Vcrssuv
FINAL DRAFT REPORT
List of Chemicals Contaminated or Precursors to
Contamination with Incidentally Generated
Polychlorlnated and Polybromlnated D1benzod1ox1ns
and Dlbenzofurans
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3968
Task No. 48
6850 VERSAR CENTER • P.O. BOX 1549 • SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22151
TELEPHONE: (703) 750-3000
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FINAL DRAFT REPORT
List of Chemicals Contaminated or Precursors to
Contamination with Incidentally Generated
Polychlorlnated and Polybromlnated D1benzod1ox-1ns
and Dlbenzofurans
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3968
Task No. 48
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Exposure Evaluation Division
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared by:
Versar Inc.
6850 Versar Center
Springfield, Virginia 22151
October 30, 1985
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Disclaimer
This document 1s a final draft report. It has not been released
formally by the Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and should not at
this stage be construed to represent Agency policy. The Information
contained 1n the report should not be cited or used without permission of
the EPA, Exposure Evaluation Division, Exposure Assessment Branch.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1 .0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Objectives 1
1.2 Report Organization 2
2.0 LISTING METHODOLOGY 4
2.1 Existing Lists 4
2.2 Listing Rationale 5
2.2.1 Development and Use of a Contaminant
Formation Theory 5
2.2.2 Monitoring Data Gathering 6
2.2.3 Identification of Pesticides 7
2.2.4 Identification of Industrial/Consumer Uses ... 7
2.2.5 Identification and Gathering of Production
Volume/Producers 7
2.2.6 Identification of Contamination Route -
Precursors, Feedstocks, Reaction Synthesis,
and Impurities 8
2.3 Data Management System 9
3.0 MONITORING DATA 13
4.0 RATIONALE FOR FORMATION OF DIBENZODIOXINS/FURANS AND
LISTING OF CONTAMINATED CHEMICALS 43
5.0 PRIORITIZATION SCHEME AND LISTING RESULTS 49
5.1 Pr1or1t1zat1on Scheme 49
5.2 Listing Results 53
5.3 Contamination Pathways and Routes for High Priority
Chemicals 63
5.3.1 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma
Isomer (Llndane) 63
5.3.2 Pentachlorophenol and Salts 68
5.3.3 Sodium Pentachlorophenate 69
5.3.4 2,4-D1chlorophenol and 2,6-D1chlorophenol 69
5.3.5 2,3-D1chlorophenol, 2,5-D1chlorophenol, and
3,4-D1chlorophenol 70
5.3.6 (2,4-D1chlorophenoxy-)Acet1c Add, All Salts
and Esters; 2,4-D1chlorophenoxybutyr1c Add,
All Salts and Esters; 2-(2,4-D1chlorophenoxy-)
Proplonlc Add, All Salts and Esters 71
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
5.3.7 Esters: Methyl-5-(2,4-d1chlorophenoxy)-2-
nltrobenzoate; o-(2,4-d1chlorophenyl)-o,
o-d1ethylphosphoroth1oate o-(2,4-d1chloro-
phenyl)-o-methyl1sopropyl-phosphoram1doth1o-
ate and Phosphorothlolc Acid o-(2-chloro-4-
n1trophenyl)-o,o-d1methyl ester 72
5.3.8 Pentachloronltrobenzene 72
5.3.9 Decabromod1phenylox1de
Octabromodlphenyloxide
Pentabromod1phenylox1de 73
5.3.10 Pentabromophenol 75
5.3.11 2,4-01bromophenol 75
5.3.12 2,4,6-Trlbromophenol 76
5.3.13 Tetrabromob1sphenol-A 76
5.3.14 Ethers and Esters of Tetrabromophenol 77
5.3.15 2,2'-Methyleneb1s (3,4,6-trlchlorophenol) ... 78
5.3.16 3.5-D1bromo-4-Hydroxybenzon1tr1le 78
5.3.17 l,4-D1chloro-2,5-d1methoxybenzene 79
5.3.18 l,2-B1s(tr1bromophenoxy)ethane 80
5.3.19 3,6-D1ch1oro-o-an1s1c Add D1methylam1ne
Salt 81
6.0 EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 82
6.1 Ambient Exposures 83
6.2 Occupational Exposures 91
6.3 Exposure via Consumer Products 92
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 126
APPENDIX A. Unsorted Listing of All Chemicals Investigated .. 134
APPENDIX B. Chemicals Investigated but Expected to Have a
Low Probability of D1ox1n/Furan Contamination ... 166
APPENDIX C. Code Directory of Manufacturers/Users, 1977 TSCA
Inventory 169
APPENDIX 0. Manufacturers During the Period 1983-85 of High
Priority GROUP 1 Chemicals Potentially
Contaminated with DBDs/DBFs 180
1v
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1. Rationale for Formation of DBOs and DBFs 44
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Information and Data Elements 1n the DBD/DBF Data
Management System 11
Summary of DBO Monitoring Data 14
Summary of DBF Monitoring Data 36
PCDDs, PCDFs, and Their Precursors 45
Chemicals Produced 1n 1983-85 by Priority 55
Chemicals Produced 1n 1983-85 Excluding Pesticides
Only
58
Non-Pesticides Produced 1n 1983-85 by Priority 60
F1re Retardant Chemicals and Mixtures 64
Manufacturers of Top Priority Chemicals Produced 1n
1983-85 Except Pesticides Only 66
Summary of Industrial and Consumer Uses of
Chemicals 1n GROUPS 1, 2, and 3 That Were Produced
1n 1983-85
67
Table 11. Summary of High Priority Chemicals (Groups 1 and 2)
and Relevant Exposure Scenarios 84
Table 12. Summary of Estimated Ambient, Occupational, and
Consumer Exposure to DBDs/DBFs 87
Table 13. Estimated Worst-Case Ambient Population Inhalation
Exposures to DBDs/DBFs Released During the Manufacture
of Chemicals at Various Production Volumes 94
Table 14. Estimated Worst-Case Drinking Water Exposures to
DBDs/DBFs Released to Wastewater During the
Manufacture of Chemicals at Various Production
Volumes 96
Table 15. Estimated Worst-Case Exposures to DBDs/DBFs via the
Ingestlon of Contaminated Fish 98
v1
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 16. Estimated Drinking Water Exposure to DBDs/DBFs
as a Result of the Discharge of 2,4-
Dlchlorophenol During Paper Manufacturing 100
Table 17. Estimated Drinking Water Exposure to DBOs/DBFs
as a Result of the Discharge of 2,4,6-
Trlchlorophenol During Leather Manufacturing 101
Table 18. Estimated Drinking Water Exposure to DBDs/DBFs
as a Result of the Discharge of Pentachlorophenol
During Textile Manufacturing 102
Table 19. Worker Inhalation Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Contaminated Liquids 103
Table 20. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Spray Painting Mist 105
Table 21. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Paint Formulation Operations
(Pigments and Binders 1n the A1r) 109
Table 22. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Dry Cleaning Operations 110
Table 23. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Chlorobenzene Manufacturing Ill
Table 24. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Chlorinated Dlphenyl Oxides
Manufacturing 112
Table 25. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBOs/DBFs
Associated with F1re Retardants 113
Table 26. Worker Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs
During Organic Chemical Synthesis And Use 114
Table 27. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Leather Tanning Operations 115
Table 28. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Dielectric Fluids •... 116
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 29. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Pharmaceutical Manufacture 117
Table 30. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with the Use of Solvents 118
Table 31. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Dyes 119
Table 32. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Dry Cleaning 120
Table 33. Consumer Inhalation Exposure to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with F1re Retardants 1n Plastic
Household Furnishings 121
Table 34. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Household Cleaners/Spot Removers Containing
Sol vents 122
Table 35. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Pure Strength Household Cleaners Containing
a Potentially Contaminated Solvent 123
Table 36. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Dilute Strength Household Cleaners
Containing a Potentially Contaminated Solvent 124
Table 37. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Clothing Dyes 125
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Objectives
The Environmental Defense Fund and the National Wildlife Federation,
utilizing authority granted 1n Section 21 of the Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA), have filed a citizen's petition requesting the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate Inadvertent formation
and environmental release of certain highly toxic and persistent Isomers
of polychlorlnated d1benzod1ox1ns (PCDDs), polychlorlnated dlbenzofurans
(PCDFs), polybromlnated d1benzod1ox1ns (PBDDs), and polybromlnated
dlbenzofurans (PCDFs) (EOF and NWF 1984). These chemicals may be
Inadvertently formed during the production and processing of many other
chemicals. The citizen's petition requests EPA action under Section 6
(existing chemicals). Section 4 (testing requirements), and Section 8
(reporting requirements) of TSCA. In response to the citizen's petition,
EPA has agreed to solicit from Industry, under Sections 4 and 8 of TSCA,
certain Information necessary to determine the risk of Injury to human
health and the environment resulting from exposure to such d1benzod1ox1ns
and dlbenzofurans (DBDs/DBFs). Chemical production methods and
processing conditions and actual data on the levels of DBDs/DBFs 1n other
chemicals constitute examples of the type of Information that will be
sought by EPA.
In order to Identify priority Industries from which to solicit
Information, EPA required an effort to: (1) Identify and 11st chemicals
or products (Including chemical Intermediates) and waste streams that may
possibly be contaminated or precursors to contamination with the
DBDs/DBFs of Interest, (2) prioritize the 11st based on the probability
of contamination, and (3) Investigate the probability and magnitude of
human and environmental exposure. This document 1s a final draft report
containing the result of the above objectives -- a listing of chemicals
potentially contaminated or precursors to contamination with the
OBDs/DBFs prioritized according to the probability of contamination and
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worst-case estimates of possible human exposure to Inadvertently produced
OBDs/OBFs that are released to the ambient, occupational, and consumer
environment.
1.2 Report Organization
Following this Introduction, there are six sections to this report:
• Section 2 discusses the methodology used 1n developing the list
of chemicals. This Includes a review of both published and
unpublished existing lists and how they were used to Initiate
the effort; literature searches and evaluations conducted to
Identify and gather Information on the occurrence and formation
of the dlbenzofurans (the majority of Immediately available
Information concerned the occurrence and formation of the
dloxlns); a concise discussion of the development of a rationale
for the formation of the OBDs/OBFs; the gathering of
supplementary Information on the production volume, producers,
pestlddal and nonpestlddal uses, production status (I.e.,
1983-85), and available monitoring data for all listed
chemicals; and a brief review of the development of a data
management system.
• Section 3 presents a summary of available monitoring data for
DBOs/DBFs. Only monitoring data that can be related to a
specific chemical or chemical process are presented.
• Section 4 provides details on the rationale developed for the
formation of the DBDs/DBFs.
• Section 5 discusses the pr1or1t1zat1on scheme and the chemicals
listed according to the scheme. Additional listing results
Including the chemicals 1n current production, pestlddal and
nonpestlddal uses of the chemicals, and estimated production
volume for the chemicals 1n each prioritized group are also
presented.
• Section 6 presents worst-case estimates of human exposure to
DBOs/DBFs. Exposure estimates are presented for Inadvertently
produced DBDs/DBFs that are released to the ambient and
occupational environment and from contaminated consumer products
• Section 7 contains the bibliography. Information on the 11st of
chemicals or within the data management system Is keyed to the
bibliography on a numerical basis.
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It should be noted that the list of chemicals was prepared 1n an
extremely limited time period. Future Investigations may add to or
delete chemicals from the list. For many of the listed chemicals, the
lack of detailed or even general Information on production and processing
conditions prevents determination of the probability of contamination
with any degree of certainty. Professional Judgment was heavily relied
upon to categorize and prioritize many of the chemicals Investigated.
These chemicals may be deleted or reassigned to another pr1or1t1zat1on
group 1f future detailed Investigations are undertaken. Information on
the current nonpestlddal uses of the listed chemicals 1s also limited.
Uses Identified frequently come from the patent literature. This
Information represents a possible use of the chemical; whether that use
1s actually practiced 1s often unknown. Exposure estimates presented are
worst case and frequently based on simplifying assumptions. Estimates
are presented to permit approximations of possible human health risks.
It 1s probable that exposure calculations significantly overestimate
actual exposures. No doubt, as further Information 1s gathered, the
uncertainties 1n the 11st of chemicals will be reduced. In the short
term, however, Information presented herein should be used with caution.
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2.0 LISTING METHODOLOGY
This section discusses the procedures used for Identifying and
listing the chemicals of concern. The type, purpose, and sources of
Information for supplemental data on each listed chemical and the data
management system developed to organize and store the data are also
described.
2.1 Existing Lists
The Initial effort of the Investigation was the compilation of a
working 11st of chemicals potentially contaminated or precursors to
contamination with DBOs/OBFs. The working list was created from several
published and unpublished existing lists. The primary reference sources
for the working 11st were the following:
1. D1ox1ns. (Esposlto et al. 1980). EPA 600/2-80-197. This report
discusses the detailed chemistry of dloxln formation and
Identifies types of organic chemicals and pesticides that may
have dloxlns associated with them as Impurities or byproducts.
This report did not consider the chemistry of the dlbenzofurans
nor chemicals potentially contaminated with them.
2. Dloxln Strategy. (USEPA 1983). This report presents the
strategy of an ongoing nationwide study by EPA to determine the
extent of dloxln contamination and the associated risks to humans
and the environment. As part of the effort to Identify sites for
sampling and analysis, a 11st of chemicals potentially
contaminated or precursors to contamination with dloxlns was
developed. This 11st also did not consider the occurrence of the
chlorinated DBFs, nor did 1t consider the bromlnated DBDs and
DBFs.
Additional chemicals for preliminary listing were Identified via draft
EPA and consultant Internal raemos (e.g., Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals
News 1985). All listed chemicals were cross referenced and duplicates
were eliminated. Any distinctions or pr1or1t1zat1ons on the existing
lists as to the probability of contamination were noted on the working
11st. For each chemical on the working 11st, the IUPAC name, CAS
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registry number, and common or generic names were recorded. Any
Identification of a compound having pestlddal uses was also recorded.
The result of this overall Initial effort was the creation of a 11st of
almost 200 compounds; this working 11st served as the starting framework
for further Investigation.
2.2 Listing Rationale
Following development of the preliminary working 11st, several
parallel literature searches were Initiated to obtain Information that
would answer the following questions for each listed chemical and
possible byproducts of Its manufacture, formulation, use, or disposal:
1. What 1s the theoretical Justification for halogenated OBD/OBF
contamination? That 1s, under what reaction conditions could
halogenated DBO/OBF contamination occur?
2. Is there documentation or common knowledge of Industrial chemical
processes that could result 1n the reaction conditions defined 1n
(D?
3. What Is the most recent data on production of the listed chemical
and production volumes? Is the listed chemical 1n current (1985)
production? Has 1t been produced 1n the last three years
(1983-1985)?
4. What are the commercial uses of the listed chemical (both
pesticide and nonpestlclde uses)?
5. Are there monitoring data confirming halogenated DBO/DBF
contamination 1n the listed chemical or at any stage of Us use
and disposal? Is the chemical contaminated or a precursor to
contamination?
The acquisition and evaluation of Information sources to answer these
questions were conducted according to the procedures and with the
references cited below.
2.2.1 Development and Use of a Contaminant Formation Theory
Literature references describing the chemical and physical properties
of halogenated DBDs and DBFs were obtained from an on-line search of
selected DIALOG data base files. Identified references to DBD/DBF
formation were gathered and evaluated. The Information was used to
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develop a theoretical rationale for the formation of halogenated
DBDs/DBFs. This rationale Is discussed 1n detail 1n Section 4 of this
report. Using the rationale, each chemical on the working 11st was
reviewed and assigned a contamination pathway.
The rationale was also used 1n an Independent review of all chemicals
produced 1n the last three years (1983-1985) as listed 1n the Directory
of Chemical Producers (SRI 1983, 1984, and 1985). (NOTE: SRI only
reports current production for chemicals produced 1n quantities 1n excess
of 1,000 pounds per year and/or whose sales reach $1,000 per year.) The
result of this effort was the creation of an Independent 11st of
chemicals currently produced 1n the U.S. and potentially contaminated or
precursors to contamination with OBDs/OBFs. This 11st of chemicals was
added to the working 11st previously developed; duplicate compounds were
eliminated. The final product was a comprehensive 11st of the chemicals
of concern.
2.2.2 Monitoring Data Gathering
Besides Identifying the contamination pathway for each listed
chemical, 1t was decided to further support the listing via documented
monitoring data. An additional on-line search of the DIALOG data base
was conducted for references of documented DBD/DBF contamination of
chemicals or chemical wastes. Since there are no known commercial uses
of the halogenated DBDs/DBFs, the papers reviewed describe contamination
of products with commercial use (such as pesticides) or products of
Incineration of municipal or Industrial waste. Bibliographic references
to product or wastestream contamination data were recorded for each
listed chemical. References to contaminants 1n Incineration byproducts
were excluded, since these are of less use 1n defining product or process
wastestream contamination. A summary of the gathered monitoring data Is
presented and discussed 1n Section 3 of this report.
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2.2.3 Identification of Pesticides
As previously mentioned, many of the chemicals on the working 11st
were described as pesticides In the source lists. Other pesticides were
tentatively Identified and added to the 11st when chemicals In current
production were reviewed against the DBD/DBF formation rationale. The
pestlddal uses of all chemicals on the final 11st were Identified or
confirmed via The Pesticide Manual (1984) and recorded.
2.2.4 Identification of Industrial/Consumer Uses
For each chemical on the 11st, the nonpestlddal uses or
Industrial/consumer uses were Identified through a patent literature
search as well as via other Immediately available sources such as the
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (K1rk-0thmer 1978). Because the 11st
of chemicals Is large (over 200 compounds). Identification of
Industrial/consumer uses was a complex and time-consuming task. The
results are by no means complete and should be used with caution.
Up-to-date use Information Is virtually unavailable. It should also be
noted that uses Identified 1n the patent literature Indicate possible
uses for a chemical; whether that use 1s actually practiced 1s frequently
difficult to ascertain.
2.2.5 Identification and Gathering of Production Volume/Producers
To eventually estimate environmental releases of DBDs/DBFs and screen
potential human and environmental exposure as well as to Identify
manufacturers for data collection by EPA under Sections 4 and 8 of TSCA,
Information on production volume, production status 1n the last three
years (1983-1985), and producers of each listed chemical was gathered.
Current production volumes, however, are limited. Information 1s
available on production capacity for a limited number of compounds 1n the
Directory of Chemical Producers (SRI 1983, 1984, and 1985). USITC (1985)
also provides production data, however, data are only available for a
limited number of compounds. Current (1985) production volume for the
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majority of the 11st chemicals, therefore, 1s not available. In lieu of
current data, 1t was decided to use the production volume Information
recorded 1n the 1977 TSCA Inventory. Production volumes 1n the Inventory
are reported 1n ranges for each producer. For each chemical, the maximum
of the reported range for each producer was summed to represent the total
production volume for the chemical. It should be noted that only
production data 1n the nonconfldentlal files of the Inventory were
retrieved. It should be also noted that, although current production
volume data are virtually unavailable, the production status 1n the last
three years (1983-1985) 1s available 1n SRI (1983, 1984, and 1985). The
production status for the past three years, therefore, 1s recorded for
all listed chemicals.
2.2.6 Identification of Contamination Route - Precursors, Feedstocks,
Reaction Synthesis, and Impurities
For each chemical listed, the route of contamination was Identified.
The route of contamination, unlike the contamination pathway which 1s a
chemical reaction sequence, 1s the physical mechanism or source of
contamination. The contamination route, according to an alphabetic
scheme, Is as follows:
P = The chemical Is a precursor to DBD/OBF contamination; the
chemical Itself, as produced, Is not contaminated. There 1s no
need to solicit or request Information from the manufacturer of
this chemical on OBO/OBF contamination. Industrial use of the
compound, under the proper DBD/DBF formation conditions, can
result 1n the formation of DBDs/DBFs 1n final products.
F = The chemical Is only contaminated as a result of a contaminated
feedstock chemical (1-e., either the raw starting material or an
unlsolated Intermediate). The chemical's synthesis does not
lead to further DBD/DBF formation.
S = The chemical 1s contaminated as a result of DBD/DBF synthesis
during the chemical's production. This chemical may, 1n turn,
be a feedstock for further chemical production.
FS = The chemical 1s contaminated as a result of a contaminated
feedstock and further synthesis of DBDs/DBFs during the
chemical's production. In effect, the chemical receives a
"double dose" of contamination.
8
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I = The chemical contains an Impurity (e.g., PCBs, PBBs, or the
higher chlorinated benzenes) that may be contaminated or lead to
contamination with OBOs/DBFs. This group of compounds Is
basically a subgroup of those listed above. It 1s Identified
separately, however, because the possible level of contamination
1s expected to be very low. Essentially, the Impurity 1s
probably at ppm levels; DBO/OBF concentrations are expected to
be at the ppb or less level. As will be seen 1n the results
section of this report (Section 5), the majority of the listed
chemicals are Included because they contain an Impurity.
When using the above scheme, confusion can arise when dealing with
precursor or "P" chemicals. What 1s known about these chemicals 1s that
they are produced under conditions that will not yield DBOs/OBFs. Their
molecular structure, however, 1s conducive to DBD/DBF formation under
favorable reaction conditions (see Section 4) when they are used to
produce other chemicals or Industrial products. For some of these
chemicals, the uses or chemicals and products (e.g., fire retardant
polymers and dyes) are known and listed 1n the data base while the uses
of many of the other "P" labeled chemicals are unknown at this time.
Future Investigation may Identify the uses and probability of DBD/DBF
formation for these chemicals. At present, however, the uses and
contaminant formation probability for many of these "P" labeled chemicals
are a major Information gap In this study.
2.3 Data Management System
Following preparation of the working 11st and Identification of the
Information and data needs for each of the approxlmatly 200 chemicals
Included on 1t, 1t was concluded that a data management system would be
required to manage the large, complex data set. A system with the
ability to sort and retrieve Information according to parameters or
categories of Interest as well as the ability to compute new values of
data (e.g., exposure estimates) based on the stored Information was
required. It was decided, therefore, to develop the data base as a
"spreadsheet" or "worksheet." The software package selected was Lotus
1-2-3; using Lotus 1-2-3 and an IBM-PC personal computer, the chemical
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11st data management system was devised. The complete data set for the
listed chemicals 1s shown 1n Us entirety 1n Appendix A. Table 1
presents the data columns, data elements, and descriptions of all
parameters.
Besides sorting the listed chemicals according to the prlorltlzatlon
scheme (the prlorltlzatlon scheme 1s described 1n detail 1n Section 5),
sort and retrieval of the chemicals according to any of the column
categories of Interest Is possible. Chemicals can also be sorted and
retrieved according to subcategorles of Interest. Following are examples
of sort and retrieve options:
1. Chemicals sorted according to prlorltlzatlon scheme
2. Subsort of chemicals 1n prioritized groups according to whether
they were produced 1n the period 1983-1985...according to
pestlddal and nonpestlddal uses.. .according to production
volume...etc.
3. Chemicals sorted according to producers; and
4. Chemicals sorted according to probable pathway leading to
contamination.
The above are but a few of the retrieval options. Essentially, the
system offers the flexibility to retrieve according to any category or
subcategory of Interest. Several retrievals, according to parameters of
Immediate Interest to the DBO/DBF potentially contaminated chemical 11st,
are presented 1n Section 5 of this report.
10
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1099P
Table 1. Information and Data Elements in the
OBO/OBF Data Management System*
Data column
Data element
Description
Chemical name
Priority group
CAS registry #
Cannon chemical name
Pesticide
Nonpesticide use
TSCA manufacturer/
user code
1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3,
3*. 4, 4*
Yes/no
Actual use listed
XXXXXXY
1977 production volume Range of IDS
Maximum 1977 production Ibs
1983-1985 Production
Yes/No
Chemical name in IUPAC nomenclature.
Based on prioritization scheme (see
Section S.O).
Chemical Abstract System Registry
number.
Generic name (particularly for
pesticides).
Pesticidal use if listed in The
Pesticide Manual (1984).
Industrial or consumer use as
identified in preliminary literature
and patent- literature search.
Producer of chemical as listed in
1977 TSCA Inventory. See Appendix A
for code description.
From 1977 TSCA Inventory. If
imported, imported is recorded next
to the range.
If compound is produced or imported
by more than one facility, the
maximum of the reported range for
each producer is sunned for each
chemical.
Yes indicates chemical was produced
in the period 1983-1985. Chemicals
in production in 1983 but not 1984
or 1985 are labeled Y(83). All
chemicals in 1984 production are
also in production in 1985. No
chemical in 1983 production was
produced in 1985.
11
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1099P
Table 1. (continued)
Data column
Data element
Description
Justification theoretical Xxxx
Justification monitoring Numerical
Contamination route
P, F, S, FS, I
Continent
Pathway of contaminant (DBD/DBF)
formation. See Section 4.0. If
pathway is unknown, "uncertain" is
recorded.
Documented contamination.
refer to reference in the
bibliography.
Numbers
The route in which contamination
occurs. P = precursor compound;
F = contaminated via a contaminated
feedstock; S = contaminated during
chemical synthesis; FS = contaminated
via a feedstock and during reactions
or synthesis; I = contains an
impurity that may be or lead to
contamination.
Technical Garments relevant to the
listed chemical.
*See complete data management system retrieval in Appendix A.
12
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3.0 MONITORING DATA
Table 2 1s a summary of monitoring data that confirm the presence of
chlorinated or bromlnated OBOs 1n chemicals and commercially-available
products (Section A) and 1n ambient environmental samples directly
related to production or disposal of those chemicals and products
(Section B). Table 3 1s a similar summary of monitoring data on
chlorinated or bromlnated DBFs.
Many of these data were summarized 1n other references and are
presented as they appear 1n those papers. No additional review of the
accuracy or completeness of the data, sampling, and analytical methods as
presented 1n the references has been conducted.
All data have been converted to parts per billion (ppb). However,
many of the data were obtained with methods having a detection limit of
parts per million (ppm) and have been noted as such In the comments
column of each table. A limited amount of data on Incineration and
combustion byproducts has been presented, since these data are
representative of available monitoring Information. These data, however,
cannot be related to manufacture or normal use of commercially available
products.
13
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1139P
Table 2. Summary of DBO Monitoring Data
Sample
Product/chemi ca1
MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA OCTA
Reference/comments
SECTION A - PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
2,4,5 - T NA NA NA
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-
acetic acid)
Si 1 vex NA NA NA
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-
propionic acid)
2,4,0 NA NA NA
(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
Erbon NA NA NA
(2,2-dichloropropanoic
acid 2-[2,4,5-trichloro-
phenoxy] ethyl ester)
Sesone NA NA NA
(2-[2,4-d i ch1orophenoxy
ethyl sulfate], sodium
salt)
2-chlorophenol ND ND ND
o-chlorophenol NA NA NA
>10.000 NA >10.000 <.SOO <.SOO Fishbein, 1973 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
data reported in ppm (no detection limit given).
500 to NA <500 <500 <500 Fishbein. 1973 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
10,000 data reported in ppm (no detection limit given).
<500
<500
<500
ND
37a
(2,3,78)
ND
NA
500 to <500 <500 Fishbein, 1973 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
10,000 data reported in ppm (no detection limit given).
<500 <500 >10,000 Fishbein, 1973 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
data reported in ppm (no detection limit given).
500 to <500 <500 Fishbein, 1973 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
10,000 data reported in ppm (no detection limit given).
ND
NA
ND ND Firestone. 1972 cited in Esposito et al. 1980
ND = not detected, (minimum detection level = ppm)
NA NA Chemical Week, 1979
aPresence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD confirmed but not
quantitatively reported.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
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1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA OCTA
Reference/comnents
2,4-di chlorophenol
2.6-dichlorophenol
ND ND ND NO
ND ND ND
Trichlorophenol and salts
2,4,5-trichlorophenol (1969) ND
^ 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (1970) ND
in
2,4,5-trichlorophenol
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
ND ND
2,4,5-trichlorophenol (1970) ND ND ND
2,4,5-trichlorophenol (1970) ND ND ND
ND
300
(1,3,6,8)
6.200
(2,3,7,8)
ND ND ND
ND
70
NA NA NA 300
(2,3,7,8)
ND ND ND
ND ND ND
ND ND
ND
1,500 ND ND
ND ND ND
ND ND ND
NA NA NA
NA NA NA <100 <100 <1,000 <1,000
Na-2,4,5-trichlorophenol ND ND ND ND
(1967)
Na-2,4,5-trichlorophenol ND 720 ND 1.400
(1969) (2,7) (2.3.7.8)
ND ND ND
ND ND ND
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = not detected (minimum detection level = ppm).
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = not detected (minimum detection level = ppm).
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = not detected (minimum detection level = ppm).
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = not detected (minimum detection level = ppm).
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = not detected (minimum detection level = ppm).
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = not detected (minimum detection level = ppm)
NA Elvidge, 1971 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
NA = not analyzed or reported.
<1,000 Rappe et al., 1979 cited in Rappe, 1984
detection limit not given.
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
minimum detection level = ppm.
ND Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
minimum detection level = ppm.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical MONO DI
Tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol NA NA
(Dowicide 6)
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol NO ND
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol ND ND
(1967)
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol ND ND
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI FEFRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA
NA NA
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
NA 6,000 NA NA
ND 29,000 5,100 170
ND 4,100 ND ND
ND ND ND ND
Reference/carmen ts
Buser, 1975 cited in Esposito et al.
minimum detection level = ppm.
Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et
minimum detection level = ppm.
Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et
minimum detection level = ppm.
Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et
, 1980
al., 1980
al., 1980
al., 1980
i_. tetrachlorophenol
o\
NA NA NA ND
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol NA NA NA <100
Pentachlorophenol and salts (PCP)
Dowicide 7 NA NA NA NA
NA 10,000 to 10,000 to 10,000 to
100,000 100,000 100,000
<100 <1.000 10,000 2,000
minimum detection level = ppm.
Wool son et al., 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
ND = < 0.5 ppm.
Rappe et al.. 1979 cited in Rappe 1984
detection limit not given.
PCP
Na-PCP
Na-PCP
NA NA NA ND
NO ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND
NA 9,000 235,000 250,000 Baser, 1975 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
minimum detection level = ppm.
NA 10,000 to 100,000 to 100,000 to Wool son et al., 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
100,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 ND = <0.5ppm.
ND 14,000 14,500 3,800 Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
minimum detection level = ppm.
ND 20,000 11,300 3,300 Firestone, 1972 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
minimum detection level = ppm.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
(PCP) (continued)
PCP (1970)
PCP (1970)
PCP (1967)
PCP (1969)
PCP (1970)
PCP (1970)
PCP (1978)
PCP
MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TEFRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA OCTA
Reference/Garments
ND NO ND NO ND
ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND
NA NA NA ND NA
NA NA NA 10.000 >10,000 >10,000 Fishbein, 1973 cited in Esposito et al., 1980
data were reported in ppm (no detection limit given).
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
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1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemi cal
MONO 01
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA
HEXA
HtPTA
OCTA
CO
Reference/comnents
(PCP) (continued)
PCP NA NA NA NA NA 1,200 38,000
800 26,000
1,000 50,000
NQ 23,000
200 36,000
(1,2,4.6.8.9/
1,2.4.6.7.9)
2,300
1,500
2,000
1.500
1,400
(1.2,3,6,7,9/
1,2,3,6,8,9)
2,900
2.300
3,500
2.200
2.100
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
NO
NO
100
(1,2,3,7.8,9)
710,000 Cull et al., 1984.
650,000 NQ = not quantifiable but detected.
740,000
420,000
390,000
(1,2,3.4,6,7.9)
110,000
88,000
140,000
69.000
103,000
(1,2,3,4,6.7.8)
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample Compounds detected (ppb)
product/chemical KONO 01 TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA Reference/comments
(PCP) (continued)
PCP NA MA NA NA NA 300 42.000 730,000 Cull et al., 1984.
300
5
1,000
600
500
600
(1.2,4,6,8,9/
1,2,4,6.7,9)
42,000
40,000
32,000
43,000
43,000
40,000
(1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
730,000
530,000
640.000
550,000
510,000
560,000
1,500 120,000
2,400 110,000
2,000 96,000
2,300 120,000
2,800 120.000
1.800 120.000
(1.2,3,6, 7.9/ (1.2.3,4,6,7.8)
1,2.3,6,8,9)
1,300
3.600
2,500
3,900
4,200
3.200
(1.2.3,6.7,8)
<100
100
ND
500
500
100
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO
DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPIA
OCTA
Reference/carmen ts
(PCP) (continued)
PCP
NA
NA
NA
NA
ro
o
NA
200
900
900
(1,2.4.6,8,9/
1.2,4,6,7,9)
2.300
2.100
2,500
(1.2,3,6,7.9/
1,2.3.6,8.9)
2,100
2,900
4.100
(1.2,3,6,7,8)
<100
NO
600
(1.2,3.7.8.9)
41.000
29,000
47,000
(1,2,3,4.6,7,9)
150,000
125,000
150.000
(1.2.3,4,6,7.8)
570,000
650,000
700.000
Cull et al., 1984.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO
DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/conmcnts
PCP (continued)
PCP
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
600
600
300
600
900
(1,2,4,6.8,9/
1,2,4,6,7,9)
1,600
1,900
1,500
1.600
1.500
(1,2,3,6,7,9/
1,2,3,6,8,9)
2,700
3,100
1,300
1,800
1,900
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
100
200
100
200
NO
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
39,000
43,000
42,000
30,000
23,000
(1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
120,000
120,000
120,000
77,000
74,000
(1,2,3,4,6.7,8)
580,000
570,000
730.000
340,000
540,000
Cull et al.. 1984.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO
DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETKA PENTA
HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/coranents
PCP (continued)
PCP
NA
NA
NA
NA
ro
ro
NA
300
500
600
NQ
(1,2.4.6,8,9/
1,2.4,6,7,9)
1.200
1,500
2,000
1,300
(1,2,3,6,7,9/
1,2.3.6,8,9)
24.000
57,000
46,000
28,000
(1,2,3.4.6,7,9)
60,000
140,000
120.000
73,000
(1,2.3,4,6,7,8)
350,000
710,000
720,000
620,000
Cull et al., 1984.
NQ = not quantifiable but detected.
1.100
1.300
3,000
1.700
(1.2,3,6,7,8)
100
100
NA
NO
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
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1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
PCP (continued)
PCP
Conpounds detected (ppb)
MONO DI TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA
NA NA NA NA NA
100 27,000 680.000
Reference/Garments
Cull et al., 1984.
ro
NQ 19,000 660.000
300 39.000 930,000
(1,2,4,6,8.9/ (1,2,3.4.6,7,9)
1.2.4,6,7.9)
79,000
<1,000 64,000
1,000 120,000
1.100 (1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
(1,2,3,6,7,9/
1,2.3,6,8,9)
<1.000
1,300
2,100
(1,2,3,6,7.8)
<1.000
NO
NA
(1,2,3.7,8,9)
NQ = not quantifiable but detected.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO
DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI 1ETRA PENTA
HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/ccmnents
POP (continued)
PCP
MA
NA
NA
NA
ro
NA
300
300
NQ
400
1,2,4,6,8,9/
1,2,4,6,7,9)
1,400
2.500
1,100
2.100
(1,2,3.6.7,9/
1,2,3,6,8,9)
1.400
2,800
1,200
3,000
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
100
200
NO
100
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
53,000
60,000
26,000
62,000
(1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
120.000
140,000
63,000
150,000
(1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
760,000
940,000
620.000
1,000,000
Cull et al.. 1984.
NQ = not quantifiable but detected.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI FETRA PENTA
HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/continents
PCP (continued)
PCP
NA NA
NA
NA
NA
ro
en
400
200
200
NQ
300
300
(1.2,4,6,8,9/
1,2,4,,6,7,9)
1,200
1,300
700
500
1,300
1.700
(1,2,3,6,7,9/
(1,2,3,6,8,9)
1.400
1.700
1,200
1,100
1,700
2,200
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
<100
<100
<100
NO
<100
NA
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
28,000
50,000
21,000
22,000
33,000
40,000
(1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
70,000
130,000
54,000
59,000
86,000
110,000
(1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
360.000
700,000
460,000
440,000
540,000
610,000
Cull et al., 1984.
NQ = not quantifiable but detected.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
ro
at
Sample
product/chemical
PCP (continued)
PCP, technical grade
PCP, technical grade
PCP formulation
Pentachl orophenate
PCP (many samples)
PCP's (17 samples)
PCP or PCP-Na (7 sample
Compounds detected (ppb)
MONO DI TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
NA NA NA ND NA 33,000 to
42.000
NA NA NA ND NA 20 to 30
NA NA NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA ND NA 9,000 to
27,000
NA NA NA NA NA 0 to 23,000
s) NA NA NA NA NA 30 to 10,000
HEPTA OCTA Reference/conments
19,000 to 7,000 Villanueva, 1973 cited in Esposito et al.,
24,000 11,000 1980. minimum detection level = ppm.
40 to 90 20 to 30 Villanueva, 1973 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980, minimum detection level = ppm.
870,000 50,000 to Jensen and Renberg, 1972 cited in
3,300,000 Esposito et al.. 1980. minimum
detection level = ppm.
+ + Jensen and Renberg, 1972 cited in
Esposito et al., 1980 + = detected, no
quantity given (minimum detection level =
ppm).
90,000 to 575,000 to PCP - A Wood Preservative, 1977 cited
135,000 2,510,000 in Esposito et al., 1980, minimum
detection level = ppm.
NA 0 to 3.600,000 Criwmett, 1975 cited in Esposito et al . ,
1980, minimum detection level = ppm.
60 to 180,000 5,500 to 370,000 Buser and Bosshardt. 1976 cited in
PCP (Dowicide 7, 1970) NA NA NA NA NA 4,000
PCP (Dowicide 7, 1970) NA NA
distilled
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
NA NA NA 1,000
125,000
6,500
Esposito et al., 1980, minimum
detection level = ppm.
2,500,000 PCP Ad Hoc Study Report 12/78, SAB cited
in Esposito et al., 1980, minimum
detection level = ppm.
15.000 PCP Ad Hoc Study Report 12/78, SAB cited
in Esposito et al., 1980.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical MONO DI
PCP (continued)
PCP NA NA
Na-PCP (Dowicide G, 1978) NA NA
PCP. purified product NA NA
PCP NA NA
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TEFRA PENTA
NA NA
NA NA
NA <100
NA <100
NA
NA
<100
<100
HEXA
9.000 to
27,000
ND to
2,000
<1,000
2,500
HEPTA
NA
1,000 to
12,000
500
175,000
OCTA
575,000 to
2.510,000
4,000 to
173,000
4.300
500.000
Reference/carments
Johnson et al., 1973 cited in Esposito
et al., 1980.
Dow Chemical Company 1978 cited in
Esposito et al., 1980.
Rappe et al., 1979 cited in Rappe. 1984,
detection limit not given.
Rappe et al . , 1979 cited in Rappe, 1984,
ro
Gelatin
Bulk domestic pork skin
gelatin
NA
NA
NA
NA NA
ND
0.01 0.1
(1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
Bulk domestic pork skin NA NA NA
NA NA
ND
ND
ND
detection limit not given.
Firestone 1977, cited in Esposito et al.,
1980
ND = Limits of quantitation were about
0.006.0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
Firestone 1977, cited in Esposito et al.
1980.
ND = Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-1i qu i d chroma tography.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
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1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO 01
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/comnents
Gelatin (continued)
1975 Consumer package NA NA NA
(Texas)
ro
CO
1975 Consumer package NA NA NA
(Texas)
1975 Consumer package
(Washington, D.C.)
1977 Consumer package
(Washington, D.C.)
NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA 0.20 0.10 0.2
(1,2.3,6,7,9) (1,2,3.4,6,7,8)
0.03
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
NA 0.20
(1,2.3,6,7,9)
0.04
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
NA
NO
NA 0.03
(1,2,4,6,7,9)
0.20
(1,2,3,6,7,9)
0.03
(1,2,3,6.7,8)
0.05
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
0.30 0.4
1,2,3,4.6.7,8)
0.02 0.1
(1.2,3,4,6,7,9)
0.02
(1.2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.20 0.2
(1,2,3.4,6,7,9)
0.16
(1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
Firestone, 1977, cited in Esposito et
al., 1980. 3.8 ppm Pentachlorophenol
(PCP) detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCOD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
Firestone 1977, cited in Esposito et
al., 1980. 6.4 ppm PCP detected in
sample.
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012. and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's. hepta-CDD's. and OCOD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chrcmatography.
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et
al., 1980.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
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1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
Gelatin (continued)
1977 Consumer package
(Washington, D.C.)
Compounds detected (ppb)
MONO DI TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA
NA NA NA NA NA 0.10 0.80 0.6
(1,2,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6.7.9)
0.70 0.80
(1,2,3,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.40
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
Ref erence/ccmmen ts
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD.
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chroma tography.
0.09
Imported bulk gelatin NA
(Columbia, South America)
Imported bulk gelatin-A NA
(Mexico)
NA NA
NA NA
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NO
0.20 0.6 Firestone. 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
(1,2,3,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6.7.9) 1980.
0.01 ppm PCP detected in sample.
0.20
(1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.02 3.80 20
0.03 3.90 16
(1,2,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
0.30 4.60
0.30 5.30
(1,2,3,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.40
0.60
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
0.05
0.02
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al..
1980.
3.5 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chroma tography.
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1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
Product/chemical
MONO
DI TRI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/comments
Gelatin (continued
Imported bulk gelatin-A NA NA
(Mexico)
CO
o
NA NA NA 0.02 2.50 20
0.02 2.70 17
(1.2,4,6.7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
0.10 2.80
0.10 2.90
(1,2,3,6,7.9) (1.2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.30
0.20
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
0.05
0.09
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
7.5 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006.0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-COD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCOD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
Imported bulk gelatin-A NA
(Mexico)
NA NA NA NA 0.02 3.50 21
0.02 4.00 18
(1,2,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6.7,9)
0.20 3.60
0.40 5.00
(1,2.3,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.60
0.80
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
0.07
0.20
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
8.3 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's. hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Reference/comments
Gelatin (continued)
Imported bulk gelatin-B NA
(Mexico)
NA
NA NA
NA
ND
0.60
0.80
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
0.07
0.20
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
0.02 0.1
0.02 0.1
(1.2,3,4.6,7,9)
0.02
0.02
(1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
0.3 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's. hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-1i qu i d chroma tography.
Commercial blend NA
(671 domestic pork skin
gelatin, 331 Mexican-A)
NA NA NA NA 0.01 0.90 4.8
0.01 0.90 4.3
(1,2,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
0.06 1.20
0.08 1.20
(1,2.3,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,8)
0.20
0.30
(1,2,3,6,7,8)
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al..
1980.
2.2 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
0.02
0.09
(1,2,3,7,8,9)
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
CO
ro
Sample
product/chemical MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
Gelatin (continued)
Commercial blend NA
(651 domestic pork skin
gelatin, 35% Nexican-A)
NA
NA NA
Commercial blend NA
(91% domestic pork skin
gelatin, 9% Mexican-A)
NA
NA NA
HEPTA
OCTA
NA 0.01 0.60 2.9
0.01 0.50 1.9
(1,2,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7,9)
0.05 0.60
0.08 0.80
(1,2,3,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6.7,8)
0.10
0.20
(1,2.3,6,7,8)
0.02
0.07
(1.2,3,7,8,9)
NA 0.01 0.20 1.4
0.01 0.30 1.1
(1,2,4,6,7,9) (1,2,3,4,6,7.9)
0.02 0.30
0.03 0.40
(1,2,3,6.7.9) (1.2.3,4.6.7.8)
0.04
0.09
(1,2.3.6.7,8)
0.01
0.02
(1,2,3.7,8.9)
Reference/comments
Firestone. 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
3.1 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006,0.012. and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-COD's, hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-liquid chromatography.
Firestone, 1977 cited in Esposito et al.,
1980.
1.0 ppm PCP detected in sample.
Limits of quantitation were about
0.006.0.012, and 0.018 ppb for the
hexa-CDD's. hepta-CDD's, and OCDD,
respectively, using electron-capture
gas-1i qu i d chroma tography.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO DI
Compounds delected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEP1A OCTA
Reference/comnents
Diphenvl Ether Herbicides
CNP NA NA
NIP
X-52
ND
NA NA ISO
NA NA 30
14,000 3,700 800
NA
380 50 ND NA
30 10 ND NA
NA
NA
NA
Yamagashi et al., 1981 cited in Rappe,
1984. ND = not detected (no detection
limit given).
Yamagashi et al., 1981 cited in Rappe,
1984. ND = not detected (no detection
limit given).
Yamagashi et al., 1981 cited in Rappe,
1984. ND = not detected (no detection
limit given).
CO
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO
DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
SECTION B - AMBIENT DATA
Incineration Byproducts
Pentachlorophenol -
Contaminated Waste:
Baghouse ash NA
Bottom ash NA
PCB Destruction (Rotary
Kiln):
Condensate NA
Filter 1 (XAD-2) NA
Filter 2 (XAD-2) NA
Filter 1 (see carments) NA
Filter 2 (sec Garments) NA
Electro filter NA
Sintered cement NA
NA NA 960 1,400 2,000 700 200
(<5.0
2,3,7,8)
NA NA 10 20
2,3,7,8)
NA
NA
NA
NA
40 100 140
NA <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 0.6 <0.2 <0.4
NA <0.2 <0.1
-------
1139P
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
HOMO
01
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
HEPTA
OCTA
Ref erence/coiments
en
Wastesi tc
Verona, Missouri
Trichlorophenol
distillation still
bottoms and environmental
samples:
Source (still bottoms)
Hexachlorophene, filter
Ambient air
Sediment from Spring River
Fish from Spring River
Ground water
Drum samples from farm
sitec
Soil from farm site c
NA
NA
NA
343,000
8
NO9
0.012
O.OS5
319.000
72
NA
NA
NA
NA
Kleopfer, Bunn et al., 1983.
Data are from summary of highest values
found for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
in samples taken from the disposal sites
and surrounding areas.
ND = not detected.
a detection limit = 1 ng/m3.
b detection limit = 0.002 ppb.
c assumed to be drum disposal site
referenced in article.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 3. Summary of DBF Monitoring Data
oo
Sample Compounds detected (ppb)
product/chemical MONO DI TRI TETRA PENTA
SECTION A - PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
2.4,6 trichlorophenol NA NA NA 1,500 17,500
2,3,4,6 tetrachlorophenol NA NA NA 500 10,000
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and Salts
PCP, technical grade NA NA NA NA NA
PCP, technical grade NA NA NA NA NA
PCP, technical grade NA NA NA NA NA
PCP, technical grade NA NA NA NA NA
HEXA HEPTA
36,000 4,800
70,000 70,000
82,000 NA
52,000
32,000
54,000
20.000
85,000 NA
81,000
90,000
96,000
90,000
92,000
69,000 NA
74,000
87,000
73,000 NA
89,000
85,000
59.000
62,000
OCTA
0.000
10,000
140,000
110,000
120,000
86,000
<45.000
<460,000
120,000
170,000
130,000
120,000
100,000
<210,000
150,000
120,000
100,000
100,000
<160,000
< 170.000
150,000
Reference/carmen ts
Rappe et al., 1979 cited in Rappe, 1984,
detection limit not given.
Rappe et al., 1979 cited in Rappe. 1984,
detection limit not given.
Cull et al., 1984.
Values are for total of all isomers.
Cull et al., 1984.
Values are for total of all isomers.
Cull et al., 1984.
Values are for total of all isomers.
Cull et al.. 1984.
Values are for total of all isomers.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 3. (continued)
CO
Sample
product/chemical
PCP (continued)
PCP, technical grade
PCP. technical grade
i
j
PCP, technical grade
Compounds detected (ppb)
HOMO DI TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA HEP FA
NA NA NA NA NA 7,000 NA
70,000
61,000
49,000
NA NA NA HA NA 85,000 NA
63,000
100,000
NA NA NA NA NA 55,000 NA
75,000
52,000
90,000
NA NA NA NA NA 3,000 NA
35,000
9,000
23,000
63,000
35,000
OCTA Reference/Garments
<87,000 Cull et al., 1984.
<210,000
100.000
120,000
<330,000 Cull et al., 1984.
180,000
200,000
<180,000 Cull et al.. 1984.
140,000
140,000
140,000
<52,000 Cull et al., 1984.
<140,000
<40,000
69,000
<48.000
55,000
PCP, purified product
PCP
PCBs (Conmercial)
Aroclor 1248 (1969)
NA NA NA <100 <100
NA NA NA <100 <100
30
500
<300 19,000
1,100
5,000
NA NA NA 500 1,200
300 NA
NA
Rappe et al., 1979 cited in Rappe, 1984.
Detection limit not given.
Rappe et al., 1979 cited in Rappe, 1984.
Detection limit not given.
Bowes et al., 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
ND = not detected (no detection limit
given).
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 3. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO DI
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA
Ref erence/conments
GJ
oc
PCBs (Commercial) (continued)
Aroclor 1254 (1969) NA NA NA 100 200 1,400 NA NA
Aroclor 1254 (1970) NA NA NA 200 400 900 NA NA
Aroclor 1260 (1969) NA NA NA 100 400 500 NA NA
Aroclor 1260 (lot AK3) NA NA NA 200 300 300 NA NA
Aroclor 1016 (1972) NA NA NA ND ND NO NA NA
Aroclor A60 NA NA NA 1.400 5,000 2,200 NA NA
Phenoclor DP-6 NA NA NA 700 10,000 2,900 NA NA
Bowes et
ND = not
Bowes et
NO = not
Bowes et
ND = not
Bowes et
ND = not
Bowes et
ND = not
Bowes et
ND = not
Bowes et
al., 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
detected (no detection limit given).
al., 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
detected (no detection limit given).
al.. 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
detected (no detection limit given).
al., 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
detected (no detection limit given).
al.. 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
detected (no detection limit given).
al., 1975 cited in Rappe, 1984.
detected (no detection limit given).
al.. 1975 cited in Rappe. 1984.
ND = not detected (no detection limit given).
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 3. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO
DI
Diphenyl Ether Herbicides
CNP NO
NIP
X-52
350
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA
410
340 120 470
480 210 450
400
1,000
290 NO
320 80
200
HEPTA
NA
NO NA
NO NA
OCTA
NA
NA
NA
Reference/conments
Yamagishi et al., 1981 cited in Rappe 1984.
NO = not detected, no detection limit given
Yamagishi et al., 1981 cited in Rappe 1984.
ND = not detected, no detection limit given
Yamagishi et al., 1981 cited in Rappe 1984.
ND = not detected, no detection limit given
to
SECTION B - AMBIENT DATA
Incineration By-Products
Pen tach 1 orophenol -
contaminated waste:
Baghouse Ash
NA NA NA 900 1.500 150 60
total (1,2,3.7,8) total
100 100 20
(2,3,7,8) (2.3.4,7,8) (1.2,3,4,7,8)
Rappe, Harklund et al., 1983.
Data from test burn of PCP-contaminated
waste in an industrial boiler (U.S.A.).
Data were originally reported in ug/g, (no
detection limit given).
Bottom ash NA NA
PCB destruction
(Rotary Kiln):
Condensete NA NA
Filter 1 (XAD-2) NA NA
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<0.04 <0.2 <0.04 <2.4 <4.6 <1.0
<0.2 <0.1 <0.05 <0.7 <1.4 <0.3
Rappe, Harklund et al., 1983.
Data from a test study of thermal
destruction of PCB in a rotary cement
kiln (Norway) w/99.99971 destruction
efficiency for PCB.
-------
1139P
Table 3. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical MONO DI
Filter 2 (XAD-2) NA NA
Filter 1 (see Garments) NA NA
Filter 2 (see caiments) NA NA
Electro filter NA NA
Sintered cement NA NA
PCB Fire Data
Wipe test samples:
1. On the floor, in NA NA
the capacitor
battery
2. On the floor, close NA NA
to the capacitor
battery
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI ItTRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA
<0.05 <0.2 <0.05 <0.3 <3.0 <0.3
<0.6 <6.3 <6.3 <6.3 <6.3 <1.3
<0.2 <0.1 <0.2 <0.9 <0.2 <0.4
<25 <1.0 <2.5 <2.5 <5.0 <0.5
<500 <50 <50 <250 <50 <250
NA 1003 403 403 8s 5a
total
(203
2.3,7,8)
NA 6008 1003 60* 8a 5a
total
(1003
(2,3,7,8)
Reference/comnents
Data were originally reported in the following
units: condensate = ng/1;
filters 1 and 2 (XAD-2) = ng/g; filters 1 and
2=ng; Electro filter and Sintered
Cement = ng/g.
Rappe, Harklund et al . , 1983.
Data from wipe samples taken in building
following a capacitor battery fire
(Skovde, Sweden).
aData were reported in ng/m?.
Different i saner s from those detected
in samples 1 and 2.
ND = not detected (no detection limit
given).
3. On the wall in the NA
capacitor room, 2m
from the capacitor
battery, 3m above the
floor.
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
NA NA la ND
(2,3,7,8)
ND
ND
ND
-------
I139P
Table 3. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
Compounds detected (ppb)
MONO DI TRI TETRA PENTA HEXA HEPTA OCTA
Reference/comments
PCB Fire Data (continued)
4. On a bench 10m from NA
the oven, in the
ground floor
Wipe samples from the
area of a capacitor
battery fire and
explosion (Stockholm)
NA NA
ND
ND ND
NA NA NA ISO3 45a NA NA
(2,3.7.8) (2,3,4,7,8)
ISO3 3B3
(1,2,7,8) (1,2,4,7,8)
125a IS3
(2,3.6.8) (1,2,3,6,7)
ND
NA
Rappe, Harklund et al., 1983.
Data are from wipe samples taken
approximately 1 m from capacitors after a
fire in Stockholm, Sweden.
3Data were reported as ng/m2, no detection
limit given.
753
(1,4,6.9)
373
(2.4,6,7)
7.5a
(3.4.6.7)
3003
(1.3.6.7/
1,3,6,9)
7503
(other)
II3
(1,3,4,7,8)
7.S3
(2,3,4,6.7)
3.8a
(1,2,4,6,8)
3.83
(1,2,4,7,8)
3.S3
(1,2,3,6,7)
3.8a
(1,2.4,8,9)
NA = Not analyzed or not reported.
-------
1139P
Table 3. (continued)
Sample
product/chemical
MONO DI
Stockholm fire (continued)
Compounds detected (ppb)
TRI FETRA PENTA HEXA HEPFA OCTA
2a
(2,3,4.6,8)
15a
(1,2,3,7.8X
1,2,3.4,8)
Reference/carments
Pyrolysis of Fire Retardant
Fire Master FF-1
extracts
HA NA HA 40,000 4,000 HA HA
r>o
HA
O'Keefe, 1978. Data originally reported in ppm,
no detection limit given.
HA = Hot analyzed or not reported.
-------
4.0 RATIONALE FOR FORMATION OF DBDs/DBFs AND LISTING OF CONTAMINATED
CHEMICALS
This section describes the chemical theory for the formation of
DBDs/DBFs and the rationale for the listing of potentially contaminated
chemical substances. The Information 1s taken primarily from Esposlto et
al. (1980), Vuceta et al. (1983), and Bomberger et al. (1984). Figure 1
1s a graphic Illustration of the pathways of DBO/DBF formation. The
Roman numerals 1n Figure 1 correspond to chemical compounds, and the
lower case letters denote chemical reaction pathways or processes. The
following discussion describes the use of Figure 1.
Polychlorlnated (or polybromlnated) d1benzo-p-d1ox1ns (PCDDs/PBDDs
or dloxlns) and polychlorlnated (or polybromlnated) dlbenzofurans
(PCDFs/PCDFs) share most of the same precursor compounds. Notable
exceptions are chlorlnated/bromlnated 2-hydroxyphenyl ethers (X)
(predloxlns), which form only dloxlns (IX), and chlorlnated/bromlnated
blphenyls (V), which form only the corresponding dlbenzofurans (VI). A
summary of precursors 1s shown 1n Table 4 and depicted graphically 1n
Figure 1. Although bromlnated compounds are not listed In Table 2,_Uie
* -n£-fe*t«ni£qljreact1pns, generally requiring less severe
uvnnrcur with bromlnated^compounds. For ease of presenting
Information, the following discussions will only refer to chlorinated
chemical substances, although the discussion will also apply to analogous
bromlnated compounds.
The Industrial products most likely to be contaminated with PCDOs and
PCDFs are chlorinated phenols (I), chlorinated phenyl ethers (VII),
chlorinated benzenes (II), chemicals whose production yields chlorinated
benzenes as byproducts (III), and compounds that are prepared from these
substances. Chemicals (IV) (other than chlorinated benzenes), whose
hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, or chlorlnatlon could produce
ortho-chlorophenols, could be contaminated with PCDDs or PCDFs 1f the
chemicals' production Includes process conditions that would convert
43
-------
Ill
CHEMICALS THAT MAY CONTAIN CHLORINATED/BROMINATED
BENZENES AND POLYCHLORINATED/POLYBROMINATED
BIPMENYLS AS IMPURITIES
NOTE
X • CHLORINE OR BROMINE
XB»2
II
POLYCHLORINATEDOR POLYBROMINATEO
BIPHENVLS
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
BENZENES
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATEO
OIBENZOFURANS
IV
CHEMICALS WHOSE MANUFACTURE VIA HYDROLYSIS.
OXIDATION. REDUCTION, OR CHLORINATION/BROMINATION
COULD PRODUCE ORTHO-CHLORO/BROMO PHENOLS OR ARE
MANUFACTURED FROM CHEMICALS THAT MAY CONTAIN
ORTHO-CHLORO/BROMO PHENOLS AS IMPURITIES
VIII
Xn-l
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
DIPHENVL ETHERS
ORTHOCHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
PHENOLS
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
PHENOXV PHENOLS
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
DIBENZODIOXINS
X OH
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
ORTHO-PHENOXY PHENOLS
Xn-1
CHLORINATED OR BROMINATED
HVDROXV DIBENZOFURANS
FIGURE 1. RATIONALE FOR FORMATION OF DBDf AND OBFi
44
-------
1099P
Table 4. PCDOs, PCDFs, and Their Precursors*
I ortho-Chlorophenols
II Chlorinated benzenes
V Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
VI Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
VII Polychlorinated phenyl ethers (PCDPEs)
VIII Chlorinated phenoxyphenols
IX Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)
X Chlorinated 2-hydroxyphenyl ethers (predioxins)
XI Polychlorinated hydroxydibenzofurans
III Products whose waste streams are known or suspected to contain
chlorinated benzenes (Bombergcr et al. 1984)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Carbon Tetrachloride
1,1,2-Trichloroethylene
Phosgene
Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)
Cyanuric Chloride
2-Chloro-l,3-Butadiene (Chloroprene)
Titanium Dioxide
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX)
Hexach1orobutadi ene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-Trifluorethane
Chlorophenols (other than ortho)
Tetrachlorophthalic Anhydride
Polychlorinated Naphthalenes
Chlorinated Paraffins
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride)
Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Phthalocyanine Dyes and Pigments
Azo Dyes
Polyethylene and Polypropylene
3-Chloropropene (Allyl Chloride)
Dichloropropenes
Dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)
1,2,3,4,10,10, Hexachloro-6,-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
octahydro-l,4-endo, endo-5,8,dimethanonaphthalene (Endrin)
1,2,4,5-Tetrach1oro-3-nitrobenzene
2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid
*A1though broninated compounds are not listed above, the same type of
chemical reactions, generally requiring less severe conditions, will
occur with brominated compounds.
45
-------
ortho-chlorophenol to these contaminants. The other chemicals 1n Figure
1 are not high volume Industrial products. Not Included 1n Figure 1 Is
the reaction of catechols with chlorinated benzenes.
To use Figure 1, place the chemical product 1n a class represented
by Roman numerals I. VII, II, III, or IV. Next, match the production
conditions to which the product has been subjected with the conditions
represented by the lower case letters 1n Figure 1. For a chemical
product to be contaminated with PCODs or PCOFs, the production conditions
should match (either sequentially or concomltantly) the stepwlse reaction
conditions necessary to change the structure of the product to the
structure of the PCODs or PCDFs.
For example, tetrachlorobenzene fits Into class II. In order to have
been partially converted during Its production Into PCDOs, 1t would have
been subjected to reaction conditions (either sequentially or
concomltantly) represented by bjl or bg1. To be converted to PCDFs, 1t
would have been subjected to conditions represented by de, bgf, or bhk.
Process and reaction conditions represented by lower case letters 1n
Figure 1 are given 1n the following 11st:
a. The chemicals listed under product group III are either known or
suspected to have chlorinated benzenes (II) produced as
byproducts during their production (Bomberger et al. 1984).
Process and reaction conditions for each chemical should be
evaluated with respect to the conditions (corresponding to the
other lower case letters) leading from chlorinated benzenes (II)
to dloxlns (IX) (I.e., reaction path bjl or bg1) or dlbenzofurans
(VI, XI) (I.e., reaction path de, bgf, or bhk). The same should
be done with waste streams that may contain chlorinated benzenes.
b. Hexachlorobenzene Is converted to the anlon of pentachlorophenol
at 130 - 200°C In aqueous alkali (Callahan et al. 1979). Other
ortho-chlorinated benzenes are converted similarly to
ortho-chlorophenols under a broader range of temperatures. An
alternate set of conditions for conversion ot cnionnated
benzenes to ortho-chlorinated phenols (or their derivatives)
appears to be heating at 600 - 620 °C 1n the presence of air
(Esposlto et al. 1980, Vuceta et al. 1983). In the absence of
46
-------
air, water, other hydroxyllc solvents, or alkali, the reactions
represented by b will not occur. Note that treatment with alkali
to produce o-chlorophenols requires two adjacent chlorine
substltuents on the benzene ring.
c. Chemicals such as phenol, aniline, or chlorinated anilines could
be contaminated with o-chlorophenols 1f their production Included
chlorine and/or aqueous alkali. The 11st of chemicals under
product group IV could be developed further.
d. Condensation of two molecules of chlorinated benzene (II) to form
a PCB molecule (V) requires reaction with a metal such as copper,
nickel, or Iron at elevated temperatures (>100°C). Processes not
carried out In glass-lined or similarly protected reactors can
1 lead to contamination of the reaction mixture with PCBs. Note
yTthat nickel requires the lowest temperature for reaction
\|Semelhack et al. 1981); nickel 1s also a common constituent of
stainless steels.
.---—
e. Reported conditions for formation of PCDFs (VI) from PCBs (V) are
heating 1n the presence of air or oxygen at 270 - 700°C (Vuceta
et al. 1983). Alternatively, heating PCBs 1n alkaline solutions
should also yield PCDFs.
f. Reported conditions for formation of PCOFs (VI) from
polychlorlnated phenyl ethers (PCDPEs) (VII) are heating at 600 -
620°C (Vuceta et al. 1983).
g. Catalysis by metal oxides at elevated temperatures (e.g., 450°C)
will convert phenols to aromatic ethers.
h. See J. This Is a competing reaction with conditions Identical to
3.
1. Reported conditions for formation of PCDDs (IX) from
polychlorlnated phenyl ethers (VII) are heating 1n the presence
of air at 600 - 620°C (Vuceta et al. 1983).
J. Conversion of o-chlorophenols (I) and their derivatives to PCDOs
(IX) occurs via the formation of a chlorinated o-hydroxyphenyl
ether (predloxln) (X). Temperatures of formation range from
150 - 300°C. The phenolate anlon must be available for
reaction. For example, pentachlorophenol and other metal salts
of phenols require only elevated temperatures for conversion to
predloxlns and dloxlns. Less chlorinated phenols require heat
and an alkaline medium. Copper and copper salts catalyze the
condensation. Other metals may also act as catalysts (Esposlto
et al. 1980).
47
-------
k. Reaction conditions are probably similar to d.
1. Reaction conditions are similar to j.
Validation of this classification scheme for the Inadvertent
production or presence of PCODs or PCDFs 1s presented 1n the following
examples:
1. Chlorinated benzenes (II) 1n the presence of air at 600 - 620°C
produce PCDOs and PCDFs (Vuceta et al. 1983). These conditions
can be matched with reaction paths bg1 and bgf.
2. Chlorinated benzenes (II) mixed with strong alkali at elevated
temperatures have been reported to be contaminated with PCDFs
and chlorinated phenyl ethers (VII) (Vuceta et al. 1983). These
contaminants can be rationalized with reaction paths bgf and
bg. The o-chlorophenols produced 1n step b react with residual
chlorinated benzenes to produce chlorinated phenyl ethers
(VII). Further heating of VII 1n the absence of oxygen yields
PCDFs.
48
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5.0 PRIORITIZATION SCHEME AND LISTING RESULTS
This section discusses the scheme developed for prioritizing the 11st
of chemicals according to the probability of d1ox1n/furan contamination.
This scheme 1s reviewed 1n Section 5.1 The prioritized I1st(s) of
chemicals Including all associated Information and data (e.g., production
status, production volume, contamination pathway, uses) collected for
each chemical 1s presented 1n Section 5.2. Breakdown of the chemicals In
the prioritized groups according to various categories of Interest (e.g.,
number of chemicals 1n each prioritized group that are currently
produced, pathway of contamination) 1s also presented 1n Section 5.2.
5.1 Pr1or1t1zat1on Scheme
One of the major objectives of the Investigation, besides the
creation of a 11st of chemicals or products potentially contaminated or
precursors to contamination with the chlorinated and bromlnated
d1benzod1ox1ns/furans, was the pr1or1t1zat1on of the listed chemicals
according to the probability of d1ox1n/furan formation. This
pr1or1t1zat1on will enable EPA to efficiently target for Information
gathering, under Sections 4 and 8 of TSCA, the chemicals or products
potentially contaminated and the producers or Industrial users of those
chemicals and products.
Following (1) review of all chemicals 1n current production against
the rationale discussed 1n Section 4 as well as review of all chemicals
on the working list (Note: creation of the working 11st 1s discussed 1n
Section 2) against the rationale, (2) assignment of contamination pathway
for each chemical, and (3) review of available monitoring data that
confirm contamination, the 11st of chemicals and contamination pathways
was screened to Identify a possible prlorltlzatlon scheme. This
screening resulted 1n the following conclusions:
1. Approximately 15 chemicals (I.e., chlorophenols and a few
pesticides) on the 11st are known (I.e., confirmed contamination
via monitoring data) to either contain dloxlns/furans or produce
wastes contaminated with these chemicals.
49
-------
2. Approximately 100+ chemicals are listed because of dloxln/furan
formation chemistry (I.e., the rationale) considerations; no
monitoring data are available. Of this group of compounds, a
subset has molecular structures (I.e., ortho-halophenols and
ortho-halophenyl ethers) similar to those compounds with
documented contamination and 1s produced or used under conditions
most favorable to dloxln/furan formation. The remaining chemicals
are listed because they fit a justification pathway; the lack of
detailed processing conditions, however, prevents the assignment
of a probability of contamination.
3. Numerous chemicals are listed because they have appeared on
previous published and unpublished lists; however, the assignment
of a contamination pathway was not possible.
With the above conclusions 1n mind and to permit the focus of EPA
attention on subgroups of chemicals that have a high to low possibility
of DBD/OBF contamination, all chemicals on the 11st were Initially placed
In the following prioritized groups:
GROUP 1 Chemicals contaminated or precursors to contamination with
dloxlns/furans as per documented monitoring data (Esposlto et
al. 1980). These compounds consist primarily of polychlorlnated
phenols (e.g., 2,4,5-trlchlorophenol) and polychlorlnated
phenoxldes (e.g., 2,4-dlchlorophenoxy acetic add).
GROUP 2 Chemicals for which contamination problems are highly probable
because of structural similarities to the above GROUP 1
chemicals and because they are processed under conditions most
favorable to dloxln/furan formation. In general, these
compounds are ortho-halophenols and ortho-halophenyl ethers.
The favorable conditions for dloxln/furan formation Include
(1) chlorlnatlon or bromlnatlon at elevated temperatures (I.e.,
>100°C) or pressures and (2) subsequent alkaline treatment of
the chemical Intermediate formed (e.g., for product washing --
this treatment results 1n the addition of oxygen to the phenyl
molecule which 1n turn leads to the formation of dloxlns/
furans). The chemicals 1n this group may be subgrouped as
follows:
50
-------
(a) Polybromlnated phenols and derivatives - These chemicals
have the following general structure:
Br(n). n > 1
These chemicals are prepared under the same conditions as
the chlorophenols where dloxln contamination has been
documented.
(b) Polybromlnated phenyl ethers and derivatives - These
chemicals have the following general structure:
Br(n*). n and n' > 1
These chemicals are prepared by bromlnatlon of dlphenyl
ether under vigorous conditions.
(c) Chlorophenol pesticide derivatives similar 1n structure to
dl- and trlchlorophenols and derivatives and d1- and
trlchlorophenyl ethers (e.g., 2,4,5-T and 2,4-0) and
derivatives for which dloxln contamination has been
documented (GROUP 1 chemicals). Chemicals similar to the
dl- and trlchlorophenols and derivatives have the following
general structure:
OH
Cln, n > 1
These chemicals are prepared under conditions very similar
to those used for the chlorophenols for which dloxln
contamination Is documented. Chemicals similar to 2,4-D and
2,4,5-T have the following general structure:
51
-------
These chemicals all contain a chlorinated phenoxlde group
with at least one chlorine atom substituted ortho to the
oxygen atom.
(d) Compounds produced from hexachlorobenzene that Is known to
be contaminated and other fully halogenated benzenes and any
chemical that may contain hexachloro- or hexabromobenzene as
an Impurity.
GROUP 3 Chemicals that are potentially contaminated or lead to
contamination as per the rationale; however, without
significantly more process Information, the probability of
contamination cannot be ascertained.
GROUP 4 Probability of contamination 1s highly speculative and, for many
chemicals. Improbable. These chemicals appeared on other
published lists; however, they do not fit the rationale
developed. These chemicals were not deleted from the 11st;
their "Justification" was Identified as uncertain.
Subsequent to development of the above scheme and preliminary
Identification of all chemicals on the 11st according to the scheme,
process chemistry and reaction conditions for many of the GROUP 3 and
GROUP 4 chemicals were examined. This examination resulted 1n a
modification of the scheme that further Identified those chemicals that
are not likely to contain or lead to the formation of DBOs/OBFs. This
modification affected only the GROUP 3 and 4 chemicals. Subcategorles
were created as follows:
GROUP 3* Chemicals for which actual Industrial production and process
conditions are not favorable for DBD/DBF formation (although a
theoretical pathway for contamination can be Identified).
GROUP 4* Chemicals for which formation of OBDs/DBFs Is not only
uncertain or speculative, but for which the Industrial
production and process conditions are also not favorable for
contaminant formation (which further make formation or
occurrence of DBOs/DBFs Improbable).
Basically, chemicals categorized 1n GROUPS 3*. 4, and 4* have a very low
to nonexistent probability of contamination. Breakdown of all chemicals
Investigated Into the above groups as well as according to pesticide and
nonpestldde uses, current production status, and contamination route 1s
discussed 1n the next subsection.
52
-------
5.2 Listing Results
The complete, unsorted 11st of chemicals that are potentially
contaminated or are precursors to contamination with the DBDs/OBFs, along
with all supplemental Information, 1s presented 1n Appendix A. Appendix
A 1s divided Into two parts: Part 1 records those chemicals 1n
production 1n the period 1983-1985 and Part 2 cites those chemicals not
1n production 1n the last three-year period. Appendix A also presents
the complete structure of the data management system. Following are the
most basic results of the Investigation:
Total number of chemicals on the 11st = 232
Total number of chemicals In GROUP 1 = 19
Total number of chemicals In GROUP 2 =54
Total number of chemicals 1n GROUP 3 =72
Total number of chemicals In GROUP 3* =• 52
Total number of chemicals 1n GROUP 4 =8
Total number of chemicals 1n GROUP 4* = 27
Based on the Investigation of theoretical reaction chemistry and actual
Industrial production and processing conditions, 1t 1s believed that
chemicals 1n GROUPS 3*. 4, and 4* have a very low to nonexistent
probability of being contaminated or being precursors to contamination
with DBDs/OBFs. A 11st of these chemicals, sorted according to the three
groups along with technical comments relevant to each chemical, 1s found
1n Appendix B. Henceforth, all further discussion of listing results
will be limited to those chemicals that have a probability of being
contaminated or may be precursors to contamination with DBDs/DBFs,
specifically GROUPS 1, 2, and 3.
The chemicals In GROUPS 1, 2, and 3 can be further broken down
according to chemicals 1n production during the period 1983-1985 and
according to pestlddal and nonpestlclde uses as follows:
53
-------
Total 1n
GROUP 1: Total production 1983-1985
Number of pesticides 15 11
Number of pesticides and
nonpestlddes 4 2
Number of nonpestlddes 0 0
Unknown uses 0 0
GROUP 2:
Number of pesticides 21 10
Number of pesticides and
nonpestlddes 4 2
Number of nonpestlddes 19 12
Unknown uses 10 4
GROUP 3:
Number of pesticides 19 12
Number of pesticides and
nonpestlddes 12 11
Number of nonpestlddes 36 31
Unknown uses 5 4
Specific chemicals 1n production during the period 1983-1985 according to
the prioritized groups, contamination route, and use patterns are
presented 1n Tables 5, 6, and 7. Table 5 shows those chemicals produced
1n 1983-1985 sorted according to priority group and contamination route.
Table 6 presents those chemicals produced 1n 1983-1985 excluding
pesticides only, sorted according to priority group and contamination
route. The nonpestlclde use of the chemicals 1s also listed. In
general, the chemicals cited 1n Table 6 are those for which Information
on DBD/DBF contamination can be requested from Industry by EPA under
authority of TSCA. The chemicals listed In Table 6 can be further broken
down according to contamination route as follows:
54
-------
TflBLE 5. CHEMICALS PRODUCED IN 1983-1385 BY ORIORiTY
CHEMICAL NAME PRIORITY CONTAMINATION
( IUPAC ) MUTE
i,2,3,4.5,6-Hexachlorocyclonexane, gamma isomer 1 p
Sodium oentacnloroonenate 1 FS
(2,4-Dicnloropfienoxy-)acetic acid, all salts and esters 1 FS
2-£2,4-(DicnloroQnenoxy-)]orooionic acid,all salts and esters 1 FS
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, all salt and esters 1 FS
2,4-Dicnloroonenoxybutyric acid, all salts and esters 1 FS
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyoropionic acid, all salts and esters 1 FS
2,2»-flethylenebis <3,4,6-trichloropnenol) 1 FS
2,4-Dichlorophenol 1 s
Oentacftloroohenol and salts 1 S
2,3-Dichlorophenol 1 S
3,4-DicMoroohenol ' S
2,5-Dicniorophenol 1 S
3,5-Dibroi>o-4-hydroxyoenzonitrile 2a F
Pentabromophenol 2a FS
2,4-Dibroaoohenol 2a FS
2,4,6-TriDronoohenol 2a FS
"'trabroiiiobisBnenol-fl-ois^S-dibroTOprooyletner (V) 2a S
raoronooisphenol-A diacrylate (V) 2a S
Kismethyletner of tetraoronobisphenol-A 2a S
Tetrabronobisphenyl-A-bis-ethoxylate (V) 2a S
Allyether of tetraDroa«bisohenol-fl 2a S
TetrabronobiSDhenol-A 2a S
Octaoronodiphenyloxide 2b S
Pentabronodiphenyloxide 2b S
Decaoronoohenoxybenzene 2b S
Phospnorothioic acid o-<2-chloro-4-nitroohenyl) o,o-dimethyl ester 2c F
2,4-Dicnlorophenyl p-nitronhenyl ether 2c F
2-(4-Chloro-2-oethylphenoxy) oropionic acid 2c F
o-(2,4-DichloroDheny!)-o-fflethylisoprooyl-pho5Phoranidothioate 2c f
Bethyl-5-(2,4-dichloropnenoxy)-2-nitrobenroate 2c F
o-(2,4-Dichloroohenyl) o,o-diethylphosohorothioate 2c F
2-Qiloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dioethyl phosphate 2c F
:,2-Bis(tribroiBophenoxy)ethane 2c FS
2121-"ethylenebis (3,4,6-trichlorophenol), nonosodiuni salt 2c FS
3,6-Dicfiloro-o-anisic acid diraethylanine salt (V) 2c FS
4-BroBO-2,5-dichlorophenol 2c FS
2-Chloro-4-oHenylonenol and dielectrics (V) 2c P
l,4-Dichioro-2,5-diniethoxybenzene 2e P
2,6-Dicnlorophenol 2c S
Pentachloronitrobenzene 2d I
Tetrabromofluorescein 3 I
Tetrabroanohtnahc anhydride 3 I
• 2,3 Tricnlorobenzene (V) 3 I
ntabronoethylbenzene 3 I
J,4-DicMoroprooionanilifle 3 I
Carbon tetrachloride 3 I
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene 3 I
55
-------
TflBLE 5. CHEMICRLS PRODUCED IN 19B3-19B5 BY PRIORITY
CHEWICflL NflHE PRIORITY OWTWIINflTION
( lUPflC )
Caroon tetraoronide 3 I
1,1,2,2 Tetrabrcnoethylene 3 I
o-Dicnlorobenzene 3 I
3-Chloro-4-fluoro-mtrobenzene 3 I
2,4,5-Trichloronitrobenzene 3 I
Phthalocyanine ayes and oignentes 3 I
p-Dichlorobenzene 3 I
1, l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane 3 I
1,2,4-Trichlorooenzene 3 I
2,3-Dichioroorooene 3 I
1,3,5 Tricnlorooenzene (V) 3 I
1,2,3-Tricnloro-l-orooene 3 I
l,4-Dicnloro-2-nitrobenzene 3 I
Dichlorobenzoic acid 3 I
Tribronobenzene 3 I
3-Chloroorooene 3 I
2,4,6 Tribroraanihne (V) 3 I
^,3-Tncnloroorooane 3
wtnyl tetracnlorotereohthalate 3
3-(3,4-Oichiorophenyl)-l, 1-oinethylurea 3
1,2,4,5-Tetracn loro-3-m trooenzene 3
Tetrachloroethane 3
Tetracnloroiso-ohthalomtrile 3
Chlorooenzene 3
Tetracnloroothalic anhydride 3
Hexachlorooutadiene 3
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorooenzene 3
2,3-DibronoproDylene 3
2-Tertbutyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isoproooxypnenyl)delta-l,3,4-oxadiazohn-5-one 3
l,2-Dichloro-4-mtrobenzene 3
1,1,2-Trichloroethylene 3
PentabroBOtoluene 3
2,2'-*ethylerebis (4-chloroohenol) 3
Dibrooobenzene 3
V-2-cnloro-4-trifluoronethyl phenyl-DL-valine(+)-cyano(3-onenoxyphenyl)inethyl ester 3
3,4-Dichloroamline 3
Titanium dioxide 3
o-Chlorofluorobenzene 3
3,4-Dicfiloroohenyhsocyanate 3
i,3-Dich iorooropene 3
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 3 I
Pentabromochlorocyclohexane 3 P
5-Chloro-2,4-diBethoxy-amline 3 P
-Chloro-o-toloxy acetic acid 3 P
Cnloroonenol 3 P
0-BromoDhenol 3 P
Chloronydroouinone 3 P
2,4-Dibroa>o-4-nitroaniline (V) 3 P
56
-------
TABLE 5. CHEMICALS PRODUCED IN 1983-1385 BY PRIORITY
57
CHEMICAL NAME PRIORITY CONTAMINATION
( IUPAC )
4-(2-Wetnyl-4-chloroohenoxy)butyric acid 3 0
4-Gilororesorcinol 3 °
2,6-Dicnloro-4-nitroaniline 3 P
-------
TABLE 6. CHEMICALS PRODUCED IN 1983-1985 EXCLUDING PESTICIDES ONLY
CHEMICAL NAWE
( IUPAC )
PRIORITY CONTAMINATION PESTICIDE
ROUTE (Y/N)
NON-PESTICIDE
USE(S)
2,4-Dicnlorophenol 1
flentacnloropnenoi and salts 1
3,5-Dibromo-4-nydroxyoenzomtrile 2a
Pentaoronuonenol 2a
2,4-Dioromophenol 2a
2,4,6-Tnbromoonenol 2a
Tetraoromobisohenol-A-bis-2,3-dibromooropylether (V) 2a
Tetrabroraobisohenol-fl oiacrylate (V) 2a
Bismethylether of tetrabromobisphenol-A 2a
TetraoroKooisonenyl-fl-ois-ethoxylate (V) 2a
flliyether of tetraoromooisphenol-A 2a
TetraDrowooi5onenol-fl 2a
Octaororaodiphenyloxioe 2b
Pentaoromodipfienyloxide 2b
OecabroMopnenoxybenzene 2b
2-(4-Chloro-2-wetnyipnenoxy) prooionic acio 2c
l,2-Bis(tribronoonenoxy)ethane 2c
~-Chioro-4-pnenylonenol and dielectrics (V) 2c
j-Dichioropnenol 2c
Sentaciloronitrooenzene 2d
Tetrabromofluorescein 3
Tetrabrodioohtnal ic annyorice 3
1,2.3 Trichlorobenzene (V) 3
Pentabronoethylaenzene 3
Carbon tetrachloride 3
1,1,2, S-Tetracnloroethylene 3
Carbon tetrabronide 3
1,1,2,2 Tetraoromoethylene 3
o-Dichiorobenzene 3
3-Chloro-4-fluoro-nitrobenzene 3
Phthalocyanine dyes and oignentes 3
p-Dichlorobenzene 3
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane 3
1,2,4-Tricnlorooenzene 3
2,3-Dichloroprooene 3
1,3,5 TrichloroOenzene (V) 3
1,2,3-Trichloro-l-orooene 3
l,4-Dicnioro-2-njtrobenzene 3
Dichlorooenzoic acid 3
Tribronooenzene 3
3-Chlorooropene 3
2,4,6 TribroBnaniline (V) 3
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3
Tetracnloroethane 3
etrachioroiso-phthalonitrile 3
Chlorooenzene 3
Tetrachloroothahc anhydride 3
Hexacnlorooutadiene 3
S
S
F
FS
FS
FS
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
F
FS
P
5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Organic synthesis
Glues preservative
Dyestuffs orcanic syntnesis
Fire retaroant in eooxy & pnenolic resins
Fire retardant
Epoxy resins fire retardants
Fire retaroant
Fire retaroant
Epoxy resins
Polystyrenes
ABS resins
Fire retaroant
Fire retaroant
Fire retaroant
(2)
(2)
Fire retaroant intermeoiate (I)
Intermediate
Dyes
Fire retardant
Orcanic intermediate
Fire retaroant intermediate (£)
Fire extinguisher
Dry cleaning
Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis
Intermediate for 3,4-dichloroaniiine
Intermediate
Decorative enamels
Dyes
Dry cleaning solvent
Solvent
Dielectric fluid
Intermediate for oichloroanihne (2)
Agricultural chemical intermediate
Fire retardant intermediate (2)
Allyl compounds synthesis
Dyes
Solvent
Solvent
Intermediate for tetracnloroohtl. anhyo.
Phenol, aniline, and DDT production
Dye intermediate
Elastomer Solvent
58
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TABLE 6. CHEMICALS PRODUCED IN 1983-1985 EXCLUDING PESTICIDES ONLY
CHEMICAL NftME
( IUPAC )
PRIORITY
CONTAMINATION
ROUTE
PESTICIDE
(Y/N)
NON-PESTICIDE
USE (S)
1,2,4,5-Tetracnlorooenzene
2,3-DiDronoDrooylene
1,2-Dicnloro-4-nitroDenzene
1,1,2-TrichloroBthyiene
^entaJiromotoluene
Dibromooenzene
3,4-Dicnloroaniiine
Titanium dioxide
o-Chlorofluorooenzene
3,4-Dicnloropnenyhsocyanate
1,1,5-Tricftioroetnane
Pentabromochlorocyclonexane
S-Chloro-2,4-dimetncxy-aniline
4-Ch!oro-o-toloxy acetic acid
o-Chloroohenol
Chlorohydroquinone
2,4-Dibromo-4-nitroamhne (V)
4-Chlororesorcinol
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Electrical insulation
Pesticice intermediate
Intermediate for oicnioroaniline
Solvent
Fire retardant intermediate (2)
Drug organic synthesis
Dye intermediate
Titamun pigment manufacturing
Pharmaceutical intermediate (2)
Organic synthesis
Solvent
Fire retaroant (2)
Dyes(2)
Dyes
Photography aeveloser
Dyes
59
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TABLE 7. NON-PESTICIDES PRODUCED IN 1963-1985 BV PRIORITY
CHEMICAL NAME
( IUPAC )
PRIORITY CONTAMINATION
ROUTE
NON-PESTICIDE
USE(S)
Pentaoromoohenol 2a
2,4-Di promoDhenol 2a
2,4,6-TriDrosoahenoi 2a
TetraoroRooiSDnenol-A-bis-2,3-dibronoorooyietner (V) 2a
TetraDromoDisphenol-A diacrylate (V) 2a
Bisaethylether of tetraaromooisonenol-A 2a
Tetraoronooisonenyl-A-ois-ethoxylate (V) 2a
Allyether of tetraoronobisohenol-A 2a
Tetrabronobisohenol-A 2a
Cctaorowodiohenyloxide 2b
Pentaoromodichenyloxioe 2b
DecaoromoDnenoxysensene 2b
2-(4-Chloro-2-methylpnenoxy) oraoionic acio 2c
:,2-Bis(trioromoanenoxy)etnane 2c
2-Chloro-4-onenylonenol and dielectrics (V) 2c
2,6-DicTioroonenol 2c
Tetrabronofluorescein 3
traoromoonthalic armycrioe 3
2,3 Trichlorobenzene (V) 3
PentaproBoethyiaenzene 3
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene 3
Caroon tetrabronide 3
1,1,2,2 Tetrabronoethylene 3
3-Chloro-4-fluoro-mtrobenzene 3
Phthalocyanine dyes and pigmentes 3
1, l,2-TncMoro-l,2,2-trif luoroethane 3
2,3-Dichloropropene 3
1,2,3-Triehloro-l-propene 3
l,4-Dicnloro-2-nitpobenzene 3
Dichlorooenzoic acid 3
Tribronobenzene 3
3-Chloroorooene 3
2,4,6 Tribroooamhne (V) 3
1,2,3-Tricnlorooronane 3
Chlorobenzene 3
Tetrachlorontnalic anhydride 3
2,3-Dibronopropylene 3
J,2-Dicnloro-4-nitrooenzene 3
1,1,2-Tricnloroethylene 3
Pentabroantoluene 3
DibroBObenzene 3
Titanium dioxide 3
o-Chlorofluorobenzene 3
"•,4-Dichloroonenylisocyanate 3
1,2-Trichloroethane 3
Pentaoronocnlorocyclohexane 3
5-Chloro-2,4-«Jiinethoxy-aniline 3
4-Chloro-o-toloxy acetic acid 3
FS
FS
FS
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
F
FS
P
S
I
I
I
I
Fire retarcant in eooxy S onenoiic resins
Fire retaraant
Eooxy resins fire retarcants
Fire retardant
Fire retaraant
Eooxy resins
Polystyrenes
ABS resins
Fire retaraant
Fire retaraant
Fire retaraant
(2)
(2)
Fire retardant intermediate (2)
Dyes
Fire retardant
Organic intermediate
Fire retardant intermeciate (2)
Dry cleaning
Organic syntnesis
Organic synthesis
Intermediate
Decorative enamels
Dry cleaning solvent
Intermediate for dichloroanihne (2)
Agricultural cneoical intermediate
Fire retaraant intermediate (2)
Allyl compounds synthesis
Dyes
Solvent
Phenol, aniline, and DDT production
Dye intermediate
Pesticide intermediate
Intermediate for aicnloroaniline
Solvent
Fire retardant intermediate (2)
Drug organic synthesis
Titanium pigment manufacturing
Pharmaceutical intermediate (2)
Organic synthesis
Solvent
Fire retardant (2)
Dyes(2)
60
-------
TftBLE 7. NON-PESTICIDES PRODUCED IN 1S63-1985 BY PRIORI?/
CHEMICAL
( IUPRC )
PRIORITY
CONTRMINflTION
ROUTE
NON-PESTICIDE
USE(S)
CVioronycroouinorie
2, Hhbromo-4-nitroan:line (V)
4-Chlororesorcinol
Pnotograony develooer
Dyes
61
-------
Contamination route Number of chemicals
F 2
FS 4
S 10
I 1
GROUP 3 F 0
FS 0
S 1
P 8
I 37
The above data Indicate that, of the 65 chemicals listed, more than half
(or 37) are Included because they contain an Impurity (I) that may be
contaminated or lead to DBD/DBF contamination. As discussed 1n Section 2
of this report, chemicals listed because they contain an Impurity are
expected to have or lead to a low level or concentration of DBD/DBF
contamination.
Table 7 presents nonpestldde chemicals produced 1n 1983-1985 sorted
according to priority group and contamination route. As can be seen In
the table, there are no GROUP 1 chemicals. The chemicals listed 1n Table
7 can be further broken down according to contamination route as follows:
Group Contamination route Number of chemicals
GROUP 2 F 1
FS 4
S 10
P 1
GROUP 3 S 1
P 7
I 27
Exclusion of chemicals listed because they contain an Impurity leaves 24
chemicals, of which 8 are not contaminated but may be precursors to
contamination. Essentially, 16 of these chemicals have a high
probability of containing significant levels of DBD/DBF contamination.
62
-------
The chemicals that are precursors to contamination are used to produce
fire retardants (2). dyes (3), and a photographic developer. Two
chemicals have unknown uses. Table 8 presents Information that can help
Identify the types of fire retardants that may be contaminated.
Information on the types of dyes or the specific photographic developer
that may be contaminated 1s not Immediately available.
The above subgrouplng scheme should enable EPA to Identify chemicals
for which TSCA Section 8 Information may be requested from Industry. A
11st of manufacturers of the cited chemicals produced 1n the period
1983-1985 excluding pesticides only (Table 6) 1s presented 1n Table 9.
Finally, 1n an effort to Identify occupational and consumer exposure
pathways of greatest concern via contaminated processes and products, the
Industrial and consumer use patterns of the listed chemicals are reviewed
and summarized. Table 10 contains a summary of the Industrial/consumer
uses of GROUP 1, 2, and 3 chemicals In 1983-1985 production. As can be
seen In Table 10, the overwhelming majority of the listed chemicals have
uses as fire retardants, dyes and dye Intermediates, and unspecified
solvent uses, as well as Intermediates and Ingredients for further
chemical production.
5.3 Contamination Pathways and Routes for High Priority Chemicals
The following 1s a chemical by chemical description of the route of
DBO/OBF contamination for chemicals produced 1n the period 1983-1985 and
1n priority GROUPS 1 and 2 (see Table 5).
5.3.1 1,2,3,4,5.6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma Isomer (Llndane)
PRIORITY: 1
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: IV cjl, cg1
D1ox1n contamination of Llndane has been confirmed (Esposlto et al.
1980). The route and pathway of contamination, however, 1s not clear.
The basic production route 1s as follows (a detailed description of
Llndane production 1s presented 1n Esposlto et al. 1980):
63
-------
1C
Table 8. Fire Retardant Chemicals and Mixtures
Group/Chemical or Mixture
Priority Group
Garment
A. Chemicals used directly as fire retardants
Tetrabromobisphenol-A bis-2,3-dibromopropyl ether 2a
Octabromodiphenyloxide 2b
Decabromophenoxybenzene 2b
Pentabromodiphenyloxide 2b
1,2-bis tribromophenoxyethane 2c
B. Chemicals used to synthesize fire retardants
Pentabromophenol 2a
Tribromophenol 2a
Tetrabromobisphenol-A 2a
Tetrabromobisphenol-A diacrylate 2a
at Allyl ether of tetrabromobisphenol-a 2a
*" Tetrabromobisphenol-B 2a
Tribromosalicylanilide 2a
Tetrabromobisphenol-A bisethoxylate 2a
Tetrachlorobisphenol-A 2c
Tetrabromocatechol 2a
Bismethyl ether of tetrabromobisphenol-A 2a
2,4-Dibromophenol 2a
o-Bromophenol 3
Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile 3
Pentabromoethylbenzene 3
Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride 3
Tetrabromophthalic anhydride 3
C. Polymeric fire retardants (not listed)
Brominated polystyrenes
Brominated polyesters
Chlorinated polyesters
Brominated polycarbonates
Synthesized from
Synthesized from
tribromophenol
Synthesized from
Synthesized from
Synthesized from
tetrabromobi sphenol-A
pentabromophenol and
pentabromophenol
di-and tribromophenol
tribromophenol
from pentabromoethylbenzene
from tetrabromophthalic anhydride
from tetrachloroisophthalonitrile or
tetrachlorophthalic anhydride
from tetrabromobisphenol-A, tetrabromo-
bisphenol-A diacrylate and allyl ether.
tetrabromobisphenol-A bisethoxylate, and
bis methyl ether of tetrabromobisphenol-A
-------
099P
Table 8. (continued)
Group/Chemical or Mixture
Priority Group
Comment
C. Polymeric fire retardants (not listed) (continued)
Brominated phenolics
Chlorinated polycarbonates
from tetrabromocatechol, o-bromophenol,
and 2,4-dibromophenol
from tetrachlorobisphenol-A
Source: Kirk-Othmer 1978.
Jolles 1966.
en
in
-------
1099P
Table 9. Manufacturers of Top Priority Chemicals
Produced in 1983-85 Except Pesticides Only
REICHHOLO CHEMICAL INC.
DOW CHEMICAL U.S.A.
VERTAC CHEMICAL CORP.
VULCAN MATERIALS CO.
ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO., INC.
SPECIALTY ORGANICS INC.
GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.
RHONE-POULENE INC.
UNION CARBIDE CORP.
STANDARD CHLORINE CHEMICAL CO., INC.
UNITED-GUARDIAN INC.
WHITE CHEMICAL CORP.
ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CORP.
ETHYL CORP.
FAIRMOUNT CHEMICAL CO., INC.
PFISTER CHEMICALS INC.
OLIN CORP.
SHELL OIL CO.
BASF WYANDOTTE CORP.
CIBO-GEIGN CORP.
H. KOHNSTAMM & CO., INC.
MAGRUDER COLOR CO., INC.
STERLING DRUGS INC.
SOUTHLAND CORP.
DIAZ CHEMICAL CORP.
E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., INC.
PPG INDUSTRIAL INC.
STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO.
ALLIED CORP.
MONSANTO CO.
BLUE SPRUCE CO.
AMERICAN HOECHST CORP.
SANDOZ, INC.
DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORP.
LCP CHEMICAL & PLASTICS, INC.
SDS BIOTECH CORP.
NATIONAL BIOCHEMICAL CO.
MOBAY CHEMICAL CORP.
BORDEN INC.
FORMOSA PLASTICS CORP., U.S.A.
GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP.
THE BF GOODRICH CO.
ICI AMERICAS INC.
AMERICAN CYANAMID CO.
KERR-MCGEE CORP.
SCM CORP.
EAST SHORE CHEMICAL CO.
TOTAL = 47 COMPANIES
Source: SRI (1983-85). c,
ob
-------
1099P
Table 10. Surmary of Industrial and Consumer Uses of Chemicals in
GROUPS 1, 2, and 3 That Were Produced in 1983-85
Use Number of chemicals
Dyes and dye intermediates 23
Fire retardants '7
Chemical intermediates 13
Solvent use 13
Organic chemical synthesis 10
Unspecified polymers/resins 9
Pharmaceuticals 6
Degreasers 5
Dry cleaning solvent 4
Plastic and plastic products 3
Elastomers production 3
Preservatives 2
Resins 2
Paint and paint products 2
Heat transfer fluid 3
Plasticizers 3
Soaps and detergents 2
Dielectric fluid 2
Photographic products 2
Polish '
Deodorizer )
Insulating material 2
Vulcanizing agent 1
Lubricants 1
Cosmetics 1
Inks 1
Paper and paper products 3
Paint remover '
Blowing agent 1
67
-------
Cl
H
UV LIGHT
+ 3 CI2 ^-
H
Cl H
H
Cl
BENZENE
The gamma Isomer 1s separated from the above product via organic
detergents and solvents. It 1s possible that one of the additives
supplies the needed oxygen for the formation of dloxlns. The speculative
pathway 1s as follows:
ci
TO
DIOXIN
ONa
Cl
5.3.2 Pentachlorophenol and Salts
PRIORITY: 1
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: I, Jl. g1
Contamination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) 1s discussed 1n numerous
reports (Choudhary et al. 1983; Cull et al. 1984; Cull et al. 1983;
Esposlto et al. 1980; Langer et al. 1973; Stehl et al. 1973; Rappe
1984). A detailed Illustration of the chemistry that results 1n dloxln
formation Is presented 1n Esposlto et al. (1980). Basically, PCP 1s made
via high temperature exhaustive chlorlnatlon of phenol. The product 1s
alkaline washed to remove halogen adds. Dloxlns are formed during the
chemical's synthesis as follows:
68
-------
Cl
OH
Cl
ONa
Cl
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS jl AND
gi NOT SHOWN
(SEE FIGURED
5.3.3 Sodium Pentachlorophenate
PRIORITY:
ROUTE:
PATHWAY:
1
FS
i Ji. 91
Contamination of sodium pentachlorophenate 1s also described 1n
numerous reports (see references cited for pentachlorophenol). The salt
1s contaminated as a result of the contaminated feedstock (I.e.,
pentachlorophenol) and further synthesis of dloxlns during the compound's
manufacture. A detailed description of dloxln formation 1s presented 1n
Esposlto et al. (1980). Basically, the sodium salt 1s produced by
reacting pentachlorophenol with a caustic solution (I.e., NaOH)
(Klrk-Othmer 1978). The basic chemistry was previously cited for
pentachlorophenol.
5.3.4 2.4-01chlorophenol
2,6-Dlchlorophenol
PRIORITY:
ROUTE:
PATHWAY:
2c
S
I Jl
Ortho-para substituted dlchlorophenols are made by direct
chlorlnatlon of phenol (K1rk-0thmer 1978). The reaction 1s uncatalyzed
and exact conditions are not reported. The products are separated from
the mixture of Isomers formed via fractional distillation. Dloxlns may
be formed during synthesis of the chemicals as follows (see Esposlto
et al. 1980 for details):
69
-------
OH
Cl
Cl
FREE RADICAL
Cl
5.3.5 2,3-D1chlorophenol
2,5-D1chlorophenol
3,4-01chloropheno1
PRIORITY: 2c
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: I. Jl
IV cjl (3,4-dlchlorophenol only)
Dlchlorlnated phenols with one or more of the chlorines substituted
1n the meta position are made via alkaline hydrolysis of the appropriate
trlchlorobenzene. These reactions occur at high temperatures
(Klrk-Othmer 1978). A detailed description of the manufacturing process
and reaction chemistry 1s presented 1n Esposlto et al. (1980). The
3,4-dlchlorophenol will contain some ortho-substltuted dlchlorophenols as
Impurities. These Impurities are formed as side products during the
reaction. These ortho-substltuted Impurities can lead to dloxln
formation as described below (I.e., pathway IV cjl). The basic reaction
chemistry for the formation of dloxlns from ortho-substltuted
dlchlorophenols 1s as follows:
70
-------
ONa
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT
SHOWN
5.3.6 (2,4-D1chlorophenoxy-)Acet1c Acid, All Salts and Esters
2,4-D1chlorophenoxybutyr1c Acid, All Salts and Esters
2-(2,4-(D1chlorophenoxy-))Prop1on1c Acid, All Salts and Esters
PRIORITY: 1
ROUTE: FS
PATHWAY: IV cjl
Contamination of these compounds 1s reported In numerous publications
(Baker et al. 1981; Choudhary et al. 1983; Esposlto et al. 1980). All
three of these compounds are produced by reaction of the sodium salt of
2,4-d1chlorophenol with the appropriate chloroderlvatlve of the free
add. A detailed description of the manufacturing process and the
reaction chemistry Is presented 1n Esposlto et al. (1980). The basic
reaction chemistry 1s as follows:
CH2CI COOH
ONa
CH3 C Cl H COOH
CH2 Cl CH2 CH2 COOH
Cl
Cl
O - CH2 - COOH (2. 4 - D)
O - CHCH3COOH (2. 4 - DCP)
O-CH2CH2CH2COOH
71
-------
01ox1n contamination 1s potentially carried over from the contaminated
feedstock of 2,4-d1chlorophenol; additional contamination may result
during synthesis of the above compounds via the sodium salt as follows:
ONa
ji
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT
SHOWN
5.3.7 Esters - Methyl-5-(2,4-d1chlorophenoxy)-2-n1trobenzoate
o-(2,4-d1chlorophenyl) o.o-dlethylphosphorothloate
o-(2,4-d1chlorophenyl)-o-methyl1sopropyl-
phosphoramldothloate
Phosphorothlolc Add o-(2-chloro-4-n1trophenyl) o.o-
dlmethyl Ester
PRIORITY: 2c
ROUTE: F
PATHWAY: IV cjl
The first three compounds are produced by reaction of the sodium salt
of 2,4-dlchlorophenol with the appropriate add chloride. The
contamination 1s carried over from both the dlchlorophenol and
dlchlorophenol salt feedstock. The last chemical listed 1s produced by
reaction of the sodium salt of 2-chloro-4-n1trophenol with the
appropriate acid chloride of phosphorothlolc acid (K1rk-0thmer 1978).
Contamination 1s also carried over from the contaminated feedstock.
During the manufacture of all the above-listed esters, conditions are
very addle due to the HC1 byproducts formed. Therefore, further
formation of dloxlns Is not expected.
5.3.8
Pentachloronltrobenzene
PRIORITY: 2c
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: IV cjl, III ade, abgl, abgf, abjl, a'e
72
-------
Pentachloronltrobenzene contamination may result via two pathways:
(1) the formation of an ortho-chlorinated phenol during chemical
synthesis that may 1n turn lead to dloxln formation and (2) PCBs and
higher chlorinated benzenes that the chemical may contain as Impurities.
Of the two pathways, the first, based on actual process chemistry, has
the higher probability of resulting 1n contamination. The chemical Is
produced via exhaustive high temperature chlorlnatlon of nitrobenzene.
The product 1s normally alkaline washed to remove halogen add Impurities
(K1rk-0thmer 1978). The reaction chemistry for this pathway Is as
follows:
ONa
NaOH
Cl
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT
SHOWN
The reaction chemistry for formation of DBDs/DBFs via the PCBs and higher
chlorinated benzene Impurities Is as follows (see Figure 1):
OH
5.3.9 Decabromod1phenylox1de
Octabromodlphenyloxide
Pentabromodlphenyloxide
PRIORITY: 2b
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: VII f and 1
73
-------
These three chemicals are produced via bromlnatlon of dlphenyl
ether. The product 1s normally alkaline washed to remove free HBr prior
to drying at elevated temperature (Jolles 1966). There are two possible
contamination routes, each of which 1s discussed below for
decabromodlphenyloxide.
(a) Partial hydrolysis of the bromlnated ether during caustic
washing and subsequent drying at elevated temperature may lead
to the formation of bromlnated dloxlns. The reaction chemistry
1s as follows:
NaOH
(b) The phenol In the phenyl ether feedstock (which 1s made from
phenol) may become bromlnated; subsequent product washing with
NaOH may lead to dloxln formation. The reaction chemistry Is as
follows:
ONa
Br
Br
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT
SHOWN
A third route of contamination Is also possible. Dlbenzofuran Is
reported to have been synthesized from dlphenyl ether (Keith et al.
1985). If the dlphenyl ether feedstock used to manufacture the above
chemicals contains dlbenzofuran, the furan Is likely to halogenate along
with the dlphenyl ether and produce a halogenated dlbenzofuran (1n the
above cases, a bromlnated dlbenzofuran).
74
-------
5.3.10 Pentabromophenol
PRIORITY: 2a
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: I gl, Jl
The compound can be manufactured via two routes (Jolles 1966):
(a) The major route of production 1s via elevated temperature
bromlnatlon of phenol.
(b) From tetrabromosal1cycl1c add It 1s via replacement of the add
group with bromine.
In both routes, the product will be washed with alkali 1n order to remove
bromine and HBr. The pathway for formation of dloxlns by means of the
first method (a) 1s the same as previously discussed for
pentachlorophenol. The reaction chemistry for formation of dloxlns via
tetrabromosallcycllc add 1s as follows:
COOH
o.
2Br2
Br
COOH
Br
HEAT
Br
ONa
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT SHOWN
SALT
5.3.11 2,4-D1bromophenol
PRIORITY: 2a
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: I jl
75
-------
This chemical 1s made via the bromlnatlon of phenol. The product 1s
washed with alkaline solution to remove HBr (Jolles 1966). During
product drying, any salt present could form a bromlnated dloxln. The
reaction chemistry 1s as follows:
ONa
Br2
5.3.12 2,4,6-Trlbromophenol
PRIORITY: 2a
ROUTE: FS
PATHWAY: I Jl
This chemical 1s made via the bromlnatlon of phenol. The product 1s
washed with alkaline solution to remove HBr (Jolles 1966). During
product drying, any salt present could form a bromlnated dloxln. The
reaction chemistry Is as follows:
ONa
NaOH
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT
SHOWN
2,4,6-Trlbromophenol can also be made from 2,4-dlbromophenol. Dloxlns
can be formed during the manufacture of 2,4-d1bromophenol as previously
discussed; 1f this production pathway 1s used, the dloxln contamination
can be carried over from the contaminated feedstock.
5.3.13 Tetrabromob1sphenol-A
PRIORITY: 2a
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: I Jl, g1
76
-------
Br
This chemical 1s made via the bromlnatlon of blsphenol-A. The
product 1s washed with an alkaline solution to remove HBr (Jolles 1966).
The dloxln formed will be highly substituted and of much higher molecular
weight than other dloxlns formed In products previously discussed. The
reaction chemistry for the formation of dloxln Is as follows:
Br
ONa
ETC.
Br
Br
2NaO
5.3.14 Ethers and Esters of Tetrabromophenol
Chemicals 1n this group Include the following:
allylether of tetrabromob1sphenol-A
blsmethylether of tetrabromob1sphenol-A
tetrabromob1sphenol-A dlacrylate
tetrabromob1sphenol-A-b1s-2,3-dIbromopropylether
tetrabromob1sphenol-A-b1s-ethoxylathe
PRIORITY:
ROUTE:
PATHWAY:
2a
S
IV cjl, cgl
These compounds are made by reaction of tetrabromoblsphenol-A sodium
salt with the appropriate alkyl hallde or acyl hallde (Jolles 1966). The
sodium salt may react with Itself to form a highly substituted dloxln.
The possible reaction chemistry 1s as follows:
Br
ETC.
ONa
Br
SALT
77
-------
5.3.15 2,2'-Methyleneb1s (3,4,6-trlchlorophenol)
PRIORITY: 1
ROUTE: FS
PATHWAY: I Jl
Contamination of this compound has been confirmed by several
Investigators (Choudhary et al. 1983; Esposlto et al. 1980; Rappe 1984).
According to Esposlto et al. (1980), this compound Is manufactured from
2,4,5-trlchlorophenol. The reaction chemistry 1s as follows:
H2CO
H"1
Cl
PRODUCT WASHING
NaOH
Oloxln contamination Is due to both carry over from the contaminated
feedstock as well as further dloxln formation during the compounds
synthesis from 2,4.5-tr1chlorophenol. The reaction chemistry for dloxln
formation 1s probably as follows:
ONa
INTERMEDIATE
STEPS NOT
SHOWN
5.3.16 3,5-D1bromo-4-Hydroxybenzonltrlle
PRIORITY: 2a
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: I Jl
78
-------
Formation of DBOs/OBFs 1n this compound Is somewhat speculative. A
lack of detailed process chemistry and Industrial process conditions
prevents positive Identification of a reaction pathway. This compound 1s
probably produced via bromlnatlon of 4-hydroxybenzon1tr1le. If the
product 1s washed with an alkali to remove HBr and dried at elevated
temperatures, the formation of bromlnated dloxlns Is possible. The
possible reaction pathway that leads to the formation of a bromlnated and
cyanogenated dloxln Is as follows:
NaOH
CN
5.3.17 1,4-D1chloro-2,5-d1methoxybenzene
PRIORITY:
ROUTE:
PATHWAY:
2c
S
IV cg1, cgf
Formation of DBOs/DBFs 1n this compound Is somewhat speculative. A
lack of detailed process chemistry and Industrial process conditions
prevents positive Identification of a reaction pathway. This compound Is
probably produced from hydroqulnone. During product washing with NaOH to
remove the adds produced, a chlorinated dloxln salt may be formed that
may polymerize with Itself to form a long-chain chlorinated polymeric
dloxln. The possible reaction Is as follows:
ONa
2CI2
+ 2 HCI
NaOH
OH
ONa
OCH3
ONa
CH3CI
TO PRODUCT
TO DIOXIN
ONa
ONa
POLYMERIZES
Cl
-------
5.3.18 1,2-B1s(tr1bromophenoxy)ethane
PRIORITY: 2c
ROUTE: FS
PATHWAY: IV cjl, cgl, cgf
This compound 1s produced via reaction of the sodium salt of
trlbromophenol with ethylene dlbromlde (Jolles 1966; Larsen 1978).
reaction chemistry 1s as follows:
ONa
NaBr
The
Br
O CH2CH2O
Br ••• NaBr
Dloxln contamination can be carried over from the trlbromophenol
feedstock and additional dloxln contamination may result during the
compound's synthesis. The dloxln formation reaction 1s as follows:
ONa
Br
Br
5.3.19 3,6-D1chloro-o-an1s1c Add D1methylam1ne Salt
PRIORITY: 2c
ROUTE: S
PATHWAY: IV cjl
80
-------
This compound 1s produced via the chlorlnatlon of anisic add
followed by reaction with dlmethylamlne (K1rk-0thmer 1978). The basic
reaction chemistry 1s as follows:
COOH
COOH
OCH3
2CI2
OCH3
COO" (CH3)NH2+
OCH3
HCI
(CH3)2NH
PRODUCT
During product synthesis, some of the HCI produced can react with the
chloro-anlslc acid to form an ortho-substltuted salicylic acid which,
during alkaline washing, could be converted to a dloxln precursor. A
highly substituted dloxln product may be formed. The reaction chemistry
1s as follows:
COOH
COOH
OCH3
HCI
Cl
+ CH3CI
COONa
ONa
HIGHLY
SUBSTITUTED
DIOXIN
DIOXIN
PRECURSOR
81
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6.0 EXPOSURE ESTIMATES
This section discusses the results of the assessment of human
exposure to the Inadvertently produced DBDs/DBFs. Estimates of exposure
are presented for the ambient, occupational, and consumer product
environment. These exposure estimates should be used with caution,
however, as the scenarios were prepared 1n a limited time period using
generic data and simplifying assumptions. The estimates were developed
to provide order-of-magnitude approximations of exposures with which EPA
can assess possible health risks.
All exposure estimates are developed for three DBD/DBF chemical
contamination scenarios. These scenarios are as follows:
1. OBD/DBF contamination at the 1,000 ppm level. This level 1s the
highest documented contamination concentration for a specific
chemical (I.e., pentachlorophenol (PCP)-see Table 2. Section 3.0).
2. DBD/DBF contamination at the 1 ppm level. This level Is the
approximate average concentration of DBDs/DBFs reported 1n various
chemicals and products (see Tables 2 and 3, Section 3.0).
3. DBD/DBF contamination at the 0.1 ppb level. This level 1s the
regulatory criteria requested 1n the Environmental Defense Fund
and National Wildlife Federation Petition (EOF 1984).
For all scenarios developed, the overlying assumption 1s that the
DBD/DBF contaminants behave 1n a similar manner to the parent compounds
1n terms of environmental transport (e.g., volatility and solubility).
The monitoring and physical-chemical property data required to develop
more reasonable estimates of exposure are virtually nonexistent. The
above approach and simplifying assumption, therefore, was developed.
This approach 1s also the same as that used to assess exposure to
Inadvertently produced PCBs (Schweer et al. 1984). Many of the exposure
scenarios prepared during that Investigation have been used 1n this
assessment.
82
-------
The development of exposure estimates for DBD/DBF contamination 1n
all of the high priority listed chemicals was not possible. The
magnitude of the 11st and the limited availability of requisite exposure
data made that approach Impossible. Exposure estimates, therefore, were
developed for as many of the chemicals as available exposure data
permitted and as was possible within the time and financial limitations
of the effort. Many of the scenarios and exposure estimates are generic,
however, and are applicable to many of the listed chemicals with similar
physical-chemicals properties, production methods, and Industrial and
consumer uses. Table 11 presents a summary 11st of the high priority
chemicals (I.e., GROUP 1 and 2) of concern Including the pesticide and
nonpestldde uses, 1983-1985 production status, and applicable exposure
scenarios. Table 12 provides a summary of the estimated exposures. All
exposures are depicted on a dally body burden (mass/kg of body
weight/day), annual (mass/yr). and lifetime average dally exposure (LADE
- mass/kg of body weight/day) basis. The following subsections briefly
provide details on the approaches and assumptions used for developing
exposure estimates 1n each of the exposure categories.
6.1 Ambient Exposures
The approach used for estimating the magnitude of possible ambient
exposures to OBOs/DBFs that are released to the environment during the
production of many of the listed chemicals 1s similar to the approach
currently used by EPA-OTS when performing Screening Consumer and
Environmental Exposure Assessments. Environmental releases (I.e., to air
and water) are estimated based on production volume and generic
environmental release factors. Transport 1n the environment 1s
conservatively estimated and human exposures are calculated using
standard exposure coefficients. Exposure estimates, according to the
production volume of the potentially contaminated parent chemical, were
developed for the following exposure pathways:
• Inhalation exposure to DBOs/DBFs released to air.
83
-------
4673H
Table II. Sunury of High Priority Chemicals (GROUPS 1 and 2) and Relevant Exposure Scenarios
00
Chemical Nane Priority Pesticide Non-Pesticide
(IUPAC) (V/N) use(s)
1,2,3.4.5.6-Hexachlorocyclanexane. ganna 1 saner v
2-(2l4-OicMoraphenoxyethyl sulfate). sodiin salt
2.2'-ltethy1enebis (3.4.6-trlchlorophenol)
2.4-Olchlorapoenoiyoutyric acid, all salts and esters
2.4.S-Irichlorophenoxyacetlc acid, all salt and esters
2-(2.4-(Dichloraphenoxy-)]praptonlc acid, all salts and esters
2.2-Oichlorapropanoic acid 2-(2.4.5-trlchloraphenoxy) ethyl ester
(2.4-Oichloraphenwy-)acetlc acid, all salts and esters
2,4,5-Trlchlorophenoxyprapionic acid, all salts and esters
Ptosphorothioic acid, o.o-dioathyl o-(2,4.5-trichloraphenyl) ester
Sodlun pentachlorophenate
Hexachlorabenzene
2.5-Olchloraphenol
2.3.4.6 Tetrachlorcphenol
3.4-Olchloraphenol
2.3-Olchloraphenol
Pentachloraphenol and salts
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
V Organic synthesis
V(2)
Y
V(2)
Y(2)
V Glues preservative
1983 to 1985
Production Exposure
(V/N) scenario f
Y
Y
Y
Y(83)
Y
Y
V(83)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Tables 13-15, 19*. 26*
Tables 13-15, 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. I9».26»
Tables l3-».l9*.2t*
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. I9*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
Tables 13-15. 19*,26*
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*,26*
Tables 13-15. I9*.23.2(*
Tables 13-16. I9*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*.Z6*
Tables 13-16. 19*.Z6*
Tables 13-16. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 18. 19*.26*.2J
2.4.5-Trlchlorophenol
2.4-OlcMorophenol
3.5-Oibron>-4-hy-4-nitra|)henol
3.5-OibraBsal Icylani I ide
3.4.5-TribronDsalicylaniIide
2.4.6-Trlbrcnophenol
Pentabnnapnenol
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
Tanning leather
Textile preservative
Ewlsions preservative In textile Ind.
Polyvinyl acetate enilsions preservative
Leather preservative
Organic synthesis Y
Paper unufacturing
Dyestuffs organic synthesis V
Interaedtate
Soap antiseptic
Epoxy resins fire retardants V
Fire retardant in epoxy and phenolic resins V
Allylether of polyurethanes
Tables 13-15.17.19*.26*.27
Tables 13-16.!9*.26*
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
13-15.19*,26*
13-IS.I9*.26*
13-15.19*.26*
13-15.19*.26*
I3-15.19*.26*
13-15.19*.25.26*,33
13-I5.19*.25.26*,33
-------
4613H
Table 11. (Continued)
Chenical Nan
(ItPAC)
Priority Pesticide
(Y/W
Non-Pesticide
use(s)
1983 to 1985
Production
(V/N)
Exposure
scenario f
00
en
2.4-Dlbranophenol
Tetrabrancbisphenyl-A-bis-ethaxylate
Tetrabronocatechol
Tetrabranobt sphenol -A
(V)
Blsnethylether of tetrabronabisphenol-A
TetrabraDabisphenol-A-6is-2.3-dibronaprapylether
Tetrabrtnobisphenol-A diacrylate (V)
Allytelher of tetrabraaftisphenol-A
Tetrabrtnobi sphenol -8
Pentabronodiphenyloxide
DecabrcDophenoxybenzene
Octabraondiphenyloxide
o-(4-8rano-2-chlorcpheny Do-ethyl s-prapyl phosphorothioate
2-Chloro-l-(2.4.5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl diagthyl phosphate
o-(2-Chloro-4-nltraphenyl) o.o-dlnethyl phosphorothioate
o-(2.4-Oichlorapheny1) o.o-diethylphosphorothioate
2-Chloro-M2.4-dichloraphenyl)vlny1 diethyl phosphate
2.4-Olchlorophenyl p-nltrophenyl ether
ltethyl-S-(2.4-dlchlorophemxy)-2-nitrobenzoate
Phosphorothioic acid o-(2-ch1oro-4-nitraphenyl) o.o-diaethyl ester
2-(4-Chloro-2-oethylphenoxy) propionic acid
o-(2.4-Oichloraphenyl)-o-iiiethyllsoprapyl-phosphoraniitothloate
2-Chloro-l.4-diethoxy-S-nitrabenzene
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2a
2b
2b
2b
2c
2c
2C
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
V(2)
Y
Fire retardant
Fire retardant (2)
MS resins
Epoxy resins
Polyesters and polycarbonate production
Fire retardants In plastics and textiles
Epoxy resins
Polycarbonates
Fire retardant
Fire retardant
Polystyrenes
Polyurethanes
Fire retardant
Fire retardant
Fire retardant (2)
Fire retardant
Polycarbonates production
Polyolefins production
PVC production
Fire retardant (2)
Dye intermediate (2)
V Tables 13-15.I9*.25.26*.33
V Tables 13-15.19*.26*
Tables 13-15.19*,25.26*,33
Y Tables 13-1S.I9*.2S.26*.33
Y Tables 13-15.19*.26*
V Tables 13-15.19*.25.26*.33
V Tables 13-15.19*.25.26*,33
Y Tables 13-15.19*.25.26*,33
Tables 13-15.19*.K.26*.33
Y Tables 13-15.I9*.24.25.26*,33
V Tables 13-15.I9*.24.2S.26*.33
Y Tables 13-15.19*.24.25.26*,33
Tables 13-15,19*,26*
Y Tables 13-l5.rn.26*
Tables 13-15.19*.26*
Y Tables 13-15.19*,26*
Tables 13-15.19*.26*
Y(83) Tables 13-15.19*.26*
Y Tables 13-15.19*.26*
Y Tables 13-15.19*,26*
V Tables 13-15.19*,26*
Y Tables 13-15.19*.26*
Tables 13-15.19*.26*.31.37
-------
46I3H
Table 11. (Continued)
CO
Chemical Nan Priority Pesticide Non-Pesticide
(IUPAC) (V/N) use(s)
0-(2-Chloro-1-(2.S-dichloropheny1) vinyl o.o-diethyl phosphorothioate
3,6-Oichloro-o-antsic acid dloethylamine salt (V)
l.2-ais(tribrcmaphenoxy)ethane
S-Chloro-2-(2.4-dichloro-phenoxyl)phenol
2.2'-»thylenebts (3.4.6-trlchloraphenol). monosodlun salt
Pentachlorophenyl laurate
4-Bromo-2.5-dichloraphenol
Alkylamine tetrachloraphenate
l-(4-Chloraphenoxy)-3.3-di«ethyl-l-(1H-l.2.4-triazol-l-yl)-2-butanone
l.4-Oichloro-2.5-dinethoxvbenzene
3-(4-(4-Chloraphenoxy)phenyl)-l.l-dimethylurea
2-Chloro-4-phenylphenol and dielectrics (V)
4-Ch1orcphenyl-2,4.5-trichlorophenyl sulfone
2.3.6-Irlchlorophenol
Tetrachlorabl sphenol -A
2.4.6-Trichlorophenol
3.5-Oichlorosallcyllc acid
2.6-Olchlorophenol
2-Chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluorcaethyl)benzene
Pentachloronl trabenzene
Pentachlorabenzene
Hexafluorobenzene
Hexabronobenzene
Chlorapentafluorobenzene
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2c
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
Y
V(2)
Fire retardant interaediate (2)
Y
Y
Y
Y(2)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Fire reUrdant epoxy nononer
Polyester and polycarbonate resins
Y
V Interaediate
Chemical Interaediate
Solvent in MM spectroscopy
Fire retardant interaediate
Interaediate for hexafluorcoenzene
1983 to I98S
Production Exposure
(Y/H) scenario f
Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
V Tables I3-15.I9*,26
V Tables 13-15. 19*. 25.26*.33
Tables 13-15. 19*,26*
V(83) Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
V(83) Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
Tables 13-15. I9*.26*
V Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
V Tables 13-15. 19*,26*
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 17. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. I9*.25.26*.33
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Tables 13-15. 19*.26*
Y Tables 13-15. 19*,26*
Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
Y Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
Tables 13-15. 19*. 23.26*
Tables 13-15. I9*.26*.30
Tables 13-15. I9*.25.26*.33
Tables 13-15. 19*. 26*
See Appendix A for the production volutes of the above chemicals to be used in Tables 13-15.
* Table 19 applies to dioxin contaminated liquids; the majority of the listed compounds are solids at room temperature,
however, most may also be used in solutions or formulations whereby the exposure estimates in Table 19 are applicable.
* Table 26 presents exposure estimates during organic chemical synthesis specific for 2.4-dichlorophenol.
f Tables 21-22. 28. 29. 32. 34. 35. and 36 present exposure estimates that apply to GROUP 3 chemicals.
-------
4668H
Table 12. Summary of Estimated Ambient, Occupational, and Consumer Exposure to DBDs/DBFs
CO
Exposure scenario
Exposure for DBDs/DBFs concentrations at
Annual
(ug/yr)
1.000 DOT)
Daily
(ug/kg/day)
LADE
(ug/kg/day)
Annual
(ug/yr)
1 ppm
Daily
(ug/kg/yr)
LADE
(ug/kg/day)
Annual
(ug/yr)
1E-04 ppm
Reference
Daily LADE
(ug/kg/yr) (ug/kg/day)
AMBIENT EXPOSURE
2,4-Dichlorophenol use
in paper manufacturing
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol use
in leather manufacturing
Pentachlorophenol use
in textile industry
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
Inhalation
Contaminated liquids
Paint formulation
Dry cleaning
Chlorobenzene manufacturing
Chlorinated diphenyloxide
manufacturing
Fire retardants
Dermal
Organic synthesis
Tanning leather
1.46E-01 5.70E-06 5.70E-05 1.46E-04 5.70E-09 5.70E-09 1.46E-08 5.70E-13 5.70E-13 See Table 16
5.01E-01 1.96E-05 1.96E-05 5.01E-04 1.96E-08 1.96E-08 5.01E-08 1.96E-12 1.96E-12 See Table 17
1.27E-01 4.97E-06 4.97E-06 1.27E-04 4.97E-09 4.97E-09 1.27E-08 4.97E-13 4.97E-13 See Table 18
7.08E+01 4.04E-03 2.77E-03
3.46E+04 2.06E+00 1.35E+00
1.24E+06 7.38E+01 4.85E+01
8.06E+05 4.80E+01 3.15E+01
1.15E+03 6.85E-02 4.50E-02
3.46E+04 2.06E+00 1.35E+00
7.08E-02 4.04E-06 2.77E-06
3.46E+01 2.06E-03 1.35E-03
1.24E+03 7.38E-02 4.85E-02
8.06E+02 4.80E-02 3.15E-02
1.15E+00 6.85E-05 4.50E-05
3.46E+01 2.06E-03 1.35E-03
7.08E-06 4.04E-10 2.77E-10
3.46E-03 2.06E-07 1.35E-07
1.24E-01 7.38E-06 4.85E-06
8.06E-02 4.80E-06 3.15E-06
1.15E-03 6.85E-09 4.50E-09
3.46E-03 2.06E-07 1.35E-07
S.18E+05 3.08Ef01 2.03E+01
7.44E+05 4.43E+01 2.91E+01
5.18E+02 3.08E-02 2.03E-02
7.44E+02 4.43E-02 2.91E-02
5.18E-02 3.08E-06 2.03E-02
7.44E-02 4.43E-06 2.91E-06
See Table 19
See Table 21
See Table 22
See Table 23
See Table 24
See Table 25
See Table 26
See Table 27
-------
4668H
Table 12. (Continued)
oo
oo
Exposure scenario
Exposure for DBDs/DBFs concentrations at
1.000 DOT
Annual
(ug/yr)
Dielectric fluid
Pharmaceutics
Solvents
Dyes
Dry cleaning
6
7
3
5
4
.99E+05
.33E+05
.60E+05
.98E+05
.96E+05
Daily LADE
(ug/kg/day) (ug/kg/day)
4.16E*01
4.36E+01
2.14E+01
3.56E+01
2.95E+01
2.74E+01
2.87E+01
1.41E+01
2.34E+01
1.94E+01
Annual
(ug/yr)
6.99E+02
7.33E+02
3.60E+02
5.98E+02
4.96E+02
1 PPnt
Daily LADE
(ug/kg/yr) (ug/kg/day)
4.16E-02
4.36E-02
2.14E-02
3.56E-02
2.95E-02
2.74E-02
2.87E-02
1.41E-02
2.34E-02
1.94E-02
Annual
(ug/yr)
6.99E-02
7.33E-02
3.60E-02
S.98E-02
4.96E-02
1E-04 ppm
Reference
Daily LADE
(ug/kg/yr) (ug/kg/day)
4.16E-06
4.36E-06
2.14E-06
3.56E-06
2.95E-06
2.74E-06
2.87E-06
1.41E-06
2.34E-06
1.94E-06
See Table 28
See Table 29
See Table 30
See Table 31
See Table 32.
Consumer exposures
Fire retardant in plastic
household furnishings
Fabric spot remover
Household cleaners (pure
strength)
Household cleaners (dilute
strength)
Clothing dyes
5.82E+01 2.28E-03 2.28E-03 5.82E-02 2.28E-06 2.28E-06 5.82E-06 2.28E-10 2.2BE-10 See Table 33
7.10E+02 8.46E-01 2.78E-02 7.10E-01 8.46E-04 2.78E-OS 7.10E-05 8.46E-08 2.78E-09 See Table 34
6.93E+02 1.90E-01 2.71E-02 6.93E-01 1.90E-04 2.71E-05 6.93E-OS 1.90E-08 2.71E-09 See Table 35
2.46E+02 6.77E-02 9.64E-03 2.46E-01 6.77E-05 9.64E-06 2.46E-05 6.77E-09 9.64E-10 See Table 36
3.66E-04 1.43E-08 1.43E-08 3.66E-07 1.43E-11 1.43E-11 3.66E-11 1.43E-15 1.43E-15 See Table 37
-------
• Exposures via the 1ngest1on of drinking water as a result of the
wastewater release of DBDs/DBFs to surface water.
• Exposures through the 1ngest1on of fish contaminated via
bloconcentratlon of DBDs/DBFs that are released to surface water.
Production volumes, as reported 1n the 1977 TSCA Inventory, for the
chemicals listed 1n Table 11 are presented 1n Appendix A. Following are
the generic data, exposure coefficient factors, and assumptions used 1n
developing the exposure estimates:
1. Production volumes are the maximum of the ranges presented 1n
the 1977 TSCA Inventory.
2. Annual air release of the contaminated chemical 1s based on the
generic emission factor of 0.35 percent of production (Freed et
al. 1985).
3. Annual water release of the contaminated chemical Is based on
the generic emission factor of 0.4 percent of production (Freed
et al. 1985).
4. The number of operating or release days 1s assumed to be 250
days/year (I.e., all chemicals are assumed to be 1n continuous
production and not batch produced).
5. The DBD/DBF release rate 1s based on three concentrations (1,000
ppm, 1 ppm, and 0.1 ppb as previously discussed) of
contamination 1n the parent compound. The DBDs/DBFs are assumed
to be released at the same relative rate as the parent compound.
6. A1r concentrations were estimated for a distance 500 meters from
the facility using the dispersion algorithms of Turner (1970).
7. Waste concentrations were estimated based on the 10th and 50th
percentlle flow rates of streams receiving effluent from organic
chemical manufacturing facilities (IFD 1985). Drinking water
treatment 1s assumed to have no effect upon the concentration of
contaminants.
8. F1sh tissue concentrations were estimated using a
bloconcentratlon factor (BCF) of 13,000 and the method of Lyman
et al. (1982). The BCF of 13,000 1s the highest experimentally-
measured value for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (EPA 1984).
89
-------
9. The average adult body weight Is assumed to be 70 kg.
10. The Inhalation rate 1s assumed to be 20 m3/day for 365
days/year (Inhalation exposure = air concentration x 20 m3/day
divided by 70 kg or x 365 days/yr).
11. The drinking water 1ngest1on rate 1s assumed to be 2 liters/day
for 365 days/yr (Ingestlon exposure = water concentration x 2
liters/day divided by 70 kg or x 365 days/yr).
12. The fish Ingestlon rate for the average population Is assumed to
be 6.5 gms/day for 365 days/yr (EPA 1984). The Ingestlon rate
for "eaters" of fish 1s assumed to be 124 gms/day for 365
days/yr (USOA 1982).
Exposure estimates calculated for Inhalation, drinking water Ingestlon.
and fish Ingestlon are presented 1n Tables 13, 14, and 15, respectively.
(Note: All exposure scenario tables follow page 93.)
Possible exposure via the Ingestlon of DBO/DBF-contam1nated drinking
water was also estimated based on wastewater monitoring data for a
limited number of potentially contaminated chemicals. The approach and
exposure coefficients used are the same as those previously described,
with the exception that actual wastewater levels of the parent compound
with assumed DBO/OBF contamination at the three concentration levels are
used rather than assuming a generic emission factor. In this approach,
the estimated DBO/DBF wastewater concentration 1s diluted according to
Industry-specific receiving water dilution factors. The chemicals and
Industrial processes and facilities for which exposure estimates are
developed are as follows:
• 2,4-D1chlorophenol - paper manufacturing plant
• 2,4,6-Trlchlorophenol - leather manufacturing plant
• Pentachlorophenol - textile manufacturing plant.
The detailed approach and exposure estimates calculated for each of the
above are presented 1n Tables 16, 17, and 18, respectively.
90
-------
6.2
Occupational Exposures
Occupational exposures were developed for a limited number of high
priority chemicals. Two approaches were used 1n developing the exposure
estimates:
1. Relevant scenarios 1n the report on exposure to Inadvertently
produced PCBs (Schweer et al. 1984) were adjusted to the DBD/DBF
concentration levels of Interest and used directly.
2. Exposures were estimated based on the OSHA occupational air
standards for potentially contaminated parent chemicals or for
partlculate/dust levels 1n occupational air. This approach
assumes that the OBDs/DBFs have the same volatility as the
parent compound.
Specific scenarios and relevant tables are as follows:
Table 19 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with D1ox1n-Contam1nated Liquids
Table 20 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBOs/OBFs
Associated with Spray Painting M1st
Table 21 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Paint Formulation Operations
(Pigments and Binders 1n the Air)
Table 22 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Dry Cleaning Operations
Table 23 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBOs/DBFs
Associated with Chlorobenzene Manufacturing
Table 24 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with Chlorinated Olphenyl Oxides Manufacturing
Table 25 Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs
Associated with F1re Retardants
Table 26 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBOs/DBFs Associated
with Organic Chemical Synthesis
Table 27 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to OBOs/DBFs Associated
with Tanning Leather Operations
91
-------
Table 28 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to OBOs/DBFs Associated
with Dielectric Fluids
Table 29 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Table 30 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with the Use of Solvents
Table 31 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Dyes
Table 32 Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Dry Cleaning
6.3
Exposure via Consumer Products
Exposure to DBOs/DBFs 1n Inadvertently contaminated consumer products
was estimated for only a limited number of chemicals and consumer uses of
Interest. This 1s principally because the requisite data to develop
consumer exposure scenarios are not available or are 1n early stages of
development within EPA-OTS. The exposure scenarios developed and
applicable tables are as follows:
Table 33 Consumer Inhalation Exposure to DBOs/DBFs
Associated with F1re Retardants 1n Plastic
Household Furnishings
Table 34 Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated
with Household Cleaners/Spot Removers Containing Solvents
Table 35 Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBOs/DBFs Associated with Pure
Strength Household Cleaner Containing a Potentially
Contaminated Solvent
/
Table 36 Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBOs/DBFs Associated with
Dilute Strength Household Cleaner Containing a Potentially
Contaminated Solvent
Table 37 Consumer Dermal Exposure to OBOs/DBFs Associated with
Clothing Dyes
92
-------
Particular attention to possible consumer dermal exposure to
DBDs/DBFs via the use of household cleaners was made because one of the
potentially contaminated chemicals, 3-chloroprene (GROUP 3), 1s directly
used as a household fabric spot remover. In addition, two household
cleaners are known to contain o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and Its sodium salt
(sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenate). potentially contaminated GROUP 4
chemicals, 1n a weight fraction range of 0.3 to 4.5 percent
(Versar 1985). A survey of most other common household cleaners
(Versar 1985) did not Identify any other product that contains a chemical
currently on the DBO/DBF 11st. Based on this Information, three dermal
exposure scenarios were developed as described 1n Tables 34, 35, and 36.
The only major consumer exposure scenario of Interest not addressed
1s the potential Inhalation and dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs 1n fire
retardants that are used 1n textiles, particularly clothing. The data
required to develop this scenario are currently not available. EPA-OTS,
however, 1s currently Investigating exposures to flame retardants 1n
general. When this effort 1s completed, future development of exposure
scenarios and estimates for DBDs/DBFs In textile flame retardants may be
possible.
93
-------
4668H
Table 13. Esimated Worst-Case Ambient Population Inhalation Exposures to OBDs/DBFs Released During the Manufacture of Chemicals
at Various Production Volumes
Production volume
(kkg)
Annual air
release 9 0.35%
(kg)
Operating
days (250)
Release rate
(mg/sec)
Contaminant
concentration
(ppm)
Release rate
of contaminant
(ng/sec)
Air concentration
(9 500 meters)
(ng/m3)
Daily
exposure
(ug/kg/day)
Annual
exposure
(ug/yr)
Scenario #1 - Assumes a contaminant concentration of 1,000 ppm
0.45
4.54
45.4
454
4,540
22,700
45,400
227,000
Scenario 02 - Assumes
0.45
4.54
45.4
454
4,540
22,700
45,400
227,000
Scenario 03 - Assumes
0.45
4.54
45.4
454
4.540
22.700
45,400
227,000
1.575
15.89
158.9
1,589
15,890
79,450
158,900
794,500
a contaminant
1.575
15.89
158.9
1,589
15,890
79,450
158,900
794,500
a contaminant
1.575
15.89
158.9
1,589
15,890
79.450
158,900
794,500
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
concentration
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
concentration
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
.29E-02
.36E-01
.36E+00
.36E+01
.36E+02
3.68E+03
7.36E+03
3.68E+04
of 1 ppm
.29E-02
.36E-01
.36E+00
.36E+01
.36E+02
3.68E+03
7.36E+03
3.68E+04
of 0. 1 ppb (EOF 1984)
7.29E-02
7.36E-01
7.36E+00
7.36E+01
7.36E+02
3.68E+03
7.36E+03
3.68E+04
,000
.000
,000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.29E+01
7.36E+02
7.36E+03
7.36E+04
7.36E+05
3.68E+06
7.36E+06
3.68E+07
.54E-03
.56E-02
1.56E-01
1.56E+00
.56E+01
.78E+01
.56E+02
.78E+02
4.41E-07
4.44E-06
4.44E-05
4.44E-04
4.44E-03
2.22E-02
4.44E-02
2.22E-01
7.71E-03
7.78E-02
7.78E-01
7.78E+00
7.78E+01
3.89E+02
7.78E+02
3.89E+03
7.29E-02
7.36E-01
7.36E+00
7.36E+01
7.36E+02
3.68E+03
7.36E+03
3.68E+04
.54E-06
.56E-05
.56E-04
.56E-03
.56E-02
L78E-02 2
I.56E-01 '
r.78E-01 !
.41E-10
.44E-09
.44E-OB
.44E-07
.44E-06
>.22E-05
I.44E-05
'.22E-04
7.71E-06
7.78E-05
7.78E-04
7.78E-03
7.78E-02
3.89E-01
7.78E-01
3.89E+00
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
7.29E-06
7.36E-05
7.36E-04
7.36E-03
7.36E-02
3.68E-01
7.36E-01
3.68E+00
1.54E-10
1.56E-09
1.56E-08
1.56E-07
1.56E-06
7.78E-06 I
1.56E-05 '
7.78E-05 J
.41E-14
.44E-13
.44E-12
.44E-11
.44E-10
>.22E-09
I.44E-09
>.22E-08
7.71E-10
7.78E-09
7.78E-08
7.78E-07
7.78E-06
3.89E-05
7.78E-05
3.89E-04
-------
4668H
Table 13. (Continued)
Footnotes:
(1) Annual average air release = 0.35 percent of production (Freed et al. 1985)
(2) Release rate = annual release * 250 days * 24 hrs/day * 60 min/hr * 60 sec/min
(3) Contaminant release rate (ng/sec) = Release rate of chemical (mg/sec) x contaminant concentration (ppm or ng/mg)
(4) Simplified air dispersion model (Turner 1970)
(5) Daily exposure (ug/kg/day) = Concentration (ng/m3) x Inhalation rate (20 nrVday) * Average adult body weight (70 kg) x 1E-03 ug/ng
(6) Annual exposure (ug/yr) = Concentration (ng/m3) x Inhalation rate (20 nrVday) x 250 days/yr x 1E-03 ug/ng.
VO
en
-------
4669H
Table 14 Estimated Worst-Case Drinking Hater Expsoures to DBOs/UFs Released to Uasteuater During the Manufacture of Chemicals at Various Production Volumes
Production
volume (kkg)
Scenario f 1 -
045
454
45.4
454
4.540
22.700
45.400
227.000
Scenario 12 -
vo 0.45
cn 4 54
45 4
454
4.540
22.700
45.400
227,000
Scenario «3 -
0.45
4.54
45.4
454
4.540
22.700
45.400
227.000
Annual water
release 8
0.4 percent (kg)
Operating Release Contaminant Release rate Receiving stream flow (RID) Concentration (pg/liter) Daily Exposure Annual Exposure
days (250) rate concentration of contaminant nean flow Ion flow mean flow low flow (ug/kg/day) (ug/yr)
(kg/day) (pen) (ing/day) 10 tile 50 tile 10 tile 50 tile 10 tile 50 tile 10 tile 50 tile 10 tile SO tile 10 tile SO tile
Assumes a contaminant concentration of 1.000 ppn
I.B
18.16
181.6
1.816
IB. 160
90.800
181.600
908.000
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
0.0072
0.07264
0.7264
7.264
72.64
363 2
726.4
3.632
.000
,000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
7
72
726
7.264
72,640
363.200
726.400
3.632.000
.2
.64
.4
180
180
180
180
180
ISO
180
180
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
4.00E-02 2.40E-03 2.4BE«00 3.27E-02 .ME -09 .B6E-1I 2.00E-05 1.20E-06
4.04E-OI 2.42E-02 2.50E«01 3.30E-01 .15E-OB .92E-10 2.02E-04 1.2 IE-OS
4.04E«00 2.42E-OI 2.50E«02 3.30E«00 .I5E-07 .92E-09 2.02E-03 1.21E-O4
4.04E«01 2.42E«00 2.50E«03 3.30E«01 .1SE-06 .92E-08 2.02E-02 I.21E-03
4.04E«02 2.42E«01 2.50E«04 3.30E«02 .1SE-05 .92E-07 2.02E-01 1.21E-02
2.02E*03 1.21E<02 1.25E<05 1.65E*03 S.77E-05 3.46E-06 1.01E<00 6.0SE-02
4.04E«03 2.42E«02 2.50E«05 3.30E«03 1.1SE-04 6.92E-06 2.02E«00 1.2IE-01
2.02E«04 1.21E«03 1.2SE«06 1 65E«04 5.77E-04 3.46E-OS 1.01E«01 6.05E-01
Assures a contaminant concentration of 1 pom
1.8
18.16
181 6
1.816
18.160
90.800
181.600
908.000
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
0.0072
0.07264
0 7264
7.264
72.64
363.2
726.4
3.632
Assumes a contaminant concentration of O.I
1 8
18 16
161.6
1.816
18.160
90.800
181.600
908.000
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
0.0072
0.07264
0.7264
7 264
72.64
363.2
726.4
3.632
ppb (EOF
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
00001
0 0001
0
0
0
7
72
363
726
3.632
1984)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0072
07264
.7264
.264
.64
.2
.4
.00000072
.000007264
.00007264
.0007264
.007264
.03632
.07264
.3632
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
ISO
ISO
180
180
180
180
3.000
3,000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3,000
3.000
3,000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2
2
2.
2.
2
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
.OOE-05 2.40E-06 2.48E-03 3.27E-OS .14E-I2 .86E-14 2.00E-08 .20E-09
.04E-04 2.42E-05 2.50E-02 3 30E-04 .15E-I1 .92E-13 2.02E-07 .21E-OS
.04E-03 2.42E-04 2.50E-OI 3.30E-03 .ISE-IO .92E-I2 2.02E-06 .21E-07
.04E-02 2.42E-03 2.50E«00 3.30E-02 .15E-09 .92E-I1 2.02E-05 .21E-06
.04E-01 2.42E-02 2.50E«OI 3.30E-01 .ISE-OB .92E-10 2.02E-04 .21E-05
2.02E«00 I.21E-01 1.2SE«02 1.6SE«00 5.77E-08 3.46E-09 1.01E-03 6 OSE-OS
4.04E*00 2.42E-01 2.50E<02 3 30E«00 USE -07 6.92E-09 2.02E-03 1.21E-04
2 02E«01 1.21E<00 1.25E«03 1.65E<01 5.77E-07 3.46E-OB 1.01E-02 6.05E-04
.OOE-09 2.40E-IO 2.4BE-07 3.27E-09 .14E-I6 .86E-18 2.00E-I2 .20E-I3
.04E-OB 2.42E-09 2.50E-06 3.30E-OB .I5E-15 .92E-17 2.02E-II .21E-12
04E-07 2.42E-OB 2.SOE-05 3.30E-07 .1SE-14 .92E-16 2.02E-10 .21E-11
.04E-06 2.42E-07 2.50E-04 3.30E-06 .15E-13 .92E-I5 2.02E-49 -21E-10
.04E-05 2.42E-06 2.SOE-03 3.30E-05 .ISE-12 .92E-14 2.02E-OB .21E-09
2.02E-04 I.21E-05 1.25E-02 1.65E-04 S.77E-12 3.46E-I3 1.01E-07 6.05E-09
4.04E-04 2.42E-05 2.SOE-02 3.30E-04 1.1SE-1I 6.92E-13 2 02E-07 1 2IE-OB
2 02E-03 1.2IE-04 1.25E-01 1 65E-03 S.77E-11 3.46E-I2 1.01E-06 6.0SE-OB
-------
4669H
Table 14. (Continued)
Footnotes:
(1) Annual average wastewater release = 0.4 percent of production (Freed et al. 1985)
(2) Release rate (kg/day) = Annual release (kg) * 250 days
(3) Contaminant release rate (ing/day) = Release rate of chemical (kg/day) x Contaminant concentration (ppm or mg/kg)
(4) Stream flow data from IFO (1985 - Organic Chemicals Industry)
(5) Concentration (pg/liter) = Release rate (mg/day) * Stream Flow (MLD)
(6) Daily exposure (ug/kg/day) = Concentration (pg/liter) x Ingestion rate (2 liters/day) * Average adult body weight (70 kg) x 1E-06 ug/pg
(7) Annual exposure (ug/yr) = Concentration (pg/liter) x Ingestion rate (2 liters/day) x 250 days/yr x 1E-06 ug/pg
Note: Based on a brief review of available information, no water monitoring data exists
for the DBDs/OBFs. The EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria (EPA 1984) states
that 2,3,7,8-TCOO has never been detected in drinking water using methods with
a sensitivity in the ppt range.
10
-------
4720H
Table 15. Estlcated norst-Case Exposure* to OBOs/DBFs via the Ingestion of Conta»«nated Fish
CO
Production
volute (kkg)
Scenario «1 -
0.45
4.54
45.4
454
4.540
22.700
45.400
227.000
Scenario 12 -
0.45
4.54
45 4
454
4.540
22.700
45.400
227.000
Scenario «3 •
0 45
4 54
45.4
454
4.540
22.700
45.400
227.000
Concentration (pg/l) Concentration (pg/gn)
nan f IOM •&*" f'°"
10 tile 50 tile 10 tile 50 tile
•
Assures a contaninated concentration of 1.000 pa
0.04 00024 .OOE-05 2.40E-06
0 40355 0.02421 .04E-04 2.42E-OS
4.03555 0.24213 -04E-03 2 426-04
40 3555 2.42133 .04E-02 2 426-03
403'555 24.2133 .04E-01 2 42E-02
2017.77 121.066 2.02EtOO 1.21E-01
4035 55 242.133 4.04EtOO 2 42E-OI
20177.7 1210.66 2.02Et01 1.21EtOO
Assures a contaninant concentration of 1 poa
0.00004 0 4 006-08 0 OOEtOO
00004 0.00002 4. OOE-07 2. OOE-OB
0 00403 0.00024 4.03E-06 2.406-07
0.04035 0.00242 4.046-05 2.426-06
0 40355 0.02421 4.04E-04 2 426-05
2.01777 0.12106 2.02E-03 1 21E-04
4 03555 0.242133 4 046-03 2 42E-04
a>'l777 1.21066 2.026-02 1 21E-03
. Assures a contaninant concentration of 0 1 ppb
0 0 O.OOEtOO 0 OOEtOO
0 o O.OOEtOO 0 OOEtOO
0 00 OOEtOO 0 OOEtOO
0 00 OOEtOO O.OOEtOO
0.00004 0 4.006-08 0 OOEtOO
0 0002 0 000001 2 OOE-07 1. 006 -08
0 0004 0.000024 4. OOE-07 2 406-08
0 00201 0 00012 2.01E-06 1. 206 -07
_«^^— «^^-«*
BCF
Fish tissue cone
(pg/g°0
10 tile 50 tile
D
13.000 0.52 0.0312
13.000 5.24615 0.31473
13.000 52.46215 3.14769
13.000 524 6215 31.47729
13.000 5246215 314.7729
13.000 26231.01 1573.858
13.000 52462.15 3147.729
13.000262310.1 15738.58
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
(EOF 1984)
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
13.000
Dally average exposure
10 tile 50 tile
4.836-08
4.876-07
4.876-06
4 87E-05
4.876-04
2.446-03
4.87E-03
2.446-02
0 00052 0 .83E-1I
0.0052 0 00026 .836-10
0 05239 0.00312 .866-09
0 52455 0.03146 .876-08
5.24615 0.31473 .87E-07
26.23101 1.57378 2.446-06
5246215 3.147729 4.87E-06
262.3101 15.73858 2.446-05
0 00 OOEtOO
0 0 O.OOEtOO
0 0 O.OOEtOO
0 0 0 OOEtOO
0.00052 0 4.83E-I1
0.0026 0 00013 2.416-10
0 0052 0 000312 4 83E-10
0 02613 0.00156 2 43E-09
2.90E-09
2926-08
2.926-07
2.92E-06
2.92E-05
1.466-04
2.926-04
1.466-03
O.OOEtOO
2.416-11
2.90E-10
2.926-09
2.926-08
1.466-07
2.926-07
1.466-06
0 OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
1.21E-I1
2.906-11
1 45E-IO
Dally -Eater- exposure
(ug/kg/day)
10 tile
9 216-07
9.296-06
9296-05
9296-04
9.296-03
4.656-02
9.296-02
4 656-01
9.216-10
9216-09
9.286-08
9 296-07
9.296-06
4.656-05
9296-05
4.656-04
0 OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
9.216-10
4616-09
9.216-09
4.63E-OB
__ ^—— ^— ^—
50 tile
5.S3E-OB
5.586-07
5.586-06
5.586-05
5.586-04
2.796-03
5.58E-03
2.796-02
O.OOEtOO
4.61E-10
5.536-09
5.576-08
5.586-07
2.796-06
5 586-06
2 796-05
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
2.306-10
5.53E-IO
2.76E-09
Annual average
luo/yr)
10 tile
.236-03
.246-02
.246-01
.246 tOO
.24Et01
6.22Et01
1.246*02
6.22Et02
.236-06
.236-05
.246-04
.246-03
.246-02
6.226-02
1.246-01
6 226-01
O.OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
1.236-06
6.176-06
1.236-05
6.206-05
exposure Annual -Eater-
(uo/vr)
50 tile
^^_^_««^«^-«
.406-05
.476-04
.47E-03
.476-02
.476-01
3.73EtOO
7.47EtOO
3.73EtOI
O.OOEtOO
6.176-07
7.40E-06
7.466-05
7.476-04
3.736-03
7.47E-03
3 736-02
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
3086-07
7 406-07
3 706-06
10 tile
•i i
2.356-02
2.376-01
2.37EtOO
2.376t01
2.37Et02
1.19Et03
2.37Et03
1.19Et04
2.356-05
2.356-04
2.376-03
2.376-02
2.376-01
1.19EtOO
2.376*00
l.WEtOl
O.OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
2.356-05
1.1BE-04
2356-04
1.186-03
exposure
50 tile
1 416-03
1.426-02
1.426-01
1.42EtOO
1.42Et01
7.12Et01
1.42Et02
7.l2Et02
0 OOEtOO
.18E-05
.41E-04
.426-03
.426-02
.12E-02
426-01
.126-01
O.OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
0 OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
O.OOEtOO
5 BBE-06
1 41E-05
7.066-05
_ — — — ^^— -^—
-------
4720H
Table IS. (Continued)
Footnotes:
(1) Concentrations from Table 14
(2) Concentration (pg/gn) = Concentration (pg/liter) x 1 liter/1.000 on3 x Density of Water (1 oirVgn)
(3) Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) = Highest measured value for 2,3,7,8-ICDD (EPA 1984)
(4) Fish Tissue Concentration (pg/gn) = Concentration in Water (pg/gn) x BCF (method of Lyman et al. 1982)
(5) Daily exposure (ug/kg/day) = Fish Tissue Concentration (pg/gn) x Ingestion rate (6.5 and 124 gns/day (see below)) * Average adult body
weight (70 kg) x 1E-06 ug/pg
(6) Annual exposure (ug/yr) = Fish Tissue Concentration (pg/gn) x Ingestion rate (6.5 and 124 gns/day) x 365 days/yr x 1E-06 ug/pg
Average fish ingestion rate for the U.S. population = 6.5 grams/day (EPA 1980; Water Quality Criteria Documents)
Average ingestion rate for eaters of fish = 124 grams/day (USDA 1982; Census of Agriculture)
Exposure Estimate Based on Monitoring Data:
- Consumption of Great Lakes fish contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCOD at a concentration of approximately 25 pg/g
(Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document page C-10 (EPA 1984): data cited by O'Keefe 1983)(Range of NO to 480 ppt)
- Daily exposure for average population (ug/kg/day)(same procedures as above) = 2.3E-06 ug/kg/day
- Daily exposure for "Eaters" (ug/kg/day)(same procedures as above) = 4.43E-05 ug/kg/day
- Annual average exposure (ug/yr)(same procedures as above) = 5.93E-02 ug/yr
- Annual "Eaters" exposure (ug/yr)(same procedures as above) = 1.13E+00 ug/yr.
-------
4670H
Table 16. Estimated Drinking Water Exposure to DBDs/DBFs as a Result of the Discharge of
2,4-Oichlorophenol During Paper Manufacturing
Exposure Scenario: Ambient exposure to DBDs/DBFs via ingestion of drinking water near the outfall of a paper
manufacturing plant that is discharging 2,4-dichlorophenol. The scenario assumes worst-case
exposure; no attenuation via partitioning to sediments or particulate matter and removal
during drinking water treatment is assumed.
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Wastewater flow (WF) (I/day):
Waste concentration (W) (ug/1):
DBDs/DBFs concentration (DC):
(pg/D
Stream flow (SF)(I/day):
Dilution factor (0):
Stream concentration (C)(pg/l):
Ingestion rate (I)(I/day):
Frequency (F)(days/yr):
Daily exposure (DX)(ug/kg/day):
Annual exposure (AX)(ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily
exposure (LADE)(ug/kg/day):
1.10E+07
4.90E+00
4.90E+03
4.90E+00
4.90E-04
10th tile
2.70E+08
Flow is for an unidentified paper plant (USEPA 1983).
Concentration of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (USEPA 1983).
1000 ppm (pg/ug) x 4.9 ug/1 of 2,4-dichlorophenol
1 ppm
0.0001 ppm (O.lppb)
50th tile
5.TOE+09 10th and 50th percent!le receiving stream flows for
the paper industry (Dixon et al. 1985).
2.45E+01 5.18E+02 Dilution factor = SF/WF
2.00E+02 9.46E+00 DC * D
2.00E-01 9.46E-03
2.00E-05 9.46E-07
2.00E+00 Dixon et al. (1985)
3.65E+02 Assumes ingestion 365 days per year.
5.70E-06 2.70E-07 OX = C x I x l.OE-06 ug/pg * 70 kg body wt.
5.70E-09 2.70E-10
5.70E-13 2.70E-14
1.46E-01 6.90E-03 AX = C x I x F x l.OE-06 ug/pg
1.46E-04 6.90E-06
1.46E-08 6.90E-10
5.70E-06 2.70E-07 LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25550 days/lifetime
5.70E-09 2.70E-10 70 kg body wt.
5.70E-13 2.70E-14
100
-------
4670H
Table 17. Estimated Drinking Water Exposure to DBDs/DBFs as a Result of the Discharge of
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol During Leather Manufacturing
Exposure Scenario: Ambient exposure to DBDs/DBFs via ingestion of drinking water near the outfall of a leather
manufacturing plant that is discharging 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The scenario assumes
worst-case exposure; no attenuation via partitioning to sediments or particulate matter and
removal during drinking water treatment is assumed.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Wastewater flow (UF) (I/day):
Waste concentration (W) (ug/1):
DBOs/DBFs concentration (DC):
(pg/D
2.0BE+05
3.96E+02
3.96E+05
3.96E+02
3.96E-02
10th %ile SOth %ile
Flow is for an unidentified leather plant (USEPA 1983).
Concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (USEPA 1983).
1,000 ppm (pg/ug) x 396.0 ug/1 of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
1 ppm
0.0001 ppm (O.lppb)
Stream flow (SF)(I/day):
Dilution factor (D):
Stream concentration (C)(pg/1):
Ingestion rate (I)(I/day):
Frequency (F)(days/yr):
Daily exposure (OX)(ug/kg/day):
Annual exposure (AX)(ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily
exposure (LADE)(ug/kg/day):
1.20E+08 6.40E+08 10th and SOth percentile receiving stream flows for
the leather industry (Dixon et al. 1985).
5.77E+02 3.08E+03 Dilution factor = SF/WF
D
6.86E+02
6.86E-01
6.86E-05
2.00E+00
3.65E+02
1.96E-05
1.96E-08
1.96E-12
5.01E-01
5.01E-04
5.01E-08
1.29E+02 DC
1.29E-01
1.29E-05
Dixon et al. (1985)
Assumes ingestion 365 days per year.
3.69E-06 DX = C x I x l.OE-06 ug/pg * 70 kg body wt.
3.69E-09
3.69E-13
9.42E-02 AX = C x I x F x l.OE-06 ug/pg
9.42E-05
9.42E-09
1.96E-05 3.69E-06 LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan r 25550 days/lifetime *
1.96E-08 3.69E-09 70 Kg body wt.
1.96E-12 3.69E-13
101
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Table 18. Estimated Drinking Water Exposure to DBDs/DBFs as a Result of the Discharge of
Pentachlorophenol in Textile Manufacturing
Exposure Scenario: Ambient exposure to DBDs/DBFs via ingestion of drinking water near the outfall of a textile
manufacturing plant that is discharging pentachlorophenol. The scenario assumes worst-case
exposure; no attenuation via partitioning to sediments or particulate matter and removal
during drinking water treatment is assumed.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Uastewater flow (WF) (I/day):
Waste concentration (W) (ug/1):
DBOs/DBFs concentration (DC):
(pg/1)
Stream flow (SF)(I/day):
Dilution factor (D):
Stream concentration (C)(pg/l):
Ingestion rate (I)(I/day):
Frequency (F)(days/yr):
' Daily exposure (OX)(ug/kg/day):
Annual exposure (AX)(ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily
exposure (LADE)(ug/kg/day):
8.26E+05
1.83E401
1.83E+04
1.83E+01
1.83E-03
10th lile 50th %ile
Flow is for an unidentified textile plant (USEPA
1983).
Concentration of pentachlorophenol (USEPA 1983).
1000 pom (pg/ug) x 18.3 ug/1 of pentachlorophenol
1 ppm
0.0001 ppm (O.lppb)
8.70E>07 4.70E+08 10th and 50th percentile receiving stream flows for
the textile industry (Dixon et al. 1985).
1.05E>02 5.69E+02 Dilution factor = SF/WF
1.74E+02 3.22E+01 DC * 0
1.74E-01 3.22E-02
1.74E-05 3.22E-06
2.00E+00
3.65E+02
4.97E-06 9.2E-07
4.97E-09 9.2E-10
4.97E-13 9.2E-14
Dixon et. al. (1985)
Assumes ingestion 365 days per year.
DX = C x I x l.OE-06 ug/pg * 70 kg body wt.
1.27E-01 2.35E-02 AX = C x I x F x l.OE-06 ug/pg
1.27E-04 2.35E-05
1.27E-08 2.35E-09
4.97E-06 9.2E-07
4.97E-09 9.2E-10
4.97E-13 9.2E-14
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25550 days/lifetime *
70 kg body wt.
102
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Table 19. Worker Inhalation Exposure to DODs/DBFs Associated with Contaminated Liquids
Exposure Scenario: Occupational inhalation exposure to DBDs/DBFs during the use of contaminated liquids. Worst
case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on Dal ton's law of partial pressures
(assumes DBDs/DBFs in the contaminated liquid are at equilibrium in the occupational air).
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Concentration (C) (mg/m3):
Inhalation rate (I) (nrVhr):
Duration (D) (hr/day):
Frequency (F) (days/yr):
Daily exposure (OX) (ug/kg/day):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
2.95E-05
2.95E-08
2.95E-12
1.20E+00
8.00E+00
2.50E+02
4.04E-03
4.04E-06
4.04E-10
7.08E+01
7.08E-02
7.08E-06
2.77E-03
2.77E-06
2.77E-10
See footnote a. (Based on three assumed
contamination levels).
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumes a full 8 hour work day.
Average number of work days per year.
DX = CxIxDx 1,000 ug/mg * 70 kg body weight
AX = CxIxDxFx 1,000 ug/mg.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime * 70 kg
body wt.
aC is calculated by using Dalton's law of partial pressures:
C = [PP x MU x 1,000 mg/g x 1,000 1/m3] * [R x T]
Where:
PP = Partial pressure of DBDs/DBFs above the liquid (atm)
m = Molecular weight of dioxins (321.87 g/mole)
R - Gas constant (0.08205 1-atm/mole K)
T = Air temperature (298°K)
103
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Table 19. (Continued)
The partial pressure is calculated as follows:
PP = Vapor pressure of dioxins x Mole fraction of dioxins in liquid
The molecular weight of the liquids in which the dioxins are a solute is assumed
to be the same as the molecular weight of dioxins (321.87 for 2,3,7,8-TCOD (Choudhary et al. 1983)).
Thus, the mole fraction of dioxins in the liquid is the same as the assumed concentration
(1.000 ppm, 1 ppm, and 0.1 ppb expressed in terms of a weight fraction). If the molecular
weight of the liquid is less than the molecular weight of dioxins, then the mole fraction
of dioxin in the liquid and the estimated equilibrium dioxin partial pressure would be lower
than those listed above by a factor equal to the ratio of the molecular weight of the liquid
to the molecular weight of dioxin.
The vapor pressure of dioxin in pure form is 1.7 E-06 mn of Hg. Data provided by
Choudhary et al. (1983) for 2,3,7,8-TCOO.
104
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Table 20. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to OBOs/OBFs Associated With Spray Painting Mist
Exposure scenario:
Occupational inhalation exposure to DBOs/DBFs during the production of spray paint.
Worst case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on the OSHA occupational
air criteria value for total dust.
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Duration (D) (hr/week): 4.00E+01
Inhalation rate (I) (nrVhour): 1.20E+00
Frequency (F) (weeks/yr): 4.80E+01
Concentration (C) (ug/m3):
Paint type
1
2
3
4
Low solids paint 5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
High solids paint 5
6
7
8
9
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
8.30E+00
8.30E-03
8.30E-07
3.57E+00
3.57E-07
2.25E-01
2.25E-08
4.50E+00
4.50E-07
8.90E+00
8.90E-03
8.90E-07
5.67E+00
5.67E-07
2.25E-01
2.25E-08
3.00E+00
3.00E-07
Paint type
1 1.91E+04
2 1.91E+01
3 1.91E-03
4 8.23E+03
Assumed full 8 hour work day.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work weeks per year.
C = (15 mg/m3) x (1.000 ug/mg) x (Weight fraction of
dioxin in paint). 15 mg/m? is the OSHA standard for
total dust, weight fraction of dioxin in paint: see
footnote a.
= DxIxFxC
105
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Table 20. (Continued)
Parameter
Low solids paint
High solids paint
Daily exposure (OX)
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(ug/lcg/day) :
Value (s) Comment
8.23E-04
5.18E+02
5. 18E-05
1.04E+04
1.04E-03
2.05E+04
2.05E+01
2.0SE-03
1.31E+04
1.31E-03
5. 18E+02
5.18E-OS
6.91E+03
6.91E-04
OX = AX * (240 days/yr) * 70 kg body weight.
Paint type
Low solids paint
High solids paint
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.14E+00
1.14E-03
1.14E-07
4.90E-01
4.90E-08
3.08E-02
3.08E-09
6.19E-01
6.19E-08
1.22E+00
1.22E-03
1.22E-07
7.80E-01
7.80E-08
3.08E-02
3.08E-09
4.11E-01
4.11E-08
106
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Table 20. (Continued)
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan
T 70 kg body weight
25,550 days/lifetime
1
2
3
4
Low solids paint 5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
High solids paint 5
6
7
8
9
7.48E-01
7.48E-04
7.48E-08
3.22E-01
3.22E-08
2.03E-02
2.03E-09
4.07E-01
4.07E-08
8.02E-01
8.02E-04
8.02E-08
5.13E-01
5.13E-08
2.03E-02
2.03E-09
2.70E-01
2.70E-08
a There are three major constituents in paints: binders, pigments, and volatile solvents. The dioxin
concentration in the final formulated paint will depend upon: (1) the concentration of dioxins in each one
of the constituents; (2) the relative weight fraction of the contaminated constituent; and (3) the
relative weight percentages of the binder, pigment and solvent in the final formulated paint.
Mathematically this is expressed as follows:
WOP = [(CB x (UC8) x (WBP)] + [(CP) x (WCP) x (WPP)] * [(CS) x (WCS) x (WSP)]
where:
WOP = Dioxin concentration in paint (mg/kg)
CB = Dioxin concentration in binder (mg/kg)
WCB = Relative weight fraction of contaminated binder
WBP = Relative weight fraction of the binder to the paint
CP = Dioxin concentration in pigment (mg/kg)
WCP = Relative weight fraction of contaminated pigment
WPP = Relative weight fraction of the pigment to the paint
CS = Dioxin concentration in solvent (mg/kg)
WCS = Relative weight fraction of contaminated solvent
WSP = Relative weight fraction of the solvent to the paint
107
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Table 20. (Continued)
Two types of paints can be considered: (a) relatively low solids content paint (i.e., 34 percent binder
system, 6 percent pigment system, and 60 percent solvent system) and (b) relatively high solids content
paint (i.e., 54 percent binder system, 6 percent pigment system, and 40 percent solvent system).
In both types of solids content paint, the contaminated binder is assumed to account for 70 percent by
weight of the binder system; the contaminated pigment is assumed to account for 25 percent by weight of
the pigment system and the contaminated solvent is assumed to account for 50 percent by weight of the
solvent system.
Hypothetical DBOs/OBFs Concentration in Contaminated Systems
(ppm)
Type CB BP CS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1,000
1
1E-04
1.000
1E-04
0
0
0
0
1,000
1
1E-04
0
0
1,000
1E-04
0
0
1.000
1
1E-04
0
0
0
0
1,000
1E-04
108
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Table 21. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBOs/DBFs Associated With Paint Formulation Operations
(Pigments and Binders in the Air)
Exposure scenario: Occupational inhalation exposure to DBus/DBFs during the production of paints. Worst
case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on the OSHA occupational air
criteria value for total dust.
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Duration (0) (hr/week):
Inhalation rate (I) (nrVhour):
Frequency (F) (weeks/yr):
Concentration (C) (ug/m3):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure:
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
4.00E+01
1.20E+00
4.80E+01
1.50E+01
1.50E-02
1.50E-06
3.46E+04
3.46E+01
3.46E-03
2.06E+00
2.06E-03
2.06E-07
1.35E+00
1.35E-03
1.35E-07
Assumed full 8 hour work day.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work weeks per year.
C = (15 mg/m?) x (1,000 ug/mg) x (Weight fraction of
dioxin in paint). 15 mg/m3 is the OSHA standard for
total dust. Weight fraction of dioxin in paint: see
footnote a.
DxIxFxC
DX = AX 4- 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25.550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
a Assumes compound in air is contaminated at levels of 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
109
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Table 22. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs Associated With Dry Cleaning Operations
Exposure scenario: Occupational inhalation exposure to DBDs/DBFs during dry cleaning operations. Worst
case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on the OSHA occupational air
criteria value for 1,1,2-trichloroethylene.
Parameter
Value(s)
Conment
Duration (D) (hr/week): 4.00E+01
Inhalation rate (I) (nrVhour): 1.20E+00
Frequency (F) (weeks/yr):
Concentration (C) (ug/m3):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
4.80E+01
5.36E+02
5.36E-01
5.36E-05
1.24E+06
1.24E+03
1.24E-01
7.38E+01
7.38E-02
7.38E-06
4.85E+01
4.85E-02
4.85E-06
Assumed full 8 hour work day.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work weeks per year.
C = (536 mg/m3) x (1,000 ug/mg) x (Weight fraction of
dioxin in 1,1,2-trichloroethylene).
536 mg/m3 is the OSHA standard for
1,1,2-trichloroethylene. Weight fraction of dioxin
in 1,1,2-trichloroethylene: see footnote a.
AX = DxIxFxC
OX = AX r 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25.550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
a Assumes compound in air is contaminated at levels of 1,000 ppm; 1 pptn; and l.OE-04 ppm.
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Table 23. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to OBOs/DBFs Associated With Chlorobenzene Manufacturing
Exposure scenario: Occupational inhalation exposure to DBDs/OBFs during the production of Chlorobenzene.
Worst case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on the OSHA occupational
air criteria value for Chlorobenzene.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Duration (0) (hr/week):
Inhalation rate (I) (nr'/hour):
Frequency (F) (weeks/yr):
Concentration (C) (ug/m3):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
4.00E+01
1.20E+00
4.80E+01
3.50E+02
3.50E-01
3.50E-05
8.06E+05
8.06E+02
8.06E-02
4.80E+01
4.80E-02
4.80E-06
3.15E+01
3.15E-02
3.15E-06
Assumed full 8 hour work day.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work weeks per year.
C = (350 mg/m3) x (1,000 ug/mg) x (Weight fraction of
dioxin in Chlorobenzene. 350 mg/m3 is the OSHA
standard for Chlorobenzene. Weight fraction of dioxin
in Chlorobenzene: see footnote a.
AX = DxIxFxC
OX = AX * 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
a Assumes compound in air is contaminated at levels of 1.000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
Ill
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Table 24. Worker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBDs/DBFs Associated With Chlorinated Diphenyl
Oxides Manufacturing
Exposure scenario: Occupational inhalation exposure to DBOs/DBFs during the production of chlorinated
diphenyl oxides. Worst case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on the
OSHA occupational air criteria value for chlorobenzene.
Parameter
Value(s)
Connent
Duration (D) (hr/week):
Inhalation rate (I) (m^/hour):
Frequency (F) (weeks/yr):
Concentration (C) (ug/m3):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
4.00E+01
1.20E+00
4.80E+01
5.00E-01
5.00E-04
S.OOE-OB
1.15E+03
1.15E400
1.1SE-04
6.85E-02
6.8SE-05
6.85E-09
4.50E-02
4.50E-05
4.50E-09
Assumed full 8 hour work day.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work weeks per year.
C = (0.50 mg/m3) x (1.000 ug/mg) x (Weight fraction of
dioxin in chlorinated diphenyl oxide. 0.50 mg/m3 is the
OSHA standard for chlorinated diphenyl oxide, weight
fraction of dioxin in chlorobenzene: See footnote a.
AX = OxIxFxC
DX = AX * 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25.550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
a Assumes compound in air is contaminated at levels of 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
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Table 25. Vtorker Exposure (Inhalation) to DBOs/DBFs Associated With Fire Retardants
Exposure scenario: Occupational inhalation exposure to DBDs/DBFs during the production of Fire Retardants.
Worst case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on the OSHA occupational
air criteria value for total dust.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Duration (D) (hr/week): 4.00E+01
Inhalation rate (I) (n^/hour): 1.20E+00
Frequency (F) (weeks/yr): 4.80E+01
Concentration (C) (ug/m3):
1.50E+01
1.50E-02
1.50E-06
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
3.46E+04
3.46E+01
3.46E-03
2.06E+00
2.06E-03
2.06E-07
1.35E+00
1.3SE-03
1.3SE-07
Assumed full 8 hour work day.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work weeks per year.
C = (15 mg/m3) x (1,000 ug/mg) x (Weight fraction of
furans in fire retardants). 15 mg/m3 is the OSHA
standard for total dust. Weight fraction of furans in
fire retardants: See footnote a.
DxIxFxC
OX = AX * 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25.550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
a Assumes compound in air is contaminated at levels of 1,000 ppm; 1 pom; and l.OE-04 ppm.
113
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Table 26. Worker Dermal Exposure to DBDs/OBFs During Organic Chemical Synthesis and Use
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs during organic chemical synthesis or use is
estimated. Worst-case estimates of possible exposure are calculated based on the chemical
2,4-dichlorophenol.
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Skin area exposed (S) (on2): 8.70E+02
Liquid film thickness on skin
(T) (cm):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/on3):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
1.80E-03
2.40E+02
1.38E+00
1.001*03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
3.08E+01
3.08E-02
3.08E-06
S.18E+05
5.18E+02
S.18E-02
2.03E+01
2.03E-02
2.03E-06
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands
(Jennings et al. 1985).
Average film thickness of five solutions (Jennings et al.
1985).
Average number of work days per year. Assumes one complete
contact with all skin surfaces per day.
Density of 2,4-dichlorophenol (Verschueren 1983).
Assumed three contamination levels (1,000 ppm, 1 ppm, 0.1 ppb),
DX = S (cm2) x T (on) x D (g/cm3) x C (ug/g)
T 70 kg body weight
AX = S (on2) x T (cm) x D (g/cm3) x C (ug/g) x
F (events/yr)
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime * 70 kg
body weight
114
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Table 27. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/OBFs Associated With Leather Tanning Operations
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs during leather tanning operations. Worst-case
estimates of possible exposure are calculated based on the chemical pentachlorophenol.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Liquid film thickness on skin:
(T) (on):
Skin area exposed (S)
(oirVevent):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/cc):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
1.80E-03
8.70E+02
2.40E+02
1.98E+00
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
7.44E+Q5
7.44E+02
7.44E-02
4.43E+01
4.43E-02
4.43E-06
2.91E+01
2.91E-02
2.91E-06
Average of the measured film thickness of five solutions
on the skin after immersion of hands into the solution
followed by a partial wipe with a rag: mineral oil,
cooking oil, bath oil, 50 percent bath oil / 50 percent
water, and water (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands.
The frequency of exposure was hypothesized for this
operation.
Density is specific for the liquid taken as study case:
pentachlorophenol.
Assume 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
AX=TxSxFxOxC
DX = AX * 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25.550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
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Table 28. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBDs/DBFs Associated With Dielectric Fluids
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs during the production of dielectric fluids.
Worst-case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene.
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Liquid film thickness on skin
(T) (an):
1.80E-03
Skin area exposed (S)
(oil/event):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/cc):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
8.70E+02
2.40E+02
1.86E+00
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
6.99E+05
6.99E+02
6.99E-02
4.16E+01
4.16E-02
4.16E-06
2.74E+01
2.74E-02
2.74E-06
Average of the measured film thickness of five solutions
on the skin after imnersion of hands into the solution
followed by a partial wipe with a rag: mineral oil,
cooking oil, bath oil, SO percent bath oil / 50 percent
water, and water (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands.
The frequency of exposure was hypothesized for this
operation.
Density is specific for the liquid taken as study case:
1,2,3,4-tetrach1orobenzene.
Assume 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
TxSxFxDxC
DX = AX T (240 days/yr) * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime
T 70 kg body weight.
116
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Table 29. Worker Exposure (Dermal} to DBOs/DBFs Associated With Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to OBOs/OBFs during the production of Pharmaceuticals.
Worst-case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on dibromobenzene.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Liquid film thickness on skin
(T) (cm):
Skin area exposed (S)
(oirVevent):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/cc):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
1.80E-03
8.70E+02
2.40E+02
1.95E+00
.OOE+03
.OOE+00
.OOE-04
.33E*05
.33E+02
7.33E-02
4.36E+01
4.36E-02
4.36E-06
2.87E+01
2.87E-02
2.87E-06
Average of the measured film thickness of five solutions
on the skin after immersion of hands into the solution
followed by a partial wipe with a rag: mineral oil,
cooking oil, bath oil, 50 percent bath oil /SO percent
water, and water (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands.
The frequency of exposure was hypothesized for this
operation.
Density is specific for the liquid taken as study case:
dibrcmobenzene.
Assume 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
= TxSxFxDxC
DX = AX * 240 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
117
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4687H
Table 30. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBOs/DBFs Associated With the Use of Solvents
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs during the use of solvents. Worst case
estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on 3-chloroprene.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Liquid film thickness on skin
(T) (cm):
1.80E-03
Skin area exposed (S)
(oil/event) :
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/cc):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day)
8.70E+02
2.40E+02
9.58E-01
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
3.60E+05
3.60E+02
3.60E-02
2.14E+01
2.14E-02
2.14E-06
1.41E+01
1.41E-02
1.41E-06
Average of the measured film thicknesses of five
solutions on the skin after immersion of hands into
the solutions followed by a partial wipe with a rag:
mineral oil, cooking oil, bath oil, 50% bath oil/SOI
water, and water (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands.
The frequency of exposure was hypothesized for this
operation.
Density is specific for the liquid taken as study
case: 3-chloroprene.
Assume 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
TxSxFxDxC
OX = AX T (240 days/yr) * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime
•f 70 kg body weight.
118
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Table 31. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBOs/OBFs Associated With Dyes
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to DBOs/OBFs during the production of dyes. Worst
case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on tetrachlorophthalic
anhydride.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Liquid film thickness on skin
(T) (on):
1.80E-03
Skin area exposed (S)
(orrVevent) :
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/cc):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
B.70E+02
2.40E+02
1.59E+00
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
5.98E+05
5.98E+02
5.98E-02
3.56E+01
3.56E-02
3.56E-06
2.34E+01
2.34E-02
2.34E-06
Average of the measured film thicknesses of five
solutions on the skin after iinnersion of hands into
the solutions followed by a partial wipe with a rag:
mineral oil. cooking oil, bath oil, 501 bath oil/SOI
water, and water (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands.
The frequency of exposure was hypothesized for this
operation.
Density is specific for the liquid taken as study
case: tetrachlorophthalic anhydride.
Assume 1.000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
AX=TxSxFxOxC
DX = AX * (240 days/yr) * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
119
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Table 32. Worker Exposure (Dermal) to DBOs/DBFs Associated With Dry Cleaning
Exposure scenario: Occupational dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs during dry cleaning operations. Worst
case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Parameter
Value(s)
Garment
Liquid film thickness on skin
(T) (cm):
1.80E-03
Skin area exposed (S)
(cnrVevent) :
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Density of liquid (D) (g/cc):
Concentration (C) (ug/g):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Daily exposure (DX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
8.70E+02
2.40E+02
1.32E+00
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
4.96E+05
4.96E+02
4.96E-02
2.95E+01
2.95E-02
2.95E-06
1.94E+01
1.94E-02
1.94E-06
Average of the measured film thicknesses of five
solutions on the skin after immersion of hands into
the solutions followed by a partial wipe with a rag:
mineral oil, cooking oil, bath oil, 501 bath oi1/501
water, and water (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed to be the entire surface area of both hands.
The frequency of exposure was hypothesized for this
operation.
Density is specific for the liquid taken as study
case: 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Assume 1,000 ppm; 1 ppm; and l.OE-04 ppm.
TxSxFxDxC
DX = AX T (240 days/yr) * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
120
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Table 33. Consumer Inhalation Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated with
Fire Retardants in Plastic Household Furnishings
Exposure scenario:
Consumer inhalation exposure to DBDs/DBFs during the use of plastic household
furnishings. Worst case estimates of possible exposure were calculated based on
the fraction of fire retardant in the plastic.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Duration (D) (hr/event):
Inhalation rate (I) (nrVhr):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
DBD/OBF concentration in fire
retardant (Cl) (mg/kg):
Release rate of DBDs/DBFs (R)
(mg/day):
Time weighted average DBD/DBF
concentration in air (C2)
(mg/m3):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Average body weight (kg):
Daily exposure (OX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
2.40E+01
1.20E+00
3.65E+02
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
1.33E-02
1.33E-05
1.33E-09
.HE-OS
.1 IE-OS
.11E-12
.17E+02
.17E-01
.17E-05
7.0E+01
4.58E-03
4.58E-06
4.58E-10
4.58E-03
4.58E-06
4.58E-10
Worst case continuous exposure.
Average light activity inhalation rate (Jennings et al.
1985).
Worst case continuous exposure.
Assume 1,000 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg; and
l.OE-04 mg/kg.
Assumes that OBDs/DBFs are released from plastic
proportionally to the fire retardant chemical.
Dynamac (1983) estimated the volatilization of fire
retardants from plastic furnishings (100 kg) to be 667 g in
1,000 days, where the weight fraction of fire retardant in
the plastic is 0.02 g/g.
C2 = R (mg/day) * total air volume per day.
Assumes a room volume of 50 m^ and an air exchange
rate of 50 m3/hr.
Total air volume/day = 50 nrVhr x 24 hr/day
AX=DxIxFxC2x (1,000 ug/mg).
DX = AX * 365 days/yr * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25.550 days/lifetime
T 70 kg body weight.
121
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Table 34. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBOs/DBFs Associated with Household Cleaners/Spot Removers
Containing Solvents
Exposure scenario: Use of household spot remover (i.e., chloropropene) on sponge or rag. The contaminated
solvent passes through the sponge or rag to the fingers of one hand resulting in dermal
exposure to DBDs/OBFs.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Concentration of DBDs/OBFs
(C) (mg/1):
Surface area exposed (S) (cm2):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Body weight (B) (kg):
Event exposure (EX) (ug/kg/event):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
l.OOE+03
l.OOE+00
l.OOE-04
40
Skin adhesion rate (A) (ml/cm2): 0.00148
12
70
8.46E-01
8.46E-04
8.46E-08
7.10E+02
7.10E-01
7.10E-05
2.78E-02
2.78E-05
2.78E-09
Three assumed contamination levels of 1,000 ppm, 1 ppm and
0.1 ppb.
One fifth (estimated) of the area of the outstretched palm and
fingers of one hand (i.e., 200 on2) (Jennings et al. 1985).
Water retention on hand after partial wipe
(1.48 mg/cm2 x 1 ml/g x 0.001 g/mg) (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed cleaning of once per month, 12 times/year.
Average adult body weight (Jennings et al. 1985).
EX = CxSxAx 0.001 I/ml x 1,000 ug/mg * B
AX = CxSxAxFx 0.001 I/ml x 1,000 ug/mg
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan * 25,500 days/lifetime * 70 kg.
122
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4670H
Table 35. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated with Pure Strength
Household Cleaner Containing a Potentially Contaminated Solvent
Exposure scenario: Use of pure strength Brand X cleaner on sponge or rag for cleaning. Contaminated constituent
of the cleaner passes through the sponge or rag to palm and fingers of one hand resulting in
dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Concentration of DBOs/DBFs
(C) (mg/1):
Surface area exposed (S) (on?): 200
Skin adhesion rate (A) (ml/cm2):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Body weight (B) (kg):
Event exposure (EX) (ug/kg/event):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
52
70
4.50E+01
4.50E-02
4.50E-06
0.00148
1.90E-01
1.90E-04
1.90E-08
6.93E+02
6.93E-01
6.93E-05
Three assumed contamination levels of 1,000 ppm, 1 ppm and
0.1 ppb. Cleaner contains 4.5 percent of the contaminated
chemical (i.e., every liter of cleaner contains 45 ml of
contaminated chemical.
Area of outstretched palm and fingers of one hand
(Jennings et al. 1985)
Water retention on hand after partial wipe (Jennings et al.
1985), (i.e.. 1.48 rag/cm2 x 1 ml/g x 0.001 g/mg)
Assumed cleaning of one day/week, 52 weeks/year
Average adult body weight (Jennings et al. 1985)
EX = CxSxAx 1E-03 I/ml x 1,000 ug/mg * B
AX = Cx5xAx 1E-03 I/ml x F x 1,000 ug/mg
2.71E-02 LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan 4- 25,550 days/lifetime * 70 kg.
2.7IE-OS
2.71E-09
123
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4670H
Table 36. Consumer Dermal Exposure to DBDs/DBFs Associated with Dilute Strength
Household Cleaner Containing a Potentially Contaminated Solvent
Exposure scenario: Use of diluted strength Brand X cleaner in a gallon of water with a sponge or rag. Both hands
are immersed in cleaning solution to rinse and ring the applicator resulting in repeated
contact of the entire surface area of both hands with the diluted contaminant.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Concentration of OBOs/DBFs
Surface area exposed (S) (on?):
Skin adhesion rate (A) (ml/on2):
Frequency (F) (events/yr):
Body weight (B) (kg):
Event exposure (EX) (ug/kg/event):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
000
52
70
2.82E+00
2.82E-03
2.82E-07
0.0021
6.77E-02
6.77E-05
6.77E-09
2.46E+02
2.46E-01
2.46E-05
See Table 35. Cleaner is diluted (one cup or 0.237 liters)
with one gallon (i.e., 3.7854 liters) of water (cone.
cleaner x 0.237 1 * 3.7854 1)
Surface area of two hands (Jennings et al. 1985).
water retention on hand - no wipe (Jennings et al. 1985).
Assumed cleaning of one day/week, 52 weeks/year.
Average adult body weight (Jennings et al. 1985).
EX = CxSxAx 1E-03 I/ml x 1,000 ug/mg f B
AX = CxSxAx 1E-03 I/ml x F x 1,000 ug/mg
9.64E-03 LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan f 25,550 days/lifetime * 70 kg.
9.64E-06
9.64E-10
124
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Table 37. Consuner Dermal Exposure to OBDs/DBFs Associated with Clothing Dyes
Exposure scenario: Consumer dermal exposure to DBDs/DBFs associated with clothing dyes.
Parameter
Value(s)
Comment
Skin area exposed to fabric (S)
(cnrVevent): 1.70E+04
Frequency of exposure (F)
(events/yr):
Weight of fabric («) (kg/cm2):
Weight fraction dye/fabric (W):
DBD/DBF concentration in dye (C)
(mg/kg):
Fraction of dye released (R):
Annual exposure (AX) (ug/yr):
Average body weight (kg):
Daily exposure (OX) (ug/kg/day):
Lifetime average daily exposure
(LADE) (ug/kg/day):
3.65E+02
1.18E-04
5.00E-02
l.OOE+03
1.00E*00
l.OOE-04
1.OOE-05
3.66E-04
3.66E-07
3.66E-11
7.0E+01
.43E-08
.43E-11
.43E-15
.43E-08
.43E-11
.43E-1S
Average total body surface area for men and women (ICRP
1974).
Treated fabric worn daily.
Two kg of dark dyed or printed fabric worn daily.
JRB (1983).
Assume 1,000 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg; and l.OE-04 mg/kg.
Based on JRB (1983).
AX = SxFxHxWxCxRx (1E-03 ug/mg).
OX = AX r (365 days/yr) * 70 kg body weight.
LADE = AX x 70 yr lifespan r 25.550 days/lifetime
* 70 kg body weight.
125
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dloxlns and dlbenzofurans 1n the total environment. Woburn, MA:
Butterworth Press.
Rappe C, Marklund S, et al. 1983. Polychlorlnated d1benzo-p-d1ox1ns,
dlbenzofurans and other polynuclear aromatlcs formed during Incineration
and polychlorlnated blphenyl fires. In Chlorinated dloxlns and
dlbenzofurans In the total environment. Woburn, MA: Butterworth Press:
99-124. (#60)
Schweer LG, Hammerstrom KA, et al. 1985. Exposure assessment for
polychlorlnated byphenyls (PCB): Incidental production, recycling, and
selected authorized uses. Final report. Washington, DC: Office of
Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract no.
68-01-6271. (#65)
Shaub WM, and Tsang W. 1983. D1ox1n formation In Incinerators.
Environ. Sc1. Technol. 17(12) :721-730. (#54)
SRI International. 1984. 1984 directory of chemical producers. Menlo
Park, CA: (Also 1983 and 1985 Directories). (#53)
Stehl RH, Papenfuss RR, et al. 1973. The stability of pentachlorophenol
and chlorinated dloxlns to sunlight, heat, and combustion 1n
chlorodloxlns, origin and fate. Advances 1n chemistry series.
120:119-125. (#39)
Tadelusz, G. 1981. Presence of polychlorlnated d1benzo-p-d1ox1ns 1n
latex nipples. Bull. Environ. Contain. Tox. 27(1):68-71. (#40)
Tashlro M, Yoshlya H, and Fukata G. 1980. Convenient preparation of
2-hydroxyd1benzofuran from 2,2'-d1hydroxy-3,3',5,5'-tetra- tert-
butylblphenyl In two steps. Heterocycles. 14(12):1955-1958. (#41)
Tashlro M, Yoshlya H, and Fukata G. 1981. Selective preparation. 31.
oxldatlve coupling of 2-halo-4,6-d1-tert-butylphenols with potassium
hexacyanoferrate (III) 1n benzene. J. Org. Chem. 46:3784-3789. (#42)
Tashlro M, and Yoshlya H. 1982. Determination of structures of tr1- and
tetrabromodlbenzofurans formed 1n bromlnation of dlbenzofurans.
Heterocycles. 19(12):2349-2354. (#43)
Tlernan T, Taylor M, et al. 1980. Brehn Laboratories. 01ox1ns.
Volume II. Analytical method for Industrial wastes. Wright State
University, Department of Chemistry. Cincinnati, OH: IERL, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-03-2659,
EPA/600/2-80-157. (#45)
131
-------
Turner DB. 1970. Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates.
Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of A1r Programs, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. (#66)
USDA. 1982. Food consumption of Individuals 1n the United States.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. (#70)
USEPA. 1979. Toxic substances control act chemical substance
Inventory. User guide and Indices to the Initial Inventory substances
name Index. Volume II. Volume III. (#46)
USEPA. 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for polychlorlnated
blphenyls. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA
550/5-80-068. (#67)
USEPA. 1983a. D1ox1n strategy. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards and the
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1n conjunction with the
D1ox1n Strategy Task Force. November 28, 1983.
USEPA. 1983b. Summary of effluents characteristics and guidelines for
selected Industrial point source categories: Industry status sheets.
Interim final report. Volume I, Volume II. Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. (#73)
USEPA. 1984. Ambient water quality criteria for
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1n. 'Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. EPA 440/5-84-007. (#68)
USEPA. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous waste
management system: dloxln-contalnlng waste: Rule, 01-14-85. Fed. Reg.
50(9):1978-2006. (#47)
USITC. 1985. U.S. International Trade Commission. Synthetic organic
chemicals. United States production and sales. 1984. Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office.
Van Ness GF, and Solch JG. Undated. Tetrachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1ns 1n
chemical wastes, aqueous effluents and soils. Dayton, OH: Wright State
University, Brehm Laboratory and Departments of Chemistry and
Pharmacology/Toxicology, pp. 553-563. (#48)
Versar. 1985. Consumer exposure to household cleaners. Draft report.
Washington, DC: Exposure Evaluation Division, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3968.
132
-------
Verscheuren K. 1983. Handbook of environmental data on organic
chemicals. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Relnhold Co.
Vuceta J, Marsh JR. et al. SCS Engineers, Inc. 1983. State of the art
review: PCDOs and PCDFs 1n utility PCB fluid; CS-3308, research project
1263-11. Final report to Electrical Power Research Institute. (#44)
Worthing CR. (Ed.). 1984. The pesticide manual. A world compendium.
Lavenham, Suffolk, England: The Lavenham Press Limited.
Yang GC, and Pohland AE. 1973. Cation radicals of chlorinated
d1benzo-p-d1ox1ns. Advances 1n Chemistry Series. 120:33. (#49)
133
-------
APPENDIX A
Unsorted Listing of All Chemicals Investigated
Al and A2 = Chemicals Produced From 1983-85
A3 and A4 = Chemicals Not Produced 1n 1983-85
134
-------
DPPENDII All UNSORTEO RETRIEVAL OF OOIOLS PRODUCED AFTER 1983
GO
in
OfNICtt. MeC
I IIIPAC )
Alkyl dieethyl-3,4-dichlorobsniyl aemomui chloride
o-Beniyl-p-cMorophenol
1,2-Blfltrihroeophenoiylethan
4-fromo-2,5-dichloraphenol
p-Bromoptentole
o~Broeophenol
2-Braeothiophenol IV)
Bromobenien
S-CMoro-i^-dietthoiy-ani I int
Chlorohydroauinoni
o-0>lorophtnol
4-CMorarHorcinol
o-Oi lorof 1 uorobenzene
3-Cnloro-4-fluoro-nilroben»Mi
2-Qiloro-4-phenylphenol and dielectrics IV)
2ibn»o-4-
-------
APPENDII A2i UNSORTED RETIIEVAL OF OOIOLS PHDUCED AFTER 1983
CHDUCM. NH€
I IUMC )
CDS
ffSISTir I
COMM
OCIIIOL
MK(IF AW)
PESTICIK
mm
NON-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
TSCfl
MAMFACTUKR/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOUK
Alkyl dlHthyl-3,4-dichlorobiniyl
o-bniyl-p-chlorophrol
1,2-Bit (tribroiophinoiy)ithant
4-Bro«rtl3-dichlorophtnol
tin diloridt
8023-53-8
120-32-1
37B53-S9-1
1940-42-7
Y(2)
Firt rttardant intraduti (21
0020*7* 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
003B3U 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
005*352 0-1,000 Ib
p-Bronphinftoli
Co
Z-Bmotkiophtnol IV)
•VoBobnunt
S-Chloro-2,4-diMthoiy-anilint
Chlorahydraquinon
o-Qiloraphmol
4-ChlororMorcinol
o-Chlorofluorobinim
3-0)loro-4-fluoro-nitrobmifM
2-Oilora-t-phmylptenDl ud ditlirtrici IV)
2-Ckloro-l-(2,4,S-triclilorop)iinyl) vinyl tfiMthyl phoiphati
4-Chloro-o-toloiy «t»tic acid
2-l4-Oiloro-2-Mthylphtm»|fl propionic acid
3-(»-Oiloro<
-------
DPPENDII All IMSOITED RETREVRL OF CKMICALS PRODUCED AFTER I9B3
CHEMICAL Me*
I IUMCI
PRIORITY OMimiMTIlM
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
TKORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
HDWTORIN6 DATA
COMENT
3,6-Dichlora-o-anisic acid dinethylaune wit IVI
DichloroBmioic acid
2,M)ichlorabeniayl penuide (VI
2c FS IV cjl
1 I II tbgi,ll abgf, III a'e
3i I III
31
31
OJ
-4
2,5-Oichloraphenol
2,6-Dichlorophenol
3,4-Oichloraphenol
3,4-Dichloroaniline
ll2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenien*
3, Hhchlorophenylisocyanate
(2,4-Oichloraahtnoiy-lantic acid, all lalti and esters
3-(3,^Dlchlor«phtnyll-l-Mthoirl-«ethyliirea
a,*-fiicftlorophmyl p-nitraphenyl ether
2-(2,4-(Dlcnlorophmoiy-))propionic acid,all ultt and uttpt
MJ.t-Oidiloraphenyll-M-diiethyliirM
2,4-Dichlorophenoiybutinric acid, all taltf and eiten
o-ia,«-Dicnlorophenyl) 0,0-dirthylphoiphorothioata
2l4-Diehloro-i-lo-thloroaniliM)-t-triaiine
ll4-Oicnloro-2,S-diietnaiybiniene
2,6-Dichlore-*-nitroaniIine
3,4-OlchloropropionaniIid*
o-Dictilorobeniene
I Jl
2c
1
3
1
3
1
3i
2e
1
3
1
2c
«•
2e
3
3
3
S
S
I
1
1
FS
1
F
FS
1
FS
F
P
P
1
1
Ijl
IV cjl 31
IV cjl, III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
IV hh, III adi, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
IV hk, III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
IV cjl MO-IS
IV hk, III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
VII f
IV cjl IS
IV hk, III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
IV cjl IS
IV cjl
uncertain
IVcgi,IVcgf
IV cjl
IV cjl, Illade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated bnueim.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated bmienes.
Contains PCBi and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Feedstock is 2,4-Dichlorophenol
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron tnp. reaction
Feedstock Is 2,4-Oichlorophenol
Feedstock is 2,»-Dichlorophenol
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienei.
Feedstock is 2,4-Dichlorophenol
Made frn cyanogen chloride. (Inapplicable chenstry.
Used to eake dyes
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated tenienes.
p-Oichlorobenien
I II bji.ll bhk, III a'e
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
e-12,4-Dichlorophenyll-o-eetnylisopropyl-phosphoruldotnioate
IV cjl
Feedstock is 2,4-Dichlorophenol
-------
PJVENDII Ml UNSOITED RETRIEVE OF CHEMICALS PROOUCED RFTER 1983
CHEMICAL WC
I IUMC I
06
RE6ISTIV I
cam
OCHICRL
NMCIIF ANY)
PESTICIDE
IV/N)
NON-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
TSCA
MANUFACTURER/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
00
3,6-Dichloro-o-anific icid dmthylmnt Hit (V)
Dichlorobnuoic acid
2,4-Oichlorobinioyl ptnuidt (V)
2,3-Oichlorophinol
2,4-Dichloroptirol
2,S-Olchlorophtnol
2,6-Oictiloropknol
3,4-Oichlorophinol
3,4-DicMoroaiulim
l,2-Oichloro-4-nitrobmim
3, 4-Dichloropnmyl iMcyanati
l2,4-Didilorophnoiy-)acftic acid, all ulti and Htirt
1-13,4-Dichloroptunyl )-l-«th
-------
APPENOII flli (MOATED ISTRIEVIL OF OEN1CRLS PKDUZO RFTER l«3
CHEMICAL MIC
( IUMC )
CONTMUMTION
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
THEORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
MMTORU6 DATA
COmENT
I, Michloroanthraq,uinont
I, 4-Oichloro-e-nitrobenzene
2,4-DifluoroiniliM
2,S-Dihydroiybtnzmtulfonic acid, poliuiu tilt
uncertain
IVcjl, Illade, ibgi, abgf, »bjl, a'i
IV cjl, III adt, abgi, abgf, ibjl, a't
uncertain
Possibly contaira PCBs but doubtful.
Contains PCBi and highnr chlorinated benzenes.
Contain PCBs and higher chlorinated btnzraf. loot trap, ruction
Unhilogcnittd product foned.
3,5-Diiodosalicylic acid
Dieethyl tftracMorotinphthalata
2,4-Dinitrophenol
3i
1
I Jl,l il
III abgi, III a't
uncirtun
Non-broiinatid or chlorinited product.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzene*.
Unhalogenatid product foned.
oo
vo
2,4-Dinitraphenoiyethanol
1,9-Olnitrasalicylic acid
4i
4t
uncertain
uncertain
Unhalogenattd product foraed.
IHialotenated product foned.
8,4-Oinitro-«-sac-biityl phenol, I
o-Fluoroiniiole
o-fluorophtnol
I,Z,3,4,1,6-Hiiachlorocycloheiane,
i salt)
3i
I
uncertain
IVcjl, IVcgi
IVcjl
II bjl, bgi, b|f
Hill fore nitrated dionn fros 2,4-dinitrophenol
Non-broeinated or chlorinated product.
Non-troiinittd or chlorinated product.
Feedstwk is Heiachlorobenien
Naleic acid
uncertain
DBD/NF foreation not possible, based on process chaistry.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
4-(2-Nethyl-4-chlorophenoiy>autyric acid
Mhyl-S-l2,4-dichlorophemiyl-2-nitrobenioata
Z^'-hthylentbit 14-cnlorophenoll
^PHkthylenebts (3,4,6-tnchlorophcnol)
P IV chk, IVcjl
F IV cgi
I IV cgi, III adt, abgi, ab|f, abjl, .
FS I jl 10-1-
Feedstock is 2,4-Oichloroohtnol
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Feedstock is 3,4,6-Trichlorophenol
-------
APPOIDII Ki UGORIED (SIRIEVH. OF QOICALS PRODUCED AFTER 1983
OtBIICflL WC
I lUPflC I
CDS
REGISTRY 0
OBHM
MKI1F RNY)
PESTICIDE
IY/M
HH-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
TSCA
MNUFKTUKR/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
1,5-OichloroanthraQ.uinoni
1,4-Dichloro-2-nitnbfniint
2,4-Difluoroanilini
2,5-DihydnuybniiiniMlfmic tcid, patuuui lilt
3,5-Diiodosalicylic acid
DiMthyl titrichlorottrtphthalate
2,4-DinitnDhml
2,4-Oinitrophmoiyithanol
3,5-Dinitroulicylic acid
2,44initra-t-Mc-tutyl phtnol, I,
o-Flugrwnitoli
o-Fluorophnol
1,2,3, 4,5,6-HnacMorocyclohHaM,
Naleic acid
I Hit)
89-61-2
367-25-9
21799-67-1
113-91-3
IKI-32-1
51-28-S
2831-60-9
699-99-4
88-85-7
321-28-8
367-12-4
58-89-9
110-16-7
KM
Dyt*
iBtmtdiali for dichltroanilini 12)
Or|anic tyathtsii
Photography Million
Sourci of lodin for uml nutrition
Dyts, ipKially ulfur colon
Eiploiivit
Indicator
002703N
003S02K
003830M
0040014
005341S
007630K
0034651
000965J
000910H
0013B4I
0036991
0009IOH
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
1-10 1111 ion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib diported)
1,000-10,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib diported)
0-1,000 Ib (uported)
0-1,000 Ib
004099R 0-1000 Ib
006043V 10,000-100,000 Ib
Dinilrobutylphw
imaniim ult
Artificial nuns production
Rancidity ntardant
Oyi intmtduti
Maleatt ulti of anti-hlituines prod.
4-<2-Mhyl-4-chloroahmoiy)butyric acid
Mhyl-S-l2,Hlichloraptiinoiyl-2-nitnbenzoat(
2,2'HlBthylmbli 14-chlorophtnoll
2,2'Hktbyltntbii 13,4,6-tnchlonphenol)
94-81-5 NCPB
42576-02-3 Bifinoi
97-23-4
70-30-4 Hi>achlorophin*
0040667
00409*
0010246
004099N
002S96I
004537P
0053602
000243S
OOIOS2S
001066V
003337P.
004II4N
0042116
005504C
0057331
0064561
0074109
C07805S
0061838
0061638
1,000-10,000 Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
10-50 nil ion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
0-1,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
Inputted)
1,000-10,000 Ib
liiported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
diported)
10-50 iillion Ib
100.000-1,000,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib liiported)
10-50 iillion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
liiported)
10,000-100,000 Ib
(liported)
10,000-100,000 Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
-------
ftPPENDII All UGmiED RETRIEVE. OF CHEMICALS PRODUCED AFTER 1981
CHEDICAL IMC
I IUMC )
PRIORITY CONTRMMUM
ROUTE
JISTIFICATION
THEORETIORL
JlfiTIFICATION
MNITORINB DATA
CQMENT
a,F-fcthylinebu (M.t-trichlorophenol), MKOMdiu Mil
3--cyanii<3-phenoiiypheayl>iethyl ester
o-Nitroanitole
3
*•
FS I jl
I IVejl, III ade, itagi, ibgf, abjl, a'e
I IV cjl, III *di, tbgi, abgf, ibjl, a'e
uncirliin
Feedstock 11 3,4,6-Irichloraphenol
Contains PCRi ind hightr chloriMted bennnes. ROM teip. reaction
Non-troMMtid or chlorinated product.
e-Nitra-p-craul
o-ttitrophfnol
41
41
unctrtain
uncertain
IMulofenated product foreed.
UMulogenated product foraed.
OctabroHdiphenifloiide
PeatabroMplwnol
Pentatroeocklorocycloheianf
PentabramthylbiniMi
PtntabrontolieM
Pentadilorophenol and ulti
2ta
it
3
3
3
1
S
FS
P
1
I
8
VII f.VIl I
1 gi.l jl
IVcgi.lVcgf
II bgi, III a'e
II bgi, III a'e
1 gi.l Jl
Containg PBBi and higher broiinated benzines
Contains PBBi and higher broiinited benzenes
PMtachlaronitrobeiuem
2d
I IV cjl, III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
Contains KBi and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Pentabrondipnenyluiee
o-Bienetidine Ifroi dilorophenol)
Phenol Ifroa Chlorobtiuentl
2b S VII f.VIl i
4i uncertain
3t IV cjl, III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a1*
Unhalogenated product foreed.
Process no longer used
-------
APPENDII Ml UBORIEO RETRIEVN. OF CMMICM.S PROOUCEO flFTER 1963
OBUCM.MC
I IUMCI
OS
K8ISTH I
GOMN
CHEMICAL
MKIIF UHt
PESTICIDE
IV/W
NON-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
ISO)
MMFKTUKR/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
2,2lHbtbylimfeU 13,4,6-trichlorophnol), nnoudim ult 3247-34-9 liable 20 1
3-<2HMbyIpipiridiM> propyl-3,4-dicMorobtiiioaU 3478-94-2 Pipn-ilin V
N-e-chlaro-4-trlfliioraMthyl phmyl-a-vilinU)-cyiMl3-phinoiyphinyl)Mthyl tfttr FlmiliMli »
o-NltrouiwIt 91-23-6
2-ilitro p crnol
o-Nitraphmol
OctibraHdiptimyloiidi
IN)
PmttbrandiloracyclahiiiM
PtntibroMttliyi bmznw
PntaftrantoliMM
tantichloroptiiMl ud ulli
119-13-9
M-75-S
K536-S-0
6M-7I-4
67-M-3
S5-Z2-3
«7-«3-a
87-tf-S PEP
Oiloraphm
Daucidi 6
Organic tynthafif
Dye intmediitt
PhtmeNtieal intimduti
iiti
Qrguic cbmcali int
Reagmt for glucott
Indicator
fin rttanttnt 12)
Fin ratardant in tpoiy I ptiinolic mint
Rllytttar of polyurathaiM
Fin rttariant 12)
Firt ratardant intintdiati 12)
Firt rttardant inttnwliati (2)
61 UM prawrvatm
Taming Itathtr
001278V 0-1,000 Ib
009479* 0-1,000 Ib
0020M1 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
OMIMO 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
OOI223T 1-10 Hilton Ib
liiported)
002M7R 10-50 ill lion Ib
004099N 0-1,000 Ib
'006SI30 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
deport id)
0009IOH 0-1,000 Ib
0082492 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
PntachloronitrobmiiM
PmtanroMdiphMyloiidi
o-PhmtidiM I'm cbloroptinol)
Phtnol (fron Oilorotunztntl
12-ia-B PGUP
Tirrachlor
OvintoiH*
329M-8I-9
94-70-2
IOB-99-2
Intirmliati
Fir* ratardant 12)
Dyit
Colorlm artificial ravin production
bigint in chmcal analytii
000647K
000975K
0010670
001079B
OOI344T
0015703
OK023K
0020311
U02047R
0020608
0032936
0032950
00)9739
0041440
DM2079
V042I16
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
1-10 IIII ion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
100-500 iiIIion Ib
1-10 «11ion Ib
diported)
0-1,000 Ib diported)
50-100 ii11ion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
100-500 ii I lion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
100-500 llllion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
-------
(A)
APPEND!I All UNSORTED ffTRIEVM. OF CHEMICALS PHUUXD AFTER 1983
CHEMICAL MWE
I IUMC )
PRIORITY OMTMIMTION
ROUTE
JUSTIFICHTION
THHMETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
KMITORIN6 DATA
COmENT
t-Rimol-Z-Mlfonic Kid, forealdehyde condenute
Phenyl ithtr
41
4t
umrtain
uncertain
(Inapplicable chantry.
Unhalogenated product foncd.
Phoiphorathiotc Kid o-(a-cftloro-4-nitraphenyll o.o-diwthyl itttr
RMtphorothloie acid fUU-cnlorophmyll Ihio] nthyl) o,o-diithyl astir
Picric acid
2c
3t
4i
IVcnk
IVcjl
unctrtain
FMditoek 11 2-O>lero-4-nitrophral
Hill fan tulphur tubstitutri dioiin-like coipound
IMialogmittd product foned.
Scdiu pmtachlorophenate I
2-Ttrtbutyl-»(2,4-dichloro-i-nopropoiyphenyl)dtlti-l,3,*-o«idlliolir>-5-on« 3
Tetrabronbisphenol-4 it
FS I jl.l gi
III idi, afegi, ibgf, abjl, a'a
Ijl.lgi
Feaditcck u Pentachlorophanol
Containi PCBt and higher chlorinated benienes.
Feedstock || Tribronophenol
Allyetbir of latrabronbiiptienol-A
IVcjl
BiMthyUtlwr of titnbrOHbifpbniol-A
TitrabroMbispliiMl-A-bit-a^ilibrowpropylither (VI
Tetribronbitphenyl-A-bii-cthoiylati IV)
Tetrabroioptithalic anhydride
IVCjl
IVcjl, IV cji
IVcjl, IV cgi
111 abgi.lll i
Used to uke bro.ir.ated polyester fire retirdjnts
-------
APPEND1I A2i UNSORTEO RETRIEVAL OF OO1CALS PROUZD AFTER 1983
OCRiaiLNPJC
I IUMC I
CRB
KGISTIY I
CMON
OCNICRL
MKUF ANY)
PESTICIDE
U/U
I-Ptiinol-2-vilfonic acid, fonaldehydi condmuti
tanyl ethir
101-84-8
Phoiptorothioic uid o-(2-ehloro-4-nitroplienyll o,o-dieetnyl ester
Photphorotbioic icid tldt-chlorophenyll thiol eetbyl) o,o-diltliyl ester
Picric icid
Sodiui pentuhloropheniti
24U-M-S Diupthon V
Cirbofiphmotion V
48-89-1
Titribrowbisphtnol-A
Allyithir ol tltr«br«Mbiiphinol-A
BifMthylithir of tttr»bpo«)bnph»nol-fl
TitribroMiiiiphiMl-A-bii-2,3-dibranpropylithir IV)
Titrabroobif(h«yl-A-bif-«thoiylit« IV)
TitribroBOfhthilic whydride
131-52-2
19666-30-9
79-9*9-7
Oiidition
632-79-1
«N-PESTICIK
USEIS)
Hut transfer Mdiu
Sup perfine
Orgiiuc iyntbnii
TSD)
MPMFRCTUKI/
USER ODE
0043341
OM6IOB
OM940U
005050J
0052736
0062I9U
006348C
0063899
006446Y
007072B
007333H
0010246
0015694
0026759
0041366
005220S
006094V
1977
PRODUCnON
VOLIK
10-50 11 11 ion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
liiparted)
50 nll-1 bill Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
1-10 iilhon Ib
100-500 11 11 ion Ib
1-10 11 11 ion Ib
deported)
50-100 union Ib
100-500 ii II ion Ib
50-100 ill lion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
((•ported)
0-1,000 Ib
diported)
0-1,000 Ib
liiported)
10,000-100,000 Ib
(iiported)
1,000-10,000 Ib
(uportedl
Etplosivtt
HitchM
Elictrie tatttriH
Dyeing nrdant
Reagent
RBS mini
Epny rtiin
Polyetten polycarbonatei
Fire retardanti in plutln I teinles
Polyityrenn
Polyurethanei
Fin retardant
Epoiy rtiins
PolycarbonatM
Fire retardani
Fire retarda>>
Dye intenec
0026294
002/460
0-1,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
00320)1 0-1,000 Ib
-------
APPQOII All INSORTED RETRIEVAL OF QO1ULS PRODUCED AFTER 198J
OCNICALNME
I IUMC I
PIIIM1TY COMTMHNP.TION
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
THEORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
MMITORINB DATA
COMENT
TetrabroMbisphenol-A diicryUti IV)
1,2,*,S-Tetrachlorabnuene
2a S IV cjl.IV C|t
3 I II bjl.ll bgl, III a't
Contains POs ind higher ehlarinated Denims.
Tetrachloroptnalic anhydride
III abgi.lll abjl
Contains PCBi and hijhir chlorinitid benzenes.
Titrachloraiso-phthalonitriIt
111 adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'l
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzines.
en
l,2,4,3-Tetrachloro-3-nitn)ben«ne
2,8'-Thiobnl*,6-dirtloroptnnoll
2,4,6 TribrcManilini (VI
2,4,6-Tribroeophenol
Tribronbinieiie
1,8,3 Tridilorabtnieni (VI
1,3,5 Trichlorobenim IV)
1,2,4-Tnchlorobeniene
3*
3
it
3
3
3
3
FS
III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
I jl.I gi
IVcjl
Ilbjl
II bjl.ll bgi.II de.II bjf, III a'e
II bjl.ll bgi.II de.II bgf, III a'e
llbjl.ll bgi.llbgf, III a'e
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
HIM fore sulphur substituted dionn-like cnpound
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Poilibly ute froi 2,4-Dibroeophenol
Contains PBBs
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoiyacetic acid, all salt and esters
2,4,5-TrichlorophenoiypropioMC acid, all salts and eitert
2,3,6-Trichlorophenylacitic acid, sodiue salt
2,4,5-Trichloronilrobeniene
2,4,6-Trinitronsorcinol
I
I
3i
3
4i
FS
FS
I
I
P
ivcjl
IVcjl
2-HM5-S
2-15
III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
uncertain
Feedstock is Z,4,S-Tnchloropnenol
Feedstock 19 8.4,S-Trichlorophenol
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes. Root teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Unhalogenated product forced.
-------
APPENDII Ki IMSORTED RETRIEVAL OF MHlCflLS PROBCEO AFTER 1963
OaiOLMC
( lUPflt I
CDS
REGISTIV I
COMN
OCNICRL
MMEIIF ANY)
PESTICIDE
IV/NI
MN-PESTICIK
USEISI
ISO)
MMUFKTUKR/
USER CODE
1977
PROOUCriON
VOLUME
-ts.
01
TitrabroMbifphml-A ditcryliti IV)
I, 2, 4,5-lit ruhlarotf mm
95-94-3
Tftrachloropthahc antiydridi
Titradiloroiio-pMhaloni trill
I, 2, 4,S-Tttridiloro-3-nilratnim
2,2' -Thiol>uU,6-dicJiloropti«noU
2,4,6 TnbronaDilint (V)
2,4,6-TribroMipliiMl
TribroMomunt
1,2,3 Tridilarobmimt (V)
1,3,5 TrichlorobtniiM IV)
1,2,4-Tridilorotenim
117-06-8
I9B7-4S-C
117-18-6
97-18-7
147-62-0
35376-38-9
626-39-1
87-41-6
106-70-3
120-62-1
Chlerathalonil
Dmnil 2787
Bravo
Tirail
Foloun
ICNB
Oicthal
Bilhionol
2,4,S-TriciilorophtMi|racttic acid, all Mil and Mtm
2,4,9-Tndilorophinoiypropimic acid, ill tails and Mtirs
2,3,6-Trichlorophmylacetic acid, sodiu ult
2,4,9-TnchloronilrotmiiM
2,4,6-Trinitrartsorcinol
93-76-5
93-72-1
65-34-7
69-69-0
62-71-3
2,4,5-T
Silvei
Ftncprop
Phanunuticil inttrwdiati
Plait icuir intirHdiati
Fir* rtlardant
ElKlrical insulation
Dyi intcncdiiti
PbaraacMtieal intirvdiatf
Plaitieinr intmriiati
Flui rttardant in fpoiy mini
Interwliatt for tttradilorophth. anhyd.
0010246
0022271
003219N
0065130
007UOH
002042U
005209S
Dyn
Epoiy nsim firt ratardanti
Firt ntanlant intcracdiati 121
Organic intmdiatt
Ditltctric fluid
Solvent
Oy* inlcntdiatt
Dltlcctric fluid
Synthetic tramforw olli
Lubricant*
000002K
0010246
002703N
OOS050J
0057531
0065130
00763M
00341M
000536L
000537D
OC05386
0015571
0066775
10-50 ullion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
Iliported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
liiported)
0-1,000 Ib liiportidl
1-10 iillion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
diported)
0009IOH 0-1,000 Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
diported)
1-10 HIIion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
liiportedl
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
(iiported)
0-1,000 Ib liiportedl
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
-------
APPBOII Ah IMSMTED RHRIEVM. OF DBUCALS PRODUCED AFTER 1983
HMCM.NME
( IUMC)
ninin OMTMINATION
ROUTE
JUSIIFICATIDI
TKORETICRL
JUSTIFICATION
nUTORINB DATA
canon
Carton tetrabroeide
III ate, III ab|f,lll ab|i, III a'e
Contuns PBBf and higher broeinated benienef
Cutm titradiloridi
III adt,lll abgf,lll tbgi
Contains PCBi and highir chlorinated binunn.
Cartonyl dibroiidi
unnrtiin
Unapplicablt chnistry. Gai phase ron tnperature reaction.
Carbonyl bichloride
uncertain
Sat phase root tnperature reaction.
Carbonyl difluoride
Chlorinated Paraffin*
41
4«
uncertain
uncertain
Unapplieible chraittry.
looi teeperalvrt reaction.
2-Diloro-l,J-tatadim
1-Chloropropene
41
uncertain
3 I III *oi,lll ibgf.lll ibgi, III a'e
Bit phne rooe twperiture reiction.
Contains PCti Infl higher chlorinated benzenes.
2,4,6-Trichloro-l,3,S-s-triaiine
uncertain
RDOB teipertture ruction.
-------
APPENDII 02: (MOOTED RETRIEVAL OF OOUCALS PRODUCED AFTER 1983
CHEMICAL NAKE
I IUMC I
CDS
KBISTIY I
COMM
CHEMICAL
NANEUF ANY)
PESTICIDE
aim
NON-PESTICIDE
USE(6I
TSCfl
MANUFACTURER/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
Carton titrabroudi
Cirbon Utrachloridi
Cirbonyl dibraidi
556-13-4
56-23-5
Cirbonyl didiloridi
75-44-9 Photgen
Cirbonyl difluoridi
Chlorimtcd Paraffins
2-Oiloro-l,3-buUdiim
3-CMoropropeno
2,4l6-lrichloro-ll3lS-f-triiiim
353-50-4
Chloroprtnt
107-45-1 Allyl cnioridi
IOB-77-0
Organic fynthtiii
Fin gitinguiitnr
Cleviing clothing
Solvmt
EitrictiBg oil froi tttii
Tone luffount
Cryilal violit-typi coloring agmtf
Nargai
liocyaniti production
Organic chnicalt inUrvduti
Organic syntbMlt
Fir* ntardnt
Plisticilira
Detnrgintf
Neoprem lamfactiiring
Specialty rgbbtn
Allyl coipounds lynthiiU
BiHicil iyntheili
DyMtifff
Optical brijhttmri
007608T
0009SSJ
ooMiai
0025961
0060940
0005588
0005601
001023H
OOI04SE
0011967
001273V
0012773
0013025
00216IB
0021B3U
0040014
0060896
0074459
0009373
000966U
OOI022P
0012751
0020659
0020721
002173V
00320IC
0033235
00334IN
004433E
006346S
007000X
0073731
007507V
000770B
0017109
0069606
OOI022P
0043341
004632V
OOS398E
JOJ4750
6049892
005210
UOU55I
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib diported)
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib diported)
10-SO iillion Ib
10-50 11 11 ion Ib
1-10 11 11 ion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
100-500 ii II ion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
1-10 ii 11 ion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
50-100 it 11 ion Ib
10-50 iilhon Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
MO iillion Ib
1-10 ii 11 ion Ib diported)
100-500 ii 11 ion Ib
10-50 ii 11 ion Ib
50-100 « II ion Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
10-50 ii 11 ion Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
10-50 ii 11 ion Ib
100-500 ii II ion Ib
50-100 iillion ID
10,000-100,000 Ib
50-100 11 11 ion Ib
10-50 ullion Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
50-100 iillion Ib
1-10 ii 11 ion Ib
100-500 II 11 ion Ib
50-100 Billion Ib
50-100 11 11 ion Ib
0-1,000 Ib luportri)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
-------
APPBOII All INSOftTED RETRIEML OF OfNICALS PRODUCED AFTEI ISS3
CHQUCM. NONE
I IUMCI
PRIORITY CONTMINATIGN
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
THEORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
MMITOR1K DATA
canon
l,£-Dibro>oethant
III idt,lll abgf.lll abgi, III
Git phase nxa teiperature reaction.
2,3-Oibronpropylm
I.Hticklomlhin
3 I III idt,lll ab|f,lll ibgi, *'•
Ji I III idt.lll ib|f,III ibgi, *'t
Contains PBBs and highir brMinated benints
611 phase roo* Inpiratiir* reaction.
\O
1,3-Oiehloropropinf
2,3-Dicbloropropini
HuachlorobutadiMi
3 I III adf.lll abgf.lllatigi, 111 a'l
3 I III idf.lll ib|f,III *t>ii, III a'l
3 I 111 adi,lll abgr.III abgi, 111 a'l
Contains KBs and highir enlorinated biniines.
Contain PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes.
Contains K8i and higher chlorinated benienn.
HBitcMorocycloptnttdiine
uncertain
(Inapplicable cheeistry.
5,8-diMtluno naphthalene
Phthalocyanim dyes and pi pentet
Polyithylm
uncertain
III ade, abgi, ibjf, ibjl, a'e
uncertain
Unapplicable ctmiitry.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Unapplicable chantry.
Polypropylene
uncertain
Unapplicable cbeaistry.
-------
RPPENDII Ail IN9MTED RETRIEVIL OF OOHCflLS PRDHCED AFTER 1983
OOIOM.NMC
( IUMC I
CAS
REGISTIV i
CMON
OHIO*.
MWEI1F WVI
PESTICIDE
IV/N)
NON-PESTICIDE
USE(S)
1,2-OibraeotUMM
2,3-Oibroeapropylene
1,2-Dichloroethw
106-93-4 Ethylene dibroej
313-31-5
107-06-2
EthyltM dichloride
en
o
1,3-ticM drop-open
2,3-Dichloropropene
Heitdilorabutadiene
Heiadilorocyclopentadiene
1,8,3,4,10, IO-ne»acMor
-------
APPENDII All IMSORIED AETAffWX OF CMMICALS PRODUCED AFTER 1983
DCMIDIL NMC
I IUMC I
CONTAMINATION
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
THEORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
MONITORING DATA
CONNENT
l,l,2,eTftritnmthiM
TttrabroBOfluortsctin
I III i4t,lll abgf,lll tbgi, III i't
I 111 ade,III abgf,III abgi, III i't
Gu phase root iMpnraturt reaction.
Contains PBBf and higher hrmnated benzenes
I, l,2,i TitrabrontlhyliM
Titractilorofthani
3 I III adi,lll abgf.lll abgi, a'l
3 I III ate,III abgf.lll abgi, a't
Contains PBBs and higher broiinatid twnnnes
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes.
1,1,8,2-Tttracnlorotthylw
III ate,III abgf,!!! abgi, III a't
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
M^MttrafliorwthylM Imotr)
I III adt,lll abgf,!!! abgi, III a't
Gas (hast ruction. Uill not contain iipority
Titaniw dlnidt
I III ate,III abgf.lll abgi, III a't
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Gas phase ruction.
-------
APPENDII Ail UNSHIED RETRIEVAL OF OCNICM.S PUDUCED AFTER 19U
OOICALNME
I IIMC I
OS
REGISTRY I
OOICRL PESTICIDE
NMCdF WYI IV/N)
NM-PESTICIK
USEIS)
ISO)
MNUFKTUKR/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
vane
en
CM
1,1,8,8 TttrihnoMithiM
Tftribranfluomnin
1,1,3,2 Titrabromthylm
Titrichlorafthtnt
1,1,2,2-Trtrichlorotthyltni
l,l,e,Mrtrifliiorotthylii» I
Tilaniw dioiidt
79-87-6
17378-67-1
79-38-7
79-34-3
I87-1B-4
116-14-3
13463-67-7
Filter clothi
Protective clothing
Solvtnl
Fluid in liquid gauges
Dyti
Biologicil itiin
Couetic arodgctt
Orjinic tynthHii
Solmt
Dry clcining
Dtgrtiiing att*ls
Solvtnt
for polytttrifluorotthylt
Titiniu pigwit Hmficturing
Ctrmc colorant
Reid rffiftant vitreout m«tli
Specification piinti
Inki
Plntici
Papir filling and coiling
Shot rtitimrf
Tiimn1 iHtlwra finikin
0010246 1-10 it 11 ion Ib
0033UU
006060N
0064746
0071041
002SXI
OOI022P
001273V
0012773
006030K
00037SL
ooossaa
0005601
polyv 0025961
0040580
0073857
0002115
0002121
0002250
0003751
001022P
0010470
001048F
0011500
OOI235E
0020406
002I64N
0021931
002S71F
003356K
003465Z
003628J
003809L
003810K
0-1,000 Ib diportcd)
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
10-50 ii 11 ion Ib
50-100 II 11 ion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
10-50 ii 11 ion Ib
0-1,000 Ib
50-100 ill lion Ib
10-50 ill lion Ib
0-1,000 Ib
10-50 11 11 ion Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
10-50 11 11 ion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
50-100 « 11 ion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
liiporttdl
10,000-100,000 Ib
Imwrted)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
liiported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
liiported)
1-10 ii 11 ion Ib
liiported)
10,000-100,000 Ib
liiported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
liiported)
1-10 lllhon Ib
liiported)
10-50 H II ion Ib
50-100 ullion Ib
liiporttd)
10,000-100,000 Ib
Iliported)
10,000-100,000 Ib
-------
APPENDII AH IMSMTED RHRIEML OF CKMCM.S PRODUCED AFTER 1983
CHEMICAL NAME
I IUMC I
PIIORITV CONTMINATION
U1TE
JUSTIFICATIIM
THEORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
NONITQR1NB DATA
COMENT
cn
U)
Toluene 2,4 dusocyamte
Tolutne 2,6 dutocyaniti
1,1,2-Tnchloroetlune
«•
unctrtiin
ibgf,lll ibgi, III «•»
ehnislry.
OBOi'DBF fOTHlion not possible, bised on process chmstry.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinited benzenes.
-------
OPPENDII A2i INSORTED RETRIEVAL OF (XNICH.S PRODUCED AFTER 1383
0010LNMC
i ium i
CAS
RE6ISTRY I
CMEMCAL
NPJCUF ANY)
PESTICIDE
IY/NI
NON-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
TSCA
MANUFACTURER/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
in
Toluene 2,4 diifocyaniti
Tolum 2,6 duueyaMti
l,l,Z-Tridiloroetlune
584-84-9 TDI
91-08-7
71-55-6
Polyurethue foam production
Elastoeeri production
Polyurethue foui production
Elutoun production
Solvent
Degreuing tgml
0038834
0040667
0041I4N
0044394
0044403
004563N
0048074
0050118
0050540
005246J
00536BB
005378C
0053795
005£24X
0058542
0060675
0061541
OOE2I5R
0063331
0072041
007403X
0074I6Y
00763M
007761N
0009573
000968U
007372T
000375L
0005588
001022P
001273V
diported)
0-1,000 Ib
1-10 «II ion Ib
diporlidl
0-1,000 Ib diported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
diported)
0-1,000 Ib luportcd)
0-1,000 Ib diported I
1-10 ullion Ib
luported)
1-10 iillion Ib
liiporteO)
10,000-100,000 Ib
liiportedl
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
liiportedl
1-10 iillion Ib
50-100 ii11ion Ib
10-50 iiIIion Ib
50-100 1111ion Ib
(liportedl
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
1-10 eillion Ib
liiportid)
1,000-10,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
50-100 1111ion Ib
100-500 ullion Ib
liiportid)
1-10 11IIion Ib
diported)
0-1,000 Ib diported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
diported)
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
deported)
0-1,000 Ib diported)
50-100 1111ion Ib
10-50 iiII ion Ib
1-10 11IIion in
MO ullion Ib
0-1,000 Ib diported)
50-100 111 lion Ib
100-500 Billion Ib
100-500 ullion Ib
-------
en
en
APPENDII AH IMSORIEO RETRIEVAL OF OCMICALS PRODUCED RFTER ISU
OCRIORLMK
I IUMC )
PRIORITY CONTAMINATION JUSTIFICATION
ROUTE THEORETICAL
JUSTIFICATION
NONITORINB DATA
COKCNT
I.I.Mrichloroethylene
I III ade.lll abgf.lll ibgi, III a'e
Contain (CDs and tiijtitr chlorinited benienn.
1,2,3-TrlchlorooropiM
III *d»,III ibgf.lll abgi, III i<« Contiinf POi ind higlwr ehloriMtid tenim.
1,2,3-Triefclora-l-
I,
III idt,lll ibgf.lll ibgi. Ill i'l
III«d*,lll *bgf,III ibgl. Ill i'e
Contains PCBi ind higher ehloriMted bmzenes.
Contain PCBs and higher chlorinated tanienei.
Vinyl chloride
1 III idi.lll igjf.lll ab|i, III a'e
Gas phase reaction. Lou probability of containing PCBs
-------
RPPDOII B2i IM50RTED RETRIEVE OF OtMCRLS PROIUCEO PFTER 1983
I IIMC I
06
REGISTRY 0
CHEM1CRL
MKIIF RNV)
PESTICIDE
IV/N)
NON-PESTICIDE
USEISI
1,1,2-Trirtloroitnylm
19-01-6
cn
1,2,3-TrichloropropaM
1,2,3-Trichloro-l-propeni
I, I.e-Tndiloro-l.a.Z-trif Ivoroithant
Vinyl chloridi
96-18-*
9E-19-S
76-13-1
75-01-4
Solvent
Dry clewing
Degruiing
Solvmt
Degreuing
Punt
Dry cleaning solvent
Fin ntinguiihir
BlMing igml
Polynr inttrwdute
Solvent
Drying ilKtronic parts
Plait in induftry
Refrigerant
Organic synthesis
PVC plait in
TSCA
1977
WINUFACTUIER/ PRODUCTIIM
USER CODE
001300K
002183H
003S02N
00429EL
0050*01
0002*35
001022P
ooio*as
OOIZ73Y
0012773
OOI300H
001323!
003S02M
004II4N
OM537P
00301 18
006030K
0069806
007MS9
007649P
OOI022P
OOI026U
0035961
00*33*1
0025961
OOI7I2T
OOU65E
00092SF
OOI022P
0010252
0010*86
001273V
0012773
OOI3(*T
0016711
00334SR
VOUM
1-10 11 II ion Ib
liiportril
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib diported)
MO II II ion Ib
diported)
1,000-10,000 Ib
liiportid)
30-100 iillion Ib
10-30 ullion Ib
100-500 ill lion Ib
1-10 ullion Ib
1-10 it II ion Ib
liiportcdl
10-50 ii II ion Ib
10,000-100,000 16
0-1,000 Ib diportid)
1-10 ill lion Ib
diportedl
10-30 ii 11 ion Ib
1-10 ii 11 ion Ib
MO ullion Ib
1-10 ullion Ib
liiportM)
10,000-100,000 Ib
diportidl
10-50 ii II ion Ib
10-50 ullion Ib
liiportedl
0-1,000 Ib
1-10 ii 11 ion Ib
0-1,000 Ib
50-100 ullion Ib
I-IOnllion Ib
100-500 11 11 ion Ib
100-500 •> 1 lion IB
500 11 11 ion- 1 billion Ib
100-500 ill lion Ib
100-500 ullion Ib
100-500 ii 11 ion Ib
500 ii 11 ion- 1 billion Ib
100-500 Billion Ib
SWiillion-l billion Ib
-------
APPBOII R2i UGORTEO RETRIEVAL OF DCNICM.S PRODUCED «FTER 1383
acmm. ME
I 1IMCI
CM
REGISTRY «
OSXIUL
MKUF ANY)
PESTICIDE
(V/N)
HN-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
TSO)
KMFK1UIEI/
USER ODE
1977
PRODUCTION
VOUME
0033610 100-500 «llion in
0043341 500 nllion-1 billion Ib
004632V 500 iillion-1 billion Ib
005I48Y 100-500 it 11 ion Ib
OK9BOS S00«llion-l billion Ib
ui
-sj
-------
APPEND! I Mi INSOITED KTMEML OF DCMC&S PRODUCED BEFORE I9B3
CHEMICAL NPJC
I 1IMC I
PRIORITY OMTMIMTIOH
BUTE
JUSTIFICATION
nCORETlCOL
JUSTIFICATION
HCNlTCfiUB DATA
COWEMT
cn
00
AlkyluiM titrachlorophenato
lll-Bitlp-chlorophmyl)-el2le-trichlomthinol
oM4-Bron-2-chlorophenyllo-ethyl i-prapyl phoiphorathiMti
oM4-Brcio*,S4ichlaraphenyllo-o-dieethyl phoiphorathiMti
2-CMoro-4-fluorophenol
3-Chloro-4-fluorophenol
<-Oiloro-2-nitrophenol
Diloropentafluorabenient
S-Oiloro-2-12,4 dichloro-phenoiylphenol
3H4H4phenoiy)pheiiyl>-l,l-dieethylurea
2-Chlaro-l-(2,4-dichlorapl>enyl>vinyl diithyl phosphate
oM2-Chlaro-M2,5-dichlor«phenyl) vinyl o,o-4iethyl phMphorolhiMtt
2-Diloro-l,t-diethoiy-5-nitrotm»nt
o-(2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl> o,o-dieethyl phosphorothiMte
4-niorophnyl-2,4,5-trichl<>rophenyl Mlfone
2-Chloro-l-l3-«thMy-4-iiilre|««oiy>-4-(lrifliioraiithyl)binim
l-l4-Chloroph«noiyl-3l3-4l«thyl-l-IIH-l,2,4-tri«iol-l-yl)-2-lMt«OM
2, 4-Cyclopentadiene-l-yl-Mdiia
2, &-Dibrow-4-nitrophinol
2, 4-Oibroeof luorobMizene
1, S-OibroMul icylanil idl
2, 4-OibroMacetophenone
3,5-Dichlorosalicylic acid
3,4-Oichlorobmzaldehyde
3, 4-Oichlorobenzotrichlorlde
3,4-DicMorobMizotrifluoride
3-(3,5-Dirtloroph8nyl)-itthiny|-5-Mthyl-2,«-OHJolidli»di(H»
l-(2-l2,4-Dichlonvhmyn-2-l2-prapinyloiylilhyl]-IH-iiidaioli
2, 6-Dicnlorobenzonitri li
2-12,4-Oichlorophenoiyethyl sulfate), sadiu Hit
2,2-Diriiloropropinoic icid 2-(2,4,S-trichlorophtnoiy)ithyl Ktir
2, 3-Dichloro-l, 4-Mpthtlinedione
1, 8-DidilorointhraquinoM
o-Difluorobenien
l,2-Oihydroiybm»ne-3,S-dniilfonic tcid, disadiu tilt
2, 6-Di i«to-4-nitrophinol
3, S-Diiodo-4-hydraiybmionilri It
HiitctilarotfnitM
ft
4
2c
2a
3
3
3
2c
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
2d
ft
41
2a
3
2a
4
ft
3i
3
4
3
I
I
3
4
3i
41
3i
3i
2d
I
FS
FB Ijl
uncertain
IVcjl
IVcjl
I Rk
Iv cgi,IV cjl
IVcjl
II de.ll bgi
VIII k
IVcjl
IVcjl
IVcjl
IVcgi.lVcjl
IVcjl
IVcjl,IVc|l
III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
IVcjl
uncertain
FS I jl
I II de.II bgi, III a'e
FS IV cjl
uncertain
S IV cjl
I III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
I III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
I III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
uncertain
I III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
I III ade, abgi, abgf, abjl, a'e
FS IV cjl IS
F6 IV cjl IS
P IV cjl
uncertain
I II bjl
P uncertain
P Ijl
I II bjl, bgi, bgf, III a'e
I II bjl, bgi, bgf, III a'e IS
Fnditock 11 Titrachloroihmol
Pouibly KB but doubtful.
Fitditoch it 4-BnMO-2-dilorophiMl
Fnditock it t-BroM-2lS-diclilorophenol
FMditaek li 2,4-Diehlorophenol
FHdilock II 3,4-DictilorophBnol
Contain PCB» and highir chlorinated tenienes.
FMdltock li 2,4-Oichlorophml
Fccditock ii 2,4-Oichloroptnnol
Fmhtock 11 2,S-Dichloroptenol
Ftcditoct ii 2-Chloro-S-mtroreioriinol
FHditocli ii 2-Chloro-4-nitrophinol
Contaim PCBi and highir chlorinatid bcniinn.
DBS/DBF fomtion not posublv, based on procen chmttry.
Fnditock ii 2,6-Dibrawphenol
Contain PBBi and higher brocinated b»nnnes
Feedstock 11 3|9-0ibromalicylie acid
PMtibly PBB but doubtful.
Contain PCfc and higher chlorinated benzenes. ROM teip. reaction
Contain PCBi and higher chlorinated biniinei.
Contain PCBi and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Possibly KB but doubtful.
Contain PCBi and higher chlorinated bentenes. BOOB teip. reaction
Contain PCBi and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Feedstock is 2,4-Oichlorophenol
Feedstock is 2,4,S-Trichlorophenol
Used to oake dyei
Possibly PCS but doubtful.
Contain PCS* and higher chlorinated benzenes. Row teip. react..
IMialogenited product foned.
Non-graiMted or chlorinated product.
Non-broiinatM or chlorinated product.
Contain PIM ind higher bronnated benims
Contain PCBi and higher chlorinated benzenes.
Heiafluorobeniene
2d
I II bjl, egi, bgf, III a'e
Contains PCBi and higher chlorinated benzenes.
-------
OTENDII Mi UGORTED KTR1EVM. OF CHBUOLS PBUUXD BEFORE 1963
OOIOM.WK
( IUMC )
ORB
KBisrir i
ocmcft.
MW-IIF ANY)
PESTICIDE
U/W
NON-PESTICIDE
USE(S)
TSCO
KNfflCTUKR/
an
NODUCTIIM
vane
AlkylaBiM Ittrachlorophmti
l,l-Bii o,tiiyl tilfom
Z-Chlara-l-II-tthoiy-4-nitra|taMiy)-4-Uririiior«Hlhyl)biniiiii
l-H-OilonKhmoiyl-],l-
-------
RPPQBIl All IMORIED RETRIEVflL OF OOIMLS PRODUCED BEFORE 1983
OfNICRLNM
I 1UMC I
PRIORITY aHTMINRTION
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
TKOKTICM.
JUBTIFICAT10N
MMITDRINB DATA
men
U(4-Ctilorophtnyl> aim] carbonyl>-el6-diMuorobeniaeide
Pintidiloroinilin
PmUflnroaniline
Pmttchlorabtuanitrili
Pmtadiloroptmyl liuriti
PtnttcMoratonim
Phosptorathioic icid, o,o-dieathyl 0-12,4,5-trichlorgphtnyl) Mlir
Piptcol inopropyl-3,4-dicMorobtniMtt
4-Ttrt-bityl-e-cMoroffctnyl nthyl erthylphoipharaMdate
Tetrabromatechol
TttrabroMbuphtnol-B
Tetrachlorabiiphtnl-A
2,J,516-Tttr«cMoro-2,S-c»clolitiadien»-l14-
-------
APPCNDII Mi IN60HTD KTMEVflL OF 0*311016 PBDUCED BEFORE l«3
I IIMC I
CH GKUOL PESTICIDE
KBISTIY I MEUF MY) IY/N)
HM-KBTICUE
IKISI
TSCA
NWFRCTUra/
UGEI CODE
1977
PUDXTIW
VOL*
Solvmt IB NU
l(M-Q|kn|l»vl>
MieUonBhenyl Iturite
me
: Kid, 0,0-dieethyl 0-12,4,5-tricMoroplMiiyll ittir
BK7-U-9 OiNuaratniwai
S27-ZO-*
771-tW
3772-44-9
IOI-9M
Z9M4-1
*-I«t-bu»yl-e-ctilorcpt>tfiyl Hthyl •tbylphoi|terilidi
87-10-3
2,3,i-Iridiloro(ihtnol
8,4,6-Trichlorophinol
933-79-3
88-06-2
Sup UtlHptlC
Eminem prturvitln in tntill ind.
Polyvinyl mtiti wilnont prmrvitiw
Hide pmirvitivi
lubber giiketi prtHrvitivt
OOS674P
0010246
0022271
0061838
0010246
0009IOH
0063130
10,000-100,000 Ib
10-30 ullion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib deported)
1-10 11IIion Ib
0-1,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
10,000-100,000 Ib
liiported)
-------
APPEMHI Mi UNSMTED RETRIEVM. OF OCMCRLS PRODUCED BEFORE 1963
OGUCflLIWC
I IllPflC I
CD
ro
Trichlortbtuyl chloride
2,3,1-Trlchlorobenioic acid
2,3,5-Triiodobnuoic acid
Didilorabutadim
1,2-Dichloronaphthalene
1,3-Oichloronaphlhalm
I.Hhchloronaphthalm
1,9-Oichloronaphthaleni
1,6-Dichloronaphthalint
1,7-OicMoronaphthaieni
l,B-Dichloronaphthalm
2,3-Dichlonmaphthalint
2,D-Dichloranaphthalent
a,7-0ichloronaphthalini
Tetrachloronaphthaltni
1,1,2-TriDroioethani
1,1,2-Tribroioethylent
1,1,2-TribroM-l, 1,2-lrifluorotthant
TricMoroiMphthalm
IIB1TV OMTMIMTION JUSTIFICATION JU5TIFICRTIOI
HUT! 1KOKTICRL MMTDRII6 DATA
3
3
3i
3*
3>
3i
3«
31
3i
3i
3*
3t
31
3*
3i
3i
3i
3i
3«
I
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
II bjl.ll bgi, 111 a't
III abgi, III abjl
HI adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III ad*, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, t't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
111 adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
III adt, abgi, abgf, abjl, a't
CMENT
Contains PCBf and hijher chlorinated benzenes
Contains PCBs and highir cMorinattd btnzints.
Non-broiinattd or chlorinatid product.
Contains K9s and highir chlorinated btnitnis. Root tetp. ruction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benzenes. Root temp, reaction
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes. Root temp, react ion
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinated benzenes. Root tup. reaction
Contains PCBs and hightr chlorinated benzenes. Root tetp. rtaction
Contains PCBs and hightr chlorinated benzenes. Root tup. rtaction
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes. Root top. rtaction
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes. Root tup. reaction
Contains PCBs and hightr chlorinated benzenes. Root tup. ruction '
Contains PCBs and hightr chlorinated benzenes. Root tup. rtaction
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes. Root tetp. rtaction
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinated benzenes. Root lap. rtaction.
PBBs. Gas phase root tuperaturt reaction.
Gas phase reaction. Probably mil not contain iipurity
Contains PBBs and higher broeinated benzenes. Root tetp. rtaction
Contains PCBs and highir chlorinatid benzenes. ROM tnp. reaction
-------
APKNOII Mi mSORlEO RETRKft. OF OOICALS PRODUCED KFOE 1963
CttMOLMNE
I IIMC I
OB OENICM. PESTICIDE
C61SIIY I MKIIF ANY) IV/M)
MM-PESTICIDE
USE(S)
TSM 1977
MNUFRCTIUER/ PUDUCTIQN
USER CODE VOLUME
01
to
Tndilorabniyl cbloridt
2,3,6-Trirtlorotmioic acid
2,1,5-Triiodobmioic acid
Dldilonobutadimt
I.e-DidiloroMpMhalfM
1,3-Oichloronaphthaleni
l,4H)idiloronaphthalm
1,5-OichloroMpMhaleN
l,6-OicMoron*phthjl»M
1,7-Dichloronifhthalm
l.a-Dirtiloraniphthilm
a,3-Oichlon>M(hlhil«t
2,6-OichloniN(tithalm
Z,7-Diclilorgniphth«lini
Titridilorait|«itkaliM
1M-X-7
30-31-7 2,3,6-TM
1653-19-6
2000-69-3
2196-75-6
1625-31-6
1825-30-9
2050-72-6
2050-73-9
2090-74-0
2050-75-1
20(5-70-5
219B-77-6
1,1,2-TribrOMtthiM
1,1,2-TribrcMfthyliM
1,1,2-lribnwa-l, 1,2-tnriuorMthiM
Irichloroniphttiilcnt
78-74-0
598-1S-3
1321-65-9
LNdtd gitohnt
Solwnt
Oiilictrie fluid idditin
Solwnt
Biiltctric fluid idditivi
Solvtnl
DulKtric fluid additin
Solvnt
Dultctric fluid (dditivt
Solvmt
OiilKtnc fluid (dditivi
Solvmt
Diiltctric fluid additivi
Solvmt
Oulictric fluid idditivt
Solvmt
Diilictric fluid tdditivt
Solvmt
OiilKtnc fluid idditivt
Solvmt
Ditlictric fluid additive
Solvmt
0033I9T 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
00421IS 10,000-100,000 Ib
0040616 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
OOI022P
OOI023H
OOI02S2
OOI026U
OOI048G
001273V
0012773
001K3Z
OUI63H
0023S5P
001441(1
004J37P
OOSOII8
005030.'
006513*
007*459
007S49P
0025%!
0009IOH
50-100 illlion Ib
10-50 it IIion Ib
10-50 ullion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
10-50 iiIlion Ib
100-500 «IIion Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
100-500 iillion Ib
10-50 ullion Ib
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
1-10 iillion Ib
1-10 ullion Ib
(uported)
1,000-10,000 Ib
10-50 iillion Ib
100,000-1,000,000 Ib
1,000-10,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
Solvirtt
to PCB
•Mr 01 ll
OOI05K 100,000-1,000,000 Ib
-------
APPENDII All IMSORTEO RETRIEVAL OF CHEMICALS PRODUCED BEFORE 1983
OOUCALNMC
I 1UPAC)
PRIORITY
CONTAMINATION
ROUTE
JUSTIFICATION
JUSTIFICATION
NOUTORING DATA
COMENT
I, l,2-Trichloroprop*M
1,2,2-TridiloroprcpiM
3t I III «d», «bgi, tbgf, ibjl, a't
]• I III idf, «tiji, ibjf, ibjl, i't
ConUim PCfii and highir chlorinated bwiKMS. Ron teip. reiction
ContiiM KBs aid hi|ter chlorinated bmines. Row lev. reaction
CTi
-------
APPEND! I Mi IMSORTED RETRIEVAL OF CHEMICALS PRODUCED BEFORE I9U
Odin, me
I lUMC )
CAS
REGISTRY I
COMN
CHEMCM.
NDNEIIF ANY)
PESTICIDE
IV/N)
MM-PESTICIDE
USEIS)
TSCA
MtfACTUKI/
USER CODE
1977
PRODUCIION
VOUK
1,1,2-TrictilorapropiM
1,2,2-Trichlaropropm
396-77-6
3I75-Z3-3
0025961
0025961
0-1,000 Ib
0-1,000 Ib
cn
-------
APPENDIX B
Chemicals Investigated But Expected to Have a
Low Probability of OBO/DBF Contamination
(I.e., 3*. 4, and 4* chemicals)
166
-------
BPPOU1I Bi CHEMICALS WITH LOW PROBABILITY OF DIOI1N/FUMN CQNTMINAIION
OCNICfl. MIC
I IUPAC I
PRIORITY CONTAMINATION PESTICIDE
ROUTE IY/N)
MM-PESIICIDE
USE IS)
COMCNI
Phenol (fm Chlorobeniene)
Toluene 2,4 dusocyanate
1,2-Bibmoethane
0-Oilorophei>yl-2,»,5-trichloropnenyl sulfide
£, t-Dichlorobenioyl peromae (V)
1,2-Dichlarathane
2,3,6-Trichloropnenylacelic acid, sodiui ult
Alkyl diMthyl-3,4-dichlorobeniyl anoniui chloride
2-Broiolhiophenol (\n
I, 1,2-Trichloropropane
p-Broopnenetole
1, 1,2-TriDmo-l, 1,2-trif luoraethane
Tolutnt 2,6 dusocyanate
1, 1,2-TribmoelhaK
2,2>-Tniobis(«-cMoro-&-Mthylphenol>
3, t-Bicnlorobenialoehyde
Tetrafluoro-i-phenylenediaiine
2, 6-Dichloronapnthalene
3-l3,*-Dichlorophenyll-l-«tho»y-l-«thylurea
^e-Dichloronaphthalene
4-Iert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl lethyl lethylphotphoraiidate
1, 6-DicnloronapMhalene
Pipecolinopropyl-3, »-dictilorobenjtnte
1, 4-Didiloronaphthalene
2, 4.-Dichloro-6-
3*
3t
3t
3i
3i
3i
3t
3t
3i
3i
3i
3i
3«
3i
3i
3>
3i
3i
3t
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3i
3>
31
Y
Y
YI2I
Y
Y
Colorless artificial resin production Process no longer used
Polyurethan* foaes production Inapplicable chemstry.
Phenyl eagnesiui broiide orQanic synttmisContains PBBs. Ron tup. react ion
Solvent Gas phase root teiperature reaction.
Contains PCBs and higner chlorinated benienes. Ron tap. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Row leap, reaction
6as phase ron teverature reaction.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Root tnp. ruction
Mill fora sulphur substituted dioiin-like cnpound
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Will fora a norrbminated dionn
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron tnp. reaction
DSD/DBF foraation not possible, based on process chnistry.
PBBs. Gas pnase ran tetyerature reaction.
Mill fora sulphur substituted dionn like cnpound
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron te«p. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron tnp. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron top. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron top. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teep. reaction
Hade fm cyanogen chloride. (Inapplicable chemtry.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron tcep. reaction
Hill fora sulphur substituted dioiin-like cnpound
NGfi-bminated or chlorinated product.
Hill fora sulphur substituted diomn-like cnpound
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated tenienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienei. Ron teep. reaction
Contains PBBs. Ron teip. reaction
Non-bminated or chlorinated product.
Contains PCBs an) higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction.
Bit phase reaction.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Gas phase ron teiperature reaction.
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
for polytetrafluoroethylene polyirGas phase reaction. Hill not contain lepurity
Leaded gasoline additive Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes.>Jlon top. reaction
Non-bminated or chlorinated product.
Solvent Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Non-bminated or chlorinated product.
Solvent Contains PCBs and higner chlorinated benienes. Ron teip. reaction
Non-brninated or chlorinated product.
Solvent
Dyes(3l
Polyurethane foaes production
Pharmaceutical intermediate
Solvent
Solvent
Solvent
Solvent
Solvent
Organic synthesis
Solvent
Source of iodine for amial nutrition
Solvent
Plastics industry
Solvent
Solvent
Solvent
-------
APPSfill Bi 001CA.S WITH LOU PRQBR3IL1IY OF DIOIIN/FURRN GONTMIMTION
OCN1CM.MK
I IUMC )
MIOR1TY OMTMUNATION PESTICIDE
ROUTE Him
UN-PESTICIDE
(HIS)
OMCNI
1,1,2-Tribromoethylene 3< I
o-Difluorobentene 3» I
1,7-Dicfllomnuhthalm 3i I
o-Fluoragnenol 3> P Y
I, l-Bis(p-cMorophenyl)-2,2,2-tricMoroEthan>l Y
I, S-Dldiloroanthrafluinone
2,4-Dimtro-6-sec-butyl phenol, (anonium salt) Y
o-Beniyl-p-chlorophenol V
2,4-Dibrae0acttoptwnone
1,8-Dichloroanthraquinone
((14-Chlorophenyl) aiino) carbonyll-2,6-difluorobn»amide Y
3-(3,S-pichlorophenyl>-S-etnenyl-S-methyl-2,4-o>aiolidinedione V
3-(4-Chlorophenyll-l,l-diMthylurca trichloroacetate 4i Y
o-Nitrophenol 4i P
li2-D|hydr«iybeniene-3lS-dlsulfonic acid, disodiui salt 4i P
Heiachlorocyclopentadiene 4i Y
^ Cyanol3-phenoiiy pnenylImethy) 4-chloro-alpna-(l-methyletnyllbenieneacetate 4t Y
00 o-Pheneiidine (from chlorophenoll 4» P
2,4-Dimtrophenol 41 P
l-Phenol-2-sulfonie acid, formaldehyde condensate 4t
3,5-Dimtrosalicylic acid 4i P
Pnenyl ether 4i P
Nileic acid 4t
Picric acid 4t P
Polypropylene 4«
2,4,6-Trinitrorasorcinol 4i P
l,2l3,4lIO,10-r«iaalor(^-epMy-ll4,4aA^7l6,aa-octahydn^l,4-tnd(Kefido- 4t I V
Carbonyl dibromide 4t
2,S-Dihydroiybenienesulfonic acio, potastiui salt *• P
Urponyl dicnloride 4t
2,4-CyclopentadieM-l-yl-sodium 41 Y
2,4,6-Irichloro-l,3,S-s-triaiini M 1 Y
2-Nltro-p-crwol 4t P
Carbonyl difluoride »•
2,4-Dinitrophenoiiyethanol 4i P
Polyethylene 4<
o-Nitroanisole 4§
Chlorinated Paraffins 4i
2-Oiloro-l,3-butadiene *•
Solvent
Dyei
Identification of carboiylic acidi
Dyes
Organic cheiicali intermediate
Photography
Rnins interaediat*
Dyes
Dyn, ipKially tulfur color*
Heat transfer •dim
Artificial reiins production
Eiplosivef
Paper
Tone suffocant
Photography tuition*
Uar gas
Cnnical synthesis
Inttraediatc
Organic synthesis
Laboratory lubing
Organic synthesis
Fire retardant
Neoprene Hnufacturing
das pnasc reaction. Probably Mill not contain iipurity
Contains PCBs and higher chlorinated benienes. Rom top. reaction
Contain PCBs and higher chlorinated benunes. Ron te»p. reaction
Non-broiinatfd or chlorinated product.
Possibly PCB but doubtful.
Pouibly PCB but doubtful.
Hill fora nitrated dioiin fro* 2,4-dimtrophBnol
Used to Mta dyes
Possibly PBB but doubtful.
Possibly PCB but doubtful.
DBD/DBF forHtion not possible, based on process chemstry.
Possibly PCB but doubtful.
DBD/DBF formation not possible, based on process chnistry.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
(Inapplicable chnistry.
DBD/DBF formation not possible, based on process chnistry.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
IMialogenated product foraed.
Inapplicable chnistry.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
DBD/DBF formation not possible, based on process chnistry.
Unhalogenated product formed.
(Inapplicable chnistry.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
(Inapplicable chnistry.
[Inapplicable chnistry. Gas phase ran temperature reaction.
IMialogenated product foraed.
6as phase rot» temperature reaction.
DBD/DBF formation not possible, based on process chnistry.
ROM temperature reaction.
Unhalogenated product foraed.
(Inapplicable chnistry.
IMialogenated product forded.
(Inapplicable chnistry.
Non-broiinated or chlorinated product.
Room temperature reaction.
Gas phase room temperature reaction.
-------
APPENDIX C
Code Directory of Manufacturers/Users
1977 TSCA Inventory
169
-------
Appendix 1
List of Manufacturers/Users, 1977 TSCA Inventory
000002K
SYBRON CORP
HIGHWAY 29A
WELLFORD
SC 29385
x /A r a
OOO162W
MARUBENI AMERICA COR
200 PARK AVE
NEW YORK NY 1OO17
000243S
NISSHO-IWAI AM CORP
ROCKEFELLER CENTER
NEW YORK NY 1OO36
0002869
ROBECO CHEMICALS INC
99 PARK AVE
NEW YORK NY 1OO1S
OOO36ON
BROWNING CHEMICAL CP
33O MADISON AVE
NEW YORK NY 1OO17
000375L
HENKEL, INC
48O ALFRED AVE
TEANECK NJ O7666
0004986
HENLEY 6. CO, INC
75O THIRD AVE
NEW YORK NY 1O017
000537D
REMINGTON ARMS CO, INC
REMINGTON ROAD I-4O
LONOKE AR 72O86
0005386
REMINGTON ARMS CO, LAKE CITY ARMY AMM,
P O BOX 169
INDEPENDENCE MO 64051
000647K
HAMILTON PLANT
401 AUGSPURGER AVE
NEW MIAMI OH 45O11
OOO770B
DENKA CHEMICAL CORP
8701 PARK PLACE
HOUSTON TX 77O17
170
-------
000910H
KODAK PARK DIVISION
BLDG 26
ROCHESTER NY
14650
OO0965J
OLIN CORPORATION
100 MCKEE ROAD
ROCHESTER NY
14611
000975K
CHEVRON USA, INC
P O BOX 97
EL SEGUNDO CA
EL SEGUNDO REFINERY
90245
000976C
CHEVRON USA. INC
P 0 BOX 1272
RICHMOND CA
RICHMOND REFINERY
94802
001023H
DOW CHEMICAL CO USA WESTERN DIV-PITTSBUR
P.O. BOX 1398-LOVERIDGE ROAD
PITTSBURG PA 94565
001024G
DOW CHEMICAL CO
809 E MAIN STREET
MIDLAND MI
MICHIGAN DIVISION
4864O
O01O52S
KOPPERS COMPANY, INC
P 0 BOX 219
BRIDGEVILLE PA 151O7
OO1O66Y
KOPPERS COMPANY, INC
3900 S LARAMIE AVE
CHICAGO IL 6O650
001067Q
KOPPERS COMPANY. INC
P 0 BOX M
FOLLANSBEE WV 26037
OO1070G
KOPPERS COMPANY, INC
MILLERS RUN ROAD
BRIDGEVILLE PA 15O17
OO1O79B
KOPPERS COMPANY. INC
PETROLIA PA 16050
171
-------
•n
LJ
OO11516
FILO CHEMICAL CORP
347 MADISON AVE
NEW YORK NY
1OO17
001223T
FMC CORP
170 E PATAPSCO AVE
BALTIMORE MD
BALTIMORE PLANT
21226
0012266
FMC CORPORATION RICHMOND PLANT
855 PARR BLVD, BOX 1589
RICHMOND CA 948O4
0012468
EAST SHORE CHEMICALS
1221 BARNEY AVE
MUSKEGON MI 49443
OO1278V
PUREX CORP
2460O SOUTH MAIN STREET
CARSON CA 9O749
0012874
PFIZER INC GREENSBORO OPNS
2110 HIGH POINT ROAD
GREENSBORO NC 27403
0013025'G
PPG INDUSTRIES, INC
P 0 BOX 191
NEW MARTINSVILE WV 26155
001344T
DOW CHEMICAL
P 0 BOX BB
FREEPORT
TX
OYSTER CREEK DIV
77541
001351H
EXXON CHEMICAL CO.
4999 SCENIC HIGHWAY
BATON ROUGE LA
BATON ROUGE CHEM PLA
70821
001384X
OCE-INDUSTRIES
65OO N LINCOLN AVE
CHICAGO IL 6O645
001519Z
GLIDDEN C 6. R DIV SCM CORP
9OO UNION COMMERCE BLDG
CLEVELAND OH 44115
172
-------
0015571
jL*/ 'i
•W.-.r*-r
OLIN CORP AMMUNITION OPER
EAST ALTON IL 62O24
OO15694
V MANE FILS. INC
16 SPEIELMAN RD
FAIRFIELD NJ
O7OO6
0015703
FALLEK CHEMICAL CORP
460 PARK AVE
NEW YORK NY 1OO22
O01583G
ARTURO F FLORES
P 0 BOX 707
EAGLE PASS TX
78852
OO1719A
PENNWALT CORP
HIGHWAY 63
GENESEO
NY 14454
O0199OS
GRAYMOR CHEMICAL CO
43 ROUTE 46
PINE BROOK NJ
O7O58
002001Y
SATTRA TRADING CO
38O OCEAN DR WEST
STAMFORD CT
069O2
002023K
GALLARD-SCHLESINGER CHEM MFG
MINEOLA AVE 584
CARLE PLACE NY 11514
0020311
KALAMA CHEMICAL, INC
1296 N.W. 3RD ST
KALAME WA 98625
002042O
MONSANTO CO
ROUTE 130, P 0 BOX 296
BRIDGEPORT NJ O8O14
OO2043M
MONSANTO CO
BOX 1311
TEXAS CITY
TX 77590
173
-------
002047R
MONSANTO COMPANY
SAUGET IL 62201
002048J
MONSANTO COMPANY
1700 SOUTH SECOND STREET
ST LOUIS MO 63177
002052V
MONSANTO
P 0 BOX 174
LULING
LA 70070
002060B
MONSANTO COMPANY
P.O. BOX 711
ALVIN TX
77511
OO2077U
MONTROSE CHEMICAL OF CALIF
P 0 BOX 37
HENDERSON NV 89015
0022271
CHEM SOUTH CORP
P.O. BOX 406
CHILDERSBURG
AL
35044
002355P
JSR AMERICA INC
350 FIFTH AVE
NEW YORK NY
100O1
0026759
UNGERER & CO
65O UNION BOULEVARD
TOWATA NJ 07512
002703N
SOLVENT CHEM CORP
3163 BUFFALO AVE
NIAGARA FALLS NY
14303
0027480
SONFORD PRODUCTS CO
P.O. BOX 5570
JACKSON MS 392O8
0028223
DOW-CORNING FIBER
FIBERGLASS TOWER
TOLEDO OH
GLASS CORP -IMPORTER
43659
174
-------
003203X
MOBAY CHEMICAL CORP
PENN-LINCOLN PARKWAY E.
PITTSBURG PA 15205
003219N
VERTAC INTERNATIONAL
5100 POPLAR
MEMPHIS TN 38137
0032936
U.S. STEEL CORP
40O STATE STREET
CLAIRTON PA
CLAIRTON WORKS
15025
003294Y
U.S. STEEL CORP
NEVILLE ISLAND PLANT
PITTSBURG PA 15225
OO3295O
U.S. STEEL CORP
P.O. BOX 127
IRONTON OH
45638
003319T
U.C.C.
BROOKSIDE AVENUE
AMBLER PA
SITE NO. 02-305
19OO2
003337A
UNION CARBIDE CORP
437 MAC CORKLE AVENUE
S. CHARLESTON WV 253O3
00334OU
BASF WYANDOTTE CORP PARSIPPANY
100 CHERRY HILL RD
PARSIPPANY NJ 7054
003386N
AMERICAN CYANIMID CO
BOUND BROOK NJ 088O5
003386N
AMERICAN HOECHST CORP
RTE 2O2-2O6 NORTH
BRIDGEWATER NJ OO876
OO3416M
ALLIANCE CHEMICAL
33 AVENUE P
NEWARK NJ
07105
175
-------
O03465Z
!^=- h
!» A
il fl
ACETO CHEMICAL CO
126-02 NORTHERN BLVD
FLUSHING NY 11368
OO348O4
BASF WYANDOTTE CORP
5O CENTRAL AVENUE
KEARNY NJ
SOUTH KEARNY
O7O32
OO34804
BASF WYANDOTTE CORP
50 CENTRAL AVENUE
KEARNY NJ
SOUTH KEARNY
07O32
0036991
AGFA-GEVAETT INC
275 NORTH STREET
TETERBORO NJ
07608
003830M
ALLIED CHEMICAL CORP
MULTON AVENUE
SOLVAY NY 13209
003836B
ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT
1415 EAST MICHIGAN STREET
ADRIAN MI 49221
003874V
UNION CAMP CORP
1600 VALLEY ROAD
WAYNE NJ
CHEMICAL DIVISION
O747O
OO3879S
UNIROYAL. INC
ELM STREET
NAUGATUCK
CT
06770
OO39739
UNION CAMP CORP
P 0 BOX 220
DOVER OH
HARCHEM DIV
44622
004OO14
DOVER CHEMICAL CORP
15TH AND DAVIS ST
DOVER OH 44622
0040667
E.I. DU PONT DE
1OO7 MARKET STREET
WILMINGTON DE
NEMOURS & CO
19898
176
-------
OO409OK
a
ASHLAND CHEMICAL CO
BIG SANDY RIVER ROAD
NEAL WV 25530
O04099M
ALPINE LABS INC
P 0 BOX 147
BAY MINETTE AL
CARPENTER STATION
365O7
004114N
THORSON CHEM CORP
645 FIFTH AVE
NEW YORK NY
10022
004136G
SYNAROME CORP
55 VANDAM ST
NEW YORK
NY 10O13
OO4144Q
THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY
11541 CHAMPLAIN AVE
CHICAGO IL 6O628
0042075
TENNECO CHEMICALS INC
830 MAGNOLIA AVE
ELIZABETH NJ 072O1
OO42100
TENNECO CHEMICALS INC
290 RIVER DRIVE
GARFIELD NJ O7O26
004211G
TENNECO CHEMICALS INC
MEADOW ROAD
FORDS NJ 08863
004211G
TENNECO CHEMICALS
MEADOW ROAD
FORDS NJ
08863
004297D
STRUKTOL COMPANY OF AMERICA
1717 BRITTAIN ROAD
AKRON OH 4431O
OO4405W
SOLTEX POLYMER
P 0 BOX 1OOO
DEER PARK TX
77536
177
-------
O04537P
••-77"
STEYBER CO. INC
330 MADISON AVE
NEW YORK
NY
10O17
004610B
SOUTHEASTERN ADHESIV ES CO
P 0 BOX 791
LENOIR NC 28634
0047091
BOULDER SCIENTIFIC
P 0 BOX 150
BOULDER CO
S0302
OO4940W
TENNECO OIL CO-LA
P 0 BOX 1007
CHALMETTE LA
70O44
OO5O4OI
MITSUBISHI INTERNA-
227 PARK AVE
NEW YORK NY
TIONAL CORP
10017
00505OJ
MORGANTON PLANT
AMHERST ROAD
MORGANTON NC
28655
005095K
MARTIN MARIETTA CORP 50DYECO
P O BOX 1O098
CHARLOTTE NC 28237
0052O9S
MITSUI & CO (USA), INC
1100 SUPERIOR AVE
CLEVELAND OH 44114
005273G
NORTHWEST PETROCHEM CORP
S TEXAS RD, MARCH POINT
ANACORTES WA 98221
0052991
NORAC CO INC
405 S MOTOR AVENUE
AZUSA CA 91702
0053360
NOURY CHEMICAL CORP
2153 LOCKPORT-OLCOTT RD
BURT NY 14028
178
-------
0053391
NEVILLE CHEMICAL CO
12800 IMPERIAL HIGHWAY
SANTA FE SPRING CA 9O67O
•^ 'J '»i ; " '•
005341S
NORTON COMPANY
1 NEW BOND ST
WORCHESTER
MA 016O6
0053602
NAPP CHEMICALS. INC
199 MAIN ST
LODI NJ
07644
OO5479A
PUREX CORP
5134 LANCASTER AVE
PHILADELPHIA PA 19131
OO55O4C
PFIZER INC-TERRE HAURE, IND
TERR HAUTE IN 47808
005640H
MITSUI & CO (USA), INC
1 CALIFORNIA ST
SAN FRANCISCO CA 94111
005674P
PFISTER CHEMICAL INC
LINDEN AVE
RIDGEFIELD NJ O7657
0057332
PFANSTIEHL LABS, INC
1219 GLEN ROCK AVE
WAUKEGAN IL 6OO85
0057531
PROCHIMIE INT'L
488 MADISON AVE
NEW YORK NY
10022
005854Z
SOBIN CHEMICALS INC
1900 PRUDENTIAL TOWER
BOSTON MA O2199
006043Y
HUMMEL CHEMICAL CO. INC
10 HARMICH ROAD
S PLAINFIELD NJ O708O
170
-------
APPENDIX D
Manufacturers During the Period 1983-85 of High
Priority GROUP 1 Chemicals Potentially
Contaminated with DBDs/DBFs
180
-------
or
iiv Coniaaina:eo win
Cnenucai
i. £, 3.4,5.&-Hexacniorocvclonexane
2001 JOT aeitacmorosnenate
i,'-(Dicilorodneroxy-) acetic acia.
Brooucer
NO PRODUCTION DURING THE
C.iemicals. Inc.
Location
"reduction Years
1985 19S4 !363
PERIOD 1983-65 (SEE FOOTSIE)
Tacoma. WH yes
ves
ves
ail =aits anc esters
~j-"j, ->-(^i — "ii'io'enoxv-)1 3po"fi»i>c
a.. Ei.ts 3~oducers '193Z. 1981*. 1985;
» :.:. I.t. :. 6-hexac"io'oc'/clon=xarie. jan-aa '.so/ner: no orocuction ror trus cneraicai was reoor:ec
:r =;i c-j:"'-3 "i» :5«".cc !5PZ-65: :fce C"er»icai, tierefore. snouia not nave oeen listed in Tao^e 5 of
181
------- |