcwatcr.
Slrawn said tlic forecast of a
construction start by June 1973
was based on an estimated 10-
to-12 months for detailed
engineering plus an estimated
three months for review and
approval of final plans and
specifications b> the KPA and
Uic'IVv.-M'.V.-.rOi:.-1,'^ :;•..•::!
T;ir{-,et d.i!; for co-npiction 13
•early 1975.
TRA is now negotiating
contracts with Dallas, Irving,
Grand Prnlrlc, Arlington.
Farmers Branch, Cnrrc'Uon,
Eules's ond the Dallrs-I-'ort
Worth Regional Airport for
amortizing TRA revenue boijds
covering f.'j psr cent of the
project cecta.
Uiiilcr study nrc the two-stage
sludge inclhod and the
chemical-physical process A
decision v/ill be mrdc after
careful nmlyscs of tests and
cost factors.
"We arc tr> in/; to keep a tight
rope on the pi ojcct in ordei that
we may move immediately
from the engineering to ths
construction stage," said
Strawn. "The facts arc thai the
Central plant is already
crowding its 30 million-gallons-
par-day capacity; nnd we must
move forward with all possible
speed."
During the summer, when
Trinity strcamflcw through
Dallas is extremely low,
discharges of treated
! wastcv/atcr from Fort Worth,
! Dallas nnd Mtd-Cilics treat-
ment plants compnsj virtually
j 100 por cent of the river's flow.
I "As we get bolter sewage
; treatment in llns.arca, we arc
contributing crcntly to pollution
control of L'IS river all the way
> to the Gulf," said Strav.n.
I "Pollution control is one of the
i main objectives of the Trinity
! Master plan, and our basm-\udc
water quality management
study now getting underway
• will help us achieve that goal "
-------
$43 MILLION FOR MODWMZATIQN
I'-
li
A - RiH
,L -ft Lw'iivvj
r>
^^
IJyC. L. n
Writer
HUNTSVn/.E - Trimly
River Authority dirrjiciy
mccling here today auiiwr-
izcd Utc TKA ni.!iiciceniciil 10
apply for a fcdcinl sr;:nl to
help finance a SI million
modernization of TIlA's Cen-
tral Scwajc s\stcm facilihi??.
TRA now is negotiating t-pn-
tracfs with In ing, Giand
Prairie, Arlington, U.iHas,
Fanners Branch, Carrollton,
Euless and the DalLns-Korl
Worth Regional Airport for
amortizing TRA revenue
bonds covering 45 per cent of
the Central Sewage project
costs. The other 55 per cent,
!t is hoped, will conic from
the Environmental Protection
Agency.
JAWHS L. Slrawii of Ar-
11 UK ton, TRA development
nimnfjcr, said Ihc piojci't v.ill
incicssc liic plr.nl's scuer
treatment cp.pacilv from 30
million to 103 inillioii gallons
a d:iy, clnniiuilc smelly la-
joon-i, and diit;;nr(;c a cloan-
cr effluent into the Trinity
Hivcr.
Strawn estimated that con-
stnidiun could begin in June
1973 on the modernization
project, with completion ex-
pected early in IDVJ.
"We are trying to keep a
tight rope on the project in
order that we may move im-
mediately from the engineer-
ing to the construction
stage," Strain said. "The
facts are that the Central
plant already is crowding its
^i-VCSt Sii US W
30-million-gallons-pcr-day ca-
pacih, and uc must move
(otu.iid v. ill) all possible
Sjiccd "
* * t
DISniAUUTCS of treated
v.Hslcnnlcr fro.n Fort Worth,
D.illns nnd (ML Mid-Cities arrd
tieatmcnt plants ninkc up
virtunlly 1UO per cent of the
river's flow during the sum-
mer when Trinil? strcamflow
thioujh Dallas is cxlrcmcly
low. Strain told the board.
"As we get belter sewage
treatment in this area we arc
coiiinb'.itr.is greatly to pollu-
tion conliol of ty river L!)
the nay lo the Gulf, uiudi is
one of the main objctimcs of
the Trinity master plan uf de-
velopment," S:rm\i) said
-------
V 9
Trinity
Construction
Is Planned
I A'-'
ON. Tex. (MJ) -
The Tunny Rixcr '\iiijvyjv
experts toTc-liTn coir.iruction
by June next yi\ir of a 543
million mpdcmi/.iiion of us
central sewage sjsiein
facilities west of Dallas.
The projcrt, said James L.
Strewn, dcvclopm.inan.cr,
will incrcaw the plant's
Ciipacity from 30 million to
100 million p.-illoui a day,
eliminate smelly lnr,oons.
and discharge an cfflt:cni of
higher oxygen content into
the Trinity River.
The authority's directors
have authorized the authority
• to apply to the
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for a federal
•grant to finance 55 per cent
of the costs of the plant and
Interceptor lines that will be
needed to serve the
burgeoning Dallas-Fort
Worth midoties area.
Also, the board authorized
an application to the Texas
Water Quality Bojrd for an
amended waste control order
to discharge an incicaicd
volume of wastewatcr.
The' authority is
negotiating commas v.nh
Dallas. Irving, Grand
Prairie. Arlington. Farmers
Branch. Carrollion. F.ulc«s
.Tld I1)-"1 P'I1'* T'VT Tnr.h
!". • . i>: . ' '-
aninrn/inc rrv •.••-•: Nir.ds
Coenin; !i o.r \.uik u( tiic
^project costs.
-------
BAYTOWH, TEX.
SUN
'TRA I
l.To Start Work
OiiSewsgeJob
i'px. (AP) -
The Trinity 'Rixci'sAuthonty
'expects to begin coiutrucUon
by June next jcar of a ?-13|
million modcrnirntion of its!
central sewage system
facilities west of Dallas.
The project, said James I,
Strawn, devdopmanapcr, will
increase the plant's capacity
from 30 million to ICO million
gallons a day, eliminate; smelly
lagoons, and dischai gc an cf-
fJuent of higher oxygen content
into the Trinity River.
The authority's directors
have authorized the authority
.to apply to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for a
federal grant to finance 55 per
cent of the costs of the plnntj
and interceptor lines that will'
be needed to serve the bur-
geoning Dallas-Fort Worth
midcities area.
Also, the boat d authorized an
application to the Texas Water.
Quality Board for an amended
waste control order to dis-
charge an increased volume of
trastcwater.
The authority is negotiating
contract; v>- P->! - i .....
L'irjiitl i'; : .• . '. ., ..c, i
F 'armers I'.ier.i-h. Cartoi'tnr.j
E ulesi anJ '' • ''• '• i ..:'.!
ft'ortli Kegional Airport for I
at nortizing revenue bonds cov-l
>r ing 45 per cent of the project
•o, sis.
-------
Stcphcnvillc. Texas
EMPIRE ^
(Cir. D. 3.890-S. 3,890)
MAY 17 1972
Trinity River Authority To Begin Construction
AfeLfrKi-'tTN, Tex (AP) -
The\Tr.:rrt;/ Ki\cr Authority
expects to l;oyin constiuclion
by June next year of a $13
million modernization of its
central si'\v.v;c system facili-
ties west of O.illas.
The project, said James L.
Slrawn, development manager,
will increase the plant's
capacity from 30 million to 103
million gallons a day, eliminate
smelly lagoons,' and discharge
an effluent of higher oxjgcn
content into the Trinity River.
The authority's directors
have author izccl (lie authority to
apply to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) lor a
federal prant to finance to
percent of the costs of the p!- i.t
and interceptor lines that will
bo needed to .serve the
bureeomnK Dallas-Kort Worth
rr.id-cilics area.
Also, the board authorized nn
application to the Texas Water
Quality Board for an amended
waste control order to dis-
charge an increased volume of
nastewatur.
The authority is negotiating
conuacvs \vitn uaiias, Irving,
Grand 1'raine, Arlington,
Farmers iJi onch, Carrollton,
Kuless and the Dallas-Kort
Worth Kcnior.al Airport for
amortizing ICVCPUC bonds cov-
ering -ii percent of the project
costs.
-------
Tvlcr, Texas
MORNING TELKGKAM
(Cir. D. 14.7VC)
MAY 18 is
Trinity River
Authority To
~
• \'>x\
ARLINGTON, TcV. UP)- -
The Trinlly jlher Authority p\.
peels to bntfn construction bv
June next .\P.T of a W3 iml^on
modernization of ih cc:i:i\.l
scwafre s\slom facilj'ics west
of Dallas.
The project, said James L.
Slrnwii. devcl'jpmar.K«i-r. -A ill
increase the plant's capacity
from 30 million \» iro r.:<.\\-n»
Callons a day, cl urinate smelly
lagoons, nnd disclinrge an cf-
fluciil of higher oxysp.-i content
into the Trinity River. !
The authority's directors!
have authorized ll:e au:!mn(v
to apply to tuc L'i\\i>%-ipi?!ital-
Protection Aqrncy (Kl'A) for a1
federal grant to 'fir.ince 55 nsr '
cent of the toils of the plant:
and interceptor llnej t'-al v.-ill
bo needed *o s?r\c iha bur-
geoning Dalli-s-Foit Vi'orth mid-
citics area.
I Also, the bo?rd cul^-onrn-l an
(application to i(i» TC\JS '..alrr
.QiiAlily BoEid for a;i an:oiuiod
wosle con.iol order to dis-
charge nn increased \oiume of
wastewatcr.
Tlie authority is neso'ialins
.nlrpcts \v;!h Dr.'las.' Ir\m3,'
Grand Prairie, Arhn.-ton,
Fanners Branch, CnrrPilton.
ai'l tr-c Drl'-'t-Kin
-------
GAINESVILLE, TEXAS
REGlbTBli
10 1972
TF • • F p>* ' FV '
t rmnj kivQr rtanr
i
F°
^
A/pil/l'ON. Tc\. (AIJ) -; fluent of hi.dici uNypr
lirf'J rinily Hi\rr AujlMiril} cvlinto Hie Trinity Ri\cr.
content
Thrf"" ^
pects to iK^in coiisliuciion byi Tnc authorit>'s diroclors
June next ycni of o Sli; million .ha\f authorr/cil *,hc authority
modernisation of' its central! to apply to thc L'nv nonmcntnl
Protection Agency (EPA) for a
federal grant to finance 55 per
cent of the costs of the pl-rorl
Worth P.psional Airport for
: amortuing rc\cnuc bonds io\-
I cring 45 psr cent of thc project
! cost*.
-------
Corpus Clirisli. Texas
CAI.LI;K
(Cir. D. CG.242)
Waslewatc£
project
slated
ARLINGTON (AP) - The'
JTrmity River Amboriiv
expicls^o" lv;,m co'Utruciidii
by June nc-xt \e«ir of a
S-13-million mojmii/.itio.io: its
central r.cv.;icc system
facilities V.OM of IXil'ws '
The project, taid J.ir,vs L.
Strawn, development
manager, will menus* the
• plants c.ipacitv from 30
million to ]W mil'ion calluns a
day, eliminate smelly l-icf-oiis,
and disclinipe an c-ffliKiu of
hifihcr oxypcn content i;ito the
Trinity Kiver.
The authority's directors
have authorised the aiahoriiy
to apply to ti.c Environmental
Protection Agcncv (liP-\) for a
federal grant to finance 55 oor
cent of the costs of the plant
and interceptor lines that uill
be needed to serve the
burgeoning D.illas-1-ort \Vonh
midciticsarcd
, Also, the board auihonzocl an
application to t!;c Texas V\. UT
Quality UGJIO foranui-':;-.j.d
waste control or tier to
discharge an increased volume
of wastes aicr.
The authority is negotiating
contracts «uh Dallas. In inn.
Grand Prairie, Arlington,
Farmers Dranch. Carroilton.
F.ulcss atH the D.illas-Fon
cox.. . , ,
pro.,-:ctc~-'5.
-------
Amnrillo, Texas
NEWS GLOHE
(Cir. D. -47.2/G)
'843 Million Work
0;i Trinity River
A.//„ J
Sfslton Slated
ARLINGTON'. TCN (A?) -
The Trinity Jlixrr Antl.pnly *x-
iiSCrr"Ur"|jGs?rif"c(i"i .1. ui'iin" by
June iicU >(.ir of a $13 million
nuidcriu/iilion c* Us ce'i'ial
sewage sjsteii facilities v.cst
of Dallas.
j The pioject. said Jamps L.
'Slrawn, dcxcldpnirnl inanj^'cr,
!\rill increase the pi Mil's capa-
!city fiom .10 million to JOO
| million p>illons a d.iv, clnninaic
:smelly ).i<;oons. find di^h.-irsc
an cffiicnt of Jiiyhpr o.xv.-'on con-
tent into the Trinity Hi\cr.
The authority's directors
have authorized the nuthnrity
to apply to the Cn\iro:im?ntal
Protection .\scncy (El'A) fur a
federal grant to finance 55 per
cent of the costs of the plant
and interceptor lines that \\ill
be needed to &cr\e the bur-
gfoninc Dallas-Fort Worth mid-
cities area.
Also, the board authored an
application to the Texas Water
Quality Board for an n mended
\vaslc coiiliol order to dis-
charge an increased volume ol
wastcwater.
The authority h negotiating
contracts \\itli Dallas. lr\iiio,,
Grand 1'raiiiP. Arlinciion.
Farmers Hranch. C«rro!'toni
Eule.ss and the Jjallas-Kort
Worth PiCRionnl Airnoit for
nniorliziiij revenue bonds cov-
ering 45 per cent of the project
costs.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
~)
~J
IX.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Marion Clawson, with 'Charles L. Stewart. LandJI_s_e_In_fornation, A Critical
Survey -of II. S . Statistics Including Possfbil iTics For Greater •
Unifofmi'ly" ~
Jack E. Coster, vl. al. A !>rvcy of the Environmental and Cultural Re-
sources of r.he Trinity River. Stephen K. Austin Stafe -UnTversity.
Dr. Thomas R. Hayes, et. *.l . Fnvironmental Impact Study of -the Elm Fork
of the Trinit y River 7
J. D. Mertes, et. al . Trinity River Greenway - A Prototype. Texas Tech
University
James V. Scisconti, cr.. ol . Environmental and Cultural Resources within
the Trinity PJvpr jjisjuu Southern Methodist University through
the InsLitute foF Ue Study of Earth and Man.
REPORTS
A Plan fo>' A_ Regional Wastewater System; Arlington. Carroll ton.
Dallas. Dallas/Fort l.'ori'l Regional Airport. Euless. Farmers Branch. Grand
Prairie, Irving. " Fri'nity River Authority of Texas; January 1962.
Dallas- Fort Worth Regional Transportation Study; Vol. 2, Plan
Report. Study Office Stdff, Texas Highway Department; July 1967.
Joe H. Jones. Dallas-Fort Worth, Regional Growth Influencing
Transportation Planning; Area" Economic Survey No. 24. Bureau of Business
Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 1965.
Grant Application to environmental Protection Agency, Water
Quality Office, fo r CorourehensTve Water Quality Management Planning for
Trinity River Basin. 'Texas. Trinity River Authority of Texas; March 1971.
Progress Report, Covering Period January 1, 1966 through December
31, 1967. Trinity River" Authority of Texas.
Report on Proggsj.'d_ Central Sewaae Treatment Plant to Serve Areas
of the Elm Fork and u»; '.fes't Fork of the Trinity River. Trinity River Au-
thority of Texas; November"! 956.
Report on Master Plan of the Trinity River and Tributaries.
Texas; Prepared for the Trinity River Authority of Texas. Forrest and
Cotton, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Dallas, Texas; April 18, 1958.
•' • _" ^'onoji^j' _•"!...' l?_star -Ian of the Trinity 31ver and
Tri butar i es ,_ Tex;. : :_,-'Vpjj^/~ri'>"lhe Trinity River Author Uv of Texas'.
Forrest and Cotto.;, Iii'c. , Coiisi,"i ting Engineers, Dallas, Texas; December
1960.
-------
Upper Trinity River Dasin Corcpirehensive_S_ewprafje_Plnn;_\'ol_. J_.
Report to the North Central Texas Colmcil 01 GoverrniFnts'. UFs>",~["j',;cVs"tr,
and McKee; Forrest and Cotton, Inc.; Frecse, Nichols a'nti Endrcss.
Upper Trinity River Basin, Comprehensive Se'.^rage fMc'n;Vo1.^_,.
Environmental Assessment. North Central Council of CioVcrmienLS, As'I my ton,
Texas; Hay 1972.
Upper Trinity River Basin; Hater Quality Monitoring Plan. Trinity
River Authority of Texas; July 1970.
-------
APPENDIX I
Archeological and Palentological Considerations
Resource Data By
Sciscenti, J. V., J. E. Ubelaker, W. F. Mahler,
R. D. Hyatt, M. L. Scott, S. A. Skinner, D. Gillette,
J. T. Thurmond. 1972. Environmental and Cultural
Resources Within the Trinity River Basin. Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, Texas under contract
with the Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District.
306 pp.
-------
/.-•''',»* GSKJA-UTTLC FLM
{ £" RfSERVOIR
EASTERN
CROSS
TIMBERS
Figure 12.
Location of rcco:
Trinity E^.'.'in.
u aiten in th*-. U;->'..\:.r
162
-------
Upp_e_r IrLrvity River
Archacologic.il research in the Upper Trinity Rivov basin
•fjc.cn dominated by merrier s of the Dallas Archcological
-icty. Snlvanc excavations have been conducted at LrJ:e Luvon,
.-.ra-Littlo Elm Reservoir and Forney Reservoir but not at
- u» Rock Lake, Grapevi-.'.c Reservoir, Eagle Mountain Lake,
jntain Creek Lake or iiagle Mountain Lake.
Open villaqe and carp sites are common throughout the
en, occurring pc3rt.iculc.rly along the major and minor drdin-
.;.-.«•,. These sites ranee in size from small single occupation
:iting camps to deep stratified camp sites which were occupied
: :crmittently for a nurr-er of years. Very few of these sites
« ivc been adequately excavated and the majority of studies are
.r.ply artifact descriptions.
The majority of recorded sites occur at the edge of the
Trinity River floodplair. or on low rises located within the
river floodplain. Many unreportcd sites may occur under the
: jver silt where they have been buried by repeated overbank
: iooding.
A review of the pertinent literature presented below shows
'hat there is a long sequence of prehistoric occupation and
•rsat considerable work has been done in the Upper Trinity in
vhe area around Dallas. Cf particular interest is the Paleo-
Indian occupation of the area, the Trinity Aspect (Archaic)
cccupation and the Neo-A.-erican period Wylie Focus which has
i:cen described for East Fork.
Three separable physiographic/vegetation zones cut across
-he Upper Trinity Basin in such a way as to make their defi-
nition and general delimitation simple. The basis for the
•'•ones is the underlying geological formation which affects the
'•'egetation, soils, water runoff, fauna and the topography.
J'-ach zone is described below in order that they can serve as a
Backdrop for the testing of man's response to their respective
••osources during the prehistoric period. We expect that the
^dians were aware of these differences and knew the various
food and other resources that occurred throughout the area. If
-v>is is true we can PX-.--"_ -. lat tho archaeological remains will
•"•••fleet this envaron;?,;-". .•;• nation. This will be been in
163
-------
.re location and in the different maintenance nctivil-j.es
' . «• *—
out by the prehistoric inhabitants.
The Blackland Prairie is a broad zone which sweep;-, fro-r,
, Tj-thcastern Texas, crosses the Trinity Rivor between Kerens
n the east and Grand Prairie on the west and continues south-
voctward toward San Antonio. Smooth to gently rolling surfaccc
• •uiracterize the upland and the valleys are broad and shallow.
•-per Cretaceous 1 imestone/nu-rl format Jons form the bedrock
from which clay soils of the Houston-Wilson rind Wilson-Crockett
:,cries are derived. Elevation ranges from 400-GOO1 but is no-
where pronounced.
Some small bodies of timber occur on the otherwise "tree-
less" prairies which are covered by bunch grass. Trees do
occur in the alluvial soils along the drainages and these in-
clude elm, hackberry, oak, ash, pecan and others. Drainage is
rapid due to the clay soils and the many small tributary streams
radiating from the major drainages. Rapid runoff results in
frequent overbank flooding and deposition of soil on the flood-
plain.
The Eastern Cross Timbers is a narrow band of oak forest
which crosses the Elm Fork of the Trinity in the area of the
proposed Aubrey Reservoir and sweeps down Elm Fork through the
lower end of Garza-Little Elm Reservoir and then runs west of
Elm Fork until it corsses the West Fork of the Trinity River
between Grand Prairie and Fort Worth. The Woodbine fm. sand
is the bedrock and a fine sandy loam soil, the Kirvin-Norfolk
group, is on top of the Woodbine. Elevation ranges from 300-
600' and there is no great physiographic relief.
Low, rounded hills typify the area and these are covered
with the cover of a thick oak timberland. In some areas the
area is savannah like with a broken, patchy woodland. The
area is well watered and water penetrates well into the ground
rather than running off.
The Grand Prairie adjoins the Eastern Cross Timbers on the
east and is in part bounded by the Western Cross Timbers on the
west. Lower Cretaceous rocks form the bedrock foundation for
the Grand Prairie and the dominant soils are the Denton-San
Saba group which are clay and storey clay. Elevation ranges
from 800-1200' and larc;e parts of this range are visible since
164
-------
..-c are many steep-sided valleyr, in the otherwise level plain
.".'plain is smooth to rolling and is deeply discectcd by clx.vin
. .c, which have narrov;
Grass covers (or covered) the prairie but in those areas
cre shallow stony soils occur, a heavy but small tree and
"•irub growth occurs. Bison and antelope inhabited the prairie
• the historic period. Water is available year-round in fret?
•lowing springs and in the ma-}or streams. However yiound vnter
• •.:noff is rapid due to the nature of the our face cover.
It is proposed that the three areas of the Upper Trinity
:xver Basin were occupied by prehistoric people; s whose econo.ny
• s linked to the seasonal variation of: natural resources and
that this is expressed in a central based wandering community
pattern. If this is true we would expect:
1) sites located in the river floodplain were occupied
on a seasonal basis to collect limited types of
specific food resources;
2) floodplain sites will have been repeatedly reoccupied
and this will be seen by stratified living floors
which have been sealed over by silt deposits;
3) base camps will be located at the edge of the river
floodplain but above the regular overflow level of
the river;
4) hunting camps and quarry camps will be found in
the upland in locations where the respective resources
were available.
It is proposed that this model has widespread applicabil-
ity to the entire area but that specific intra-area responses
to the environment will be reflected by:
1) use of area-restricted raw materials, particularly
stone and clay;
2) variation in the seasonal foods used due to the nature
of the specific zones, for example, more nuts may have
been used in the Eastern Cross Timbers, more buffalo
may have been eaten by Grand Prairie people since the
buffalo was more readily available there:
3) distinct architectural features such as the large pits
which occur in Wyljo FOCUP sites along East Fork;
4) differences : r, :....: ;i-v-U;i_ .. "1< nmejv: , ...- Lor-iu as they
reflect the £,oc.£,or.eil ra«i.n.. : . .-.CG eye-' : r.nd/or the
composition oi the task 9.1:01.^.3 at eacu six.e.
165
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Literature Abstracts
!, C. A., Jr.
1969 Archeology of the Upper Trinity Watershed. The.
Record 26:1:1-14.
This article represents the most recent synthesis of the
.rchaeology of the Upper Trinity Watershed. Smith user; the
j'ccific site excavation data and site distribution studies
•_o reconstruct the culture history of the area and to explain
:hc variation in the prehistoric occupation of the natural
Evidence of early man has been found throughout the
Upper Trinity in association with the Pleistocene terrace
•:nown as the Upper Shuler. This is the second terrace of
Lhe river and in situ archaeological remains have been re-
corded at Lewisville, near White Rock Creek and Hickory Creek
near Denton. Radiocarbon dates are available only from the
Lewisville site and these do not agree with dates from early
nan sites elsewhere in the country. Association of Paleo
sites with the second terrace suggests that contemporaneous
use of the first terrace and floodplain may have occurred
and has since been silted over.
Archaic occupation is known best from Elm Fork and has
been described as the Trinity Aspect. This Aspect spans the
period and is subdivided into the Carrollton (early) and El am
Focus (later) . In contrast to the big game hunters of the
Paleo-lndian period, the Archaic people have a diversified
economy based on hunting and gathering of seasonally avail-
able food resources. Archaic sites are found in place with-
in the first terrace of the river. The nature of floodplain
and upland use is as yet unknown.
Large sedentary villages, the use of bow and arrow and
pottery, and agriculture are the features which mark the Neo-
American period. Two cultural manifestations, the Wylie Focus
and the Henrietta Focus, have been reported but understanding
of the period throughout the area and the relationship of the
peoples is- as yet unexplored. An intrusive site is known from
Mountain Creek in Dallas County. The site is reported to be
166
-------
, pure A]to FOCUD alto representative of the early cdbson
\--.pect of the Heches River in East Texas.
Henrietta Focu.v. ssitco occur ulong Ej/n Pork L'M- they c-.i-p
primarily only through artifiict typology, h C.2w buri^i. c
been reported but there is no data on houses. The sup-
diagnostic feature of the Henrietta J-'oous is the
presence of a pottery type known as Kocona Plain. No site
from this period has been jclequately cxcavat&d along the .'Sim
fork of the Trinity. Henrietta Focus is dated to the pre-
historic period.
The VJylie Focvis is a manifestation that has been re-
corded on the East Fork of the Trinity. Its geographic bound-
aries are unknown. Large circular subterranean pitn are
diagnostic of the focus and are dated to the er.rly Heo-
Arcerican period on the basis of trade pottery from East ']'e::as.
Large villager, occur in the rdver floodplain but very little
is known of the villages except for burials and the large
pits. Moreover the small seasons! sites are unreported and
this results in a biased understanding of the way-of-life
of the Wylie Focus peoples.
Evidence of historic Indian occupation of the area is
unknown although documentary evidence suggests that the
historic Wichita traveled and lived in the area.
In summary, Smith points out that the Upper Trinity has
been occupied from the Paleo-Indian period through the early
Historic period. Little is known about the Paleo-Indian and
Archaic occupation and this needs to be better studied. Addi-
tional study of the Neo-American sites will be required in
order to determine the importance of pottery making and the
way-of-life of the prehistoric peoples.
167
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RIVER AND
. •• r.cnbuoh ler, Robo r V C.
1942 Sonic Interesting IndJnn Workshops i" D
County. The Record. 3:5:20-31.
This brief article concentrates on the description of. a
•-sber prehistoric v.rorkr:hop yitou located in the rit-saoito-
. .Kjoville area. A map Gho.ving the location of v'orV..';hop
• les and of camp or village sites is incluclod. (VforkDhop
;;tcs are spots where ch.ipp;ible stone, usually in the form of
obbles, was gathered or quarried by the Indians.) There are
\i prehistoric campsites shown c*.s located along the. Trinity
:,clween the mouth of: Prairie Creek and V.'hite Rock Crrek. Al»
i^ough this does not include- all the sites in the area it
kvcs suggest thiit workshop cites occur on the upland away
from the river and along the drainage creeks.
Kirkland, Forrest
1942 A Series of KonPottery Sites in Dallas County,
Texas. The Record 3:6:32-38
In this article Kirkland describes the then knovm ar-
chaeological resources on both sides of the Trinity from a
niJe southeast of Seagoville to 2 miles northwest of Kle-
bcrg. The locations of non-pottery and pottery are shown on
a sketch map. Pottery sites (Ueo-American) are found to be
located on sandy soil which is found west of the river on
the leading edge of the river terrace (6 sites) or in the
river bottom (4 sites). Non-pottery sites (Archaic) occur on
the yellow clay hills at the edge of the terrace and both
sides of the river (19 sites are shown).
Hanna, Henry, Jr.
1940 A Most interesting Dallas County Indian Campsite.
The Record 2:2:0-11.
This site is located on Honey Creek south of the Trinity.
The creek is fed by a small spring and in this area a grooved
stone axe, six whole pottery vessels and three pottery effigy
heads (figurines) were recovered. The site probably repre-
sents late Neo-American occupation.
174
-------
0;;r Wilson W., Jr. and R. K. Harris
1955 ScoUT.-b.luft" Point:* in 1:110 Obshncr Site
Dallcis, Tcxrs. I3u.lJ.etin of the-: Toxac Archeo-
logical Society 26:75-100.
•.jiicr, Joel L.
1070 Activity Analysis of a Prehistoric Site. Bulle-
tin of the Texas Archeological Society 41:25-35.
The Obshner site is an early Archaic site located on the
:xrst terrace east of the Trinity near Kltbcrg. The archaeo-
logical deposit is thin and excavation revealed that this
: ^presents a campsite repeatedly visited by hunting parties.
.ccupation is primarily during the early Archaic period,
.-ometime before 4000 B.C.
General Dallas References:
C-win, Thomas B.
1941 An Interesting Type of Indian Artifact from
Dallas and Ellis County. The Record 2:9:41-43.
Harris, R. K.
1936 Indian Campsites in the Upper Trinity Basin.
Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society,
Vol. 8 TAS Annual Report.
1941 Additional Information about Dallas County Hand
Axes. The Record 3:1:3.
Hatzenbuehler, Robert C.
1948 Disturbed Burial near Seagoville. The Record
6:8:33.
White Rock Creek
Harris, R. K.
1949 Burial 7, Site 27A5-19. The Record 7:7:24-25.
Hatzenbuehler, Robert and R. K. Harris
1949 Burial 5, Site 27A5-19. The Record 7:6:21-22.
Kirkland, Forrest and R. K. Harris
1941 Two Burials Below the ''hite Rock Lrko Spillway.
The Record 2:10: -19- 54.
175
-------
A prehistoric campsite located on the cn.ct b.ink of '>."!nto
. -c?. Creek v.'as being slowJy evoked nv;?ty by overll.ow of. I ho
;pck. Members of the JVilKir: J.vchcolonjrnl Society .'jalvn.^ u
v numbfii' of burials which w^re exposed by erosion. Tbo ;.j-i.f
;.-. probably late Archaic in ago b^^•Jed on the projectile point
..tylcs and the absence of pottery.
soilberger, J. B.
1953 The Humphrey Site. The Record 11:3:11-14.
The Humphrey site; is a late prehistoric/early historic
site located on the west side of White Rock Cieek and was
destroyed during construction of a housing development adja-
cent to the White Rock Creek Lake.
Marris, R. K. and ]nur; Marie Harris
1970 A Bison Kill on Dixon's Branch Site 27AP-5,
Dallas County, Texas. The Record 27:1:1-2.
A bison kill site is reported from Dixon's Branch which
is a tributary of White Rock Creek. The bir,on was associated
with the gray-black silt geologic deposit and three Fresno
arrow points were found in the rib cage. Therefore an in-
ferred date of late prehistoric/early historic can be attri-
buted to the bison kill. The authors note that they know of
"many archeological sites located in and on the terraces of
small creeks in the Dallas area, such as Ash Creek, Upper
White Rock Creek, Duck Creek, Five Mile Creek, Ten Mile Creek,
Bear Creek, and others..."
Lagow Discovery
Crook, Wilson W., Jr.
1961 A Revised Interpretation of the Lagow Discovery,
Texas. American Antiquity 26:4:545-548.
Oakley, K. P. and W. W. Howells
1961 Age of the Skeleton from the Lagow Sand Pit,
Texas. American Antiquity 26:4:543-545.
Shuler, Ellis W.
1932 Figurine From a Gravel Pit of Dallas, Texas.
Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleon-
tologiccil Soci^Ly 4:"/-"••;:.).
176
-------
1934 Collecting FOJJF.il Elephants at Dsllds, Texas.
Bulletin of the Vixa-j Aichoologieol ?nd P?;lc:on-
toloyical Society G:7!5-79.
paleontoloqical work dn the tv,or>tios unearthed d hairnn
•.pjeton v/hich was icportodly in association with Pleistocene
. -c fauna. Rccvaluation of the geologic context and chemical
•'cilyses jshov.' that the skeleton is not as old ns the a.scoci-
>!.od fauna. With the aid of recent j.-cidiocarbon dat?r, Crook
•"tributes the skeleton to the Early Archaic (greater than
i"iOO B.P.) and prior to the red clay veneer on the fi.rst
terrace of the Trinity.
177
-------
•;; FORK OF T13E TRINITY
-rook/ V.'ilson, V7. , Jr. and R. K. Hurrir,
1952 Trinity Aspect of the Archaic Horizon: The
Carrollton and Elain Foci . Bulletin oi' the Tov.o::
ArciieoLogical and Paleontological JJocity 23:7-30.
The Carrollton and Elr.rn foci make iip an /irchiiic man'.J'c-sta
tion which occurs throughout parts of the Blacklanc; rrairj.?: ii-.
pay extend into the Eastern Cross Timbers. Siter; asr;.i.
-------
„•. ;-,n dates which chow that the JUara focu.~ ronrcsnnto th
;0c1 600U-4000 B.P. and that C?rxo31uon Focus irj older."
1963 A Cache of Blades from Ciir roll ton, Te.\.t.s. The
Record 10:1:2-7.
1966 A Site in Northwestern Dallas County. The
Record 23: ]; 2-4.
A brief description of a Carrollton Focus rite located on
first terrace of Elm Fork and known as the County Line s..-Lto
179
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APPENDIX II
Botanical Considerations
Resource Data By
Coster, J. E., C. D. Fisher, D. D. Hall, H. L. Jones,
J. D. McCullough, A. P. McDonald, E. S. Nixon, J. R.
Singer. 1972 A Survey of the Environmental and
Cultural Resources of the Trinity River. Stephen F.
Austin University, Nacogdoches, Texas under contract
with Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District. 397 pp,
and
Sciscenti, J. V., J. E. Ubelaker, W. F. Mahler,
R. D. Hyatt, M. L. Scott, S. A. Skinner, D. Gillette,
J. T. Thurmond. 1972. Environmental and Cultural
Resources Within the Trinity River Basin. Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, Texas under contract
with the Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District.
306 pp.
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132
Vegetational Areas of Texas
1. Pineyvoods
2. Gulf Prairies and Marshes
3. Post Oak Savannah
raf^A . Blackland Prairies
Cross Timbers and Prairies
Figure 20. Map positioning tho Trinity River in relation
to surrounding vogota Lional areas. Vegetation-'.-
areas after Gould, 1969.
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Jn oj.'r'.f.-c to do'XLcL tho nl.^it- coiiv.n'i i ti<-v of. < :
n.i. vcr ,-r-r-ii OM r\ r> .i;-c ' c-i ,: •;{•'•. ;..',s, , l.
\''uf. rl i /.iri^c j.;ii.o ..or. ••.•>•:•_•.. ';».-..•• r-, "f •.-••'.. or - r,''-i •.•
n> ',r>j">ci i^jicl -Jr.;,.'. c^t.,1.!}:.! I J.i-i. •.• i.o ;£,c. toci r.)i'- ui ^
T'"MoJ ccs. ?.:'•»: tj)ir; co:,.pns.i I. Lo;i t-nd aL.r,J;tiK'f: oi ji
were }>i«:pfirr-U ic;: tiuf:h t-vui1..
RKEUGTS
The VJcst. Fork of the Trinity Rivr?r ext-/.-n'::n from
Fort Worth, i'e::ay, to D.illjs, Tcxr.s. Thr.t- rortioM bu-
i-'ort; V.'o-tn nnd thr: Tr.rrnn t-Df.3 1;.:- coo;iv.y IJn:- TJU))-
Area 1 (Tjyure 21 ). Tin:-, fl.-f- to qt:n!-iy rolling
area has been greatly exploited loavinq only iiiuilL pi-tchc:s
of forcfst gcnorally loss than 200 cxc^es in size.
Cedar c-'lm, green cish (Fr_a>: i nu.^ ivon^vlA'^^icc' 1 , r.oap
berry (G^.jy.tc^.ir, s^vjoiirx'!^!) ,"""..-.iT>ri">rii c ii-T ~('^ ^ 'MH s "( -?rt)- LCt"].i)
and Tcxciu s-a^ar^o ci'y \.ero aoiiiir.jnt in Lhin" bfe'c'tiofr'cij;
tlic river (Tobie J-i ). Black wiJJow (Sti^^iv ni_rrr. ) ^nd
cottoiiwood (^gp^lur. ^^It^id.-^.) wcrt: ]occ{ily frcfiu'ent rind
dominr.ted nomc grt^'ci pj.t ara;ir . Kxi ::tiiirj !>3ouqn:> wpre
generally suvroundod by cwump privet (!'cvc^-t_i_vi^_ acui"i-
nnta) . The more prevalent undcrr- torv \.~oouy " £p^~cxi.-s wern
coral berry (Svj^oJior^ioT'.no^ or n \cv_.l r i:^) , poison ivy C'^ifr;
toxicorionclrqn) and g r c en'-br i ar""(f; ;-l^~ '•*. spp.) (Table 14 ~).
There were no evident unique sites in this area of
the Trinity River, although some large trees v^ere present.
Large trees of American elm, Texas sugarberry/ pecan (Carva_
illincj nenF-.: s) , cottonv/ood, green ash and bur oak (Oucrc~os~
niacrQc;.rpa) i/ore noticeable and were usually found cioce™
to the rxvcj'. A wooded hilly area with openings and a
spring pre:;cnt and located v/ithin the Port and Paddock
Riding Club (Site 1, Figure 21 ), was somewnat unique
due to a greater species and habitat diversity.
Area _2
From its beginning at the Tarrant-Dallac county line,
Area 2 extends along the Trinity River to Interstate
Highway 45 in the center of the city of Dallas (Figure
22 ) . Forested areas are generally confined to the
hr-i1::: of: the r^ ", ar.rl ••«. a rr="-"lt, ••"tvi.-stf"; of
-'ji.'K.i -ic'3 are V. .3- -. _. .-. _\ . "O i.. .,j : .;. . . jt : ,;..M
-------
I' /
\ i
•--»
:
rx.
1- (
U
}r\
CTi
r.ivor Area L including Sites 1 through 8.
-------
Table 14. .Estimated abundance* of shrub, tree and woody vine species in Area 1
{See Figure 21 ) .
Species 1
Arcorcha fruticosa
Aristolochia toir.sntosa ....
Bacchsrir neglecta
Celtis Icsvi^ata O
Celtis reticulata
Orcis ccnacensis
Sites Studied
234567
LO R-LO R-LO LO P.-LO R-O
R
R VR R R
R R R-LO
R-O R R-O 0 O O
R-LO R
R R-O R-LO R-LO R-O O
F LA F F LA A F ' A FA
R R R R
R R-O R R R ?.-0
8
R-LO
VR
R-O
?.-O
O-'j^
F LO
13
P.— LO
3
-------
Sites studied (~
CO
45678
R
Cccculu.-: cci:-oli:ius R-O R R R R R R
Co-rr..;^ c\:.. -.-^:-:c.ii R-LO R R-LO R R-LO O
Crc.-:;-.c.c-v.-i-fI :rluicula .... O R-LO
C.T.ZC ;•-•.: ..:-._lis 0 R
9^~?^:iiHL 1°. R-° R"° ° °~LF O-LF R-O
. . R R
. . R
. . R
. . LA R-O LA R-LO LF LF LF F-LF
R R
. . LO LO O-F O O R-LO O-LF LO
-------
Tabl.? 14. Continued
Gled-.
Ilex
Jv.-ii -.•
Li--;; -,
Liouc
MrcJ
M " • '
Mclia
K- lot
M---
y
P.-.x-'-i
'T • t T-
Species
tsia triacanthos .
c'.^cidua
•
-------
T=_bl^ 14 . C: -r.i::u^i
-,,
to
Sites studied o
o
45678
: : -. L • c *..".-' a t n m R
,.-.,_.._.- 13 D
.' ------ — O ........ K ^
V-._. .._±^_ r-jc .:.v"alis R R R R
C-UI-..7 cV---. ...:c::s LO LO LO LO-LA LO LO-LF LO
o^a R R R VR LO-LF R-LO LO
L^z. VR R-LO R-LO
^3 .'ji VR
ccl.-- ,r-* T:.li^"r R
O O R-O 0 0 R-O R-O
R R-LO
R R R R R R R-LO
LO LO LF
R
-------
Table 14. Continued
Sites studied
Species 123456
r. toxicodcndron R-O R R-O R-O R-O R
S-~ .:: nigra LO LO LO LO LO LO
S- ::i!cus canadensis LF LF LF R R
.';--• -GUS saponaria O O F R-LF "F F
S.;. .1 \x bona-nox O-F F-A O F-LA F O-F
F:M.ta>: hispida
Son'.-ora af finis R-O R R-O R-O R-O O-F
5": T.>.oricarr>us orbiculatus . . 0-LF F F F 0 LF
7
R-LO
R
O
R
LO
R
O-F
F
R
O
O-LF
8
R-LF
0
LO
R-LF
R-O
f
R
R-O
75
A •
R-LC
0
-------
Table P4. Continued
Sites studied
Species 12345678
Tilia americana R
Ulmus alata R-LF
Ulmus arr.ericana O-LF LO O R-LF O R-LO O-F 0-F
Uln-.us crassifolia O-rLA F-LA F F-LA F-A F-A F-A F-LA
Viburnum rufidulum R R R-LO VR LO
Vitex agnus-castus R • VR
Vitis aestivalis LO R-O
Vitis rr.ustangcnsis R-Q
Vj^tis rotundifolia R R R R-Q
Zanchoxy.lum clava-herculis . . VR R VR R O-LF
Abundance is based upon the following scale:
D - Dominant F - Frequont R - Rare
A - Abundant O - Occasional VR - V-sry Rare
The letter "L" in front of any of the letters above indicatss local abundance.
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-^''f*^^^ -+ - - -£ \
A/^C »--"--^
&&s ?
22. Trinity River Area 2 including sites 9 through 12.
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204
Black willow and oar.turn roht-cmv'ood uara rcnrriil "ly
wit ai.onq i ho TrJn.it.-' Jdvcr i-rici dt tir-irs vcjo
abundant in wot, lov-ly.imj nr^'.^y. Grc< n no1!, scf-::-
berry, Texan nagarnarry c;j'.ri ce'Jcir clw woxe locaJiy
prevalent (Tc.ble 3 b ) .
Unique vegetatJonal areas wore ;jb~ent. An area of
about 50 acror; near Interstate1 Highway a 5, however, held
an unconiraoa abundance of rod mulberry (Morns £ubr_a) .
Area __3
Area 3 lies within Dallas County between In to rut ate
Highway 45 nnd Mallov: Bridge Jtond (FD.cjure 2"{ ) . Lorcjer
and comewh.-\t less disturbed tracts of forest \/ere present,
but were generally situated betv.'Cf=n the flood control
levees of the river.
Dominant tree specJr.s along this section of th«j
river were Texas sugarberry, qreon aah and cedar elm
{Table .16 ) • Large trees were scarce, probably ar, a re-
sult of past selective cutting. £o?.ic sites, however,
have ir.ore recently been protected by hnntinef and fishing
clubs. The most unique area in thin section of the river
was that associated with the Fin and Feather hunting and
fishing club because of species and habitat diversity
(Site 14, Figure 23 ). Thin site included approximately
1000 acres of forest an'd contained several lakes and
ponds which displayed a varied herbaceous flora. Ucody
plants of green ash, buttonbush (Cep_h .Manthu*^ occiclentalls)
and black willow frequented the rr.argfnV oi" tnese lc.~:-;es
and ponds. Site 15 (Figure 23 ) is aesthetically pleasing
due to the presence of .a natural cut-off of about 30
acres in size, but vegetatively it is similar to other
forests in this sector.
Area 4
Area 4 extends from the Mallow Bridge Road in Dallas
County to just south of State Highway 34 in Ellis and
Kaufman counties (Figure 24 ). Agriculture is the major
land use along this sector of the river, and most of the
land outside of the protective levees is cleared. Forests
are confined to rather narrow bands between the levees
except in the area around the junction of the East Fork
of the Trinity River. Numerous sloughs are scattered
throughout area 4. The trees were generally snail to
medium in sise. Past. roJ;:ctivo 1 o.--•;. •- was o • : r..
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205
Table 15. Estimated abundance* of shrub, tree and woody
vine species in Area 2 (See Figure 22 ).
Species 9
Acer nocfundo R_Q
Uaccharis neolecta
Bercbemia scr.nd^ns
Buroelia lanuqinosa R
Camps is radicans
Cephalanthus occidontalis. . .
Cercis canadensis
Cocculus carolinus
Diospyros virainiana
Forestiera cicununata LA
praxinup pancylv^nica 0
Gleditsia triacanthos R-O
Si tea studied
10 11 12
RT C\ A—T? ^ in
R-LO K-O
R
R-O
0 R R
IJ-O
0-LF R 0-LF
T7D
VK
F-A O P-A
R VR
VR R
R— O
VR
R-O
F-LF 0 F-I.F
FO— P p
0-LF R R-O
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206
Table 15. Continued
Sites studied
Species 9 IQ n
lies: decidua ....... . R
Juniporus virgjninna ..... R R VR
Ligustruin sp .......... R R_0
Ligustrom £ p .......... R
Madura pomifer^ ....... o 0 R-0 F
Ma tele a gonocarpa ....... R
Mel i a a zed a i_r «c ji ........ R R-0 R o
Morus alba .......... R R_0
Morus rubra .......... R-0 R-o 0 LA
Parthenociss.is quinqucfolig. . R R
Platanus occidentalis ..... R
Populus deltoides. ..... .LO LF-LA A F-A
Prosopis glandulosa ...... R-0 R-0 R
Quercus macrocarpa ...... R R
Quercus shuirardii ....... R
Rhus toxicodfindron ....... 0 0 F
Rubus trivial is ........ R-LO
L0 0
Salix nigra .......... LF LF-LA A F-A
Sg ]TJ.n dus snponaria ...... 0-LF F 0-LF F
gii^i.la:: bonci--i^o:- ........ p 0-LF 0 0
Smilax rotundifolici ...... F 0-F R-O
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207
15. Continued
- •
Species 9
Sopbofri £ f £ i n i r> R"0
SYiBphoricr'cnus orbiculatu^ . .LO
Tamorix qc.-3.lica
Uliiius craysifolia A
Vitex aqnns-cantus
Vitis rauc-tanqennis
Vitis rotundifolia R
Zftnthoxylum clava-herculis . .
Sites studied
10 11 12
0-P R-LF R-0
R-LO R
R
0 R 0
P-A 0 R
R LO
R--O
R-0
R
Abundance is based upon the following scale:
D - Dominant
A - Abundant
F - Frequent
O - Occasional
R - Rare
VR - Very Rare
The letter "L" in front of any of the letters above
indicates local abundance.
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M/ SHI'UB
•)„/" PRAIRIE
fvjn MCSOUITT.
SHIKNERY
--- ••
J. L.L A->TU_U#-.'-'- ' •:',;>' rU--7- <^n!- --
• i .'.' ,'J _ P= ' lLt I T ^V/. i^ . V..- •» . -•• -Jr \; X-I \ - : S ^K / Ai
"(-^•(p-1. ^> 0 >;.:7-.^'i'ij M:.\ \
'1-yf j>V v^Y^AyVV >iA
.,; . , « , - -, v , -a ^r^SK7> '/C Mi -;K?^ A
%lf!¥ ^^[^X^g:^
\? -r\ i i j
•rW^pS.
*J7^ j_f£ ^
'••'
HGCTATION ZONES
-im MOUNTAINS AND BASINS
»i.*INS (SHORT GRASS PRAIRIE)
*'• PLAINS (MESOUITE SAVANNA)
»ts PLATEAU
:«ISOE PLAINS
•«•. TEXAS GRANITE
.«v»NO PRAIRIE
* CBOSS TIMBERS
CHOSS TIMBERS
'««* DECIDUOUS FOREST
"t CRAIRIE
' C94ST PRAIRIE
'"< PECIOUOUS FOREST
-USTERN EVERGREEN FOREST
Trin ity 8oti n
•»ii«tiiMMTfi Study Ar«o
VEGETATION ZONES OF TEXAS
Figure 2. Vegetation zones of Texas
62
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'•ubs» and small trees. Numerous running sprinqn and :
.. a characteristic feature instead of. the sv:c;mps r>nd 1
- • •.o:-.ilr"'nds of. the pine fornr.t. The v.-oct.orn edqe oil i:ho
. - ;c Ou ^hc shortleat pi no (J^c i-cVjji]i! '-'•••) iT/d loblolly p.Lnp
LaodjO is regarded as tho \:ostern boundary of the ortk-
..>:or/-pine forcRt (Little, 1971).
Socondary snccesnion. According to Tharp, the various
..• ,.:i-s of succjec.si.on are (.impendent upon thu prior h.ir.Lory ol
•-L- particular area. The vegetation varies from pure pine
•••.ncls to mixed to pure hardwood (oak-hickory). Tho se«ne
•-.r."t;pt expounded upon in the previous section of: secondary
• ;ccc'ssion may be utilized within this vegetation zone.
Fields abandoned from cultivation are often covered
v.th a dense stand of loblolly pine, commonly referred to
.. "old field pine," in addition to sassafras, persimmon,
'•.•} Andropogon virginlcu.?..
A study of grazed and ungrazcd plots on two fore-rat
• .;. os within Sam Houston National Forest is summarized
•-. irncr, 1942). An elm-oak bottomland forest study showed
••.it switchcane and Carex provided good late fall and win-
's r grazing when mature, it was protected during the spring
••/I summer for growth and maturation. If not grazed during
•-.c fall and winter, a thicket-like undcrstory developed.
''•ml stages developed in the following sequence: 1) weeds,
." Corcx, 3) switchcane, 4) palmetto, and 5) woody plants.
~. the pine-oak upland forest sites, the ungrazed plots de-
Tfased the carpet grass (which retarded tall grass growth)
"3 tail grasses increased causing a greater fire hazard.
.':. addition, pine reproduction was best under partial shade
»"•'•! a light grass density.
Hydrosere. Swamps are typically absent and Pgntederia
'••- Eichhornia decrease and disappear. Different taxa be-
~n involved in the formation of the various vegetation
"L-S up to the climax upland forest of oak-hickory.
*">-HICKORY FOREST
This forest is the westernmost extension of the Eastern
-f~:duous Forest (provided one continues to follow the zone
to the Red Kiver and westward to include the East
67
-------
V
,.. ; west Cross Timbers project.!nc] southward) . Tlio hickories
• rcasc in number westward unti.l '.he Oe-ks; art the do.iinaijt
*•-, within the East and VJer.t Crcx;s T'uiibc:rs. The dtxjiji.-i'-iti:
r.v'.rrgns s to 11 a Ln - post on1,;, 0. H4/1" Llii-'jil'-v:! ~ b-» ^-f^ li^c-'k,
•j cnrya_ tcxang - black hickory. Rolljng uanolii 11^ with
,'• earns,""valleys, and floodplains are characteristic.
Secondary succcsPion. On burned-over land, the dominants
- .sciTs IThR ability to rt-ypiout ai;d forr.i a donee* thiclet tyuo
- vegetation. On cut-over land, when tlic .sprouts are gi'a:-.c:ci
.- livestock, grasses become s dominant serol stage. Old
..- -.ndoned fields are invaded by /-"orbs (coreopsis - 1 to 2
.ir«) i followed by qras:-?es, and t-.hcsn shrubs (cussafras and
i-bimmon) , ultimately leading to a cl iiuax oak-hickory; how-
'-.-••:•, Dilan and Stransky (19^6) recomu'c:nd the planting of
.r.f-n within the zone on a field trial basir: followinq their
••rcarch even though pines are absent in aecondory succession
this zone.
Hydroscre. The aquatics and marsh plants are similar
-. those in the oak-hickory-pine. The floodplain concists
f different taxa (willow, cottonwood, elra, ash, pecan,
\lnut, hackberry) than found in the pine-oak forest. The
• ;c:tation of the Carrizo sands was studied by McBrydc
and by Krai (1955).
•ASTAL PRAIRIE
The low, flat, marshy area of alluvium and sand is con-
: Jcred by Tharp to be a serai stage. The dominant plants
re grasses, yet the area is invaded by woody vegetation
' ^ractcristic of the vegetation types along its borders.
-'Hand does occur on sandy ridges and along the streams.
'" Texas, only the Trinity and the San Jacinto rivers flow
"'o the Gulf through wooded bottoms. All of the other
'°<-TS streams enter the Gulf by way of marshlands. The in-
••••ion by woody taxa is apparently due: 1) to overgrazing,
'-o elimination of prairie fires, and 3) to accelerated
"3 dispersal of woody taxa.
ACKLAND PRAIRIE
The Dlackland Prairie received its "name from the black,
soils derivoJ '.^om the line stone parent material . The
'!• precipitat._o-. is from c.oovt 30 inches in the v:c_'Stern
68
-------
. to 40 inches in the easternmost section. Gracswf. repre-
.". the dominant vcqc-t-ntjion uypc ovnn though the (licicr.cs; in .ay
• .:-J.ially obscured by vie spvijv.T, summer, and £..il nnnu.-l
•'i.'.renniul forhs in their respective .ovci.oonai t:^p::cv. T!io
..•harasses, such as blue.stcuis (."!lSli'.9!'-o-fJ.?.J.l •tjPP-^ ' arc "'-'-"i-
. •„ v.-hr:rc protected jn thw eastern p^.'.-;: giving \.vy to ::.hcrter
. - ..--.o.1; westward - buffalo giv..™ (JjJi£t'l£J£ l^:.iJ''J..c£!:li.?il) <)nd
.-.-•.•is (Boujte^loua^ spp.). Most of the land is in cultivation
•v:i the roughf until lable land usually ovorgra'ic-ci.
The most intcncivo study of cxny section of the Black]and
:-tirie was conducted by Dykstcrhuis (194G) on the Fort V7orth
:iirxo. The research covered a 5 year period (1939 - 1944)
• •.; included a historical resume, arenl description, vegot?-
::\n, succession, seasonal development and yiojldc of princi-
tl grasses. A brief outline on Lhe factors influencing the
•••jetation of the Fort Worth Prairie (Dyksterhuds, 1946;
.ir.kler, 1915) is presented with the documcntciti on sources
.:.eluded in the bibliography. The chronology of events is
:. follows:
Pre-Caucasian - Caddoan cultural group; a density of
one Indian per 5,000 acres.
1541 - Coronado and 29 horsemen traveled the length
of the prairie.
1700 - Strong French and Speinish influence on the
Caddoan Indians.
1750 - Wild horses became a factor.
1800 - 1850 - Plains Indians with horses modified
pre-Caucasian culture.
1841 - Earliest diary of a traveler (Kendall, 1845).
1850 - 1860 - Settlement by white man.
1850 - Whiting (1850) describes Trinity River, the
roads, vegetation, and the area settled by
white man.
1852 - Capt. R. B. Marcy's expedition with plant
collections from the headwaters of Trinity.
Torrey (1853) wrote the report for the botanical
part.
1854 - Pope expedition traversed north end of Fort
Worth Prairie and did not distinguish between
Cross Timbers and Prairie; described vegetation.
1854 - Parker (1856) described months of June and July.
1850 - inco - C"~03- (]?3?) recalls vegetation en-
ay a bay.
69
-------
1866 - 1005 - Cattle trails, Ch.isho.lu and Shawnee, ran
the length.
1883 - Barbed wire, drought, «-.nd fence-cutting.
1800's - Severe overstocking oC ranges, drought, find
prairie fires.
1860 - 1930 - 1860: 20 acrer, per mature cov.y'yr.
1890: 7 acrciu .per mature cow/yj.-.
1930: 11 acrps p-jr mature cow/yr.
The early reports of expeditions by white man indicatod
•hat the vegetation of the prairie- was tall and luxurient
w-:th grasses and in the spring, wild £ lower a were bountiful.
;:i the dry, hot summern, the* vcqotr- Lion turned brown and the
wild flowers disappeared giving c.n opposite aspect. The
• •;x>dcd areas were restricted to CLC~I;.S with game and wild-
life abundant.
In the final analysis by Dyh.'.torhuis (19-16) following
•.!ie detailed plot studies, 3 groups were compared: present
condition (over the broad area"studied), late subsere
(7,000 acre ranch carefully manaqe-a) , and climax (relict
crlimax vegetational areas) . The trends in the importance of
the principal grass species are presented in charts showing
annual grasses and forbs decreasing towards the climax with
perennial grasses and forbs increasing. Stipa^ leucotricha
represented the dominant species in the disclimax with
Andropogon scoparius as dominant in the climax.
Relations between .relief, soils, and vegetation, the
seasonal development of vegetation, and monthly yields of
principal grasses were also extensively studied and dis-
cussed.
Other papers treating the Blachland Prairie are Thomas
(1962) and Hill (1901) .
WESTERN CROSS TIMBERS
A study similar to that of the Grand Prairie was also
conducted by Dylcsterhuis (1948) on the vegetation of the
Western Cross Timbers. This study is of the same high qual-
ity as that of the Grand Prairie and covered 10 years inter-
mittently. A superficial summary is presented.
The Westorn Cro.vn Timbers is divided into t\ro areas,
70
-------
Main Belt and the Fringe. The Main Belt is ch?rac:torisec3
. jU'fl and Yellov/ podzolic noils on Cretaceous strata with
'',-.:iy .ooils nnd gentle r?.ljel" while the Fringe is charictcr--
...cl by immature Redd.ish Prairie soils on Pennsylvanian
•rota with gravelly and rocXy soils on rugged topography.
••.,' understory taxn differ from one belt to the other. The
•\iof characteristic of the V.Vctern Cross Timbers vegetative l.y
:r> the presence of post oak (Quer.cus stella) and blackjack
.•}. mari 3aru~ i ca) but the other vegetation varies locally be-
-,i\ise" o€ the soils and land use.
Climax vogctption. The climax or original vegetation
consisted of grasses, the dominants being little blueatcm
iAiidropocjon scopjTJns) , Indian grass (Sornhastruin nutr-ps) ,
.md big bluestem (Andropogon .Cur_cjvtus_) . It was concluctod
*)i-it the climax vegetation was grassland and the oaks con-
Mituted a postclimax. The savanna was a result of the
•••daphic factors which prevented the vegetation from being a
grassland under that particular climate (climatic climax -
r-onoclimax concept) . This area could be considered as an
odaphic climax under the polyclimax concept. The vegetation
consisted of tall grasses with well-spaced oaks forming a
savanna upon settlement by white man.
Floristically, 4 types of vegetation based upon soil
types were described: 1) Quercus-Smilax - podzolic soils,
2) Quercus-ProsoT3JG - immature Reddish Prairie soils, 3)
Prosopis - mature Reddish Prairie soils, and 4) old field -
podzolic soils. The present understory vegetation is a
grazing disclimax with oaks having increased to form a
woodland or forest.
Secondary succession. Under certain conditions, the
succession may reach the climax in 14 years through 4 serai
stages: 1) weed stage, 2) annual threeawn stage, 3) split-
beard bluestem stage, and 4) the little bluestem stage.
The threeawn stage may persist for years with unrestricted
grazing or if seeds of advanced stages are absent.
Grazing coactions, autecological studies of 14 of the
m°st important grasses, 4 typical points in range degenera-
tion, seasonal vegetational data, methods of study, survey
°£ historical literature, soils, geology, and topography
'''ore discussed c5.nd infre-';£Mi--"J.
71
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• '-.URN CROSS TIMBERS
Studios comparable to those of Dyl;j;tovhui.".i on the Went
• „-:;<; T a inkers and the Grand Prairie have not. been conducted
r the East Cross Timbers or as a matter of fact, anywhere
. . :.;> in Texas.
The early expeditions quite' often did not differentiate
; ,;r.wcen the East and West Cross Timbers, particularly if
. vy were north of Red River whore the mosaic of prairie and
y.odland was not as massive in area. The wildlife common
......1 abundant to the whole area (Cross Timbers and Blackland
.r.iirie) included buffalo, bear, deer, antelope, wild bo;-rr;,
; \rtridges, turkeys, as well as Cautilian cattle and herds
: mustangs. Yet, the ranges evidently were not. overgrazed
..vording to the accounts of the vegetation prior to actual
i-ttlcment by white man.
Endemics
An endemic plant is defined as indigenous or native to
•.••.o area and not introduced from another geographic area.
;»n endemic 1) is persistent over a small geographic area
from a wider distribution in the past, or 2) has evolved in
;'lace and is slowly expanding its range. The nature or
biology of closely re'.lated taxa may indicate the origin or
relationship of some endemics upon detailed biosy sterna tic
Mudics. A study of the Californian endemics and their re-
lationships (Stebbins and Major, 1965) illustrate the type
of study which should be made in Texas, especially in re-
•Mrd to the study area. The principal problem is that the
>xan species have not been studied in the depth that the
Californian taxa have been studied. The basic research still
needs to be done before that type of study can be meaningful.
"he approach is different' from the one in this report and in
future studies, both should be integrated for a better under-
standing of the role of endemics and their importance to man.
A brief, superficial summary of points that would be
pertinent to Texas endemics is presented from the study by
Stebbins and Major (1965) . The study was an "approach to
t-he problem of determining what floristic and ecological
conditions promote 1) the persistence of relict species and
2) the origin of new sp^ci^s. Tho * <-••'-.t satipf-^'-.vry approach
ir» the long ru:: is to su^y in clncci'. \.s.e ecoJ •.. : cal re-
72
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APPENDIX III
Zoological Considerations
Resource Data By
Coster, J. E., C. D. Fisher, D. D. Hall, H. L. Jones,
0. D. McCullough, A. P. McDonald, E. S. Nixon, J. R.
Singer. 1972. A Survey of the Environmental and
Cultural Resources of the Trinity River. Stephen F.
Austin University, Nacogdoches, Texas under contract
with the Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District.
397 pp.
and
Hayes, T. R., T. R. Hellier, T. E. Kennedy, Jr. 1972.
Environmental Impact Study of the Elm Fork Region of
the Trinity River. For the Corps of Engineers, Fort
Worth District.
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K-\r~T"t-j*~k
i / >*+-W 4
BIOTIC PROVINCES IN TEXAS
Figure 1. Biotic provinces in Texas
3
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334
DISCUSSION
Rare, Endangered, nncl Endemic Species
black bear (Ur/.uf, arr.ori canunj : this specie.1; was once v;
spread in TOXHS, but now Ts found only in £>mn] 1 nimibcrs
the western mountains (Davis, 19GG). According to Bdl.^r
(1956) bccirs persisted in East Texas nt least until tho
1930's, and there are a few later reports from Tyler,
Polk, Angelina, and Njcogdoches Counties. Tn the cnrrer;:
survey no evidence of bucirs was found and they werr: not
reported to the investigators by any local resident. It
is therefore very unlikely that this species now exists
anywhere along the Trinity River.
river otter (Lutra can^d_cn_si_s_) : although no conclusive
signs of river otters wore found during this inventory,
it was reported as occurring on the lower Trinity River
in Liberty County by' two residents who were interviewed,
arid Davis (196G) says that it still occurs locally in
East Texas. A specimen from the Attoyac River in N'acog-
doches County was brought to this investigator in 1970.
This semi-aquatic carnivorous mammal must therefore be
considered a rare inhabitant of at least the lower part
of the river.
red wolf (Canis nigcr): the red wolf formerly ranged
widely over East and Central Texas, as far north as the
Red River (Davis, 1966), but recent specimens from Texas
are all from the upper coastal region, centering in Chambers
County. It is difficult to gather reliable information
because this species is often confused with the coyote,
with which it apparently readily interbreeds. Hybrid
animals add to the problem of identification (see McCarley
1959) . It is this investigators opinion that red wolves
could and probably do occasionally wander northward along
the lower part of the Trinity River in Liberty,County,
but conclusive evidence is presently lacking. This species
prefers open areas with adequate cover rather than exten-
sive forests.
cougar or mountain lion (Felis concolor): cougars are
known to occur with certainty in Texas today only in the
more remote parts of South and West Texas, where their
numbers are apparently dwindling. This species once
occurred throughout the state, and there are still fre-
quent unconfirmed reports from many parts of East Texas.
Several persons who were interviewed in Liberty County
and one in '-.ndoi^cn Cnuntv insisted that they .'inc1 seen
mountain J 10:1; ur Lnuir tracks recently. H-^wovcr, .1:1 t.ha
absence of .iivy convincing evidence it is considered highly
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335
improbable.' that this spscAr-s iiiiiabiL". <=vny area o.long (.ho
Trinity Riv^r totji.y. Kc--t ^rtht'i '.>».•; , r);o*o tro ,r:o;(K- h,. ci-
tato , f.uch ao the 'L'^nji'-.v B^/c'u r-.j-vi, \;jiicJj ccv.Ui oon<.:'-ivf..c b
support a pair oi: the/.o o.ni..fv«ilL:;. />cc:ordinq to Dd'cr.r ( L- bo)
the lost reliciblis rcpoxL 3' A* cm Etir;t Tfxas vas fro.r. Angelina
Covuity in 1927.
wood ibi:; (J'vc! eH a_ proryjr TI.-I) : tV-. present
ramje of t'n-j.: jjjj^ico:1. j.u v-Lo Unitc;^ Ct. i.k.-r: if; r.jip.?.rc.:nrl.y
restricted at 3c*cjst on n regular I)."::,.!:;, r.o FlotJdi' {A.O.U.,
1957). Hov;cver, v:ootl ibis or. vaode]: v?ido.i.y in mid- mid
late suiTtu.?r, rciicJij ng cocii.it J. VO;::'.M hy Juno and Uicn con-
tinuing inland in yp.any loc;'T .i L:J c:'? O'cLor-'JOn , i5Ji"-0; \lu Li'c ,
19J3G) . 'I'his inv^rtj gator Iv-xs iround ihein to be of regular
occurrence , in siiiall nw/fibur;; or gvouipn oi. up -o 20 indi-
viduals ci.Ll nlonq the Tj-inxty i-ivt-/-, jlii-Dc. cpi-a 'rintl >•"
mid-Juno. Birds i'orciqv'* aroxmd the: pcir,fts ov ji-,-. j:- oer»,
swuiips and 1;*?:^.':, buh app--irv.ni-.iy only voory rrorv.Ly on Lhe
shore of the river it«;oif.
roseate spoonbill (A-i<.-i_n anai^) : spoonbills :v;r:t very
locally along the cf"-.jjL:":.-Ii" nud uppor cojct of 'j'c":an, in-
cluding Chr?.wbojL\«; Countv, and nt scr-i-Lored Iccubions clr'i-
where around tho GuJ f to I-lorida. It ic- possibj.fi thj-.t
a few pairy no:;!; in ths Old Rivc;r hc.vonry (on tilt- Trinity
River juat above the Liljerty-Chr.i.ibora county J.inc, see
Table 33 ) . After 'Jio brooding r.3«?.'jon son:a inciviOuals
wander inland, t.nd1 can b.^ cirj^pcted almost any.Jlisre along
the rivev, as far north\'ard us Dallas. This investi-
gator recorded a single individual a3onq the river in
northwestern Henderson County on Juno 27 .
Mississippi kite (I^tijlia mi r. i s ipn i en s ls_) : although this
spscies is; a locally cc^-.-\on breec.'TTy bard in pr.rts of
the Texas Panhandle and North -central Texas, it \/as not
kno^-m to occur as a summer resident anywhere in East
Texas prior to the present inver.tiyation. A total of 13
individuals (7 adults, 5 sub-ddultj , and 1 bird of un-
determined age) were recorded «t 8 different sites along
the lower Trinity River, all in Liberty County except
for one site between Polk rnd fjrin J^ciiito Counties
(approximately 2 miles b?low Lake Livingston d~j!i , where
2 adults and 1 sub-adult wore seen). Although sub-adults
(i.e., about 1 year old) m-iy not have been breeding, it
is probable that adults were, but no nests were found.
Mississippi- kites prefer open wooded areas or scattered
trees near wate.r. They are kno»-n to breed locally from
th? cou' ! - •: •• : p • -• t-'1' .' '• " ;.r.-. "• ; • ;= t'v:
routhcrn •> . t. .v" ti:.' ." : :'. .'.' '• . i.: A- " . ic •: :i.-. .v. r..
osprey (Pandj.on haliaflcya_) : this s:;ucies is u::i;rur.3ly
widespread, breeding throughout mxich of North America and
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336
eLvovhc-vo in )-oth tl-c- Olrl ,.nd No:; Wo ride. I!ov;i.\'-2r , it-
is nov;horo oovf.on. t.:'cl L.-Jvi:h •\\r.& Lc:;;i potj;il t ij ona iMve
r3o<:l ir.ocl ihcirrj.l y in t1:; p; :.t /:0 y. .:.-'... '..-olf: ('J'j'iG)
stu!.'.-r; l-rui-.: no c1:? i'J ii '• I ;? 12 •>«• .. LJ:I? irrcoycJ." .'.) c <'V.",.'ii tr. r
Tnxf.s, .'-'I M,c.jV(i') hu c1 r.r;'.: f: mp:ul: j.jy fj i i ./•ons in .lS21i
v.'hJch u'u iin?cl '...he sp: c\c.;: \M:.; a j •••.'•. jn.in -nt: rasi.u'^n: elon-f
the co«r;v. I1: i'j nn.'^jrici-c-ri l-hdt- >:j<;t M^'i:-. .or rocovd:; oi
oj..pj-r>yf. from Tcy.as aro nl ii^n-brc^dinc! lurtVj, v?hioh i.r,
y tj;x:'j of tl)rj t--,v> i r:n.! vi ciUr'lij cr.y.-rvtd ^L:.C UICT tliifj
' on t'io JOk.-cj. Tr^jiL-v J Lver j n duisf. TJIC r-,;mcic-.-; is
f:ic:u t)^c nt«- L'j pnj;r.,i L-\ sy ar, a nigrrni: aiul winter
rcs.ic?f;nt, occurri )jrj ciJona L!:o coc.-st rind on flio la^-qor
.lcik«s anc.1 river.'.;. Tlio osr) cy i^ '" fisb-c.-.i- Ivn POC'CIRH,
and it in thoucfht tlir.L its ^ocont floc'i LPP i.s ;i cosult
li-u-gely ol: chlorin^tL-u liyorocc.rbojjfj (pr Lreciri] y DDT) in
its body tirisues.
red-cockndf.-d v;ooJnnc>;cr (Pi-i.^lrocon'r- bore- ;.i ? :i) :
•of its dcp-^jifjcnco on mnl.urc: i.-iiT::' ;;L;-uciV "(KOc?"T-'-y «;nrl
Russell, 1370) , th.is ir- ;i v-.'j-y ioc.-J ^occiL-c in"j-:dj;t
Texas, end o.ls^i-i.Gs:.-1. t;'.vo\Kj'iv»v>t. H.^ j.ruuje ficxo^s tist-
sou Uiear; torn Unitucl G*.ctff:. Uf-.volv e-f-'s.uitttblc hr.hitei
foiuid vciy no^r the Tjjir.i-Lv )lj\;ir, an^i t!-.n only
Intion of t--hich tl'.ic ii:vcT-!:3c,o tor icj (.'./air: in i:hc
area 01 the pccjsr»nt i:ivuiitcry is one? on the north aide: oil
LcO:c Liviucj:;con in the jii iv;hy C--.T k area of Trinity
County (U;m Lay, perc .
ivory-bi.llod woo-^peckor fC: iv^".^!..! I-.TLES rn-^icipr/lir.) : al-
though Wolfe (ISSS) consiar-r'Ta t'li'i .'.""^-jcicij 'exG'ncl: in
Texas, tli.?re hevc hn-jn nu^orciu.-? ur.cnr;ririi.''id ^iahtinan
in the Big Thicket urr>?. of n-iat TcrcaE during the l?st
ten years (unpublished report by Fr-.'d Collins, Te::^s AtM
University) , the worst publicised ht-inq those of John
Dennis (D:ruiis, 15C.7) . Cv.lna to tJio l«ck of evidence,
many orthiiiologicts h£.vc been unv/illinq to accept any of
the recent reports as authentic, and sone such aa Dr".
Keith Arnold of Taxjs A£M UiiverrJty (cars, cojim.) end
Dr. 0. •;. Tanner =>.t tho University c.C 'i'onjicEsnte (Moser,
1972) are rorvijicnd tha i-ptcdea doco not inhabit any
site in Ton as tod.iy. Th«i ivory-bi ! Ir-d voodo^ckrr, if
not already extinct, ra'fit ccctf.inly l-e oonL-id^ved on
the verq^ of extinct i or. , nor. only in Tcy.ns b'.-t every-
where throughout its forr'.er range in the southeastern
United States c\nd CuJja (.0-22 Tanner, 13^-ii; De;\r.\j, 1348) .
In the pr = .';L=nt investigation a le:rqe woodpecker v;&s
seen and sketched by Lin Ri.7ni.-r on July 12 as it flew
along the west bank of the r.iver about 2 miles below
Hi9hv;ay 152 in ti-.-j '?•• ".*\ • • • :-.voi. c>.r^;i ,-i :,\\ -•-.-: Cr, i ,-, ,-y .
Tho.- c ij no couh ..'.,, '. . . •-., .- t c!i cf i ; .^ • •; '• " i jn^
ivory i>.Ll led woo.ii i <:/..-£, •_;•- n,jt.i«r WI..T :jai;{.c.. ., r.. '.:iq
un:nisi.ui:e«blo. li it io to ;jj argucu cnat .'Jr. lU:;nor
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337
did not see an ivory-Milled v.ondpcckcr, then it vouJd
ha;'t? to be <:o:ic:lvKlc:d that- eitno.i: 0) ho c!:otcbc:a
coiiiathii.g h'- did not r.:t:r cto:c and integ-
rity, and oc hJ s };c"on cibility f\«; a J-.'isiLci oljL-c.Lver, l:ir.:aro3y 100,000 acres and about
2,000 numbers (M. J. Cain, pars, coiun.) . Sportsmsn
interviewed often naid that deer hunting a'Lonc; the mid-
dle reyionc of the river was sjiiong tho best anywhere in
the state, and this VMS also tho opinion of Mr. Walt
Daniel, the resident game biologic c in Fairfield (pers.
conun.) . Other maminals which eirc extensively hunted for
sport are the gray and fox squirrels, and to a lesser
extent the r.uamp and cottoritaj] rabbits. Raccoon and
fox hunting are also very popular sports along the
Trinity River. These animals, mostly inhabitants of
forested areas, provide many hours of recreation and
bring a considerable amount of revenue into the region.
The Trinity watershed is one of the most valuable
areas in East Texas for breeding wood ducks. Although
these birds were not very often seen- on the river itself,
they nest in rcodsrate densities on the wooded cwawoc,
sloughs, and o;:bow lakes on the flooc^laJn. Sixty-four
wood ducks wore counted flying over the river at du&k
on July 13 from an observation point near tfoss Bluff in
Liberty County , and on July 12 at Gaylor Lcke in the
Tanner Bayou area of Liberty County a total of 31 birds
were counted in the hour before dark . Several broods
of half -grown young wood ducks were seen on the upper
and middle «;.'-•:•.:; of t1:.: river in early July, always
c-cccr.ipt ii uj;l , , or ;-o / rk:vc:r..s.
^.l^ouffM 'j . ..t.-i •*-_•-.: fT-'itncre-d during this investi-
gation c.uri.iuj :...;. ./iiivci ..'.:m:hs, 'diis investigator
was informed by numerous residents, and by V7alt Daniel
-------
Oj." Fa.-irj.iolc,1 , thai. the ;,£•!,:•> pxc.r- utilized ' or brer. 1:1 nc(
Jay \.f^.3i1 ciu::r.c: '.:.< c: .."2 irqtK r:Lr'.l by )•• .117 >)PH'li oo.". ox VMil ^v J.i;
VM'.IO.J - o1.! i.s\\\ O'rLo.r^v i h •.()'.: r.r. i'j'-ch. 'j'/.r ric- hj. •>(.":; ;-j
extt: ••).-••• i. \v-jy Jioi.'t'-'J cjnd tJinir po^v.lc r^ ty a»..o-ici V'unts •. :;
rnr!\<: v:.i th i •<....:: o" LKs \;h : L-o-i «.:i j.i.-: ci^i?--. 'J K: r.it.-:-: oi
UK: Olci Kivo.. Jic.Vf n^v (rj\'bi-.i ) is a 1,700 cicro c
hunting prcrvr v-r , 'j'hif- vci'y laryf sv.viiip is Joc.-citod
one nj.lc \.i(.-!--t o-"7 i'ho rivi>r ana fcvo miLer. nor eh oi' tha
Li);c;- i y • -CJ) . '.lU..;; c :^ coi:n ty 1 i.nc .
Fu_r-jh_qt-:j.-j.rir CJT Li.-.eslr;
j;t-:.-iVc:. .; .:j;t; r.i»c abundant in the Trinity River \-vi1-c-r-
nht;d (1:c> th« );no\;loc'cjc: of Ui.; c .!.nvof;tigntox-) than t]j:":'
arc ?,nyi,'K-;rc else in the: wtat-.o of Tcx^ij. Dan l,t > (prv-.'-s.
cojrjn.) ct'itfri 1 ;i..'t y.om1] .. 1: i onr c:.Tonq the Tr. i.n'U.v Riv«..,'
wore iuU.-O'-iHN.'U l.hv-'o >':ror. !;os-.t Texan nojni.l r,l innr; in 1 ho
Into ISJO'b r. nuir.Hnec and a po.--t. Although U»«y h;ivc-
valuable p'-sli-r:, r.nd trap- IT. « Ti^rinitfi ci^n be cbtnincd t'-dn
tlie Tc-xrid Pn.rhs and h'ildli KJ Df-jDarcnont , there- aon^,-,i.-!3 co
be liti..le interest in cor.-T-orci^l trnppinq of bc-ivirn
along tho rivev tocic.y. Likcr./iao, there i:; an apparent
lack of inl-orect in cxoloiclrg the nink, another rela-
tively coiimon fur-becirir.g laanunal inhabiting t.he Trinity
River.
A third species, the. introduced nutria from South
America, also has a pelt of potential cora.isrcial value,
but this investigator is not aware of any nutric?.s being
trapped for their fur. Although not common on the river
itself, the nutria was rather frequently encountered in
marshes or lakes near the river, and on some of the
larger slow-moving tributary strewing such 0s P.od:r.ond
Creek in lower Liberty County. At times nutria popu-
lations cnn build v^p in a rac^rsh, lake, cj.nalr or irri-
gation ditch to the point where the aniinsls become a
major po."t by eating all of the aquatic vegetation , or
even crops and pine seedlings (E^ans, 1970; Atwood, 1950).
Sites of Particular Ecological Importance
From an ecological viewpoint there are many val-
uable area:: --loncj \ '-n "7--!: -i '.-•• ""'•'.--. The »-.'••. -.,-,-. --i
i:.!>-un i i, cho ..... i.it.. ' . -:::-c'\ ^ .r..:.s cvr •.-.'.
All o,: thc^c :.J,Lc:>. aio v...y i.upu^ _tlnr. ror
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339
These include: (I) the forest area between the old
the rive:: in Henderson County, soul.lv.-.or.I of Tool (in
the f;anciL:rs Creek oeuurt1.! area); (j) tha c.a:5t siil-j of
the rivt-i in 7,nder.~on County in the general vicirp ty
of Big Lake, soveral ni.T OP above Jlicrh-iMy S-l cxosr.irx;;
(4) t!:r; .'-ou^ii side oj: thn river in V7ol>.sr County in
the Dldck CroeJc/Miitu Oak Crock area; (5) the north
side of the rivsr in Walker County on the Earl Koore
Ranch in the Horrei:hce LaJrs area; (C) the south and
west i;ide of the river in Can J«-;cinto CounL-y south of
FM 1127 in the Davison Bayou/Coley Creek area; (7) u»ost
of the \:o;:t side of the river .in Libsrty County beUrcen
the Nev Rivor Lakes Developrient and S-m llou^.tcn I-aJ-.es
Develop:vent (r-.pproxin/itt:3 y the i?i.-ld.ltj region of thr-
river bet\--3en Highways 10'5 and 1G2) ; (2) the Tanner
Dayou area op. the west side of the river in LiberLy
Conn by between lliqhway 1G2 and Cppora Ridnc; and (9) a
large forunted and cv;ajnriy art*a on the west side of \hii
river in Liberty County across Cror.; JIo:-s Bluff, gen-
erally fron c.bout 1-1/2 miles north of the county line
north to the Harrison and Timber Lake subdivisions.
Although the above sites are considered to b£ the
be?jt v/iltllife- areas along the river at the present tirce,
it should be emphasized that niuncrous other sites are
also highly valuable, including all nesting colonies of
herons and egrets (nee Table 33 ). In Liberty County
where most oif the river is extensively forested on both
sides it is difficult to single out specific sites as
being more important than other:?. However, the present
survey of the river indicates that the Tanner Bayou area
is almost certainly the most significant and valuable
ecological area situated anywhere along the Trinity
River today. Every effort should be made to preserve it.
Currently, most of the approximately 13,000 acres of
forest in this axea is owned by the Kirby Lumber Company,
and the area is leaded for both hunting and grazing.
However, because of thij inaccessibility by road to much
of the aroa, it remains relatively Little disturbed by
man. It is possible that one or more ivory-billed wood-
peckers may inhabit this area.
CONCLUSIOWS
The T*•••'-.i t;' rJ • ov- lie-, or. the '.:o:;tcrn r.c;ge of the
Austrorip:..Y.j... . b:c.^-.c }-:~o\ ni'jf.1 (OLC.Z, 1943; L'i.i:.v, 1950),
end its tivj ,:r. • no. :-.: : 'i:il\r.:i Ca-J.i-:; aj.e, in .g^r.^ral, typ-
ical of those of the whole southeastern United States.
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TABLE I. Fishes Collected in Present Study.
LepisostEus ossous (Linnaeus) - long-nosed gar
Dorosoma pctenense (Gunthcr) - thrcadfin shad
Dorosoma cepedianuiii (LeSueur) - gizzard shad
Noteffligonus crysoleucas (Mitchnll) - golden shiner
Notropis vonustus (Girard) - blacktail shiner
Notropis li'trensis (Baird and Girard) - red shiner
Notropis atrocaudalus Everman - blackspot shiner
Pimephales vigilax (Baird and Girard) - bullhead minnow
Ictalurus punct.atus (Rafinesque) - channel catfish
Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) - black bullhead
Noturus noclurnus (Jordan and Gilbert) - freckled madtom
Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque) - blackstripe topminnow
Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) - mosquitofish
Menidia audens Hay - Mississippi silverside
Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque) - white bass
Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque) - spotted bass
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) - largemouth bass
Chaenpbryttus gulosus (Cuvier) - warmouth
Lepomis macrochinis Rafinesque - bluegill
Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque) - longear sunfish
Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque - white crappie
Percina scierus Swain - dusky darter
Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) - logperch
EthoostoTiia sooctabile (Agassiz) - orange throat darter
Aplodinotus grunnicns Rofincsque •• freuiiwater drum
79
-------
TABLE II. Checklist of Species Fniiml in Carzn-Litfcle Llrn Rrservoir
and Elm fork Trinity Urainayo by Bonn (1956) and Lamb (1%7)
Lepisosteus plalcstorca Rarinesque - shortnose gar
Lcpisosteus productus (Winehell) - spotted gar
Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus) - longnose yar
Dorosoma cepedianum (LeSueur) - gizzard shad
Astyanas fasciatus (Cuvier) - banded tetra
Ictiobus bubal us (Rafinesque) - smallmouth buffalo
Carpiodos carpio (Rafinesque) - river carpsucker
Mineytroma melanops (Rafinesciue) - spotted sucker
Cyprinns carpio Linnaeus - carp
Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchell) - golden shiner
Opsopoeodus emiliap Hay - pugnose minnow
Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque - emerald shiner
Notropis umbratilis (Girard) - redfin shiner
Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard) - red shiner
Notropis buchanani Meek - ghost shiner
Notropis venustus (Girard) - blacktail shiner
Notropis brazosensis Hubbs and Bonham - Brazos River shiner
Hybognathus nuchal is Agassiz - silvery minnow
Hybognathus placita Girard - plains minnow
Pimephales vigil ax (Baird and Girard) - bullhead minnow
Campostoma anonialum (Rafinesque) stoneroller
Ic^talurus punctatus .(Rafinesque) - channel catfish
IctaTurns me!as (Rafinesque) - black bullhead
80
-------
TABLE II. Checklist of Species Found in Garza-Little film Reservoir
and Elm Fork Trinity Drainage by Bonn (19i5G) and Ldiiib (1957)
(continued)
Ictahirus natal is (leSueur) - yellow bullhead
jjoturus. mo Uil (Mitchell) - tadpole mad torn
Notm-us Rocturnus (Jordan and Gilbert) - freckled madtoin
Fundulus p.otatus (Rafinesque) - blackstripe topininnow
Fundulus konsae Gorman - plains killifish
Gambusia affinis (Iteird and Girard) - mosquitofish
Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque) - v/hite bass
Micropterns punctulatus (Rafinesque) - spotted black bass
Micropterus salmoidas (Lacepede) - largomouth black bass
Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier) - warmouth
Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque - green sunfish
Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque - bluegill
Lepomis humilis (Girard) - orangespotted sunfish
Lepomis micro!ophus (Gunthcr) - redear sunfish
Lepomis mega lotis (Rafinesque) - longear sunfish
Pomoxis annularis Rafinesquc - white crappie
Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) - logperch
Etheostoma chlorosoma'(Hay) - bluntnose darter
Etheostoma gracile (Girard) - slough darter
Etheostoma barratti Hoi brook - scalyhead darter
Etheostoma spectabile (Agassiz) - orangethroat darter
Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque - drum
81
-------
£r^ieroii_ sp.), Tu.riblegrciss
(Sdiodonnardus poniciiljiUi'Q, Cuffalobiir (SoUijiifin rostro/aiiM)
and Proton :>p.
5. MAMMALS - Trapping, utilizing mostly Shcnn?.n live traps and a
few Museum-Special snap-traps, was accoi.ipl islitd in 5 difTcrcnt
Geologic associations: (1) Mesophytic Forest, (2) Old-Pield
Grasses (eradicated forest and disturbed prairie grasses),
(3) Blacklcnd Prairie Grasslands, (4) Bare-soil (bull-doxod
forest) and (5) cross-timber forest. Sampling comprised 7-15
trap-nights. Trapping yielded 49 specimens representing 5
genera. Collections were taken in the flood-plain to the
terraces. Trapping distribution is presented below in tabular
form.
90
-------
NUMBER OF TRAP NIGHTS AND CATCHES IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
BARE SOIL
MESOPHYTIC (BULL-DOZED
FOREST)
Trap-Nights 47 47
21 47
21
21 (1 Peromyscus
15 near bull-
dozed
trees)
TRAP NIGHTS 125 94
SPECIMENS 0 1
CROSS TIMBERS
25
25
(19 Sigmodon
3 Peromyscus
2 Mus
2 Rettus
_!_ Rsi chrodontomys)
27 specimens
50
27
OLD -FIELD
GRASSES
ERADICATED
MESOFHYTIC
FOREST
47
33
38
15
(6 Siq-rodon
1 Kusj
7 specimens
176
7
BLACKLAND
PRAIRIE
DISTURBED
5U
50
50
(No catch)
SLIGHT STRESS
50
(5 SicTcdop.
1 Ra.Ul'S
2 M,5
"! F'c-rcmvscus)
9 SDacirrc-ns
RELATIVELY
UHHISTURCED
50
50
(2 Sig-odon
7 I js)
9 3p=ci^sns
3CC
18
-------
The cotton rat (Sigmodon) is highly adaptable and occurs in
both disturbed as well as relatively undisturbed areas as long
as grassy cover is available. The Norway Rat (Rattus) and the
House Mouse (Mus) dwell near human habitations. The Harvest
Mouse (Reitlirolontoinys) lives in both grassland and open forest
especially savannahs. The Deer Mouse (Peronyscus mam'culatus)
is chiefly a dense forest inhabitant.
According to Blair (1950) and Burt and Grossenheider (1964)
there are about 45 species of mammals in the Elm Fork region.
However, many of the original habitats have been decimated or
greatly modified by human activity and there are probably less
than 40 mammalian species remaining. The signs of Beavers
(Castor) are common along the Elm Fork. In addition the Muskrat
(Ondatra). Armadillo (Dasypus). Raccoon (Procyon). Opossum
(Didelphis). Swant Rabbit (Sylvilagus), Striped Skunk (Mephitis),
two s'pecies of squirrels (Sciurus) and the Gray Fox (Urocyon)
are typical inhabitants of the mesophytic forest.
6. AMPHIBIA - About 12 species of Amphibia are reported from the Elm
Fork region (Conant, 1958). Two very interesting tree-frogs live
in ponds and swamps adjacent to the Elm Fork, the Green Treefrog
(Hyla cinerea) and the Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor). All
amphibian species are dependent on rather high humidity micro-
climates for completion of their life cycle.
7. REPTILES - About 44 species of reptiles are reported from the Elm
Fork region (Conant, op. cit.). The Cottomrouth (Agkistrodon
92
-------
piscivorus), Pigmy Rattlesnake (Sistrums miliahs), Garter
Snake (Thnnmophis sirtalis), Diamond-Backed Water Snake (Najrix_
taxispiIota), the Blotched Water Snake (N. cr^lhnjga^lcr), the
Broad-Headed Skink (tumncej_ TjrtjajDsJ, Five-Lined Skink
(L fasciatus) and the Ground Skink (Lyoosonia_ latpralp) arc all
high humidity water and forest species. The same is true for
eight of nine species of turtles which occur in the Elm Fork
region.
8. BIRDS - Pulich (1961) reports that about 320 species of birds
occur in the study region. Texas leads all other states in
varieties of birds, about 500. Some 43% of the Elm Fork avi-
fauna are migratory species which 'stop-over1 along the meso-
phytic forest in particular during spring and fall. Many
migratory and resident birds are spectacular: the gaudy Painted-
Bunting, Promonothary Warbler, Red-Tail Hawk, Belted Kingfisher
and the Great Blue Heron. The giant Pileated Woodpecker was
exterminated by man several decades ago.
-------
APPENDIX IV
Geological Considerations
Resource Data By
Sciscenti, J. V., J. E. Ubelaker, W. F. Mahler,
R. D. Hyatt, M. L. Scott, S. A. Skinner, D. Gillette,
J. T. Thurmond. 1972. Environmental and Cultural
Resources Within the Trinity River Basin. Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, Texas under contract
with the Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District.
306 pp.
-------
on
The northern portion of the Trinity River Br'sin includes
bedrock of PElo.oKO.ic and M_i.<:ozoic «iqe apcHnspntr:. in the
northwestern extreme of tho bcu;in, the- older Permian seui ••
mnnts are over Jain conformably by Pcnnsylvajiirn/J-jiasiasj-ppian
ago carbonates and elastics. At the? ::urrlace, these djp toward
the northwest at a shallow angU>, the outcrops trending rovujh-
ly north-south. To the east and r.outh, Cretaceous sediments
lap unconfornvibly onto the older Pitlco?.oic rocl;s. These
Cretaceous rocl;s are the oldest Texas remnants of tho series;
of deposits accumulated durinq the retreat of the sea during
the Mississippi Embayment. Beginning with Lower Cretaceous
sediments in the north, the Trinity River passes ovor progres-
sively younger Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediinentR to the south.
All were deposited as sediments on the margin of the Gulf
Coast Geosyncline. In the subsurface the formations general-
ly thicken considerably toward the Gulf, approaching geo-
synclinal proportions at depth.
Paleozoic topography is variable, consisting largely of
limstone-capped uplands standing as remnants of the once con-
tinuous veneer of the carbonate-shale-sandstone cover. From
the Lower Cretaceous southward and eastward, topography con-
sists of sets of gently rolling hills trending more-or-lcss
perpendicular to the course of the Trinity River and forming
long continuous cuestas on the up-dip sides of the exposures.
General Stratigraphy
Except for the Late Paleozoic sediments (Permian and
Missippian-Pensylvanian) in the northwestern corner of the
basin, surface exposures include a progression of Early Cre-
taceous formations in the north through a more-or-less com-
plete representation of Tertiary formations to the south.
Correlation is largely biostratigraphic rather than struc-
tural or lithologic.
A fair number of detailed stratigraphy papers have been
published, although no single account has replaced the over-
'13 treatments of Dumble (1913) and Sellards, et al. (1932).
:;early all sedimentary rocks in the basin can be categorized
?>s lovland terrcstrir.l, shoreline, or near-shoro c'cnosits
217
-------
OK I » HCM *
I <«c« , ]*!«
IVtow* I- —K"
I • I •«—
>GC S1HATIORAPHIC GROUP
TCI Ciuonllla (Phoetnt )
Tl Filming. (Miot«nt • Phacln» )
Tf Guvydon (Obaocint)
T, Jot»..n(E...n.)
Tt I Claiboffi (Cocin)
T« Wilcfli (FoctnO
1m Midvdy ( Poltecin* )
Kta ToylOf Grejp
KOtl Aoll-n Group
K*f Cogl* r<»4 Group
W
Gulf Sintt
(Uppir Crttociou.)
Kc
Woihile Oroup "| C()n(,ne|,, $,,,.,
FitOr.Cklburg Group ((.Owtf CrtlOCtClll)
Trimly Group j
f w.chifo Group (Ptrmion)
p-U Conron I and
|fr*MftJ M.i..ii.ppian)
GEOLOGIC MAP
T/llrVITr RIVER BASIN
Figure 15. Geologic nap of tho rrinity ;v.\ver Basin.
218
-------
the Cornmtionr; crop out at the surface, For thir. roa -
«,on, all formations arc potentially important for their Co:;-
si.1 content, since theme environments arc the most lihwly to
accumulate organisms in abundance. Especially important. 10
paleontologists and s^rutigraphcrs are the following: t-iio
Permian "red-beds" region in the northwestern section ol t.!;f
bus in for their terrontricm Paleozoic amphibians and ruijl- i ."j.«.
(only a couple localities elsewhere in the world have proven
as productive and as .important to vertebrate evolution); the
Lower Cretaceous formations in the northern ynd wcstorn pi-rt
of the basin for their occasional ancestral mammal content;
the Upper Cretaceous formations which were deposited in a
shallow sea, for their invertebrate content, and for their
large marine reptiles; the paleocenp.-Cretaceous formation:!I
contact for purposes of correlation with other regions of
the world; the Eocene and Middle Tertiary sediments for their
invertebrate and vertebrate fossils; and the Quaternary forma-
tions, especially of Dallas and surrounding counties for
their abundant vertebrate faunas of Pleistocene age.
A detailed account of all the formations in the basin
is not feasible for this report. However, a general descrip-
tion of the formations of each age group follows:
Quaternary; strandline .and nearshore deposits of Pleis-
tocene age; stratigraphy poorly understood, based on coast-
line terrace levels according to sea level fluctuations dur-
ing the last 2 million years; outcrops few; the area has been
poorly surveyed for fossils; paleontology includes a poor
representation of typical Pleistocene vertebrates and snails.
Middle and Late Tertiary; Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene
sediments, including a variety of terrestrial, shoreline,
and nearshore deposits; stratigraphy incompletely understood,
based in large part on vertebrate fossil correlation with
continental Tertiary deposits, especially in north Texas
sediments and in Kansas/Nebraska Tertiary sediments; outcrops
few; early paleontological literature reflects a serious
competition for vertebrate fossils with deliberately poor
descriptions of localities; the few definitely known locali-
ties have been largely covered by aggradation during historic
times due to agricultural and lumbering practices; the area
has produced a large number of Tertiary fossils, now housed
in many major museums around the country, without locality
219
-------
data; a concentrated survey for old and now localities in
this area is a must if previously recovered fossils ave to
retain any value.
Early Te.rti ary; Eocene and Pa] eocene near-chore ?m«-l
terrestrial deposits; abundance of invertebrate fossil in-
formation, especially important to stratigraphy; only a
few reported known sites of vertebrate fons.il rncovcrio:;;
potentially extremely important for its vertebrate con--
tent; the fossils are known to exist, but few concentro-tod
efforts aimed at finding the localities have been conclucuod;
outcrops few and difficult to reach in many places because
of thick vegetation cover.
Included in the area of early Tertiary sediments is the
region of the proposed Tennessee Colony dam in Anderson and
Freestone Counties (see figures 15 and 16 for references and
geology). This area is potentially the most important
region in the basin with proposed construction projects.
Tehuacana Creek, just north of the proposed dam site, has
produced an abundance of invertebrate fossils, with many
important type localities in the creek's drainage, all v«jry
important to stratigraphy. Moreover, there is a possibility
that Eocene or Paleocene vertebrates are likely to be un-
covered. Any vertebrate remains should be excavated at all
cost, for here lies a possible Eocene or Paleocene verte-
brate locality unique to all the world; only 4 or 5 other
areas in the world have produced Paleocene vertebrates in
any abundance, a situation which accounts for a poor under-
standing of early mammalian evolution.
Upper Cretaceous; Largely near-shore and offshore
deposits of sandstones and limestones; stratigraphy fairly
well known owing to abundant fossil content, especially
foraminifera; includes occasional recoveries of large
Mesozoic marine reptiles, important as representatives in
an intermediate geologic and geographic position compared
to areas of more abundant vertebrate recoveries; numerous
type localities for invertebrates.
Lower Cretaceous; Near-shore and terrestrial deposits
of sandstones, shales and limestones; stratigraphy poorly
known for general lack of study and paucity of fossil material
collected; fossil content in recent years has proven exceed-
ingly productive for important groups of vertebrates (see
220
-------
various papers by slaughter and Thurmond) ; important cnnec-j ?il-
ly for e?rly mammal recoveries; probably the poorest kn ;»M
region in the basin for its fossil;; despite the potc-ntifil
importance of Early Cretaceous fossils to paleontologists
and s t r a t i cjr aphcr s .
pipnnFi^vr.iT^o^JI^1' fi§i?^ini[lLrjl? : Largely off chore car-
bonates (iiiiicst-.ont: reefs), shales and sands; in the basin,
those are an extension of a massive reef-complex to tho
south; many important invertebrates have been described
from the areas to the south, while a lesser amount of con-
centration in the formations within the bAsin have yielded
a small number of fossils; potent tally important as a major
tie-in with other continental Pennsylvanian sediments to
the north.
Pjjrjni_Pn_: Extends barely into the basin; includes a
'dominant terrestrial "red-bed" facies which has produced
abundant numerous important terrestrial vertebrates; early
locality data for this region is particularly difficult to
decipher, when published, owing to a past of jealousy and
possessiveness for the extremely important amphibian and
reptile material recovered in the area.
Pleistocene Terraces of the_ Trinity River
Although the remnant terrace system alonq the Trinity
River has been well studied in places (notably in Dallas
County) little information has been gathered concerning
Pleistocene terrace geology and paleontology along the
river's entire course. Three remnant terraces are general-
ly recognized, each with consistent elevations above pre-
sent floodplain (conventionally numbered at T-0), and with
distinct vertebrate and invertebrate faunas (Fi./. 16).
The terrace geology is poorly understood with respect
to sources for alluvial material. The most consistent map-
ping of terraces on the Trinity River relies on elevations,
as follows:
T-0 Trinity River modern floodplain, approximately
20 feet above normal water level.
221
-------
(O
to
ro
OJ
O
o
o.
O
•n
O
r!
W
El.v
»t
120-
110-
9O-
70-
3O-
20-
O-
-10-
TERRACE DEPOSITS OF THE
TRINITY RIVCR
r{
r1-
j-»
1
-------
T-l First terrace, often incompletely prefervod owing
to erosion; approximately !>0 feet above river
level.
T-2 Second terrace, gonerally present- but not in
full section; approximately 70 feet ubovc rivor
level.
T-3 Third terrace, never yet found in full section
with associated fp.unc\; of ton prcronh as a cap
on T-2 consisting of basal gravels and cobbles;
difficult to recognise; minimum 90 feet above
river level.
The ages of the terraces have been well established by
faunal correlation and by radiocarbon dating:
T-0 5,000-2,000 D.P. (before present) to present;
totally modern fauna.
T-l 10,000 B.P. to 4,000 B.P.; essentially modern
vertebrate and snail faunas.
T-2 50,000 B.P. to 10,000 B.P.; early and middle
Wisconsin age fauna; many extinct species;
common mastodon, mammoth, bison, camel, horses,
extinct deer, extinct giant land tortoise,
extinct ground sloth.
T-3 In excess of 50,000 years before present; no
associated fauna known.
These terraces have produced some of the best faunas
for the late Pleistocene of North America. It is very likely
that concentrated prospecting by experienced paleontologists
will produce more (and hopefully better) terrace faunas
south of Dallas County (Henderson County contains the only
other well studied T-2 fauna in the south Trinity River
drainage — Stovall and McAnulty 1941). if the meagre,
albeit important, information regarding the Trinity terrace
is to retain any value, further exploration and mapping are
essential, especially in areas to be excavated by construc-
tion or areas to be flooded.
223
-------
TABLE 1 continued
County Abstract Locality Total
Number Localities
Hunt 180 1
Parker 4, 74, 211, 347, 363 5
Tarrant 4. 11, 15-19. 24, 48-50, 70, 71, 74, 89-92, 94,
111. 112, 148. 151. 155, 161, 185-189, 191, 196,
203, 205-208. 211, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222,
230-233, 248, 249, 256-260, 266, 283-288, 292,
293, 324, 325, 327. 348, 351, 352, 359, 363,
380, 381, 383, 390-402 88
Dallas 10, 13, 84, 110, 150. 156. 162. 167. 171, 174-176,
212, 220, 226-229, 242, 243, 245-247, 261, 291,
294, 295, 298, 321, 333-335, 348. 362, 364, 367,
371-373, 387-389 42
Rockwall 21, 22, 78, 154. 166, 181, 322, 337, 353, 362,
366, 385 12
Kaufman 25, 58-60, 130, 131, 143, 144, 173, 225, 330, 362 12
Johnson 4, 74, 202, 217, 234, 352, 403 7
Ellis 7, 8, 73, 157, 163, 224, 236-238, 262, 302-304,
334, 339, 368-370 18
Hill 3, 352, 405 3
-------
Cushman,- J. A., 193?., Tor^i-!Mi±i ^rirl Rolotcd Forms from «hr:
Cretaceous, Cu^vnu.n L:>«jor.itory iroririiiinifttra Research
Contributions, Vol. ii, Part 4, pp. 86-L-7, 1 pi.
(Contribution 124).
Abstract: Clarification of a group of similar foraiani-
fera and descriptions of new forms; important to «,trj;..: •••
graphy; two typo localities in basin.
Localities:
(78) Collin County, 5.1 miles from Josephine along tho
highway to Nevada.
(79) Navarro County, 6 miles east of Corsicana.
Cushman, J. A., 1940a, American Upper Cretaceous Fornnunifcra
of the Genera H^ntR]J_;\_f_t und NpiPJi^jli^.. Cuahaian LaLora-
tory Foraminifcr- R^^rnrch Contributions, Vol. 16. part
4, pp. 75-96, illus. (Contribution 223).
Abstract: Discussion of the foraniniferal population
of these genera in the Upper C.retacoous sediment.•; ot
North America; four type localities in basin.
Localities:
(80) Navnrro County, clay pit 2 miles south of Corr.i-
cana Court House.
(81) Limestone County, Mexia highway at forks of
Wortham Road, 2.8 miles east-southeast of; Coolctiqc.
(82) Navarro County, road ditch 3.5 miles norlhwoGL o:"
Union Seminary School, 4.3 miles south-southeast
of Corbet.
(83) Grayson County, on road at north edge of Whitc-
right, north-facing slope of branch valley.
Cushman, J. A., 1940b, American Upper Cretaceous For?.rir.i fora
of the Family Anomalinidae, Cushman Laboratory Fora-i:-.L-
fera Research Contributions, Vol. 16, Part 2, pp. 27—;o,
illus. (Contribution 218).
Abstract: Descriptions of representatives of this
family, some of which are particularly useful as me:ex-
fossils.
239
-------
Localities:
(84) Rondcut, south side OL U.S. highway 80, 2 feel.
above sidewalk, oppor.ito Catholic school, 3.8
miles west of Union Stixtion, Dallas, Dallas
County.
(85) North of Sulphur Creek, 2.3 miles southeast of
Gober, Fannin County.
(86) 2.6 miles east of Carry, on rot-d to Covsicena,
Navarro County.
Cushman, J. A., 1941, American Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera
Belonging to Robu_lvin_ and Related Genera, Cuohman Labora-
tory Foraminifera Research contributions, Vol. 17, Part
3, pp. 55-69, illus. (Contribution 230).
Abstract: Discussion of the Robu1 us group of foramini-
fera from the Coastal Plain Cretaceous; one definite
locality in basin.
Localities:
(87) Limestone County, Mexia highway at forks of
Wortham Road 2.8 miles east-southeast of Cool edge.
Cuslunan, J. A. and C. I. Alexander, 1930, Some Vaffirm] inan
and other Foraminifera from the Lower Cretaceous of
Texas, Cushman Laboratory Foraminifora Research Con-
tributions, Vol. 6, Part 1, pp. 1-10, 2 pis. (Contri-
bution 87) .
Abstract: Discussions of forams of this type, with
descriptions of five new species.
Localities:
(88) Near the Fort Worth-Denton contact, 1.5 miles
west of Krum, Denton County.
(89) In the Denton, 5 miles south of Fort Worth,
Tarrant County.
(90) In the Weno, 5 miles south of Fort Worth,
Tarrant County.
(91) At Cragins Knobs, 6 miles west of Fort Worth,
Tarrant County.
(92) At Lake Worth Dam near Fort Worth, Tarrant County.
(93) West of Sanger, Denton County
240
-------
. .;;ni.->an, J. A. ;:r.d E. R. Applin, ISM6, Some U'orarnJ ni j w:^ o.'."
the Woodbine Age from Tnxan, Mir.cic.'jippi, ,M ohv-'n;: ,.r.,c;
Georgia, CuKhman Laboratory Forfiifiinii'ora H.jvi'vr.h Con-
tribution;-., Vol. 22, part 3, pp. 71-76, illuc. (Coulii-
bution 27'J) .
7ibstract: Clarification of several fornis, r.nd clcGcrip--
ticn of four new species.
Localities:
(94) "in a valley tributary to the Trinity River ncac
the east edge of Tarrant. CounLy; a four foot, ex-
posure below 3edge of fossi .1 iferouo "Torri.nt"
limestone in creek ban];, SO feet south cf dike cl-
ear then stock tank and about 000 fc-et north of:
Dorothy Switch."
(95) "from an eroded hillside along old highway r>p-
proxinately 2 miles east of V/hitesboro, Grayson
County."
(96) "exposed on a hillside above a ciacll poncl, 0.9
mile south 45° west of the center of Loy State
Park Lake, 2 miles southwest of Denison, Grciyson
County."
Cushman, J. A. and E. R. Applin, 1947, Some New For«.,minifera
from the American Cretaceous, Cushmcin Laboratory Fora-
mini f era Research Contributions, Vol. 23, Part 3,
pp. 53-55, illus. (Contribution 293).
Abstract: Description of six new species.
Localities:
(97) 3 1/2 miles southeast of Gordonville, Grayson
County.
(98) 2 miles east of Whitesboro, Grayson county.
Cushman, J. A. and N. L. Thomas, 1929, Abundant Fornminifera
of the East Texas Greensands, Journal of Paleontology,
Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 176-194, 2 pis.
Abstract: Description of the East Texas Eocene foramini-
feran fauna; one locality in basin.
Localities:
(99) Anderson County, one iTiile north of Elkhurt near
the railroad at Hopkins f^ult.
241
-------
,iay( 0. P., 1924a, Description of Some Fossil vertebrates
from the Upper Miocene of Texan, J3iologic;il Society of
Washington Proceedings, Vol. 37, pp. 1-19, 2 figs.,
6 pis.
Abstract: Description of several new species of large
Miocene vertebrates, all type locc.ljti.os outside of
basin (mainly Grimes County); note on a collection
from Cold Spring, San jacinto County.
Hay, 0. P., 1924b, The Pleistocene of the Middle Region of
North America and Its Vertebrated Animals, Carnegie
Institute of Washington Publication No. 322A, 385 pp.,
5 figs., 29 maps.
Abstract: An exhaustive work giving a run-down of
Pleistocene localities for euch of 19 categories of
large vertebrates, with discussion and analysis; a
starting point for all work in Pleistocene vertebrate
paleontology. Analysis of the Pleistocene in the
Trinity River Valley; analysis of distribution maps
for 29 categories of large Pleistocene vertebrates;
localities for each animal.
Localities:
(149) Mastodon, Cooke County, in surficicil deposits
at Gainesville.
(150) Mastodon, Dallas County, in city limits of Dallas;
Lagow gravel pit; gravel pit south of Dallas;
near Wiliner under a bridge over a stream.
(151) Mastodon, Tarrant County, vicinity of Fort Worth,
north side of Trinity River north of Fort Worth,
a junction of Trinity River and Little Fossil
Creek, 5 miles east of Fort Worth.
(152) Mastodon, Trinity county, near Clapps Ferry, 10
miles west of Trinity.
(153) Mastodon, San Jacinto County, one mile below
Drews' Landing on the west bank of the Trinity.
(154) Elcphas colurnbi, Collin County Panther Creek,
2 miles south of Rock Hill; gravel pit near
McKinney.
(155) Elephas columbi, Tarrant County, no definite
locale.
251
-------
(1!)G) llLT;^1." i £i?l.'I?1V-' Dt'"1- 1-f;r: County, vnciou.-; n :;. • -,
] I).1-1. L L \.ic-f-., '"ii: 'J Ili'OS S--".'i:ii O>~ Dalian c, : i i !
M: nr Uv.1-: I, ^.m <:.:.". cTui Voxu.', rt;ii Lroc-d.
(157) r, ic--"'-..-j co»,-; ^i., E'L • j •-• Cc.iiiiy, no fViip}1-'- 1... -
(IMi) J|j:- ci.ii'..! •, ::,-".':i-ro Coiuii.v, ];:•;.r r ;-.:•; -,i
(]I5'3) 21^-''.-!..• r.°_' 0 •_:-;.' rj':J :.••-'./ Cf...,ty ))•-..ir 'i/: 1,1'. •_. .
(]GO) Jy/'J1-- ;i r;«. ' - ."'.'L' J-"'1^1^ C.ounLy, Jii .a r;r,,vol -.j.;.
(IG1) !• !.'.!;'.•'_•..'. 1;: ," 1 •!::.'.'__' '1'"i'J-"«"J'!- fovihiy, near ,-(>:-i
VJortli, in gj':.vi.:J pit 1.'"> iflilo:; ouxi{.liwi:j;t. c-i"
Fort Worth.
(162) ij.loijj.-^:. ii-.'.'':;?'.'. L^' L1.'-] Ifi'i Crnmty, j u D;-.llr.j.-, i
a yravol pj t .-long T.vinity River ^. ^ ;n K.;, ....«.-.
of Dallas; v«:j:jou.-- .-.Jong Trinj l-y 1'jvcr.
(163) li.ViP.llL.1 ''-''Pllll'.lL^/"-' "1-]-!-J5 County, in the bc:<: ;..-•
d ui:refill u.j.'ir Tv^.xiil-uichre.
(164) i''jcM^'Jl Aj:?I?r.Vf;!.££' T'olk County, in a giiwcl p: L
n&ar Ojidicii.^i'1,
(165) lilophr-nt, EpecJoc indoLcrminant, DentO:) Cour.l",
5 miles from UcnLOJi.
(166) Elephant, spccios indcl'-orpiLnsnt, Col] in cou:T. y,
in a gravel pat near McKJJ.npy.
(167) Rlephant, &pc*cicc incleternunant, within city
limits of Dsllr.s.
(168) Elephdnt, spjcicc inclc-t enninr.nt, Navarro Coi.f.t/,
somev/here near Dnwson.
(169) Elephant, species indetcrminant, San jacinto
County, a milo below Drews' Landing on Tnn:-. .
River.
(170) Eouus_, Dcnton County, 6 miles northeast of L.'ru
(171) Eguus, Dallas county, ncv.'ly opened Logow PL- -j-
mile north of the old pit and in city lirai.tr..
(172) Eguus, Anderson County, from Palestine.
(173) Equus, Trinity County, White Rock Shoaln ot ^>o
mouth of VJliite Rock Creek.
(174) Camel, Dallas County, in Lagow Pit in Dallas.
(175) Deer, Dallas County, Lagow Pit.
(176) Extinct bison, Dallas County, Lagow Pit in P.jli
in the Vilbig sand pit east of Dallas nejr ;.;;<.:.•;
Creek.
Heaslip, W. G., 1S68, Cenozoic Evolution of the Alticc\-,'. ,n.
Venericorids in Gulf and East Coastal North /XTorif.i,
Palaeontographica Americana, Vol. 6, No. 34, pp. '*?-
135, 28 figs., 29 pis.
232
-------
(215) A northwestward fcicing n.lope two miles north of
IJandloy, Tciirrant County.
(216) On a south facing slojx-i 200 Vc.rds north of U.S.
highway 80, on the wade 11 nanch, 1.5 miles cast
of llcmdlcy, Tarrent County.
(217) On a southwestward f?icing hill about 1 mile oast
of Burleson, Johnson County.
McNulty, C. L., 1963, Teeth of Pchalodus __
Lcidy from the Pennsylvania ot North Texas, Texas
Journal of Science, Vol. 15, pp. 351-353, illus.
Abstract: Note of the first formal recognition of
thase late Paleozoic shark teeth in the Texas urea,
with descriptions .
Localities :
.(218) In the quarry of the Wesco Corporation, 4 1/2
miles northwest of the town of Bridgeport , Jack
County (Wise ? County) Texas.
McNulty, C. L., 1964, Hypolophid Teeth from the Woodbine
Formation, Tarrant County, Texas, Eclogae Geologiae
Ilelvetiae, Vol. 57, Part 2, pp. 537-539, 1 pi.
Abstract: Descriptions of several rare fossil ray
teeth of Late Cretaceous age.
Localities:
(219) In low cuts along road to Central Airlines
Operations Hangar, Southwest International
Airport, Tarrant County.
McNulty, C. L. and G. Kienzlen, 1970, An Enchodontid Mandi-
ble from the Eagle Ford Shale (Turonian) , Dallas County,
Texas, Texas Journal of Science, Vol. 21, pp. 447-451,
illus .
Abstract: Discussion based on the recovery of a
large Cretaceous fish, with comments regarding osteo-
logy, distribution and functional anatomy.
Localities:
(220) On. the south bank of the Trinity River, at a
point about 100 yards GET*- of the Loo:; \2 bridcie
in west-central Dallas
260
-------
from the abandoned n-::cliclor rjchoolhouso; in iv-r,-!.---
rno.-t portion of several gul.lics which dri'in nn,-'..ri-
wi'Rt into Little- Jtifjh I'ouifc. crook, north-central
Kaufman County.
Meier, R. W., 1964, G'jology of the Br.Lt!'on Quadrangle, I),ilUx:>,
Ellis, Johnson, and Tari:;mt Counticr., TF.xns, M:C.J;\K.
Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Mcthodit,;
University, Dnlleic, Tc;:o.s, viii + 24 pp., 3 tcxt-f igs.,
geo.logi.Crtl map.
Abstract: Includes several detc,.i.led measured scsctionfi.
Localities:
(226) 3.0 niilea due west of Cedar Hill, 0.3 )iu.1e cast
of the quadrangle' s Units, just north of Hans-
field Rofid, Dal IBB County.
(227) 3.4 miles duo west of: Cedar Hill along PRcjgct
Drench, 0.4 mile north of Mansfield ROcicJ, Da] Ins
County.
(220) 4.3 miles south 80° west of Cednr Hill, 1/2 mile
wost of Andevr-on Road, just north of Mansfield
Road, Dallas County.
(229) 0.9 mile south of Mansfield Road, just west of
Boss Cope Road, Dallas County.
(230) 2.3 miles north of Britton, just cast of Sutton
Road along an unnamed tributary of Mountain Creek,
Tarrant County.
(231) 0.9 mile south of Webb along Bowman Ranch on the
Webb-Mansfield road, Tarrant County.
(232) Along an unnamed tributary of Walnut Creek, 1.9
miles north 30° east of Mansfield, Tarrant County.
Meyer, W. G., 1939, stratigraphy and Historical Geology of
Gulf Coastal plain in Vicinity of Elarris County, Texas,
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletins,
Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 145-211, 8 figs., including index
and paleogeography maps.
Abstract: Comprehensive ctudy of the sediments of
late Tertiary age in the vicinity of Harris County,
with extended discussion of paleogeography. No
measured sections.
262
-------
j/.ichael, Fouad Yousry, 1971, Studios of For z-n In if era from
the Corocmchean Series (Cretaceous) of Texas, Ph.D.
thesis, Department of Geological Sciences, Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, Tex;is, vii -I- 87 pp.,
7 text-figs., 7 pis.
Abstract: Regional stratigriiphic study with palco-
environmental interpretation'; brined on forttminifera;
21 localities in basin in Denton, TiJVUcint, Cook?.,
Parker, Grayson, Johnoon, Corye11, and McLennan counties,
Moreman, w. L., 1942, Paleontology of the3 F.ag]a Ford of
North and Central Texas, Journal of Paleontology, Vol.
16, No. 2, pp. 192-220, illus.
Abstract: Paleontoloqical distribution and pale-ogeo-
graphy of the common ammoniteb, clams, and oysters of
the Eagle Ford Shale in north central Texas; mainly
biostratigraphic.
Localities:
(233) 2.25 miles east of Tarrant, Texas, railway
station (measured along railroad tracks) just
north of the railroad trestle on a small tribu-
tary of the Trinity River, Tarrant County.
(234) 4 miles south of Alvarado, Texas on the east
side of the Waco highway, Johnson County.
(235) 4 miles east of Miitesboro, Texas, 0.25 mile
south of the Whitesboro-Sherman highway, Grayson
County.
(236) 0.5 mile east of the Britton-Midlothian highway
2.7 miles south of the Britton, Texas railway
station in small ravines cut in the westward
facing slope, Ellis (?) County.
(237) 4 miles south of the Britton, Texas railway
station on the Midlothian highway in a ravine
east of the road, Ellis (?) County.
(238) 100 yards east of the bridge on the Britton-
Midlothian highway at a point 4.4 miles south
of the Britton railway station, Ellis (?) County.
(239) In a small ravine just south of the Lewisville-
Hebron road 3.5 miles east of the Lewisville rail-
road station, Denton County.
263
-------
(240) In blui'ls on Indian Crock 5.5 mi lor; o.'ist of the
Lcwisville rrii Iwt-Y station on the Hebron roaH;
one bluff is near the road on the south side, the-
othwr is 0.5 ir.i 3.c r.outh o£ the roivl, Don ton Countv,
(243) In a small ravi.no 100 ysrdr north of the Prosi"=r-
Deuton rorid 3 miJ.os we fit of. Prcr>pnr, TOXE*S, Dcnlo:>
County.
(242) 6 mi]os north'-f.ut of thu contra! business block
of Irving, Tcxtirj, or 3,2 mil en north of Sowexs,
Texas, where a tributary of IIc;ck.bcrry Creek form?
a low hJuff on the c^st cide of tiue rooo, Dcillna
County.
(243) 4.35 miles north of Sowars, Toras, where, the
Sowers-Coppe.11 rocicl turns right (o^st) one mile,
and 0.5 mile north of the road on a tributary of
Hackberry Creek, DalIds County.
(244) 3.4 miles southeast of Toi-tsboro, Texas on the
Khitesboro road, Crny&on County.
- (245) 1.4 mile east of CarroJlton, Texas in an exposure
on the north side of the road on Rawhide Creek,
Dallas County.
(246) In a tributary of l-lackbnrry Creek about 0.25 mile
west of the Huckberry-Irv.i ng road, 1 mile south
of the intersection west of the Dallas-Khome high-
way, Dallas County.
(247) On the south tacink of the Elm Pork of the Trinity
River at a point where the railroad north out of
Irving, Texas crosses the river, Dallas County.
(248) One mile south of Arcadia Park, Texas, Tarrant
County.
(249) Two miles west of Arcadia park, Texas, Tarrant
County.
Overmyer, D. O., 1953, Geology of the Pleasant Grove Area,
Dallas County, Texas, thesis, Department of Geological
Sciences, southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas,
iii + 11 pp., 3 text-figs., geological map.
Palmer, K. V. W., 1937, The Claibornian Scaphopoda, Gastro-
poda, and dibranchiate Cephalopoda of the Southern
United States, Bulletins of American Paleontology,
Vol. 7, No. 32, in 2 parts, 730 pp., 91 pis.
264
-------
(259) Santa Fe railroad cutn, 8 miles southwest of
Port Worth, Torrant County.
(260) FoltK Rcinch Quarry on Rocky Creek approximately
6 miles souLhwe&t of Fort Worth, Tarrnnt County.
pessagno, E. A., Jr., 1967, Uppc.r cretaceous Plan!;tonic
Forominjfera from Lhc Western Gulf coastal Plain,
palaeontographica Americana, Vol. 5, Ho. 37, pp. 245-
445, 63 figs., 101 plis.
Abstract: Extensive monograph.
Localities:
(261) Scony Mobil Oil Co., Field Research Laboratory,
Dallas Core of type Eagle Ford, 5.2 miles south
of the old Eagle Ford station on the Texas
Pacific Railroad? 3.5 miles south of Arcadia
Park, 10 miles north northwest of Britton and
12.5 miles southeast of the old Tarrant Station
on the St. Louis, San Francisco and Texas Rail-
road (Dolias County).
(262) Clay pit of Baron Brick Co. at Palmer, Ellis
County.
Pitkin, J. A., 1959, The Geology of the Palmer Quadrangle,
Ellis County, Texas, thesis, Department of Geological
Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas,
Texas, ii + 25 pp., 7 text-figs., geological map.
Plummer, H. J., 1926, Foraminifera of the Midway Formation
in Texas, University of Texas Bulletin No. 2644, 206 pp.,
15 pis., including map.
Abstract: Detailed account of the early Tertiary
foraminifera of Texas; many new genera and species
from a total of 41 type localities, including the
following counties in the basin: Hunt, Van Zandt,
Kaufman, Henderson, Navarro, Freestone, Anderson,
Limestone Counties; this important reference should
be consulted by any future workers planning to collect
invertebrate fossils in the area.
Plummer, H. J., 1934, Epistominoides and Coleites, New
Genera of Foraminifera, American Midland Naturalist,
Vol. 15, No. 5. pp. 601--GOC, 1 l"l.
267
-------
written in a popular style "t.o tlvit it ir,-;/ ru..'.c.Ti the
largest PUuicncR po.'-.ijibl u " . Incl o-'l. i niC-'iy f-Liv-i.-
grciphic. r.o ctj.cn?.,; nrii-e^yary redoing Tor .M-yo:i-v work
in the />rca.
Shu lor, I-:. W., 1923, Occuri-..jicf: of Iiuiii.in Jlynuiino wj Lh
Pleistocc-Wi For.M.ls, l,.'tgow fJ^nd pic, Dalliii, 'io::;i:i,
Science , vo 1 . 5 7 , pp . 33 3 - 3 y\ .
7ibstract: Ansoci.-.ticn of Inuncui irninm'ny with n dis-
tinct Sanqrvj.ion v"-.»'Lt-bi--itCi fus-na, Y-\r/y'( Ln'j, un.-iolx'uc1
problom. Shulcr WAG ronvinc-.ici that the «r.BOc:lation
was real, not a mixed occiurrcncc? .
Localities :
(29^1) Lagow Sand Pit, Dnllas County.
Shuler, E. W., 1934, Collecting FoiJ^i 1 Elephants at Dallr.c,
Texcis, FiuDd and Laboratory, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 24-29,
3 figs.
Abstract: General description of el.ephc.nt remains in
the Dallas area Trinity River terraces, and ci short
discussion of early man in North America; Dallciy County,
Shuler, E. W. , 1935, Terraces of thos Trinity River, Dalian
County, Texas, Field and Laboratory, Vol. 3, Wo. 2,
pp. 44-53, 2 figs., maps.
Abstract: The first systematic description of Trinity
River terraces, delimiting 4 levels: Union Terminal,
Travis School, Love Field and Irving Terraces; Dallas
County. Interpretations altered later by radiocarbon
dating and more extensive analysis.
Shuler, E. W. , 1950, A New Elasmosaur from the Eagle Ford
Shale of Texas-the Elasmosaur and Its Environment,
Fondren Science Series, No. 1, Part 2, 32 pp., illus.
Abstract: Description of a remarkably complete
elasmosaur skeleton from Upper Cretaceous sediments.
Technical description plus a popular account.
•70
-------
Localities:
(295) On the Andy Anderson plantation, west of Codar
Hill, Dallas County.
Slaughter, B. II., 1959, The First Noted Occurrence of
Da-S.YUUf. he-1 l"s in Texas, Field and Laborytory, Vol. 27,
No. 2, pp. 77-60, illus.
Abstract: First Texas report of these Sangemon-age
armadillos. Several other localities now known to
include p_._ be_llu£ also.
Localities:
(296) Hickory Creek, near its junction with the
Trinity River in southern Denton County.
Slaughter, B. H., 1965a, A-Therian from the Lower Cretaceous
(Albian) of Texas, Yale University Peabo-Jy Museum of
Natural History Postilla, Vol. 93, pp. 1-10, illus.
Abstract: Description of a phylogenetically important
intermediate family of early modern-type mammals based
on teeth recovered from Wise County.
Localities;
(297) In a shallow gully 250 yards northeast of U. S.
highway 81, 3 miles northwest of Decatur, Wise
County, on the farm of Mr. Lee Butler.
Slaughter, B. H., 1965b, Preliminary Report on the Paleon-
tology of the Livingston Reservoir Basin, Texas,
Fondren Science Series No. 10, 12 pp., 1 map.
Abstract: Appraisal of paleontological resources of
the Lake Livingstone (then) proposed area to be flood-
ed; extensive mapping and prospecting produced abun-
dant Miocene and Quaternary vertebrate fossils; 22
localities shown on map, now all inundated; several
of the localities collected prior to flooding.
Slaughter, B. H., 1966, The Moore Pit Local Fauna; Pleisto-
cene of Texas, Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 40, pp
78-91, illus.
277
-------
(37]) Dallas County, ii.-icjkberry Creoh KaqDv Fore? Shnle.
(372) Dallas County, 3 1/2 miles v/est o£ Codur IlJlll.
Turner, V7. L., 1950, Gcoloqy of the. Etqle Ford pimdrangle,
Dallas County, Tcxa?;, i-.hc.sifj, Dopjrfcrcent o.f Cc-oloq i OP!
Sciences, .Southern Me t) nidi a b University, DaliUir., Tex.IB,
iv + 29 pp., 7 text-rigs.., geological map.
Uddcn, J. A., C. L. BcJccr c
-------
(382) Grayson Marl at Graycon Bluff, Grpyr.on County.
(383) In the "Goodland" Formation at Ciayln's Knobs,
5 miles west Fort Worth, Turrant County.
(384) Navarro Formation neor Terrell, Kuufrmesi County.
(385) Wolfe City sand member of the Taylor Fonni-.Hon
about 1 mile north 30° west of FacwersvilLe,
Collin County.
(386) Nr.varro formation in a creek 1/4 mile north of
Corsicana, Navarro County.
Welles, S. P., 1949, A New Elasroosaur from the Eagle Ford
Shale of Texas; Systematic Description, Fondrcn Science
Series, No. 1, Part 1, 28 pp., illus.
Abstract: Description of an early find of an extinct
large marine reptile from the Cretaceous. New species.
Localities:
(387) Andy Anderson farm near Cedar Hill, Dallas County.
Welles, S. P. and B. H. Slaughter, 1963, The First Record
of the Plesiosaurian Ccnus, PQ]ypiiychodon (Pliocauridae)
from the New World, Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 37,
No. 1, pp. 131-133, illus.
Abstract: Description of the remains of a short-necked
plesiosaur, a marine reptile of the Cretaceous, new
species.
Localities:
(388) 100 yards west of Chalk Hill Road and 300 yards
north of West Commerce, Dallas, Dallas County.
White, M. P., 1933, Some Texas Fusilnidae, University of
Texas Bulletin No. 3211, 106 pp., 10 pis.
Abstract: Descriptions of a variety of Texas foramini-
fera; many new species; type localities, several in
Jack, Young, and Parker Counties barely into basin.
Williams, T. E., 1957a, Remains of a Pleistocene Turtle
from a Terrace Deposit near Seagoville, Dallas County,
Texas, Field and Laboratory, Vol. 25, p. 34.
294
-------
Abstract: Short note on the recovery of <\ JU'.rgc: turtle.
Localities;
(389) Smith Gravel Company pit, 3 miles r.outhez>:3t of.
Seagoville, iii.mediately southar.nt ot the Bo.i s
d'Arc Road, etnd 0.7 mile sou threat of itfi inter-
section wiuh Combine Road, Dallas Coj:U.y.
Williams, T. E., 1957b, Correlation by Insoluble EcsiduoK
in the Austin ChrJk of. Soutliorn Dallas County, Tnxarj,
thesis, Department of Geological Science::,, Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, ii •*• 15 pp., 1 pi.,
geological map.
Willimon, E. L. , 1970, Quaternary Gastropods and Palco-
ccology of the Trinity River Floodplain of DalJ.Jis
County, Texas, thpsis, Department of Gooloqical
Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texan,
ix + 89 pp., 2 tables, 11 text-figs.
Wilson, J. A., 1954, Miocene Carnivores, Texas Coastal Plain
(abs.), Geological Society of America Bulletins, Vol.
65, p. 1326.
Abstract: Report on several carnivores from the Texas
Miocene having a bearing on biostratigraphic relation-
ships in the Texas Miocene.
Winn, V., 1953, Geology of the Carrollton Quadrangle, Dallas
and Denton Counties, Texas, thesis, Department of
Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University,
Dallas, Texas, i + 15 pp., 2 text-figs.
Winton, w. M., 1925, The Geology of Denton County, Univer-
sity of Texas Bulletin No. 2544, pp. 1-86, 8 figs.,
21 pis. , map.
Abstract: includes several strati graphic measured
sections with fossil content. These should be re-
examined for their fossil content, and re-described.
295
-------
APPENDIX V
COOPERATIVE REGIONAL SOLID WASTE
PROGRAM SUMMARY REPORT
-------
IW Cefiiial fes Council of Ooyewiits
x.,. :/ --.. -v,
i ••••• i.... •
.
VA
••>,,—.
. ^ ^ .
./ '
-J
i
*« »• ^ - ^ «.«„ • *«
11 ^1 ;\ $ VfOlO
'« ^.3 '\ 3 X
is> *3 T3u' « ? Hi 1' 1}
JT; r1^' M-, i **.* jf*| M-.-i
s i >n '.> 4 "v ii!«ti.«*i i MI i) 1 i' 4
1 " * f'' ^|*7* f**
til??
THE
- i
urt In ufciiilfi icAA
fr;T ••« ;,« ,',' 'I i
i i i. u i y i
•
-------
PREPARED BY
NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS
COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS
RECYCLED PAPER
-------
COOPERATIVE REGIONAL SOLID WASTE PROGRAM
A SUMMARY REPORT OF
THE STUDY DESIGN
FOR THE
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STUDY
AND
REGIONAL PLAN FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
FOR THE
NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS REGION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
GRANT TO
NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS
In October, 1971, the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste Manage-
ment Programs announced the approval of an application by the North Central Texas
Council of Governments for a grant for a regional solid waste systems analysis study and
plan for North Central Texas. This report represents a summary of the study design for
that study and the detailed procedure and work to be accomplished under the study.
^yr. J.'d • '••'.i.^.t. //''L >t,<., ig .'.'
I
-------
REGIONAL SOLID WASTE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STUDY
The Regional Solid Waste Systems Analysis Study will have for its output the following
objectives:
1. To develop for implementation an incremental regional plan for the disposal of solid
waste from the present to a target year of 1990. Such a plan will designate the optimum
system which will provide for an equitable cost distribution among the muncipalities
and governmental entities within the study area (see attached map).
2. To provide interim solutions to existing transfer and disposal problems for those
governmental entities within the study area which are currently at a decision point
regarding existing facilities.
3. To provide a continuing system of evaluation to react to the dynamics of urban growth
and the contingencies which will arise.
The Regional Solid Waste Systems Analysis Study involves the application of a computerized
systems analysis approach to problem solving to the subject of regional solid waste disposal.
The analysis techniques will be closely associated in data requirements and techniques with
other functional planning for the region, particularly the transportation planning function.
Given these guidelines, the consulting firm of Henningson, Durham and Richardson entered
into a contract with the North Central Texas Council of Governments in March, 1972, to
produce a study design for the Regional Solid Waste Systems Analysis Study which would
designate the steps and tasks necessary to accomplish the stated objectives of the program.
The study design delineates the work to be accomplished, relates each individual task speci-
fied to the overall work program, and designates responsibility for each task and the role of
all parties involved in the study.
'The various sequential and continuing steps as outlined in the study design will be concerned
with: goals and objectives; public information and participation; basic population, employ-
ment and terrain data; inventory of existing solid waste transfer and disposal facilities; con-
tinuing solid waste monitoring program; determination of present and future solid waste
generation rates; evaluation of abandoned motor vehicle problems; the development of an
early action program; evaluation of current transfer, disposal and recycling hardware; the
selection of potential facility locations; the selection of the apparent optimum transfer,
processing and disposal systems; the development of facility design criteria; the development
of alternative organizational plans; and the development of the proposed regional solid waste
plan. This work will be accomplished in sixteen separate and distinct steps which are further
subdivided into 74 tasks. As major decision points occur, summary reports will be prepared
and reviewed by the Regional Solid Waste Policy Development Committee.
Project direction will be the responsibility of the North Central Texas Council of Governments,
The Regional Solid Waste Policy Development Committee will be responsible for monitoring
-------
the project progress through periodic reports from the study staff. The committee will be
charged with the responsibility of reviewing the study output at all major decision points
and providing input into the study indicating local preference in certain areas of planning.
Step 1 - Develop Public Information, Education and Support Program
The general public is becoming increasingly more aware that there is a solid waste problem,
but public knowledge about solid waste disposal is too meager to provide the basis for support
of any new disposal arrangement which would require voter approval. It is therefore an
important part of the planning process to inform the public during the planning process and
prior to any recommendations regarding new disposal arrangements to insure voter support.
A program of communication on the Regional
Solid Waste Systems Analysis Study will, there-
fore, be initiated at the beginning of the pro-
gram. The general public will be kept informed
by their elected officials and through the news
media, periodic publication of a newsletter, and
face-to-face contact between the staff and
interested citizens.
News releases and visual aids will be developed
for use in presenting the results of the study by
the NCTCOG staff. This phase of the study will be coordinated by a member of the NCTCOG
staff.
Step 2 - Prepare Study Base Maps
Maps and map materials will be assembled to provide suitable coverage and detail for relating
solid waste, socioeconomic and transportation data to small geographic areas regionally.
Aerial photography is available for certain areas for use in visualizing existing land use and
other physical conditions. Suitable regional base maps will be prepared and will cover the
entire 11-county area.
Step 3 - Prepare Population, Land Use and Employment Data
Data on population, dwelling units, and employment, both existing and at the forecast dates,
will be required by small geographic area to determine the rate of solid waste generation for
the region. Much of this data, particularly in the areas of population and employment, are
being generated for transportation planning purposes and will be utilized by the solid waste
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study staff. A further refinement of this data will be accomplished and organized on com-
puter tapes for use in the calibration of solid waste generation equations. Future solid waste
generation rates will then be determined on the basis of forecast year data.
Step 4 - Summarize Terrain Characteristics
Data pertaining to topography and subsurface water and soil conditions will be assembled
and organized for use in the evaluation of the suitability of areas for possible disposal facilities.
This material will be organized and analyzed for use in selecting potential facility locations.
Step 5 - Assemble Data on Existing Solid Waste Transfer and Disposal Facilities
The present system of solid waste transfer/processing and disposal facilities will be inventoried
and these facilities analyzed. Recent surveys conducted by the Texas State Department of
Health and the Texas Water Quality Board will be utilized and updated where necessary to
accomplish this task. Such updating will be accomplished through an in-depth review of
currently maintained records and on-site field surveillance as it becomes necessary.
Step 6 - Assemble Solid Waste Transportation Network Data
STREET & HIGHWAY NETWORK
./Collection Areja
Centroid
_
Costs incurred in the movement of solid waste from collection or transfer point to disposal point
are among the largest financial expenditures involved in the disposal of solid waste. It is,
therefore, important to locate disposal facilities at points most convenient to where solid waste
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generation occurs to reduce these transportation costs. Accessibility to prospective disposal
facilities depends heavily on existing and proposed street and highway systems. These systems
must therefore be identified and pertinent link data, such as the link's distance, the type of
facility, posted speed limits, and other factors, determined before a cost of transporting the
solid waste can be determined.
A computerized street and highway transportation network will be utilized for purposes of
determining transportation costs. The existing network of the intensive study area which was
developed for the Regional Public Transportation Study will provide the basis for the required
transportation network. A network similar in design and compatible with the existing trans-
portation network will be developed for use in the contiguous study area. Points of solid waste
generation and the location of solid waste disposal facilities, defined as collection and disposal
centroids, respectively, will be referenced to the network and the time and distance between
the two calculated. To these parameters, vehicle and man-hour costs will be added to yield
cost factors of transportation of solid waste. Such cost factors will be used in the optimization
model. Factors pertinent to rail haul will also be gathered and the potential applications of
this mode determined.
Step 9 - Evaluate Abandoned Motor Vehicle Problem
The magnitude and implications of motor vehicle
abandonment will be reviewed in the North
Central Texas Region. Guidelines developed
in a national study on motor vehicle abandon-
ment and recycling potentials recently com-
pleted by the Environmental Protection Agency
will be adapted to this region. Local statistical
information and legal data will be obtained and
compared to the national data to insure positive
identification of the local problem. Constraints
on the local system will be determined and recom-
mendations relative to removing those constraints
will be made at the completion of this step.
Step 10 - Develop Early Action Program
Several of the governmental entities participating in the Regional Solid Waste Systems Analysis
Study are currently at a decision point regarding existing facilities. Selection of new sites
must be made immediately to meet current demands for disposal facilities. Paralleling this
requirement for immediate action is the desire by those entities that new sites be as nearly
optimized in location as possible and compatible with the forthcoming regional plan. This
program, with the assistance of the Texas State Department of Health, will identify those areas,
determine the extent of action required, then propose interim solutions for those areas based
upon the best information immediately available.
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Step 11 - Evaluate Processes for Transferring, Recycling, Processing and Disposing of Solid Waste
Current transfer, processing, and disposal tech-
niques and related equipment will be identified,
evaluated, and rated for use in the future solid
waste disposal system for the region. Techniques
currently available will be researched and evalu-
ated for applicability to the North Central Texas
Region. Those techniques which are rated "more
desirable" will be further evaluated on the basis
of capital and operating costs.
Step 12 - Select Potential Facility Locations
A preliminary selection of sites suitable for solid waste processing or disposal will be made
and their existence simulated in the computerized optimization model. Any site selected
for simulation must meet certain criteria involving zoning, surrounding land use, accessi-
bility, size, and environmental factors such as soil and ground water conditions. Those sites
selected for simulation will be evaluated on a weighted rating system indicating the most
desirable sites. Those sites receiving the higher ratings will be identified for further investi-
gation and the system for rating the sites detailed for the Regional Solid Waste Policy Devel-
opment Committee. The RSWPDC members will review the selection process and provide
input which might affect the acceptance of such sites. Following this review process, the
sites receiving the higher ratings and found to be most acceptable by the Regional Solid
Waste Policy Development Committee will be candidates for further testing in the optimiza-
tion model.
Step 13 - Select Transfer, Processing, and Disposal Systems to be Utilized
Solid waste transfer, processing, and disposal sites being considered for inclusion in the
time-staged growth plan will be analyzed in detail on the basis of economic desirability,
zoning, surrounding land use, accessibility, size, and the affect on the environment, partic-
ularly in the areas of soil and water conservation. Mathematical equations will be written
to represent intermediate facilities for use in the Environmental Protection Agency's Fixed
Charge Model which simulates the system. Preliminary selection of locations for facilities
will be performed by using a simplified fixed charge model of the 1980, 1985, and 1990
systems. Solution of these mathematical problems for the 1980, 1985, and 1990 system will
identify facilities to be given more detailed considerations. Cost data for these facilities
will be reviewed and updated. A facility configuration and operation cost table will be
computed for each time span, and sensitivity analysis will be performed as necessary to identify
parameters to which the solutions are sensitive. The results of this step will be a time-staged
growth plan, tabulated cost data for operating facilities in each of the configurations in the
plan, and sensitivity analysis data in tabular form.
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Step 14 - Develop Facility Design Criteria and Cost Estimates
A general design criteria will be described for each type of facility selected. The design
criteria will include the general treatment of such items as access, screening, utilities,
fencing, site components, and maintenance. In addition, each selected facility will undergo
a detailed evaluation for its effect on the environment and the resultant cost estimate will
be refined and summarized.
Step 15 - Develop Alternative Organizational and Financial Structures
The various alternative organizational and financial structures to implement the regional solid
waste plan will be identified and described, then rated or, a weighted rating system. This
rating system will consider political realities and legal constraints, cost implications,
financial participation potential, ability to meet implementation schedule, degree to which
existing organizations may be utilized, and other elements. The Regional Solid Waste
Policy Development Committee will be asked to review alternatives and make suggestions
for possible modification.
Step 16 - Develop Proposed Regional Solid Waste Plan
Technical and organizational alternatives will be matched and tested to produce alternative
plans which would provide municipalities and other governmental entities within the study
area with a means of solid waste disposal. The alternative plans will be adequate through
the forecast year, equitable in distribution of costs, and compatible with the environment.
From these alternative plans, a regional management plan for solid waste disposal will be
selected and developed in depth.
Step 17 - Develop Regional Continuing Planning Program
PER CAPITA DAILY REFUSE PRODUCTION
Bibs./per son 198O
A voluntary solid waste data collection pro-
gram employing techniques developed in the
National Data Network, a sophisticated data
acquisition and analysis system sponsored by
the Environmental Protection Agency, will
be initiated and used as a data base for de-
veloping regional solid waste generation
rates for the forecast years. Commercial-
industrial generation rates, by some 16 SIC
classifications, will be developed through an
in-depth review of existing records and stu-
dies, to include the industrial solid waste
study conducted by the Texas Water Quality
Board. This step will also be addressed to the dynamics of urban growth and other contin-
5.3 Ibs./person TODAY
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gencies which will arise. A refined program for monitoring the entire system operation
for all t/pes of solid waste generation will be developed. Procedures will be prepared
for the use of the computerized optimization model to update the plan at five-year
intervals (1980, 1985, and 1990) or more frequently if the existing circumstances so
dictate.
Step 18 - Prepare Final Reports
Final reports detailing work done on the study, providing supporting data for the selected
regional plan, and clearly defining areas of responsibility in implementing the plan, will
be prepared and submitted to the Regional Solid Waste Policy Development Committee for
their review and consideration. The end result will be a report which encompasses all
previous reports with a summary to be prepared of that final report.
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PALLAS
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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STUDY AMD REGIONAL- PLAN
FOR SOL-IO WASTE DISPOSAL
FOR THE NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS REGION
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