J
• • 'I
• tl
EVALUATION OF THE KANSAS
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VII
FT0.
-------
EVALUATION OF THE KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VII
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 4
Status of the 40 Community Water Supply Systems 7
Status of Public Water Systems Adjusting Fluoride Levels 11
Status of Water Systems Serving the Traveling Public 13
RECOMMENDATIONS 16
SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION 19
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM 26
Authori ty 26
Statutes 26
Regulations 29
Pol icies 29
Program Organization 33
Organization 33
Budget 37
Activities
Surveillance and Monitoring 37
Sanitary Surveys and Inspections 37
Laboratory Support 41
Bacteriological Examination 41
Chemical Examination 44
Engineering and Technical Assistance 46
Individual and Small Public Water Supplies 48
Operator Certification 48
Operator Training 49
STATUS OF SUPPLIES 52
Evaluation Criteria 52
Bacteriological Quality 52
Chemical Quality 52
Source Adequacy •- '. 54
Facilities and Operation Adequacy 56
Distribution System 56
Quality Control 56
Survei11ance 57
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Findings From The Survey of 40 Community Water
Supplies Serving Municipalities 58
Water Quality 58
Bacteriological Quality 58
Chemical Quality 58
Source 60
Treatment 65
Distribution 65
Quality Control 66
Quality of Operation 67
Surveillance 68
Bacteri ologi cal 68
Chemical 69
Engineering 69
Findings From The Field Survey of The 12 Selected
Fluoridation Installations 72
Optimum Fluoride Level 72
Laboratory Control 72
Fluoride Chemical Feed Equipment and Facilities 72
Fluoride Chemical Compound - Storage and Handling 73
Operator Training and Interest 73
Survei11ance 74
Findings From The Study of 40 Small Water Supplies
Serving The Traveling Public 75
Water Quality 75
Bacteriological Quality 75
Chemical Quality 75
Source Adequacy 75
Treatment 77
Distribution 77
Surveillance 77
Bacteriological 77
Chemical 78
Engineering 78
DISCUSSION 79
Program Needs 79
Legislative Authority and Implementation 79
Public Water Supplies 79
Small Water Supplies Serving the Public 80
Individual Water Supplies 80
Program Enforcement 81
Water Quality 83
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Bacteriological 83
Chemical 8J
Mandatory Limits °J
Recommended Limi ts 85
Fluoridation 87
Cross-Connection Control 88
Bottled Water 89
Waterborne Di seases 90
Operator Training and Certification 92
Program Resources 93
Manpower 94
Surveillance 94
Engineering 94
Chemical 98
Bacteriological 102
Summary of Resources 1 °5
Training 105
State Staff 1°5
Water PI ant Operators 1 °7
Well Driller Licensing 108
Summary of Manpower Needs 108
REFERENCES 110
PARTICIPANTS HI
APPENDICES 112
THE MENTION OF PRODUCTS OR MANUFACTURERS IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT IMPLY
ENDORSEMENT BY THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
1 Kansas State Health Department Areas
and Water Suppl 1 es Surveyed 22
2 Organization Chart - Kansas State Department
of Health 34
3 Organization Chart - Division of Environmental
Health 35
4 Organization Chart - Water Quality Control
Secti on 36
5 Public Water Supply Program Staff 38
6 Systems Failing to Meet Drinking Water
Standards 61
7 Percentage of Systems Failing to Meet Drinking
Water Standards 62
8 Percent of Suppl i es Surveyed 70
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I Water Supply Systems in Kansas 20
II Public Water Supplies Surveyed 23
III Salary Schedule for Engineering Technicians and
Engi neers 39
IV Costs of the Public Water Supply Program 40
V Recommended and Mandatory Limits for Chemical
Constituents 55
VI Bacteriological Quality and Operator
Certifi cation Eva! uation by Communi ty Si ze 59
VII Physical and Chemical Quality Evaluation by
Community Size 63
VIII Systems Failing to Meet Drinking Water Standards
by Source 64
IX Small Water Systems along Interstate 70 that
Failed to Meet Drinking Water Standards 76
-------
PREFACE
This report is based on the findings of field investigations and a
review of the activities of the Kansas Water Supply Program. This
study was undertaken, after discussions with Dr. Edwin D. Lyman,
Director of the Kansas State Health Department, to evaluate the State's
Water Supply Program and to provide recommendations for any needed
improvement.
The data utilized in this report were collected from three separate
field surveys conducted by members of the Environmental Protection
Agency Water Supply program; they consisted of the following:
1. A field survey of 40 Community Water Supplies.
2. A field survey of 12 of the 44 Communities that are adjusting
the fluoride level of their public water supply.
3. A field survey of 40 small public water supplies serving the
traveling public along 1-70 between Topeka and Hays, Kansas.
In addition to these field studies, a complete review was made of the
laboratory facilities, statutes, regulations and policies governing the
State Water Supply Program activities. The number and quality of
personnel assigned to these responsibilities were also evaluated.
We would like to thank Mr. N. Jack Burris, Chief of the Water Quality
Control Section, Kansas State Department of Health, and his staff who
so earnestly cooperated in this evaluation.
-------
INTRODUCTION
-------
INTRODUCTION
The Community Water Supply Study^1' revealed numerous inadequacies
in the nation's water supply systems. These findings indicated that
many public water supplies were failing to meet bacteriological and
chemical quality established by the Drinking Water Standards^' and
that operation and maintenance of many water systems were inadequately
performed. There were deficiencies noted in many state water supply
programs. Many had regulations that were inadequate and surveillance
of public water supplies was being neglected. Water supply programs
within state environmental control or health agencies are being neglected
because of the induced emphasis of other environmental health programs
such as waste disposal, air and water pollution control. Legal respon-
sibilities are imposed on and financial assistance is provided to state
agency programs in many environmental control program areas. On the
other hand, the water supply program has no federal backup legally or
financially. Each state must recognize its problems and provide the
resources to alleviate them.
Dr. Edwin D. Lyman, Director of the Kansas State Health Department,
recognized the importance of an effective state water supply program
and utilized the technical assistance of the Environmental Protection
Agency for this evaluation of the State Water Supply Program.
The evaluation of the Kansas Water Supply Program was conducted during
the spring and summer of 1972. The purpose of the evaluation was to
determine the effectiveness of the Kansas Water Supply Program and
-------
recommend any needed improvements. The Guidelines used in making the
evaluation were "A Guide to the Interstate Carrier Water Supply Pro-
gram^10) Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Hater Supplies^4)
and the Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. 1962."(5)
To perform the evaluation of the Kansas Water Supply Program, the
following activities and facilities were reviewed:
1. The Kansas laws, regulations and policies pertaining to the
Water Supply Program.
2. The structural organization of the State program and its
activities.
3. The available physical and personal resources to accomplish
the program objectives.
4. A selected representative sample of the public water supplies
was visited and surveyed to determine compliance.
The findings of the above reviews were analyzed and specific recommen-
dations were developed to assist the State in improving their Water
Supply Program.
Definitions of drinking water systems used in this study are as follows:
1. Public water supply system - any system which provides water
for public consumption, excluding water sold in bottles or
other closed containers.
2. Community water supply systems - a public system that provides
water to ten or more premises not owned or controlled by the
supplier of water or to forty or more resident individuals.
-------
3. Small public water supply systems - small public water supply
systems that: (a) provide water to less than ten premises not
controlled by the supplier of water or less than 40 resident
individuals; (b) provide water to any number of people on
premise-owned or controlled by the supplier of water; or (c)
provide water to the traveling public.
4. Individual water supply system - a water supply system that
serves a single dwelling unit occupied by one family.
-------
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
-------
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Authority
Statutes
The Kansas statutes give broad authority to the State Board of
Health for regulating public water supplies and administrative
responsibility to the State Health officer for carrying out these
acts.
Regulations
Only two regulations have been initiated that pertain to public
water supplies: one pertaining to collection and analysis of
water for quality control; and, one for the application of permits
to supply water for domestic purposes.
Policy
The Kansas State Department of Health has developed a number of
policy documents relating to the design and operation of public
water supplies, much of which should be incorporated in regulations,
Organization and Activities
The Public Water Supply Program is a function of the Water Quality
Control Section under the Division of Environmental Health in the
State Health Department. The Water Quality Control Section Chief
devotes about 30% of his time to the administration of the Water
Supply Program. Area engineers and/or technicians in the six area
offices devote about 20% of their activities to the Water Supply
Program.
-------
Two of the three individuals in the Central Office have obtained
professional registration and master degrees. The other individual
has a bachelor degree and is fulfilling the Engineering in Train-
ing (EIT) requirements. Four of the ten personnel in the area
offices have acquired professional registration; two of them have
bachelor degrees, one has a masters degree and the other one does
not have a college degree. The other six area technicians have
attended various colleges and universities but have not obtained
their degrees.
Engi neering Survei 1 l_anc_e_
With this available manpower only 20% of the public water supplies
have been surveyed annually. Small public water supplies are not
routinely inspected.
Engineering and Technical Assistance
There are approximately 100 sets of plans and specifications
reviewed annually requiring one man-year of effort. Many small
public water supplies fail to submit plans and specifications prior
to construction. An additional .5 man-year is expended for provid-
ing water supply information to various governmental agencies,
institutions and private organizations.
Operator Training
There are three area schools each year but only one day is devoted
to water supply in each school.
-------
The Annual Water and Sewage Works School has 20 hours of instruc-
tion in water supply and waste treatment.
Correspondence courses are available through State and Federal
programs at a nominal fee to the operator.
Due to the lack of contact with State personnel, small public
water supply operators are not encouraged to attend training
courses.
-------
Status of the 40 Community Water Supply Systems
There are 632 public water supply systems in Kansas serving an esti-
mated population of 1,780,634. Detailed sanitary surveys of 40
selected systems revealed the following:
Water Quality - Bacteriological
Eight water systems (20%) serving a population of 27,193 failed
to meet the coliform limits of the DWS for one or more months
during the 11 months review period.
Water Quality - Chemical and Physical
Eighteen water systems (45%) serving a total population of 134,922
failed to meet one or more of the chemical and physical standards
of the DWS.
Sixteen water systems (40%) serving a total population of 120,672
failed to meet one or more recommended or mandatory standards.
Two water systems (5%) serving a total population of 14,250 failed
to meet the recommended physical limits. In addition, there were
two supplies serving a total population of 20,192 that failed to
meet the mandatory chemical limits.
Source
Two water systems (5%) serving a population of 6,662 had inadequate
quantities of water.
-------
Two water systems (5%) serving a population of 35,743 had
sources which required improvements.
Treatment
All of the supplies (100%) had facilities for disinfecting;
however, 6 systems (15%) did not have a free chlorine residual
in the system at the time of the survey.
Fourteen water systems (35%) need additional treatment facilities.
Distribution
Two water systems (5%) serving a total population of 17,972 need
additional distribution storage facilities.
One water system serving a population of 274,448 has inadequate
water pressure in some parts of the distribution system during
certain times.
Quality Control
Fifteen water systems (38%) had less than adequate quality control
records.
Eleven water systems (28%) did not keep quality control records.
Four systems (10%) kept only partial control records.
Twelve water systems (30%) serving 21,168 consumers did not have
an ordinance against cross-connections.
Seven water systems (18%) had plumbing codes but no inspections or
8
-------
enforcements were prevalent.
Only one water system surveyed was developing a program for
continuous reinspection for removal of cross-connections.
Quality of Operation
Twenty-one water systems (53%) had no certified operators.
Six of the nine water systems which exhibited operation
problems employed operators that were not certified.
Seven operators (88%) in charge of the eight supplies that
failed to meet adequate bacteriological quality were not
certified.
Four operators (67%) were not certified in the six systems which
were not properly disinfected.
Ten operators (67%) were not certified in the 15 systems that
had inadequate control records.
Bacteriological Surveillance
Twenty-one water systems (52%) serving 148,548 individuals
exhibited inadequate bacteriological surveillance.
Five water systems (13%) did not collect any samples during
some months.
Chemical Surveillance
The State performs one chemical analyses from a well or the
-------
distribution system from each community water supply annually.
In most instances this is adequate in number; however, only eight
of the 20 substances routinely analyzed are listed in the Drinking
Water Standards.
Engineering Surveillance^
Twenty-nine water systems (73%) had not received formal inspections
by State personnel during the past 12 months.
10
-------
Status of Public Water Systems Adjusting Fluoride Levels
Forty-four public water systems have facilities for fluoridation. The
field survey of 12 systems revealed the following:
Optimum Fluoride Level
Nine (75%) evidenced a fluoride ion content in the distribution
system within the 0.8-1.2 mg/1 range.
Laboratory Control
Five (42%) were not conducting daily fluoride analysis. Adequate
analytical equipment was not available in five (42%) of the facil-
ities surveyed.
Chemical Feed Equipment
Four (33%) had deficient equipment and only four (33%) of the chem-
ical feeding arrangements were acceptable.
Chemical Storage and Handling
Five (42%) had unsatisfactory storage arrangements.
Operators Training and Interest
Three (25%) had operators that were inadequately trained in the use
of test equipment.
Three (25%) were operated by personnel not completely familiar with
their equipment.
11
-------
Three (25%) had operators who did not favor feeding fluoride.
Surveillance
Three (25%) had not collected the required number of check samples.
Only three (25%) had been visited during the past 12 months by a
representative of the State Health Department.
12
-------
Status of Water Systems Serving the Traveling Public
There are estimated to be approximately 1,000 small public water supply
systems in Kansas serving the public at rural schools, highway rest stops,
restaurants, service stations and motels along Kansas highways. Forty
of these systems that were providing water to the traveling public were
studied and the following results were obtained:
Water Quality
Thirty-five (88%) of the water systems surveyed along 1-70 in Kansas
failed to meet the constituent limits of the U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards.
Thirty-four (85%) of the water systems surveyed failed to meet at
least one recommended limit for chemical and physical quality.
Six (15%) of the water systems surveyed failed to meet at least one
mandatory chemical limit.
Nine (23%) of the water systems surveyed failed to meet the
bacteriological quality limit.
Sources
Generally, the sources were sufficient to provide the quantities of
water needed although signs were placed at the safety rest areas
being served by hand-pumped wells warning visitors to conserve water.
13
-------
Treatment
Two of the water systems surveyed had facilities for chlorination
although they were not in use.
Distribution
Five (13%) of the water systems surveyed had low pressure (<20 psi)
in some area of the distribution system.
Bacteriological Surveillance
None of the water systems surveyed had an adequate bacteriological
surveillance program except for the three systems.that were being
served by municipal systems. The State Highway Commission submits
one sample per month for the safety rest areas under their jurisdic-
tion, however, this is not practiced during the winter months. There
was no record of any bacteriological analysis for the commercial
establishments.
Chemical Surveillance
Thirty-seven (93%) of the water systems surveyed were not subject
to a regular program of chemical surveillance. The safety rest areas
water systems had been analyzed for chemical quality immediately
following their installation. There was no record of chemical
surveillance at the commercial establishments except those being
served by a municipal system.
Enfllneering Survei11 ance
Only the three water systems being served from a municipal water
14
-------
system, whose plans had been reviewed and approved by the State
Department of Health, were subject to engineering surveillance.
15
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Kansas Water Supply Program should pursue the enforcement of the
existing statutes pertaining to public water supplies and strive for
an interrelated program with other state and local enforcement agencies
to administer the statutes enacted for safeguarding public health.
A document of collected statutes, rules and regulations, and program
policies relating to the Water Supply Program should be prepared for
distribution to municipalities* corporations, companies and individuals
supplying water for domestic purposes to the public.
Program Resources
The budget of the Water Supply Program should be increased $723,347
for the following purposes:
a. $210,829 for engineering surveillance of 502 community water
supplies and 1,130 small public water supplies.
b. $140,284 for chemical surveillance of the 1,632 public water
supplies.
c. $214,534 for bacteriological surveillance of the 1,632 public
water supplies.
d. $7,700 for training of Water Supply Program personnel.
e. $125,000 to hire personnel to administer a training program
created by adoption of mandatory certification.
16
-------
f- $25,000 to hire personnel to develop and administer a well
drillers licensing program.
Administrative Action
a. The State Board of Health should promote salary increases and
benefits for State employment to compete with industry, institu-
tions, other states, and federal government agencies. An active
recruitment program should be initiated at State universities and
colleges to provide the opportunity for qualified engineering
graduates to become familiar with the program.
b. Develop rules and regulations to enforce program requirements
that are assembled in the program policies. A regulation to adopt
DWS would provide authority for the State Department of Health to
administer a good Water Supply Program.
Program Action
a. Require monthly operating reports from public water supplies
indicating daily water use, chemicals used in treatment, analytical
results of routine analyses and any operational problems that may
occur.
b. Provide annual inspections of all public water supplies to avoid
potential health hazards that may occur in the source, distribution
system, treatment facilities or operation of the facility, to assure
a safe and dependable water supply.
c. Develop and maintain current water supply inventories with the
17
-------
use of automatic data processing techniques for storage, analysis
and retrieval of data.
d. The Water Supply Program should coordinate its activities and
responsibilities with the Kansas Food Service and Lodging Board,
State Department of Education, and other State and local agencies
that are concerned with water supplies serving the public.
Legislative Action
a. Promote and support legislation requiring mandatory certifica-
tion of operators in the water works field. This program should
be under the supervision of State Health Department personnel.
b. Adopt a statute requiring the licensing of well drillers with
the State Health Department having major administrative
responsibilities.
c. Revise Statutes 65-162 and 65-163 to clarify that permits for
additional sources of supplies, treatment facilities and treated
water storage must be submitted to the State Health Department for
approval prior to construction of these facilities instead of
getting approval prior to use.
d. Adopt the proposed legislation for mandatory fluoridation of
public water supplies, with the provisions for adequate training,
monitoring and surveillance of the systems to assure the public of
an optimum level of protection against tooth decay.
18
-------
SCOPE OF THE [VALUATION
-------
SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION
Water Supplies
The 1970 census indicates that Kansas has a population of 2,246,576
of which 80% are served by approximately 632 public water supplies.
The 632 public water supplies includes mobile home parks, state
institutions, airports, rural water districts, turnpike authority,
rest homes, and 502 systems serving organized municipalities.
Public water supplies in Kansas are developed in compliance with
Kansas laws, regulations, and policies, and are monitored by the
State Department of Health for bacteriological quality. The term
"semi-public supplies" is not used in describing water supplies
in Kansas. However, it is estimated that there are an additional
1,000 small public water supplies serving water to the public in
restaurants, rural schools, gasoline service stations, motels,
etc., that are not included in the State surveillance program.
Method of Selection
The 502 municipal water supplies were divided into six (6) popula-
tion groups, as indicated in the following Table I.
19
-------
TABLE I
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN KANSAS
Public Water Supplies
Municipalities
c Percent of Systems
Population Group Population No. of Systems Population Selected
More than 50,000 564,173 3 34.2 2
10,000 - 50,000 545,215 30 33.1 13
2,500 - 10,000 262,930 60 15.9 10
1,000- 2,500 159,424 98 9.7 7
500 - 1,000 70,167 101 4.2 3
Less than 500 48,000 210 2.9 _5.
Subtotal 1,649,909 502 100.0 40
Unincorporated
Communities and
small public water
supplies
Total
Other small
public water
watery supplies
Individual
Total
147,352
1,797,261
449,315
2,246,576
130
632
1 ,000*
114,000*
0
40
0
No. of Systems
Surveyed 80
*Estimated
20
-------
Method of Selection (Continued)
A base of forty community systems supplying water to municipalities
was selected for field evaluation. These forty supplies represented
less than 10% of 502 municipal systems but 47% of the population
served by water supplies monitored by the State Health Department.
The number of systems to be surveyed from each of the population
groups was selected by considering both the population served by
water supplies in these groups and by the number of systems in each
group. The forty supplies to be evaluated were also distributed
as equally as possible over the six areas as demonstrated in
Figure I. The population, source, and the presence of fluoridation
for each of the surveyed systems in each area are shown in Table II.
Table I, Appendix A lists the systems, number of services, population
served, average daily demand, source of supply and treatment. The
geographic and population distribution of the supplies evaluated
provided a reasonable basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the
Kansas Water Supply Program.
Fluoridation
The adjustment of fluoride ion in public water supplies in Kansas
is an accepted practice and encouraged by the Kansas State Depart-
ment of Health. There are 44 public water systems in Kansas that
are providing controlled fluoridation to communities serving a
total population of approximately 900,000. An evaluation was made
of the adequacy of this program. Twelve supplies were selected
from these 44 installations for this survey; two supplies were
21
-------
(Figure 1)
KANSAS STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT AREAS AND WATER SUPPLIES SURVEYED
AREA II
AREA III
«*«^M»» <••
1. GARDEN CITY*
2. COPELAND
3. DODGE CITY
4. BUCKLIN
S. KINSLEY
6. BUCKLIN
7. PRATT
*Area Office of
8. KINGMAN
9. WICHITA*
10. DOUGLASS
11. AUGUSTA
15. INDEPENDENCE
16. OSWEGO
17. COLUMBUS
18. PITTSBURG
12. EL DORADO 19. CHANUTE*
13. ATLANTA
14. ARKANSAS
State Health
20. MORAN
CITY 21. IOLA
Department **Area
AREA IV
22. WAMEGO
23. TOPEKA**
24. GARDNER
25. LEAVENWORTH
26. ATCHISON
27. HOLTON
AREA V
AREA VI
29. JUNCTION CITY 36. GREAT BEND
30. ABILENE
31. SALINA*
32. JEWELL
33. BEVERLY
34. ELLSWORTH
37. HAYS*
38. BOGUE
39. HILL CITY
40. NORTON
28. WESTMORELAND 35. LYONS
and Central Offices of State Health Department
-------
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
-------
TABLE II
AREA 1
Garden City
Dodge City
Pratt
Kinsley
Greenburg
Bucklin
Copeland
AREA 2
Wichita
Arkansas City
El Dorado
Augusta
Ki ngman
Douglass
Atlanta
AREA 3
Pittsburg
Independence
Chanute
lola
Columbus
Oswego
Moran
AREA 4
Topeka
Leavenworth
Atchison
Hoi ton
Wamego
Gardner
Westmoreland
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
POPULATION
14,708
14,127
6,736
2,209
1,907
840
266
40,793
274,448
13,216
12,308
5,977
3,622
1,126
244
310,941
20,171
10,347
10,341
6,493
3,356
2,200
564
53,472
123,043
24,951
12,204
3,063
2,507
1,839
467
SURVEYED
SOURCE F
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Surface
Surface
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface/Ground
Ground
Surface
Ground
FLUORIDATION
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
268,074
23
-------
AREA 5
Salina
Junction City
Abilene
Lyons
Ellsworth
Jewell
Beverly
AREA 6
Great Bend
Hays
Norton
Hill City
Bogue
TABLE II (Continued)
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES SURVEYED
POPULATION SOURCE
37,095
18,820
6,661
4,355
2,080
649
214
69,892
16,133
15,396
3,627
2,071
275
38,502
Surface/Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Surface
Ground
Ground
Ground
Surface
Ground
Ground
FLUORIDATION
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Total
780,634
24
-------
selected in each of the six areas and arrangements were made with
State area engineers and technicians. The types of systems to be
surveyed were selected to evaluate a variety of equipment and
chemicals used in fluoridation in Kansas.
Drinking Water for the Traveling Public
During the period of the field investigation, a survey was also
conducted of the water supplies available to the traveling public.
This survey was part of a separate pilot study in which Kansas,
Virginia and Oregon were selected to evaluate the quality of water
supplies available to the traveling public. The Kansas survey
included the sampling and evaluation of thirty private supplies
serving restaurants and service stations and 10 highway rest stops
on 1-70 having water available for the public. The forty supplies
included all of the water systems readily accessable to 1-70
between Topeka and Hays, Kansas.
Although there are no official statistics available, it is estimated
that there are approximately 1,000 systems serving nonresidents at
motels, restaurants, highway rest areas, service stations, and
residents at rural public schools. The survey of the forty water
systems available to the traveling public provide an indication of
the quality of water available from small water supply systems and
the degree of protection contributed to them by the State Water
Supply Program.
25
-------
MATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
Authority
The Kansas Board of Health administers the Water Supply Program
under Sections 65-161, 65-162, 65-163, 65-163a, 65-163b, 65-156,
65-157, 65-158, 65-170, 65-171g, 65-171h and 74-901a through f
of the Kansas Statutes, Annotated.
The authority vested in the board is delegated to the Division of
Environmental Health which directs the activities of the Water
Supply Program through the Water Quality Control Section. The
Board has adopted regulations pertaining to the supervision of
water supplies which were most recently revised and compiled May 4,
1966. The institutional arrangement is shown in Figures 2, 3. and 4,
In addition to the Statutes and the Regulations, the Division of
Environmental Health establishes policies and procedures for the
administration of the Public Water Supply Program.
Statutes
Laws pertaining to Public Health (Appendix B) provide the State
Board of Health with the authority to direct and enforce safe water
quality for the residents of Kansas.
Waters Defined - Section 65-161:
Defines the "Waters of the State" to include streams and
springs, and all bodies of impounded surface or ground water
whether natural or artificial.
26
-------
Permits Required - Section 65-162:
Establishes the authority of the Board of Health to regulate
public water supplies by requiring permits for developing
new water sources.
Plans, Review and Approval - Section 65-163:
This further delineates the State Board of Health's responsi-
bility to review and approve plans and specifications for the
development and the construction of facilities for treatment,
storage and distribution of water for the public. This section
also provides for the necessary enforcement of these require-
ments by establishing a penalty for noncompliance. It also
provides for the State Board of Health to conduct investigations
of the quality and character of public water supplies and to
issue orders requiring changes in the source, treatment, storage
and distribution facilities for safeguarding public health.
Cessation of Water Delivery - Section 65-163a:
Provides for the cessation of water delivery to any premise
when a condition exists that may lead to contamination of a
public water supply. The State Board of Health may order any
such public water supplier to cease deli very'of water until
the danger of contamination is'eliminated.
Cross-Connection Control - Section 65-163b:
Provides for the State Board of Health to restrict cross-
connections between public and private water systems unless
a permit is issued. Section 65-171g: Provides for protection
27
-------
to water supplies by prohibiting cross-connections between
water and waste sources.
Minimum Design Standards - Section 65-171h:
Provides for the board to establish and publish minimum
standards for design, construction and maintenance of water
systems.
Water Quality Surveillance - Section 65-156:
Provides for the State Board of Health to establish rules and
regulations for the collection and evaluation of water samples
from public supplies and to establish the cost of such service
prior to the time that the water supply becomes operative.
Section 65-157; Provides for the analysis required in the
preceeding rules and regulations to be conducted in the water
and sewage laboratory of the State Board of Health.
Penalties - Section 65-158;
Provides for fines for failure to comply with regulations.
Board of Health Member - Section 65-170;
Provides for an engineer to be selected from Kansas State or
Kansas University to serve on the Board of Health.
State Health Officer - Section 74-901;
Designates members of the State Board of Health, establishes
the number and their qualifications. It defines the State
Health officers position and responsibility in enforcing
statutes assigned to the State Board of Health.
28
-------
Regulations
Currently, there are two regulations governing the Water Supply
Program. They were updated and compiled by the Kansas State Board
of Health in 1966, see Appendix B.
Collection of Water Samples - Article 14:
Provides for the collection and analysis of water samples
from public water supplies. This regulation prescribes for
the number of samples to be submitted for bacteriological
and chemical analyses and the fee for these analyses. The
regulation calls for a prescribed fee for surface water
systems and requires weekly samples. A lesser fee is set for
ground water supplies and requires biweekly sampling. The
number of samples to be collected is determined by the Chief
Engineer of the department.
Permit Application - Article 15:
Provides for the application for permits to supply water for
domestic use. This regulation outlines detailed procedure
required for approval to furnish water for domestic purposes
in the State of Kansas. It requires that an applicant provide
the following information in application for a permit: General
Plan, Detailed plans, Engineering Report, specifications, and
application. Each of these items are detailed in the regulations.
Program Policies
The Kansas State Department of Health has developed a number of
policy documents relating to the design and operation of Public
29
-------
Water Supplies in Kansas. These policies are established for
directing adequate development of public water supplies to make
it possible under all conditions of operation to produce and dis-
tribute quality drinking water. A policy statement of the program
includes "Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards," latest
edition, see Appendix B.
The major policy documents are "Policies Governing the Design of
Public Mater Supply Systems; Recommendations for Public Water Well
Location Construction and Disinfection; Regulations for Submission
of Application for Permits to Supply Water for Domestic Purposes •
within the State of Kansas; Statement of Policy on Chlorination and
Statement of Policies and Procedures Relating to Fluoridation of
Public Water Supplies."
Water Plant Design Policy
"Policy Governing the Design of Public Water Supply Systems"
is developed from Section 65-171h of the General Statute. The
document outlines the procedure for the submission of plans
and specifications for water supply improvements to be reviewed
and approved by the State Department of Health. It establishes
design policies for physical location, construction, water
supply source and the selection of equipment.
Well Location Policy
"Recommendations for Public Water Well Location Construction
and Disinfection" (see Appendix B) outlines the requirements
30
-------
for developing ground water supplies. This document
establishes policy for location, construction of wells,
pumping equipment and facilities needed for a safe and depend-
able water supply. It includes requirements for disinfection
following well construction.
Permit Required
Policy for submission of "Public Water Supply Permit Applica-
tion" to supply water for domestic purposes was developed from
authority outlined in Section 65-163 of the State statutes.
This policy establishes the requirements for a person, companies,
corporations, institutions or municipality to apply for a permit
to supply water to the public. The permit is to be obtained
from the State Department of Health prior to the development
of a new water supply, or an addition to an existing water
facility including source, storage, and treatment of ground
or surface water supplies. (Refer to Appendix B for a copy
of the permit application.)
Statement on Fluoridation Policy
"Statement of Policies and Procedures Relating to Fluoridation"
(Appendix B) were prepared by the Kansas State Department of
Health for applicants requesting permission to fluoridate
public water supplies. Applicants must submit plans and
specifications detailing the source of chemical, methods of
storage and handling, type of equipment, point and rate of
31
-------
application, mechanical controls, safety precautions and
laboratory control for determining dosage and fluoride
content. In addition, the applicant must have the endorse-
ment of the local dental and medical societies, with confirmed
authorization from the community for fluoridation of a public
water supply. Fluoridation is permitted only with the full
cooperation of the city administration, medical and health
agencies. Following the installation, daily samples from the
plant tap and the distribution system must be submitted to the
state laboratory for comparison with local controls until
satisfactory uniformity results.
Mandatory Chlorination Policy
Statement of Policy on "Chlorination of Kansas Public Water
Supplies" was resolved June 1, 1956, by the Kansas State
Board of Health. All municipal water supplies were ordered
to provide adequate Chlorination equipment at each source of
its public water supply and maintain a suitable chlorine
residual in the distribution system at all times. Cities that
did not meet bacteriological quality of the Drinking Water
Standards were required to have it installed prior to March 1,
1957, and others were required to complete the installation
by January 1, 1958. Refer to Appendix B for the 1942 and 1956
Orders Pertaining To The Chlorination of Municipal Water
Supplies Within The State of Kansas. A Summary of Policy
Statements governing water systems in Kansas is given in
Appendix B.
32
-------
Program Organization and Activities
Organization
The Public Water Supply Program is a function of the Water
Quality Control Section under the Division of Environmental
Health in the State Department of Health. The function of
the Water Quality Control Section is to develop and maintain
waters of the State of such quality to adequately provide for
all beneficial uses, including public water supply, agriculture,
recreation and carriage of wastes. This Section is also des-
ignated to provide water quality data for the development of
the State, to provide for protection of the general health
and welfare of all associated with waters of the State, and
to provide for delivery of safe water to the general public
through public water systems. See Figures 2 and 3.
The Public Water Supply Program is one of four programs under
the Water Quality Control Section as shown in Figure 4. The
Water Supply Program is presently staffed with two full time
positions in the State office to provide direction to field
activities and program responsibilities as authorized. The
Water Quality Control Section Chief devotes about 30% of his
time to the administration of the Water Supply Program. The
area engineers, likewise, devote about 20% of their activities
to the Water Supply Program through facility inspections,
technical assistance and training programs. Engineering
33
-------
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
KANSAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
(Figure 2)
CITIZENS OF KANSAS
GOVERNOR
rt
ADVISORY HOSPITAL COUNCIL
ATTORNEY
STATE BOARD OF
HEALTH
EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY
ADVISORY LABORATORY COMMISSION
COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR HEALTH PLANNING!
WATER QUALITY CONTROL ADVISORY COUNCIL
CO
KANSAS STATE
DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF HEALTH
» CHIEF OF LOCAL HEALTH SERVICE
CHIEF. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
DIRECTOR OF
HEALTH
I ^ 1
AREA OFFICES
LOCAL HEALTH
DEPARTMENTS
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PLANNING
STATE BOARD OF HEALTH S H P AGENCY
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
BUSINESS MANAGER
PERSONNEL OFFICER
LEGAL COUNSEL
DIVISION
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH
SERVICES
DIVISION
FOOD&
DRUG
SERVICES
DIVISION
PUBLIC HEALTH
LABORATORY
DIVISION
REGISTRATION ft
HEALTH STATISTICS
SERVICES
DIVISION
HEALTH
EDUCATION
SERVICES
DIVISION
EPIDEMIOLOGY &
DISEASE CONTROL
SERVICES
DIVISION
MATERNAL ft
CHILD HEALTH
SERVICES
DIVISION
MEDICAL-
DENTAL HEALTH
SERVICES
-------
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ui
(Figure 3)
H
•
•i
L
i
WATER QUALITY
CONTROL SECTION
1 WATER SUPPLY
1 WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL
WATER DATA &
ANALYSIS
IOIL FIELDS &
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL
AREA GEOLOGISTS
1
CHIEF ENGINEER
AND DIRECTOR
GENERAL ENGINEERING
" & SANITATION SECTION
H SOLID WASTES
VECTOR CONTROL
& PESTICIDES
1
PESTICIDES
PROJECT
4 RECREATIONAL
SANITATION
H GENERAL
SANITATION
1
p
1-
H ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT II
NEW CLERICAL UNIT
1
RADIATION CONTROL
"" SECTION
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
m ENVIRONMENTAL
SURVEILLANCE
_ RADIATION
PRODUCING DEVICES
AREA ENGINEERS
ASSISTANT AREA ENGINEERS
ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS
1
AIR QUALITY
P" & OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH SECTION
•i TECHNICAL SERVICES
ENGINEERING AND
ENFORCEMENT
H OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH & NOISE
1 .
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY)
& HEALTH PROJECT |
AREA SANITARIANS
-------
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
WATER QUALITY CONTROL SECTION
(Figure 4)
WATER QUALITY CONTROL SECTION
CHIEF -SANITARY ENGINEER V
ENG. TECH. V
CLERK TYP. II
CLERK TYP. I
CLERK TYP. I
OIL FIELDS AND
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL
SUPVSR. - GEOL. IV
CLERK-STENO II
10
at
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
SUPVSR.-SAN. ENGR. IV
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ml
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. II
SAN. ENGR. II
ENG. TECH. V
ENG. TECH. IV
WATER DATA AND ANALYSIS
SUPVSR.-SAN. ENGR. IV
SAN. ENGR. Ml
SAN. ENGR. II
WATER QUAL. BIOL.
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. II
ENG. TECH. I
WATER SUPPLY
SUPVSR.-SAN. ENGR. IV
SAN. ENGR. Ill
AREA GEOLOGISTS
GEOLOGIST III
GEOLOGIST III
GEOLOGIST III
GEOLOGIST III
GEOLOGIST 11
GEOLOGIST III
GEOLOGIST III
GEOLOGIST III
AREA ENGINEERS
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
AREA ENGINEERING
TECHNICIANS
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. IV
ENG. TECH. IV
-------
technicians are utilized to supplement the program in the
six area offices. The qualifications and salary ranges of
personnel who work in the Water Supply Program are shown in
Figure 5 and Table III. It is estimated that 3.9 man-years
of effort is presently used for Water Supply Program activi-
ties, exclusive of laboratory and support service.
Budget
In FY-73, the State has budgeted $199,855 for its Water Supply
Program. This consists of $60,701 for operation of the central
office, $44,469 for the field offices, and $94,685 for lab-
oratory services. A detailed budget is shown in Table IV.
Activities
Surveillance and Monjjcbiring
Sanitary Survey*?7: and Inspections
The need for the Water Supply Program is based on waterborne
disease prevention. The Water Supply Program provides sur-
veillance over the 632 public water supplies in the State
which serve approximately 1,790,000 Kansas citizens. Public
water supplies include those water supplies serving cities;
rural water districts; improvement districts; small subdivisions;
trailer courts; Kansas Turnpike Authority service areas; some
of the Kansas park and resources authority facilities; some
airports, and all state institutions.
Inspections of the public water supplies are made by the area
37
-------
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM STAFF
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
KANSAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AUGUST 22. 1972
(FigureS)
NAME
N. JACKBURRIS
LEONARD J. IMHOF
LLOYD W. ROGERS
L. DEAN STROWIG
THOMAS REEVES
MAJORC. HAGAR
GERALD P. GRANT
JAMES L. CURRENT
WILLIAM T. TOWERY
RICHARD D. BUCHANAN
DELBERT C ZERR
JAMES E BOWMAN
JOHN H BAILEY
POSITION
TITLE
SAN. ENGR. V
SAN. ENGR. IV
SAN. ENGR. II
(IN LIEU OF A III)
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
SAN. ENGR. Ill
ENGR. TECH. IV
ENGR. TECH. IV
ENGR. TECH. IV
ENGR. TECH. IV
ENGR. TECH. IV
ENGR TECH IV
SAN ENGR II
PERCENT OF TIME
IN WATER SUPPLY
30
100
100
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
BACHELOR'S DEGREE
KANSAS U. - 1948
PITTSBURG STATE - 1943
KANSAS STATE- 1948
KANSAS STATE -1967
KANSAS STATE - 1950
IOWA STATE - I96S
NONE
TWO YEARS PRE-
ENGINEERING AT
KANSAS STATE
TWO YEARS COLLEGE
PRE-ENGINEERING
1 26 HRS. COLLEGE
NO DEGREE
WASHBURN U.
NONE
54 HRS. COLLEGE
FT. HAYS STATE
92 HRS PRE-
ENGINEERING
WASHBURN U
KANSAS STATE - 1970
MASTER'S DEGREE
MICHIGAN U. - 1952
UNIV. CALIF. - 1958
NONE
NONE
KANSAS U.- 1972
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
EXPECTED JUNE. 1973
PROFESSIONAL
REGISTRATION
KANSAS
KANSAS
E.I.T. - KANS.
KANSAS & TEXAS
KANSAS
KANS. & MO.
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
EIT (KANSAS)
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
NONE
F. E. DEVLIN. CONS. ENGR.
FINNEY ft TURNIPSEED
CONS. ENGR.
WILSON & COMPANY
CONS. ENGR.
BLACK & VEATCH
DENVER OFFICE
SUPT. OF UTILITIES
WATER SUPERINTENDENT
CITY MANAGER
KANSAS STATE HIGHWAY DEFT.
KANSAS STATE HIGHWAY DEPT.
KANSAS STATE HIGHWAY DEPT
KANSAS STATE HIGHWAY DEPT.
KANSAS STATE HIGHWAY DEPT.
KANSAS STATE HIGHWAY DEPT
SAN ENGR U S ARMY
MEDICAL CORP
COOK. FLATT & STROBEL
CONS ENGR
THERE ARE TWO SAN ENCR III POSITIONS BUDGETED FOR THE AREA OFFICES BUT NOT FILLED AT THIS TIME EACH OF THESE
VACANT POSITIONS IS SLATED FOR 20% WATER SUPPLY ACTIVITY.
-------
TABLE III
SALAIft SCHEDULE FOK
TECHNICIANS AnD Lri'jIUEtUS
ilovember 1, 1J7Q
SALARY
Environmental Health bi rector $15,^48 - $2J,352
Sanitary Engineer V ^14,472 - 518, 4o6
iianicary Engineer IV $13,123 - M6.740
Sanitary Engineer III ill, 328 - 514,472
Sanitary Engineer II $ 9,780 - 312,504
Sanitary Engineer I S 8,448 - i>10,783
Engineering Technician IV $ 8,863 - $11,328
Engineering Technician III $ 7,296 - $ J,312
Engineering Technician II S 5,448 - $ 6,1148
Engineering Technician I 5 4,692 - $ 6,000
39
-------
TABLE IV
COSTS OF THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
Fiscal Year 1973
Item
A. Personnel
Engineering Salaries
OAB (Paid by State)
Retirement (Paid by State)
Secretarial Salaries
OAB (Paid by State)
Retirement (Paid by State)
Hospital Insurance (Paid by State)
Rent, Supplies, and Miscellaneous
Telephone
Xerox copy
Automobile Expenses
Travel and Subsistence
B. Laboratory Service*
Chemistry
a. complete analyses
b. partial analyses
Radiological
Pesticides
Bacteriological
IBM Cost to Bact. Lab.
C. Centralized State Services**
D. Totals
Personnel
Area Offices
Central Office
Laboratory Service
Grand Total
Field
Offices
$26,923.00
1,304.51
928.48
4,320.00
242.35
172.80
453.04
780.56
396.74
7,348.00
1,600.00
44,469.48
Central
Office
$34,749.60
1,311.31
1,389.98
12,591.42
707.64
503.66
740.12
3,337.50
1,000.00
600.00
1,929.84
1,840.00
18,925.00
2,500.00
975.00
120.00
67,154.00
5,010.52
60,701.07
94,684.52
$199,855.07
*Does not include rent, utilities, telephone service, or fringe benefits to
personnel. Information on these is not available.
**No information available.
40
-------
engineers or technicians. Operation and needs of the water
supplies are discussed in detailed reports which contain
recommendations. These reports are submitted to the respon-
sible officials officials of each of the surveyed supplies
for corrective action. There are no special guidelines or
format for preparing inspection reports. Report preparation
is left entirely at the discretion of the writer; therefore,
some reports contain complete water supply data while others
do not.
The frequency of these surveys is not specified in the statutes,
policies or regulations. However, there is an unwritten policy
that surveys be made annually. The files of the State Water
Supply Program indicate that this policy is not being followed.
A review of the records for the last four years indicated that
the State has only surveyed 20% of the total public water
supplies each year. Some supplies were inspected annually
while others had not been inspected for several years.
Laboratory Support
Bacteriological Examination
The Environmental Health Laboratory provides bacteriological
analysis service for all water supplies in the State. The
equipment, procedures and personnel of this service were
evaluated on October 21-22, 1971, by the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency (EPA) Water Supply Programs Division and found
in compliance with standards acceptable for bacteriological
41
-------
examination of water under interstate carrier regulations,
see Appendix C. All of the public water supplies in Kansas
are required to meet the bacteriological sampling requirements
of the DWS. However, as will be shown later, many of the
towns are not following their sampling program as assigned
by the Environmental Health Laboratory.
Additional water treatment plant laboratories in the cities
of Salina, Topeka, Wichita, Kansas City, and Water District
#1 of Johnson County, Kansas, perform routine bacteriological
analyses on the majority of samples collected from their
respective distribution systems. The municipal laboratories
are evaluated and certified triennially by Mr. M. G. Dyck,
Survey Officer of the Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory.
These laboratories have currently been approved for perform-
ing coliform analyses.
The Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory utilizes the membrane
filter method for coliform analysis of potable waters as
described in the 13th edition of "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater."(6) The laboratory
service provides 6.05 man-years of effort; with this employment,
a maximum of 60,000 analyses can be made per year. In the fiscal
year 1972, the staff ran a total of 50,889 analyses; 34,670
of these were made on 33,270 water samples from public water
supplies. There were also 6,206 analyses performed on samples
42
-------
from small public water supply systems and individual water
supply systems. A total of $54,177 was spent in salaries,
expendable supplies and equipment for bacteriological sur-
veillance of public water supplies. The results of the coli-
form analyses are entered into a computer which summarizes the
data and produces a printout sheet for the area office. With
this information, the area staff is able to determine the
public water supplies having bacteriological deficiencies.
Data are given in compliance with Drinking Water Standards
requirements, number of months of inadequate sampling, number
of samples not collected, etc. The summary is timely since
it is prepared at 4-week intervals. A total of 13 columns is
shown on the report sheet. See Appendix C for one page of the
computer printout and an explanation of the 13 columns.
A review of 13 four-week report sheets indicated that in any
given 4-week period from 20% to 75% of the public water supplies
failed to submit a sufficient number of samples to meet the PUS.
The supplies which are not in compliance with the DWS sampling
requirements are not being encouraged or required to improve
their sampling program although they have previously paid for
the number of analyses required by the DWS. About 4% of these
public water supplies fail consistently each 4-week period to
be in compliance with the bacteriological quality requirements.
The DWS recommend continuous sampling until the results from
43
-------
at least two consecutive samples show the water to be of
satisfactory quality. The review of the sampling results
indicated that the procedure of resampling contaminated
sources was not being followed.
Funds collected from the public water supplies for future
services are greater than the budget allocation for rendering
those services. Fees are placed in a general water and sewage
fund which is used to finance various programs. However, if
the resampling of unsatisfactory samples as prescribed in the
Drinking Water Standards was1 followed and if the prescribed
number of samples were submitted, all of the funds would be
utilized.
Chemical Examination
According to the State regulations, each community water
supply must submit one sample per year for chemical analysis
to the State Environmental Health Laboratory. A water sample
must be submitted from a new source prior to use of the source
by the public. Additional samples are collected from water
supplies and analyzed at the request of the department's chief
engineer. There is a policy that constituent concentrations
in water for public consumption must not exceed the limits
specified in the Drinking Water Standards. An exception is
made in the nitrate constituent which is set at 90 mg/1 and
recommended as 45 mg/1 NO in the DVIS.
44
-------
The State Department of Health has unofficially adopted the
constituent limits in the DWS, however, a complete chemical
analysis performed by the Kansas Environmental Health Labora-
tory consists of only eight substances in the DWS. Those eight
substances are turbidity, total dissolved solids, sulfate,
chloride, nitrate, iron, manganese and fluoride. Another 12
substance determinations which are included in a routine analysis
are alkalinity (total carbonate and bicarbonate), pH, hardness,
specific conductance, total phosphate, silica, potassium, sodium,
magnesium, iron, manganese, and calcium. The Kansas Environ-
mental Health Laboratory, upon request, performs a partial
chemical analysis on water samples. This analysis consists
of total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, nitrate and
fluoride determinations.
In addition to the 20 substances determined in a routine
analysis, the Environmental Health Laboratory performs
additional testing on samples from interstate carrier supplies.
Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
zinc and gross alpha and beta activity are occasionally
determined. Color cyanide, carbon chloroform extract, carbon
alcohol extract, barium, selenium, silver or mercury are rarely
determined. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide analyses are
not being performed on potable water samples although the
instruments and equipment to do so are available.
45
-------
The water chemistry section of the Kansas Environmental
Health Laboratory was evaluated June 15-16, 1972, by the
Analytical Quality Control Section of EPA. The conclusions
drawn from the survey indicated that the service could be
broadened. Likewise, additional facilities could be utilized
to improve the function of this facility and provide less
deviation from the analytical methods prescribed in the 13th
edition of "Standard Methods For The Examination of Water and
Wastewater." It was also noted, that to carry out the
recommended functions, at least one additional chemist is
needed. Refer to Appendix C for Survey Report on the Kansas
Environmental Health Laboratory. In the fiscal year 1972, 757
complete and 782 partial chemical analyses, as defined by
Kansas, were performed on public water supply samples at a cost
of $26,745.
Engineering and Technical Assistance
The Water Supply Program personnel reviewed 249 sets of plans
and specifications during the 1969-70 biennium compared to 221
sets during the previous biennium. Included in this total
were plans and specifications for water wells, impounding
reservoirs, water supply intakes, water treatment plants,
storage tanks, distribution systems,- and additional treatment
facilities.
The legal requirements for reviewing these plans involves
46
-------
detailed work as outlined in the program policy. In the 1970
fiscal year, approximately 100 sets of plans and specifications
were reviewed, requiring approximately one-man year of effort.
Review of plans and specifications is a priority item and a
major technical effort is directed in this area leaving less
time for field investigation and supervision.
Following the review of the plans and specifications, a permit
is issued for approved projects and post-construction inspections
are required before additional sources of water and major improve-
ments are used. Written reports of post-construction inspections
are submitted to proper officials.
A large volume of correspondence regarding a wide variety of
water supply problems is processed each year. Approximately
one-half a man-year of work is expended in providing water
supply information to various state and federal agencies includ-
ing the Environmental Protection Agency. Information must
also be supplied to the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers
and the American Water Works Association. The amount of time
that must be devoted to supplying this type of information is
continually increasing. Special problems regarding bacterio-
logical and chemical quality; taste and odor; iron and manga-
nese; insecticide and herbicide contamination; corrosion con-
trol; and fluoridation occur frequently and are investigated
by either the central office staff or the area engineers.
47
-------
Individual and Small Public Water Supplies
In Kansas there are many individual water supplies and small
public water supplies that are utilized by the traveling
public. The Water Supply Program does not regulate these
supplies although it has the jurisdiction to do so. The
local health departments are involved in sanitation programs
which offer limited service to the individual home dwellers
in construction, operation and maintenance of home systems.
The Kansas Food and Lodging Board has the responsibility of
licensing the motels and restaurants which are available to
the traveling public; however, those establishments which
have small public water supplies are not required to submit
plans and specifications on their water systems or samples
from their systems for chemical and bacteriological analyses.
Other small private water supplies such as service stations
and rest areas do not obtain permits or receive any type of
surveillance from the. Water Supply Program. Neither a program
for licensing well drillers nor a pump installation code exist
to exert control over the construction of individual and small
public water supplies.
Operator Certification
The State of Kansas has a voluntary certification program for
water works operators. Of the total number of operators working
in the 502 municipal supplies, only 239 are certified. During
the field survey, the certified operators appeared to perform
48
-------
substantially better than the untrained personnel. However,
problems were evident in some supplies, although their operators
were certified. Certification does not necessarily mean that an
operator will impose the proper and correct methods and procedures
during normal or unusual operational conditions, but certification
shows that the operator has been exposed to and understands to
some degree, the basic principles of water works operation.
The operator certification program in Kansas is sponsored jointly
by the Kansas Sections of the American Water Works Association,
and the State Department of Health. Representatives of the sponsor-
ing organizations are appointed to a joint committee which admin-
isters the program. Operation certificates are of A, B, C, and D
categories. The requirements of each category are based on
experience, education and enough knowledge of water treatment to
pass a specific examination administered by the joint committee.
The difficulty of the examinations vary according to the certificate
sought, with the A category being the most difficult. At present,
there are 25-A, 17-B, 70-C, and 127-D certificates held by operators
in Kansas. The rules and regulations of the voluntary certifica-
tion plan for water works operators in Kansas are found in Appendix D.
Operator Training
Operator training is carried out by the joint committee. In 1972,
three area schools and an annual water and sewage works school
were held.
49
-------
The three area schools were attended by 85 Individuals and the
annual school had 65. The area schools are 2-days in length;
however, only one day is devoted to water supply. The lectures
include general subjects of water supply sources, water chemistry,
water purification and treatment techniques, chemical quality and
bacteriology. One day is not sufficient to adequately cover all
of the above subjects.
The Annual Water and Sewage Works school has 20-hours of instruction
in water supply and treatment. This school is very informative;
the lectures given are rather broad and general due to the variation
of the enrol lee's experience in water supply. The instructors at
the schools are primarily personnel of the Kansas State Department
of Health and some municipal employees.
Under the existing conditions, 44-hours of instruction is the
maximum an operator can possibly receive if his employer is willing
to pay for his travel, fees, and lodging. Most of the cities, as
evidenced by the low number of certified operators, feel that this
expenditure is unneeded and will maintain this position until
mandatory certification is adopted.
Correspondence courses dealing with water works operation are
available through State and Federal programs at a nominal fee
which is usually paid personally by the operator.
In December, 1971, a training program entitled "Fluoridation
50
-------
Determinations in Water" was conducted by the Environmental
Protection Agency with the cooperation of the State Health
Department. The three-day program consisted of laboratory and
class sessions. Forty-four communities practice fluoridation in
Kansas and 16 operators from 15 different supplies attended the
course. The operators were instructed in standard methods of
fluoride analysis, operation and maintenance of the facilities
equipment, and safety in handling the fluoride equipment.
51
-------
STATUS OF SUPPLIES
-------
STATUS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
Evaluation Criteria
The effectiveness of the Kansas Water Supply Program was based
in part on the three separate surveys previously described. The
bacteriological, chemical and physical quality of 40 community
water supplies, and 40 small public water supplies were evaluated
for compliance with DWS_. These systems were also evaluated for
adequacy of the water system source, treatment facilities, opera-
tion, quality control, and the engineering, chemical and bacterio-
logical surveillance of the supply.
Bacteriological Quality
Bacteriological quality records of the 40 community water systems
were reviewed at the State Health Department Laboratory. Bacterio-
logical quality of the 40 small public water supplies was based on
the results of tests performed on samples collected in the field
during the survey. In addition, available bacteriological water
quality data for the previous"12-month period were obtained for
review from either the State Health Department or the State Highway
Department files.
Chemical Quality
The chemical quality of the public water supplies surveyed was
based on analytical results of treated water samples collected
during the survey. If a supply had multiple sources of water,
samples were collected from a point in the distribution system
52
-------
representative of the composite sources. If the supply had a
single source, the sample was taken where the finished water
entered the distribution system. A one-gallon grab sample was
collected from those supplies which had surface sources and mailed
to the EPA Gulf Coast Water Supply Laboratory at Dauphin Island,
Alabama, for pesticide analysis. Analyses were performed on the
sample for the following chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides:
Aldrin, Lindane, Chlordane, ODD, DDE, DDT (p.p1), Dieldrin, Endrin,
Heptachlor, Heptachlor-epoxide, Methoxychlor and Toxaphene. A one-
quart grab sample was collected from each of the supplies and mailed
to the EPA Northeast Water Supply Laboratory at Narragansett, Rhode
Island. The following physical and chemical constituents were
measured: turbidity, color, total dissolved solids, chlorides,
sulfates, boron, specific conductance, and pH. Another one-quart
grab sample was collected and preserved with mercuric chloride and
sent to Narragansett for Methylene Blue Active Substances (Foam-
ing Agents) and Nitrate analyses. Narragansett also received a
third one-quart sample preserved with sodium hydroxide for cyanide
analysis. A one-quart grab sample was collected and preserved with
concentrated nitric acid and mailed to the EPA Water Supply Labora-
tory in Cincinnati, Ohio. Analyses were performed on the sample
for barium, arsenic, selenium, total chromium, silver, copper,
manganese, lead, iron, cobalt, cadmium, zinc, nickel and mercury.
The analytical results from the samples were compared to the
recommended and mandatory limits for chemical constituents as set
53
-------
forth in the 1962 Public Health Service Drinking Mater Standards.
see Table V. Supplies which exceeded the physical or chemical
constituent limits were determined.
Bacteriological Quality
The bacteriological quality of the community water supplies was
based on results of the previous 11 months of bacteriological
records. These results were obtained in a tabulated computer
printout form from the Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory and
from two certified water treatment plant laboratories at Wichita
and Topeka, Kansas. Systems which failed to meet the bacteriological
requirements as prescribed in the Drinking Water Standards were
determined.
Field surveys and inspections were made by EPA and State Health
Department personnel. Needed information was collected and the
water supply's source, treatment, operation and quality control were
evaluated in accordance with the Manual For Evaluating Public Drink-
ing Water Supplies and the Drinking Water Standards.
Source Adequacy
The adequacy of the source was determined from information provided
by the water department personnel. The protection of the various
sources were based on the present and possible future conditions
of the well structures and watersheds.
54
-------
TABLE V
Recommended Limits
Substance
Alkvl Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)
Arsenic (As )
Chloride (Cl )
Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE)
Cyanide (CM)
Nitrate^ (NOO)
Phenol s
Sulfate (564)
Total Dissolved Solids
Mandatory Limits
Substance
Arsenic (As )
Ban" um (Ba)
Cadmi um ( Cd )
Chromium (Hexavalent) (Cr+6)
Cyanide (CN)
Fluoride (F)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Aq)
*Depends on annual average of maximum daily air
Concentration in mq/1
0.5
0.01
250.
1.
0.2
0.01
*
0.3
0.05
45.
0.001
250.
500.
5.
Concentration in mg/1
0.05
1.0
0.01
0.05
0.2
*0.7-1.2
0.05
0.01
0.05
temperatures.
55
-------
Facilities and Operation Adequacy
Facilities were considered adequate if they were suitable to treat
the supply of raw water and if standby feed equipment was present.
Operations were adequate if the facilities were well maintained
and operated properly. If the treatment process being used showed
a record which verified continual production of a water that was
of good chemical, physical and bacteriological quality, the facil-
ities were considered to be properly operated.
Distribution System
Storage was considered adequate if elevated or nonpumped storage
equaled or exceeded the systems average daily demand. Pressure in
the distribution system was considered adequate if it equaled or
exceeded 20 psi in all parts of the system under maximum water use.
Water in the distribution system was considered to be properly
disinfected if a free chlorine residual was detectable through the
distribution system at the time of the field visit.
Quality Control
The presence of records for disinfection, filter runs, chemical
consumption, operational control tests when applicable and bacterio-
logical results on the day of the field inspection determined the
adequacy of their record keeping. The adequacy of the cross-
connection control program was based on adoption of an ordinance,
implementation of a program and progress toward cross-connection
elimination.
56
-------
Surveillance
Engineering surveillance of a supply was considered adequate
if an inspection followed by a written report had been made by
personnel from the Division of Environmental Health in the 12-
month period previous to the field visit. Chemical surveillance
was considered satisfactory if a complete chemical analysis was
performed by the Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory on a
distribution system sample or a well sample from the supply during
the preceding 12-month period. Bacteriological surveillance was
considered adequate if the actual number of bacteriological
samples examined each month of the 11-month period from March 1971
to February 1972 met the minimum number specified by the Drinking
Water Standards.
57
-------
Findings From The Survey of 40 Community Mater Supplies Serving
Municipalities
Water Quality
Bacteriological Quality
Eight supplies (2056) of the systems failed to meet the
mandatory coliform limit of the Drinking Water Standards
one or more months during the 11-month review period.
The correlation of community size on bacteriological
quality and the number of noncertified operators are shown
in Table VI. These supplies furnished water which was
possibly unfit for consumption to 27,193 people. Five of
the eight systems had well water sources and four of these
were under the direction of a noncertified operator. Two
other municipalities which employed noncertified operators
had combined sources of well and spring water which were
potentially bacteriologically hazardous to their citizens at
various times. Only one system that utilized a surface supply
failed to meet the standards. In all instances, the records
do not indicate that any repeat sampling was initiated or
carried out by any Health Department or city personnel at
those locations where bad samples were previously collected.
Chemical Quality
Eighteen supplies (45%) of the systems failed to meet one or
more chemical or physical constituent limits of the Drinking
58
-------
TABLE VI
01
10
Population
50,UOO and over
10, GOO - 50,000
2,bOO - 10,000
1,000 - 2,500
500 - 1,000
Less than 500
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND OPERATOR
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION BY COMMUNITY SIZE
i^umoer of Cities lumber of Cities Number of Cities
selected for without certified failed UiJS bacteriological
survey operators standards
2
13
10
7
3
5
3
6
5
2
5
1
2
1
1
3
-------
Water Standards (DNS). At least one recommended chemical
limit failed to be met by sixteen systems (40%) and two
supplies (5%) failed to meet a mandatory chemical limit.
Two supplies did not meet one or more of the physical con-
stituent limits. These figures are illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 7 shows the constituent limits and the number of
supplies that failed to meet them. A physical and chemical
quality evaluation by community size is shown in Table VII.
Fifteen of the 17 supplies which exceeded the DWS had ground
water for a source of supply. Based on the chemical results
of this survey, the concentrations of chemical constituents
in Kansas surface water supplies are lower than in ground water
supplies. Table VIII shows the relationship between the
source and the systems exceeding the DWS. The turbidity and
total dissolved solids standards were each exceeded one time
by surface supply. Refer to Appendix E, Table I, for results
of chemical and physical analyses. One of the samples from
supplies with surface sources contained concentrations of the
chlorinated pesticides in excess of the limits set forth in
the Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies.
Refer to Appendix E, Table II, for results of pesticide
analyses.
Source
Two of the supplies surveyed did not have adequate quantities of
water. The supplies sources were not adequate to satisfy the needs
60
-------
Figure 6
NUMBER OF SYSTEMS FAILING TO MEET
THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL LIMITS IN
PHS DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
40-
3O -
20--
10--
TOTAL
NUMBER
REVIEWED
EXCEEDING
RECOMMENDED
CHEMICAL
LIMITS
EXCEEDING
RECOMMENDED
PHYSICAL
LIMITS
EXCEEDING
MANDATORY
CHEMICAL
LIMITS
Number of systems
61
-------
CTt
NITRATE
Figure 7
NUMBER OF SYSTEMS FAILING TO MEET
A CONSTITUENT LIMIT OF PHS DRINKING
WATER STANDARDS
TDS
- RECOMMENDED LIMIT
- MANDATORY LIMIT
20
Water Supplies Surveyed
30
40
-------
TABLE VII
PHYSICAL AiJU CHEMICAL QUALITY EVALUATION BY OHMUMITY SIZE
,'iet Drinking vJater Standards
Exceeded recoirenended permissible
but not mandatory limit
bxceedcd mandatory limits
System totals - Number
Over btJ
o
1»
2
Population Ssrved-in Thousands
10-50
7
4
2
i ^
2.5-10
6
4
10
1.0-2.5
5
i
7
.5-1
2
1
3
Less
Than .5
2
3
3
CO
-------
TABLE VIII
SYSTEMS EXCEEDING LIMITS BY SOURCE
Recommended Limits
ros
MANGANESE
5ULFATE
FURBIDITY
COPPER
TITRATE
URSENIC
[RON
CHLORIDES
COLOR
Well
5
2
12
1
1
1
1
1
3
Surface
1
1
Mixed Well & Surface 1
1
Mixed Well and Spring sources did not fail to meet any recommended
physical or chemical limits.
Mandatory Limits
.EAD
:OLIFORMS
Well
2
5
Surface
1
Mixed Well & Springs
2
Mixed Well and Surface sources did not fail to meet the mandatory
limits.
64
-------
of the community. The combined population served by these two
supplies is 6,662 or 0.97 percent of the total population.
Four systems exhibited inadequate protection, but steps were
under way to alleviate those conditions. In all supplies, the
systems serve a combined population of 35,743.
Raw water quality cannot be discussed because it was not sampled
and the Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory does not monitor
the raw water quality of individual surface water supplies.
Treatment
The number of different sources and the various kinds of treatment
the sources undergo are shown in Table II, Appendix A. Additional
treatment facilities are needed in 14 (35%) of the systems surveyed.
Two of the supplies are in the process of satisfying their needs.
All of the supplies practiced disinfection and had at least one
functional chlorinator. Of the 40 supplies surveyed, 6 (15%) did
not have a free chlorine residual in the system at the time of the
survey.
Distribution
Distribution storage facilities are inadequate in two systems serving
a combined population of 17,972. One city is making progress toward
eliminating this problem. Inadequate pressure is observed under
conditions of excessive water use in some parts of the distribution
system of a supply serving 274,448 consumers.
65
-------
Quality Control
Eleven supplies (28%) surveyed, serving 14,126 persons failed
to keep any quality control records. Four other systems kept
only partial control records. All but two of the systems surveyed
were reportedly checking chlorine residuals daily. One supply
which did not check chlorine residuals failed to meet the Drinking
Water Standards bacteriological quality requirements for two of
the 11 months reviewed.
The type and frequency of tests for operational control ranged
from none in two of the smaller towns to many types performed on
an hourly basis in the larger systems. Atomic absorption was being
used by two of the supplies for analytical work. Fluoride analyses
were being performed by all supplies which made fluoride additions.
All supplies that were softening ran pH, hardness and alkalinity
tests. All (100%) of the systems which utilized surface sources
were performing turbidity, color, and threshold odor tests.
A combined population of 21,168 was served by 12 systems that did
not have an ordinance against cross-connections. Seven supplies
had plumbing codes which included a section on cross-connections
but no inspections or enforcement were prevalent. Only one of the
cities surveyed was in the process of implementing a program of
continuous reinspection for removal of cross-connections. Refer
to Appendix G for information on the Source, Treatment, Distribution
and Quality Control of each of the municipal water supplies surveyed.
66
-------
Quality of Operation
The 40 systems surveyed provided water to a combined population
of 680,656 and employed a total of 134 operators. Only 60 of the
operators (45%) were certified under the voluntary certification
program at the time of the survey. Twenty-one of the supplies (53%)
had no certified operators. Only one supply did not have a full time
employee. The smaller supplies hired one individual to take care
of the water system, sewage system, streets and other problems and
needs arising in the municipality. The practical experience of the
water systems personnel ranged from a minimum of two years to a
maximum of 30 years. The operators formal education varied from
less than eight years of public schooling to acquisition of uni-
versity degrees. Most of the operators have a high school or high
school equivalent education. Approximately 30 percent of the supplies
had sent their operators to the various area schools and the annual
school sponsored by the Kansas Section of the American Water Works
Association, and the State Department of Health.
Technical schools for instruction in water and sewage treatment had
been attended by three of the 134 operators. No university level
courses in chemistry or microbiology had been taken by personnel
in 75 percent of the systems. Correspondence courses in water
treatment were being taken by two of the operators.
The systems which do not have certified operators appear to have
more problems in operations and in meeting the criteria in the
67
-------
Drinking Water Standards. Operational problems were observed in
nine of the supplies (23%) and six of these systems employed only
noncertified operators. Of the eight supplies that failed to meet
the bacteriological quality of Drinlong Mater Standards, seven
employed noncertified operators. In six systems that were not
disinfected properly at the time of the field survey, only two
systems were controlled by certified personnel. Ten of the 15
systems operators who failed to keep completely satisfactory
quality control records were not certified. The quality of operators
is partially determined by salary levels and among the operators
interviewed, the salary range varied from $275 to $800 per month
for full time employees; $40 per month for the part time employee.
Surveillance
Bacteriological
The State has adopted into policy all the bacteriological
requirements in the Drinking Water Standards. The discussion
below is based on the supplies previous 11 months bacteriolog-
ical records.
Twenty-one of the supplies (52%) of the water systems serving
148,548 individuals failed to meet the bacteriological standards
because of inadequate sampling during one or more months.
Five water systems (13%) failed to collect any samples during
some months.
68
-------
A few samples from 16 supplies (40%) were discarded by the
Environmental Health Laboratory because more than 48 hours
had elapsed since the samples were collected. There was not
evidence of a resampling policy for old samples or samples
which had coliforms present.
Chemical
All of the supplies had a routine chemical analysis, performed
yearly on a minimum of one sample from their distribution system
or an individual well.
Based on the preceeding years analyses and on a limited number
of constituents, about 460 public water supplies failed to meet
the recommended DWS for chemical quality in one or more of the
following categories: (1) total dissolved solids (2) iron and
manganese (3) sulfate (4) nitrate and (5) chloride. With excep-
tion of the nitrates, while these deviations are undesirable,
they reflect concentrations due to natural factors and do not
constitute a health threat to the public. The State has an
unwritten policy which sets the limit for nitrates in potable
water at 90 mg/1 unlike 45 mg/1 in the DWS. An excess of
nitrates in water contributes to an illness known as infant
methemoglobi nemia.
Engineering
Figure 8 shows the percentage and number of supplies with the
length of time since the last inspection and written report by
69
-------
12
27.5*
10
8
a
a.
IU
CO
6
2
Figure 8
PERCENT OF SUPPLIES SURVEYED
17.5*
5%
15%
10%
7.5*
5*
2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
2.5*
1 2 34 56789 10 II
NUMBER OF YEARS SINCE LAST FORMAL INSPECTION BY STATE PERSONNEL
13
-------
State personnel. These data do not mean that the supplies
were not visited yearly because in most cases they were but
the area engineers and technicians have so many other program
responsibilities that time is usually not available to make
a thorough annual inspection and review all the laboratory
techniques, records, etc. Without time to properly make an
inspection and write a full report, there is no indication of
the problems found; therefore, there are no means for the
State to judge progress in correction of the problem. The
inspection frequency and quality of the inspections are not
in the regulations or policies, consequently, only 11 supplies
(28%) have been inspected within one year of survey, two
supplies (5%) inspected within two years and it has been three
or more years since 27 supplies (67%) have been inspected.
71
-------
Findings From The Field Survey of The 12 Selected Fluoridation
Installations
Optimum Fluoride Level
In the 12 selected systems that were surveyed, it was noted that
the analytical test and control of the fluoride ion level varied
considerably. Only nine (75%) evidenced a fluoride ion content
in the distribution system that was within the 0.8-1.2 mg/1 range
as required by the State of Kansas.
Laboratory Control
Five (42%) of the plant operators or laboratory personnel were not
conducting fluoride analysis within +0.1 mg/1 of the duplicate
sample analysis performed by the Environmental Protection Agency
Water Supply Division. Daily finished water fluoride ion analysis,
required by the State Department of Health, was not conducted at
five (42%) of the installations and regular raw water fluoride ion
analysis was not being conducted at nine systems (75%). Adequate
analytical equipment and facilities were available, and care of
equipment was judged satisfactory at seven (58%) of the plants
visited. Records of the fluoridation operation were acceptable
at only four (33%) of the facilities surveyed.
Fluoride Chemical Feed Equipment and Facilities
Fluoride chemical feed equipment and facilities were found
deficient at four (33%) of the 12 installations surveyed and
only four (33%) of the feeding arrangements were acceptable, i.e.
72
-------
protected against overfeeding, preferred point of chemical
application, protected against backflow, and good housekeeping
in the feeder area. Five (42%) of the operators reported one or
more interruptions in fluoridation of one or more days duration
in the past twelve months. Maintenance was found satisfactory at
eleven (92%) of the facilities surveyed, however, the plant
operators had been alerted to the inspection visit.
Fluoride Chemical Compound - Storage and Handling
Storage arrangements for the fluoride chemical compound fed were
unsatisfactory at five (42%) of the 12 installations surveyed.
Seven (58%) of the operators interviewed did not have available
suitable safety equipment to handle the fluoride chemical compounds;
two (17%) of the operators were permitting unsafe reuse of the
chemical shipping containers or were not disposing of the empty
containers satisfactorily.
Operator Training and Interest
A trained operator with a genuine interest in feeding fluorides
is essential to the satisfactory operation of a fluoridation
installation. Three (25%) of the facilities surveyed were operated
by personnel not completely familiar with the fluoride chemical
feed equipment at their plants. Three (25%) of the operators
questioned were not adequately trained in the use of the fluoride
ion test equipment provided and the procedures to follow in conduct-
ing a fluoride ion analyses. The operators at three (25%) of the
73
-------
plants visited did not favor feeding fluoride to public water
supply systems.
Surveillance
Frequent check samples of fluoride ion levels in the distribution
system and regular inspection visits to the water fluoridation
installation by State Water Supply surveillance personnel must be
conducted to assure the facility is operating satisfactorily. The
State Department of Health requires four water samples per month
to be collected from the distribution system of fluoridated water
supplies and submitted to the State Laboratory for fluoride ion
analysis. A reivew of State Laboratory records for 1971 revealed
the required number of check samples had not been received from
three (25%) of the installations selected for survey. Only three
(25%) of the twelve plants had been visited in the past twelve months
by a representative of the State Department of Health's Water
Supply surveillance agency. Inspection visits to the water supply
systems surveyed averaged one visit in four years.
Figure 2, Appendix F, Operating Conditions At Selected Fluoridated
Water Supply Systems, summarizes the operating conditions observed
at the installations inspected during the time of the survey. Table
II, Appendix F, Analysis of Samples From Fluoridated Water Supply
Systems, tabulates the fluoride ion analysis of the water samples
collected at each facility surveyed.
74
-------
Findings From The Study of 40 Small Water Supplies Serving The
Traveling Public
Water Quality
Thirty-five water systems (88%) delivered water that did not meet
the constituent limits of the DWS. The systems surveyed and the
constituent limits which failed to be met by each system is shown
in Table III, Appendix E. Table IX lists the constituents and the
number of systems failing to meet the recommended and mandatory
limits of each constituent.
Bacteriological Quality
Nine water systems (23%) failed to meet the coliform limits of the
DWS.
Chemical Quality
Thirty-four systems (85%) delivered water which failed to meet one
or more of the recommended limits for chemical and physical quality.
Six of the water systems (15%) failed to meet the chemical limits.
The physical limits were exceeded by four water systems (10%).
Twenty-nine systems (73%) failed to meet the total dissolved solids
limit, 15 supplies (38%) failed to meet the iron limit and 10 systems
(25%) failed the manganese limit. Mandatory limits for fluoride
and selenium were met in 39 systems (98%) and lead was met in 36
supplies (90%).
Source Adequacy
All of the sources (100%) were capable of yielding the amounts of
water needed by the traveling public.
75
-------
TABLE IX
Arsenic
Chloride
Color
Iron
Manganese
Nitrate
Sulfate
IDS
Turbidity
Zinc
Coliform Organisms
Fluoride
Lead
Selenium
i FEDERAL INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 70 IN KANSAS THAT
NT LIMITS
OF THE DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS.
Recommended Limits Exceeded
Mandatory
Number of Systems
1
1
1
15
10
2
8
29
4
0
Limits Exceeded
Number of Systems
9
1
4
1
Percent
3
3
3
38
25
5
20
73
10
0
Percent
23
3
10
3
76
-------
Treatment
Only two systems (5%) had ch1 orination facilities and two other
systems (5%) had softening facilities, however, none of the
facilities were in operation at the time of the field visit.
Distribution
In general, the physical water system facilities used to distribute
and store the drinking water were adequate, although 5 systems
(13%) had low pressure (20 psi) in some area of the distribution
system. This represents a potentially dangerous situation in the
presence of a cross-connection between potable and nonpotable
water and is especially serious at small water systems where demands
are usually large and instantaneous.
Surveillance
Bacteriological
The degree of bacteriological surveillance of the water systems
surveyed varied widely and generally did not meet the bacterio-
logical surveillance criteria set forth in the Drinking Water
Standards.
Three of the commercially owned water systems (8%) purchased
wholesale finished water from a nearby municipal system assumed
to have an adequate bacteriological sampling program. Thirty-
seven water systems (98%) did not have a surveillance program
which complied with the DNS. During the nine months of heaviest
usage, the ten systems (25%) which were operated by the State
77
-------
Highway Commission submitted one sample per month to the
Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory for analysis. No
records were available to show the other 27 commercially
owned rest areas (68%) had ever submitted samples for analysis.
Chemical
The three systems (8%) which purchased water from the munici-
palities were the only ones which had samples from their
supplies analyzed routinely. The ten State owned systems (25%)
submitted samples to the Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory
before the supplies were used by the public; however, routine
analyses are not performed on samples from these systems.
Engineering
Only the municipal supplies that sold water to three (8%) of
the rest stops had been inspected by the State Water Supply
Program personnel. The frequency of inspection for these
specific supplies was not evaluated. Engineering surveillance
in previous section noted only 25% inspected annually. The
other 37 supplies (98%) had never been reviewed or approved
by the State Department of Health.
78
-------
DISCUSSION
-------
DISCUSSION
PROGRAM NEEDS
Legislative Authority and Implementation
Public Water Supplies
The Kansas Statutes delegate authority to the State Board
of Health to supervise the development of public water
supplies and to establish regulations for their surveillance.
These statutes, prepared in 1907, specifically state that
water supplied to the public for domestic or drinking pur-
poses will be regulated by the State Board of Health;
however, a definition of a public or other type of water
supplies (i.e. public, semi-public, community, individual or
bottled water) is not mentioned in the statutes. Statute
74-901, Appendix B modifies the functions of the State Board
of Health, and provides for the Executive Secretary of the
State Board of Health to be the Director of Health. The State
Department of Health is under control of the Director of Health
(State Health Officer) and he is delegated the authority and
power of the State Board of Health in administrating the duties
and obligations assigned by statute to the Board of Health
and the State Health Department. However, the power and
authority to make rules and regulations are not delegated to
the Director of Health by the Board of Health. The State
Water Supply Program is based primarily on the policies
79
-------
developed through the Division of Environmental Health
according to the Statute 65-171h revised in 1967. There
are only two regulations regarding public water supplies,
one pertaining to the collection and analysis of water for
quality control and one for the application of permits to
supply water for domestic purposes. The development of
additional (Appendix B) regulations by the board of health
would provide a more definite legal responsibility on public
water supplies.
Small Water Supplies Serving the Public
As evidenced by the study of the water systems serving the
traveling public along federal interstate highways in Kansas,
the State Water Supply Program personnel have not included
small public water supplies in their surveillance program.
The statutes, regulations, and policies should be extended to
safeguard the public in small institutions, hotels, motels,
restaurants, service stations, and highway rest stops having
their own water supply and serving water to the public. The
State Department of Health has excluded these facilities from
their inventory of public water supplies because of inadequate
funds and manpower.
Individual Water Supplies
The statutes, regulations, and policies do not specifically
provide for the control over water wells constructed for
80
-------
individual use or small public water supplies. There is
inadequate control of the well drilling operation as no
agency is responsible for supervising this activity. This
should be a closely related function to the Health Depart-
ment as once the supply is developed and the water is pro-
vided to the public, compliance should be attained to
existing statutes. Legislation should be initiated to
develop a licensing of well drill.ers and adoption of a pump
installation code with the State Health Department having
major administrative and enforcement responsibilities. Per-
mits should be issued for every well that supplies water to
the public and the same requirements provided in the statute
should be enforced.
Program Enforcement
Although the statutes prescribe severe penalties for failure to
comply with requirements, review of the reports and records in the
State Water Supply Program office revealed a number of incidents
where a public water supply was in violation of State requirements
and the Water Supply Program failed to take prompt corrective action.
The policy on chlorination adopted in 1942 by the Board of Health
resulted in the issuing of orders for water supplies to provide
this.protection by January 1, 1958. One municipality refused to
follow the order and held the matter in litigation for several years.
During this time, the case identified as the State vs the City of
81
-------
Galena, Kansas, (Appendix B) was appealed to the State Supreme
Court. The legality of chlon nation was upheld but precedence
of the case as a safeguard for public health was obscured.
Because of the slow process of judicial procedures, the City of
Galena was able to furnish water to the public for 10 years with-
out proper disinfection as ordered by the State Board of Health.
Another incident of Public Health significance was that of a
landlord providing a water supply to homes which he had for rent.
When his well failed, he resorted to a pond for serving his tenants.
It took several weeks before the problem could be corrected in spite
of the Statutes, regulations and policies.
A bowling alley that was developing its own water supply refused
to follow the requirements of the State Department of Health. This
called for considerable effort on the part of the Health Department
to provide assurance that it was a safe supply.
Our field investigation also detected reluctance on the part of some
communities to fully comply with the policies of the State Depart-
ment of Health.
A reluctance has been shown by the State Department of Health in
seeking legal aid to enforce the statutes. There appears to be a
lack of communication between the Judicial and the Public Health
workers, and the enforcement of needed protective measures for
public water supplies is lax. It is the obligation of the State to
82
-------
protect the health of all people, not just the majority. This
lack of enforcement indicates that the State is not doing the best
job possible in protecting the public health.
In view of the potential danger of a sanitary defect in a public
water supply, a strict enforcement procedure should be established
with the cooperation of state and local agencies having judicial
powers to remedy a violation that is considered a potential health
hazard.
Water Quality
Bacteriological
The State Board of Health requires chlorination of public
water supplies for protection against the transmission of
waterborne disease. Issuance of the Chlorination Order on
October 8, 1942, resulted from an epidemic of bacillary dysen-
tery that had occurred the previous month in Newton, Kansas.
Twenty-five hundred residents and an indeterminable number of
transients became ill because of a cross-connection that allowed
sewage to flow into the city water mains.
During this evaluation period, 20% of the municipal systems
failed to meet bacteriological quality recommended by DWS.
The presence of coliform organisms is a potential danger to
the supply as it indicates some form of contamination. Six
of the forty systems surveyed did not have a free chlorine
residual in the distribution system.
83
-------
The evaluation of supplies serving the traveling public
indicated a much poorer compliance to bacteriological
quality for small public water supplies. Nine of the supplies
(23%) of the systems surveyed failed to meet bacteriological
quality standards. Only three water supplies (8%), those
purchasing water from a municipal supply, had an apparent
adequate bacteriological surveillance program, while 90% of
the supplies failed to meet the requirements. Of these 40
systems, only two (5%) had facilities for chlorination and none
of the facilities were in operation.
Maintaining a free chlorine residual in public water supplies
is a major safeguard to the system. Chlorination not only
protects the water supply from transmission of pathogens but
provides control of nuisance organisms that contribute to taste
and odor when they are allowed to develop. There were several
instances during the survey of municipal systems where chlori-
nation equipment had not been adequately maintained and, in
many cases, there was no record of the amount of chlorine they
were applying. The accuracy of the chlorine residual test was
often of questionable reliability because of the condition of
the instruments.
Chemical
Mandatory Limits
The permissible limits of chemical constituents in drinking
84
-------
water are based on the fact that the substances
enumerated represent hazards to the health of man.
There were two well supplies in the survey of 40
municipal water supply systems that did not meet the
prescribed mandatory chemical limits. The constituent
was lead, in concentration slightly greater than that
prescribed in QMS.
In the survey of the 40 water supplies serving the
traveling public, four supplies exceeded the mandatory
limits for lead, and one supply exceeded the level for
selenium. Neither one of these chemical constituents
are routinely analyzed by the Kansas Water Supply Lab-
oratory. It has been noted that only eight of the 20
consituents in DwS are being analyzed by the Kansas
Environmental Health Laboratory.
Recommended Limits
The recommended limits should not be exceeded when a more
suitable water supply is available. These limits are
based on factors that render a supply undesirable for use
because the constituents impart objectionable taste and
odor to water, render it economically or esthetically
inferior, or toxic to fish or plants.
Of the 40 municipal supplies surveyed, 40% failed to meet
85
-------
one or more recommended chemical standards. Total
dissolved solids, manganese and sulfates were the major
constituents in excess. In general, these elements
present an esthetic problem to the supply. From a health
standpoint there is no data to indicate what level of
manganese or sulfate would be harmful in a water supply.
Manganese produces a brownish color in laundered goods
and impairs the taste of beverages. Sulfates present a
laxative problem for newcomers and casual water users.
Iron, which is commonly present in the ground water
sources in Kansas, only exceeded the standard in one
municipal supply. The samples were taken from finished
water in the distribution system or after treatment and,
therefore, removal or oxidation of the iron had been
accomplished by treatment or chlorination. The 40 supplies
surveyed that served the traveling public indicated 15
(37%) exceeded iron standards, 10 (25%) exceeded manganese
standards. These two constituents can be easily removed
by conventional water treatment. There were eight supplies
(20%) of the small public water supply systems surveyed
that exceeded the sulfate standards. As previously noted,
the cathartic effects of excessive sulfate consumption
could present problems to the traveling public. The effects
on infants of excessive nitrates in water is a recognized
health problem. Two systems exceeded the recommended
86
-------
standards for nitrates in water.
Fluoridation
Community water fluoridation is a proven public health
method that provides an optimum level of fluoride ion
for the prevention of tooth decay. EPA's endorsement of
fluoridation is found in Appendix F.
When a community delivers water having fluoride ion adjust-
ment, the Water Supply Program should be assured that minimum
and maximum permissable concentrations of fluoride are main-
tained throughout the system.
Fluoridation of public water supplies is not mandatory in
Kansas at the present time. Legislation is proposed in
Kansas for mandatory fluoridation of every community supply
over 500 population. The present policy in Kansas on fluori-
dation requires that the installation have full approval of
the community before the State Department of Health will con-
sider approval of fluoridation. The Water Supply Program staff
must approve plans and specifications pertaining to all phases
of the fluoridation process. State Health Department personnel
are usually present when a community initiates fluoridation of
its water supply. Normally, the area office staff provides
a limited amount of individual instruction in fluoride determi-
nations and equipment operation to the plant operators.
87
-------
It was noted from the survey that 25% of the twelve supplies
surveyed did not contain fluoride ion levels throughout the
distribution system within the state recommended limits
(0.8 to 1.2 mg/1) and that there were a number of deviations
from acceptable practice in installations and analytical
procedures.
Cross-Connection Control
Statute 65-163b provides requirements for cross-connection control.
The statute does not allow cross-connections between a public and
private supply unless a permit is obtained from the Board of Health.
"Policies Governing The Design of Public Water Supply Systems in
Kansas" further delineates cross-connection control and backflow
prevention. The policy states that approval will be given only
with adequate assurance when the following conditions exist:
1. A public water supply interconnecting private water
supplies when,
a. A 6" atmospheric gap is installed on the public supply.
b. Under special conditions, a 4-way valve or an approved
backflow preventer.
2. When interconnecting two public water supplies,
a. A double check valve is required and surveillance
is to be maintained for bacteriological quality.
The Kansas statutes and policies should provide adequate protection
to public water supplies, however, there was little indication on
88
-------
the part of most communities surveyed that a cross-connection
control program would be initiated to minimize these hazards.
There appeared to be little assurance on the part of the munici-
pality that adequate knowledge was available as to existing
cross-connection with the systems.
Bottled Water
The Water Supply Program in Kansas has no authority to regulate
the bottled water industry. The Food and Drug Division of the
Kansas State Department of Health has jurisdiction over the
industry because bottled water is categorized as a food product.
Approximately 25 bottlers are estimated to be in existence.
Personnel from the Food and Drug Division inspect the bottling
establishments approximately twice a year, collect and submit
samples for chemical and bacteriological analysis to the Kansas
State Environmental Health Laboratory. Fifteen to twenty of the
producers use either distillation or deionization methods for pro-
ducing a water of low total dissolved solids content. Several
companies bottle spring water to sell to the public. Occasionally,
bottles of water are purchased from retailers shelves and samples
from them are submitted for analysis.
The bottled water industry is also subject to-the labeling pro-
visions of the U.S. Food and Drug Act; however, there are no
uniform regulations and standards applied to the plants or its
products. The Kansas Food and Drug Division needs to continue
89
-------
their routine inspection and shelf sampling to assure adequate
registration, label ings, bacteriological quality of shelf samples,
and sanitary conditions of the bottling facilities. Bottled water
should adhere to the recommended bacteriological and chemical
water quality requirements of the QMS, and should require surveil-
lance by an acceptable program.
Waterborne Diseases
During the 10 year period 1961-1971, according to Craun and
McCabe^7) 128 outbreaks and 46,400 cases of illness associated
with drinking water occurred in the United States.
The major cause of illness with 22,000 cases was the use of
untreated ground water. The detailed causes were: surface
pollution near source; seepage of sewage; contamination by flood
water, and others related to faulty development of the water source.
Contamination of water sources with polluted water had to occur
for the infections to occur. It should be possible to develop a
water source and provide treatment so that the drinking water
would not be a health hazard.
The second major cause of waterborne disease was inadequate control
of treatment. In all, 20,000 cases of illness resulted when there
were breakdowns of chlorination or inadequate chlorine fed into
the system. The major cause of waterborne outbreaks in community
water supplies result from the contamination of the distribution
system caused by cross-connections and breaks in the lines. The
90
-------
contamination is usually contained in a small part of the system
and large numbers of cases of waterborne illness do not result.
Infectious hepatitis is one of the most serious waterborne diseases.
There were eight hepatitis outbreaks associated with community
water supplies in the past 10 years and most (7) of these were
caused by contamination of the distribution system.
There is no recent evidence of a major outbreak in Kansas attributed
to waterborne diseases in public water supplies. However, there
is potential for the transmission of any of the five listed diseases
that can be waterborne, namely: Amebiasis, Infectious Hepatitis,
Salmonellosis, Typhoid and Shigellosis. Typhoid fever, the classic
waterborne disease of the past, has decreased and only a very few
cases are reported in the United States and Kansas. During the
past six years the number of cases of Typhoid reported has ranged
between 350-400 for the nation and only one case was reported in
Kansas during 1971. Increasing numbers of cases of amebiasis and
salmonella have been reported in the United States and in Kansas
during the past six years. In Kansas, an increase of 67% and 87%
respectively, was noted during this period. Perhaps the greater
threat to waterborne disease transmission is that of infectious
hepatitis as case numbers are increasing and epidemiological
evidence has verified this transmission. During the past six years
the number of these cases reported in the United States has increased
81% and nearly 2.5 times in the State of Kansas. Likewise, Shigel-
losis is being reported at an increasing rate in the United States
91
-------
and In Kansas It has Increased nearly 13.5 times; evidence
does not specifically point to public water supplies as the
source of transmission, however, when the potential exists,
every effort should be made to correct it.
Operator Training and Certification
Maximum protection to drinking water should be provided at all
times. Water treatment and production personnel should have
adequate training and resources to carry out their responsibili-
ties in this program.
Many of the municipal supplies in the study obtained their water
from wells and in many cases, the only treatment was chlorination.
Their personnel were unaware of the necessity of keeping water
production records for establishing dependable yield and project-
ing future water requirements. The administrative and technical
personnel responsible for public water supplies must be aware of
the capability of their supply and how to protect it.
The basic responsibility for operator training should reside with
the utility and the operator. The State Water Supply Program
should support an educational and training program for certification.
Additional training courses, schools and workshops should be pro-
vided to assist operators in attaining certification. This is
evidenced by the findings from the survey of the municipal supplies
that the operators were not being certified.
92
-------
A mandatory certification program can supply the needed personnel
expertise in operations and maintenance to handle the problems
associated with underground water distribution systems, complex
treatment facilities, elevated storage, and pumping stations.
Requirements would include formal education, actual experience in
the water works field, a written examination and a required number
of specialized training courses. Under a mandatory certification
program, instruction of these specialized training courses would
require the full time services of several individuals.
Program Resources
In the fiscal year 1973, the total cost of the Water Supply Program
was approximately $200,000. This amount included some degree of
engineering, chemical and bacteriological surveillance of the 632
public water supplies.
Manpower
At the present time, for engineering technical assistance,
training and surveillance, a total of 4.7 man-years is
budgeted for work in the Water Supply Program. Only 2.4
man-years of effort are available for routine field work
and 2.3 man-years of effort are used to carry out program
responsibilities in the central office.
Under the existing conditions, approximately 20% of the
632 public water supplies are receiving adequate annual
engineering surveillance. The individual water supplies
93
-------
or small public water supplies do not receive any type
of chemical, bacteriological or engineering surveillance.
The Environmental Protection Agency has defined a public
water supply system as any system that provides water
for public consumption excluding water sold in closed
containers. A community water supply system is a public
system that either provides water to ten or more premises
not owned or controlled by the supplier of water or to
forty or more individuals. Small public water supplies
systems serve a resident population of less than ten
premises not controlled by the water supplier or less
than 40 residents, including systems at schools, camp-
grounds, rest areas, restaurants, motels, service stations
and federal installations not served by a community system.
Individual water supply systems serve single dwelling units
occupied by one family.
EPA has developed a rationale for estimating the cost of
a state water supply program. This rationale consists
of estimating the cost for the states in providing
engineering, chemical and bacteriological surveillance
over a public water supply.
Surveillance
Engineering
The engineering surveillance consists of sanitary surveys and
94
-------
related technical assistance. To accomplish these tasks, it
is estimated that 4 man-days are required per supply for plan
review, meetings with governing bodies, surveys, report writing,
informal on-the-job training, etc. Presently, the 4.7 man-years
of effort in the Kansas Water Supply Program provide a limited
amount of engineering surveillance primarily for the 502
communities (municipal supplies) with little or no engineering
surveillance of the other 130 small public water supplies.
EPA feels that one person can provide surveillance over 56
community systems per year based on 225 working days, and four
days a year per supply. For those small public water supply
systems, EPA has assumed that $100 should be allocated for
sanitary surveys and related technical assistance because this
type of system requires less than one-third of the time required
for surveillance of a community water supply.
Using the above criteria, the Kansas Water Supply Program
needs approximately 9 man-years of effort (502 communities X
4 man-days X 1 man-year ) to provide the proper amount of
community 225 man-days)
engineering surveillance for the communities in Kansas. For
the 130 small public water supplies when added with the 502
communities make up what presently constitutes the 632 public
water supplies in Kansas, another 0.8 man-years of effort
(130 small public supplies X 1.33 man-days X 1 man-year ) are
supply 225 man-days)
95
-------
needed for adequate engineering surveillance of these systems.
In addition to the 130 small public water supplies, there are
an estimated 1,000 small supplies which need to be included in
the engineering, chemical and bacteriological surveillance
programs. Six man-years of effort (1,000 systems X 1.33 man-days)
system
X 1 man-year ) are needed for engineering surveillance of the
225 man-days)
additional 1,000 small public water supplies.
The Kansas Water Supply Program needs an additional 11.1 (15.8 -
4.7) man-years of effort to provide the proper amount of engi-
neering surveillance which EPA feels is necessary for 502
communities and 1,130 small public water systems.
EPA's projected personnel costs are shown below:
Personnel Costs
$12,000 - Salary
2,500 - Fringe Benefits
2,000 - Travel
500 - Office Supplies
500 - Office Space
2.500 - 1/3 - Secretary
$20,000
At a cost of $20,000 for one man-year of effort, the Kansas
Water Supply Program's budget needs to be increased by $222,000
to provide an adequate amount of engineering surveillance. A
total of $327,170 is needed but only $105,170 is presently
being spent for such surveillance. The various costs to carry
on the engineering surveillance portion of the State Water
Supply Program are as follows:
96
-------
1973 FISCAL YEAR BUDGET
Item
A. Personnel
Engineering Salaries
OAB (Pd by State)
Retirement (Pd by State)
Secretarial Salaries
OAB (Pd by State)
Retirement (Pd by State)
Hospital Insurance (Pd by State)
Rent, Supplies, and Misc.
Telephone
Xerox Copy
Automobile Expenses
Travel and Subsistence
Total Cost
Grand Total
Area
Offices
$26,923.00
1,304.51
928.48
4,320.00
242.35
172.80
453.04
780.56
396.74
-
7,348.00
1,600.00
$44,409.48
Central
Office
$34,749.60
1,311.31
1,389.98
12,591.42
707.64
503.66
740.12
3,337.50
1,000.00
600.00
1,929.84
1,840.00
$60,701.07
$105,170.55
97
-------
Chemical
The Environmental Protection Agency rationale states that
the water utility itself should routinely perform the chemical
analysis for proper operational control (i.e. turbidity, pH,
chlorine residual, etc.) as well as special analysis for con-
taminants that are known to be present at levels approaching
the limits established in the 1962 PUS. The State should
assume responsibility for sufficient sampling and analysis
to insure that water of satisfactory chemical quality is
delivered to the"consumer by the public water supply systems.
This is of particular importance due to the large number of
systems without the capability to make some of the more important
health related determinations.
The following tabulations indicate: (1) minimum elements of
a chemical analysis considered sufficient to determine the
chemical and physical quality of a drinking water (2) elements
of a health-related chemical analysis (3) the minimum frequency
of monitoring for each element of the chemical analysis based
on the type of water source (it is assumed that 20% of the
community water supplies use surface sources and the remaining
80% use groundwater sources.) (4) the estimated cost for the
total chemical analysis.
98
-------
Chemical Analysis
Wet Chemistry
Trace Metals*
Man Days
Per Sample
1.8
0.4
Source of Frequency
Supply of Analysis
Surface Annual
Groundwater Triennial
Surface Annual
Groundwater Triennial
Man-days
Per Annum
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.1
Pesticides*
(chlorinated hydro-
carbons and
herbicides)
CCE*
Radiochemical*
Total
0.8
0.6
0.6
Surface
Surface
Surface &
Groundwater
Annual
Annual
Triennial
0.2
0.1
0.2
1.6
1.6 man-days X ($20,OOP/year)
225 man-days
year
= $142/year
*Elements of Health Related Chemical Analysis
99
-------
The State Environmental Health Laboratory is currently
running the wet chemistry analyses and a few trace metal
analyses with the use of a Beckman visible spectrophotometer
and flame photometer. The laboratory has a Perkin-Elmer
290B atomic absorption spectrophotometer, which unfortunately
is a single beam instrument lacking the sensitivity and sta-
bility required to analyze for metals such as lead and chrom-
ium at a level required by the DWS without some sort of con-
centration step. While this instrument is sensitive enough
for most other metals, another instrument such as the Perkin-
Elmer 403 should be purchased so the laboratory can determine
other heavy metals (i.e. arsenic, selenium, etc.) in quantities
that are found in the DVIS. In addition to Perkin-Elmer 403
instrument and accessories at an estimated cost of $10,000,
another $3,000 is needed for purchasing a Coleman Mercury
Analyzer, a Hach Model 2100A for turbidity measurements and
a mini-sampler and extractors for the determination of carbon
chloroform and carbon alcohol extracts (CCE and CAE.)
The State Environmental Health Laboratory has gas chromato-
graphs and radiological equipment for measuring pesticides and
radioactivity; however, these substances are not determined
unless specifically requested by the Water Supply Program
Chief. The Water Supply Program has to pay a fee to the
Environmental Health Laboratory for any additional analyses
which are performed that are not included in their routine
100
-------
complete analysis.
Following is a list of the expenditures by the Kansas Water
Supply Program for chemical, radiological and pesticide
analyses of water samples collected from public water supplies
during the fiscal year 1973.
Laboratory Service
Chemistry
a. complete analyses 18,925.00
b. partial analyses 2,500.00
Radiological 975.00
Pesticides 120-00
Total $22,520.00
For the 632 public water supplies, a total of $22,520 was
spent, thus, in 1973 the average cost per system for a limited
amount of chemical surveillance was approximately $35.
Based on the rationale developed by EPA and considering that
the State Environmental Health Laboratory will have to perform
wet chemistry and trace metal analyses, and using EPA's figure
of $142 per year for chemical surveillance, the Water Supply
Program needs $71,284 (502 communities X $142.00 ) for proper
Community)
surveillance of the community water supplies. The estimated
1,130 small public water supplies, which primarily have wells
as water sources, should submit samples every five years for
101
-------
wet chemistry, trace metal and radiochemical analyses.
Another $56,000 (2.8 man-days X $20.000 X 226 supplies X
supply man-year
1 man-year ) is required for adequate chemical surveillance
225 man-days)
of the small public water supplies in Kansas. A total of
$127,284 is necessary for the proper amount of chemical
surveillance for all the public water supplies in Kansas and
this sum is $104,764 more than what was spent in the fiscal
year 1973.
Bacteriological
EPA feels that three procedures are possible for getting
samples properly analyzed by qualified laboratories: (1) State
receives all samples from utilities and performs analysis.
(2) Utility performs all tests in State approved laboratories.
(3) State performs a minimum number of analysis and utilities
take additional samples to meet Drinking Water Standards.
The State makes periodic surveys of water supply laboratories
and compares their results with State laboratory results.
Bacteriological monitoring is considered to be an operational
procedure to be performed at the expense of the water utility,
however, the State is responsible to assure itself that the
analyses are properly performed. EPA feels that: (1) Procedure
Number 3 provides the best approach. (2) $5.00 per sample
would be adequate for postage and analytical costs. (3) State
should examine 5% of the distribution samples required by the
102
-------
Drinking Water Standards or two samples, whichever is the
greater. On this basis, the State would examine two samples
from each system serving fewer than 35,000 people and 5% of
the required number for all larger systems.
Procedure number one is favored for use in Kansas because the
State wants the responsibility of performing the majority of
the bacteriological testing for the utilities.
In addition to saving the State money for laboratory certi-
fication and saving the utilities expenditures for qualified
personnel, laboratory equipment, reagents, etc., procedure
number one makes certain that testing procedures are uniform,
analyses are properly performed, and results are interpreted
and reported correctly; thus, assuring the best and most
responsible evaluation of a supply's bacteriological water
quality.
Although procedure number one is primarily being used in Kansas,
procedure number three is being followed to some extent. There
are five of the 502 municipal supplies that have State approved
laboratories and perform their own bacteriological analyses.
The utilities collect and run enough samples to be in compliance
with the PUS. As a check on the utilities testing results, the
State requires that four of the utilities samples be collected
in duplicate and mailed weekly to the Kansas Environmental
Health Laboratory for analysis.
103
-------
For bacteriological surveillance of the 632 public water
supplies in the fiscal year 1973, Kansas spent $67,154 for
analyses and $5,010 for IBM costs. The cost per sample for
postal service and analytical work averaged $2.16 but this
figure does not include rent, utilities, telephone service,
or fringe benefits to personnel, so the $5.00 per sample
that EPA has projected may be a realistic figure.
The $72,164 which is spent for bacteriological surveillance
of the 632 public water supplies in Kansas needs to be
increased by $94,534 to pay for the actual $5.00 per sample
cost.
The other estimated 1,000 small public water supplies which
are presently not under any type of bacteriological surveillance
should submit a minimum of two samples per month; thus, result-
ing in an additional 24,000 samples per year for the Kansas
Environmental Health to analyze at an annual cost of $120,000.
In summary, the bacteriological surveillance portion of the
Kansas Water Supply Program needs to be increased from $72,164
to $289,698 annually.
The amount of money which the 632 public water supplies have
been paying has exceeded the actual costs of the analytical
work and the IBM costs because 20 to 75 percent of the public
water supplies fail to submit the number of samples for which
they are charged.
104
-------
The State Environmental Health Laboratory sends a printout
sheet listing the supplies which are, and are not, in compli-
ance with the bacteriological monitoring or quality require-
ments of the DWS to the area and central offices. The Water
Supply Program personnel do not reprimand the supplies for
their failures or help remedy their problems.
Summary of Resources
The chart below shows the existing resources and additional resources
needed to improve and extend the engineering, chemical and bacterio-
logical surveillance of all the public water supplies in Kansas.
f
'Surveillance
'1.
'2.
Engineering
Bacteriological
'3. Chemical
'Total
Existing
Resources
$105,170
72,164
22,520
$199,854
Additional
Resources Needed1
$222,000
217,534
104,764
$544,298
An increase in the budget of $544,298 is needed for engineering
(sanitary surveys and technical assistance) bacteriological, and
chemical surveillance of 1,632 public water supplies in Kansas.
Training
State Staff
EPA has assumed that each professional should receive an
average of five days training per year. The cost is estimated
at $100 per day or $500 per year based on $60 per day (the rate
105
-------
EPA charges for courses) and $40 per day (travel and per
diem costs.)
Presently, the staff of 15 people that make up the 4.7 man-
years of effort and carry out the Water Supply Program are
allowed on an average, less than one day per person, or less
than two days of training per year for each man-year of effort.
In 1972, only one man from the Water Supply Program staff
attended an EPA five-day course entitled "Operation and Control
of Water Systems Supplied From Wells." The $60 per day fee
for this course and many other EPA courses is waived for state
employees which results in a cost only for per diem.
All of the Water Supply Program personnel would have benefited
from this course, especially those that were new in the water
supply program. Some of the other personnel attended conferences
sponsored by organizations such as the American Water Works
Association and the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers.
Based on the 15.8 man-years of effort needed to carry out the
engineering surveillance of the estimated 1,632 public water
supplies in Kansas, $7,900 (15.8 X $500) needs to be allotted
for these individuals to receive five days of training per man-
year of effort. It is hoped that if the Water Supply Program
expands to its needed capacity, the personnel involved in the
program will be able to devote 100 percent of their efforts
to the program.
106
-------
Water Plant Operators
EPA assumes that one operator per system should receive five days
training every five years or one day of training each year at an
annual cost of $60. For 598 of the 632 public water supplies
(i.e. municipalities and rural water districts) $35,880 would be
the cost to provide training based on EPA rates.
This type of rationale is not the best approach to take when con-
sidering Kansas. Assuming that mandatory certification will be
required, the state would need $125,000 (based on the amount spent
for operator training in Texas) for personnel to manage and admin-
ister the training program created by mandatory certification.
After this program is initiated, the tuition paid by the utilities
or the operators would defray the State cost of the program in
future years.
Upon the request of the community, the individual courses included
in the training program would be taught in the field over a two-
week period with between 10 and 20 individuals attending class two
or three hours a day.
Three-day short schools should be held in each of the six areas.
With the training courses set up under the time periods specified,
the operators in the supplies would have an opportunity to attend
needed courses as their job permits them to do so. Most of the
operators would rather attend a 3-day short school, but their
responsibilities in their water systems usually force them to obtain
107
-------
their needed hours of training over a two-week period.
For 20 hours of training in' courses such as basic water treatment,
ground water treatment, advanced water treatment, surface water
treatment, water distriBlition, water works mathematics, bacterio-
logical and chemical examination of water, etc., the supplies
would pay a reasonable fee ($30-$40) per student to the State.
The three-day short schools should offer the previously mentioned
courses plus additional lectures, by experts from private companies
or municipalities, on special topics of interest such as chlorinator
and water meter repair, cross-connection control, reverse osmosis,
use of activated carbon filters, etc.
The training program should obtain all of its operational funds
from tuition. If the cost of training is prohibitive to the supplies
($60/day), they will allow only one person per year to obtain train-
ing to become and remain certified. The other approach of $30 to
$40 for ?0 hours of training would allow the systems to send five
people instead of one as indicated by EPA rationale.
Well Driller Licensing
If a pump installation code and a program for licensing well
drillers is adopted, $25,000 will be needed for hiring
personnel to develop and administer these activities.
Summary of Manpower Needs
The chart on the next page shows the existing and proposed program
activities with existing and recommended additional resources needed.
108
-------
SUMMARY OF EXISTING AND NEEDED RESOURCES
o
V.O
A.
B.
C.
Activity
Surveillance
1. Engineering (Sanitary Surveys, Related Technical
Assistance and Operator Training)
a. Community (502)
b. Small Supplies (1130)
Total
2. Chemical
a. Community (502)
b. Small Supplies (1130)
c. Additional Analytical Laboratory Equipment
Total
3. Bacteriological
a. Community (502)
b. Small (1130)
Total
Training
1 . State Personnel
2. Supply Personnel
a. Created by Adoption of Mandatory Certification
(i) Personnel to administer training program
and instruct courses
Total
Licensing of Well Drillers
Grand Total
Existing Additional
Resources Resources Needed
$105.171
Negligible
$105,171
*
*
*
$ 22,520
*
*
$ 72,164
$ 200 Est.
See Surv.
$ 200
$200,055
$ 74,829
136,000
$210,829
71,284
56.000
13,000
$140,284
94,534
120,000
$214,534
$ 7,700
$125,000
$135,700
25,000
$723,347
* Not determined individually; total amount spent was deducted from amount needed for community surveillance.
-------
REFERENCES
-------
REFERENCES
1. Community Water Supply Study - Analysis of National Survey
Findings, Bureau of Water Hygiene, July, 1970, lllpp.
2. Evaluation of Water Laboratories, Public Health Service
Publication No. 999.EE01, Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, 1966, 54pp.
3. Fluoridation Engineering Manual, EPA, Water Supply Programs
Division, 1972, 94pp.
4. Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1820, Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402, 1969, 62pp.
5. 1962 Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. Public
Health Service Publication No. 956, Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402, 61pp.
6. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th
Edition, APHA, AWWA, and WPCF, American Public Health
Association, New York, New York, 1971, 874pp.
7. Taylor, A; Craun, G. F.; Faich, G. A.; McCabe, L. J.; and Gangarosa,
E. J.; Outbreaks of Waterborne Disease in the United States,
1961-1970. Journal of Infectious Disease 125(3) 329 (March 1972.)
8. Water Quality Criteria - Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, April 1,
1968, 234pp.
9. Water Supply and Plumbing Cross-Connections, Public Health Service
Publication No. 957, Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, 69pp.
10. A Guide to the Interstate Carrier Water Supply Certification
Program, EPA, Office of Water Programs, Division of Water
Hygiene, Publication dated June, 1971.
11. Policies Governing the Design of Public Water Supply Systems in
Kansas. Kansas State Department of Health, Environmental Health
Services, Topeka, Kansas, 26 pp.
110
-------
PARTICIPANTS
-------
PARTICIPANTS
The following Environmental Protection Agency personnel and
laboratories made a major contribution to the successful completion
of this study:
Study Coordination and Report Preparation
Otmar 0. Olson, Head, Water Supply Section, Surveillance
and Analysis Division - Region VII
T. Jay Ray, Water Supply Specialist, Water Supply Section,
Surveillance and Analysis Division - Region VII
Blanche M. Anderson, Secretary, Water Supply Section,
Surveillance and Analysis Division - Region VII
Field Evaluation
Keith Boyd, Staff Engineer, Water Supply Division, Washington, D.C.
Curtis Fehn, Staff Engineer, Water Supply Division, Washington, D.C.
Thomas Hushower, Fluoridation Engineer, Water Supply Division,
Washington, D.C.
Harry D. Nash, Microbiologist, Water Supply Programs, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Earl McFarren, Supervisory Chemist, Water Supply Programs,
Cincinnati, Ohio
T. Jay Ray, Water Supply Specialist, Water Supply Section,
Surveillance and Analysis Division - Region VII
Otmar 0. Olson, Head, Water Supply Section, Surveillance and
Analysis Division - Region VII
Laboratory Support
Fluoride Laboratory, Water Supply Division, Washington, D.C.
Water Supply Programs Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
Water Supply Programs Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island
Water Supply Programs Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama
111
-------
APPENDICES
-------
APPENDIX A
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES STUDIED
-------
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B
9
10
11
1?
13
14
15
NAME OF
SYSTEM
ABILENE
ARKANSAS CITY
ATCHISON
ATLANTA
AUGUSTA
BEVERLY
BOGUE
BUCKLIN
CHANUTE
COLUMBUS
COPELAND
DODGE CITY
DOUGLASS
EL DORADO
ELLSWORTH
NO. OF
SERVICES
2732
5421
3991
105
2195
110
90
450
4350
1500
150
4800
615
4500
1000
APPENDIX A
TABLE I
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS STUDIED
POPULATION
SERVED
6,661
13,216
12,204
244
5,977
214
271
840
10,341
3,356
266
14,127
1,126
12,308
2,080
AVERAGE DAILY
DEMAND (MGD)
1.50
2.50
2.35
.02
.68
.03
.03
.12
1.62
.39
.015
3.70
Not
Mete red
1.40
.40
SOURCE
7 Wells
8 Wells
Mo. River
2 Wells & Springs
Augusta City Lake
Wells
Wells
Wells
Neosho River
2 Wells
Wells
Wells
7 Wells
Reservoir
Wells
TREATMENT
D
D-F1-P
G-S-F-D-F1
D
S-C-F-D
D
D
D
C-S-F-D-L-F1-LA
D-A-S
D
D
D
C-S-F-D-F1
La-L-C-S-F-D-Fl
-------
C*J
NO
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
(Continued)
NAME OF
SYSTEM
GARDEN CITY
GARDNER
GREAT BEND
GREENSBURG
HAYS
HILL CITY
HflLTON
INDEPENDENCE
IOLA
JEWELL
JUNCTION CITY
KINGMAN
KINSLEY
LEAVENWORTH
LYONS
NO. OF
SERVICES
4658
748
5287
837
5000
625
1200
4500
2694
285
9000
1482
955
8000
1852
PUBLIC
POPULATION
SERVED
14,708
1,839
16,133
1,907
15,396
2,071
3,063
10,347
6,493
649
18,820
3,622
2,209
24 ,951
4,355
APPENDIX A
TABLE I
WATER SYSTEMS STUDIED
AVERAGE DAILY
DEMAND (MGD)
2.00
.20
2.45
.45
1.8
.50
.50
2.00
1.20
.04
2.50
.60
.40
2.35
1.2
SOURCE
Wells
Reservoi r
Wells
4 Wells
18 Wells
Wells
Wells
Verdigras River
Reservoir
Neosho River
Reservoir
Wells
Springs & Wells
Wells
Mo. River
Wells
TREATMENT
D
C-S-F-D-F1
D
D
A-C-S-F-D-L-La-Fl-P
P-D
C-S-F-D
Fl-C-S-F-D-L-La
D-C-S-F-L-La-Fl
C-S-F-D
C-S-F-D- Fl
D
D
S-C-F-D
D-F1
-------
(Continued)
NO
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
NAME OF
SYSTEM
MORAN
NORTON
OS WE GO
PITTSBURG
PRATT
SALINA
TOPEKA
WAMEGO
WESTMORELAND
WICHITA
NO. OF
SERVICES
255
1380
920
7580
2853
13295
41000
983
233
85302
APPENDIX A
TABLE I
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS STUDIED
POPULATION
SERVED
564
3,627
2,200
20,171
6,736
37 ,095
123,043
2,507
467
274 ,448
AVERAGE DAILY
DEMAND (MGD)
.04
1.05
.36
2.04
1.07
5.05
18.0
.38
.04
.35
SOURCE
Surface
Reservoir
Neosho River
Wells
11 Wells
15 Wells & River
Kansas River
Wells
Wells
55 Wells & Cheney
Reservoir
TREATMENT
C-S-F-D
C-S-F-D
C-S-F-D
A-D-C-S-F-L-La-Fl-P
D
S-C-F-D-F1
A-C-S-F-D-L-La-Fl-P
D-P
D
A-C-S-F-D-L-La-P
A - Aeration
C - Coagulation
S - Sedimentation
F - Filtration
D - Disinfection
L - Lime
La - Soda Ash
Fl - Fluoride
P - Phosphate
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLE II
TYPES OF TREATMENT PRACTICED
Type of Source
Surface
•Jell
>1ixed Well & Surface
^Ixed Well & Spring
D
12
2
D
CL
6
1
D
P
'2
u
FL
P
1
D
A
S
1
D & CL
L & FL
SA
2
1
D
CL
FL
3
1
1
D
FL
1
D & L & FL
A &
CL & P
2
D & L
A & SA
CL & P
2
1
Number of Systems
Sampled of this
Type
13
23
2
2
A - Aeration
C - Coagulation
S - Sedimentation
F - Filtration
D - Disinfection
L - Lime
SA - Soda Ash
FL - Fluoridation
P - Phosphate Addition
CL - Clarification (includes coagulation, sedimentation and
filtration)
-------
APPENDIX B
LAWS. REGULATIONS AND POLICIES
PERTAINING TO
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
-------
ANALYSIS OF WATER
65-156. Regulations and fees. That the
state board of health shall make rules and
regulations for the collection of samples and
analysis of water, either natural or treated,
furnished by municipalities, corporations, com-
panies or individuals to the public, and shall
fix the fees for any services rendered under
said rules and regulations to cover the cost of
the services, which fees shall be approved by
the state board of regents before they be-
come operative. [L. 1915, ch. 327, § 1; April
10; R. S. 1923, 65-156.]
Edited, 1949: "Board of regents" inserted in lieu of
"board of administration."
65-157. Same; analysis in state labora-
tory; disposition of fees. The analysis of all
waters required in the rules and regulations
shall be made at the water and sewage lab-
oratory of the state board of health in the
university of Kansas, and the fees collected
under the provisions of this act shall be turned
into the state treasury for the benefit of said
laboratory of the university of Kansas. [L.
1915, ch. 327, § 2; April 10; R. S. 1923, 65-157.]
65-158. Same; penalty for failing to com-
ply with regulations. That every corpora-
tion, railway, common carrier, company or in-
dividual that shall fail to comply with the
rules and regulations prescribed by the state
board of health under this net shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction
shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than
$500. [L. 1915, ch. 327, §3; Apnl 10, R. S.
1923, 65-158.]
65-161. Term "waters of the state" de-
fined. That the term "waters of the state,"
wherever used in this act, shall include all
streams and springs, and all bodies of surface
and of impounded ground water, whether nat-
ural or artificial, within the boundaries of the
state. [L. 1907, ch. 382, § 1; March 20; R. S.
1923, 65-161.]
Research and Practice Aidst
Waters and Water Courses@=»182.
Hatcher's Digest, Health § 7.
C. J. S. Waters § 226 et seq.
CASE ANNOTATIONS
1. Health authorities may invoke remedy of in-
junction to prevent anticipated health menace. Dou-
gan v. Shawnee County Comm'rs, 141 K. 554, 560, 43
P.24223.
85-162. Plans of waterworks to be filed.
Every municipal corporation, private corpora-
tion, company and individual supplying or
authorised to supply water to the public,
within the state, shall, within sixty days after
the passage of this act, file with the state
board of health a certified copy of the plans
and surveys of the waterworks, with a descrip-
tion of the source from which the supply of
water is derived, and no additional source of
supply shall thereafter be used without a writ-
ten permit from the state board of health, as
hereinafter provided. [L. 1907, ch. 382, §2,
March 20; R. S. 1923, 65-162.]
65-163. Water permits, application; com-
plaints, investigations, supervision and change
of water supply by state board; penalties;
appeals. That no person, company, corpora-
tion, institution or municipality shall supply
water for domestic purposes to the public
within the state from or by means of any
waterworks that shall have been constructed
or extended, either in .whole or in part, sub-
sequent to the passage of this act, without a
written permit from the state board of health
for the supplying of such water, except this
provision shall not apply to extension of water
pipes for distribution of water. The applica-
tion for such shall be accompanied by a certi-
fied copy of the maps, plans and specifications
for the construction of such waterworks or ex-
tension, and of a description of the source
from which it is proposed to derive the supply
and of the manner of storage, purification or
treatment proposed for the supply previous to
its delivery to consumers, together with such
other data and information as may be re-
quired by the state board of health; and no
other or additional source of supply shall sub-
sequently be used for any such waterworks,
nor any change in the manner of storage,
purification or treatment of the supply be
made, without an additional permit to be ob-
tained in a similar manner from the state board
of health.
Whenever application shall be made to the
state board of health for a permit under the
provisions of this section, it shall be the duty
of the state board of health to examine the
application without delay, and, as soon as
possible thereafter, to issue the said permit if
in its judgment the proposed supply appears
to be not prejudicial to the public health, or
to make an order stating the conditions under
which the said permit will be granted. If
the said person, company, corporation, insti-
tution or municipality shall consider the terms
of such order to be illegal or unjust or un-
116
-------
reasonable, it may, within thirty days after
the making of such order, appeal therefrom to
the district court of the county in which the
proposed waterworks, or extension thereof,
is to be located; and the said court shall hear
the said appeal without delay, and shall
render a decision approving, setting aside or
modifying the said order, or fixing the terms
upon which said permit shall be granted, and
stating the reasons therefor.
The supplying of water for domestic pur-
poses to the public within the state from or by
means of any waterworks that shall have been
constructed or extended, either in whole or
in part, subsequent to the passage of this act,
without a permit to do so obtained from the
state board of health as hereinbefore pro-
vided, shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and
shall be punishable by a fine of not less than
twenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars
for each offense. The supplying of water in
each day contrary to the provisions of this act
shall be considered to constitute a separate
offense. Whenever complaint shall be made
to the state board of health by the mayor of
any city of the state, or by a county health
officer, or by a local board of health, touching
the sanitary quality of any water supplied to
the public for domestic or drinking purposes
within the county within which the said city
or health officer or local board of health is
located, it shall be the duty of the state board
of health to investigate the character of the
water supply concerning which the complaint
is made. Also, whenever the state board of
health shall have reason to believe that the
sanitary quality of any water supplied to the
public within the state (or domestic or drink-
ing purposes is such as to be prejudicial to the
public health, it may upon its own motion in-
vestigate the character oi such water supply.
Whenever an investigation of any water
supply shall be undertaken, under either of
the foiegoing provisions, it shall be the duty
of the person, company, corporation, institu-
tion or municipality having in charge the
water supply under inver..igation to furnish,
on demand, to the state board of health
such information relative to the source or
sources from which the suid supply of water
is derived and to the manner of storage, puri-
fication or treatment of the water before its
delivery to consumers us may be necessary or
desirable for the determination of its sanitary
quality. And the state board of health is
hereby given authority to make an order re-
quiring such changes in the source or sources
of the said water supply, or in the manner of
storage, purification or treatment of the said
supply before delivery to consumers, or in
both, as may in its judgment be necessary to
safeguard the public health. It shall be the
duty of the person, company, corporation, in-
stitution or municipality having in charge the
water supply investigated, or the works for the
development or distribution of the supply, to
fully comply with the said order of the state
board of health.
If any such person, company, corporation,
institution or municipality shall consider the
requirements of the said order to be illegal or
unjust or unreasonable, it may, within thirty
days after the making of the said order, ap-
peal therefrom to the district court of the
county in which the said waterworks are lo-
cated, and the said court shall hear the case
without delay, and shall render a decision ap-
proving, setting aside or modifying the said
order, or fixing the terms upon which said
permit shall be granted, and staring the rea-
sons therefor. [L. 1907, ch. 382, § 3;,L. 1909,
ch. 226, § 1; R. S. 1923, 65-163; L. 1943, ch.
219, $ 1; June 28.]
Cross References to Related Sections:
Election for change of water supply, see 65-171.
Research and Practice Aids:
Waters and W.tter Courses
-------
hon or municipality shall consiclci the terms
of such cirder by the state board of health to
be illcpal or iiiijust or unreasonable, it may,
within thirty clays after the making of such
order, appeal therefrom to the district court
of the county in which the premises involved
is located, and the said court shall hear the
said appeal without delay, and shall render a
decision approving, setting aside or modifying
the said order, and stating the reasons therefor.
The supplying of any water contrary to the
order of the state board of health or contrary
to the decision of the said district court, if
appealed as aforesaid, shall be a misdemeanor,
and any person, company, corporation, institu-
tion, or municipality convicted thereof shall
he punished by a fine of not less than twenty-
five dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each
offense. The supplying of water in each day
contrary to the provisions of this act shall be
considered to constitute a separate offense.
[L. 1943, ch. 219, §2; June 28.]
Research and Practice Aids:
Waters and Water Courses'^3196.
C.J.S. Waters 5 §232,-269.
65-1 G3b. Cross-connection water permits.
No person shall establish or maintain any
cross-connection between any public and any
private water system except upon a permit
to be issued by the state board of health. [L.
1943, ch. 219, §3; June 28.]
65-170. Engineer of state board of
health; duties in carrying out the provisions
of 05-101 to 05-170. That foi the purpose of
(Mii) ing out the pnnisicins (if lliK act a inrin-
IXT of the faculty of the school of rngiiKTiing
of the univcisity of Kansas or agricultural uni-
versity, to be named by the stntc board of
health, is hereby made the engineer of the
state board of health. It shall be the duty
of the engineer to investigate and report
upon all matters relating to water supply
and sewerage and the pollution of the waters
of the state that may come before the state
board of health for investigation or action,
and to make such recommendations in rela-
tion thereto as he may deem wise and proper,
and to make such special investigations in
relation to methods of sewage disposal and
to public water supply and the purification
of water as may be necessary in order to
make proper recommendations in regard
thereto, or as may be required by the state
board of health. He shall make a report to
the board at each annual meeting covering the
work of his office for the past year. His actual
and necessary expenses incurred while in the
discharge of his duties as engineer of the
state board of health shall be allowed and paid
when audited and approved by the secretary
of the said board.
That in carrying out the provisions of this
act the secretary or the engineer of the state
board of health, or both, may act for the state
board of health in case the said board be not
in session, and their decisions shall have the
same force and effect as though made by the
'state board of health, when confirmed by the
governor and attorney general. That suits
under the provisions of this act shall be
brought in the name of the state of Kansas by
the attorney general of the state in any court
of competent jurisdiction, and the penalties
and fines recoverable under the provisions of
this act shall be paid into the school fund of
the state. That whenever appeal to any dis-
trict court shall be made from any order or
decision of the state board of health under the
provisions of this act the court or judge I
thereof may, on application, upon good cause
shown, stay said order or decision until the
final determination of said appeal. [L. 1907,
ch. 382, § 11; L. 1909, ch. 226, § 5; May 29;
R. S. 1923, 65-170.]
Research and Practice Aids:
Health<^=>7(3), Waters and Water Courses@=>70.
C. J. S. Health § 9 et scq.; Waters § 45.
65-171. Election for change of water
supply, when. That nothing in this act shall
permit the board of health to change the
supply of water for any municipal water plant
where the cost of such change would exceed
one thousand dollars without first submitting
the same to the qualified electors at a genei al
or special election. [L. 1909, ch. 226, §6;
May 29, R. S. 1923, 65-171.]
Cross References to Related Sections:
Change of water supply, sec 65-163.
Law Review References:
Mentioned in article on municipal power and
fluondation, Newell A George, 1 K. L. R. 156,
161 (1053).
65-171g. Protection of water and air
from sewage contamination. Water supply
shall be protected against contamination from
sewage by the prohibition of any connection
between sewage and water systems which
Erovide the possibility of water contamination
y means of back syphonage or direct con-
nection. Air in enclosed spaces shall be pro-
tected against contamination from toxic, ex-
118
-------
plosive, or disagreeable gases or vapors from
a sewage system by providing leak-tight and
substantial waste and ventilation connections,
and liquid sealed traps on all plumbing fix-
tures discharging into any type of sewage dis-
posal systems. [L. 1951, ch. 363, § 1; June 30.]
65-171H. Minimum standards for sanitary
water and sewage systems. The state board
of health in pursuance of its general power
of supervision over the interests of the health
and life of the citizens of this state, and the
sanitary conditions under which they live and
in order to protect the quality of the waters
of the state for beneficial uses, is hereby
authorized and empowered to develop, as-
semble, compile, approve and publish mini-
mum standards of design, construction, and
maintenance of sanitary water and sewage
systems, and shall publish and make avail-
able such approved minimum standards to
municipalities, communities and citizens of
this state, and shall from time to time make
recommendations to the appropriate commit-
tees of the legislature, for any legislation that
. mav be required to adequately protect air in
enclosed spaces, and water supp'v from con-
tamination. TK. S. A.. 65-171h: L. 1967, ch.
333, § 5; April 28.]
Article 9.—STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
Cross References to Related Sections:
Public health, see ch. 65.
C- neral powers and activities, see ch. 65, art 1.
C.ntrol of ionizing radiation, see 48-1600 et seq.
Uniform vital statistics act, see ch. 65, art. 24.
74-001. Members; qualifications; ap-
pointment; terms; vacancies; powers and du-
ties; rules and regulations; oath; officers; legal
and accounting counsel; offices. The state
board of health shall consist of eleven (11)
members, five (5) of whom shall be licensed
in the state of Kansas to practice medicine,
one (I) of whom shall be licensed in the
state of Kansas to practice pharmacy, one (1)
of whom shall be licensed in the state of Kan-
sas to practice dentistry, and one (1) of whom
shall be licensed in the state of Kansas to
practice veterinary medicine, one (1) of whom
shall be a hospital administrator, one (1) of
whom shall be a licensed administrator of a
skilled nursing home and one (1) of whom
shall be a sanitary engineer. The members of
said state board of health shall be appointed
by the governor by and with the advice and
consent of the senate and in making such
appointments, the governor shall as far as
practicable make his appointments so that the
members of said board will be residents of the
different parts of the state.
The members of said board shall hold their
respective offices for a term of three (3) years
and until their successors are appointed and
qualified except that the members of the first
board shall hold their offices for terms as
follows: Three (3) for a term of one (1)
year, three (3) for two (2) years and four
(4) for three (3) years, and the governor
in making the appointments shall designate
the term for which each is to serve and ex-
cept the licensed administrator of a skilled
nursing home first appointed shall hold his
office for a term of two (2) years; and an-
nually thereafter the governor shall in like
manner appoint successors of like character
and qualifications to fill the vacancies occur-
ring in said board by reason of the expiration
of the terms of service as herein provided.
All the powers, duties, authority and juris-
diction now conferred or imposed by law upon
the state board of health are hereby trans-
ferred to, imposed and conf yred upon the
state board of health created by this act. All
valid rules and regulations of the state board
of health existing on the date this act takes
effect and on file in the office of revisor of
statutes as provided by law shall constitute
and be the rules and icgulations of the state
board of health created by this ;ict and shall
continue in foice and effect until revoked,
suspended or amended by the state board of
health created by this act. In no case shall
any member appointed under the provisions
of this act serve for more than two (2) terms
in .succession. Upon the appointment of the
persons provided for in this act, the secretary
of state shall issue to each of them a certifi-
cate of his appointment, and they shall each
take and subscribe to the oath prescribed by
law for state officers, which shall be filed
with the secretary of state; and thereupon
said board shall immediately organize by
electing one member of the board president.
The president of said board shall have no
vote in any matter other than the election of
officers unless there is a tie vote, when he
shall have the deciding vote. The board shall
also elect a secretary and said secretary shall
be the executive secretary of said board, but
not a member thereof. The secretary shall
take and file a like oath to that prescribed for
the members of said board.
119
-------
The board may elect one of its own number
secretary, but in such case such election shall
create a vacancy in the board, which shall
be filled by the governor. It shall be the
duty of the governor to fill all vacancies which
mav occur in the board, and all appointments,
xvhether original or to fill vacancies made
during the recess of the legislature, shall be
submitted by the governor to the senate at
its first session after such appointment is
made, for its action; but all lawful actions
of the members of the board made before
confirmation or rejection shall be valid. The
board may employ and fix the compensation
of legal and accounting counsel. The execu-
tive council shall provide the state board of
health with a suitable office at the city of
Topeka for the transaction of its business.
[L 1885. ch. 129, § 1,- L. 1903, eh. 357, $ 1;
R. S 1923, 74-901; L. 1951, ch. 435, § 1; L.
1967, ch. 434, §25; L. 1970, ch. 265, §6;
Nfarch 26.]
Research and Practice Aids:
Healtn3.
Hatcher's Digest, Health ? 1.
C. J. S. Health $§ 4, 7.
CASE ANNOTATIONS
Annotation to L. 1885, ch. 129, § 1:
1. Board of health; power restricted concerning
vaccination of pupils. Osborn v. Russell, 64 K. 507,
509. 510. 511, 68 P. 60.
Annotation to L. 1903, ch. 357, { I:
2. Recess appointees may hold office for full term
subject to consideration or rejection by senate. State,
ex. rel., v. Mattassarm, 114 K 244, 250, 217 P. 930.
Annotation to R S. 1923. 74-901:
3. Cited in holding appointment to state board of
regents valid. Driscoll v. Hershbcrger, 172 K 145.
153. 238 P. 2d 493.
74-90la. Organizational lines of author-
ity and administration; definitions. As used
in this act: (a) The term "state board of
health" means the ten (10) member board
established by section 74-901 of the General
Statutes Supplement of 1961 and its execu-
tive secretary as established therein. (&) The
term "state department of health" means the
state board of health established by section
74-901 of the General Statutes Supplement
of 1961, except for the ten (10) member
board and its executive secretary as defined
in (a). [L. 1963, ch. 397, § 1; June 30.]
Research and Practice Aids:
Health&=>2.
C. J. S. Health { 4 et seq.
Law Review and Bar Journal References:
Mentioned in survey of "Constitutional and Ad-
ministrative Law," Glenn E. Opie, 12 K. L.R. 143,
167 (1963).
74-90 Ib. Same; director of health; rules
and regulations of board. The executive sec-
retary of the state hoard of health shall be the
director of health On and after the effective
date of this act any reference in the laws of
this slate or in the regulations of the state
board of health to the state health officer shall
be deemed to refer to the director of health.
The state department of health shall be under
the supervision and control of the director of
health, subject to the orders, rules and regu-
lations of the state board of health. [L. 1963,
ch. 397, § 2; L. 1967, ch. 414, § 1, July L]
Source or prior law; 75-3153.
Research and Practice Aids;
Health©=7.
C. J. S. Health § 6 et seq.
74-90 Ic. Same,- exercise of power? by
state health officer. The powers and author-
ities of the stale board of health shall be
exercised by and through the state health
officer and the duties .ind obligations of the
state board of health shall be performed by
the state health officer or at ms direction,
except as specifically otherwise provided in
this act. \Vhcncvor under any provision of
law any action is to be taken or appiovcd
upon oidi-i of (he stale board of health, such
order shall be issued and signed by the state
health officer under the authority hereby con-
ferred. The state health officer shall adminis-
ter and direct all of the affairs, work and
activities of all of the administrative sub-
divisions of the s.fate department of health.
Except as otherwise specifically provided by
law and subject to the provisions of the Kansas
civil service act and acts amendatory thereof
and supplemental thereto, the state health
officer is hereby authorized to appoint and
prescribe the dues of such employees as may
be necessary to carry out the powers, authori-
ties, duties and obligations heretofore or here-
after imposed or conferred upon the state
board of health and the state health depart-
ment. Involuntary terminations of employ-
ment shall be ordered by the state IT- !th
officer upon instruction of the state board of
health. [L. 1963, ch. 397. $ 3, June 30.]
Source or prior law; 75-3153.
Research and Practice Aids:
C. J. S. Health § 9 et seq.
74-90 Id. Same; rule powers not dele-
gated. The power and authority to make and
prescribe rules and regulations conferred by
law on the state board of health shall not be
delegated by such board to the state health
officer or any other person or persons. [L.
120
-------
Research and Practice Aids:
Health@=>20.
C. J. S. Health §§ 2, 9 et seq.
74-90 le. Same; hearings by board. The
power and authority to conduct hearings shall
be in the state board of health, in cases in
which hearings are to be conducted by hear-
ing officers, such hearing officers shall'be ap-
pointed by the state board of health; the
power and authority to appoint hearing offi-
cers shall not be delegated by the state board
of health to the state health officer or to any
other person or persons. [L. 1963, ch. 397,
§ 5; June 30.]
Research and Practice Aids:
Healthe=8.
C. J. S. Health § 9 et seq.
74-90If. Same; act supplemental. This
act shall be supplemental to and a part of
section 74-901 of the General Statutes Supple-
ment of 1961. [L. 1963, ch. 397, § 6; June 30.]
74-902. Rules and order of business; seal;
meetings; compensation of members and sec-
retary; expenses. The state board of health
shall make, adopt and publish such rules and
121
-------
KANSAS STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
RLOJLATIONS
Article 14. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES OF WATER
FROM PUBLIC HATER SUPPLIES
28-14-1. SUBMISSION OF SAMPLES.
All municipalities, corporations, companies, water districts or individuals
supplying water to the public shall collect and submit samples of water to the
Environmental Health Laboratory of the state department of health for analysis.
All samples shall be collected in accordance with directions furnished by the
chief engineer of the department. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled
January 1, 1956)
28-14-2. GROUND WATER SUPPLIES.
a. Samples of water shall be collected bi-weekly and submitted for bacterio-
logical analysis. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
b. A sample of water shall be collected annually and submitted for chemical
analysis. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
c. Additional samples shall be collected and submitted for bacteriological
and/or chemical analysis when deemed necessary by the chief engineer
of the department. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
d. Ground water supplies subjected to any type of chemical treatment and/or
subject to contamination may, at the discretion of the chief engineer of
the department, be classified with surface water supplies and be made
subject to the regulations applying to surface water supplies, (Authorized
by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
e. Fees for services rendered under these regulations have been fixed upon the
population served, and are as follows:
Populati on Served Annual Fees
0 - 300 35.00
301 - 500 60.00
501 - 1,000 80.00
1,001 - 1,500 100.00
1,501 - 2,500 120.00
2,501 - 4,000 170.00
4,001 - 5,500 180.00
5,501 - 7,000 200.00
7,001 - 9,000 230.00
9,001 -13,000 275.00
13,001 -25,000 and over 325.00
(Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
f. Fees shall be payable in advance July first of each year to Environmental
Health, State Department of Health, 535 Kansas Avenue, Topeka, Kansas.
(Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
122
-------
28-14-3. SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES
a. Samples of water shall be collected weekly and submitted for bacteriological
analysis. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-155; compiled January 1, 1966)
b. A sample of water shall be collected annually and submitted for chemical
analysis. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
c. Additional samples shall be collected and submitted for bacteriological
and/or chemical analysis when deemed necessary by the chief engineer of
the department. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
d. Fees for services rendered under these regulations have been fixed upon
the population served, and are as follows:
Population Served Annual Fee
0 - 1,500 135.00
1,501 - 2,500 200.00
2,501 - 4,000 230.00
4,001 - 5,500 275.00
5,501 - 7,000 300.00
7,001 - 9,000 325.00
9,001 - 13,000 400.00
13,001 - 25,000 500.00
25,001 - 75,000 675.00
Over 75,000 800.00
(Authorized by K.S.A. 65-156; compiled January 1, 1966)
123
-------
Kansas Slate Board of Health 4 May 1966
Regulations
Article 15. APPLICATION FOR PERMITS TO SUPPLY WATER FOR
DOMESTIC PURPOSES-
28-15-1. INFORMATION REQUIRED.
The information required by the state department of health in considering
an application for a permit to furnish water for domestic purposes Li the
state of Kansas consists of the following:
a. General Plans d. Specifications
b. Detail plans e. Application
c. Engineer's report
(Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and K. S. A. 65-163; compiled Jan. 1, 1966)
28-15-2. GENERAL PLAN
The plan for a complete water supply and water purification system shall
consist of the following parts; A general map of the city or district showing
all existing or proposed streets and alleys; elevations of street intersections;
location of all pipes, valves, hydrants, reservoirs, tanks, pumps, intakes,
purification plants, etc., with sizes. Also high and low water elevations, if
near a stream; in case wells are used, show location of houses, septic tanks,
cesspools, swamps, stream, barnyard, sewers, etc., near enough to afford
a contaminating influence. Also, fire protection district must be shown.
This map shall be drawn 1.0 a scale of not less than 300 feet to one inch, nor
greater than 100 feet to one inch. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and 65- 163-
compiled Jan. 1, 1966)
28-15-3. DETAIL PLANS.
Detail plans showing the construction of each special unit of the plant, such
as blow-offs, siphons, intakes, conduits, reservoirs, wells, collecting
galleries, standpipes, etc. Profiles of long conduits or pipe lines, plotted
to a convenient scale, must be shown. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and
65-163; compiled Jan. 1. 1966)
28-15-4. DETAIL PLANS OF PURIFICATION PLANTS.
Detail plans of purification plants must show the arrangement, size and con-
struction of sedimentation basins, mixing chambers, baffles, inlets and
124
-------
Application for Permits to Supply Water for Domestic Purposes
Page 2
outlets, special arrangements for feeding chemicals, blow-offs or cleanouts,
elevation of each unit, etc. If filters are contemplated, complete plans of
layout and detail, showing coagulating devices, disinfection devices, devices
for measuring and reading loss-of-head, rate of filtration, apparatus for
collecting water, apparatus for washing, arrangement of beds, of pipe
gallery, sand and gravel, of pumps, etc., and any other special appurten-
ances. Filter company's plans must accompany the plans also; and working
drawings must be submitted during construction, if any change is made from
the original design. A general layout plan must also accompany the plans
showing various units of the process, with reserve areas for future
extensions.
Each drawing shall have a title, consisting of the name of the water supply
for which the plans are intended, the names of the engineers, designing
and consulting, date, sca]e, and such other references as are necessary for
a complete understanding of the plan. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and
65-163; compiled January 1, 1966)
28-15-5. ENGINEER'S REPORT.
A report written by the engineer responsible for the plans shall be presented,
with plans for complete system or for purification plants, and shall give all
data upon which the design is based, or which are required for a complete
understanding of the plant. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and 65-163;
compiled Jan. 1, 1966)
28-15-6. SOURCE OF SUPPLY.
a. SURFACE SUPPLY. Nature and extent of watershed, with special
reference to its sanitary condition, shall be fully discussed, together
with proposed methods and regulations for the prevention of accidental
or other pollution. A small scale map of the watershed, showing buildings,
roads, barnyards, feedlots, etc., if impounded supply; or showing same
within distance of five miles of intake, and all cities on the watershed,
if a river supply, should be included. Storage capacity, average depth,
width, rate of flow, nature and area of reservoir, character of water,
etc., should also be discussed.
b. GROUND SUPPLY. If the water supply is to be taken from wells or in-
filtration galleries, describe the number, depth, size and construction
of same, method of pumping, capacity of pumps, screens used, ground
through which well is driven, and probable capacity of wells. Description
of tests or wells should be included. If collection galleries are to be
used, explain their construction.
125
-------
Application for Permits to Supply Water for Domestic Purposes
Page 3
The report should also include a description of area to which water is to be
supplied or which may be supplied for domestic use and fire protection;
quantity of water to be supplied daily, population to be served, portion of
system to be built at once, depth of pipe in ground, and description of
future units for pumping or power. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and
65-163; compiled January I, 1966)
28-15-7. SPECIFICATIONS.
Specifications for the whole construction must accompany all plans for new
sources of supply, new or improved treatment plants, and treated water
storage tanks. It is desired that estimates of cost be included but this is
not required. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65- 162 and 65-163; compiled
January 1, 1966)
28-15-8. APPLICATION.
An application on the form furnished by the department, signed by the proper
official, and acknowledged before a notary, must be filed. (Authorized by
K. S.A, 65-162 and 65-163; compiled January 1, 1966
28-15-9. SUBMISSION OF INFORMATION.
All the information included in the foregoing must be submitted to the chief
engineer for the state board of health at least two weeks prior to the time
action is desired. Action will not necessarily be taken in that time,
however. (Authorized by K. S. A. 65-162 and 65-163; compiled January
1, 1966)
28-15-10. DEVIATION FROM PLANS.
There shall be no deviation from plans submitted to and approved by the
department unless amended plans showing proposed changes have been
submitted to and approved by the department. Copies of plans, specifi-
cations, engineer's report and application must be approved by and filed
with the department before the contract is let. (Authorized by K. S. A.
65-162 and 65-163; compiled January 1, 1966)
126
-------
SUMMARY OF POLICY STATEMENTS
Policies are aimed at securing water works facilities which
will make it possible under all conditions of operation to produce and
distribute a finished product which will comply with the Drinking
Water Standards of the U.S. Public Health Service for bacteriological
and chemical quality.
Special attention was given to protection of the water supply
as finally prepared to be distributed against contamination by sewage.
insects, animals, birds, and waters that are, or at times may be, unsafe
for domestic use.
Designer was asked to consider the simplicity of operation as
one of the most important features. Certain inherent differences
between large and small plants must be recognized. The most potent
factors influencing the design of small plants were recognized as
financial limitations in initial construction costs and operating funds.
Approval of plans and plant site does not imply a guarantee
against litigation which may result from the construction or operation
of the plant.
Plans should be re-submitted for review if the contract is
not let within two years from the date of approval of the origional plans.
Installation of meters on low service and high service pump
discharge lines is strongly recommended.
The plant should be safe from flooding and high ground water.
Top of basins, filters, and clear wells to be a minimum of five feet
above previous high water of record, with ten feet desirable where
feasible.
Plant should be adequate to provide for the needs of a rea-
sonable period in future...future development should not be restricted.
Engineer shall submit calculations to show the probable yield
of proposed source of supply in periods of minimum rainfall as compared
to the estimated maximum demands for water expected during design period.
Bacteriological quality of water source will determine the
degree of treatment required as provided in the policy statements...
waters containing more than 20,000 coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters
are considered unsuitable...unless special methods of treatment are
employed.
127
-------
- 2 -
In public water supplies in which the nitrate content of water
is known to be in excess of the listed concentration, the public should
be warned of the potential dangers of using the water for infant feeding.
Underground waters containing not more than 50 coliform bac-
teria (M.P.N.) per 100 ml and meeting in other respects the Drinking
Water Standards will require only simple continuous chlorination
treatment.
Waters containing not more than 5,000 coliform bacteria (M.P.N.)
per 100 ml and meeting the Standards must be treated by mixing, floccu-
lation, settling, rapid sand filtration and continuous post-chlorination
with 30 minutes or more contact with the treated water before use. For
waters in this class, pre-chlorination with at least 30 minutes contact
at pH under 7.5 is strongly recommended.
Waters containing more than 20,000 coliform bacteria per 100
ml are considered undesirable as a source of supply in absence of
adequate supply special methods of teatment may be considered with
prior approval.
Treated water should contain no impurity which will cause
offense to the sense of sight, taste, or smell.
The total detention time required in solids contact basins
is equal to the sum of the individual detention times specified for
mixing, flocculation, and settling.
The effect of the presence of suspended solids are to be
studied on the particular water to be treated.
Pilot plant studies in the treatment of a given water will be
considered in establishing the basis of design for a full scale plant.
Aerators may be used as preliminary treatment in the removal
of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, iron, or manganese. Adequate
ventilation and cold weather operation should be considered in all
aerator designs.
Sludge collection equipment shll be especially selected or
designed to adequately remove heavy silt or sand.
With regard to flocculation basins, primary or secondary,
large plants should use twin units in parallel. Submerged drive for
mechanical flocculation equipment is not recommended...variable speed
drive is to permit adjustment of mixing velocities to suit water
temperature.
128
-------
- 3 -
Special attention should be given to the design of the inlet
and outlet arrangements for settling basins in order to secure uniform
distribution of flow. Changes in flow should be kept to absolute
minimum.
E-linimum size for settling basins recommended to minimize
stoppages is 8-inch diameter.
Proper arrangements should be made to dispose of plant wastes
so as not to create nuisance conditions, or to adversely affect public
health, livestock, or aquatic life. Sludge from lime-soda softening
plants is particularly objectionable and disposal facilities will be
required.
Settling basin drainage facilities should not be connected
to the sanitary sewer system.
Use of gravity rapid sand filters is recommended for all
public water supply systems requiring filtration.
Use of rate controllers is strongly recommended for all
gravity filters and especially for multiple filter installations.
Pressure sand filters are not approved for treatment of
surface waters, or for ground waters containing more than 2 mg/1 of
iron and manganese.
Diatomite filters are not approved for treatment of public
water supplies.
Use of storage at proper elevation or special wash water pumps
is recommended. Use of water from the high pressures mains for filter
washing is not recommended, except for standby service may be
approved under special conditions.
Equipment for recarbonation of lime-softened water must pro-
duce not less than 500 Ibs. of carbon dioxide per million gallons of
water treated at maximum design rate if magnesium hardness is to be
removed.
Single stage recarbonation just ahead of filtration will be
permitted only for waters having a maximum pH of 9.5 during treatment.
The use of zeolite or other ion-exchange materials is not
recommended for softening waters containing more than 1 mg/1 iron and
manganese.
Chlorination equipment for treated waters shall have a capacity
of not less than 3 mg/1 at maximum flow rates.
129
-------
- 4 -
Disinfection apparatus should be in duplicate, or be pro-
vided with sufficient spare parts to insure no interruption in the
delivery of properly disinfected water.
Chlorine residual comparator is minimum where ground water
supplies with only cnlorination treatment is involved.
All public water supplies serving over 20,000 people should
equip their laboratories for bacteriological as well as chemical tests.
The top of treated water storage reservoirs should be at
least 5 feet above previous maximum flood water level, and it is
recommended that the bottom of treated water storage reservoirs be
placed at this elevation if possible.
No treated water storage should be situated beneath the pipe
gallery.
The distribution system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard the quality of the water delivered to the system
against contamination from internal or external sources during its trans-
mission from the source to the users.
Before excavation of the trench is started, all intersecting
sewer lines, house sewer connections, and other subsurface drains should
be located and diligence shall be exercised by the contractor and the
engineer to prevent the discharge of v/astes from such lines into the
trench.
Provisions should be made for the removal of all ground or
surface water from trenches, and such water should be prevented from
entering water mains being laid.
New or repaired pipelines should be flushed and disinfected
before being placed into use.
Under special conditions the cross-connection of a private
water supply to a public water supply may be permitted by use of a
four-way valve or approved backflow preventer.
Approval by the Kansas State Department of Health is required
for all new wells, water treatment plans, and water storage tanks.
This requires submitting a permit application, plans and specifications
to Environmental Health Services of the State of Kansas.
130
-------
- 5 -
On May 25, 1956, the Kansas State Board of Health adopted
the following pertaining to the chlorination of municipal water supplies
witnin the State of Kansas:
Each municipality within the state provide adequate chlorina-
tion equipment at each and every source of its public water supply and
maintain a suitable chlorine residual in the distribution system at all
times and follow approved procedures in the disinfection of any and all
sections of the distribution system subject to alterations, repairs, or
new connections.
All municipalities which failed to meet the Drinking Mater
Standards for bacteriological quality for either or both of the past two
years, as shown by the tests and records of the Water and Sewage Lab-
oratory, shall initiate the above specified chlorination practices on
or before March 1, 1957.
All municipalities within the state, including all those with
no chlorination facilities and all those with chlorination equipment
at part but not all of the water supply wells or other water sources,
shall initiate the above specified chlorination practices on or before
January 1, 1958.
Any city governing body or water company officials failing to
comply with this order within the specified time limit will be asked to
appear before the State Board of Health to show cause why they shouldn't
have their permit to supply water to the public revoked.
The March 1, 1957 deadline affected about 20 cities.
The January 1, 1958 deadline affected about 75 cities.
The State Department of Health will approve the fluoridation
of public water supplies under the following conditions:
Application has been made to the State Department of Health
for permission to fluoridate the water supply by the city water district
or water company.
Plans and specifications covering the following items have been
submitted to and approved by the State Department of Health:
1. Chemical to be used as a source of fluoride.
2. Methods of storing and handling the chemical.
3. Feeding equipment.
4. Point of application.
5. Rate of flow at point of application and flow
characteristics.
131
-------
- 6 -
6. Automatic controls.
7. Safety precautions.
8. Laboratory controls and equipment to be used for
determination of dosage and fluoride content of
water.
Written statements from local dental and medical societies
approving fluoridation of the water be suomitted to the State Depart-
ment of Health..where this does not exist, written endorsements by two-
thirds of the practicing physicians and dentists.
Copy of city ordinance or equivalent document of a water
district board authorizing fluoridation and providing funds for their
cost be submitted to the Department.
fk> fluoridation project should be undertaken without the
full cooperation and approval of the city administration, the water
department, the local dental and medical societies, the local healtn
department as well as tne State Health Department.
Department will consider the qualifications of waterworks
operators to perform the control and maintenance operations required.
Operating capacities of all punpina equipment which can or
does affect the rate of flow of water past the point of application
of tne fluoride should be accurately determined by test prior to the
design and installation of fluoride feeding equipment.
Special precautions should be taken to protect operators
against possible injury from gases and dusts.
Suitable laboratory space and equipment snould be provided
for the determination of the fluoride contents of the water in accord-
ance with the latest edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of
Hater and Wastewater. ————-
After commencing fluoridation, daily samples from the plant
tap and the distribution system must be submitted to the Sanitary
Engineering Laboratory, together with the report of fluoride deter-
minations made on duplicate samples collected at the same points, until
the Lab is satisfied as to the uniformity of results.
132
-------
KANSAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
DIVJ.STON OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
TOPEKA, KANSAS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PUBLIC: WATF.R
WF.LL LOCATION. CONsikl^TjOM A:\l) PIS INFECTION
I. LOCATION
A. The pump room floor shall be 2' minin»m above the Inchest
known high water level of any nearby body of surface water.
B. Flood water shall not approach clober than 50' (measured hori-
zontally) to the well.
C. Proper drainage in the vicinity of the well shall be provided so
as to prevent the accumulation of surface water within 50" of
the well.
D. For hillside sites an adequate intercepting ditch shall be con-
structed and maintained so as to keep hillside storm water at
least 50" (measured horizontally) away from the well.
E. The well shall not be located in a ravine where surface water flows
may be obstructed or concentrated.
F. The distance in all horizontal directions from the well to any
potential source of contamination such as a sanitary sewer line;
septic tank-lateral field; cesspool; privy; feedlot; or underground
storage tank for petroleum products, shall not bo less than 100'
in any case and shall be grcatei where in the opinion of the local
health department or the Stnte Department of Health local condi-
tions indicate the need for greater protci.: i.on.
II. MINIMUM DEPTH OF CASING
The watertight well casing shall extend a minimum of 20' below the
ground surface.
133
-------
III. CASING
A. Steel , Wrought-Iron, Cast Tron Casing
1. New materials shall be used.
2. Joints shall be threaded or welded so as to be watertight.
3. The casing shall extend not less than 12" above the top
of the v?ell house floor.
4. All steel, wrought-iron and cast iron casing shall conform
within 10% to following respective weight and thickness
tables.
Steel and Wrought-iron Veil Casing
Weight
pounds ppr foot
Nominal Size (threads and Thickness
in inchc-«! couplings, incl .) in inches
1 1.68 0.133
1-1/4 2.28 .140
1-1/2 2.73 .145
2 3.68 .154
2-1/2 5.82 .203
3 7.62 .216
3-1/2 9.20 .226
4 10.89 .237
4-1/2 12.6/1 .247
5 14.81 .258
6 19.18 .280
8 25.00 .277
10 35.00 .307
12 45.00 .330
14 OD 57.00 .375
15 OD 61.15 .375
16 OD 65.30 .375
17 OD 73.20 .375
18 OD 81.20 .375
20 OD 90.00 .375
134
-------
Threaded Cast-Iron Well Casing
Weight Wall
Nominal Diameter pounds Thickness
(inches) per foot in inches
3 12.2 0.360
4 17.0 .380
5 18.5 .380
6 27.0 .430
8 42.0 .500
10 59.0 .570
12 77.0 .620
14 102.0 .690
16 126.0 .750
18 156.0 .830
20 183.0 .880
24 248.0 1.000
B. Use oil Other Materials for Caning
Confer with the State Department of Health prior to start of
construction work.
TV. GROUTING OF STEEL, BOUGHT-IRON OR CAST IRON CASING.
'FILLING AKNULVI SPACE "
A- Drilled Wells
The annular space between the casing and the drill hole shall be
filled \7ith impervious cement grout having a minimum thickness
of 1-1/2" to a depth of at least 20 feet.
B. Gravel Packed Wells (Dummy casing retained)
The annular space between the dummy casing (if dummy casing is
retained) and the excavation line shall be filled with impervious
cement grout having a minimum thickness of 1-1/2" to a depth of
at least 20'.
C. Gravel Packed Wells (Dummy casing removed)
The annular space between the permanent casing (dummy casing
entirely removed) and the excavation line shall be filled with
thoroughly compacted (1) cement grout or (2) concrete or (3) a
2 foot thick concrete plug set at 20' and the remainder of
the annular space filled with puddled clay.
135
-------
D. GrouL
1. Either neat cement grout or concrete grout may be used.
a. Concrete Grout shall be an intimate mixture of cement,
sand and water in the proportion of 1 bag of cement
(1 cubic foot) an equal volume of dry sand, and 5 to
6 gallons of clean water.**
b. Neat Cement Grout shall be an intimate mixture of cement
and v?ater in the proportion of 1 bag of cement (1 cubic
foot) to 5 to 6 gallons of clean water.
**Hydrated lime to the extent of 10% of the volume of
the cement may be added to make the grout mix more
fluid.
2. Seventy-two hours shall be allowed for curing of the grout.
V. WELL HOUSE FLOOR
A. The well house floor shall be constructed of reinforced, water-
tight concrete not less than 4 inches thick at any point.
B. The joint between the concrete motor base and floor shall be water-
tight.
C. The floor shall extend not less than 3 feet from the well excavat-
ion line in all directions.
D. The top of the floor slab shall not be less than 18 inches above
the surrounding ground.
E. The floor slab shall rest upon thoroughly compacted earth.
F. The floor shall slope at a rate -pf 1/8 inch per foot toward the
floor drain.
VI. CASING SEAL, DISCHARGE PIPING
A. The casing (or a pipe sleeve attached to the casing or concrete
motor base so as to be watertight) .shall extend at least 1 inch
into the motor base so as to form an overlapping seal. (On flat
motor base plates and on other base 'plates where radial ribs
interfere, a metal skirt projecting downward may be welded to the
outside edge of the base plate to fonn\ the overlapping cover for
the well casing).
136
-------
B. The metal motor base shall be grouted or otherwise securely
scaled to the concrete base so as to be watertight.
C. The discharge tee, check valve and gate valve shall be located
above the pump room floor.
VII. METERS
Meters should be provided for all wells. The meters should bo locat-
ed on the pump discharge line and on the pump side of the gate valve.
VIII. SAMPLING TAP
A sampling tap is needed on the discharge side of the point of chlorine
application to permit measurement of the chlorine residual in the water
being pumped to the distribution system. The residual chlorine must be
measured at this point to permit proper adjustment of the chlorine dose.
There must be adequate distance between the point of chlorine application
and the sampling tap to allow for complete mixing of the chlorine with
the water. Otherwise the measured chlorine residuals will be highly
variable and inaccurate.
A distance of at least 10 feet should be maintained between these points.
The piping layout in most well houses does not provide this much distance.
Consequently, whenever chlorine is applied to the pump discharge line the
discharge Line should be tapped outside the well house and a 1/2 inch
sampling line extended back into the well house. It is very desirable
to provide a gate valve in the sampling line ahead of the tap so that the
tap can be repaired or replaced without depressuring a portion of the
distribution system. If the chlorine is added in the \?ell near the pump-
suction the sampling tap can be located on the pump discharge line within
the well house. The tap should be located between the check valve and
the gate valve.
IX. DRAWDOWN GAUGE
A. An accurate drawdown gauge and an air pump shall be pn-vided.
B. The drawdown pipe shall pass through the motor base in a manner
that will provide for a watertight seal between the pipe and the
motor base; i.e., a watertight packing gland or equal shall be
provided around the pipe where it passes through the motor base.
X. WELL VENT
A. The vent shall be constructed of metal tubing or pipe and fitted
into the motor base so as to form a watertight connection with
the base.
B. The vent shall terminate in a full 180 return bend not less than
24 inches above the motor base.
137
-------
C. The opening in the vent shall be screened with not less than 16
mesh brass, bronze or copper screen.
XI. AIR/VACUUM RELIEF VALVES
Air/vacuum relief valves are frequently used on well pump discharge
lines and on transmission lines. These valves are potential sources
of contamination of the water supply because contaminating materials
can be drawn into the water supply on the vacuum relief cycle.
Air/vacuum relief valves on water transmission lines should be located
in valve boxes with crushed rock bottoms to permit drainage. The valve
boxes should be so located and covered as to eliminate or at least minimize
the entrance of surface water. The valve vent-discharge line should
extend upward from the valve and terminate in a 180 return bend. The
end of the vent-discharge line should be located either two feet above
the bottom of the valve box or six inches below the valve box cover.
The end of the vent-discharge line should be screened with 16-mesh
brass, bronze or copper screen.
The vent-discharge lines from air/vacuum relief valves on pump discharge
lines should terminate in a downward position about two feet above the
floor of the well house. If splashing is a problem a loose fitting
"splash guard" may be used. The end of the vent-discharge line should
be screened if feasible. In no case should the vent-discharge line be
tightly connected to the floor drain.
XII. FLOOR DRAIN
A. The inlet to the floor drain shall be located, not less than 2 feet
from the vrell excavation line.
B. A floor drain with a perforated or screened cover shall be provided.
C. The drain pipe shall be constructed of not less than 4-inch cast
iron pipe and the cast iron pipe shall be carried to the ground
surface at least 35 feet from the well OR at least 4 feet from
the well house wall at which point the cast iron pipe may be connect-
ed to other suitable 4-inch pipe so that the drainage will be
carried to the ground surface at least 35 feet from the well. For
low capacity wells, 2-inch drain lines will be approved.
D. The drain pipe shall be laid on a grade of not less than 1/8"
per feet and shall discharge onto the surface of the ground. (The
drain shall not be connected to any storm drain, sanitary sewer
or any other closed conduit.) The discharge end of the drain line
should be covered with a coarse screen to prevent the entrance of
small animals.
138
-------
XIII. WELL HOUSE
A. The well house shall be provided with a doorway and a door at
least 2'3" x 6*8" which opens outward and extends to the floor.
The door shall be equipped with a lock.
B. Well houses located on hill slopes shall have not less than 50%
of the floor area above ground level and the door located on that
part of the floor above ground level.
C. The well house walls and ceiling shall be insulated.
D. Where necessary additional protection against freezing shall be
provided by installing a thermostatically controlled electric
heater or other suitable type of healing unit.
XIV. DISINFECTION
A. Gravel for gravel-packed wells shall be disinfected by immersing
the gravel in a chlorine solution containing not less than 200 mg/1
(milligrams per liter) of available chlorine. (A satisfactory solu-
tion may be made by mixing 1/4 pound of hig-i test calcium hypochlor-
ite (70% available chlorine) with 100 gallons of water.) A less
satisfactory but acceptable method of disinfecting the gravel is
to treat the gravel with a strong chlorine solution (200. mg/1)
as it is placed in the tremie tube.
B. Completed wells shall be disinfected by adding sufficient hypochlor-
ite solution to them to produce a concentration of not less than
100 milligrams per liter of available chlorine when mixed with the
water in the well. (Corresponds to about 1.5 Ibs of high test cal-
cium hypochlorite per 1,000 gallons of water in the well.) (Just
prior to settling the pump the casing and pump column should be
washed down with a 200 mg/1 available chlorine solution.)
XV. PERMITS FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION
Approval by the Kansas State Department of Health is required for all
new wells, water treatment plants, and water storage tanks. Approval
can be obtained by submitting a permit application, plans, and specifi-
cations to Environmental Health Services, Kansas State Department of
Health, State Office Building, Topeka, Kansas, prior to construction.
If the plans and specifications are satisfactory a permit to supply
water to the public will be issued.
Permit application forms can be obtained by writing to the above address,
139
-------
XVI. CONCRETE
The concrete used in the construction of new ground water supply units
shall meet the general requirements of strength, durability, economy,
and workability applicable to it. No spt-cific mix can be named to
accomplish this end, since the mix will depend upon the strength and
durability requirements and the available local materials. The pro-
portions of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water should
be determined following the water-cement ratio, the trial mix method,
and pertinent specifications.
XVII. ABANDONED WELLS AND TEST HOLES
Before any well or test hole drilled in connection with a water supply
is abandoned, it shall be plugged in such a manner as to prevent the
pollution of the ground water by contaminating substances. Abandoned
water wells and test holes that do not penetrate below the fresh water
zone shall be filled from bottom to top with natural earth materials.
Any well or test holes that penetrate a formation containing salt water
shall be plugged in accordance with plugging methods approved by the
Conservation Division, Kansas Corporation Commission, Wichita, Kansas.
140
-------
State of Kansas
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Environmental Health Services
Stale Office Building
Topeka, Kansas
Public Water Supply
PERMIT APPLICATION
To the Director of Health of the State Department of Health, Topeka, Kansas:
In conformance with the provisions of Kansas Statutes Annotated9
Nome of Municipality, Institution, District, Company, Corporation or Person
hereby makes application to the State Department of Health for a permit, or additional permit due to change in source, storage, or
treatment, to supply water foi domestic purposes to the public within the State of Kansas, in accordance with the information herein
contained and with the accompanying maps, plans and specifications, which are made a part of this application
ftOQ« «O
The following questions are designed to meet the requirements of widely varying conditions Answers are desired to all applicable
questions.
GENERAL
1 Is the proposed project to constitute.
(a) A complete and distinct system in itselfp-
(b) An extension of or addition to a system already built?_
2. Type of facilities to be constructed
3. Give population to be served-
• Kansas Statutes Annotated 65-163 provides: "That no person, company, corporation, institution or municipality shall supply water
for domestic purposes to the public within the state from or by means of any waterworks that shall have been constructed or ex-
tended, either in whole or in part, subsequent to the passage of this act, without a written permit from the state board of health
for the supplying of such water, except this provision shall not apply to extension of water pipes for distribution of water. The
application for such shall be accompanied by a certified copy of the maps, plans and specifications for the construction of such
waterworks or extension, and of a description of the source from which it is proposed to derive the supply and of the manner of stor-
age, purification or treatment proposed for the supply previous to its delivery to consumers, together with such other data and infor-
mation as may be required by the state board of health, and no other or additional source of supply shall subsequently be used for
any such waterworks, nor any change in the manner of storage, purification or treatment of the supply be made, without an addi-
tional permit to be obtained in a similar manner from the state board of health."
141
-------
SOURCE OF SUPPLY—SURFACE-WATER SUPPLY
4. In case the proposed supply is to be taken from a river or creek, furnish the following information:
(a) Name of stream .
(b) Drainage area above intake, in square mile
(c) Approximate minimum flow of stream
(d) Location of intake with reference to potential sources of pollution.
(e) Furnish map of general layout, together with plans of intake, suction line, dam, intake well, and all other devices to be used
in taking water from the river, and specifications for their construction
(f) Remarks—
5. In case the supply is to be taken from an impounding reservoir, furnish information as follows:
(a) Area of water surface when reservoir is full, in acres
(b) Maximum and average depth of water in reservoir, when full:
Maximum , Average.
(c) Approximate holding capacity of reservoir when full, in gallons
(d) Name of creek tributary to reservoir, and its drainage area in acres or square miles.
(e) Average yearly rainfall over drainage area
d) Nature of drainage area: smooth or rough ; sand or clay-
percent of tailed land ; percent of grass land
percent of timbered land .
(g) What measures will be taken to protect the drainage and reservoir from contamination?.
(h) What measures are proposed for protecting the supply from excessive plant and algae growths in shallow water?.
(i) Furnish (1) a map of the drainage area, showing the location of all public roads and railroads; all residences, animal feed-
lots, and picnic or camping grounds within the limits of the area; (2) a large-scale contour map of the reservoir area; (3)
plans of the dam, spillway, blow-off or drain, and intake arrangement, together with specifications for their construction.
SOURCE OF SUPPLY-GROUND-WATER SUPPLY
6. In case the proposed supply is to be taken from wells, furnish information as follows:
(a) Number of wells available at present
(b) Number of wells to be constructed
142
-------
(c) Diameter and depth of each new welL
(d) Log of the well or test hole
(e) Description of the aquifer from which the supply of water is to be obtained.
(f) If wells are drilled, state type of casing and its diameter, length, thickness and weight per foot-
(g) If wells are dug, state material used for walls, and method of .tinting
(h) State means employed to facilitate the entrance of water into the well from the aquifer. If a well screen is to be used, give
length, type of material and size of openings
(i) Give detailed results of any preliminary tests that have been made to determine the yield of the proposed wells, or any data
that might be used in estimating such yields .
(i) Furnish large-scale map showing general layout of wells, together with plans and specifications for the construction of
wells, well house, pumping equipment and appurtenances.
7. In case the proposed supply is to be derived from springs, furnish information as follows:
(a) Character and thickness of aquifer from which springs apparently flf""
(b) Results of any measurements or tests that have been made to determine the yield of the proposed springs, or any data that
might be used in estimating such yipM
143
-------
-------
PURIFICATION
12. State briefly the treatment processes to be used
13. State basis of design of treatment works as to capacity-
14. In case of aerabon, give type and locabon of aerator.
15. In case of preliminary sedimentation, give type, capacity, theoretical detention, overflow rate and weir loading of basin.
16. In case of sedimentation with coagulation, furnish information as follows:
(a) Chemicals used
(b) Points of application of chemicals, and facilities for feeding, mixing and flocculating:
(c) Capacity, theoretical detenbon, overflow rate and weir loading of basin:
17. In case of filtration furnish information as to the following.
(a) General type of filter
(b) Number and dimensions of filter units.
(c) Type and source of filter media
(d) Depth of filter media.
(e) Type of underdrain
(f) Quantity and source of wash water.
(g) Filter equipment (gauges, controllers, etc.).
(h) Type and capacity of clearwelL
145
-------
18. Chlorination is required. Give information on chionnation equipment:
(a) Type and capacity of equipment
(b) Place of application.
19. What laboratory facilities and equipment are to be provided?-
20. Are daily operation records to be maintained?-
Specify items to be recorded
21. Furnish general plans of the purification plant, showing relative locations and elevations of settling basins, filters, chemical
feeds, clearweU, flood protection arrangements, and other general features of the plant, indicating all pipe connections. Also,
furnish detailed drawings in all cases in which these are essential to the proper understanding of the plant.
PUMPING AND DISTRIBUTION
22. Low service pumps:
(a) Type and capacity of each in gallons per minute —
(b) Suction lift in feet: ordinary ; maximum.
(c) Discharge head in feet
23. High service pumps:
(a) Type and capacity in gallons per minute.
(b) Suction lift in feet: ordinary , maximum-
(c) Discharge head in feet _
24. In regard to the pipe system for distributing the supply, furnish information as follows:
(a) Total length of each size of pipe in entire system:
1-inch ft 4-inch ft 10-inch ft
2-inch ft 6-inch ft 12-inch ft
3_mch ft 8-inch ft ft TotaL
(b) Type of pipe to be used .
(c) Is any portion of the pipe system to be carried over a stream on a bridge, or otherwise to be exposed?-
If so, give methods to be used to prevent freezing .—
146
-------
(d) Number of fire hydrants-
(e) Number of flushing hydrants.
25. In case an elevated tank or a standpipe is to be used, give the following information:
(a) Diameter and height, in feet _
(b) Capacity, in gallons
(c) Height of top of tank or standpipe above foundation.
(d) Height of top of tank or standpipe above area of major use-
(e) How is tank or standpipe to be covered?
(j) Is a provision to be made to cut out the tank or standpipe in case of fire, and operate under pump pressure?-
(g) If a pressure tank is to used, give size, and pressure range-
:6 In case a ground level or below ground level reservoir is to be used, give information as follows:
(a) Shape, dimensions, and capacity when full _
(b) Height of water level, when reservoir is full, above area of major use_
(c) Is a provision to be made to cut out the service reservoir in case of fire, and operate under direct pump pressure?.
27. Furnish plans showing all details of the facility for which this application is made such as, source of supply, transmission main,
distribution system, and -water storage tanks. Also furnish specifications for all equipment included in the project and for all
installation procedures where applicable.
28. Give name of person or firm responsible for engineering-
29. How and by whom is the work of construction to be supervised?-
30. Give name of well driller..
147
-------
AUTHORITY
31. To whom should future correspondence be addressed?-
( Must be signed by the
proper official)
(Signed).
State of Kansas, County of_
ss.
SWORN TO AND SUBSCRIBED before me, a notary public in and for said county and state, this.
. ,19
(SEAL)
My commission expires.
-day of
Notary Public
148
-------
Statement of Policies and Procedures
of Kansas State Department of Health
Relating to Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies
A. The State Department of Health will approve the fluoridation of public water
supplies under the following conditions:
1. That an application has been made to the State Department of Health for
permission to fluoridate the water supply by the city water district or
water company.
2. That plans and specifications covering the following items have been
submitted to and approved by the State Department of Health:
a. Chemical to be used as a source of fluoride.
b. Methods of storing and handling the chemical.
c. Feeding equipment.
d. Point of application.
e. Rate of flow at point of application and flow characteristics.
f. Automatic controls.
g. Safety precautions.
h. Laboratory controls and equipment to be used for determination of
dosage and fluoride content of v/ater.
3. That written statements from local dental and medical societies approving
fluoridation of the water be submitted to the State Department of Health.
Where no formally organized dental or medical societies exist, written
endorsements by two-thirds of the practicing physicians and dentists will
be acceptable.
4. That a copy of the city ordinance or equivalent document of a water district
board authorizing fluoridation of the water supply and providing funds for
their cost be submitted to the State Department of Health.
B. The following general principles will be used in promotion and administration
of the program by personnel of Division of Environmental Health:
1. No fluoridation project should be undertaken without the full cooperation
and approval of the city administration, the v/ater department, the local
dental and medical societies, and thR local health department, as well
as the State Department of Health.
2. In considering applications for approval of fluoridation, the Kansas State
Department of Health will consider the qualifications of v/ater works
operators to perform the control and maintenance operations required.
149
-------
3. Available chemicals and recommended methods of feeding are listed below:
Name Form Feeder Remarks
4,
5.
7.
8.
10,
Sodium silicofluoride Powder
Hydrofluosilicic acid Liquid
Sodium fluoride Powder
Dry
Solution
Dry or
solution
Solubility low
Corrosive
Feeding equipment must be accurate within 5 per cent, and facilities must
be provided for accurately weighing the amount of chemical used. Solution
feeders must be of the positive displacement type and must be provided with
two solution tanks and an accurate means for measuring the water used in
making up the solution.
The operating capacities of all pumping equipment which can or does affect
the rate of flow of water past the point of application of the fluoride
should be accurately determined by test prior to the design and installation
of fluoride feeding equipment. Master meters are highly desirable and may
be required.
On supplies where pumps operate intermittently under pressure control, the
feeder should be electrically connected to the pump.
Where solution feeders are used, the point of application of the fluoride
shall be at a point on the discharge side of the pump where it is impossible
for negative pressures to develop.
Special precautions should be taken to protect operators against possible
injury from gases and dusts. Chemicals should be stored in a separate room
with positive ventilation and the room should be locked except when supplies
are being placed in the room or taken from it. Each operator who handles
fluoride should be provided an individual toxic dust respirator and a pair
of rubber gloves. Operators should be fully instructed regarding the
dangers involved in handling of fluoride.
Suitable laboratory space and equipment should be provided for the deter-
mination of the fluoride content of the water in accordance with the latest
edition of Standard Methods of the Examination of Water and Wastewater*
Where col crime trie methods are used, special lighting equipment would be
provided. Operators responsible for control of fluoridation must demon-
strate their ability to perform such tests to representatives of the
Division of Environmental Health prior to beginning fluoridation of the
supply.
Immediately after commencing fluoridation, daily samples from the plant
tap and the distribution system must be submitted to the Environmental
Health Laboratory, together with the report of fluoride determinations
made on duplicate samples collected at the same points, until the
laboratory is satisfied as to the uniformity of results.
150
-------
Thereafter, fluoride determinations will be made on regular samples
submitted to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis, and routine
tests run at the plant in accordance with the following schedule:
Source Ground Water Surface Water
Raw I/week Min. I/day
Plant tap I/day I/shift (min. I/day)
Distribution system 4/week 4/week
11. Daily records should be kept of the amount of chemical fed, water pumped,
and the fluoride determinations. Duplicate copies should be submitted
monthly to the Division of Environmental Health, Kansas State Department
of Health.
12. No fluoridation equipment shall be placed in operation until the installation
has been inspected by a representative of the State Department of Health and
found to be in conformance with the plans and specifications approved by the
State Department of Health.
151
-------
ORDER PERTAINING TO THE CHLORINATION OF
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES WITHIN THE STATE OF KANSAS
Kansas State Board of Health - October 8, 1942
WHEREAS, The recent epidemic of bacillary dysentery was caused by contamina-
tion of the municipal water supply after it had reached the distribution system;
and
WHEREAS, This clearly demonstrates that the quality of the water at the source
does not safeguard the health of the consumers, and
WHEREAS, Section 65-163 provides authority for the issuance of an order requir-
ing changes in the source of supply, the manner of storage, purification or treat- '
ment of said supply before delivery to the consumers as may in the judgment of the
State Board of Health be necessary to safeguard the public health: Therefore, be it
RESOLVED, The all municipalities within the state maintain a suitable chlorine
residual in the distribution system and follow certain set policies in the disinfec-
tion of any and all sections of the distribution system subject to alterations, re-
pairs, or new connections.
The following recommendations are made to expedite this order, and this order
is to take effect immediately and all towns so advised are to chlorinate their water
supplies continuously . . . ., and those towns which are already chlorinating con-
tinuously shall, wherever necessary, increase the chlorine dosage so as to maintain a
suitable residual in the distribution system.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Section 1. Chlorinating Equipment
Where chlorinators are available at the water plant, these should becchecked to
determine if their capacity is adequate and a suitable supply of chlorine should be
kept on hand. Cities not using chlorinators for water treatment purposes should .
. . .purchase chlorinators.
Section 2. Points of Application
Where the water supply is derived from more than one source, each source should
be provided with suitable chlorinating equipment so that a proper residual may be
maintained throughout the system.
152
-------
Kansas State Board of Health
Division of Sanitation
Lawrence, Kansas
1 June 1956
CHLORINATION OF KANSAS PUBLIC HATER SUPPLIES
Improvement of Kansas Public water Supplies. The safety of Kansas public water
supplies has shown steady improvement since 1900, especially in the past few years
In 1900 there were about 35 deaths per 100,000 persons from typhoid and para-
typhoid fever. By 1925 the number of deaths from these diseases was reduced to
about 7 per 100,000 persons and by 1955 the number of deaths from these causes
was less than 1 per 100,000 persons. There have been corresponding decreases
in the incidence of other waterborne diseases.
This marked reduction in waterborne disease has been paralleled by a rapid
increase in the construction of waterworks facilities and a large part of this
improvement in health can be attributed to the construction of water purification
plants and particularly to the almost universal practice of disinfecting public
water supplies with chlorine.
The records of the Division of Sanitation, State Board of Health, show that
during the past year 393 cities in the state produced water of satisfactory
bacteriological quality, and that only 37 cities failed to meet the drinking
water standards. In 1955, 172 cities had perfect bacteriological records, that
is, none of the samples examined in the Water and Sewage laboratory showed the
presence of harmful bacteria. All of the surface water supplies in Kansas met
the drinking water standards for bacteriological quality. The 37 small well
water supplies which failed to meet the drinking water standards in this period
serve only about 1-1/2% of the persons using city water. This is the best record
which the state has ever had. As recently as 1949, 106 cities had drinking water
supplies which were considered to be unsafe. Better construction of wells and
purification plants, and particularly the installation of equipment for continu-
ous chlorination of public water supplies have been responsible for the major
part of this improvement. Continuous chlorination of all water pumped is prac-
ticed by 303 cities having a total population of 1,172,000 persons. Partial
chlorination is provided in 64 cities serving 33,000 persons. Fifty-nine cities
serving 78,000 persons have no facilities for chlorination. The present status
of chlorination in the state is summarized in the following table:
No. of Population %
Description Cities Served Population
Continuous chlorination of all 303 1,172,000 91
water pumped
Chlorination of water pumped from 64 33,000 3
part (not all) of the wells
No chlorination facilities 59 78,000 6
Total 426 1,283,000 100
153
-------
The importance of chlorination treatment is emphasized by the fact that 33 of
the 37 public water supplies which have failed to meet the drinking water stan-
dards for bacteriological quality during either or both of the past two years
do not have chlorination equipment.
Previous Action by the State Board of Health. In 1942 there was a serious epidemic
in a Kansas City of bacillary dysentery caused by contamination of a municipal
water supply after the water had reached the distribution system. Following this
epidemic, the State Board of Health passed a resolution recommending that all
municipalities maintain a suitable chlorine residual in the distribution system,
and disinfect all sections of the distribution system subject to alterations,
repairs, or new connections. All cities in the state have been advised of
these recommendations on many occasions since that time. Much of the progress
which has been made in improving the bacteriological quality of public water
supplies in the state has resulted from voluntary compliance with these recom-
mendations by city officials.
It now appears that health education methods have been utilized to the maximum
possible extent and that further formal action by the State Board of Health is
desirable and essential to secure chlorination of all Kansas public water supplies.
Recent Action by the State Board of Health. To extend the benefits of this
process, and in the interest of the public health, the Kansas State Board of
Health adopted the attached policy pertaining to the chlorination of public water
supplies within the state of Kansas at its regular quarterly meeting on May
25, 1956.
Essentially the order requires that each municipality within the state provide
adequate chlorination equipment at each and every source of its public water
supply and maintain a suitable chlorine residual in the distribution system at
all times, and follow approved procedures in the disinfection of any and all
sections of the distribution system subject to alterations, repairs, or new
connections. All municipalities which failed to meet the drinking water stan-
dards for bacteriological quality for either or both of the past two years, as
shown by the tests and records of the Water and Sewage laboratory, shall
initiate the above specified chlorination practices on or before March 1, 1957.
All municipalities within the state, including all those with no chlorination
facilities and all those with chlorination equipment at part but not all of
the water supply wells or other water sources, shall initiate the above speci-
fied chlorination practices on or before January 1, 1958.
The cities affected by this order are listed in the attached tabulation.
154
-------
1 June 1956
Kansas State Board of Health
Topeka, Kansas
At its regular quarterly meeting on May 25, 1956 the Kansas State Board of
Health formally adopted the following policy:
ORDER PERTAINING TO THE CHLORINATION OF
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES WITHIN THE STATE OF KANSAS
WHEREAS, Epidemics of water-borne disease in Kansas and other slates
have been caused by contamination of. the municipal water supply after it reached
the distribution system; and
WHEREAS, This clearly demonstrates that the quality of the water at the
source does not fully safeguard the health of the consumers, and
WHEREAS, Continuous chlorination treatment and maintenance of suitable
chlorine residuals in water in the distribution system provide substantial
protection against contamination and disease, and
WHEREAS, Section 65-163 provides authority for the issuance of an order
requiring changes in the source of supply, the manner of storage, purification
or treatment of said supply before delivery to the consumers as may in the judg-
ment of the State Board of Health be necessary to safeguard the public health:
Therefore be it
RESOLVED, That each municipality within the state provide adequate chlorina-
tion equipment at each and every source of its public water supply and maintain
a suitable chlorine residual in the distribution system at all times, and follow
approved procedures in the disinfection of any and all sections of the distribu-
tion system subject to alterations, repairs, or new connections. Be it further
RESOLVED, That all municipalities which failed to meet the Drinking Water
Standards for bacteriological quality for either or both of the past two years,
as shown by the tests and records of the Water and Sewage Laboratory, shall
initiate the above specified chlorination practices on or before March 1, 1957.
Be it further
RESOLVED, That all municipalities within the state, including all those with
no chlorination facilities and all those with chlorination equipment at part but
not all of the water supply wells or other water sources, shall initiate the above
specified chlorination practices on or before January 1, 1958. Be it further
RESOLVED, That any city governing body or water company officials failing to
comply with this order within the specified time limit will be asked to appear
before the State Board of Health to show cause why their permit to supply water
to the public should not be revoked.
155
-------
The order affects Che cities tabulated below. Each of these communities has been
individually notified by letter of the action expected by them under this order.
GROUP I. Cities affected by the March 1, 1957 deadline.
District 1
Belpre
Isabel
District 2
Belle Plaine
Norwich
Sylvia (P)
District 3
Peru
Hamilton (P)
District 4
Alma (P)
Havensville
Oketo
Winchester
District 5
Esbon (P)
Inman
Marquette
Narka
Palmer
Republic
District 6
Collyer
Prairie View
Ransom
GROUP II. Cities affected by January 1, 1958 deadline.
District 1
Bucklin (P)
Copeland
Cullison
Dighton (P)
Dodge City (P)
Englewood (P)
Fowler
Garden City (P)
Hardtner (P)
Haviland
Horace
Johnson
Lewis
Macksville (P)
Montezuma
Moscow
Plains
Preston
Rolla
Spearville
St. John (P)
Tribune (P)
District 2
Dexter
Elmdale (P)
Halstead
Oxford (P)
Pretty Prairie (P)
District 3
Galena
River ton
Treece
Toronto (P)
Waverly (P)
District 4
Alta Vista (P)
Axtell (P)
Beattie (P)
Blue Rapids (P)
Effingham
Robinson (P)
Waterville
District 5
Bennington
Brookville (P)
Canton (P)
Clay Center (P)
Glasco (P)
Green (P)
Hanover
Jamestown
Leonardville
Lindsborg (P)
Miltonvale (P)
Riley (P)
District 5
Scandia (P)
Simpson
Solomon
White City
District 6
Alton
Bazine (P)
Bison (P)
Claflin
Downs
Grinnell
Hoxie
Kanorado
Lebanon
Liebenthal
McDonald
Natoma (P)
Oakley (P)
Plainville (P)
Portis
Quinter (P)
Rexford
Victoria
Winona (P)
Woods ton (P)
(P)
Indicates cities having part of the necessary chlorination facilities already
installed.
156
-------
VOL. 194 JANUARY TERM, 19G5 679
Stale, ct ret., v. City of Galena
No. 43.909
THE STATE OK KANSAS, c\ rcl. ROBERT C. LoxonnHOLM (Substi-
tuted for William M. Ferguson), Attorney General, Appellee, v.
THE CITY or GALENA an of Calcn.t nppe.ilf from t'lu order of the tn.tl court jjrmlmK
a peremptory writ of mamliimiis ag.nnst tlic city growing out of an action
wherein the State Board of Health ordered the city to chlorinate lite water
furnished by its municipal water plant for domestic purposes to the public.
The provisions of K. S A. 65-171, presiding for an election if the order of
the board requires a change in the source of water for any municipal water
pl.int, are not here applicable because, as more fully narrated in the opinion,
such order of the board is clearly authorized under the provisions of K. S. A.
65-163. Held: The trial court did not err in any of the particulars com-
plained of and was, therefore, correct in its order granting the peremptory
writ.
Appe.il from Cherokee district court; JZ.I.OME HARMAN-, judge. Opinion
filed May 4,1967. judgmcit affirmed.
/. John Marshall, of Pillsburg, argued the cause and was on the brief for
the npiirlKinlv
John Vf. Cooper and /*««/ Arnntmng, special assistant at|nriir\s scncr.il.
nrgviod the cuuso, and Robert C. Londcrhtdm, attorney genera), aijd J. Richard
Foth, assistant attorney general, were with them on the brief for (he appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Roan, J.: This is an appeal by the defendant city <» Galena from
the trial court's order gr.intnr.: a prreniptoiy urit fit mandamus
ag.iiiiKt it and memi'i'rig itb motion fur new trial.
Defendants complaints of error arc that the trial court ened
(1) in overruling its motion to quash plaintiffs motion for writ of
mandamus (2) in granting the peremptory writ of mandamus and
(3) in overruling (Is motion for new trial.
On. December 15, 19C1. the Kansas State Doard of Health (here-
after referred to as the board) in pertinent parts of iu order to
chlorinate directed |o thu defendant city of Galcaa foupd that the
cityVi £opcj quality of water at tfoo sourco did not safeguard die
157
-------
680 SUPREME COURT OF KANSAS '
Sl.ili1. rr rcl, v. Cily of Cnlcna
consumers' health because of danger of contamination in tho
distribution system; that continuous chlorination treatment and
maintenance in tho distribution s\stcm would provide substantial
protection against contamination and disease; that on May 25,
193G, the city had been instructed by the hoard to chlorinate its
water on or before January 1, 195S; that on June 17, I960, the
board had again formally ordered the city to chlorinate its water
supply on or bcfoie September 21, I960; that the city was repoitcd
willing to chlorinate its \\ater supply but intended to do so only
at some future indefinite date; that the city's failure to chlorinate
its water supply is prejudicial to the public health and that the
interests of public health require piompt installation of suitable
chlorination facilities. Under the provisions of K. S. A. 65-163 the
boaid ordered the city to purchase and install adequate facilities
for chloniiation of its public water supply, that such facilities were
to be installed promptly and within a reasonable time thereafter,
and subsequently the city should continuously maintain such facili-
ties and process.
Upon the board's motion for issuance of an alternative writ show-
ing the city's refusal and failure to comply \\ith the board's order
of December 15, 1961, the trial court on April 12, 1962, ordered the
issuance of the writ commanding the city to comply immediately
widi the board's order or show cause on or before July 13, 1962,
why the city should not be required to do as commanded.
On "March 1, 1963, the general demurrer of the city and its
motion to quash the alternative writ were overruled and the city
v,as granted thirty days in which to answer.
The city's answer thereafter filed made certain formal admis-
sions and then set out a general denial. It further answered that
at all pertinent times mentioned the city had maintained a good
and sufficiently healthful and pure water supply for all of its in-
habitants and the patrons of its water department, the cost of
chlorinating the water supply would exceed 82,000 which, under
K. S. A. 65-171 limiting such cost to 51,000, would require the
change in water supply to be passed upon by the qualified electors
in the city at a general or special election; no attempt had been
made by the board to cause, or attempt to cause, the issue to be
so presented to the electors.
On October 22, 1963, the paitics stipulated to ceitain facts in-
cluding those stating that the city had not complied with the order
of die board to chlorinate its water, dated December 15, 1961, nor
158
-------
VOL. 194 JANUARY TERM, 1%5 GS1
Stair, ex rcl, v City of C:ilcna
had the city appealed fiom the order to the district court within
thirty da>s. It was fuitlicr stipulated the cost of chlorination would
exceed $2,000, the question had never been submitted to the city's
electors, and that monthly and semi-monthly repoits concerning
the purity and fitness of the uutcr supply for a part of I960, and
for all of 19G1, 1962, and 19R3 reflected that the water was pure
and fit for human consumption. The analysis of the water samples
had been conducted by the board.
On December 17, 19G3, in its formal journal entry of judgment,
the tiial court adopted the agreed facts as its findings, and further
found the boaid had legal authority to oulcr the city to chlorinate
its water supply, the city had a clear legal duty to comply there-
with and that the provisions of K. S. A. 65-171 pertaining to ". . .
the supply of \\atcr for any municipal water plant . . ." are
not applicable concerning an order for chlorination of a public
\\ater supply. Since no reason was shown why a peremptory writ
• 'Quid not issue, the trial court commanded the city to pjovide
c.ilorination of its public water supply within a reasonable time.
The court reserved jurisdiction of the cause.
On January 22, 196M, the city's motion for new trial was over-
ruled. Hence this appeal.
The city's contentions are based on the applicability of K. S. A.
65-171 which provides:
"That nothing m this act shall permit the board of health to change the
supply of u.atcr for any municipal water plant where the cost of such change
would exceed one thousand dollars .ilhout first submitting the same to the
qualified elector* at a general or special election." (Our emphasis.)
We think the abo\e statute is unequivocal, clear, and unambigu-
ous and would be controlling if an order of the board undertook to
change the source of supply of water for any municipal water
plant because in that event an election would 'i.ive to be conducted
should the cost of the change exceed 81,000. However, under the
circumstances here iinohcd, ue agree with the trial court and the
board that K. S. A. 65-171 has no application because nothing in
the board's oiclcr requires a change in the source of supply of
water that goes into the city's water pl.mt. As contended by the
board, we hcliuxc the order is controlled by the provisions of
K. S. A. C5-1G3. The statute is quite lung and we shall merely state
that it likewise is uncqimocal, clear, and unambiguous and in-
cluded among its provisions arc:
159
-------
682 SUPREME COURT OF KANSAS
State, n re/., v. City of Galena
". . . no person, eoinpam, corpnr.ition, institution or municipality shall
supply u.atcr for domestic purpose* to the public wjlliin the state from or by
means of any waterworks that slnll have been constructed . . . witliout
a written permit from the state board of health. . . ." (Our emphasis.)
The order of the board in this case is simply informing the city
that the. water which it furnishes for domestic purposes to the
public must be chloimated before it is safe for public consumption.
No mention is made of the source of supply of the water going
into the waterworks or the municipal water plant. Reference is
made only to the water that is furnished by such water plant when
it is ready to be consumed for domestic purposes by the public.
We, therefore, conclude the trial couit correctly decided that
K. S. A. 65-171 has no application herein and no election is required,
that the controlling statute is K. S. A. 63-163, and the order granting
the peremploiy writ was correct.
Judgment affirmed.
16C
-------
APPENDIX C
E.P.A. EVALUATION
of the
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LABORATORIES
-------
Report of a Survey of the
Kansas State Department of Health
Environmental Wealth Laboratory
801 Harrison Street
Topeka, Kansas 66612
October 21-22, 1971
by
Harry D. Nash, Ph. D.
Microbiologist
Water Supply Programs Division
Office of Water Programs
Environmental Protection Agency
5555 Ridge Avenue
Pinrinnati Ohin 4R?fifi
The equipmenuand procedures employed in the bacteriological analyses of
water by this laboratory conformed with the provisions of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (13th edition - 1971) and with
the provisions of the Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, except
for the items marked with a cross "X" on the accompanying form EPA-103
(Rev. 3-71). Items marked with a "U" could not be determined at the time
of the survey. Items marked "O" do not apply to the procedures programmed
in this laboratory. Specific deviations are described with appropriate
remedial action for compliance in the following recommendations:
Recommendations
Item 5 Record of Laboratory Examination
State standards define a sample as being unsatisfactory if one or more coli-
form colonies are observed per 100 ml of sample examined; all unsatisfactory
samples are reported to the Engineering Section for review. A review of the
records indicate that there is no program initiated for repeat sampling.
Regulations do recommend that when a sample is reported as unsatisfactory,
daily samples should be collected from the same sampling point and examined
until the results obtained from at least two consecutive samples indicate that
contamination is no longer present.
Laboratory Evaluation Service
Mr. Marvin Dyck is designated as the State Water Laboratory Survey Officer.
All interstate carrier water supplies and those laboratories conducting bacter-
iological analyses are listed in Table 1.
161
-------
- 2 -
Table 1
Interstate Carrier Water Supplies and Certified Laboratories
Name of
Water Supply
Laboratory
Conducting Test
Survey Officer
of Lab
Date of
Last Survey
Emporia Municipal
Leavenworth
Atchison
Lawrence
Pittsburg
Water District #1
Johnson County
Newton
Liberal
Wichita Municipal
Airport
Kansas City Board
of Public Utilities
Salina Municipal
Topeka Municipal
Wichita Municipal
Kansas Environmental
Health Lab (KEHL)
KEHL
KEHL
KEHL
KEHL
KEHL
KEHL
KEHL
KEHL
Board of Public
Utilities Lab.
Salina Water
Dept. Lab
Topeka Water
Dept. Lab
Wichita Water
Dept. Lab
H. D. Nash
M. G. Dyck
M. G. Dyck
M. G. Dyck
M. G. Dyck
Oct 22, 1971
July 1969
Dec. 1969
March 1970
Nov. 1969
Remarks
It is recommended that all liquid carbohydrate media be sterilized at 121° C
for 12 rather than 15 minutes. This will reduce the chance of lactose
hydrolysis which may result from over heating. Since brilliant green lactose
bile broth and lauryl tryptose broth are used only for verification, it is
suggested that these be purchased in { pound quantities rather than one
pound bottles. This will reduce the chance of larger quantities of medium
becoming caked or deteriorating before used.
162
-------
- 3 -
Commendation
Mr. Marvin Dyck and the laboratory personnel are to be commended on their
strict adherence to standard methods and the excellent records and reporting
system which is employed at the Kansas Environmental Health Laboratory.
All records were current and complete.
Personnel Approved
Mr. Marvin Dyck, Bacteriologist III; Mrs. Evelyn Lawson, Bacteriologist II;
and Mr. David Gleue, Laboratory Technician I, are approved for the application
of the total and fecal conform and fecal streptococci membrane filter pro-
cedures to the bacteriological exammation of potable waters and stream
water quality measurements.
Conclusions
The procedures and equipment in use at the time of the survey complied in
general with ^he provisions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Waste water (13th edition - 1971) and the Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards, and with correction of deviations listed, it is recommended
that the results be accepted for the bacterial examination of waters under
interstate regulations.
Harry®. Nash -^f
163
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Water Quality Office
Water Hygiene Division
Bacteriological Survey for
Water Laboratories
Indicating conformity with the 13th
edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Waste-
water (1971).
Survey By
H. D. Nash
X = Deviation U = Undetermined
O = Not Used
Laboratory Kansas State Uept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
Sampling and Monitoring Response
1. Location and Frequency
Representative points on system
Frequency of sampling adequate
2. Collection Procedure
Faucets with aerators should not be used
Flush tap 1 min. prior to sampling
Pump well 1 min. to waste prior to sampling
River, stream, lake, or reservoir sampled at least
6 inches below surface and toward current
Minimum sample not less than 100 ml
Ample air space in bottle for mixing
Promptly identify sample legibly and indelibly
3. Sample Bottles
Wide mouth, glass or plastic bottles of 8 oz. capacity.
Sample bottles capable of sterilization and rinse ....
Closure:
a. Glass stoppered bottles protected with metal foil,
rubberized cloth or kraft type paper
b. Metal or plastic screw cap with leakproof liner . .
Sodium thiosulfate added for dechlorination
Concentration 100 mg/1 added before sterilization
Chelation agent for stream samples (optional)
Concentration 372 mg/1 added before sterilization
4. Transportation and Storage
Complete and accurate data accompanies sample ....
Transit time for potable water samples should not exceed
48 hrs, preferably within 30 hrs
Transit time for source waters, reservoirs, and natural
bathing waters should not exceed 6 hrs
All samples examined within 2 hours of arrival
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
164
-------
Laboratory Environmental Health Lab
Kansas State Uept. of Health
Location
801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
4.
5.
Transportation and Storage (Continued)
Sample refrigeration mandatory on stream samples,
optional on potable water samples
Record of Laboratory Examination
Results assembled and available for inspection
Number of Tests per year
MPN Test - Type of sample_
Confirmed (+) (-
- 71
FY
Completed {+)
(Total)
(Total)"
MF Test - Type of sample Public, semi-public & private
Direct Count (+) 2822 (-) 32,686(Total) 35,508
Verified Count (+)
(Total)
Other samples
swimming pools &
stream samples
6,371
Data processed rapidly through laboratory and engineering sections .
Unsatisfactory sample defined as 3 or more puaitive tubes per
MFN tcct or 5 or more colonies per 100 ml in MF test
High priority placed on alerting operator to unsatisfactory
potable water results
Prompt resampling for unsatisfactory samples
6. Laboratory Evaluation Service
State program to evaluate all laboratories which examine
potable water supplies
Frequency of surveys on a 2 year basis
State survey officer (Name) Mr. Marvin Dyck
Status of laboratory evaluation service
Total 5 labs known to examine water
5 approved laboratories
0 provisional laboratories
Laboratory Apparatus
7. Incubator
Manufacturer
Boekel
Model
1295A
Sufficient size for daily work load
Maintain uniform temperature in all parts (± 0. 5°C)
Accurate thermometer with bulb immersed in liquid on
top and bottom shelves
Daily record of temperature or use of recording thermometer
sensitive to 0. 5°C change
Incubator not subject to excessive room temperature variations
beyond a range of 50 - 80° F
EPA-L03 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
165
-------
Laboratory Environmental Health Lab
Kansas State Dept. of Healtii
Location 8Q1 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
8. Incubator Room (Optional) Manufacturer^
Well insulated, equipped with properly distributed heating
and humidifying units for optimum environmental control.
Shelf areas used for incubation must conform to 35° C ± 0. 5°
temperature requirement
Accurate thermometers with bulb immersed in liquid. . . .
Daily record of temperature at selected areas or use
recording thermometer sensitive to 0. 5°C changes . . .
9. Water Bath
Manufacturer Precision Scientific Model
Sufficient size for fecal coliform tests . . . ,
Maintain uniform temperature 44. 5°C ±0. 2°C. .
Accurate thermometer immersed in water bath ,
Daily record of temperature or use of recording
thermometer sensitive to 0.2°C changes . . .
10. Hot Air Sterilizing Oven
Manufacturer Model_
Size sufficient to prevent crowding of interior
Constructed to insure a stable sterilizing temperature . .
Equipped with accurate thermometer in range of 160-180° C
or with recording thermometer
11. Autoclave
Manufacturer American Sterilizer Model
Size sufficient to prevent crowding of interior
Constructed to provide uniform temperature up to and
including 121°C
Equipped with accurate thermometer with bulb properly located
to register minimal temperature within chamber _____
Pressure gage and operational safety valve
Steam source from saturated steam line, ov-fveta-gAS-os
electrically heated steam generator
Reach sterilization temperature in 30 min. . . t
Pressure cooker may be used only if provided with a pressure
gage and thermometer with bulb 1 in. above water level 0_
12. Thermometers
Accuracy checked with thermometer certified by National
Bureau of S* indards or one of equivalent accuracy
Liquid column f^ ee of discontinuous sections and graduation
marks legible
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
166
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
13.
pH Meter
Manufacturer
Beckman
Model Zeromatic
Electronic pH meter accurate to 0.1 pH units
14. Balance
Balance with 2 g sensitivity at 150 g load used for general
media preparations, Type " *'aus
Analytical balance with 1 mg sensitivity at 10 g load used
for weighing quantities less than 2 g, Type .
Appropriate weights of good quality for each balance '.'. '. '. ~.
15. Microscope and Lamp
Preferably binocular wide field, 10 to 15 diameters magnifi-
cation for MF colony counts. Type . . . .
Fluorescent light source for sheen discernment. '.'. ". '. . . . .
16. Colony Count
Quebec colony counter, dark-field model preferred for
standard plate counts
17. Inoculating Equipment
Wire loop of 22 or 24 gauge chromel, nichrome, or platinum
iridium, sterilized by flame
Single-service transfer loops of aluminum or stainless steel, pre-
sterilized by dry heat or steam
Disposable single service hardwood applicators, pre-
sterilized by dry heat only
18. Membrane Filtration Units
Manufacture r Hill i pore Type
Leak proof during filtration
Metal plating not worn to expose base metal
19. Membrane filters
Manufacturer Mill i pore Type
Full bacterial retention, satisfactory filtration speed
Stable in use, glycerin free
Grid marked with non-toxic ink
Presterilized or autoclaved 121° C for 10 min
20. Absorbent Pads
Manufacturer Mnnpnr» Type
Filter paper free from growth inhibitory substances
Thickness uniform to permit 1.8 - 2. 2 ml medium absorption . .
Presterilized or autoclaved with membrane filters
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
167
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
21. Forceps
Preferably round tip without corrugations
Forceps are alcohol flamed for use in MF procedure
Glassware, Metal Utensils and Plastic Items
22. Media Preparation Utensils
Borosilicate glass
Stainlc-ss-steel
Utensils clean and free from foreign residues or
dried medium
23. Pipets Pyrex
Brand Richard Allen (Alpha) Type Borosilicate
Calibration error not exceeding 2. 5%
Tips unbroken, graduation distinctly marked
Deliver accurately and quickly
Mouth end plugged with cotton (optional)
24. Pipet Containers
Box, eAtKftiHHHt
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab.
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
jjate
10/21-22/71
Materials and Media Preparation
29.
Cleaning Glassware
Dishwasher Manufacturer
Heinicke Model Typhon
Thoroughly washed in detergent aftWJF, cycle time 3.5 - 4 min
Rinse in clean water at 180°Fj cycle fome 3.5 min. . .
Final rinse in distilled water, cycle time l.*Q min! ..
Detergent brand State prison formulation
Washing procedure leaves no toxic residue has, beep checked
Glassware free from acidity or alkalinity
30. Sterilization of Materials
Dry heat sterilization (1 hr at 170CC) Freas Model 124
Glassware not in metal containers
Dry heat sterilization (2 hrs at 170°C)
Glassware in metal containers
Glass sample bottles
Autoclaving at 121° C for 15 min
Plastic sample bottles .12J°C foe ljO-J2.min..
Dilution, watejr blanks ...Rinse, water autoclaved 121 °C for 30 min
Dilution water blank autoclaved 12T°C for 20 min.
31. Laboratory Water Quality
Still manufacturer Barnstead Construction Material j^n |
Demineralizer with Crystalab 1/vear recharge frequency
Protected storage tank
Supply adequate for all laboratory needs
Free from traces of dissolved metals or chlorine
Free from bactericidal compounds as measured
by bacteriological suitability test
Bacteriological quality of water measured oncejaactuyeaur
by suitability test or sooner if necessary
32. Buffered Dilution Water
Stock phosphate buffer solution pH 7. 2
Prepare fresh stock buffer when turbidity appears
Stock buffer autoclaved and stored at 5 - 10° C
1.25 ml stock buffer per 1 liter distilled water
Dispense to give 99 ± 2 ml or 9 ± 0. 2 ml after autoclaving
33. pH Measurements
Calibrate pH meter against appropriate standard buffer prior to use
Standard buffer brand pgcVman pH pH 7
Check the pH of each sterile medium batch or at least one batch
from each new medium lot number
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
169
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab.
Location 80i Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
33. pH Measurements (Continued)
Maintain a pH record of each sterile medium batch,
the date and lot number
34. Sterilization of Media
Carbohydrate medium sterilized 121° C for 12 min
All other media autoclaved 121° C for 15 min
Tubes packed loosely in baskets for uniform heating and cooling.
Timing starts when autoclave reaches 121°C
Total exposure of carbohydrate media to heat not over 45 min. .
Media removed and cooled as soon as possible after sterilization
35. Storage
Dehydrated media bottles kept tightly closed and stored
at less than 30° G
Dehydrated media not used if discolored or caked
Sterile culture media stored in clean area free from
contamination and excessive evaporation
Sterile batches used in less than 1 week
All media protected from sunlight
If media is stored at low temperatures, it must be incubated
overnight and any tubes with air bubbles discarded
Culture Media - Specifications
36. Lactose Broth
Manufacturer Lot No.
Single strength composition 13 g per liter distilled water 0
Single strength pH 6. 9 ± 0.1, double strength pH 6. 7 ± 0.1 "
Not less than 10 ml medium per tube
Composition of medium after 10 ml sample is added must
contain 0.013 g per ml dry ingredients
37. Lauryl Tryptose Broth
ManufacturermfrnLot No.
Single strength composition 35. 6 g per liter distilled water
Single strength pH 6. 8 ± 0. 1, double strength pH 6. 7 ± 0.1
Not less than 10 ml medium per tube
Composition of medium after 10 ml sample is added must
contain 0. 0356 g per ml of dry ingredients
38. Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth
Manufacturer Difco Lot No. 480009
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
170
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health I Location801 Harrison
Environmental Health Lab Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
38. Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (Continued)
Correct composition, sterility and pH 7. 2.
Not less than 10 ml medium per tube . . .
39. Eosin Methylene Blue A gar
Manufacturer Levine EHB Lot No. 476128
Medium contains no sucrose, Cat. No.
Correct composition, sterility and pH 7.1
40. Plate Count A gar (Tryptose Glucose Yeast A gar)
Manufacturer Lot No.
Correct composition, sterility and pH 7. 0 ± 0.1
Free from precipitate
Sterile medium not remelted a second time after sterilization
41. EC Medium
Manufacturer Lot No.
Correct composition, sterility and pH 6. 9 0
Not less than 10 ml medium per tube
42. M-Endo Medium
Manufacturer Dlfco Lot No. 346928
Correct composition and pH 7. 1 - 7. 3 ,
Reconstituted in distilled water containing 2% ethanol
Heat to boiling point, promptly remove and cool
Store in dark at 2 - 10° C ^[
Unused medium discarded after 96 hrs
43. M-FC Broth
Manufacturer D1fco Lot No. 632408
Correct composition and pH 7.4
Reconstituted in 100 ml distilled water containing 1 ml of
a 1% rosolic acid reagent
Stock solution of rosolic acid discarded after 2 weeks or
when red color changes to muddy brown .......
Heat to boiling point, promptly remove and cool
Store in dark at 2 - 10° C
Unused medium discarded after 96 hrs
44. Broth
Manufacturer Lot No.
Correct composition and pH
45. Agar
Manufacturer__ Lot No.
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
171
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
I Date
10/21-22/71
45.
Agar (Continued)
Correct composition and pH
Multiple Tube Coliform Test
46. Presumptive Procedure
Lactose broth lauryl tryptose broth
Shake sample vigorously 0
Potable water: 5 standard portions, either 10 or 100 ml
Stream monitoring: multiple dilutions
Incubate tubes at 35° ± 0. 5°C for 24 ± 2 hr
Examine for gas any gas bubble positive
Return negative tubes to incubator
Examine for gas at 48 ± 3 hr from original incubation
47. Confirmed Test
Promptly submit all presumptive tubes showing gas production
before or at 24 hr and 48 hr periods to Confirmed Test Q
a. Brilliant green lactose broth
Gently shake presumptive tube or mix by rotating
Transfer one loopful of positive broth or one dip of applicator
from presumptive tube to brilliant green lactose broth
Incubate at 35° ± 0. 5°C and check at 24 hrs for gas production. . . ^^
Reincubate negative tubes for additional 24 hrs
and check for gas production
Calculate MPN or report positive tube results
b. Endo or eosin methylene blue agar plates adequate streaking
to obtain discrete colonies separated by 0. 5 cm
Incubate at 35° ± 0. 5° C for 24 ± 2 hr
Typical nucleated colonies with or without sheen are coliforms . .
If atypical unnucleated pink colonies develop, result is
doubtful and completed test must be applied
If no colonies or only colorless colonies appear, the
confirmed test is negative.
48. Completed Test
Applied to all potable water samples or a proportion each three
months to establish the validity of the confirmed test in
determining their sanitary quality n
Applied to positive confirmed tubes or to doubtful colonies
on differential medium
Streak positive confirmed tubes on Endo or EMB plates for
colony isolation
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
172
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
48. Completed Test (Continued)
Choice of selected isolated colony for verification should be one
typical or two atypical to lactose or lauryl tryptose broth and
to agar slant for Gram stain . 0
Incubate at 35°C ± 0. 5°C for 24 hrs or 48 hrs
Gram negative rods without spores and gas in lactose tube
with 48 hrs in positive Completed Test
Membrane Filter Coliform Test
49. Application as Standard Test
Use as a standard test for determining potability of water after
demonstration by parallel testing that it yields information
equal to that from the multiple-tube fermentation procedure ....
50. MF Procedure
Filter funnel and receptacle sterile at start of series
Rapid funnel resterilization by UV, flowing steam or boiling water
acceptable
Membrane filter cultures and technician eyes should not be
subject to UV radiation leaks .100 ifll jnu/ncipal. £0.ml Rri.vaj:e.& .skimping pools
Filtration volume not less than 5fl~nrtfor potable water; multiple
dilutions for stream pollution
Rinse funnel by flushing several 20 - 30 ml portions of sterile buffered
water through MF
Remove filter with sterile forceps
Roll filter over M-ENDO medium pad or agar so air bubbles
will not form
51. Incubation
In high humidity or in tight fitting culture dishes
At 35° C ± 0. 5° C for 22 - 24 hrs
52. Counting
All colonies with a metallic yellowish green surface sheen
If coliforms are found in potable samples, verify by transfers
to lactose broth, then to BGB broth for evidence of gas
production at 35°C within 48 hr limit
Calculate direct count in coliform density per 100 ml
53. Standard MF test with Enrichment
Incubate MF after filtration on pad saturated with lauryl tryptose
broth for 1 1/2 - 2 hr at 35°C ± 0. 5°C
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
10
173
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Uept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka. Kansas fififil?
Date
10/21-22/71
53. Standard MF test with Enrichment (Continued)
Transfer MF culture to M-Endo medium for a final
20 - 22 hr incubation at 35° C ± 0. 5° C
Count sheen colonies, verify if necessary, and calculate
direct count in coliform density per 100 ml
Supplementary Bacteriological Methods
54. Standard Plate Count
Plate not more than 1 or less than 0. 1 ml (sample or dilution)
Add 10 ml or more liquefied agar medium at a temperature
between 43 - 45° C
Melted medium stored for no more than 3 hr at 43 - 45° C
Liquid agar and sample portion thoroughly mixed by gently
rotating to spread mixture evenly
Count only plates with between 30 and 300 colonies, exception
being 1 ml sample with less than 30 colonies
Record only two significant figures and calculate as "standard
plate count at 35°C per 1 ml of sample"
55. Fecal Coliform Test
a. Multiple Tube Procedure
Applied as an EC broth confirmation of all positive
presumptive tubes 0
Place EC tubes in water bath within 30 min of transfers ^^
Incubate at 44. 5°C ± 0.2° C for 24 hrs
Gas production is positive test for fecal coliforms
Calculate MPN based on combination of positive EC tubes ^^
b. Membrane Filter Procedure
Following filtration place MF over pad saturated with
M-FC broth
Place MF cultures in water-proof plastic bag and submerge
in water bath within 30 min
Incubate at 44. 5°C ± 0.2° C for 24 hrs
All blue colonies are fecal coliforms
Calculate direct count in density per 100 ml
56. Delayed-Incubation Coliform Test
After filtration, place MF over pad of M-Endo containing 3. 2 ml
of a 12% sodium benzoate solution per 100 ml of medium
Addition of 50 mg cycloheximide per 100 ml of preservative
medium for fungus suppression is optional
Transport culture by mail service to laboratory within 72 hours . . . .
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71) 11
174
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
56.
57.
Delayed-Incubation Coliform Test (Continued)
Transfer MF cultures to standard M-Endo medium
at laboratory
Incubate at 35° C ± 0. 5°C for 20 - 22 hr
If at time of transfer, growth is visible, hold in refrigerator
till end of work day then incubate at 35° overnight
(16 - 18 hr period)
Count sheen colonies, verify if necessary, and calculate
direct count in coliform density per 100 ml
Additional Test Capabilities
Fecal streptococci
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
KF Medium
Staphylococ cus
Salmonellae
Biochemical tests
Serological tests
Other
Method
Method
Method
Method \
Purpose
Purpose
Purpose
membrane filter
Laboratory Staff and Facilities
58. Personnel
Adequately trained or supervised for bacteriological
examination of water
Laboratory staff 3 (Total) Prep room staff 2 (Total)"
59. Reference Material
Copy of the current edition of Standard Methods available
in the laboratory
State or federal manuals on bacteriological procedures for
water available for staff use
60. Physical Facilities
Bench-top area adequate for periods of peak work in
processing samples
Sufficient cabinet space for media and chemical storage
Office space and equipment available for processing water
examination reports and mailing sample bottles
Facilities clean, with adequate lighting, ventilation and
reasonably free from dust and drafts
61. Laboratory Safety
Proper receptacles for contaminated glassware and pipettes
EPA-103 (Cin)
(Rev. 3-71)
12
175
-------
Laboratory Kansas State Dept. of Health
Environmental Health Lab
Location 801 Harrison
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Date
10/21-22/71
61. Laboratory Safety (Continued)
Adequately functioning autoclaves with periodic inspection
and maintenance
Accessible facilities for hand washing
Proper maintenance of electrical equipment to prevent fire
and electrical shock
Convenient gas and electric outlets
First aid supplies available and not out-dated
62. Remarks
EPA-103 (Gin)
(Rev. 3-71)
13
176
-------
COMPUTER PRINTOUT AND EXPLANATION SHEET
-------
Column 1. Area number of the water supply.
Column 2. The code number specific for each individual
public water supply.
Column 3. The name of the water supply.
Column 4. This column and column 5 relate to the coli-
form content requirement as stated in the Drinking Water
Standards. Column 4 is answered "yes" or "no" - "yes"
if the arithmetic average of all distributions sampled
for the month is more than 1 per 100 ml. or "no" where
the average is less than 1 ml.
Column b. This is a count of the number of "yes's" in
column 4 since the beginning of the current calendar year.
Column 6. This column and column 7 relate to the number
of samples. Every public water supply of Kansas has attach-
ed to it a number of samples which, in theory, is the number
of samples required of that water supply each month. (Month
oeing interpreted as a 4 week period). If all samples
expected of a supply are received, the supply would be in
compliance with sample requirements and tne word "no" appears
in column 6. However, if samples received per 4 weeks is
less than that expected, the word "yes" appears in column 6.
Column 7. This is a count of the number of "yes's" in col-
umn 4 since the beginning of the current calendar year.
Column 8. This is a count of the number of samples each
month that had to be reported in paragraph C. (See this
paragraph on the first paae of the report.)
Column 9. This is an accumulative count of the number of
samples reported as paragraph C since the first of the year.
Column 10. This is the first column of the bottle account-
ing set up for each account. Column 10 indicates the number
of sterile empty bottles the laboratory is to send out to
each account during the 4 week report period.
Column 11. This indicates the number of bottles that have
been received from each water supply during the 4 week period.
Column 12. This column snows the difference between column 11
and column 12. Zero indicates the account is in balance —
bottles shipped equals bottles received. A number followed
by CR in this column indicates more bottles were sent than
were received. In other words, the public supply has not
submitted all of the samples it should have submitted.
Column 13. This column is the accumulated difference of
bottles shipped and bottles received for the year to date.
177
-------
Report of a Survey of the
Division of Laboratories
Kansas State Department of Health
Environmental Health Laboratory
801 Harrison Street
Topeka, Kansas
by
Earl F. McFarren, Chief
Analytical Quality Control
Water Supply Research Laboratory
The Water Chemistry Section of the Environmental Health Laboratory
at 803 Harrison Street and the Water Supply Section at 535 Kansas Avc. Avas
visited 011 June 15th and 16th, 1972. The General Health Laboratory at 4000
East Tenth Street was visited on the morning of June 16, 1072, The equipment
and procedures employed in the chemical analysis of water by the Environmental
Health Laboratory conforms with the provisions of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Watei and Wastewater (13th edition) and with the provisions of
the Public Health Drinking Water Standards, except for the items marked with
a cross "X" (deviation from standard), or an "O" (not being done at piosent).
Items marked with a "U" could not be determined at the time of the survey (see
attached survey form).
Substances Determined
The water chemistry section routinely determines turbidity, chlorides,
fluorides, nitrates, sulfates, surfactants, total dissolved solids, iron, and
manganese; but only occasionally (interstate carrier supplies), arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, or gross alpha and beta activity.
In addition, they do specific conductance, silica, phosphate, calcium, mag-
nesium, sodium, potassium, alkalinity, carbonate and bicarbonate; although
none of these are in the drinking water standards. They rarely do color,
cyanide, CCE, barium, selenium, silver or mercury. Thus, in summary,
although they routinely analyze for 20 substances, only nine of these are
required by the drinking water standards and seventeen substances are
seldom, if ever, done.
Turbidity (1 c) is the only substance being determined at present by
a non-standard method. The others marked with an "X" (items 3 a, c, d, e,
g, 1 and 4 a and d) are correctly analyzed but marked as a deviation because
they are not done routinely on all water supplies.
179
-------
Laboratory Apparatus 2
The laboratory has a Perkin-Elmer 290 B atomic absorption spectro-
photometcr, which unfortunately is a single beam instrument lacking the sensi-
tivity and stability required to analyze for metals such as lead and chromium
at the level reqtured by the drinking water standards without some sort of
concentration step. While this instrument is sensitive enough for most other
metals, another instrument is needed anyhow in order to carry out all of the
metal analysis without continually having to change all of the attachments to
the instrument such as is required for mercury, and for arsenic and selenium.
It is therefore, recommended that a Perkin-Elmer 403 be purchased and that
the equipment for the determination of arsenic or selenium by the high sensi-
tivity A. A. method cither be manufactured or also purchased. In the case of
mercury, cither an attachment for the A. A. can be obtained or a Coleman
Mercury Analy/cr ma}' be purchased. Since the latter only costs about $900
and avoids tying up another A. A. just for this dcterrauiation, it IK probably
the preferable thing to do.
It is recommended that a Hach Model 2100 A for turbidity measure-
ments be purchased, and a mini-sampler and extractors for the determination
of CCE and CAE, as soon as the equipment becomes generally available.
Samples
It is recommended that samples collected for metal analysis be
preserved \\ith nitric acid (item 32 a) and those collected for nitrate and
surfactant analysis be either refrigerated until analyzed or else preserved
with mercuric chloride (item 32 b).
The sample identification tag needs to be revised so that space is
provided to indicate the type of sample collected (raw, finished or distribution)
and so that one tag is provided for each sample (item 33 b).
Records
According to laboratory records 607 samples were analyzed last
year. Since there are about 625 public supplies in the state of which 115
are surface supplies, assuming that each of the surface supplies were
analyzed twice a year, and each of the estimated 1500 wells (in the 510
ground water supplies) were analyzed once every three years, they should
have analyzed about 730 samples last year (item 36 c). Furthermore, the
exact number of wells involved did not seem to be known, and information is
needed on the analysis of the individual wells. Likewise, distribution samples
need to be taken for analysis; particularly, in some of the bigger supplies.
180
-------
3
In addition to the analysis of public supplies, about 4, 000 nitrate
samples were analyzed of private individual wells, and about 400 samples
from private wells wore analyzed for hardness, calcium, magnesium, iron,
sulfate, chloride, nitrate, alkalinity, sodium and manganese for a $7.00 fee.
Thus, it would appear that perhaps an undue emphasis is being placed upon
the analysis of private supplies because the fee is so low; as the actual cost
is in all probability more like $30 or $40.
Only about 40 supplies in the state are fluoridated but according 1o
the laboratory records 4,876 fluoride determinations were carried out last
year. Many of these were on private waters or streams, however, fluorides
are run on public supplies every time a bacteriology sample is collected
which is every two weeks, and a spot check of the records indicated that most
of the fluoridated supplies were well controlled.
The record keeping system of the Water Supply Sedion (although
manual) is one of the best I have encountered. Not only are the results oi
analysis filed by municipality or county supply, but a running log indicating
when analyzed arid for what is available for each supply. For example, on a
single page can be Found the results of analysis of Topcka's water supply for
21 substances, as far back as 1959, with results up to the present so that
any changes can be readily observed and it is known when and how often the
r/uppJy has been analyzed.
Labornlory
In addition to potable water analysis, the laboratory analy/.es water
for write*, pollution control, does stream surveys for the Geological Survey,
some air quality determinations and radiological chemistries on milk and
vegetation (in addition to water). In general, the bench, floor and hood space
is adequate, but there is inadequate space for storage of chemicals and glass-
ware (item 38b). The atomic absorption spectrophotometcr also is not vented
and this could present a health problem when aspirating heavy metals such as
lead and cadmium.
Quality Control
The laboratory docs routinely check the quality of their distilled
water, but otherwise has n6 routine program for checking the quality of their
analysis (item 42).
If this laboratory desires to be certified for analysis of those chem-
istries which they are now running routinely, it will be necessary for them
to establish their proficiency by analyzing a reference sample which we can
supply.
181
-------
Staff
Because of the variety of activities being carried out at the Environ-
mental Health Laboratory at 801 Harrison Ave., it is difficult to judge their
manpower requirements, but it would appear that if additional chemistries
are to be undertaken (metal analysis by A. A., CCE, etc.) an addilional
chemist will be needed. In fact, the laboratory already is short one chemist,
since one person was transferred to the General Health Laboratory at 4000
East Tenth Street, in order to develop a capabiliiy in pesticide analysis. This
program is just getting started, and no analysis of potabJe waters has yet. been
undertaken.
ConchiRJons
The Environmental Health Laboratory routinely analy/es po>ab3e
waters for 20 substances, but only nine of these are required by the ilrinkinp
water standards, and seventeen determinations are seldom (occasionally on
interstate carriers), if ever, done.
The laboratory analy/.ed 607 samples last year; whereas, they
probably should have analyzed at least 730 samples (assuming thai ihe surface
water supplies were checked at lea:.;t twice a year and the ground water supplie
at Itsst r.nco every three ye^-s). More information is needed on indivuhiU1
we'lls in the systems, and distribution samples should be co"'lcetcri in, at leant,
the larger ay stems.
It is recommended that a Perkin-Elmer 403 atomic absorption
spectrophotomeier or equivalent be purchased and accessories for running
mercury, arsenic and selenium be acquired. It is also recommended that
a Hach Model 2100 A for turbidity measurements be purchased and a mini-
sampler and associated equipment for running CCE's when available.
Hood and bench space appears to be adequate but more space is
needed for storage of chemicals and glassware, and a venl is needed for the
atomic absorption spactrophotometer.
Insufficient radiological chemistries are being run on potable waters
and no pesticide analysis is at present being done. It is recommended that
some sort of a routine surveillance program for at least checking the surface
water supplies for pesticides be established.
In order to be able to carry out the recommended additional chem-
istries (metal analysis and CCE) at least one additional chemist will need to
be hired.
182
-------
5
The laboratory form for reporting the results of analysis of potable
water needs to be revised so as to include all the metals in the drinking water
standards, and the sample identification card needs revision. The card should
not permit its being used to identify more than one sample and space should be
provided to indicate whether the sample is a raw, finished or distribution
sample.
Some sort of a laboratory analytical quality control program should
be established.
Earl F. McFarren
183
-------
SURVEY OF WATER CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Water Programs
Water Hygiene Division
Indicating conformity \vitli the 13iJi
edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and V/u.slc-
water (1071).
Survey by Earl F. McFarren
Date June 15- 1C, 1972
Laborat ory Environrnentnl Health Lab.
X = Deviation U = Undetermined
O = Not Used
Di rector Dr. Nicholas Duf felt
Street 8^ JUgjutiPQDJLjKi*. Chief Clicmist_Tip^n.riLSioJtcnb^rg
CJty__Tojoeka ^a1c.J^;i§as. Water Supply Chief J?£]L]ill™'.?•?.
~"_ "™ 1 66612 I I_._H1 "ZIL_ i
Substa rir:efi Doterrnmod
1. Physical ii;;tcrmijvitio]i.s Mc1Jiorl
:i. color __ _ O
b. odor _Qi!?ililai i1 o ly
c. turbidity._.yj£u.ajjv._ grii
2. lyiisccllnnc'cus a:iioncj,_ orffiinujfi rsod solids
tJ. ^ CillOj-Cis^'L' *• 1 t \T* T
b. cyf-.DJile __ _. 0
d. fluoi'jdcs_ aiJ;'tXi'iu vinual ^cloc-li p(i^_
c. n j i i \r i tc s p] jo j .o j dj JM.J i.f L^J.^—ii1/j £^
i. stiljUiCS 21""1 vjnnclric {turbifiitv
g, SDriactc!infi ITIOtisyJenc) liluc^
h. total dicsoJvcui solids 180°
i. other ^specific conductance^, silica, phosph.itf
3.
b.
c.
d .
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
arsenic
barium
cadmium
chrom ium
copper
iron
lead
silve r d i ethyl dit hiocarbam ate
atomic asorption
diglien y_l _ carba zide
o rth o phenanth r oline
manganese
sc "Jen ium
silver
persulfatc
mercury
zinc
other
dithi-/.one on streams
atomic absorption
X
O
X
X
__ O
_____
calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate
bicarbonate, alkalinity
-------
4. Radioactivity
a. gross beta internal proportional counter x
b. radium 226 precipitation - measurement of ripcay rate
c. strontium 90
d. other gross beta - internal ^ x
5. Pesticides
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
aldrin
chlordaue
dieldrin
DDT
endrin
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxidc
methoxychlor
lindane
toxaphene
total organic phosphates plus carbamates
chlorinated phenoxy alkyl pesticides
other
_Q ___
_Q
...Q
O
Laboratory Appaz*atus
Make Model
6. Color comparators
a. vi&ual
b. filter photometer Fisher Electrometer II
7. Spectrophotometcr
a. visible Beckman DE
b. flame Beckman Model B
c. other p. E. Infracord
8. Atomic absorption spectrophotomcter
a. air-acetylene burner perkin-Elmer 290B
b. nitrous-oxide burner Q
c. argon-hydrogen flame O
d. cold-vapor (flamcless) Q
y. Gas chromatographic equipment
a. electron capture Beckman • GC-5
b. flame photometric
c. microcoulomctric
d. other
185
-------
Laboratory
Environmental Health Lab.
Location 8Q1 Harrison Ave< Dale
Topeka, Kansas 66612 6/15-16/72
Make
10.
Other chrcimatographic equipment
a. thin-layer
b. Kudcrna- Danish evaporator_
c. other
II.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Turbidimcter
Ampcromcter_
Til rim etc r
pTI meter
Beckman
Fluoricio electrode
Arsitic generator
Cyanide si HI
Beckman
Fluoride still
Carbon^_chloroform exit-action equipment
a. hifjh or low flo\v columns
b. carbon drying oven
c. extraction appaj ntus
20.
23.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
d. manifold for solvent evaporation
Drying oven Freas
Stcum hath
Precision
Hot waier l»ath
Muffle furnace
Distilled water still
\Vatcr cleionizcr
Barnstead (2)
mixed bed
Conductivity meter Instrument Labs
Balance, sensitive to 0. 1 mg Mettler
Automatic analy/.er for
a. nitrates plus nitrites^
b. nitrites
Model
Zeromatic
Expandoinatic (meter)
5 gal/hr
RC16B
186
-------
Make Model
28. Automatic analyzer for (Continued)
c. chloride
d. sulfate
c. cyanide
f. fluoride
g. other
20. Radiation Counting Equipment
a. internal proportional counter NMC. RC-3A
b. alpha-scintillation counter
c. other gamma scintillation counter
30. Other Instruments or Equipment
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sampling
31. Containers
a. Won-re usable plastic containers preferred for 1 he-
collection of samples for general inorganic aiiiily
b. Glass bottles with teflon lines caps preferred for
collection of peslicide samples
c. Other kind
32. Preservatives
.a. Samples for metal analysis preserved by the addition
of nitric acid to a pH of about 2.0
b. Nitrates and mcthylcnc blue active substances preserved
by addition of mercuric chloride
c. Cyanide preserved by the addition of sodium
hydroxide to a pll of 11
d. No known or required preservative for turbidity, color,
pTI, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, specific conductance
and total dissolved solids
e. If no preservative is used, in general samples are
analyzed within 72 hrs
187
-------
Laboratory Location 801 Harrison Ave.
Environmental Health Lab. Topeka, Kansas 66G 12 6/15-16/72
33. Identification
a. Every bottle should be identified by attaching an
appropriately inf-cnbcd tag, a label or a number
corresponding to a sample identification sheet .......... __
b. The minimum infoimation required on the tag or
correspondingly numbei-cd shed includes; name
of the water supply sampled, location of sampling
site, exact date and time of collection, type, of
sample (raw, finished, grab or composite) by
whom collected, and kind of preservative if added ........ x
34. Collection
a. Samples from wells collected aft or pumping for
a sufficient lime to assure thaf the sample \t,
representative of ihe ground water which feeds
the well
b. Finished (treated) water ftampJr-d ;il the plnnl by
use of a pipeline drip device- or the- collecting
and romnoM'tinp of houily (or other interval) samples
c. DjKtribu1io:i samples obtained at no-vcinl
-------
37. ]ri
a. Physical characteristics measured at least once a v/cck
and preferably fvcry day at the treatment plant
b. Chemical characteristics determined at least cncc every
three years on ground water supplies and sicmi-annually
on surface water supplies unless previous dnla has indicated
a potential problem which needs to be monitored more frequently X
Laboratory
38. Physical facilities
a. Bench top area adequate
b. .Sufficient cabinet space for chemicals and glassware
c. Adequate- hood space
d. Offtcc s price available for record keeping and
processing reports
o. Space for storage and handJing of bottles
38. Glassware
a. Thoroughly \v:i.fshod with suitable detergent am! warm water
b. Rinsed muncdiately in clean tap water to remove detergent
c. Final rinse with disulled walcr. ............
d. Dichromic cleaning solution used for diffieull to
clean glassware
e. Glassware used for peKtic'idfe aualycjs should rccc-ivo a
final rinse: with A. U. fcra.de acetone or ethyl acetate; . . .
40. Organisation
a. Total number of laboratories examining water 2 . . . „
b. Water laboratory i
-------
Laboratory Location 801 Harrison Ave.
Environmental Health Lab. Topcka, Kansas 66632 6/15-16/72
42. Control Samples
a. A control sample of known composition (in addition 1o
any necessary standards) is analy/^cl every time one or
more unknown samples arc analyzed p
b. A control sample is available and usrcl for each
substance specified in the drinking water standard:* O
c. A control chart has been constructed for each Mibslunce,
and the prcci&ion of each dctcrminanon bus bcon
calculated O_
43. Rcfercn.cc Samples
a. Accuracy and ntaility of laboratory to perform cnch
analysis chocked by requiring them to anaJy/e an
unknown reference samplo(c) s.implied by the tAirvcylng
office or laboratory at least once, a year
Staff
44, Personnel
a. Total number of staff
. , , .. , "...". 1 M.A., 5 B.A.
b. I\umbcr with dc-^i'ecs in eliomifilry 6 .......
c. Dous stoic opcrai'j uudt r a. me fit ays i cm. . . .
d. Arc- ]ob dcscripliouP \vritlcn
c. Docs state encourage attendance Pi professional
meetings, short coin f;c«, etc
45. Salaries
a. Chief
b. Assistant chemist $10.000
c. 3B«B6 $6. OOP Technicians •
190
-------
APPENDIX D
VOLUNTARY PLAN
FOR
OPERATOR CERTIFICATION
-------
A VOLUNTARY CERTIFICATION PLAN FOR WATER WORKS OPERATORS
IN KANSAS
A. OBJECTIVE
This voluntary plan for certification is presented with the following
purposes in view: (1) to promote the employment of trained, experienced
and efficient personnel in (a) responsible charge of public water systems,
or (b) any of the functional divisions of such systems, (2) to encourage
efficient and careful operation of water plants, (3) to establish standards
and facilities whereby operating personnel can demonstrate competency, (4)
to encourage the development of a higher professional status in the field
of water works operation, and (5) to promote an educational program for
improving water works operational practices.
B. GENERAL POLICY
1. This is a voluntary program for certification. The application
for a certificate shall be purely optional and voluntary on the part of
the operator.
2. All water works operators meeting the requirements as herein set
forth are eligible to take an examination for a certificate in any one of
four grades.
3. Certificate holders will be encouraged to qualify for higher
grade certificates consistent with their advancement in training and
experience.
4. Application for certification shall not be restricted to member-
ship in the Kansas Section of the American Water Works Association.
C. CO-OPERATING AGENCIES
1. Kansas Section of the American Water Works Association.
2. Kansas State Board of Health, Division of Sanitation.
3. School of Engineering and Architecture, University of Kansas.
D. DEFINITIONS
1. "Certification Examining Board" means the committee appointed
and functioning as described herein, and who shall be responsible for the
administration of the certification program.
2. "Certificate" means a certificate of competency attesting the
fact that the applicant has successfully demonstrated his ability and has
fulfilled the requirements for a particular grade as herein stated.
191
-------
-2-
3. The term "water works" includes the facilities for the source,
collection, conditioning, purification, and distribution of water for the
general public use.
4. "Water works operator" is the term applied to any person (1) who
is at any time directly responsible for the operation of a water works or
such parts of a water works system as would affect the quality and safety
of the waters or (2) who by training and experience has the qualifications
necessary for the responsible operation of a water works, though not neces-
sarily in charge of such plants. The term operators shall include super-
intendents, assistant superintendents, managers, engineers, chemists,
supervisors, plant operators, assistant plant operators, superintendents
of distribution systems, or any persons actively engaged in the operation
or supervision of water works systems or any essential part thereof.
E. CERTIFICATION EXAMINING BOARD
1. The Certification Examining Board shall consist of seven members
appointed by the Division of Sanitation, Kansas State Board of Health and
the officers of the Kansas Section as follows:
Representatives of the Water Works Operators: 4
Leaders in the Water Works Field: 3
2. The representatives of the Water Works operators shall be
appointed by the officers of the Kansas Section for a two year period
and shall consist of one operator from each of the four grades. These
shall be initially appointed for one and two year periods, with succeeding
appointments of two year periods for each. The initial appointees shall
be representative of the various water works systems in existence in the
State of Kansas.
3. The Chief Engineer of the State Board of Health shall appoint
three members, one of whom shall be a representative of the State Board
of Health, one shall be a consultant in the water works field, and one
shall be a professor of Sanitary Engineering. These shall be initially
appointed for 1, 2, and 3 year periods, with succeeding aopointments of
three year periods for each.
4. A chairman of the committee shall be elected annually from its
membership by majority vote of the members.
5. A quorum of the committee shall consist of not less than five
members.
6. The Certification Examining Committee shall have full responsi-
bility for conducting and administering the voluntary certification
program. The committee shall be empowered to adopt such rules, regulations,
and qualifications not inconsistent with the provisions herein contained,
192
-------
-3-
as are necessary for the conduct of this program.
7. It shall be the duty of the committee to receive all applications,
to investigate, verify, and evaluate the accompanying record of each
applicant as required to establish his qualifications; prepare and conduct
examinations for the various grades; and make recommendations as to the
grade of certificate to be issued.
8. The Certification Examining Committee shall present a written
report of its activities to the Kansas Section at each annual meeting of
the Section; a brief review of its activities shall be presented at each
district meeting of the Kansas Section.
F. APPLICATIONS FOR CERTIFICATION
1. Applications for examinations shall be made in writing on forms
prepared by the Examining Board and shall be received by the Chairman of
the Examining Board.
2. The application shall state the class of certificate desired and
the qualifications of the applicant.
3. The Examining Board shall determine whether or not the applicant
has the necessary qualifications for the grade certificate desired.
Applicants having the necessary qualifications shall be notified regarding
their eligibility and the time and place of the examination. Applicants
not having the necessary qualifications for the grade desired shall be so
advised and shall be encouraged to re-apply for such lower grade as their
qualifications permit.
4. In case an operator taking the examination fails to pass such
examination, he may, after six months, file application for re-examination.
5. No limit shall be placed on the number of times that an applicant
may file for re-examination for any particular grade.
6. Certificate holders wishing ce'rtification in higher grades shall
re-apply to the Examining Board.
G. EXAMINATION
1. The time and place of the examination shall be determined by the
Examining Committee.
2. Prior to taking an examination, or re-examination, an operator
must file a formal application of his intentions with the committee.
3. Certificates issued by other States having equivalent standards,
as determined by the Examining Board, may be accepted in lieu of examination,
193
-------
-4-
4. Examinations shall be given at least annually.
5. Examinations shall be written; and, in addition, an oral exam-
ination and a practical demonstration may be required at the discretion
of the Board.
6. A passing mark of 75 shall be required in each part of the
examination.
H. CERTIFICATES
1. The State Board of Health and the Kansas Section shall issue
certificates to such applicants as are approved by the Examining Board.
2. Certificates shall continue in effect for a period of five years
unless revoked prior to that time.
3. A certificate may be re-newed at its expiration date by (1) a
written or oral examination for both, or (2) at the discretion of the
Examining Board after considering the training, experience, education,
and progress made by the certificate holder during the certification
period.
4. The Examining Board shall be authorized to revoke the certificate
of any person, who, after a hearing before the committee, has been found
guilty of (1) deceit and fraud in obtaining such a certificate, or (2)
gross negligence, incompetency, or improper conduct in the discharge of
his duties as an operator of a public water supply system.
5. A list of the certificate holders shall be published each year
by the State Board of Health and the Kansas Section, American Water Works
Association.
I. FEES FOR CERTIFICATION
1. Applications for certification shall be accompanied by the
following fees, made payable to the Kansas Section:
(a) Original Certification: $3.00
(b) Advancement to a higher grade: $3.00
(c) Renewal of certificate: $1.00
2. The above fee shall be composed of two parts: (1) $1.00 for filing
fee, and (2) $2.00 for certificate fee.
3. The filing fee of $1.00 shall not be returnable in the event that
the applicant does not qualify or does not pass the examination for the
particular grade desired. The certification fee of $2.00 shall be return-
able to the applicant in this event.
194
-------
-5-
4. All fees collected shall be used to defray, in part, the expense
of conducting this program.
J. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER WORKS SYSTEMS AND HATER SUPPLY PROCESSES
1. The class and type of water works system operated is not used as
a basic requirement in this plan, but shall receive consideration by the
Examining Board in determining the qualifications of the applicant for
certification.
2. A special committee shall be appointed by the Chairman of the
Kansas Section and the Chief Engineer of the Kansas State Board of Health
to make a careful study of the relationship of classification of water
systems to that of classification of operators.
3. The Examining Board shall be authorized, upon recommendation of
the above named committee, to establish experience and education quali-
fications upon the type system operated. In this event, the Examining
Board and the Chief Engineer of the State Board of Health shall classify
plants as population served, type of plant, type of water treated, and
type of treatment used.
4. The initial water works operators composing the Examining Board
shall be representative of the following type systems:
(a) Surface Water Supply: Systems where chemical feeding,
coagulation, softening, filtration, disinfection, or any combination
of these are practiced, and serving over 10,000 population.
(b) Ground Water Supply: Systems using the above treatment
or any combination and serving over 10,000 population.
(c) Surface Water Supply: Systems using any one or more of
the above treatments and serving less than 10,000 population.
(d) Ground Water Supply: Systems using any one or more of
the above treatments and serving less than 10,000 population.
K. GRADE OF. CERTIFICATE FOR WATER WORKS OPERATORS AND QUALIFICATIONS
REQUIRED FOR EXAMINATIONS
1. General.
Four grades of certificates, (A, B, C, and D) are indicated in this
plan.
Certain qualifications are necessary for the successful, efficient,
and economical operation of water works systems. The Grade certificate
issued will depend upon the relative amount of skill, training, education,
experience and character demonstrated by the applicant to successfully
operate a water works system or integral parts of such systems.
195
-------
-6-
Any operator may voluntarily apply for an examination for a specific
grade of certificate; this application shall be referred to the Examining
Committee to determine that certain requirements as to training and
experience (listed below under Class A, B, C, and D) have been met. The
Examining Committee shall give careful consideration to the competency of
each applicant and may at its discretion accept any applicant for exam-
ination when, in its judgement, the applicant has had sufficient training
and experience not specifically required in any of the grades as outlined
in this plan.
Natural ability and practical education are frequently as important
as specialized knowledge and shall be given careful consideration.
Applicants in all classifications shall meet the following general
requirements:
1. Be in satisfactory health and physically capable to operate water
works systems.
2. Be able to recognize hazards which might endanger public health
of a community.
3. Good moral character and integrity.
4. Submit evidence of successful experience in water works operation
or management.
Class A_ Certificate:
1. All applicants shall meet the following requirements:
(a) Submit satisfactory evidence of responsible and/or succes-
sful operation or management of water works systems including production,
treatment control, distribution, or administration.
(b) Possess the following educational and experience requirements:
1. A degree from a recognized college (1) in an appropriate
branch of engineering, or (2) a BS degree in chemistry, bacteriology,
sanitary science, or public health; and three years in responsible charge
and/or operation of water works systems.
2. Four years college and four years of responsible charge
and/or operation of water works systems.
3. Two years of college and five years of responsible
charge and/or operation of water works systems.
4. High school education and seven years of responsible
charge and/or operation of water works systems.
196
-------
-7-
(c) Any combination of education, training, or experience,
which in the opinion of the Examining Board is the equivalent of the above.
2. All applicants must satisfactorily pass examinations as given by
the Examining Board.
Class C Certificate:
1. All applicants shall meet the following requirements:
(a) Submit satisfactory evidence of responsible and/or
successful experience in water works operation or management.
(b) Educational and experience requirements:
1. High school education and four years experience in
water works operation or three years experience in responsible charge
and/or operation of water works systems.
2. Grammer school education and six years experience in
water works operation.
(c) Any combination of education, training, or experience,
which in the opinion of the Examining Board, is the equivalent of the above.
2. All applicants must satisfactorily pass an examination as given
by the Examining Board.
Class D Certificate:
1. All applicants shall meet the following requirements:
(a) Submit satisfactory evidence of successful experience in
water works operation.
(b) Educational and experience requirements:
1. High school education (two years, or more) and one
year acceptable water works experience.
2. Grammer school graduate and two years acceptable water
works experience.
(c) Any combination of education, training, or experience,
which in the opinion of the Examining Board, is the equivalent of the above.
2. All applicants must satisfactorily pass an examination as given
by the Examining Board.
197
-------
APPENDIX E
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
-------
TABLE I
SUMMATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS
Water Supply
Abilene
Arkansas City
Atchison
Atlanta
Augusta
Beverly
Bogue
Buck! in
Chanute
Columbus
Copeland
Dodge City
Douglass
El Dorado
El 1 sworth
Garden City
Gardner
Great Bend
Greensburg
Hays
Hill City
Hoi ton
Independence
lola
Jewel 1
Junction City
Turbidity
(5SU)*
0 23
0.57
0.37
1 00
4.0
0.27
0.27
0.15
0.67
0 57
0 11
0 35
0.17
7 9
0 15
0 JO
0.33
0.23
11 0
0.17
0.42
0.50
0 34
.73
0 23
0.07
•\
s-'z
O J
s;
<5
<5
5
<5
8
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
8
<5
<5
<5
<5
15
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
IA
•o
1 r-
M O
O
•a *
D p— 0)^-
n na > a
n jJr-a
- o Oir
572.0
1077.5
467 5
358.5
289.0
757.0
650.5
405 0
200 2
603 0
233.5
340.5
557.0
214.0
425.5
261 5
221.5
1008.5
340.5
663.5
622 0
382 5
309 0
192.0
948 5
217.0
a>
•o
— *^
oo
f CM
13.9
270.0
24.0
9.0
23.5
16.0
34.0
25.0
12.0
38.0
10 0
11.5
19.0
8.0
19 0
5 3
9 0
23 8
15.0
30.0
28.0
36.0
19.0
12.5
10.8
13.5
«-o
i— in
3 .
V. OC
<.0005
<.005
<.005
<.OOS
<-005
<-005
<-005
<.005
<.OOS
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
< 005
<.005
<.005
<.005
< 005
<.OOS
<.005
.015
<.005
< 005
< 005
<.005
<-005
e*
3 •*
01 O
Sis
<.0005
<.005
<.005
<.005
< 005
<.005
.006
< 005
<-005
<.005
<.005
< 005
< 005
< 005
< 005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<-005
<.005
<.005
<.005
< 005
<.005
< 005
"cij!
0 OC
0.218
0.123
0.234
<0. 1
0.350
0 185
0
0.100
0.595
<. I
0 111
0.117
<0. 1
0.168
<0 1
0 107
0.167
0.169
0.152
0.179
.101
0.113
.292
- -
co'
0.000
0 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 000
0.000
0.000
0 000
0 000
0 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
\" ' t — =
Specific
Conductance
800
1580
705
540
390
1000
noo
570
292
1020
350
490
736
295
642
380
300
1470
510
984
1100
625
530
285
1240
334
7.6
7.4
7.8
7.3
7.9
7.6
7.6
7 6
7.4
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.4
7 8
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.4
8.4
7.5
8.1
7 9
7 6
7.7
7 6
l~«
.006
.000
000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
.000
.000
006
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.006
006
*
tu in
>o
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
005
nnn
i. *
!c
.009
on
.11
.005
.005
009
.84
.034
.000
1.3
.025
.031
.005
.000
.009
.016
.000
.13
.32
.017
031
.011
.033
.011
.005
nni
Manganese
10.05)* 1
.000
.60
.009
000
.000
.23
.000
.004
.000
.003
.004
.000
.000
.000
.010
.000
.000
.060
.000
.000
043
.056
000
000
.003
.noo
*
*
10 .
OlO
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.060
.000
.057
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
040
nnn
C J*
.056
.018
027
.036
.055
19
.003
.022
.000
.14
.029
.057
.012
.055
.062
.029
.000
.062
.043
.090
1.68
.042
.020
008
020
nsn
4J
o
C_I
.000
005
.000
.000
.000
.008
000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.012
.000
.000
.000
008
nnn
it
io
o— «
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
000
000
000
000
.004
.000
.000
.000
000
000
000
000
.000
.000
000
000
.000
000
000
000
nnn
C <
r- If,
K *-
.027
009
098
.040
.007
19
.12
.028
.040
1.25
.025
.034
.000
.002
.025
on
016
.072
.095
003
.11
.10
036
.069
.030
"a!
0
000
000
.000
.000
000
.013
.000
000
000
013
.000
000
000
.000
000
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
000
000
000
000
013
nnn
§
at
<.0005
< 0005
< 0005
<.0005
< 0005
< . 0005
<.0005
< . 0005
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
< 0005
<.0005
<.0005
< 0005
< 0005
<.0005
< 0005
<.0005
< 0005
<.0005
< 0005
<-0005
< . 0005
c 0005
* Recommended Limit
Mandatory Limit
All values are milligrams per liter unless otherwise noted 1 Not included in 1962 DWS
-------
TABLE I (Continued)
SUMMATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS
Water Supply
Kingman
Kinsley
Leavenworth
Lyons
Moran
Norton
Oswego
Pittsburg
Pratt
Salina
Topeka
Wamego
Westmoreland
Wichita
ft
T> «^
3 (A
*""'
0 17
0.18
0.15
0.07
0 73
0.32
0 47
0.32
0.32
0 13
0.46
0.22
0.34
0.67
*
0=^
r— U1
Oi—
*~~
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<$
IA
TJ
5"*
_"SX
O > O
4->^- O
O OLD
286.5
204.0
358.0
531.0
304.6
358 0
340 5
367.5
409.5
597 0
360.9
578.5
436.0
375.0
Of
•o
1- *
oo
JCCV
17.0
5.0
22.9
17.8
12.0
21.9
9.0
33.0
30 0
139.0
35.5
12.0
7.0
98.0
u
n-o
r— in
S CM
19.4
19.2
186.0
68.0
68.5
73.0
43.0
83.0
34.5
142.0
94.0
137.0
59.0
69.0
V
EX
4-> in
*- ^
~~
41.5
21.2
1.4
6 2
1.3
0.8
2.4
0 2
27.5
0 4
0.7
15.1
2 1
1.8
E*^
I_ >
OS i—
0 5
.30
<.05
.13
<.05
.2
.12
<.05
.19
<.05
<.05
.1
.21
.07
*
i/j in
< -
GOO
0.032
0.026
0.018
0 04(
0.044
0.012
0.03<
0.031
0.023
0 044
0.053
0.035
0.057
0.03S
*
u* *
OJOO
in . .
i- OO
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
- -
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
11
C *—
G)O
O O
*""*
<.005
<.005
<.005
<-005
<-005
< 005
<.005
<.005
<.005
- -
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
^
~§ss
O f— i*)
*&"*-"*-*
<0.1
<0.1
0.189
0.174
<0 1
0.179
.101
.228
0.115
0.118
0.144
0.250
0.143
...
01* *
Is^r
(O » •
>>o o
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
s
c
U fO
f- 4-1
I*- U
o-g
u c
0.0
323
283
500
785
422
611
486
605
635
1160
590
835
1500
700
E
CL
7.1
7.B
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.6
8.0
7.8
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.2
7.8
7.5
1^*
S"~X
§ 3^a
1- OO
C J- •
J~ ~ -
000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
.000-
*
>o^
*~ o
1/7*—*
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
.000
.008
006
.000
.000
.000
.000
s- *
So
o. •
•>»—'
.057
.034
.031
.000
.000
.016
.009
.025
.13
.013
.009
.040
.064
.000
01
Ul
Is
C •
C ^-"
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.008
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.028
.065
.004
*
oS
ID •
32
j^^
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
.000
.000
.020
.000
.000
.000
.000
=x
o •
1-0
*^ ^^
.018
.022
.027
.009
.003
.018
.004
.14
.034
.039
.020
.084
.031
.16
«O
O
o
J
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
000
000
.000
ll
is
1? •
3S
•J **^
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
.000
uo*
-•" in
M •*.*
.000
.019
.12
.051
.028
.063
000
.022
015
.024
.005
.080
.067
.086
1
•r-
^
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
000
.000
.010
.006
.000
3
c
*•
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
< 0005
<.0005
<.OOOS
.0005
0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
* Recommended Limit
** Mandatory Limit
All values are milligrams per liter unless otherwise noted 1 Not included in 1962 OUS
-------
APPENDIX E
TABLE II
RESULTS OF PESTICIDE ANALYSES
I
0)
•o
u
•^
4J
s_
o
1
o
+J
O)
*
*
*
*
*
_
*
*
*
_
*
*
1
01
O)
Q.
ro
X
o
. *
*
*
*
*
_
*
*
*
_
*
*
Amounts in parts per billion.
* None found.
X While chlordane was detected in a very low
concentration, it is not reported because
of a minor laboratory contamination problem.
200
-------
TABLE III
WATER SYSTEMS WHICH FAILED TO MEET THE DRINKING WATBR STANDARDS
WATER SYSTEM SURVEYED
Hi Quality Lo Cost #27 at
Dover
Stuckey's Restaurant at Vera
Road
Triplett Standard At K-30
Nickerson Farms at K-138
Heighert Fina at K-138
Safety Rest Area 1-5506
Safety Rest Area 1-5507
Safety Rest Area 2-1511
Safety Rest Area 2-1512
Safety Rest Area 2-1513
Safety Rest Area 2-1514
Safety Rest Area 2-4506
Safety Rest Area 2-4507
Safety Rest Area 3-3512
Stuckey's - Texaco at
Toulon Rd.
Trapp Mobil Service at K-255
Homes - DX at Walker Rd.
Hi Quality Lo Cost at Pioneer
Rd.
Recommended
Arsenic
X
Chloride
X
L.
0
"c
X
c
i~
i— i
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
QJ
I/I
01
c
X
3
«o
«»-
(7
X
X
X
+J
•r-
•D
.0
^
X
X
X
X
u
c
•1—
t^
Mandatory
Col i form
X
X
X
X
Fluoride
X
•a
-------
TABLE III (Con't)
WATER SYSTEM SURVEYED
Vickers Service Station
(Bunker Hill Water System)
Co-op Service Station
(Dorrance Water System)
Luthi Fina at K-206
D & V Texaco at K-206
Hi Quality Lo Cost #30 at
McDowell
Triplett Standard & Fina at
K-177
Stratz Texaco & Trail
House Restaurant at K-177
Phillips 66 Service at K-177
Haynes Mobil at Chapman
Deep Rock Service at K-99
Triplett Standard at K-99
Lantz Conoco-Restaurant at
K-232
Olenjnczak Texaco at K-232
Deep Rock Service at K-232
Miller Mobil at K-14
Nelson Mobil at Brookville
Hi Quality Low Cost at
Brookville
Recommended
Arsenic 1
Chloride I
i-
o
"o
—•
X
X
X
, X
Manganese
X
X
X
X
X
Nitrate
x
a
202
-------
Adequacy of The Water Fluoridation
Control Program in Kansas
APPENDIX F
An Evaluation of Water Fluoridation
At Selected Water Supply Systems
In the State of Kansas
FINAL
Thomas N. Hushower, P.E.
Chief, Special Studies Section
Office of Water Programs Operations
Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Kansas Water Supply Program Evaluation
Adequacy of the Water Fluoridation Control Program in Kansas
Introduction^
The control of the fluoride ion level in the public water supplies in
Kansas to within an optimum range of 0.8-1.2 mg/1 is recommended by
the State Department of Health as an important public health measure
for the prevention of tooth decay. The Division of Environmental
Health Services of the State Department of Health is responsible for
approval and surveillance of public water supplies in Kansas including
all fluoridation installations. A "Statement of Policies and Procedures
Relating to Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies" has been established
by the Health Department for approval of fluoridation installations in
Kansas and includes general principles to be used by personnel of the
Environmental Health Services for the promotion and administration of
the fluoridation program. There is no State law in Kansas requiring
the fluoridation of public water supplies, however, pending legislation,
House Bill No. 1289, would require that, ''all public water supplies
serving more than five hundred (500) people shall be provided fluoride
adjustment by July 1, 1973 . . . ".
On April 1, 1972, forty-four public water supply systems practiced
fluoridation in the State of Kansas serving a population of approximately
900,000. An estimated 140,000 of the 1.8 million population in the State
203
-------
on public water systems were supplied water containing natural
fluorides of 0.7 mg/1 or higher. I/ Six communities, (Crawford
RUD #2, Dighton, Lane RWD #1, Liebenthal, Melvern and Susank) were
reported using one or more water sources containing natural fluorides
greater than 2.0 mg/1 fluoride. 2J
Evaluation Procedure
To evaluate the adequacy of the Kansas State Department of Health's
water fluoridation control program, twelve fluoridated water supply
systems were selected for survey. The choice of the twelve systems
representative of the forty-four fluoridation installations in Kansas
was based on geographical location, population served, source of
water supply (ground or surface water), and fluoride compound used
in fluoridation. Two fluoridated water supply systems were chosen
in each of the six Environmental Health Service Districts in the State
to give representative geographical coverage. Selection based on the
other parameters noted was so the sample would have the same approx-
imate percentage of supplies meeting each parameter as occurred for
all forty-four water supply systems fluoridating in the State (i.e. thirty
percent of the forty-four installations were feeding fluosilicic acid as a
_!/ Source - Environmental Health Services, Kansas State Department of
Health
2J Natural Fluroide Content of Community Water Supplies, 1969, U.S.
Department of Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Service.
204
-------
source of fluoride ion; therefore, thirty percent or four of the twelve
surveyed installations were feeding fluosilicic acid). Figure 1,
Fluoridated Water Supply Systems Selected For Study, locates the twelve
installations visited and Table I summarizes pertinent information on
each facility.
The survey of the twelve representative fluoridation installations
included a field inspection visit to the facility (the State notified
the operators of the visit in advance), completion of a survey form 3/,
and collection of water samples for fluoride ion analysis. Each
installation was examined with respect to: fluoride ion content in the
distribution system; analytical control of the fluoride ion level;
fluoride chemical feed equipment and facilities; fluoride chemical
compound - storage and handling; operator training and interest; and,
surveillance.
The actual level of fluoride ion in the distribution system is the
single most important factor in evaluating the adequacy of a community
water fluoridation effort and hence in evaluation of the State program
responsible for approval and surveillance of the installation. However,
as distribution samples collected on one particular day may not give a
true picture of day-to-day operating conditions, the installations were
also evaluated with respect to the following:
3J A copy of the questionnaire used in the Kansas Fluoridation Survey
is appended.
205
-------
KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM EVALUATION
Figure 1
FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SELECTED FOR STUDY
ro
O
en
Northwest District
1 - Hays
2 - Phillipsburg
Southwest District
7 - Ashland
8 - Stafford
North Central District
3 - Junction City
4 - Salina
South Central District
9 - El Dorado
10 - Marion
Northeast District
5 - Ottawa
6 - Topeka
Southeast District
11 - Neodesha
12 - lola
-------
KANSAS HATES SUPPLY PROGRAM EVALUATION
TABLE I
FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SELECTED FOR STUDY
Location
Water Supply System (County)
Northwest District
Hays *
Philllpsburg
North Central District
Junction City *
SaLlna *
northeast District
Ottawa
Topckn
Southwest District
Ashland
Well Jl
Well '4
Veil IS
Stafford
N Well Jl
O Well 14
-J
South Central District
El Dorado
Marion
Southeast District
Kcodesha
lola
Ellis
Phillips
Geary
Saline
Franklin
Shawn ee
Clark
Stafford
Butler
Marlon
Wilson
Allen
Date of Population
Fluoridstion Served
a/a
4/61
i/52
8/69
9/46
8/57
9/65
7/62
9/52
12/58
7/69
12/52
15.396
3,750
18,820
37,095
11.150
123.043
1.400
1,835
12,308
2,225
4,150
6.493
Avg. Floti
Source of Supply CMGD) if
10-Wella
22-Wella
8-Wells
Smoky River t
15-Wells
Marals DCS Cygnes R.
Kansas Blver
3-Wella
3-Valla
Blue Stem Lake
Mud Creek
Fall River
Neosho River
1.80
0.85
1.90
5.5
1.57
17.0
0.30
0.6 V
1.0 S
1.2 W
1.8 S
0.23 W
0.50 S
0.59
0.09 V
1.4 S
Fluoride
Compound
VS
VA
VS
VS
VT
VS
VA
VA
VA
VA
VA
VS
VT
VS
VA
Type of
Feeder
V-l
P-l
V-2
V-3
C
C-l
P-3
P-J
P-J
P-4
P-4
V-2
V-3
PS-1
P-2
Analysis Test
Method Equipment
S T-3
SS T-l
SS - T-l
E T-4
SS T-l
E T-S
SS T-l
SS T-l
SS T-l
SS T-l
SS T-2
SS T-l
* Representative Attended Fluoride Determinations in Water Training Course
I/ U-Uiater; S-Summer
Fluoride Compound
VA - P-luosillclc Acid
VS - Sodium Silicofluori.de
VT - Sodium Fluoride
Analysis Method
E - Electrode
S - Spadns
SS - Scott-Sanchls
Test Equipment
T-l Color Comparator - Helllge Aqua Tester
T-2 Color Comparator - Taylor Water Analyzer
T-3 Photometer - Haeh OR
T-4 Specific Ion Meter - Orion 1401, Orion Electrodes
T-5 Expanded Scale pH Meter - Beekman Expandomatle, Orion Electrodes
Type of Feeder
V-l Volumetric - W*T A-690 Screw Type
V-2 Volumetric - W4T A-378 Roll Type
V-3 Volumetric - B1F 50-A Rotating Disk
G Gravity - Constant Head
G-l Gravimetric - BIF D-LIW Loss-in-Uelght
P-l Diaphran Fuop - TteT A-747 Metering Pump
P-2 Dlaphrao Pump - H4T A-417 Type HEMP
P-3 Diaphran Pump - Precisian S-801 Metering Pump
P-4 Dlaphrao Punp - Precision S-811 Metering Pump
PS-1 Dlaphran Pump - WIT A-747, W&T Saturator
-------
I. Analytical Control of the-Fluoride Ion Level
A. Were the fluoride ion analyses conducted at the water
plant accurate within +0.1 mg/1 of the value determined
by the EPA Water Supply Division?
B. Were finished water samples analyzed daily or more
frequently for fluoride ion content?
C. Were raw water samples analyzed regularly for fluoride
ion content?
D. Were laboratory equipment and facilities at the water
plant adequate to conduct fluoride ion analysis according
to one of the three standard methods?
E. Was laboratory equipment clean and given responsible care?
F. Were complete records kept of the fluoridation operation?
II. Fluoride Chemical Feed Equipment and Facilities
A. Were the fluoride feed equipment and facilities adequate
to control the fluoride ion level in the finished water?
B. Was positive protection provided against overfeeding?
Was equipment location and point of fluoride chemical
application at the best practical site? Was backflow
protection provided? Was the feed equipment site
uncluttered?
C. Was the fluoride chemical feed installation operated
continuously for the past twelve months without an
interruption of more than one day?
D. Were the fluoride chemical feed equipment and facilities
maintained satisfactorily?
208
-------
III. Fluoride Chemical Compound - Storage and Handling
A. Was the fluoride chemical compound stored in a safe,
protected and orderly manner?
B. Was safety equipment available and were safe procedures
followed in handling the fluoride chemical compound?
C. Were fluoride chemical shipping containers disposed
of satisfactorily or re-used only for fluoride chemical
storage?
IV. Operator Training and Interest
A. Was the treatment plant operator well-trained to operate
the fluoride chemical feed equipment and facilities?
B. Was the individual conducting the fluoride ion analyses
knowledgeable of his test equipment and standard procedures
for analysis?
C. Was the water plant official interviewed in favor of
fluoridation and was he interested in adding fluorides
to public water supply systems?
V. Surveillance
A. Were check samples for fluoride ion analysis submitted
to the state as required?
B. Had the water fluoridation installation surveyed been
inspected in the past twelve months by a representative
of the state water supply program surveillance agency?
209
-------
Summary of Findings
Data collected on the water supply systems fluoridating in the State
of Kansas indicated nine (75 percent) of the twelve installations
selected for investigation evidenced a fluoride ion content in the
distribution system at the time of the survey within the 0.8 - 1.2
mg/1 range recommended by the State Department of Health. Three
(25 percent) of the facilities were underfeeding, i.e. the fluoride
ion level in the samples collected from the distribution system
were less than 0.8 mg/1. Water samples collected from one system
(Ashland) were both below and above the recommended fluoride ion
level. Table II, Analysis of Samples From Fluoridated Water Supply
Systems, tabulates the fluoride ion analysis of the water samples
collected at each facility surveyed 4_/.
The operating conditions observed during the time of the survey of
the twelve fluoridation installations inspected are summarized as
follows:
I. Analytical Control of the Fluoride Ion Level
Practices to analytically test and control the fluoride ion level
in the distribution systems varied considerably. Only seven (58
percent) of the plant operators or laboratory personnel conducted
fluoride analysis within +0.1 mg/1 of the duplicate sample analysis
performed by the EPA, Water Supply Division. Daily finished water
fluoride ion analysis, required by the State Department of Health,
4/ Water samples were analyzed for fluoride ion content by the Water
Supply Division, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
using the Electrode Method.
210
-------
KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM EVALUATION
TABLE II
ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM SELECTED FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
I\J
Water Supply System
Northwest District
Hays *
Phillipsburg
North General District
Junction City *
Salina *
Northeast District
Ottawa
Topeka
Southwest District
Ashland
Well Hi
Well 04
Well 05
Stafford
Well 01
Well 04
South Central District
El Dorado
Marion
Southeast District
Naode<3ha
lola
Date of
Sample
4/13
4/13
4/11
4/12
4/10
4/11
5/16
5/16
5/17
5/17
5/18
5/18
Raw
Water
0.55
0.39
0.36
0.37
0.22
0.33
0.46
0.39
0.56
0.40
0.37
0.18
0.80
0.26
0.21
Check Sample
(Operator) (EPA)
1.12
0.6
1.4
0.89
1.1
1.10
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.1
0.59
0.37
1.00
0.92
1.02
1.02
1.27 **
1.17
0.97
1.07
0.75
1.02
(Fluoride,
Distribution
0.61
0.86
0.79
0.90
0.92
1.00
0.79
0.84
1.32
1.43
0.56
1.10
1.17
1.13
0.97
0.97
0.75
1.01
mg/1)
System
0.63
0.87
0.84
0.93
0.9C
0.93
1.02
0.83
0.85
1.15
1.00
1.07
0.75
1.01
* Representative Attended Fluoride Determinations In Water Training Course
** Check Sample Collected June 12 - 16.
-------
was conducted at only seven (58 percent) of the installations and
regular raw water fluoride ion analysis was being conducted at only
three (25 percent). Adequate analytical equipment and facilities
were available, and care of equipment was judged satisfactory at
seven (58 percent) of the plants visited. Records of the fluorida-
tion operation were acceptable at only four (33 percent) of the
facilities surveyed.
II. Fluoride Chemical Feed Equipment and Facilities
Fluoride chemical feed equipment and facilities were found
deficient at four (33 percent) of the twelve installations surveyed
and only four (33 percent) of the feeding arrangements were accept-
able, i.e. protected against overfeeding, preferred point of chemical
application, protected against backflow, and good housekeeping in
the feeder area. Five (42 percent) of the operators reported one
or more interruptions in fluoridation of one or more days duration
in the past twelve months. Maintenance was found satisfactory at
eleven (92 percent) of the facilities surveyed, however, the plant
operators had been alerted to the inspection visit.
III. Fluoride Chemical Compound - Storage and Handling
Storage arrangements for the fluoride chemical compound fed were
unsatisfactory at five (42 percent) of the twelve installations
surveyed. Seven (58 percent) of the operators interviewed did
not have available suitable safety equipment to handle the fluoride
212
-------
chemical compounds; and'two (17 percent) of the operators were
permitting unsafe reuse of the chemical shipping containers or
were not disposing of the empty containers satisfactorily.
IV. Operator Training and Interest
A trained operator with a genuine interest in feeding fluorides
is essential to the satisfactory operation of a fluoridation
installation. Three (25 percent) of the facilities surveyed
were operated by personnel not completely familar with the f-luoride
chemical feed equipment at their plants. Three (25 percent) of
the operators questioned were not adequately trained in the use
of the fluoride ion test equipment provided and the procedures to
follow in conducting a fluoride ion analyses. The operators at
three (25 percent) of the plants visited did not favor feeding
fluoride to public water supply systems.
V. Surveillance
Frequent check samples of fluoride ion levels in the distribution
system and regular inspection visiits to the water fluoridation
installation by State water supply surveillance personnel must be
conducted to assure the facility is operating satisfactorily. The
State Department of Health requires four water samples per month
to be collected from the distribution system of fluoridated water
supplies and submitted to the State Laboratory for fluoride ion
analysis. A review of State Laboratory records for 1971 revealed
the required number of check samples had not been received from
three (25 percent) of the installations selected for survey. Only
213
-------
three (25 percent) of the twelve plants had been visited in the
past twelve months by a representative of the State Department of
Health's water supply surveillance agency. Inspection visits to
the water supply systems surveyed averaged one visit in four years.
Figure 2, Operating Conditions At Selected Fluoridated Water Supply
Systems, summarizes the operating conditions observed at the installa-
tions inspected during the time of the survey. Conditions varied
at each facility and Table III, Adequacy of Fluoridation At Selected
Fluoridated Water Supply Systems, summarizes the adequacy of the
operating conditions at each facility during the time of the survey.
Conclusions and Recommendations
1. Forty-four public water supply systems in Kansas were fluoridating
April 1, 1972, serving approximately 900,000 of an estimated 1.8
million population in the State using public water supply systems.
An additional 140,000 population were using public water supplies
containing natural fluorides of 0.7 rag/1 or higher. Therefore,
only 58% of the population served by public water supply systems
are being supplied or an attempt is being made to supply them with
water containing dentally significant concentrations of fluorides.
Recommendation
The Kansas State Department of Health should more actively promote
fluoridation in Kansas. A concentrated effort should be made to
provide the benefits of fluoridated water to the population (42%)
served by public water supplies which are not fluoridated or do
214
-------
KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM EVALUATION
FIGURE 2
OPERATING CONDITIONS AT SELECTED FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
PARAMETER EVALUATED
% OF FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SURVEYED
20 40 60 80 100
Fluoride Ion Concent In The Distribution System
Fluoride Ion Level 0.8 - 1.2 mg/1
Fluoride Ion Level < 0.8 mg/1 j[/
Fluoride Ion Level > 1.2 mg/1 I/
Analytical Control Of The Fluoride Ion Level
Operator Analysis +0.1 mg/1 EPA Value
Daily Finished Water Fluoride Ion Analysis
Regular Raw Water Fluoride Ion Analysis
Adequate Analytical Equipment & Facilities
Adequate Care For Laboratory Equipment
Adequate Records
ro
01 Fluoride Chemical Feed Equipment And Facilities
Adequate Feeding Equipment and Facilities
Adequate Feeding Arrangements
Feed Interrupted < 1-Day in Past 12-Months "
Adequate Maintenance
Fluoride Chemical Compound - Storage And Handling
Adequate Storage Arrangements
Acceptable Safe Handling Provisions
Satisfactory Disposal Of Shipping Containers
Operator Training And Interest
Adequately Trained To Operate Feed Equipment
Knowledgeable Of Test Equipment & Procedures
Accepts And Interested In Fluoridation
Surveillance
Check Samples To State As Required If
Installation Inspected By State In Past 12-Months
•(75%)
(25%)
-(8%)
(25%)
-(58%)
-(58%)
•(58%)
•(58%)
(33%)
•(67%)
(33%)
•(58%)
•(92%)
•(58%)
•(42%)
•(83%)
(75%)
(75%)
.(75%)
-(25%)
(75%)
^^^^TTI T—^1__J______^^___JL______^_ •* * i * a O L. -L fa —1 j U L1 L 11 O ,
]/ Fluoride levels in one system were both above and below the recommended limit
27 Per 1971 State Department of Health Records - 4 Per Month
-------
KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM EVALUATION
TABLE III
ADEQUACY OF FLUORIDATION AT SELECTED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
ro
ot
PARAMETER EVALUATED
Fluoride Ion Content In The Distribution System
Fluoride Ion Level 0.8 - 1.2 mg/1
Fluoride Ion Level <0.8 mg/1
Fluoride Ion Level >1.2 mg/1
Analytical Control Of The Fluoride Ion Level
Operator Analysis + 0.1 mg/1 lil'A Value
Dally Finished Water Fluoride Ion Analysis
Regular Raw Water Fluoride Ion Analysis
Adequate Analytical Equipment & Facilities
Adequate Care For Laboratory Equipment
Adequate Records
Fluoride Chemical Feed Equipment And r'acilities
Adequate Feeding Equipment and Facilities
Adequate Feeding Arrangements
Feed Interrupted < 1-Day in Past 12-Months
Adequate Maintenance
Fluoride Chemical Compound - Storage And Handling
Adequate Storage Arrangements
Acceptable Safe Handling Provisions
Satisfactory Disposal Of Shipping Containers
Operator Training And Interest
Adequately Trained to Operate Feed Equipment
Knowledgeable Of Test Equipment & Procedures
Accepts And Interested In Fluorldacion
Surveillance
Check Samples To State As Required. \j
Installation Inspected By State In Past 12-Months.
*
u
X
3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•
X
£?
3
10
a
1-4
iH
•H
£
x
<
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
AJ
u
§
•H
U
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
,
X
J
*
g
•H
fH
$
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
g
a
u
u
o
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
J2
0
a
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•o
a
iH
f.
X
X
.X
. X
, x
.X
• x
X
X
X
X
X
•o
u
o
IM
Iw
a
u
in
'x
X
X
X'
X
X
X
X
X
X
o
2
u
'X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
a
je
§M
0
•H -O
n O
a a
T. X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
a
•H
^
x'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
X
X
X
1
X
X
X
.
X
X - Satisfactory or Applicable for System Surveyed
* - Representative Attended Fluoride Determinations in Water Training Course
I/ - Per 1971 State Deportment of Health Records - 4 per Month
-------
not contain dentally significant concentrations of natural
fluorides. Where no community water supply system exists
school water supply fluoridation in that community should be
considered.
2. Six public water supply systems in Kansas were reported using one
or more water sources containing natural fluorides greater than
2.0 mg/1.
Recommendations
When the natural fluoride ion level in a public water supply exceeds
two times the optimum the following should be considered so the
finished water will have a fluoride ion level within the limits
required by the State: blending of water containing high levels
of fluoride ion with a low natural fluoride water, development
of an alternate source of water, or defluoridation of the water
source.
3. Nine (75 percent) of the twelve fluoridated water supply systems
surveyed evidenced a fluoride ion content in the distribution system
within the limits required by the State Department of Health and
only seven (58 percent) of the plant operators or laboratory
personnel conducted fluoride ion analysis within +0.1 mg/1 of the
sample results analyzed by the EPA, Water Supply Division. Daily
finished water fluoride ion analysis was conducted at seven (58
217
-------
percent) of the installations and the source of raw water was
analyzed on a regular basis at only three (25 percent) of the
facilities surveyed. Records of the fluoridarion operation
were acceptable at only four (33 percent) of the plants.
Recommendation
The Kansas State Department of Health should require the operators
at all fluoridation installations to conduct fluoride ion analysis
according to Standard Methods to within +0.1 mg/1 of the value reported
on the State check sample. Daily finished water fluoride ion analysis,
regular raw water fluoride ion analysis, adequate laboratory equipment
and care of equipment, and complete records on the fluoridation
operation should be enforced at all fluoridation installations.
A. Fluoride chemical feed equipment and facilities to control the
distribution system fluoride ion level to within the required range
were satisfactory at eight (67 percent) of the installations
surveyed. Feeding arrangements were judged adequate at only four
(33 percent) of the plants visited. Five (42 percent) of the
installations had one or more interruptions in the fluoridation
operation of one or more days duration in the past twelve months.
Recommendation
The Kansas State Department of Health should provide design assistance
to all communities installing fluoridation equipment, thoroughly
review all proposed installations before the operation is approved,
218
-------
and assist the operator as needed during the "start-up" period. All
interruptions in the fluoridation operations should be required to
be reported to the Division of Environmental Health Services of the
State Department of Health. A preventative maintenance program
should be established for each facility and closely followed for the
installation to receive continued approval for operation.
5. Fluoride chemical storage arrangements and safety precautions for
handling the compounds were judged inadequate at five (42 percent)
of the installations surveyed. Seven (58 percent) of the operators
did not have available suitable safety equipment to handle the
fluoride chemical compounds and two (17 percent) of the operators
were not disposing of the empty containers in a satisfactory manner.
Re commend a t i on
The Kansas State Department of Health should instruct all water plant
operators feeding fluorides on safe handling and storage practices
for fluoride chemical compounds and enforce their regulations for
handling and storing fluoride chemical compounds.
6. A trained operator with a genuine interest in feeding fluorides is
essential to the satisfactory operation of a fluoridation installation.
Training deficiencies were noted in the operators knowledge of his
fluoride feed equipment and his acquaintance with the equipment and
procedures used in conducting fluoride ion analysis. Three (25
percent) of the operators interviewed did not favor feeding fluorides
to public water supply systems.
219
-------
Recommendation
The Kansas State Department of Health should provide training in
fluoride feed equipment operation and maintenance and fluoride
determinations in water for the operators of all fluoridated water
supply systems. The benefits of water fluoridation and the importance
of maintaining an optimum level of fluoride ion in the distribution
system at all times should be stressed. Satisfactory completion of
the course should be a mandatory requirement of the plant operator
for approval of his installation to feed fluorides.
7. Surveillance of each water fluoridation installation must be on a
regular, continual basis to assure the facility is operating
satisfactory. Three (25 percent) of the operators interviewed
were not submitting the required number of check samples to the
State laboratory for fluoride ion analysis. Nine (75 percent) of
the installations had not been visited by a representative of the
Division of Environmental Health Services in the past twelve months.
Recommendation
The Kansas State Department of Health should enforce their "State-
ment of Policies and Procedures Relating to Fluoridation of Public
Water Supplies" requiring check samples to be collected from the
distribution systems of fluoridated water supplies and sent to
the State Department of Health Laboratory for fluoride ion analysis.
All interruptions in the fluoridation operations should be investigated
220
-------
by the Division of Environmental Health Services and all plants
employing new operating personnel placed in charge of the fluorida-
tion operation should be visited immediately to assure the new
operator has been adequately trained. One additional full time
engineer with the necessary travel funds and laboratory support
is estimated to be needed for an adequate fluoridation surveillance
program in Kansas.
221
-------
urn-:
KANSAS FLUORIDATION SURVEY
Water System:
Population .Served:
Dcitc Fluoridation .Started:
Source of Supply:
Treatment:
Fluoride Analysis:
I-iaw Water:
Fluoridation Equipment -
Manufacturer:
Type:
Model:
Location:
r'oint of application:
Condition of equipment:
Opercitional problems:
Overfeeding safeguards:
Planned Imrirovcinents:
Average Flo-.v;
Finished i'/ater;
222
-------
Fluor i 'lc Conpcnmcl -
Chei'ii c j I :
Cost:
F->*' > > i" shipment
Storage facilities:
Quantity used:
Safety provisions:
Remarks:
Control of Fluorjdation -
Frequency of sampling:
Haw water:
S:i:nplin»* point:
Test nethod:
Test instrument:
Records:
Interruptions:
Remarks:
Finished water;
223
-------
Operator .'^unli ric-Jtions -
Kxperience: Cl.-issx f ication:
Training:
Interest:
Remarks:
Survei L lance -
Check samples:
Last visit by State:
Availability of technical assistance:
He merles:
Consents -
224
-------
Population Using Controlled and Natural Fluoridation
in Public Water Supplies in Kansas
Population using public water supplies ---------- L. 785.OOP *
Population using public water supplies with Controlled Fluoridation - 886,380
(69 communities)
Percent of population using public water supplies with Controlled
Fluoridation -------- - 49.7%
Population using public water supplies with Natural Fluoridation -
(85 communities) 136,315
Population using public water supplies with "atural and Controlled
Fluoridation -----------------
(controlled) - 886,380
(natural) - 136.315
Total — 1,022,695
Percent of population using public water supplies with Natural
and Controlled Fluoridation ------------ 57.3% .
Total Population of Kansas ------------- 2,2*9,071 **
Percent of Population using Natural and Controlled Fluoridatioo - 45.5%
* Source - Environmental Health Services, Kansas State Dept. of Health
** Source - Kansas State Board of Agriculture, April 1970
January 1971
225
-------
SOME REASONS FOR STATE LAWS FOR FLUORIDATION
1. The dental problem is of such magnitude it cannot be solved by
local action alone.
2. Dental manpower shortages affect availability and quality of
dental care for all.
3. Costs of tax-supported dental care programs are increasing.
4. Public health measures should be consistently available Co all
persons without regard to education or income,
5. Community and water system jurisdictional boundaries frequently
do not coincide.
6. Standardized surveillance and training of water treatment personnel
can be exercised.
7. Denial of immediate benefits has long range effects.
a. Generations of children cannot recover the lost benefits.
b. Adults denied fluoridation in childhood are deprived of its
life time benefits.
c. Overall health of aged is influenced by dental health.
8. Local action can be expensive and unstable.
a. Repeated referenda.
b. Delaying court actions on points already answered.
c. Reversal of Council action.
d. Political football.
e. Emotionalism vs. scientific facts.
f. Abandonment of equipment.
g. Vehicle for attack on representative government.
h. Confusion over who has authority to fluoridate.
i. Failure of implementing authority to act on decision by
appropriate authority.
226
-------
Sonon c/ 1971
HOUSE BILL No. 1289
By Messrs. Niles, Steichen, Speer, Brauchi and Hougland
2-10
AN ACT concernin-.; public health; providing for the fluoride
-adjustment of certain public water supplies and for the adoption
of regulations by the state board of health for administration and
enforcement of the act.
Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Kansas:
1 Section 1. All public water supplies serving more than five
2 hundred (500) people shall be provided fluoride adjustment by
3 July 1, 1973, in accordance with rules aud regulations adopted by
4 the state board of health. Rules and regulations shall be adopted
5 by the state board of health for the administration and enforcement
6 of this section and 5>aiu regulations shall iucorpouie leiOgnizeu
7 scientific public health practices.
8 Sec. 2. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after
9 its publication in the statute book.
227
-------
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health
Refer: PPB-51
February 1973
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY SUPPORTS FLUORIDATION
Opponents of fluoridation frequently allege that fluoridation is pollution
and may have detrimental environmental effects. In response to such alle-
gations the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued the following
statement:
Since the safety and efficacy of water fluoridation have been
well established, the Environmental Protection Agency endorses
the principles of such practice.
The Environmental Protection Agency does not consider the ad-
justment of the fluoride content of drinking water for purposes
of dental decay reduction to be a form of pollution. By defi-
nition, water pollution is the addition of a substance to water
which makes such water unfit for its intended use. Since ad-
justing the natural fluoride content of drinking water to a lev-
el which is optimal for the reduction of dental decay does in
no way make the water unfit for drinking, water fluoridation
cannot be considered to be pollution.
At the concentrations used in water fluoridation, the fluoride
ion has no detrimental effects on the environment. Fluoride is
a natural constituent of fresh water, soil, sea water and most
living organisms, often at higher concentrations than are used
In water fluoridation. A recent study on the environmental im-
pact of fluorides, conducted by the National Research Council
under contract to the Environmental Protection Agency, has con-
firmed that the only hazard to our environment from fluorides
Is from industrial discharges.
Division of Dental Health
Preventive Practices Branch
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
228
-------
APPENDIX S
FACILITY RATINGS
-------
ro
ro
U9
APPENDIX G
TABLE I
FACILITIES - PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
SYSTEM
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
QUALITY
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
SOURCE
QUANTITY
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
TREATMENT
PROTECTION
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
FACILITIES
X
OK
OK
X
X
OK
OK
OK
X
X
OK
OK
X
OK
OPERATION
X
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
X
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
STORAGE
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
DISTRI&UTION
PRESSURE
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Cl2 RESIDUAL
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
QUALITY CONTROL
RECORDS
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
X
X
X
OK
P
OK
OK
X
OK
X-CONN.
X
OK
OK
X
OK
X
X
X
OK
OK
X
OK
OK
OK
SONTROL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
APPENDIX G
TABLE I (Continued)
FACILITIES - PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
SYSTEM
NO.
15
16
17
18
19
00
o
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
QUALITY
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
SOURCE
QUANTITY
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
P
OK
OK
OK
TREATMENT
PROTECTION FACILITIES OPERATION
OK
P
P
P
OK
OK
OK
P
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
P
OK
OK
X
P
OK
OK
P
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
P
OK
OK
P
OK
OK
OK
STORAGE
OK
OK
P
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
DISTRIBUTION
PRESSURE
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Cl? RESIDUAL
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
QUALITY CONTROL
RECORDS
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
OK
OK
P
OK
X
OK
X-CONN.
X
OK
P
P
X
P
P
P
OK
OK
X
P
OK
X
CONTROL
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
APPENDIX G
TABLE I (Continued)
ro
u>
FACILITIES - PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
SYSTEM
NO.
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
QUALITY
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
SOURCE
QUANTITY
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
TREATMENT
PROTECTION
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
FACILITIES
OK
OK
X
OK
X
X
OK
OK
OK
X
OK
X
OPERATION STORAGE
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
P
OK
OK -
X -
P -
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Adequate
Inadequate
Partially
DISTRIBUTION
PRESSURE
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
C12 RESIDUAL
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
X
OK
QUALITY tUNIKUL
RECORDS
OK
P
X
P
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
X
X
OK
X-LUNH.
OK
OK
OK
X
X
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
P
OK
UJN i KUL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
------- |