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                               SUMMARY
                         .UATION OF  THE KANSAS
                      WATER  SUPPLY  PROGRAM

                      ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                               REGION VII

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                                         11169
                  SUMMARY
EVALUATION OF THE KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
           WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
       ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                REGION VII

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                     TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                      Page No.
PREFACE 	         1
INTRODUCTION 	         2
SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION 	         5
SUMMARY 	         9
RECOMMENDATIONS 	        21
PARTICIPANTS 	        24
STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY ADDRESSES 	        26
REFERENCES 	        27

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                    PREFACE

     This SUMMARY is a condensation of the EVALUATION
OF THE KANSAS WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM.  It presents the
significant study findings and major recommendations
needed to give Kansas an effective Water Supply Program.
For more detailed information concerning the drinking
water quality and protection in Kansas, consult a copy
of the complete report available from the Kansas State
Department of Health and the Environmental Protection
Agency.

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INTRODUCTIIN

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                            INTRODUCTION

The Community Water Supply Study    revealed numerous inadequacies in
the nation's water supply systems.  These findings indicated that many
public water supplies were failing to meet bacteriological  and chemical
quality established by the Drinking Water Standards' ' and that opera-
tion and maintenance of many water systems were inadequately performed.
There were deficiencies noted in many state water supply programs.
Many had regulations that were inadequate and surveillance of public
water supplies was being neglected.  Water supply programs within state
environmental control or health agencies are being neglected because
of the induced emphasis of other environmental health programs such as
waste disposal, air and water pollution control.  Legal responsibilities
are imposed on and financial assistance is provided to state agency
programs in many environmental control program areas.  On the other
hand, the water supply program has no federal backup legally or finan-
cially.  Each state must recognize its problems and provide the resources
to alleviate them.

Dr. Edwin D. Lyman, Director of the Kansas State Health Department,
recognized the importance of an effective state water supply program
and utilized the technical assistance of the Environmental Protection
Agency for this evaluation of the State Water Supply Program.

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The evaluation of the Kansas Water Supply Program was conducted during
the spring and summer of 1972.  The purpose of the evaluation was to
determine the effectiveness of the Kansas Water Supply Program and
recommend any needed improvements.  The Guidelines used in making the
evaluation were "A Guide to the Interstate Carrier Water Supply Pro-
gram.   ' Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies/ ' and
the Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1962. "
To perform the evaluation of the Kansas Water Supply Program, the
following activities and facilities were reviewed:
     1. The Kansas laws, regulations and policies pertaining to the
        Water Supply Program.
     2. The structural  organization of the State program and its
        activities.
     3. The available physical and personal resources to accomplish
        the program objectives.
     4. A selected representative sample of the public water supplies
        was visited and surveyed to determine compliance.
          a. Forty Community Water Supplies.
          b. Twelve of the 44 Communities that are adjusting
             the fluoride level of their public water supply.
          c. Forty small public water supplies serving the traveling
             public along 1-70 between Topeka and Hays, Kansas.

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The findings of the above reviews were analyzed and specific recommen-
dations were developed to assist the State in improving their Water
Supply Program,
Definitions of drinking water systems used in this study are as follows:
     1. Public water supply system - any system which provides water
        for public consumption, excluding water sold in bottles or
        other closed containers.
     2. Community water supply systems - a public system that provides
        water to ten or more premises not owned or controlled by the
        supplier of water or to forty or more resident individuals.
     3. Small public water supply systems - small public water supply
        systems that:  (a) provide water to less than ten premises not
        controlled by  the supplier of water or less than 40 resident
        individuals; (b) provide water to any number of people on
        premise-owned  or controlled by the supplier of water; or (c)
        provide water  to the traveling public.
     4. Individual water supply system - a water supply system that
        serves a single dwelling unit occupied by one family.

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SCOPE OFTHE EVALUATION

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                         SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION
Water Supplies
     The 1970 census indicates that Kansas has a population of 2,246,576
     of which 80% are served by approximately 632 public water supplies.
     The 632 public water supplies includes mobile home parks, state
     institutions, airports, rural water districts, turnpike authority,
     rest homes, and 502 systems serving organized municipalities.
     Public water supplies in Kansas are developed in compliance with
     Kansas laws, regulations, and policies, and are monitored by the
     State -Department of Health for bacteriological quality.  The term
     "semi-public supplies" is not used in describing water supplies  in
     Kansas.  However, it is estimated that there are an additional
     1,000 small public water supplies serving water to the public in
     restaurants, rural schools, gasoline service stations, motels, etc.,
     that are not included in the State surveillance program.   The 502
     municipal water supplies were divided into six (6) population
     groups as indicated in the following Table I.

     A base of forty community systems supplying water to municipalities
     was selected for field evaluation.  These forty supplies  represented
     less than 10% of 502 municipal systems but 47% of the population
     served by water supplies monitored by the State Health Department.
     The number of systems to be surveyed from each of the population
     groups was selected by considering both the population served by
     water supplies in these groups and by the number of systems in each

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                                TABLE I
Public Water Suppl
Municipalities
Population Group
More than 50,000
10,000 - 50,000
2,500 - 10,000
1,000- 2,500
500- 1,000
Less than 500
Subtotal 1
WATER
ies
Population
564,173
545,215
262,930
159,424
70,167
48,000
,649,909
Unincorporated
Communities and
small public water
supplies 147,352
Total 1
Other small
public water
water supplies
Individual
Total 2
,797,261

449,315
,246,576
SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN
No. of Systems
3
30
60
98
101
210
502
130
632
1,000*
114,000*

KANSAS
Percent of
Population
34.2
33.1
15.9
9.7
4.2
2.9
100.0



Systems
Selected
2
13
10
7
3
5
40
0
40
0

No. of Systems
 Surveyed                                                       80

*Estimated

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group.  The forty supplies to be evaluated were also distributed
as equally as possible over the six areas as demonstrated in
Figure I.

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                                            (Figure 1)
               KANSAS STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT AREAS AND WATER SUPPLIES SURVEYED
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AREA I

1. GARDEN CITY*
2. C8PELAND
3. DODGE CITY
4. BUCKLIN
S. KINSLEY
6. BUCKLIN
7. PRATT
 *Area Office of
 AREA II

 8. KINGMAN
 9. WICHITA*
10. DOUGLASS
11. AUGUSTA
12. EL DORADO
13. ATLANTA
 AREA III

15. INDEPENDENCE
16. OSWEGO
17. COLUMBUS
18. PITTSBURG
19. CHANUTE*
20. KORAN
14. ARKANSAS CITY  21.  IOLA
State Health Department      **Area
   AREA IV

 22. WAMEGO
 23. TOPEKA**
 24. GARDNER
 25. LEAVENWORTH
 26. ATCHISON
 27. HOLTON
 28. WESTMORELAND
and Central Offices
 AREA V             AREA VI

 28. JUNCTION CITY  36. GREAT BEND
 30. ABILENE        37. HAYS*
 31. SALINA*        38. BOGUE
 32. JEWELL         39. HILL CITY
 33. BEVERLY        40. NORTON
 34. ELLSWORTH
 35. LYONS

of State Health Department

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SUMMARY

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                             SUMMARY

                         Program Review
Authority
     Statutes
     The Kansas statutes give broad authority to the State Board of
     Health for regulating public water supplies and administrative
     responsibility to the State Health officer for carrying out these
     acts.

     Regulations
     Only two regulations have been initiated that pertain to public
     water supplies: one pertaining to collection and analysis of water
     for quality control; and, one for the application of permits to
     supply water for domestic purposes.
     Policy
     The Kansas State Department of Health has developed a number of
     policy documents relating to the design and operation of public
     water supplies much of which should be incorporated in regulations.
Organization and Activities
     The Public Water Supply Program is a function of the Water Quality
     Control Section under the Division of Environmental Health in the
     State Health Department.  The Water Quality Control Section Chief
     devotes about 30% of his time to the administration of the Water

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Supply Program.  Area engineers and/or technicians in the six area
offices devote about 20% of their activities to the Water Supply
Program.
Two of the three individuals in the central office have obtained
professional registration and master degrees.  The other individual
has a bachelor degree and is fulfilling the Engineering-in-Training
(EIT) requirements.  Four of the ten personnel in the area offices
have acquired professional registration; two of them have bachelor
degrees,  one has a masters degree and the other one does not have
a college degree.  The other six area technicians have attended
 various  colleges and universities but have not obtained their
degrees.

Engineering Surveillance
With this available manpower only 20% of the public water supplies
have been surveyed annually.  Small public water supplies are not
routinely inspected.

Engineering and Technical Assistance
There are approximately 100 sets of plans and specifications reviewed
annually requiring one man-year of effort.  Many small public water
supplies  fail to submit plans and specifications prior to construction.
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An additional .5 man-year is expended for providing water supply
information to various governmental agencies, institutions and
private organizations.

Operator Training
There are three area schools each year but only one day is devoted
to water supply in each school.
The Annual Water and Sewage Works School has 20 hours of instruc-
tion in water supply and waste treatment.
Correspondence courses are available through State and Federal
programs at a nominal fee to the operator.
Due to the lack of contact with State personnel, small public water
supply operators are not encouraged to attend training courses..
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             Status of the 40 Community Water Supply Systems

     There  are  632  public  water  supply  systems  in  Kansas  serving  an
     estimated  population  of 1,780,634.   Detailed  sanitary surveys
     of 40  selected systems  revealed the following:
Water Quality - Bacteriological
     Eight water systems (20%) serving a population of 27,193 failed
     to meet the coliform limits of the DWS for one or more months
     during the 11  months review period.
Water Quality - Chemical and Physical
     Eighteen water systems (45%) serving a total  population of 134,922
     failed to meet one or more of the chemical and physical standards
     of the DWS.
     Sixteen water systems (40%) serving a total population of 120,672
     failed to meet one or more recommended or mandatory standards.
     Two water systems (5%) serving a  total population of 14,250 failed
     to meet the recommended physical  limits.  In  addition, there were
     two supplies serving a total population of 20,192 that failed to
     meet the mandatory chemical limits.
Source
     Two water systems (5%) serving a population of 6,662 had inadequate
     quantities of water.
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     Two water systems (5%) serving a population of 35,743 had sources
     which required improvements.
Treatment
     All of the supplies (100%) had facilities for disinfecting; however,
     six systems (15%) did not have a free chlorine residual in the
     system at the time of the survey.

     Fourteen water systems (35%) need additional treatment facilities.

Distribution
     Two water systems (5%) serving a total population of 17,972 need
     additional distribution storage facilities.

     One water system serving a population of 274,448 has inadequate
     water pressure in some parts of the distribution system during
     certain times.

Quality Control
     Fifteen water systems (38%) had less than adequate quality control
     records.
     Eleven water systems (28%) did not keep quality control records.

     Four systems (10%) kept only partial control records.
     Twelve water systems (30%) serving 21,168 consumers did not have
     an ordinance against cross-connections.
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     Seven water systems (18%) had plumbing codes but no inspections
     or enforcements were prevalent.

     Only one water system surveyed was developing a program for con-
     tinuous reinspection for removal  of cross-connections.

Quality of Operation
     Twenty-one water systems (53%) had no certified operators.

     Six of the nine water systems (67%) which exhibited operation
     problems employed operators that were not certified.
     Seven operators (88%) in charge of the eight supplies that failed
     to meet adequate bacteriological  quality were not certified.

     Four operators (67%) were not certified in the six systems which
     were not properly disinfected.
     Ten operators (67%) were not certified in the 15 systems that had
     inadequate control records.

Bacteriological Surveillance
     Twenty-one water systems (52%) serving 148,548 individuals exhibited
     Inadequate bacteriological surveillance.
     Five water systems (13%) did not collect any samples during some
     months.
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Chemical Surveillance
     The state performs one chemical analyses from a well  or the
     distribution system from each community water supply annually.
     In most instances this is adequate in number; however* only eight
     of the 20 substances routinely analyzed are listed in the Drinking
     Water Standards.
Engineering Surveillance
     Twenty-nine water systems (73%) had not received formal inspections
     by State personnel during the past 12 months.
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        Status of Public Water Systems Adjusting Fluoride Levels

     Forty-four public water systems have facilities for fluoridation.
     The field survey of 12 systems revealed the following:

Optimum Fluoride Level
     Nine (75%) evidenced a fluoride ion content in the distribution
     system within the 0.8-1.2 mg/1 range.

Laboratory Control
     Five (42%) were not conducting daily fluoride analysis.  Adequate
     analytical equipment was not available in five (42%) of the facil-
     ities surveyed.

Chemical Feed Equipment
     Four (33%) had deficient equipment and only four (33%) of the chem-
     ical feeding arrangements were acceptable.

Chemical Storage and Handling
     Five (42%) had unsatisfactory storage arrangements.

Operators Training and Interest
     Three (25%) had operators that were inadequately trained in the use
     of test equipment.

     Three (25%) were operated by personnel not completely familiar with
     their equipment.
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     Three (25%) had operators who did not favor feeding fluoride.

Surveillance
     Three (25%) had not collected the required number of check samples.

     Only three (25%) had been visited during the past 12 months by a
     representative of the State Health Department.
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          Status of Water Systems Serving the Traveling Public

     There are estimated to be approximately 1,000 small public water
     supply systems in Kansas serving the public at rural schools,
     highway rest stops, restaurants, service stations and motels along
     Kansas highways,  Forty of these systems that were providing water
     to the traveling public were\tudied and the following results
     were obtained:

Water Quality
     Thirty-five (88%) of the water systems surveyed along 1-70 in
     Kansas failed to meet the constituent limits of the U.S.  Public
     Health Service Drinking Water Standards.

     Thirty-four (85%) of the water systems surveyed failed to meet at
     least one recommended limit for chemical and physical quality.

     Six (15%) of the water systems surveyed failed to meet at least one
     mandatory chemical limit.

     Nine (23%) of the water systems surveyed failed to meet the
     bacteriological quality limit.
Sources
     Generally, the sources were sufficient to provide the quantities
     of water needed although signs were placed at the safety rest areas
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     being served by hand-pumped wells warning visitors to conserve
     water.
Treatment
     Two of the water systems surveyed had facilities for chlorination
     although they were not in use.

Distribution
     Five (13%) of the water systems surveyed had low pressure (<20 psi)
     in some area of the distribution system.
Bacteriological Surveillance
     None of the water systems surveyed had an adequate bacteriological
     surveillance program except for the three systems that were being
     served by municipal systems.  The State Highway Commission submits
     one sample per month for the safety rest areas under their jurisdic-
     tion, however, this is not practiced during the winter months.
     There was no record of any bacteriological analysis for the com-
     mercial establishments.
Chemical Surveillance
     Thirty-seven (93%) of the water systems surveyed were not subject
     to a regular program of chemical surveillance.  The safety rest
     areas water systems had been analyzed for chemical quality immediately
     following their installation.  There was no record of chemical sur-
     veillance at the commercial establishments except those being served
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     by a municipal system.

Engineering Surveillance
     Only the three water systems being served from a municipal water
     system, whose plans had been reviewed and approved by the State
     Department of Health, were subject to engineering surveillance.
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RECOMMENDATIONS

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                            RECOMMENDATIONS

     The Kansas Water Supply Program should pursue the enforcement of
     the existing statutes pertaining to public water supplies and strive
     for an interrelated program with other state and local enforcement
     agencies to administer the statutes enacted for safeguarding public
     health.

     A document of collected statutes, regulations, and program policies
     relating to the Water Supply Program should be prepared for distri-
     bution to municipalities, corporations, companies and individuals
     supplying water for domestic purposes to- the public.

Program Resources
     The budget of the Water Supply Program should be increased $723,347
     for the following purposes:
     a. $210,829 for engineering surveillance of 502 community water
     supplies and 1,130 small public water supplies.
     b. $140,284 for chemical surveillance of the 1,632 public water
     supplies.
     c. $214,534 for bacteriological surveillance of the 1,632 public
     water supplies.
     d. $7,700 for training of Water Supply Program personnel.
     e. $125,000 to hire personnel to administer a training program
     created by adoption of mandatory certification.
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     f. $25,000 to hire personnel to develop and administer a well
     drillers licensing program.

Administrative Action
     a. The State Board of Health should promote salary increases and
     benefits for State employment to compete with industry, institu-
     tions, other states, and federal government agencies.  An active
     recruitment program should be initiated at State universities and
     colleges to provide the opportunity for qualified engineering
     graduates to become familiar with the program.
     b. Develop rules and regulations to enforce program requirements
     that are assembled in the program policies.  A regulation to adopt
     DWS_ would provide authority for the State Department of Health to
     administer a good Water Supply Program.
Program Action
     a. Require monthly operating reports from public water supplies
     indicating daily water use, chemicals used in treatment, analytical
     results of routine analyses and any operational problems that may
     occur.
     b. Provide annual inspections of all public water supplies to avoid
     potential health hazards that may occur in the source, distribution
     system, treatment facilities or operation of the facility, to assure
     a safe  and dependable water supply.
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     c. Develop and maintain current water supply inventories with the
     use of automatic data processing techniques for storage, analysis
     and retrieval of data.
     d. The Water Supply Program should coordinate its activities and
     responsibilities with the Kansas Food Service and Lodging Board,
     State Department of Education, and other state and local agencies
     that are concerned with water supplies serving the public.
Legislative Action
     a. Promote and support legislation requiring mandatory certifica-
     tion of operators in the water works field.  This program should
     be under the supervision of State Health Department personnel.
     b. Adopt a statute requiring the licensing of well drillers with
     the State Health Department having major administrative responsibilities,
     c. Revise Statutes 65-162 and 65-163 to clarify that permits for
     additional sources of supplies, treatment facilities and treated
     water storage must be submitted to the State Health Department  for
     approval  prior to construction of these facilities instead of getting
     approval  prior to use.
     d. Adopt the proposed legislation for mandatory fluoridation of
     public water supplies, with the provisions for adequate training,
     monitoring and surveillance of the systems to assure the public of
     an optimum level  of protection against tooth decay.
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PSRTIEIPHNTS

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                           PARTICIPANTS

     The following Environmental  Protection Agency personnel  and
laboratories made a major contribution to the successful  completion
of this study:
    Study Coordination and Report Preparation
    Otmar 0. Olson, Head, Water Supply Section, Surveillance
      and Analysis Division - Region VII
    T. Jay Ray, Water Supply Specialist, Water Supply Section,
      Surveillance and Analysis Division - Region VII
    Blanche M. Anderson, Secretary, Water Supply Section,
      Surveillance and Analysis Division - Region VII
    Field Evaluation
    Keith Boyd, Staff Engineer, Water Supply Division, Washington, D.C.
    Curtis Fehn, Staff Engineer, Water Supply Division, Washington, D.C.
    Thomas Hushower, Fluoridation Engineer, Water Supply Division,
      Washington, D.C.
    Harry D. Nash, Microbiologist, Water Supply Programs, Cincinnati,
      Ohio
    Earl McFarren, Supervisory Chemist, Water Supply Programs,
      Cincinnati, Ohio
    T. Jay Ray, Water Supply Specialist, Water Supply Section,
      Surveillance and Analysis Division - Region VII
    Otmar 0. Olson, Head, Water Supply Section, Surveillance and
      Analysis Division - Region VII
    Laboratory Support
    Fluoride Laboratory, Water Supply Division, Washington, D.C.
    Water Supply Programs Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
    Water Supply Programs Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island
    Water Supply Programs Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama
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     We would like to thank Mr.  N.  Jack Burn's, Chief of the Water
Quality Control Section, Kansas  State Department of Health, and his
staff who so earnestly cooperated in this evaluation:
     Leonard J. Imhof, Sanitary  Engineer
     Lloyd W. Rogers, Sanitary Engineer
     L. Dean Strowig, Sanitary Engineer
     Thomas Reeves,>Sanitary Engineer
     Major C. Hagar,  Sanitary Engineer
     Gerald P. Grant, Engineering Technician
     James L. Current, Engineering Technician
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STATE and FEDERAL A6ENCY ADDRESSES

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      STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY ADDRESSES
A.  State:
    Kansas State Department of Health
    Division of Environmental Health
    Water Quality Control Section
    535 Kansas Avenue
    Topeka, Kansas  66603
    Telephone:  913-296-3825
B.  Federal:
    Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII
    Surveillance and Analysis Division
    Surveillance Branch
    Water Supply Section
    1735 Baltimore Avenue
    Kansas City, Missouri  64108
    Telephone:  816-374-5971
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REFERENCES

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                       REFERENCES
1.  Community Water Supply Study - Analysis of National  Survey
      Findings, Bureau of Water Hygiene, July, 1970,  lllpp.
2.  1962 Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.  Public
      Health Service Publication No. 956, Superintendent  of
      Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,  D.C.
      20402, 61pp.
3.  A Guide to the Interstate Carrier Water Supply Certification
      Program, EPA, Office of Water Programs, Division of Water
      Hygiene, Publication dated June, 1971.
4.  Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies, Public
      Health Service Publication No. 1820, Superintendent of
      Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
      20402, 1969, 62pp.
                                27

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