CLEAN LAKES CLASSIFICATION
    STUDY OFrIQWA LAKES
      FOR .RESTORATION

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CLEAN LAKES CLASSIFICATION STUDY OF IOHA1S LAKES FOB RESTORATION

                          Final ffeport
                        Roger H. fachmann
                         Hark B-... Johnson
                        Marianne V. Hoore
                         Terry A. Noonan
           Iowa Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit
               and Departneat of Animal Ecology
                    Iowa State University
                       Ames, Iowa 50011
                         August 21, 1980
The  preparation  and  publication  of  this  document  has  keen
financially aided through a  grant  to  the  Iowa  Department  of
Environmental   Quality  from  the  United  States  Environmental
Protection  Agency and  the Iowa  State  Conservation Commission.

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                        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
     This study was completed through the cooperative efforts  of
many  local,  state,  and  federal organizations and agencies, as
well as private individuals to  whom  we  are  indebted.   Direct
financial  support  was  provided  through  a grant from the U.S.
Environmental  Protection  Agency  to  the  Iowa  Department   of
Environmental  Quality and subcontracted to the Iowa Conservation
Commission  (ICC)  and Iowa State University.

     Several members of  the  ICC  staff  assisted  us  with  the
project.   He  wish to thank Don Bonneau and Jim Mayhew for their
advice and assistance in  obtaining  information.   He  are  also
indebted  to Marion Conover and his staff of fisheries biologists
who supplied recreational usage data and lake contour maps.  John
Beamer  supplied  aerial  infra-red   photographs   for   aquatic
vegetation   estimates  while  Manuel  Caldron  and  Doyle  Adams
provided  information  on   land   ownership.   Finally,   county
conservation  .board  personnel  across  the state are thanked for
their cooperation and information concerning  county  board  lake
usage  and  problems.   Monica  Hnuk  of  the  Iowa  DEQ provided
information on permits and state and federal  guidelines.    fialph
Turkle also of the Iowa DEQ supplied NPDES permit numbers.

     Field  data  collection,  laboratory   analyses,   and   map
planimetry  Here  conducted  by  James  Barnum,  Susan Beck, Judy
Crane, Bradley Jones, Kathy Kurz, Michael  Lannoo,  Bill  Noonan,
Scott  Schellhaaass,  and  Charlie Simons,  Margaret Ritter, Joe
Williams, and Scott Zaeger also assisted with planimetry and  lab
analyses.

     District Conservationists of the Soil  Conservation  Service
are  thanked  for their help in estimating the percentage of land
in best land management practices within  each  watershed.   They
also  recommended  land  management practices for each watershed.
Various county government personnel assisted the project.   County
engineers provided tileage maps  used  in  determining  watershed
boundaries  and  County  Assessors  assisted in determinations of
public ownership of land on the study lakes.  Pat McAdams of  the
Iowa  Geological  Survey is thanked for his assistance and advice
with topographical maps.

     Ihis  study  was  a  part  of  Project  2051  of  tie   Iowa
Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa.
                               11

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                            CONTENTS








Acknowledgement  	 ii








   Introduction	1



   Conclusions	3



   Methods and procedures	6



   Lake restoration measures 	 11



   Criteria ranking system 	 17



   Lakes for feasibility and diagnostic studies  	 38








References	43



Appendices







   A.  List of lakes	46



   E.  Survey forms	52



   C.  Summary of public meetings  	 59



   D.  Hater quality rankings  	 67



   £.  Data tor individual lakes   	79



          Index to lakes	30
                              111

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                         INTRODUCTION
     Because many lakes in the United States are  suffering  from
pollution   and   eutrophication   problems,  the  United  States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through Section 314 of  the
Clean  Hater  Act provides financial assistance to states for the
restoration of public freshwater lakes.  This study  was  carried
out  in response to the requirement that each state make a survey
of their public lakes in need of  restoration  and/or  protection
and  develop  a  priority  ranking  of  the lakes for restoration
projects  in  order  to  be  eligible  for  Clean  Lakes  federal
assistance after January 1, 1982.   The  information  obtained  in
this  study  is  also needed for Phase I (diagnostic-feasibility)
Clean Lakes cooperative agreement applications.  Primary  funding
for this study was provided by a grant from the EPA and the study
was  carried  out  through  the  cooperative  efforts of the Iowa
Department of Environmental Quality  (DEQ), the Iowa  Conservation
Commission  (ICC), and Iowa State University.

     A group of 107 publicly owned lakes  was  selected  for  the
survey.   Selection  criteria (see Appendix A)  included a surface
area of at least 25  hectares  (10  acres)   and  a  watershed  to
surface area ratio less than 200:1.  No shallow marsh-like lakes,
federal flood-control impoundments, or lakes used solely as water
supply  reservoirs  were  included  in  the survey.  The specific
objectives of the study vere:

     1) To   provide  an  evaluation  of  current  conditions  in
        significant publicly owned lakes in Iowa.

     2) To  develop a ranking  of lakes  in  need  of  management
        and   restorative   measures  based   on  existing  water
        quality,  pollution potential, and public benefit.

     A data collection program was initiated on each of the lakes
selected, and the results of this effort were  submitted  to  the
ICC and the DEQ in a series of interim reports.  The first report
described   the   physical   features  of  the  lakes  and  their
watersheds.   The  second  report  included  an   assesement   of
pollution  conditions of the lakes including a summary of current
water  quality  information,   lake   trophic   state,   and   an
identification  of  major  nonpoint  pollution  sources and major
point source pollution discharges.  A third  report  included  an
assessment  of  lake  uses for each lake and a description of any
inherent recreational values that are impaired by degraded  water
quality.   A  fourth report included recommended lake restoration
measures for each lake that  needed  restoration  or  protection.

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The  information  in these four reports was updated and corrected
on the basis o£ comments from the ICC and DEQ and is presented in
Appendix E.

     A criteria ranking system was developed for the  purpose  of
establishing  a  priority  ranJcing list of lakes for restoration.
This list is required by  the  U  S  EPA  and  will  be  used  to
determine  the order in which Iowa lakes should be considered for
possible restoration projects.  This ranking system  was  applied
to  the  107  Iowa lakes in the survey.  The top ten lakes on the
priority list were then recommended  for  future  diagnostic  and
feasibility   studies.    These   work  products  were  initially
submitted to ICC and DEQ as interim reports and are  included  in
their  corrected forms as sections in this final report.  The ICC
conducted public meetings at the top ten lakes.   They  explained
the  Clean  Lakes program and solicited comments from the public.
Summaries of these meetings are in Appendix C.

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                           CONCLUSIONS
     Because of the fertility of Iowa soils  and  the  subsequent
high  nutrient  content  of land runoff, all of the lakes in this
study were classified as eutrophlc.  This is a broad category  of
lakes  vith  high  biological productivity, and most of the lakes
had  vater  quality  problems.   For  this   reason   restoration
recommendations  were  made  for  most  lakes.   The  most common
recommendation was the adoption of best land management practices
in the watershed  to  reduce  soil  erosion.   For  some  of  the
shallower   lakes   dredging   and/or   artificial  aeration  was
recommended to prevent winter fishkills.  A few of the lakes  had
point-source  or  divertable  pollution,  and recomendations were
made to eliminate these sources of nutrients.

     A priority ranking system was developed to  rank  the  lakes
for  future  restoration  projects.   The  ranking was based on a
combination of severity of water quality problems, probability of
success of the proposed restoration measures,  and  the  expected
public  benefits.   When  the  system was applied to the 107 Iowa
lakes (see CRITEHIA BANKING SYSTEM section of  this  report)  the
following ranking was found:

     Rank        Lake                  County

       1     Onion Grove Lake         Tama
       2     Black Hawk Lake          Sac
       3     Lake Hanawa              Pottawattamie
       4     lower Pine Lake          Hardin
       5     Swan Lake                Carroll
       6     Bock Creek Lake          Jasper
       7     Little Wall Lake         Hamilton
       8     Arbor Lake               Poweshiek
       9     Storm Lake               Buena Vista
      10     Lake Hendricks           Howard
      11     North Twin Lake          Calhoun
      12     Lost Island Lake         Palo Alto
      13     EeSoto Bend Lake         Harrison
      14     Central Lake             Jones
      15     Lake Cornelia            Wright
      16     Cttumwa Lagoon           Uapello
      17     Lake Darling             Washington
      18     Hannen Lake              Benton
      19     Easter Lake              Polk
      20     Lower Gar Lake           Dickinson
      21     Silver Lake              Worth
      22     Tuttle Lake              Emmet

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23     Carter Lake
24     Rodgers Park Lake
25     Silver Lake
26     Lake of the Hills
27     Upper Gar Lake
28     Clear Lake
29     Lake Keomah
30     Trumaull Lake
31     Hickory Hills Lake
32     Mariposa Lake
33     Eldred Sherwood Lake
34     East Okotoji
35     Lake Iowa
36     Arrowhead Lake
37     Browns Lake
38     Hickory Grove
39     Lake Macbride
40     Prairie Bose Lake
41     Center Lake
42     Springbrook Lake
43     Kent Park Lake
44     Spring Lake
45     Lake Beyers
46     Silver Lake
47     Little Spirit Lake
48     Silver Lake
49     Crystal Lake
50     Green Valley Lake
51     Pierce Creek Pond
52     East Lake  (Osceola)
53     Upper Pine Lake
54     Lake Ahquabi
55     Eeeds Lake
56     Lake Pahoja
57     Bed Haw Lake
58     Lake Geode
59     Lake Minnewashta
60     Green Castle Lake
61     Chatfield Lake
62     Indian Lake
63     Ingham Lake
64     Lake of Three Fires
65     Meadow Lake
66     Big Creek Lake
67     £ob White Lake
68     Smith Lake
69     Nelson Lake
70     George Myth Lake
71     Lake Icaria
72     Viking Lake
73     Five Island Lake
74     Windmill Lake
75     Crawford Creek Lake
76     Little Sioux Park
Pottawattamie
Benton
Palo Alto
Scott
Dickinson
Cerro Gordo
Bahaska
Clay
Tama
Jasper
Hancock
Dickinson
Iowa
Pottawattamie
Hoodbury
Story
Johnson
Shelby
Dickinson
Guthrie
Johnson
Greene
Hinneshiek
Delaware
Dickinson
Dickinson
Hancock
Onion
Page
Clarke
Hardin
iarren
Franklin
Lyon
Lucas
Henry
Dickinson
Marshall
Lee
Van Baren
Emmet
Taylor
Adair
Polk
Hayne
Kossuth
Crawford
Black Hawk
Adams
Montgomery
Palo Alto
Taylor
Ida
Hoodbury

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 77     Ctter Creek Lake         lama
 78     Killiamson Pond          Lucas
 79     Pleasant Creek Lake      Linn
 80     Diamond Lake             Poweshiek
 81     Lacey-Keosaugua Lake     Van Buren
 82     Lake Miami               Honroe
 83     Oldham Lake              Honona
 84     Lake Anita               Cass
 85     Eadger Lake              Webster
 86     Pollmiller Lake          Lee
 87     Eon Williams Lake        Boone
 88     Lake Orient              Adair
 89     Big Spirit Lake          Dickinson
 90     Hoorehead Lake           Ida
 91     lhayer Lake              Union
 92     Lake Hapello             Davis
 93     Dog Creek Lake           O'Brien
 94     Wilson Lake              Taylor
 95     Rest Okoioji             Dickinson
 96     Kanteno Lake             Shelby
 97     Billow Lake              Harrison
 98     Mine Eagles              Decatur
 99     Borman Trail             Adair
100     Slip Bluff Lake          Decatur
101     Arrowhead Lake           Sac

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     METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOB COLLECTING LAKE INFORMATION
FIELD SAMPLING METHODS

     Each lake was sampled 3 times in the period from  late  June
to  early  October,  1979.   On  each  visit,  one station in the
deepest part of  the  lake  was  sampled.   In  some  lakes,  the
greatest  depth  samfled  was  much  less  than the given maximum
depth, presumably indicating the effect of sedimentation  between
the sampling date and the year the lake contour map was drawn.  A
vertical  temperature profile was obtained to determine the depth
of  thermal  stratification,  if  present.   water  samples  were
collected using a Van Dorn or Kernmerer bottle.  From 3 to 6 water
samples were collected  at  equally  spaced   (usually  2m)  depth
intervals   in  the  water  column  of  unstratified  lakes.   In
stratified  lakes,  at  least  3  different  water  samples  were
obtained from the mixed water layer and at least  one  additional
sample  was  taken from the hypolimnion.  The water collected was
placed in one-quart polyethylene  bottles,  stored  on  ice,  and
returned to the laboratory for analysis.

     Analyses for the various nitrogen fractions were carried out
only for samples obtained on the third sampling visit.  Heplicate
surface water samples for nitrogen analyses were placed in 200 ml
Nalgene bottles, preserved with 0.8 ml concentrated sulfuric acid
and frozen.  Profile analyses for chloride and sulfate were  done
only  with  water collected on the second sampling visit for each
lake.  Beplicate surface water samples for sodium  and  potassium
analyses were obtained on the third sampling visit for each lake.
Replicate secchi disc transparencies were obtained on each visit.
Sampling  was  usually  done  between  8 AM and 5 PM.  Laboratory
analysis was usually completed within a  24  to  36  hoar  period
after   sampling.    Approximately   10%  of  all  analyses  were
replicated to pcovide  estimates  of  intrinsic  error  for  each
method.

CHEMICAL MEASOBEMENTS

     The pH of the lake water  was  measured  in  the  laboratory
using  a  Beckman  Model  N  pH  meter.  Specific conductance, in
micrcmhos/cm, was measured with a Hach  model  2511  conductivity
meter.    Turbidity   was   measured  using  a  Hach  model   2100
turbidimeter and expressed in JTU units.   Sulfate  concentration
was  determined  by  the  barium  chloride  turbidimetric  method
(APHA,AWWA,WPCF  1S76) .

     Seston  dry  weight  (suspended  solids),   in   mg/1,   was

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determined  by  filtering a known water volume onto precombusted,
preweighed Gelman Type A/E glass fiber filters, which  were  then
dried  and  reweighed.   These  results were corrected for filter
weight loss upon filtration using filters treated with  distilled
water  only.  The filters were combusted at 550 C for one hour in
a muffle furnace, cooled and reweighed.  The organic fraction  of
the  seston  dry  weight  was  that portion lost upon combustion,
corrected for filter loss.  The inorganic fraction was determined
from the residue remaining following  combustion.   All  weighing
was done on a Cahn electrobalance.

     The total  phosphorus  concentration  was  determined  after
ammonium  persulfate  digestion  of  the  lake water sample in an
autoclave at 18 psig for 40 minutes (APHA, AHHA, iiPCF 1976).  The
ascorbic  acid  colorimetric  method  was  then  used   and   the
absorbance   at   880  nm  was  recorded  spectrophotometrically.
Standard  curves  relating  the  measured  absortance  and  total
phosphorus concentration were prepared for each day of analyses.

     Ammonia nitrogen and total Kjeldail nitrogen were determined
using  the  automated  phenate  method.   Nitrite  plus   nitrate
nitrogen  was  measured  using  the  automated  cadmium reduction
method (Onited States EPA 1974, APHA,ANHA,HPCF, 1976).   Analyses
of  the  various  nitrogen fractions were done by the Engineering
Research institute cf Iowa State University.

     Dissolved  oxygen  concentrations  were  determined  by  the
Winkler method on samples fixed in the field.  Total  alkalinity,
in  mg/1 as CaC03, was determined by titration with .02N sulfuric
acid.  Calcium and total hardness concentrations were  determined
by  titrating to appropriate endpoints with .02N EDTA (Titraver).
Chloride concentration was determined by titrating the lake water
sample   with   mercuric   nitrate   after   the   addition    of
diphenylcarbazone.

     Sodium and potassium concentrations were  measured  with  an
Instrumentation  Laboratories Model 143 lithium internal standard
flame photometer  (APHA, AUWA, WPCF 1976).

BIOLOGICAL HI1SOHEMEN1S

     The concentration of chlorophyll a corrected for phaeophytin
was  obtained  by  filtering  a  known  volume of lake water onto
Gelman Type A/E glass  fiber  filters.   Ihe  filters  were  then
frozen  over  dessicant in the dark until analysis.   At such time
the filters were ground for 1 minute using a  Teflon  pestle  and
the chlorophyll pigment extracted with 90% acetone for 30 minutes
in  the  dark.   The absorption of the extract at four wavelengths
(630, 645, 6,63, and 750 nm)  was recorded  using  a  Beckman  CU-2
spectcophotometer.   Two  drops  of 1N HCI were then added to the
extract and the absorption at 663  and  750  nm  read  after  one
minute.    Concentrations   of  chlorophyll  a, phaeophytin,  and
chlorophyll a  corrected  for phaeophytin  (all  in  mg/m3)   were
obtained  from  equations given in the literature (APHA,AHWA,HPCF

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1976) .

     Submerged  and  floating  aquatic  vegetation  coverage  was
estimated for  many  state  park  lakes  using  aerial  infra-red
photographs  available  from  the  Iowa  Conservation Commission.
These photos were taken during July and  August,  1976.   Aquatic
plant  coverage  for West Okoboji, East Okoboji, Big Spirit Lake,
Lower and Upper Gar, and Lake Hinnewashta was taken from Cruo and
Bachmann (1973).  The remaining lakes were aerially napped during
August  and  early  September,  1979.   Submerged  and   floating
vegetation  was  sketched onto lake maps and the percent coverage
determined by planimetry.

 MORPHOMETEIC AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

     Lake  surface  area  was  determined  by  planimetering  the
shoreline of the best available contour  map.   Lake  volume  was
calculated  by  adding  together  the volumes between consecutive
depth contours.  Mean depth was obtained  by  dividing  the  lake
volume  by  the  surxace  area.   Shoreline length was determined
using a map measurer.  The volume development index and shoreline
development  index  were  calculated  from  equations  given   in
Hutchinson  (1975) .

     Permanent inflows and outflows were identified using  United
States  Geological Survey  (O.S.G.S.) topographic maps  (7.5 minute
series), Iowa  Department  of  Transportation  county  maps,  and
Larimer  (1974).   Unnamed  permanent  inflows  and outflows were
counted.   Lake  watersheds  were   determined   using   U.S.G.S.
topographic  maps   (7.5  minute  series)  ordered  from  the Iowa
Geological Survey in  Iowa  City,  orthophotographs   (7.5  minute
series),  and advanced copy maps  (7.5 minute series) ordered from
the D.S.G.S.  in Bella,  Missouri.   Tiling  maps  obtained  from
local Soil Conservation Service offices and county engineers were
also  used  for  determining watershed boundaries.  The watershed
area  for  each  lake  was  obtained  using  planimetry  and  the
watershed area/lake area ratio was calculated.

     Soil associations and  descriptions  within  each  watershed
were  obtained  using soil survey maps for Iowa  (Iowa  Agriculture
and Home Economics  Experiment  Station  1978)  and  portions  of
Nebraska   and  Minnesota   (Bartlett  1975,  Dunsmore  and  Quade
1979a,b).   Each  soil  association  within   a   watershed   was
planimetered  and  its  percentage  of  the  watershed  computed.
Watershed  land  use  percentages   (the number of hectares in row
crops, pastureland, woodland, etc.) were obtained from Harmon and
Duncan eds.   (1978) and Dunsmore and Quade  (1979a,b).

     Estimated  annual  precipitation  and  runoff  figures  were
obtained  from  state  maps   (Waite  1969  and   Wiitala   1969).
Evaporation  figures  came  from a U.S.  Weather Bureau Technical
Paper (Kohler et.  al.   1959) .  Shoreline ownership was  obtained
from county platt books using a map measurer and from  information
provided  by  the  Iowa  Conservation Commission.  The 208 agency

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boundaries  came  from  the  Iowa  Department  of   Environmental
Quality.
BECREATIONAL USAGE

     Recreational usage estimates for  each  lake  were  obtained
from  questionnaires   (Appendix  E)  distributed  to ICC district
fisheries biologists.  The fisheries  biologists  obtained  usage
estimates  from a variety of sources; state park officers, county
park officers, publications, and direct field observations.   The
questionnaire  asJced   for  estimates of the number of people that
engaged in a particular activity on a typical day depending  upon
the  season  of the year and whether it was a weekend or weekday.
These daily estimates  were expanded into an  annual  total  usage
estimate  (people-days)  for  each  of the activities named.  The
annual total usages for each  lakes  were  divided  by  the  lake
surface  area to define a density of use (people-days per hectare
or acre).

     An additional questionnaire (Appendix B)  was sent to  county
conservation  boards  that  had  jurisdiction  over  lakes in the
survey.  Respondents were asked to comment  on  lake  impairments
and watershed problems.  Summerkill and winterkill frequencies as
well   as  aeration  methods  were  obtained  from  ICC  district
fisheries biologists.

     Lake recreation impairment was determined in  several  ways.
Comments  from  ICC  personnel  were  encouraged  by means of the
previously mentioned  questionnaires.   Swimming  was  considered
impaired  when  Secchi  transparency was less than one meter.  If
Secchi  transparency  was  less  than  1  meter  and   the   mean
epilimentic chlorophyll a concentration was less than 20 mg/cubic
meter,  suspended  sediments  were  assumed  to  be a significant
source of turbidity.  The location of aquatic plants, the  extent
of  coverage,  and  comments  by  ICC personnel were also used to
assess  recreation  impairment,  i.e.   boating,  swimming,   and
fishing.

POINT AND NGN POINT DISCHARGE INFCEHATION
     Point source discharges within each  lake's  watershed  were
identified  from  the  list  provided  in  the Iowa Hater Quality
Management Plan (Iowa Department of Environmental Quality  1976).
Reference  numbers assigned to each of the dischargers were cross
referenced with Iowa DEQ files to obtain  NPDES  permit  numbers.
Animal  feeding  operations  were  included  in  the point source
discharge list.

     Son point discharges included  shoreline  erosion  and  soil
erosion  within  the watershed.  Shoreline erosion estimates were
based on observations by  field  crews,  and  comments  from  ICC
personnel.    Shoreline   erosion   was  classified  as  follows;

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negligible, a few sections of shoreline with severe  erosion,  or
as  a  significant source of siltation.  Severe shoreline erosion
was  also  considered  an  impairment  to  access  and  shoreline
fishing.  Soil erosion in each  lake's  watershed  was  estimated
from  the Iowa Soil Conservation Service maps of erosion rates in
the state.

     The percentage of land within the watershed  under  approved
soil  conservation  practices  was  estimated  by  District  Soil
Conservationists.  This figure does not necessarily represent the
percentage  of  land meeting the legal soil loss limit but simply
refers to the amount of land under approved soil practices.  Best
land management practices for each watershed were  also  obtained
from the District Conservationists.

PRESENTATION OF flESULlS

     The results of the  studies  on  the  individual  lakes  are
presented  in  Appendix  E.   To characterize the lakes, standard
statistical  procedures  were  used  to  calculate  averages  and
standard  errors  for  sample  parameters  measured  on   samples
obtained  from  the  mixed  zone  of  each lake.  The sample size
varies because of replicate measurements made on some samples  as
a   part  of  the  guality  assurance  program  followed  in  the
laboratory.  Also some lakes were not stratified and thus more of
the samples were  from  the  mixed  zone.   Results  of  chemical
measurements  on  the  lakes  have  been  entred into the U S EPA
STORET system.
                               10

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                    LAKE BESTOBATION MEASURES

     Host public lakes in Iowa have water quality  problems  that
interfere  with  their  usefulness.   In  formulating restoration
plans it was  useful  to  consider  the  geographic  setting  and
origins  of lova lakes.  The majority of the natural lakes are of
glacial origin and lie in the Des Moines lobe  of  the  Wisconsin
glacier  in  north  central Iowa.  The land is gently rolling and
poorly drained.  With the exception of Lake West Okoooji  with  a
maximum  depth  of  42  meters  these  lakes are characterized by
shallow  depths,  high  nutrient  concentrations,  and   frequent
blue-green  algae  blooms.   Those  lakes  lacking algal problems
often have massive growths of higher aquatic  vegetation  filling
their  basins.   The  combination  of  shallow  depths  and  high
biological  productivity often leads to winterkills, particularly
in the shallower lakes.  Cther natural lakes include a few  oxbow
lakes  found  within  the floodplain of the Missouri Biver.  with
the exception of DeSoto Bend Lake, a recent manmade cutoff of the
river, these lakes have been partially filled by silt  from  past
floods  on the Missouri Hiver.  Some have also had drops in water
levels due to a general lowering of the water table in the  flood
plain.   Since  various  engineering  works on the Missouri River
ensure it will no longer flood, the basins are now permanent, but
the lakes suffer from the same problems as other shallow lakes in
the state.

     Host of the artificial impoundments are located  outside  of
the  recently  glaciated  areas.   In comparison with the natural
lakes they are deeper on the  average,  have  greater  ratios  of
watershed  area  to  lake  surface  area, and are located in more
hilly topography.  They are subject to higher rates of  siltation
from  soil  erosion  in their watersheds.  Like the natural lakes
they are also highly productive and subject to algal blooms.

     The other  class  of  lakes  includes  former  gravel  pits,
quarries,  and  other  water  bodies with low ratios of watershed
area to surface area.  Because of  the  restricted  influence  of
surface runoff on these lakes, they are generally of high quality
and do not require restoration measures.

     Foe most of  the  lakes  point-source  pollution  is  not  a
problem.   There  are  few  lakes  with  urban areas within their
watershed  and  most  of  the  lakes   with   extensive   cottage
development  have  already  installed  sanitary sewage systems to
collect, treat, and divert  wastes  from  the  lakes.   Non-pcint
pollution  is  the  major  problem.   A  recent  analysis  of the
nutrient loads of streams sampled in the National  Eutrophication
Survey  of  the U.S.   Environmental Protection Agency showed that


                               11

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the Iowa streams had some of the highest levels of phosphorus and
nitrogen found anywhere in the continental United States (Omernik
1977).   It is not possible to determine if  these  high  nutrient
levels  are  the  result of the natural fertility of the original
prairie soils or if they are related to the intensive agriculture
practiced in the state.  It is kncwn, however, that poor  farming
practices  can lead to accelerated soil erosion and ultimately to
the transport of soil particles  with  associated  nutrients  and
pesticides  to  lakes  and  reservoirs.   High  concentrations of
livestock may also make significant contributions to the nutrient
inputs of some lakes.

     Lake  restoration/management  plans  have   two   sites   of
operation;  in  the lake and in the lake's watershed.  Techniques
useful in the lake's watershed include:  wastewater treatment and
diversion, soil and water conservation practices and treatment of
inflows.  In-lake techniques include:  lake deepening,  aeration,
biotic   harvesting,  and  shoreline  erosion  control.   Methods
employed in the watershed are designed  to  reduce  the  rate  of
eutrophication;  whereas  most  in-lake  measures are designed to
manage  the  consequences  of  eutrophication.   Reviews  of  the
effectiveness  of  various  restoration  techniques   are   given
elsewhere  (Dunst  et  al.   1974, D.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency 1979a,b and Breck et al.  1979).

     WATERSHED TECHNIQUES

wastewater Treatment and Diversion

     Wastewater  from  municipal,  industrial,  and  agricultural
sources may be diverted out of a lake's watershed or  treated  to
reduce  its  impact on the receiving body of water.  Three levels
of  wastewater  treatment  are  generally  recognized:   primary,
secondary, and  tertiary.   Primary  treatment  consists  of  the
removal  of  solid  organic  materials  by gravitational settling
which reduces the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the incoming
waste.   Secondary treatment promotes biological activity  in  the
wastevater   resulting  in  further  reduction  of  the  BOD  and
suspended matter concentrations of the waste.   The  combined  use
cf  primary and secondary treatment can result in a 50% reduction
in total volatile solids, a UOS reduction in total nitrogen,  and
a  30%  reduction  of  total  phosphorus  in  the  incoming waste
(Hammer, 1975).  Tertiary treatment emphasizes  nutrient  removal
by physio-chemical or chemical processes.  Tertiary treatment can
remove  up  to  58X of the phosphorus and nitrogen present in the
wastewater (Hammer 1975).

     Civersion of wastewater away from lakes has been effectively
used to reduce nutrient loading.  In  a  well-documented  example
municipal  wastes  were  divereted  away  from Lake Washington in
Seattle.  This action reversed the accelerated eutrophication  of
that  lake  and  rapidly  improved water quality  (Edmondson 1970,
1972)•   Diversion of sanitary  wastes  from  cottages  and  towns
along  many  of  the  major Iowa natural lakes  (Clear Lake, Storm


                               12

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Lake, Spirit Lake, West Okoboji)   has  teen  practiced  foe  many
years as a means of lake protection.

Soil and Water Conservation Practices
    ^ So^l .aad jHAter conservation practices (SHCP)  also known  as
best""  management  practices  (BME)   are  agricultural  practices
designed for erosion and water  control.   SWCPs  also  have  the
potential  to  reduce  non-point  source pollution.   SWCPs may be
divided  into  two  groups,  cultural  practices  and  structural
practices.  Cultural practices include:  no tillage, conservation
tillage, contour tillage, contour strip cropping, and  sod  based
rotations.   Structural  practices  include:    terraces,  grassed
waterways,  filter  or  buffer  strips,  artificial drainage, and
sediment control basins.  Pesticides, nutrients, and sediment are
differentially affected by SWCPs.

     The available information on the effectiveness of  soil  and
water  conservation  practices  in  controlling  non-point source
pollution has been reviewed (U.S. EPA 1979a).   The following is  a
summary of the conclusions:

     1.  The effectivenss  of  SWCPs  in  controlling  losses  of
agricultural  chemicals  from croplands in runoff and percolation
are largely determined by the site  specific  effects  the  SHCPs
have on sediment losses and water movement.

     2.  SNCPs are more effective in controlling  sediment  yield
from fields than in reducing runoff.

     3.  It follows that SWCPs are  more  effective  in  removing
chemical  constituents associated with particles, such as organic
N and P, inorganic particulate P, and organochlorine  pesticides,
than in removing dissolved constituents.

     4.  There  are  additional  practices  capable  of  reducing
pollutant  losses  from  cropland  such as fertilizer management,
integrated pest management, and management of animal wastes.

     5.  The relationship between any practice used  on  a  field
and surface or groundwater quality is uncertain.

Treatment of Inflows

     Treatment of the inflowing water may be justified where  the
sources  of  nutrients  or sediment are so diffuse they cannot be
individually controlled and diversion is not possible.   Examples
of  inflow  treatment  include the aeration of inflowing streams,
construction cf sedimentation basins,  and  diversion  of  inflow
through natural or artificial marshes  (Dunst et al.   197U, DeJong
1976, Wolverton et al.  1976,  Spangler et al.  1S77, and Sloey et
al.  1978).
                               13

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IN-LAKE TECHNIQUES

Lake Deepening

     LaJce deepening can be achieved by raising the water level in
a lake or by removing sediments from the lake  bottom.    Benefits
associated  with  increased  depth  are  increased  lake  volume,
increased  suitability for recreational use, and decreased rooted
aquatic plant growth.  Lake deepening may  also  ie  achieved  by
exposing  lake  bottom  sediments  resulting  in  dessication and
sediment consolidation.

     Dredging may improve water  quality  by  removing  sediments
which  leach  nutrients  to the overlying water.  Basin deepening
may also prevent the resuspension of sediments  by  wave  action,
thus  further  reducing turbidity and nutrient release.  Dredging
may restrict the growth of aquatic plants by physically  removing
them  and  by  increasing lake depth beyond the zone where rooted
plants will grow.

     Drawdown and exposure of lake bottom sediments may result in
substantial sediment consolidation and an increase in lake  depth
 (Cunst  et.  al.  1974).  The applicability of drawdown as a lake
deepening technique depends on the feasibility of  water  removal
as  well  as  the  nature of the sediments.  Overwinter drawdowns
which permit the sediments to  freeze  may  help  reduce  aquatic
plant growth as well  (Beard 1973).

Aeration

     Artificial aeration relies on the use of compressed  air  or
mechanical   pumps   to  circulate  water  within  a  lake.   The
circulation  patterns  developed  bring  bottom  waters  low   in
dissolved  oxygen  to  the  surface of the lake where they absorb
oxygen  from  the  atmosphere.    By   maintaining   the   oxygen
concentration  in  the  water column, aeration prevents fishkills
and  increases  the  amount  of  habitat  suitable  for   aquatic
organisms.

Biotic Harvesting

     Biotic harvesting is the removal of  living  organisms  from
the  lake.  Two primary targets of biotic harvesting are fish and
aquatic vascular plants.  Fish may be  removed  from  a  lake  to
reduce  the effects of overcrowding or to free the available rood
resources for other, more desirable, fish  species.   Removal  of
bottom  feeding  fish,  such  as  carp, may also reduce turbidity
generated by their feeding behavior.

     Aquatic  plant  growth  may  be  controlled  by  mechanical,
chemical,  or  biological  means.   Mechanical  control  measures
include cutting and/or dredging tc physically remove the  plants.
The   effectiveness  of  mechanical  harvesting  depends  on  the
frequency of harvesting, the time of the year,  the depth at which


                               1U

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the  plants  are  cut,  and  the  species  of  plants  harvested.
Chemical control of plants consists of the use of  herbicides  or
toxicants   to   reduce  or  eliminate  plant  growth.   A  basic
difference  between  harvesting  and  chemical  control  is  that
chemical techniques generally do not  include  removal  of  plant
biomass.  Since plant material is not removed, nutrients released
from the decaying vegetation are available for biological uptake.
The  oxygen  demand  associated  with the decaying vegetation may
also result in oxygen depletion in the lake.  Biological  control
involves  the  introduction  of  grazers, parasites, diseases, or
competitors adversely affecting plant growth.   The  most  common
means  of  biological  control  is the introduction of grass carp
(White Amur).  Grass carp reduce plant biomass by feeding on  the
shoots and leaves of submersed plants.

Shoreline Erosion Control

     Shoreline  erosion  control  involves  such  techniques   as
shoreline   riprapping,   shoreline  plantings,  construction  of
floating or submersed breakwaters and control of human activities
on the  shoreline.   Control  of  shoreline  erosion  may  reduce
turbidity and sedimentation in the lake.

APPROACHES TO LAKE HESTOBATION IN IOWA

     In determining restoration measures for a given lake,  first
consideration was given to identifiable pollution sources such as
urban  or  industrial  runoff, unsewered lakeside homes, or large
concentrations of livestock.  Recommendations were generally made
to divert these inflows from the  lake.   In  the  shallow  lakes
subject  to  winter  oxygen  depletion,  generally  two  types of
recommendations  were  made.   For  the  short  term   artificial
aeration  was  recommended as a way of dealing with the problem's
symptoms.  For the longer term increases  in  water  depths  were
recommended  to increase the oxygen holding capacity of the lake.
In  most  cases  this  will  involve  dredging   of   accumulated
sediments, while in some it may be possible to artificially raise
water   levels   by  installing  cr  modifying  water-controlling
structures or by providing a supplemental water source.

     With the  exception  of  a  few  lakes  with  largely  urban
watersheds or with small ratios of watershed area to lake surface
area,  the  institution  of  best land management practices was a
recommendation common  to  all  lakes.   The  reduction  of  soil
erosion  in  the  watersneds should help reduce the rate of basiu
filling and  also  reduce  the  inputs  of  nutrients  and  other
chemicals  carried  with the soil particles.  In addition methods
for reducing  the  runoff  of  livestock  wastes  into  tributary
streams  were  also  recommended.   Unfortunately  we do not have
sufficient information  in  most  cases  to  determine  if  these
measures will result in significant improvements in water quality
through  deceases  in nutrient loadings.  These practices should,
however, help tc prolong the life of the lake basin and  thus  be
of long term benefit.


                               15

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     Lastly, in those  lakes  with  high  populations  of  higher
aquatic   plants  he  have  recommended  programs  or  vegetation
control.  In some cases this will be  accomplished  through  lake
deepening  but  in most cases mechanical, chemical, or biological
controls  will  be  more  cost-effective.   He  have  recommended
consideration  of  the  use  of  the  imported  White  Amur   for
biological  control  since they have been effective in other Iowa
lakes.
                               16

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                     CRITERIA BANKING SYSTEM
     Under Section 314 of the Clean Hater Act, the United  States
Environmental . Protection Agency may provide financial assistance
to. States to restore freshwater lakes..  A requirement of this act
is that each State establish a lake priority list for restoration
purposes.  The following criteria ranking system was developed to
establish tbe priority ranking list  of  Iowa  public  lakes  for
restoration  projects  under  this  act.   The  system takes into
consideration the significance and public benefit of each lake as
measured  by  .actual  and . potential  ..use,  the .  water   quality
conditions within each la-ke, and the restoration plans.  The goal
is  to give highest priority to lakes of greatest importance with
the most severe problems and where restorative actions are needed
and implementation appears, highly probable.

     It should be pointed out this priority system was  developed
specifically  for  the  Clean  Lakes  ..Program  following  federal
guidelines  for  that  program.   For_ this  reason the resulting
priority list may not oe the same as -other  priority  lists  for
programs  affecting.  Iowa  lakes,  since  other programs may have
different goals and different criteria for setting priorities.

     The final restoration priority list was developed from  lake
rankings, for  public  benefit,  water  Duality,  and restoration
effectiveness.  Estimated ..public benefit  ranking  was.  from  the
lake  with  the  highest benefit (number 1)  to the lowest benefit
(number 107).  Hater quality ranking ranged from  the  lake  with
the poorest water quality, .(number 1)  to the highest (number . 107) .
Restoration   .effectiveness   was  ranked  from  the .lake  where
restoration efforts to improve water quality  would  probably  be
most  effective,  (number  1.)  to least  (number 107) .  For each lake
the rankings from the three lists were  added  together  and  the
sums  ranked  from  the  lowest  to highest.  This ranking.is the
final priority, list with the number 1 priority  representing  the
laxe with the highest restoration priority  (see Figure 1).

     The public benefits  ranking  was  derived  from  two  other
ranking  lists.   The  first (Table 1). was a ranking of the lakes
based on annual use (data .are presented in sections on individual
lakes in Appendix £).   A weighted sum for each lake was developed
by giving full weight to fishing activity, swimming, boating, and
number of people using the. lake as a water supply (if the lake is
used as a public water supply).  Cne-half weight was given to the
number of persons  involved  in  picnicking,  camping  and  other
activities  prompted by the lake's presence, and one-third weight
was given to hunting,  snowmobiling, ice skating and cross-country


                               17

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skiing.  The second ranking list  (Table  2)  involves  tie  number of
people living witJiin the  vicinity of   the   lake   and  gives  some
information  about  potential  public  use   ia a  lake  following a
ACTUAL OSE
 (TABLE 1)
LCCAL POPULATION
  (TABLE 2)
                             PUBLIC BENEFIT
                                (TABLE  3)
SZCCHI DEPTH
HINTEEKILL FfiEQ.
CHLOROPHYLL A
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
WATER QUALITY
 (TABLE.4)
(APPENDIX D)
                              RESTORATION
                              EFFECTIVENESS
                                (TABLE _5)
BESTOBATION
 PRIORITY
 (TABLE 6)
Figure 1.  Summary of ranking  process.   Items  on the left are ranked
first and then combined moving to  the  right  across the chart.
                                18

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successful restoration program.  This  local  population  ranking
was  developed  in  the  following  manner.  The important public
lakes in Iowa were considered to be the 107 lakes in  this  study
plus  the  11 navigation pools on the Mississippi River and the 4
U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers'  reservoirs  within  the  state
(Coralville,  Rathbun,  Bed  Bock, and Saylorville).  For each of
the 1664 townships  in  Iowa,  the  1970  census  population  was
divided  by the number of lakes within 80.5 kilometers (50 miles)
of the township center.  This population was assigned to each  of
the  lakes  within  the  80.5  kilometer radius.  In effect, each
lowan was assigned to one of the 122 public water bodies  in  the
state.   The  lakes  were  then  ranked  by  the  total number of
assigned people and this  ranking  was  then  combined  with  the
actual use ranking on an equal basis to derive the public benefit
ranking (Table 3) .

Table 1.  Actual use ranking of lakes in survey.

     Bank        Lake                  County
       1     Nest Okoboji
       2     Clear Lake
       3     Big Spirit Lake
       4     Lake Manawa
       5     East Okotoji
       6     Green Valley Lake
       7     Blue Lake
       8     Lake Macbride
       9     Big Creek Lake
      10     Bed Haw Lake
      11     Beeds Lake
      12     Lost Island Lake
      13     Bock Creek Lake
      11     George Wyth Lake
      15     Union Grove Lake
      16     Lake Keomah
      17     Lake Icaria
      18     Lake of Three Fires
      19     Lake Ahquabi
      20     Hickory Grove
      21     Lake Geode
      22     Black Hawk Lake
      23     Storm Lake
      24     Swan Lake
      25     Little Hall Lake
      26     Viking Lake
      27     Nine Eagles
      28     Lower Pine lake
      29     Easter Lake
      30     Little Spirit Lake
      31     Upper Pine Lake
      32     Pcllmiller Lake
      33     Don Williams Lake
      34     Briggs Hoods Lake
Dickinson
Cerro Gordo
Dickinson
Pottawattamie
Dickinson
Union
Moncna
Johnson
Polk
Lucas
Franklin
Palo Alto
Jasper
Black Hawk
Tama
Nahaska
Adams
Taylor
Warren
Story
Henry
Sac
Buena Vista
Carroll
Hamilton
Montgomery
Decatur
Hardin
Polk
Dickinson
Hardin
Lee
Bocne
Hamilton
                               19

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35     DeSoto Bend Lake
36     EroHQS Lake
37     Lacey-Keosauqua Lake
38     Carter lake
39     Lake of the Hills
40     Silver Lake
41     Pleasant Creek Lake
42     Lake Anita
43     Central Lake
44     Lake Hapello
45     Diamond Lake
46     North Twin Lake
47     Kent Park Lake
48     Prairie Rose Lake
49     Hannen Lake
50     Five Island Lake
51     Lake Darling
52     Lake Iowa
53     Crystal Lake
54     Smith Lake
55     Ingham Lake
56     Eadger Lake
57     Lake Cornelia
58     Silver Lake
59     Lower Gar Lake
60     Cold Springs
61     Yen-ruo-gis Lake
62     Eldred Sherwood Lake
63     Hickory Hills Lake
64     Spring Lake
65     Springbrook Lake
66     Tuttle Lake
67     Hill Creek
68     Lake Miami
69     Horman Trail
70     Bob White Lake
71     Center Lake
72     Oidham Lake
73     Pierce. Creek Pond
74     Lake Minnewashta
75     Arrowhead Lake
76     Lake Hendricks
77     Wilson Lake
78     Lake fahoja
79     Little Sioux Park
80     Indian Lake
81     Nelson Lake
82     Otter Creek Lake
83     Hariposa Lake
84     Dog Creek Lake
85     Ottumwa Lagoon
86     Green Castle Lake
87     Windmill Lake
88     Upper Gar Lake
Harrison
Woodbury
Van Buren
Pottawattamie
Scott
Dickinson
Linn
Cass
Jcnes
Davis
Poweshiek
Calhoun
Johnson
Shelby
Benton
Palo Alto
Washington
Iowa
Hancock
Kossuth
Emmet
Webster
Wright
Palo Alto
Dickinson
Cass
Keokuk
Hancock
Tama
Greene
Guthrie
Emmet
O'Brien
Monroe
Adair
Wayne
Dickinson
Monona
Page
Dickinson
Pottawattamie
Howard
Lee
Lyon
Uoodbury
Van Buren
Crawford
Tama
Jasper
0'Brien
Wapello
Marshall
Taylor
Dickinson
                         20

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      89     iilson Lake
      90     Sallow Lake
      91     Williamson Pond
      92     Lake Beyers
      93     Chatfield LaJse
      94     Meadow Lake
      95     Lake Orient
      96     Moorehead Lake
      97     East Lake (Osceola)
      98     Arbor Lake
      99     Slip Bluff Lake
     100     lrurnbull Lake
     101     Thayer Lake
     102     Silver Lake
     103     Arrowhead Lake
     104     Manteno Lake
     105     Rodgers Park Lake
     106     Silver Lake
     107     Crawford Creek Lake
Taylor
Harrison
Lucas
Hinneshiek
Lee
Adair
Adair
Ida
Clarke
Poueshiek
Decatur
Clay
Union
Delaware
Sac
Shel-by
Benton
Worth
Ida
Table 2.  Local population ranking of lakes in survey,
     Rank        Lake

       1     Central Lake
       2     Bodgers Park Lake
       3     Silver Lake
       4     Pleasant Creek Lake
       5     Hickory Hills Lake
       6     Hannen Lake
       7     Otter Creek Lake
       8     Lake of the Hills
       9     LaXe Meyers
      10     George Wyth Lake
      11     Beeds Lake
      12     Green Castle Lake
      13     Lake Macbride
      14     East Lake  (Gsceola)
      15     Lake Iowa
      16     Mill Creek
      17     Little Hall Lake
      18     Kent Park Lake
      19     Hickory Grove
      20     Upper Pine Lake
      21     Don Williams Lake
      22     Lower Pine Lake
      23     Easter Lake
      24     Lake Hendricks
      25     Eig Creek Lake
      26     Spring Lake
      27     Bock Creek Lake
      28     Union Grova Lake
      29     Mariposa Lake
      30     Xen-ruo-gis Lake
 County

Jcnes
Benton
Delaware
Linn
lama
Benton
Tana
Scott
Hinneshiek
Black Hawk
Franklin
Marshall
Johnson
Clarke
Iowa
0'Brien
Hamilton
Johnson
Story
Hardin
Bcone
Hardin
Pclk
Howard
Polk
Greene
Jasper
Taina
Jasper
Keokuk
                               21

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31     Lake Ahquabi
32     Springbrook Lake
33     Williamson Pond
34     Little Sioux Park
35     Arbor Lake
36     Hoorehead Lake
37     Eldred Sherwood Lake
38     Lake Darling
39     Crawford Creek Lake
40     Meadow Lake
41     Bed Haw Lake
42     Lake Cornelia
43     Clear Lake
44     Thayer Lake
45     Oldham Lake
46     Browns Lake
47     Lake Orient
48     Eriggs Woods Lake
49     Green Valley Lake
50     Lacey-Keosaugua LaJce
51     Elue Lake
52     Cold Springs
53     Lake Miaai
54     Badger Lake
55     Dog Creek Lake
56     Silver Lake
57     Prairie Rose Lake
58     Lake Geode
59     Diamond Lake
60     Indian Lake
61     Crystal Lake
62     Viking Lake
63     Uanteno Lake
64     Arrowhead Lake
65     Nelson Lake
66     Lake Keomah
67     North Twin Lake
68     Pollmiller Lake
69     Smith Lake
70     Wilson Lake
71     Lake Pahoja
72     Lake Manawa
73     Swan Lake
74     Pierce Creek Pond
75     Willow Lake
76     Arrowhead Lake
77     Black Hawk Lake
73     Cttumwa Lagoon
79     Storm Lake
80     Norman Trail
81     Carter Lake
82     DeSoto Bend Lake
83     Chatfield Lake
84     Lake Anita
Warren
Guthrie
Lucas
woodbury
Poweshiek
Ida
Hancock
Washington
Ida
Adair
Lucas
Wright
Cerro Gordo
Union
Monona
Woodbury
Adair
Hamilton
Union
Van Buren
Monona
Cass
Monroe
Webster
O'Brien
Worth
Shelby
Henry
Poweshiek
Van Buren
Hancock
Montgomery
Shelby
Pottawattamie
Crawford
Mahaska
Calhoun
Lee
Kossuth
Lee
Lyon
Pottawattamie
Carroll
Page
Harrison
Sac
Sac
Wapello
Buena Vista
Adair
Pottawattamie
Harrison
Lee
Cass
                         22

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85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Table 3.
Bank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Lake Hapello
Silver Lake
Lake Icaria
Five Island Lake
Lost Island Lake
Trumfcull Lake
Silver Lake
Wilson Lake
Lower Gar Lake
Windmill Lake
Lake Minnewashta
Lake of Three Fires
Upper Gar Lake
Bob Shite Lake
Ingham Lake
West Okctoji
East Ckoboji
Center Lake
Slip Bluff Lake
Tuttle Lake
Nine Eagles
Big Spirit Lake
Little Spirit Lake
Public benefit ranking of
Lake
Lake Mactnde
Beeds Lake
George Kyth Lake
Eig Creek Lake
Hickory Grove
£ock Creek Lake
Little Wall Lake
Union Grcve Lake
Central Lake
Clear Lake
Pleasant Creek Lake
Lake of the Hills
Lake Ahguabi
Lower Pine Lake
Red Haw Lake
Upper Pine Lake
Easter Lake
Con Williams Lake
Green Valley Lake
Hannen Lake
Blue Lake
Kent Park Lake
Lake Iowa
Hickory Hills Lake
Lake Hanawa
Lake Geode
Davis
Palo Alto
Adams
Palo Alto
Palo Alto
Clay
Dickinson
Taylor
Dickinson
Taylor
Dickinson
Taylor
Dickinson
Wayne
Emmet
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Decatur
Emmet
Decatur
Dickinson
Dickinson
lakes in survey.
County
Johnson
Franklin
Black Hawk
Polk
Story
Jasper
Hamilton
Tama
Jones
Cerro Gordo
Linn
Scott
Warren
Hardin
Lucas
Hardin
Polk
Boone
Union
Henton
Nonona
Johnson
Iowa
Tama
Pottawattamie
Henry
23

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27     Eriggs Hcods Lake
28     Browns Lake
29     Lake Keomah
30     Hill Creek
31     Lacey-Keosaugua Lake
32     Viking Lake
33     Lake Darling
34     Otter Creek Lake
35     Spring Lake
36     Yen-ruo-gis Lake
37     Springbrook Lake
38     Swan Lake
39     Green Castle Lake
UO     Black Hawk Lake
41     Lake Cornelia
42     Eldred Sherwood Lake
43     Lake Hendricks
44     Eollmiller Lake
45     Lost Island Lake
46     Lake Meyers
47 .    Best Okotoji
48     Storm Lake
49     Diamond Lake
50     Lake Icaria
51     Prairie Rose Lake
52     Silver Lake
53     East Okcfcoji
54     fiodgers Park Lake
55     Big Spirit Lake
56     Badger Lake
57     East Lake  (Osceola)
58     Cold Springs
59     Hariposa Lake
60     Little Sioux Park
61     North Twin Lake
62     Crystal Lake
63     Lake of Three Fires
64     DeSoto Bend Lake
65     Oldham Lake
66     Carter Lake
67     Lake Miami
68     Smith Lake
69     Williamson Pond
70     Lake Anita
71     Lake wapello
72     Silver lake
73     Hoorehead Lake
74     Nine Eagles
75     Ari)or Lake
76     Meadow Lake
77     Little Spirit Lake
78     Five island Lake
79     Arrowhead Lake
80     Cog Creek Lake
Hamilton
Hoodbury
Mahaska
O1Brien
Van Buren
Montgomery
Washington
Tama
Greene
Keokuk
Guthrie
Carroll
Harshall
Sac
Bright
Hancock
Howard
Lee
Palo Alto
Hinneshiek
Dickinson
Buena Vista
Poweshiek
Adams
Shelby
Delaware
Dickinson
Benton
Dickinson
Webster
Clarke
Cass
Jasper
Woodbury
Calhoun
Hancock
Taylor
Harrison
Honona
Pottawattamie
Monroe
Kossuth
Lucas
Cass
Davis
Dickinson
Ida
Decatur
Poweshiek
Adair
Dickinson
Falo Alto
Pcttawattamie
O1Brien
                         24

-------
      81     Indian Lake              Van Buren
      82     Lake Orient              Adair
      83     Silver Lake              Palo Alto
      84     Thayer Lake              Union
      85     Crawford Creek Lake      Ida
      86     Nelson Lake              Crawford
      87     Pierce Creek Pond        Page
      88     Wilson Lake              Lee
      89     Morman Trail             Adair
      90     Lake Pahcja              Ljon
      91     Lower Gar Lake           Dickinson
      92     Ingham Lake              Emmet
      93     Silver Lake              Worth
      94     Ottumwa Lagoon           Wapello
      95     Billow Lake              Harrison
      96     Manteno Lake             Shelby
      97     Boi) White Lake           Wayne
      98     Lake Minnewashta         Dickinson
      99     luttle Lake              Emmet
     100     Center Lake              Dickinson
     101     Chatfield Lake           Lee
     102     Arrowhead Lake           Sac
     103     Wilson Lake              Taylor
     104     Windmill Lake            Taylor
     105     Upper Gar Lake           Dickinson
     106     Trumbull Lake            Clay
     107     Slip Bluff Lake          Decatur

     Four water quality parameters  measured  in  the  1979  lake
survey  plus  the  estimates  of winter fishkill frequencies were
used to derive the water quality ranking.  While these parameters
are interrelated, each measures a somewhat  different  aspect  of
water   quality.   Secchi  disc  depth  is  a  measure  of  water
transparency  with  greater  depths  representing  better   water
quality.   Total  phosphorus  is  a  measure  of  plant  nutrient
availability and indicates potential problems with plankton algae
or   rooted  aquatic  plants.   Suspended  solids  concentrations
represent the amount of inorganic and organic particulate  matter
suspended  in  the  water  resulting  from soil erosion, plankton
growth, and sediment resuspension.  Chlorophyll a  concentrations
estimate  the  standing crop of suspended algae and are a measure
of the algal problem.   High fish winterkill frequencies  indicate
high rates of oxygen consumption by biological materials relative
to the lake's capacity to store oxygen.  £ach of these parameters
was  used  to  rank  the  laJces  from  those with the worst water
quality (*1)  to those with the best  (#107)   (Appendix  D).   The
five  ranks  for each lake were summed and the totals were ranked
to give the water quality ranking (Taile 4).

Table 4.  Hater quality ranking of lakes in survey.

     Bank        Lake                  County

       1     Black Hawk Lake          Sac
                               25

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 2     DeSoto Bend Lake
 3     lower Gar Lake
 4     silver Lake
 5     Trumbull Lake
 6     Opper Gar Lake
 7     Tuttle Lake
 8     Silver Lake
 9     Arbor Lake
10     Center Lake
11     Ottumwa lagoon
12     Bannen Lake
13     Svan Lake
14     Windmill LaJte
15     Bodgers Park Lake
16     Union Grove Lake
17     Central Lake
18     Bickory Hills Lake
19     Lake Darling
20     Lake Manawa
21     Clear Lake
22     Smith Lake
23     Arrowhead Lake
24     Bock Creek Lake
25     North Twin Lake
26     East Lake  (Osceola)
27     Fierce Creek Pond
28     Bob White Lake
29     Headow Lake
30     Lake Bendricks
31     Lower Pine Lake
32     Mariposa Lake
33     Lake Iowa
34     Storm Lake
35     Eldred Sherwood Lake
36     Lake Keomah
37     Lake Minnewashta
38     Little Hall Lake
39     Lost Island Lake
40     Lake Meyers
41     Prairie Bose Lake
42     Little Spirit Lake
43     Upper Pine Lake
44     Green Valley Lake
45     Wilson Lake
46     Carter Lake
47     Eadger Lake
48     Springbrcok Lake
49     Lake of Three Fires
50     East Okotoji
51     Hanteno Lake
52     Silver Lake
53     Lake Cornelia
54     Ingham Lake
55     Seeds Lake
Barrison
Dickinson
Worth
Clay
Dickinson
Emmet
Palo Alto
Poweshiek
Dickinson
Wapello
Benton
Carroll
Taylor
Benton
Tama
Jones
Tama
Washington
Pottawattamie
Cerro Gordo
Kossuth
Pottawattamie
Jasper
Calhoun
Clarke
Page
Wayne
Adair
Boward
Hardin
Jasper
Iowa
Buena Vista
Hancock
Mahaska
Dickinson
Hamilton
Palo Alto
Winneshiek
Shelby
Dickinson
Bardin
Union
Taylor
Pottawattamie
Webster
Guthrie
Taylor
Dickinson
Shelby
Dickinson
Wright
Unmet
Franklin
                         26

-------
 56     Dog Creek Lake
 57     Kent Eark Lake
 58     Nelson Lake
 59     Hickory Grove
 60     Crawford Creek Lake
 61     Indian lake
 62     Cold Springs
 63     Lake Pahcja
 64     Lake Orient
 65     Chatfield Lake
 66     Lake Anita
 67     Lake of the Hills
 68     Lake Macbride
 69     Big Spirit Lake
 70     Crystal Lake
 71     Viking Lake
 72     Lake Icaria
 73     Lake Miami
 74     Silver Lake
 75     Bed Haw Lake
 76     Lake Wapello
 77     Browns Lake
 78     Williamson Pond
 79     Thayer Lake
 80     Otter Creek Lake
 81     Easter Lake
 82     Five Island Lake
 83     Lake Ahguabi
 84     Green Castle Lake
 85     Eollmiller Lake
 86     Lake Geode
 87     George Hyth Lake
 88     Pleasant Creek Lake
 89     Spring Lake
 90     Blue Lake
 91     Eon Williams Lake
 92     Moorehead Lake
 93     Briggs Moods Lake
 94     Diamond Lake
 95     Nine Eagles
 96     Big Creek Lake
 97     Cldham Lake
 98     Little Sioux Park
 99     Arrowhead Lake
100     Lacey-Keosaugua Lake
101     Moraan Trail
102     Wilson Lake
103     West Okotoji
104     Slip Bluff Lake
105     Willow Lake
106     Yen-ruo-gis Lake
107     Mill Creek
O'Brien
Johnson
Crawford
Story
Ida
Van Buren
Cass
Lyon
Adair
Lee
Cass
Scott
Johnson
Dickinson
Hancock
Montgomery
Adams
Monroe
Delaware
Lucas
Davis
Hoodbury
Lucas
Union
lama
Polk
Palo Alto
Warren
Marshall
Lee
Henry
Black Hawk
Linn
Greene
Moncna
Boone
Ida
Hamilton
PoweshieJc
Decatur
Pclk
Monona
Hoodbury
Sac
Van Buren
Adair
Lee
Dickinson
Decatur
Harrison
Keokuk
O1Brien
The ranking of lake restoration effectiveness was  developed
                          27

-------
to give the highest priority to those lakes where the recommended
lake restoration program would probably have the greatest effect.
Initially  each  lake  was placed in one of five groups.   Group I
contained those lakes with identifiable point source pollution or
with divertable non-point source pollution.   Lakes  within  this
group  should  respond  well  to  restoration  programs since the
removal of point source  pollution  should  cause  a  direct  and
predictable change in the water quality of a lake.

     Ihe lakes  within  Group  I  were  ranked  by  giving  first
priority  to lakes receiving sewage effluents from sewage lagoons
or overflows from sanitary  sewer  lines.   Second  priority  was
given  to  lakes receiving septic tank outflow, seepage,  or urban
storm sewer  effluents  and  last  ranking  was  given  to  lakes
receiving divertable non-point pollution.

GROUP I LAKES.  Lakes receiving point source pollution or
divertaJale pollution.

     Bank        Lake                  County

        1     Badger Lake              Webster
        2     Ottumwa Lagoon           Napello
        3     Storm Lake               Buena Vista
        4     Lost Island Lake         Palo Alto
        5     Lake Cornelia            Wright
        6     Chatfield Lake           Lee
        7     North Twin Lake          Calhoun
        8     Arbor Lake               Poweshiek
        9     Carter Lake              Pottawattamie
       10     Easter Lake              Polk
       11     Lake Manawa              Pottawattamie

     The lakes in Group II have ratios of watershed area to  lake
surface  area  less  than  100  and  have  impairments related to
shallowness.   In  some  lakes  the  shallowness  encourages  the
massive growth of  higher  aquatic  plants  that  interfere  with
fishing, boating, and other recreational activities; while others
have winter fishkills once every 10 or fewer years due to reduced
oxygen concentrations.  Eliminating the high densities of aquatic
plants   will  have  immediate  beneficial  impacts  on  boatiny,
fishing, and swimming activities while  the  elimination  of  the
winter oxygen problem will have a direct and measurable effect on
the  lake's  use  for  fishing purposes.  Lakes within this group
were ranked on the basis of winter fishkill frequency with  first
preference  given  to  those  lakes with the highest frequencies.
Ties were broken ty giving preference to  the  shallowest  lakes.
Lakes  with  high watershed ratios were excluded since experience
has shown they are less likely to  respond  to  lake  restoration
measures.
                               28

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GBOUP II LAKES.  Lalces with problems due to shallowness,
     Bank        Lake

        1     Swan Lake
        2     Silver lake
        3     Lake Hendricks
        4     Spring lake
        5     drowns Lake
        6     Crystal Lake
        7     Black Hawk Lake
        8     Upper Gar Lake
        9     Lower Gar Lake
       10     Little Wall Lake
       11     Arbor Lake
       12     Lake Pahoja
       13     Lake Minnewashta
       11     Silver Lake
       15     Ottumwa Lagoon
       16     Lower Pine lake
       17     Chatfield Lake
       18     Carter Lake
       19     North Tfcin Lake
       20     Five Island Lake
       21     Tuttie Lake
       22     Little Spirit Lake
       23     Silver Lake
       24     Ingham lake
       25     Indian Lake
       26     Union Grove Lake
       27     DeSoto Bend Lake
       28     Trumbull Lake
       29     Silver Lake
       30     East Okoboji
       31     Center Lake
       32     Little Sioux Park
       33     Storm Lake
County

Carroll
iorth
Howard
Greene
Hocdbury
Hancock
Sac
Dickinson
Dickinson
Hamilton
Poweshiek
Lyon
Dickinson
Delaware
Wapello
Hardin
Lee
Pottawattamie
Calhoun
Palo Alto
Emmet
Dickinson
Dickinson
Emmet
Vac Buren
lama
Harrison
Clay
Palo Alto
Dickinson
Dickinson
Nocdbury
Buena Vista
     Group III contains lakes needing  watershed  protection  and
with watershed to surface area ratios less than 100.  These lakes
were  ranked  by  an  adjusted siltation index  (AI)  calculated as
fellows:

      AI= (WA/SA) X EB X  (1-0.5 X  (SC/100))

     where kA is the watershed area, SA the lake surface area, E2
the erosion rate for the region where the lake is located, and SC
is the percent  of  the  watershed  farmed  under  approved  soil
conservation  practices.  This index gives the highest ranking to
lakes receiving the greatest impact from soil erosion and  having
the greatest need for a soil conservation program.
                               29

-------
GBOUP III LAKES.   Lakes with non-point pollution problems,
     Bank        Lake

        1     Arbor Lake
        2     Arrowhead Lake
        3     Rock Creek Lake
        1     Pierce Creek Fond
        5     Nelson Lake
        6     Oldham Lake
        7     Mariposa Lake
        8     Green Castle Lake
        9     Crawford Creek Lake
       10     Lake of the Hills
       11     Lake Geode
       12     Williamson Pond
       13     Rodgers Park Lake
       14     Lake Pahoja
       15     Prairie Rose Lake
       16     Lake Darling
       17     Mcorehead Lake
       18     Thayer Lake
       19     Willow Lake
       20     Union Grove Lake
       21     Tuttle Lake
       22     Bob White Lake
       23     Eldred Sherwood Lake
       21     Diamond Lake
       25     Lake of Three Fires
       26     Springbrook Lake
       27     Lake Ahquabi
       28     Lake Meyers
       29     Ottumwa Lagoon
       30     Lake Miami
       31     Lake Keomah
       32     Kent Park Lake
       33     Red Haw Lake
       34     Lake Icaria
       35     Lake Anita
       36     Lake Orient
       37     Lacey-Keosauqua Lake
       33     Lake Macbride
       39     Hannen Lake
       40     Meadow Lake
       41     Lower Gar Lake
       42     Central Lake
       43     Lake Hendricks
       44     Hickory Grove
       45     Windmill Lake
       46     Big Creek Lake
       47     East Lake  (Csceola)
       U8     Easter Lake
       49     Lake Iowa
       50     Lake Hapello
County

Foweshiek
Pottawattamie
Jasper
Page
Crawford
Monona
Jasper
Marshall
Ida
Scott
Henry
Lucas
Benton
Lyon
Shelby
Washington
Ida
Union
Harrison
Tana
Emmet
Wayne
Hancock
Poweshiek
Taylor
Guthrie
Warren
Winneshiek
Wapello
Monroe
Hahaska
Johnson
Lucas
Adams
Cass
Adair
Van Buren
Johnson
Eenton
Adair
Dickinson
Jones
Howard
Story
Taylor
Polk
Clarke
Polk
Iowa
Davis
                               30

-------
       51     Otter Creek Lake
       52     Pollmiller Lake
       53     Hornan Trail
       54     Viking Lake
       55     Lower Pane Lake
       56     Trumbuil Lake
       57     Nine Eagles
       58     Green Valley Lake
       59     Slip Bluff Lake
       60     Wilson Lake
       61     Chatfield Lake
       62     Hickory Sills Lake
       63     Black Hawk Lake
       64     Ingham Lake
       65     Indian Lake
       66     George Myth Lake
       67     Upper Gar Lake
       68     Silver Lake
       69     Silver lake
       70     Swan Lake
       71     Silver Lake
       72     Silver Lake
       73     Spring Lake
       74     Crystal Lake
       75     Storm Lake
       76     East Okoboji
       77     Big Spirit Lake
       78     Smith Lake
       79     Pleasant Creek Lake
       80     DeSoto Bend Lake
       81     west okoboji
       82     Center lake
       83     Lost Island Lake
       84     Little Spirit Lake
       85     Clear Lake
       86     Five Island Lake
       87     Lake Hinnewashta
       38     North Twin Lake
       89     Lake Manawa
       90     Lake Cornelia
       91     Little Hall Lake
                      Tarn a
                      Lee
                      Adair
                      Montgomery
                      Hardin
                      Clay
                      Eecatur
                      Onion
                      Decatur
                      Taylor
                      Lee
                      Tana
                      Sac
                      Emmet
                      Van Euren
                      Black Hawk
                      Dickinson
                      Worth
                      Delaware
                      Carroll
                      Palo Alto
                      Dickinson
                      Greene
                      Hancock
                      Euena Vista
                      Dickinson
                      Dickinson
                      Kossuth
                      Linn
                      Harrison
                      Dickinson
                      Dickinson
                      Palo Alto
                      Dickinson
                      Cerro Gordo
                      Palo Alto
                      Dickinson
                      Calhoun
                      Fottawattaaie
                      Bright
                      Hamilton
     Group IV contains all lakes  with  watershed  area  to  lake
surface  area  ratios  greater  than  100.  In the long run these
lakes will be the most difficult to improve due  to  their  large
watersheds  magnifying  even  low  rates  of non-point pollution.
Within this group, first preference was given to lakes  with  the
highest  winterkill  frequencies,  followed  Jay lakes with a high
adjusted soil erosion index.

     GROUP IV LAKES.   Lakes  with  watershed area to surface area
ratios greater than 100 and having non-point pollution problems.
     Bank
Lake
County
                               31

-------
        1     Manteno Lake             Shelby
        2     Upper Pine Lake          Hardin
        3     Badger Lake              Webster
        
-------
procedure is given in Table 6.

Table 5.   Restoration effectiveness ranking.
     Bank        Lake

       1      Arbor Lake
       2      Ottumua Lagoon
       3      Chatfield Lake
       4      Storm Lake
       5      North Twin lake
       6      Carter Lake
       7      Easter Lake
       8      Lost Island Lake
       9      lake Cornelia
      10      Lake Manawa
      11      lake Pahoja
      12      luttle Lake
      13      lake Hendricks
      14      Union Grcve Lake
      15      Lower Gar Lake
      16      Silver Lake
      17      Black Hank lake
      13      Swan Lake
      19      Lower Fine Lake
      20      Upper Gar Lake
      21      Spring Lake
      22      Crystal Lake
      23      Silver Lake
      24      Trumijull Lake
      25      Ingham Lake
      26      Indian Lake
      27      Silver Lake
      28      Lake Minnewashta
      29      Silver Lake
      30      Little Wall Lake
      31      Five Island Lake
      32      Little Spirit Lake
      33      East Okoboji
      34      DeSoto Bend Lake
      35      Center Lake
      36      Browns Lake
      37      little Sioux Park
      38      Arrowhead Lake
      39      Rock Creek Lake
      UO      Pierce Creek Pond
      U1      Nelson Lake
      42      Oldham Lake
      43      Mariposa Lake
      44      Green Castle Lake
      45      Crawford Creek Lake
      46      Lake of the Hills
      47      Lake Geode
      48      Williamson Pond
 County

Poweshiek
Wapello
Lee
Buena Vista
Calhoun
Pcttawattamie
Polk
Palo Alto
Wright
Pottawattamie
Lyon
Emmet
Howard
Tama
Dickinson
Worth
Sac
Carroll
Hardin
Dickinson
Greene
Hancock
Delaware
Clay
Emmet
Van Buren
Dickinson
Dickinson
Palo Alto
Hamilton
Palo Alto
Dickinson
Dickinson
Harrison
Dickinson
Woodbury
Hoodbury
Pottawattamie
Jasper
Page
Crawford
Mcncna
Jasper
Marshall
Ida
Scott
Henry
Lucas
                               33

-------
 49      Bodgers  Park  Lake
 50      Prairie  Rose  Lake
 51      Lake  Darling
 52      Moorehead Lake
 53      Thayer Lake
 54      Willow Lake
 55      Bob  White Lake
 56      Ildred Sherwood  Lake
 57      Diamond  Lake
 58      Lake  of  Three Fires
 59      Springbrook  Lake
 60      Lake  Ahguabi
 61      Lake  Beyers
 62      Lake  Mia re i
 63      Lake  Kecmah
 64      Kent  Park Lake
 65      Bed  Haw  Lake
 66      Lake  Icaria
 67      lake  Anita
 68      Lake  Orient
 69      Lacey-Keosauqua  Lake
 70      Lake  flactride
 71      Hannen Lake
 72      Meadow Lake
 73      Central  Lake
 74      Hickory  Grove
 75      Windmill Lake
 76      Eig  Creek Lake
 77      East  Lake (Osceola)
 78      Lake  Iowa
 79      lake  Bapello
 80      Otter Creek  Lake
 81      Pollmiller Lake
 82      Morman Trail
 83      Viking Lake
 8<4      Nine  Eagles
 85      Green Valley  Lake
 86      Slip  Bluff Lake
 87      Wilson Lake
 88      Hickory  Hills Lake
 89      George Hyth  Lake
 90      Big  Spirit Lake
 91      Smith Lake
 92      Pleasant Creek Lake
 93      West  Okoboji
 94      Clear Lake
 95      Banteno  Lake
 96      Upper Pine Lake
 97      Badger  Lake
 98      Eog  Creek Lake
 99      Beeds Lake
100      Eon  Williams  Lake
101      Arrowhead Lake
Benton
Shelby
Washington
Ida
Union
Harrison
Wayne
Hancock
Poweshiek
Taylor
Guthrie
Warren
Winneshiek
Monroe
Mahaska
Johnson
Lucas
Adams
Cass
Adair
Van Buren
Johnson
Benton
Adair
Jones
Story
Taylor
Polk
Clarke
Iowa
Davis
Tama
Lee
Adair
Montgomery
Decatur
Union
Decatur
Taylor
lama
Black Hawk
Dickinson
Kossuth
Linn
Dickinson
Cerro Gordo
Shelby
Hardin
Webster
O'Brien
Franklin
Boone
Sac

-------
Table 6.  Lake restoration priority list for Iowa.
     Rank        Lake

       1     Onion Grove Lake
       2     Black Hawk Lake
       3     Lake Manawa
       4     Lower Fine Lake
       5     Swan Lake
       6     Eock Creek Lake
       7     Little Hall Lake
       8     Arbor Lake
       9     Stcrm Lake
      10     Lake Bendricks
      11     North Twin Lake
      12     Lost Island Lake
      13     CeSoto Bend Lake
      14     Central Lake
      15     Lake Cornelia
      16     Gttumwa Lagoon
      17     Lake Darling
      18     Fiannen Lake
      19     Easter Lake
      20     Lower Gar Lake
      21     Silver Lake
      22     Tuttle Lake
      23     Carter Lake
      24     Hodgers Park Lake
      25     Silver Lake
      26     Lake.of Uie Hills
      27     Upper Gar Lake
      28     Clear Lake
      29     Lake Ksomah
      30     Trumbull Lake
      31     Hickory Hills Lake
      32     nariposa Lake
      33     Eldred Sherwood Lake
      31     East Ckoboji
      35     Lake Iowa
      36     Arrowhead Lake
      37     Erowns Lake
      38     Hickory Grove
      39     Lake Macbride
      HO     Frairie Rose Lake
      41     Center Lake
      42     Springbrook Lake
      43     Kent Park Lake
      44     Spring Lake
      45     Lake Meyers
      46     Silver Lake
      47     Little Spirit Lake
      48     Silver Lake
      49     Crystal Lake
      50     Green Valley Lake
 County

lama
Sac
Pottawattamie
Hardin
Carroll
Jasper
Hamilton
Poweshiek
Buena Vista
Howard
Calhoun
Palo Alto
Harrison
Jones
Wright
Wapello
Washington
Eenton
Polk
Dickinson
Worth
Emmet
Pottawattamie
Benton
Palo Alto
Scott
Dickinson
Cerro Gordo
Mahaska
Clay
Tama
Jasper
Hancock
Dickinson
Iowa
Pottawattamie
Woodbury
Story
Johnson
Shelby
Dickinson
Guthrie
Johnson
Greene
Winneshiek
Delaware
Dickinson
Dickinson
Hancock
Union
                               35

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 51      Fierce  Creek  Pood
 52      East  Lake  (Osceola)
 53      Upper Pine  Lake
 54      Lake  Ahguabi
 55      Seeds Lake
 56      lake  Pabcja
 57      Bed Haw Lake
 58      Lake  Geode
 59      Lake  Minnewashta
 60      Green Castle  Lake
 61      Chatfield Lake
 62      Indian  Lake
 63      Ingham  Lake
 64      Lake  of Three Fires
 65      Meadow  Lake
 66      Big Creek Lake
 67      Bob White Lake
 68      Smith Lake
 69      Nelson  Lake
 70      George  Myth  Lake
 71      Lake  Icaria
 72      Viking  Lake
 73      five  Island  Lake
 74      Kindmill Lake
 75      Crawford Creek  Lake
 76      Little  Sioux  Park
 77      Otter Creek  Lake
 78      fcilliamson  Por.d
 79      Pleasant Creek  Lake
 80      Diamond Lake
 81      Lacey-Keosaugua  Lake
 82      Lake  Miami
 83      Cldham  Lake
 84      Lake  Anita
 85      Eadger  LaKe
 86      Eollmiller  Lake
 87      Lon Williams  Lake
 88      Lake  Orient
 89      Big Spirit  Lake
 90      Moorehead  Lake
 91      Thayer  Lake
 92      Lake  Wapello
 93      Cog Creek  Lake
 94      hilson  Lake
 95      West  Okoboji
 96      Manteno Lake
 97      Willow  Lake
 98      Nine  Eagles
 99      Morman  Trail
100      Slip  Bluff  Lake
101      Arrowhead Lake
Page
Clarke
Hardin
Barren
Franklin
Lyon
Lucas
Henry
Dickinson
Marshall
Lee
Van Buren
Emmet
Taylor
Adair
Polk
Wayne
Kossuth
Crawford
Black Hawk
Adams
Montgomery
Palo Alto
Taylor
Ida
Woodbury
Tama
Lucas
Linn
Poweshiek
Van Buren
Monroe
Moncna
Cass
Webster
Lee
Boone
Adair
Dickinson
Ida
Union
Davis
O1Brien
Taylor
Dickinson
Shelby
Harrison
Decatur
Adair
Decatur
Sac
                          36

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USE OF PRIORITY LIST

     The top ten lakes  in  this  list  have  been  selected  for
further  evaluation.   This will involve determining the level of
local  public  interest  in  proceeding  with  lake  restoration,
availability of  local  or  state  funding  for  the  restoration
project,  and  determination as to eligibility of tne restoration
project for Clean Lakes funding.  Based on these  criteria,  some
lakes may not qualify for a diagnostic/feasibility study.

     Diagnostic/feasibility  studies,   Clean   Lakes   Phase   1
projects,  will  ie recommended for eligible lakes of the top ten
as part of the statewide water  quality  management  strategy  of
Iowa's Hater Quality Management Plan.  In the event that state or
local match funds are not available for these lakes, lakes with a
lower  priority  that do have local match funds available sill be
considered.  As part of the annual update of the statewide  water
quality  management  strategy, additional lakes from the Priority
List in priority order will be further evaluated and included  in
the    statewide    water   quality   management   strategy   for
diagnostic/feasibility studies.

     A  list  of  lakes  eligible  for  Clean  Lakes  Phase  2
implementation projects will also be developed  and  included  in
the   statewide   water   quality   management  strategy.   Lakes
qualifying for  Phase  2  funding  shall  consist  ox  renovation
projects  found  feasible  in  a diagnostic/feasibility study.  A
qualifying diagnostic/feasibility study could have been conducted
through a Phase 1  Clean  Lakes  project,  the  result  of  other
ongoing  state  programs  or developed as an independent project.
Lakes elegible for Phase 2 Clean Lakes funding will  be  reviewed
according  to  EPA«s Application Eeview Criteria contained in the
Clean Lakes Regulations.

     CHANGES IN PRIORITY LIST

     After a final verification of the data on individual  lakes,
it  was  found that Lake Pahoja had a watershed area/lake surface
area ratio of 229:1 which is greater than  the  cutoff  value  of
200:1  for inclusion in the priority ranking.  In addition the 10
acre miaimam surface area was nor met by  Green  Castle  Lake  (7
acres)  and  Chatfield  Lake   (3  acres).  For this reason, it is
recommended that the priority ranking list  be  revised  for  the
next  update  of the Water Quality Management Plan and that these
three lakes be deleted from the list.
                               37

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     LAKES EOH fEASIBILITY AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

     The  top  10  lakes  on  the  priority  list  of  lakes  for
restoration are recommended for consideration for feasibility and
diagnostic (Phase I)  studies at this time.   The  10  lakes  were
determined  using  a  criteria ranking system which addressed the
significance and public benefit  of  each  lake  as  measured  by
actual  and  potential  use,  the water quality conditions within
each lake, and the restoration plans.   The  10  lakes  in  order
include:

          1.  Onion Grove Lake—Tama County
          2.  Elack Hawk Lake--Sac County
          3.  Lake Hanawa--Pottawattamie County
          U.  Lower Pine Lake--Hardin County
          5.  Swan Lake--Carrcll County
          6.  Rock Creek Lake--Jasper County
          7.  Little Wall Lake—Hamilton County
          8.  Arbor Lake--Poweshiek County
          9.  Storm Lake--Buena Vista County
         10.  Lake Hendricks--Hoaard County

     The  following  paragraphs  summarize   the   problems   and
recommendations tor each of the 1C lakes.

1. Union Grove Lake

     Shallowness and poor water quality  are  major  problems  in
Union Grove Lake.  Winter fishkills occur occasionally due to the
reduced  capacity  oi  the  shallow  lake .basin to hold dissolved
oxygen.  Summer algal standing crops are very large and result in
sustained poor water transparency.  The oxygen demand  associated
with   algal   decomposition   may   enhance   the  frequency  of
winterkills.    Swimming  activity  may  be  restricted  by  algal
blooms, as well.  Aquatic plant coverage is  not  extensive,  but
plants  are  locally  abundant  in  bays and along the shoreline.
Boating and shoreline fishing are restricted to  some  degree  by
aquatic vegetation.

     Winter aeration would help to maintain the fishery at  Union
Grove.   Dredging  should  also be considered as a aore long-term
solution  to  the   problems   caused   by   basin   shallowness.
Implementation of best land management practices in the watershed
should   accompany   in-lake  restoration  measures.   while  the
beneficial effects  on  water  quality  from  improved  watershed
management  cannot  be  quantitatively  predicted,  the  rate  of
basin-filling  from  sedimentation  will  be reduced.  Mechanical
removal of plants from small areas of the lake may be  practical;


                               38

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however,  the  feasibility  and cost-effectiveness of this method
should oe compared to  that  of  other  available  plant  control
measures,  such  as  chemical  treatment or the stocking of grass
carp.

2. Black Hawk Lake

     Shallowness and poor water quality  are  major  problems  in
Black  Hawk  Lake.   Winter fishkills occur frequently due to the
reduced capacity of the lake  basin  to  hold  dissolved  oxygen.
Black  Hawk  has  the poorest overall water quality among all 107
lakes in the survey.  Summer algal standing crops are very  large
and  result  in  sustained  poor  water  transparency.   Swimming
activity may be restricted by the frequent algal blooms and other
suspended materials.

     Elack  Hawk  Lake  is  currently  undergoing  an   extensive
fisheries  renovation.   The  fish restocking program in the lake
will be completed in 1980.  &n experimental aeration program  has
been carried out during 1978 and 1979.  Continued winter aeration
will  help  to sustain the lake fishery.  Dredging should also be
considered as a more long-term solution to the problems caused cy
basin  shallowness.   Implementation  of  best  land   management
practices  in  the watershed should accompany in-lake restoration
measures.

3.  Lake Manawa

     Shallowuess and poor water quality  are  major  problems  in
Lake  Manawa.   Hater  quality  is  degraded  by the diversion of
supplemental water of poor quality from Mosquito CreeJt.   Surface
runoff  and direct precipitation are insufficient to offset water
losses due to evaporation and seepage; therefore lake levels  are
maintained  with  water  diverted  on  a  controlled  basis  from
Mosquitc  Creek.   Summer algal standing crops are very large and
result in sustained poor water transparency.   Swimming  activity
may be restricted by the frequent algal blooms.

     Various  lake  restoration  measures  are  presently   being
planned  for  Lake  Manawa.   Dredging  of  the  lake  basin will
alleviate problems associated with shallowness  and  enhance  the
establishment  of  a  good  fishery.   Removal  of  sediment from
Mosquito Creek will reduce the adverse impact  on  water  quality
from  this  suppleaental  water source.  The fish population will
also be renovated to remove rough fish species that contribute to
the turbidity problem.

U.  Lower Pine Lake

     Shallowness and poor water quality  are  major  t-ro°J-eins  in
Lower  Pine  Lake.   Frequent  winter and summer fishkills result
from the reduced capacity of the lake  basin  to  hold  dissolved
oxygen.  Summer periods of low dissolved oxygen may be aggravated
by  poor  wind  nixing  due  to  the  hills surrounding the lake.


                               39

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Summer algal standing crops are large  and  result  in  sustained
poor  water transparency.  Swimming activity may be restricted .by
the frequent algal blooms.  Aquatic vascular plants may interfere
with boating, shoreline fishing, and swimming.

     Winter and/or year-round aeration is recommended to  prevent
the  winter and/or summer fishkills in Lower Pine Lake.  Dredging
should be considered as a more long-term solution to the problems
caused by basin shallowness.   The stocking of sufficient  numbers
of  grass  carp  should  control  the  growth  of aguatic plants.
Implementation of best land management practices in the watershed
is also recommended.

5.  Swan Lake

     Shallowness and poor water guality  are  major  problems  in
Swan  Lake.  Frequent winter  and summer fishkills result from the
reduced capacity of the lake   basin  to  hold  dissolved  oxygen.
Summer  algal  standing  crops  are large and result in sustained
poor water transparency.  Swimming activity may be restricted  by
the frequent algal blooms.

     Winter and/or year-round aeration is recommended to  prevent
the winter and/or summer fishkills in Swan Lake.  Dredging should
also  be  considered as a more long-term solution to the problems
caused by basin shallowness.   Continued  implementation  of  best
land  management  practices  in  the  watershed  should accompany
in-lake restoration measures.

6.  Rock Creek Lake

     Rock Creek's major problem is a high potential for  nonpcint
pollution.   Because  the  soil type within this relatively large
watershed exhibits a high soil erosion rate and a low  percentage
of the watershed is in approved soil conservation practices, soil
erosicn  and  soil  transport into Rock Creek is likely.  Another
problem in Bock Creek is  reduced  water  transparency  impairing
swimming.   This  is due to relatively high algal populations and
other suspended natter in the water column.

     The recommendation for  Eock  Creek  is  improved  watershed
management.  According to the SCS official for Jasper County, the
best  land  management  practices  for this area are conservation
tillage, strip cropping, terracing, and gully control structures.
Although the effects of best  land management practices upon water-
quality improvement through decreases in nutrients  are  unknown,
such land practices prolong the life of the lake basin.

7.  Little Wall Lake

     Frequent winter fishkills are a problem in Little Wall Lake.
Because the lake is relatively shallow, the basin has  a  reduced
capacity   to  hold  dissolved  oxygen.   Relatively  high  algal
standing crops enhance winterkill  frequencies  when  decomposing


                               UO

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algal  populations  create  oxygen  demands.   Algal  populations
sometimes  reduce water transparency and impair swimming.  Winter
aeration   is   recommended   to   maintain   dissolved    oxygen
concentrations   in   the  lake  and  prevent  winter  fishkills.
Implementation of best land management practices in the watershed
should accompany aeration.  Best land  management  practices  for
the  Little  iall Lake watershed include conservation tillage and
terracing.

8.  Arbor Lake

     Arbor Lake has three problems:  urban runoff pollution, poor
water quality, and winter fishkills.  Storm water  runoff  enters
the lake from the southwest corner of Grinnell and from southeast
of  the lake.  Roadway dirt, deicing salt, oils, oxygen demanding
materials, and nutrients may be introduced into the lake by  this
means.   There  may  fce  septic tank taps emptying into the storm
sewer system as well.  Poor water quality in Arbor  Lake  results
from  high  total  phosphorus  values  and  relatively high algal
standing  crops.     Reduced   water   transparency   from   algal
populations   and  suspended  matter  impair  swimming.   Lastly,
frequent fish winterkills may limit fishing potential.   Although
the  lake was dredged in 1977, it is still relatively shallow and
the basin has a reduced capacity to hold dissolved  oxygen.   The
relatively   high   algal   standing   crops  enhance  winterkill
frequencies when  decomposing  algal  peculations  create  oxygen
demands.

     Recommendations for Arbor  Lake  include  the  diversion  of
storm  water  runoff  and  an examination of other possible point
source pollution.  The use  of  artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain  dissolved oxygen concentrations is also recommended for
the prevention of  winter  fishkills.   Because  the  Arbor  Lake
watershed  has  a  high soil erosion rate, implementation of best
land management  practices  in  the  watershed  should  accompany
aeration.

9.  Storm Lake

     Approximately 50% of the storm water runoff for the city  of
Storm  Lake enters the lake.  Roadway dirt, deicing salt, organic
matter, and nutrients may be introduced into  the  lake  by  this
urban  runoff.   In  addition,  raw sewage enters the lake during
heavy rainfalls because or  inadequate  pumping  stations.   Such
sewage inputs increase the nutrient and organic matter loading as
well as introducing the risk of bacterial contamination.

     Lesser  problems  include  poor   water   transparency   and
occassional  fish  winterkills.   Swimming  in  Storm Lake may be
impaired because of algal populations and other suspended matter.
Winterkills once in every 10 years may limit  fishing  potential;
however,  the  problem  does  not appear severe enougn to warrant
dredging or aeration.  Recommendations for Storm Lake include the
diversion of  all  storm  sewers  away  frcm  the  lake  and  tne

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replacement    of    inadequate    sanitary    sewer   equipment.
Implementation of best land management practices in the watershed
may reduce soil erosion and improve water transparency.

10.  Lake Hendricks

     Frequent winter fishkills are a problem in  Lake  Hendricks.
Because  the  lake is relatively shallow, the basin has a reduced
capacity  to  hold  dissolved  oxygen.   Relatively  high   algal
standing  crops  enhance  winterkill frequencies when decomposing
algal populations create oxygen demands,  algal populations  also
reduce water transparency thus impairing swimming.

     Recommendations for Lake Hendricks include  winter  aeration
to  maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations.  Dredging should te
considered as a more long-term solution to the problems caused by
basin  shallowness.   Implementation  of  best  land   management
practices  in  the watershed should accompany in-lake restoration
measures.  While the heneficial effects  en  water  quality  from
improved watershed management cannot be quantitatively predicted,
the rate of basin-filling from sedimentation should be reduced.

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                           REFERENCES
American  Public  health  Association,   American   Water   Works
     Association and Water Pollution Control  Federation.   1976.
     Standard  methods  for  the  examination  of water and waste
     water.   14th  ed.   American  Public  Health   Association,
     Washington, D.C.  1193 pp.

Bartlett, P.A.  1975.  Soil survey of Douglas and Sarpy Counties,
     Nebraska.  U.S.  De?t.   of  Agriculture  Soil  Conservation
     Service.  Washington, D.C.  79 pp.

Beard, T.D.  1973.  Overwinter drawdown.  Impact on the aquatic
     vegetation  in   Murphy   Flcwage,   Wisconsin.    Wisconsin
     Department  of  Natural  Resources.   Technical Bulletin No.
     61.  14 pp.

Breck, J.E.,  R.T.  Prentki  and  O.L.  Loucks.    1979.   Aquatic
     plants, lake management, and ecosystem consequences of  lake
     harvesting.   Ercceedings  of  a conference held at Madison,
     Wisconsin, February  14-16, 1979.  Center for fliotic  Systems
     and  Institute  for  Environmental  Studies,  University  of
     Wisconsin, Madison.  435 pp.

Crum,  G.H.  and  R.W.  Bachraann.    1S73.    Submersed   aguatic
     macrophytes of the Iowa  Great  Lakes  region.   Iowa  State
     Jour.  Res.  48:  147-173.

De3ong, Joost.  1S76.  The purification of  wasteuater  with  the
     aid of  rush  or  reed  ponds.   Pages   133-139  in  Joachim
     lourbier  and  Robert  W.   Pierson  Jr.   eds.   Biological
     control  of  water pollution.  Oniv.  of Pennsylvania Press,
     Philadelphia, Pa.  340 pp.

Dunsmcre, L. and U.K. Quade.  1979a.  Public drainage atlas.
     Blue Earth County, Minnesota.  Limnological Contribution No.
     6.  Department of Biology, Mankato State University.  69 pp.

Dunsmore, L. and H.Vi.  Quade.   1S79b.   Public  drainage  atlas.
     LeSueur County, Minnesota.   Limnological  Contribution  No.
     7.  Department of Biology, Mankato State University.  51 pp.

Dunst, R.C., S.M.  Born, P.O. Uttcrmark, S.A. Smith, S.A. Nicnols,
     J.O.  Peterson, D.R,   Knauer, S.L.  Serns,  D.R.  Winter, and
     T.L.   Kirth.   1974.    Survey   of   lake   rehabilitation
     techniques  and  experiences.   Dept.   Nat.  Res., Madison,
     Wisconsin.   Tech.  Bull.  No.  75.  179 pp.


                               43

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Edaiondson, h.l.  1970.  Phosphorus,  nitrogen  and  algae in lake
     Washington  aiter  diversion  of  sewage.   Science.    169:
     690-691.

Edmcndson,  W. T.  1972.    The   present   condition   of   lake
     Washington.   Verh.   Internat.    Verein.    Limnol.     18:
     284-291.

Hammer, M.J.    1975.   Bater  and  waste-water  technology.   John
     Wiley and Sons, Inc.  New York, New York.  502 pp.

Harmon, L. and E.H. Duncan eds.   1978.  A  technical  assessment
     of nonpcint t°lluti°n  J-n  Iowa.   College  of  Agriculture.
     Iowa State Univ.  Ames, Iowa.  427 pp.


Hutchinson, G.E.  1975.   A treatise on limnology.  Volume 1, part
     1.  Geography and physics of lakes.  John  Wiley  and  Sons,
     Inc.  540 pp.

Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station.   1978.
     Iowa soil association map.  Ames, Iowa.

Iowa Department of Environmental Quality.   1976.  Mater quality
     management plan.  8 volumes.  Des Hoines, Iowa.

Kchler, H.A.,T. J. Nordenson and D. P. Baker.  1959.  Evaporation
     maps for the United States.  U.S.  Weather Bureau  Technical
     Paper No.  37.  13 pp.

Larimer, O.J.  1974.  Drainage areas of Iowa  streams.    Bulletin
     No.  7.   Iowa Hignway Research Board.  440 pp.

Omernik, J.M.  1977.  Nonpoint source-stream level relationships:
     A  nationwide  study.   ZPA   Ecological   Research   Series
     EPA-600/3-77-105.   U.S.   Environmental  Protection Agency,
     Corvallis  Environmental  Research  Laboratory,   Corvallis,
     Oregon.    151 pp.

Sloey,  W.E.,  F.L.  Spangler,  and  C.W.   Fetter   Jr.    1978.
     Management of freshwater wetlands for  nutrient assimilation.
     Pages 321-340 in Ralph E.  Good,  Dennis  F.   Whigham,   and
     Robert  L.   Simpson  eds.  Freshwater wetlands:  Ecological
     processes and management  potential.   Academic  Press,   New
     York, New York.  378 pp.

Spangler,  F. L. ,  C.W.  Fetter  Jr.,  and   w.E.   Sloey.    1977.
     Phosphorus accumulation-discharge cycles in  marshes.   Wat.
     Res.  Bull.  13(5):  1191-1201.

U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency.    1974.    Methods    for
     chemical  analysis ot water and wastes.  Office of Technology
     Transfer, Washington, D.C.  298 pp.


                               44

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U.S.   Environmental Protection Agency.  1979a.  Effectiveness  of
     soil and water conservation practices for pollution control.
     Douglas A.  Haith and Raymond C.  Loehx eds.   Environmental
     Research Laboratory, U.S.EPA.  EPA-600/3-79-106.  474 pp.

U.S.   Environmental Protection Agency.  19791).  Lake restoration.
     Proceedings of a national conference,  August  22-24,  1S78.
     Minneapolis,   Minnesota.   Office  of  water  planning  and
     standards, U.S.EPA.   EPA 440/5- 79-001.  254 pp.

"rfaite, P.J.   1970.    Iowa  precipitation.    Pages  3-15  in  P.J.
     Horick  ed.  Water resources cf  Iowa.   University  Printing
     Service, Iowa City,  Iowa.  175 pp.

wiitala, S.W.  1970.  Surface water  resources  of  Iowa.   Pages
     17-29  in  P.J.   Borick  ed.   Water  resources  of   Iowa.
     University Printing  Service, Iowa City, Iowa.  175 pp.

Wclverton,  B.C.,  H. H.   Barlow,  and   R.C.   McDonald.    1976.
     Application  of  vascular  aguatic  plants   for   pollution
     removal,  energy and food production in a biological system.
     Pages 141-149 in Joachim Toubier and Robert W.  Pierson  Jr.
     eds.   Biological  control  of  water  pollution.  Univ.   of
     Pennsylvania Press,  Philadelphia, Fa.  340 pp.
                               45

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                           APPENDIX &

     List of significant public-owned lakes submitted to the Iowa
Department of Environmental  Quality  by  the  Iowa  Conservation
Commission on May 29, 1979 and approved by DEQ on May 31, 1979.

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                             INTRODUCTION


Approximately  175   lakes  and  reservoirs were  considered by  the  ICC staff  for
inclusion into the list of lakes to be surveyed and classified.  Many of these 175
lakes are contained in "Iowa Fishing Guide", a publication of the Iowa Conservation
Commission.   Time  and money  precluded  survey and  classification of  all  lakes;
therefore,  the  list  was  reduced  to  include  only  significant  lakes in  public
ownership.


               SIGNIFICANT LAKES—DEFINED AND EXPLAINED


Significant publicly-owned lakes were defined as those lakes which are principally
maintained for public use containing a minimum surface area of  10 acres and capable
of supporting  fish  stocks  of at least 200  pounds  per acre.   Species diversity in
water bodies containing  less  than  10 acres  is  habitually low  resulting in a fish
population density with minimal potential for maximum sustained yields via sport or
foodfish  fisheries.   Shallow  lakes  which are most characteristic  of  wetlands and
marsh-like habitat, that are subject to chronic and extensive fish winterkills were
excluded from the survey.  Establishment of productive fish populations is hopeless
where  massive  mortality  results  from  the  lowering of  life supporting  oxygen
concentrations  under  ice  cover  each winter.  Federal-owned onstream  impoundment
constructed  for floodwater  control  and reservoirs  constructed  for  domestic  or
industrial  water supplies were  excluded because of  Clean Water  Act regulations.
Multi-purpose  lakes providing  domestic  water supply as  only one  of several major
management  objectives were  included in  the  study.   Impoundments containing  a
watershed to surface area ratio greater than 200:1 acres were omitted from the list
since  they  are  mainly  onstream impoundments  formed  by  lowhead  dams  and emulate
riverine habitat rather than lake environment.


                             LIST OF LAKES
                                 TO BE
                        SURVEYED AND CLASSIFIED


The  following  107  lakes  will be surveyed and classified according to the scope of
work outlined in Article  III, Public-Owned Lakes Management Restoration  Contract.
                                        47

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   Lake
Location
Lake Orient
Meadow Lake
Herman Trail
Lake Icaria
Hannen Lake
Rodgers Park Lake
George Wyth Lake
Don Williams Lake
Storm Lake
North Twin Lake
Swan Lake
Cold Springs
Lake Anita
Clear Lake
East Lake (Osceola)
Trumbull Lake
Nelson Lake
Lake Wapello
Nine Eagles
Slip Bluff
Silver Lake
Center Lake
East Okoboji
Little Spirit Lake
Upper Gar
Lower Gar
Minnewashta
Silver Lake
Spirit Lake
West Okoboji
Ingham Lake
Tuttle Lake
  Adair
  Adair
  Adair
  Adams
  Benton
  Benton
  Black Hawk
  Bo one
  Buena Vista
  Calhoun
  Carroll
  Cass
  Cass
  Cerro Gordo
  Clarke
  Clay
  Crawford
  Davis
  Decatur
  Decatur
  Delaware
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Dickinson
  Emmet
  Emnet
                                   48

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                                                  Page 2
Beeds Lake
Spring Lake
Springbrook Lake
Briggs Woods Lake
Little Wall Lake
Crystal Lake
Eldred Sherwood Lake
Lower Pine Lake
Upper Pine Lake
DeSoto Bend
Willow Lake
Lake Geode
Lake Hendricks
Battle Creek Lake
Moorehead Lake
Lake Iowa
Mariposa Lake
Rock Creek Lake
Kent Park Lake
Lake Macbride
Central Lake
Yenrougis
Lake Smith
Chatfield Lake
Pollmiller Park
Wilson Lake
Pleasant Creek Lake
Red Haw
Williamson Pond
Lake Pahoja
Lake Keomah
Green Castle Lake
Blue Lake
Oldham Lake
 Franklin
 Greene
 Guthrie
 Hamilton
 Hamilton
 Hancock
 Hancock
 Hardin
 Hardin
 Harrison
 Harrison
 Henry
 Howard
 Ida
 Ida
 Iowa
 Jasper
 Jasper
 Johnson
 Johnson
 Jones
 Keokuk
 Kossuth
 Lee
 Lee
 Lee
 Linn
 Lucas
 Lucas
 Lyon
 Mahaska
 Marshall
: Monona
 Monona
                                    49

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                                                  Page 3
Lake Miami
Viking Lake
Hill Creek
Dog Greek Lake
Pierce Creek Pond
Five Island Lake
Lost Island
Silver Lake
Big Creek Lake
Easter Lake
Arrowhead Lake
Carter Lake
Lake Manawa
Arbor Lake
Diamond Lake
Arrowhead Lake
Black Hawk Lake
Lake of the Hills
Hanteno Lake
Prairie Rose Lake
Hickory Grove
Hockory Hills
Otter Creek Lake
Union Grove Lake
Lake of Three Fires
Wilson Lake
Windmill Lake
Green Valley Lake
Thayer Lake
Indian Lake
Lacey-Keosauquq
Ottumwa Reservoir
Lake Ahquabi
Lake Darling
Monroe
Montgomery
0'Brien
O'Brien
Page
Palo Alto
Palo Alto
Palo Alto
Polk
Polk
Pottawattamie
Pottawattatnie
Pottawattamie
Poweshiek
Poweshiek
Sac
Sac
Scott
Shelby
Shelby
Story
Tama
Tana
Tama
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Union
Union
Van Buren
Van Buren
Wapello
Warren
Washington
                                   50

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                                                  Page
Bob White                                    Wayne
Badger Lake                                  Webster
Lake Meyers                                  Winneshiek
Little Sioux Park                            Woodbury
Brown's Lake                                 Woodbury
Silver Lake                                  Worth
Lake Cornelia                                Wright
                                   51

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                           APPENDIX B

     Survey forms filled out  by  ICC  fisheries  biologists  and
county conservation board representatives.
                               52

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                               LAKE RECREATIONAL USE SURVEY
.ake	    County_
Your name                  	    Address
DIRECTIONS.  On the following section you are asked to make your best estimate of the
werage daily recreational usages for the lake broken down by type of use,  weekdays,
weekends, and season.   This information will be used to calculate the total annual  use
of the lake.  If you have actual counts of annual use for any of the categories, write
them in on the appropriate line and indicate that they are total counts.  On the  last
page  list  the  sources  (people,  publications,  reports, etc.)  used  to obtain this
information.

I.  WEEKDAY recreational use.  Estimate how many people engage in the following activities
   at the lake on a typical WEEKDAY for each season.
                             SUMMER          FALL          WINTER         SPRING
 'ishing                     (JUN-AUG)      (SEP-NOV)     (DEC-MAR)       (APR-MAY)

    From boats              	     	     	     	
    Shoreline or
    ice fishing
 Swimming


 Seating (pleasure)


 lunting
 'icm'eking, camping,
    other shoreline
    activities prompted
    by lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating & cross
    country skiing
                                                53

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2.  WEEKEND recreational use.  Estimate how many people engage in the following activities
    at the lake on a typical WEEKEND day for each season.
                             SUMMER          FALL          WINTER         SPRING
                            (JUN-AUG)      (SEP-NOV)       (DEC-MAR)       APR-MAY)
Fishing

    From boats

    Shoreline or
    ice fishing

Swimming

Boating (pleasure)

Hunting

Picnicking, camping
    hiking, other
    shoreline activities
I    prompted by lake's
    presence

Snowmobiling

Ice skating &
  cross country
    skiing
3.  SPECIAL EVENTS.  List any special events, such as fishing derbies or other organized
    activities that contribute to more than normal use.


         Event                      Date and Length         Total Number of Visitors
                                                54

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4.   LAKE QUALITY AND USAGE.

    Are any of the lake's inherent recreational  values  impaired  due  to  degraded water
    quality?	
    If so, what are the problems (examples  might be algal  blooms,  suspended  sediments,
    massive growths of higher aquatic plants)?
    Is lake usage at, above, or below its potential  (circle one)?
    If use is below potential, what is the reason?
5.  PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY.
    How many boat ramps are available?_
    List any state, county, or city parks on the lake.
                                                55

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6.  List sources (people, publications, reports,  etc.)  used  to  obtain
    this information.
 Please  return your questionnaire to:  Roger W. Bachmann
                                      Department of Animal Ecology
                                      Science Hall II
                                      Iowa State University
                                      Ames, IA   50011
 Thanks  for your help.
                                         56

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                               LAKE SURVEY FORM

LAKE	COUNTY	
SECTION	TOWNSHIP	RANGE	

A. OWNERSHIP

   WHAT PERCENT  OF THE LAKESHORE  IS  IN PUBLIC  OWNERSHIP?
   LIST THE NAMES OF ANY  PUBLIC PARKS OR RECREATION AREAS
B. LAKE PROBLEMS

   DESCRIBE ANY PROBLEMS  THAT THE  LAKE HAS  SUCH AS HEAVY ALGAL  GROWTHS,
   (GREEN WATER*  SCUMS).  EXCESS GROWTHS OF  HIGHER AQUATIC PLANTS*
   DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROBLEMS OR WINTER FISH KILLS, SHORELINE EROSION.
   EXCESS SILTATION. OR OTHER PROBLEMS THAT INTEREFERE WITH THE USE OF
   THE  LAKE.
   WATERSHED  PROBLEMS

   DO  YOU HAVE  PROBLEMS  WITH POINT  SOURCE  POLLUTION  SUCH AS RUNOFF FROM
   LARGE FEEDLOTS? DESCRIBE.
                                          57

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  00  YOU HAVE PROBLEMS WITH NON-POINT POLLUTION SUCH  AS HEAVY SOIL
  EROSION IN THE  WATERSHED? DESCRIBE.
   ABOUT WHAT PERCENT OF  THE WATERSHED IS  IN  APPROVED SOIL  CONSERVATION
   PRACTICESdF KNOWN)?
D. DATA  AVAILABLE ON  LAKE

   DO YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING KINDS OF INFORMATION IN YOUR FILES THAT  WE
   MIGHT  COPY IF NECESSARY?

   LAKE  MAP WITH DEPTH CONTOURS?

   MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE.
   DISSOLVED OXYGEN*  TRANSPARANCY.
   OR OTHER WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS?

   COUNTS OR ESTIMATES OF RECREATIONAL
   USE ON THE LAKE?
    THANK YOU FOR  YOUR COOPERATION
    PLEASE RETURN  TO: ROGER  tf.  BACHMANN
                       DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
                       IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
                       AMES.  IOWA SOO10
                                          58

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                           APPENDIX C

     Summary  of  puilic  meetings  held  by  Iowa   Conservation
Commission   staff  to  determine  local  interest  and  resource
commitments relative to the restoration of ten public-owned lakes
across Iowa.
                               59

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     Public meetings were held to determine  local  interest  and
resource   commitments   relative   to  the  resotration  of  ten
public-owned lakes across Iowa.  The lakes were the  top  ten  on
the  state's priority list for renovation and are listed in order
below:

          1. Union Grove Lake—Tama County
          2. Black Havk Laker-Sac County
          3. Lake Manawa--Pottawattamie County
          4. Lover Pine Lake--Hardin County
          5. Swan Lake—Carroll County
          6. Bock Creek Lake--Jasper County
          7. Little Hall Lake—Hamilton County
          8. Arbor Lake--Poweshiek County
          9. Storm Lake—Buena Vista County
         10. Lake Hendricks—Howard County

     Notices of the meetings were mailed to all newspapers, radio
stations,  and  TV  stations on Hay 8, 1980.  The release briefly
described the Clean Lakes Program.

     Meetings commenced with a discussion of  the  background  of
the  Clean  Lake  Program  and the need for the priority ranking.
The introduction was followed  by  a  short  slide  series  which
described  the criteria andranking system.  The specific problems
affecting water quality and possible solutions were presented for
the lake in question.  The meetings were then opened  to  comment
and  suggestions  from  meeting attendees.  Attendance, comments,
and  possible  local  funding  were   recorded.    The  following
paragraphs  summarize Information obtained at public meetings for
each of the 10 lakes.

Lake:  Onion Grove
County:  Tama
Priority Hanking:  1
POBLIC MEETING
Location:  Lake Park Youth Holding Center, North Shore, Onion
           Grove Lake
Date:  Hay 19, 1980
Time:  7:30 p.m.
Number of Meeting Attendes:  128
LOCAL HONEY AVAILABLE FOB FEASIBILITY STUDY
Amount:  $10,000
Contributor:  Lake Park Holding Corporation
Amount:  $2,500
Contributor:  Tama County Conservation Board
Total:  $12,500
Comments:
     1. Petitions were presented with 3,500 signatures
        supporting improvements for Union Grove Lake.
     2. The majority of attendees felt the lake needs deepening.
     3. No negative comments were made concerning suggested
        lake and watershed improvement alternatives.
     U. Heavy growths of vegetation were cited as a nuisance.


                               60

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     5.   Grass carp were suggested as a method of weed removal.
     6.   Several individuals wish to assist in application
         procedure.
     7.  A great deal cf interest was expressed for the northern
         pike fishery.
     8.  Suggested improving boat ramps, lighting, and weed
        control.
     9.  It was suggested a great deal of watershed work is
        completed.
Summary:  A great deal of enthusiasm was expressed at the
          meeting.  Money for local match of a feasibility
          study doesn't seem to be a problem and all were
          interested in speeding application along.

Lake:  Black Hawk Lake
County:   Sac
Priority Ranking:  2
PUBLIC MEETING
Location:  Lake View
Date:  May 28, 1980
Time:  7:10 p.m.
Number of fleeting Attendees:  131 including Senator Scott,
  Representative Wayne Bennett, another representative,
  and Lake View mayor.
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY:  Lake View
  Commercial Clob had $3,000 to $4,000.  $1,600 more
  raised at meeting.  Local bank assured Association that
  any check would be made good. No fiscal hold-ups here.
  Letter received May 30, 1980, indicated Lake View
  Commercial Club has funds in excess of $7,000 earmarked
  specificially for lake improvement projects.
Comments:
     1.  Why did lake rank where it did?  (Hater quality
        poorest, effective restoration.)
     2.  Who will do the feasibility study?  (Consultants and/or
        University types.)
     3.  What is the time frame?   (No dollars until October 1.
        Application can be started now.)
     1.  What's difference between feasibility study done a few
        years ago and this one?
     5.  Could information from past studies be used?
     6.  Can the previous study be used as soft match?
     7.  How long is a feasibility study good for?
     8.  Is a certain percent of watershed required to be under
        control?
     9.  Does the first lake to apply receive the first funds?
    10.  How solid are these federal dollars?
    11.  Does ICC have monies available?
    12.  Would it be best to appear in person before Acting
        Director?
    13.  Would a letter and check do?
    11.  Can county conservation beard funds be used?
    15.  What about dredging of inlet area?
    16.  This was studied earlier and would this alternative
                               61

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        be looked at in a new study?
    17. Credit given to Miller for getting Black Hawk. Lake
        prioritized #2.
  Samnary:
         Lots of enthusiasm at meeting.  Primary concerns vere
         not local match money, hut one of speeding the
         application process up.  Letter received from W. H.
         BohnenJtamp, Vice Chairman of the Black Hawk Improvement
         Committee, to Robert Fagerland (received Hay 30, 1980)
         asked for application for Phase I monies as soon as
         possible.  The letter guarenteed the non-federal portion
         of the cost-share for feasibility study from the local
         area.  Attached to the letter vas the signature of 122
         interested people who attended the meeting.  No adverse
         comments were received.

Lake:  Hanawa
County:  Pottauattamie
Priority Ranking:  3
PDBLIC MEETING
Location:   Fish and Game Clubhouse, Lake Hanawa
Date:  May 27, 1980
Time:  7:00 p.m.
Number of  Meeting Attendees:  0
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STODY
Amount: . $0
Comments:   None
Summary:  Local citizens are content with work presently
          planned for Lake Manawa and approved through Clean
          Lakes funding procedures.

Lake:  Lower Pine Lake
County:  Bardin
Priority Ranking:  4
PDBLIC MEETING
Location:   Eldora
Date:  May 22, 1980
Time:  7:15 p.m.
Number of  Meeting Attendees:  13 including mayor of Eldora
LOCAL HONEY AVAILAELE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY:  No money
  available now.   Felt it could be generated.
Comments:
     1. Are we phasing out "new lake" projects and replacing
        them with lake restoration projects?
     2. Needed explanation of water guality ranking...though
        water guality pretty good at lake.
     3. Wanted to know time table.
     4. Question regarding the status of dam(s)  as it relates
        to the Clean Lakes Program.  Could reconstructions
        be a part of the grant?
     5. Thought Pine Lake watershed already under control.  A
        lot of money has been spent there.
     6. Lots of interest in weed control by grass carp.
     7. Concerns expressed over development.  The big draw to


                               62

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        area is the pretty scenery.
Summary:  No adverse comments were received.

Lake:  Swan Lake
County:  Carroll
Priority Ranking:  5
PUBLIC MEETING
Location:  County Courthouse, Carroll
Date:  Hay 23, 1980
Time:  7:00 p.m.
Number of fleeting Attendees:  27
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY
Amount:  27,400
Contributor:  Carroll County Conservation Board
Total:  $7,400
Comments:
     1. Fishing in lake is poor.
     2. The lake needs deepening.
     3. Host of the watershed is in good soil conservation
        practices.
     4. No negative comments were made concerning suggested lake
        and watershed alternatives.
     5. Concern was expressed in decreasing the size of the lake.
     6. Wells should be considered as a possible source of water.
Summary:  Local citizens support the program very much but feel
          the program is moving too slowly.

Lake:  Rock Creek
County:  Jasper
Priority Ranking:  6
PUBLIC MEETING
Location:  Izaak Walton League Clubhouse, Newton
Date:  May 20, 1980
Time 7:00 p.m.
Number of Meeting Attendees:  16
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY
Amount $0
Comments
     1. A study of Rock Creek Lake was made by Grinnell
        College.
     2. Siltation is the major problem of Rock Creek Lake.
     3. Cooperation of landowners to improve soil conservation
        will increase if the government will pay 85 per cent of
        the construction costs.
     4. Construct demonstration project on state land.
     5. How long will it take lake to silt in?
     6. Size of lake should he doubled.
     7. No negative comments were made concerning suggested
        lake improvement alternatives.
Summary:  The ma}ority of water quality problems are due to
          poor soil conservation practices.  Past funding
          assistance of 75 per cent has accomplished very
          little but several felt 85 per cent cost-share
          will get the job done.


                               63

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Lake:  Little Hall Lake
County:  Hamilton
Priority Banking:  7
PUBLIC MEETING
Location:  Jewell
Date:  Nay 23, 1980
Time:  7:15 p.m.
Number of Meeting Attendees:  13
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY:  No money available
  now.  Comments that past lobbying efforts have been
  frustrating.
Comments:
     1. Hhat  is the time frame?
     2. Big motors are detrimental to lake.  Should ban them.
     3. Big motor usage reduced since Saylorville. No
        problem.
     4. Real  problem with shoreline erosion, especially north
        shore.
     5. Lake  needs a better outlet to get rid of high water
        so banks don't erode.
     6. Needs jetties for fashing and to break wave action.
     7. What  is operational cost of aeration?
     8. Hater supply to lake felt adequate with new system.
Summary: . No  adverse comments were received.  Enthusiasm for
          local money share of feasibility study lacking.

Lake:  Arbor
County:  Poweshiek
Priority Ranking:  8
PUBLIC MEETING
Location:  Grinnell Memorial Building, Grinnell
Date:  May 22, 1980
Time:  7:00 p.m.
Number of Meeting Attendees:  2
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY
Amount:  $0
Comments:
     1. The City of Grinnell is working with the Department
        of Environmental Quality to separate sanitary sewer
        and storm sewer—a possible problem at Arbor Lake.
     2. The constructin cost for the interceptor system and
        storm sewer ponding pond was $1,092,000.
     3. It is estimated it will cost approximately $675,000
        to exclude storm sewer from sanitary sewer system.
     4. The City of Grinnell spent $41,040 to remove silt from
        Aibor Lake.  Silt removal vas completed in 1977.
     5. The Poweshiek Conty Conservation Eoard signed a 20-year
        lease agreement with the City of Grinnell in June, 1974,
        whereby the Eoard would develop and maintain a park
        facility around Arbor Lake.  In 1978 the Board entered
        into  agreement with the HCRS to cost-share development of
        park facilities (Project No. 19-00851).  To date,
        $58,105.97 has been spent on development (mainly picnic
                               64

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        tables, shelter house, and sanitary facilities, boat
        ramp, parking lot, and landscaping)  under this project.
        It is estimated that another $10-15,000 will be spent
        in the near future on the project.
     6. No negative comments were made concerning suggested
        lake and watershed improvement alternatives.
Summary:  Local interest in Arbor Lake is great as reflected in
          recent expenditures to improve the lake and associated
          areas.

Lake:  Storm Lake
County:  Buena Vista
Priority Banking:  9
PUBLIC MEETING
Location:  Zply Auditorium, Buena Vista College, Storm Lake
Date:  May 21, 1980
Time:  7:00 p.m.
Number of Meeting Attendees:  21
LOCAL HONEY AVAILABLE 10 FEASIBILITY STUDY
Amount SO
Comments:
     1. Siltation was suggested as a problem.
     2. Storm sewer by lake patrol is a point source of
        pollution from turkey plant.
     3. Will elimination of storm sewer runoff affect lake level?
     U. Remove jetty from inlet of Storm Lake.
     5. Use Little Storm Lake as a silt trap.
     6. The City of Storm Lake is working to remove septic
        sewage overflow from Storm Lake.
     7. No negative comments were made concerning suggested lake
        and watershed improvment alternatives.
Summary:  City officials indicated a concerted effort was
          being made to eliminate dumping of sanitary sewage into
          Storm Lake.

Lake:  Hendricks
County:  Howard
Priority Ranking:  10
PUBLIC MEETING
Location: Biceville
Date:  May 21,  1980
Time:  7:10 p.m.
Number of Meeting Attendees: 7,including State Representative
                             Jim Johnson
LOCAL MONEY AVAILABLE TO FEASIBILITY STUDY:  No money available
                                             now
Comments:
     1. Retired county conservation board employee suggested
        construction of a low-head dam on bypass channel for
        continual water source to lake to prevent fish winterkill,
     2. A pond  just above th lake on private land was  washed out
        and should ie reconstructed.
     3. Thought maybe spending i2,000 to i4,000 on aeration
        in interim might be advisable.


                               65

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     1.  Letter received June 3, 1980,  from Biceville citizen
        supporting the clean-up of the lake.  This was in
        response to local newspaper article covring the public
        meeting.
     5.  Letter received June 4, 1908,  from Biceville citizen
        objecting to drainage and dredging of the lake.  He is
        a senior citizen who thinks such a project would spoil
        fishing for many years.  In his opinion the lake should
        be left as it is.
Summary:  No adverse comments were received at the meeting.  It
          appears that the Howard County Conservation Board
          could possitly raise some local money for non-federal
          share of feasibility study.
                               66

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                           APPENDIX D

     Bankings of lakes on the basis of the selected water guality
parameters (suspended solids,  chlorophyll af   total  phosphorus,
Secchi  disc  depth, and winterkill frequency)  used to derive the
water guality ranking.
                               67

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Table D-1.  Banking of lakes on the basis of suspended solids,

                         Lake
Suspended solids
    mg/1
      59.9     LOWER GAR LAKE
      56.6     TEUMBULL LAKE
      44.2     BOB WBITE LAKE
      39.2     BLACK HAWK LAKE
      38.7     LAKE MANAWA
      33.5     CENTEB LAKE
      27.6     STORM LAKE
      27.4     NELSCN LAKE
      27.4     NORTH TWIN LAKE
      26.8     HANNEN LAKE
      26.5     DESOTO BEND LAKE
      26.0     SILVEE LAKE
      25.9     TUT1LE LAKE
      25.4     CLEAB LAKE
      25.4     PIEBCE CREEK POND
      25.2     PRAIBIE ROSE LAKE
      24.4     SILVER LAKE
      23.6     UPPER GAR- LAKE
      23.2     ARBOWHEAD LAKE
      23.0     LAKE CABLING
      22.0     WINDMILL LAKE
      21.9     HICKORY HILLS LAKE
      21.4     ARBOR LAKE
      20.8     MEADOW LAKE
      20.6     SILVER LAKE
      20.3     LAKE CORNELIA
      20.3     UNION GROVE LAKE
      20.0     LAKE BEYERS
      20.0     SMITH LAKE
      19.6     SWAN LAKE
      19.5     SPRINGBROOK LAKE
      19.3     ROCK CEEEK LAKE
      18.8     LOST ISLAND LAKE
      18.3     LAKE KEOMAH
      18.3     RODGEBS PARK LAKE
      18.2     ELDBED SHERWOOD LAKE
      18.0     OTTUMKA LAGOON
      17.9     WILSCN LAKE
      17.7     CENTRAL LAKE
      17.4     EAST LAKE (OSCEOLA)
      17.4     LAKE HENDRICKS
      16.7     KENT PARK LAKE
      15.9     LAKE OF THREE FIRES
      15.9     LITTLE SPIEIT LAKE
      15.9     LAKE HINNEHASH1A
      15.8     HABIPOSA LAKE
      15.5     INDIAN LAKE
      15.2     LAKE ICWA
      1U.6     LAKE OF THE KILLS
                                        Dickinson
                                        Clay
                                        Wayne
                                        Sac
                                        Pottawattamie
                                        Dickinson
                                        Buena Vista
                                        Crawford
                                        Calhoun
                                        Benton
                                        Harrison
                                        Palo Alto
                                        Emmet
                                        Cerro Gordo
                                        Page
                                        Shelby
                                        Worth
                                        Dickinson
                                        Pottawattamie
                                        Washington
                                        Taylor
                                        Tama
                                        Poveshiek
                                        Adair
                                        Dickinson
                                        Wright
                                        Tama
                                        Rinneshiek
                                        Kossuth
                                        Carroll
                                        Guthrie
                                        Jasper
                                        Palo Alto
                                        Mahaska
                                        Benton
                                        Hancock
                                        Wapello
                                        Taylor
                                        Jones
                                        ClarJce
                                        Howard
                                        Johnson
                                        Taylor
                                        Dickinson
                                        Dickinson
                                        Jasper
                                        Van Buren
                                        Iowa
                                        Scott
                               68

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  4
  3
  2
  2
 ,1
 ,8
  5
  5
  1
 ,9
  8
 ,4
  4
  3
  9
  8
  2
  2
  1
  1
14
14
14
14
14
13
13.8
13.6
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11.6
11.4
11
11
1 1
11
10.3
 9.4
 9.2
 8.8
 8.4
 8
 8
 6
 6
 6
 6
 5
 5
 5
 5.4
 5.2
 4.4
 4.4
 3.9
 3.9
 3.6
 3.6
 3.5
 3.5
 3
 3
 2
2,
2,
2.7
SEEDS LAKE
BIG SPIRIT LAKE
BADGES LAKE
LITTLE HALL LAKE
LOiER fINE LAKE
CHATFIILD LAKE
LAKE MACBHIDE
EAST OKOBOJI
DOG CHEEK LAKE
HICKOBY GROVE
LAKE ANITA
flANTENO LAKE
CRAWFORD CREEK LAKE
GREEN VALLEY LAKE
LAKE CEIENT
VIKING LAKE
CARTER LAKE
DPPER PINE LAKE
COLD SPRINGS
RED HAW LAKE
BROHNS LAKE
LAKE ICARIA
INGHAM LAKE
LAKE HAPELLO
LAKE MIAMI
EASIER LAKE
WILLIAMSON POND
POLLHILLER LAKE
LAKE GEODE
OTTER CBEEK LAKE
LAKE AHQUABI
THAYER LAKE
MOOHEHEAD LAKE
NINE EAGLES
LAKE PAHOJA
DON WILLIAMS LAKE
GEORGE MYTH LAKE
CRYSTAL LAKE
GHEEN CASTLE LAKE
DIAMOND LAKE
ARRCHHEAD LAKE
OLCHAM LAKE
BIG CREEK LAKE
PLEASANT CREEK LAKE
SILVER LAKE
YEN-RUO-GIS LAKE
BRIGGS HOODS LAKE
NORMAN TRAIL
LACEY-KEOSAOgOA LAKE
HILSCN LAKE
SLOE LAKE
SLIP BLUFF LAKE
FIVE ISLAND LAKE
WILLOW LAKE
Franklin
Dickinson
Webster
Hamilton
Hardin
Lee
Johnson
Dickinson
0'Brien
Story
Cass
Shelby
Ida
Onion
Adair
Montgomery
Pottawattamie
Hardin
Cass
Lucas
HoodJsury
Adams
Emmet
Davis
Monroe
Pclk
Lucas
Lee
Henry
Tarn a
Warren
Onion
Ida
Decatur
Lyon
Boone
Black Hawk
Hancock
Marshall
Poweshiek
Sac
Monona
Polk
Linn
Delaware
Keokuk
Hamilton
Adair
Van Buren
Lee
Honona
Decatur
Palo Alto
Harrison
                        69

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       2.4     iEST CKOBOJI
       2.3     SPBIMG LAKE
       1.2     LITTLE SIOUX PARK
                                        Dickinson
                                        Greene
                                        woodbury
Table D-2.  Ranking of lakes on the basis of chlorophyll a
concentration.
Chlorophyll a
mg/cubic meter

     148.6
     143.4
     135.0
     131.3
     128.0
     120.7
     119.1
     110.3
     108.6
     103.4
     100.3
      91.5
      90.3
                         Lake
         BLACK HAWK LAKE
         CLEAR LAKE
         BODGERS PARK LAKE
         TROMBOLL LAKE
         BEACON LAKE
         HICKORY HILLS LAKE
         DESOTO BEND LAKE
         HINDMILL LAKE
         UNION GROVE LAKE
         CENTRAL LAKE
         SILVER LAKE
         SMITH LAKE
         CENTER LAKE
90.0     LAKE IOWA
89.7     LAKE DABLING
89.5     UPPER GAR LAKE
88.6     LOWER PINE LAKE
86.7     HANNEN LAKE
84.3     UPPER PINE LAKE
84.2     MANTENO LAKE
79.1     BEEDS LAKE
77.3     OTTOMBA LAGOON
77. 1     SILVER LAKE
75.9     ROCK CREEK LAKE
75.7     EAST LAKE  (OSCEOLA)
75.3     LAKE HENDRICKS
72.6     LOWER GAR LAKE
70.0     ZLDRED SHERWOOD LAKE
67.7     GREEN VALLEY LAKE
66.7     COLD SPRINGS
65.6     LAKE KECMAH
64.5     MARIPOSA LAKE
62.8     ABfOHHEAD LAKE
62.8     TUT1LE LAKE
62.1     INGHAH LAKE
61.8     ARBOR LAKE
61.8     CRAWFORD CREEK LAKE
61.8     LAKE MEYERS
58.2     LOST ISLAND LAKE
55.9     HICKORY GROVE
55.6     VIKING LAKE
55.1     RED BAW LAKE
52.8     SPKINGEROCK LAKE
52.4     WILSON LAKE
                                        Sac
                                        Cerro Gordo
                                        Eenton
                                        Clay
                                        Adair
                                        Tama
                                        Harrison
                                        Taylor
                                        Tama
                                        Jones
                                        Horth
                                        Kossuth
                                        Dickinson
                                        Iowa
                                        Washington
                                        Dickinson
                                        Hardin
                                        Benton
                                        Hardin
                                        Shelby
                                        Franklin
                                        Napello
                                        Palo Alto
                                        Jasper
                                        Clarke
                                        Howard
                                        Dickinson
                                        Hancock
                                        Union
                                        Cass
                                        Mahaska
                                        Jasper
                                        Pottawattamie
                                        Emmet'
                                        Emmet
                                        Poveshiek
                                        Ida
                                        Winneshiek
                                        Palo Alto
                                        Story
                                        Montgomery
                                        Lucas
                                        Guthrie
                                        Taylor
                               70

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51.8     LAKE ICASIA
51.7     GREEN CASTLE LAKE
50.3     LITTLE WALL LAKE
49.5     LAKE HAPELLO
48.7     LAKE HANAWA
47.U     LAKE ANITA
47.2     SHAN LAKE
46.2     BIG SPIRIT LAKE
45.5     OTTEB CREEK LAKE
44.8     LAKE ORIENT
44.2     PIERCE CREEK PCND
42.8     LITTLE SPIRIT LAKE
42.6     LAKE MIAMI
42.2     NORTH THIN LAKE
39.7     KENT PARK LAKE
39.4     CARTEB LAKE
38.6     PRAIRIE ROSE LAKE
38.3     LAKE CF THE HILLS
36.2     LAKE OF THREE FIRES
34.2     DOG CREEK LAKE
34.1     SILVER LAKE
32.5     LAKE UACBRIDE
32.4     LAKE CORNELIA
32.0     BRIGGS HOODS LAKE
31.4     EADGER LAKE
29.6     LAKE MINNEHASHTA
29.6     STORM LAKE
28.0     EASIER LAKE
25.8     EAST CKOBOJI
23.0     INDIAN LAKE
22.0     CHATFIELD LAKE
21.7     THAYER LAKE
21.6     LAKE GEOOE
21.4     WILLIAMSON POND
20.5     fOUMILLEB LAKE
19.9     GEORGE WYTH LAKE
19.5     LAKE AHQUABI
18.6     PLEASANT CREEK LAKE
17.6     LAKE FAHCJA
16.2     DON WILLIAMS LAKE
16.0     NINE EAGLES
15.5     NELSON LAKE
15.3     ARROWHEAD LAKE
14.6     MOOREHEAD LAKE
14.5     BIG CREEK LAKE
12.9     SILVER LAKE
12.7     BOB WHITE LAKE
10.6     LACEY-K20SAOQDA LAKE
10.1     DIAMOND LAKE
 9.9     MOEHAN TRAIL
 9.3     WILLOW LAKE
 6. 3     WEST CKOBOJI
 5.6     CRYSTAL LAKE
 5. 6     SPRING LAKE
Adams
Marshall
Hamilton
Davis
Pottawattamie
Cass
Carroll
Dickinson
Tama
Adair
Page
Dickinson
Monroe
Calhoun
Johnson
Pottauattamie
Shelby
Scott
Taylor
O'Brien
Dickinson
Johnson
Wright
Hamilton
Webster
Dickinson
Buena Vista
Polk
Dickinson
Van Buren
Lee
Union
Henry
Lucas
Lee
Black Hawk
Warren
Linn
Lyon
Boone
Decatur
Crawford
Sac
Ida
Polk
Delaware
Wayne
Van Buren
Poweshiek
Adair
Harrison
Dickinson
Hancock
Greene
                          71

-------
       4.7     BLUE LAKE
       4.7     OLDHAM LAKE
       4.6     SLIP BLUFF LAKE
       4.3     WILSON LAKE
       3.9     YEN-EUO-GIS LAKE
       3.1     LITTLE SIOUX PARK
       2.7     FIVE ISLAND LAKE
       2.4     BROWNS LAKE
               Plonona
               Monona
               Decatur
               Lee
               Keokuk
               Woodbury
               Palo Alto
               Woodbury
Table D-3.  Banking of lakes on the basis  of  total  piospiorus
concentration.
Total phosphorus
mg/cubic meter
Lake
     743.7     LAKE PAHOJA
     440.9     OTTUMWA LAGOON
     259.5     ARBOR LAKE
     236.3     BLACK HAWK LAKE
     222.0     SILVER LAKE
     204.6     SHAN LAKE
     200.5     SILVER LAKE
     196.0     TUTTLE LAKE
     193.0     GREEN VALLEY LAKE
     173.1     EAST LAKE  (OSCEOLA)
     171.9     CRYSTAL LAKE
     171.9     LITTLE HALL LAKE
     169.1     MAHIPOSA LAKE
     168.5     LOWER GAR LAKE
     166.7     BOB WHITE LAKE
     160.4     CENTRAL LAKE
     151.0     RODGERS PARK LAKE
     147.3     FIVE ISLAND LAKE
     145.5     HANNEN LAKE
     140.4     DESOTO BEND LAKE
     139.1     EAST CKOBOJI
     138.6     BADGER LAKE
     138.6     SILVER LAKE
     136.6     UPPER GAR LAKE
     132.5     LAKE MINNEHASHTA
     130. 1     TBUMEULL LAKE
     127.7     MEADCB LAKE
     127.7     WINDMILL LAKE
     126.0     INGHAM LAKE
     125.9     AEEOBHEAD LAKE
     124.2     PIERCE CREEK ECND
     119.8     CENTER LAKI
     119.2     ROCK CREEK LAKE
     118.6     UNION GROVE LAKE
     117.6     LAKE MANAWA
     115.2     LITTLE SPIRIT LAKE
     111.6     HANTENO LAKE
     110.5     CLZAE LAKE
     110.2     SMITH LAKE
               Lyon
               Wapello
               Poveshiek
               Sac
               Palo Alto
               Carroll
               Delaware
               Emmet
               Union
               Clarke
               Hancock
               Hamilton
               Jasper
               Dickinson
               Wayne
               Jones
               Benton
               Palo Alto
               Benton
               Harrison
               Dickinson
               Webster
               Worth
               Dickinson
               Dickinson
               Clay
               Adair
               Taylor
               Emmet
               Pottawattamie
               Page
               Dickinson
               Jasper
               Tama
               Pottawattamie
               Dickinson
               Shelby
               Cerro Gordo
               Kossuth
                               72

-------
107.8
106.5
 97.1
 96.0
 95.0
 93.5
 91.8
 90.4
 86.3
 86.1
 82.2
 80.3
 78.6
 77.9
 76.3
 76.2
 74.1
 73.8
 69.1
 68.3
 67.4
 67.2
 66.3
 64.6
 62. 1
 61.7
 61.6
 61.4
 61.3
 59.8
 58.7
 58. 3
 57.1
 55.8
 55.5
 54.8
 54.5
 54.5
 52.2
 52.2
 50.8
 49. 9
 48.6
 43. 1
 42.4
 39.6
 38.3
 37.6
 37.2
 37.2
 36.7
 33.4
 30.9
 30.7
HICKORY HILLS LAKE
ELDRED SHERWOOD LAKE
SILVER LAKE
LAKE DARLING
PRAIHIE ROSE LAKE
LAKE MEYERS
LAKE ORIENT
NELSON LAKE
CARTER LAKE
LAKE KEGIIAH
LOWER PINE LAKE
NORTH 1HIN LAKE
BEEDS LAKE
DOG CREEK LAKE
UPPER PINE LAKE
CRAWFORD CREEK LAKE
KENT FAfiK LAKE
STORM LAKE
LAKE OF THREE FIHES
LAKE HENDRICKS
BIG SPIRIT LAKE
SPRINGEHOOK LAKE
LAKE ICWA
COLD SPRINGS
INDIAN LAKE
THAYER LAKE
LOST ISLAND LAKE
LAKE CORNELIA
HICKCBY GROVE
WILSON LAKE
LAKE MACBRIDE
PLEASANT CREEK LAKE
LAKE MIAMI
LAKE ANITA
WILLIAMSON POND
LAKE ICARIA
EASTER LAKE
VIKING LAKE
LAKE AHC.UABI
LAKE OF THE HILLS
CHATFIELD LAKE
LAKE HAPELLO
OTTEE CREEK LAKE
BROWNS LAKE
DIAMOND LAKE
BRIGGS HOODS LAKE
BLDE LAKE
RED HAW LAKE
LAKE GEODE
GREEN CASTLE LAKE
ECLLMIlLEfi LAKE
OLEHAH LAKE
GEORGE UYTH LAKE
DON WILLIAMS LAKE
Tama
Hancock
Dickinson
Washington
Shelby
Winneshiek
Adair
Crawford
Pottawattamie
Hahaska
Hardin
Calhoun
Franklin
O'Brien
Hardin
Ida
Johnson
Buena Vista
Taylor
Howard
Dickinson
Guthrie
Iowa
Cass
Van Buren
Onion
Palo Alto
Wright
Story
Taylor
Johnson
Linn •
Monroe
Cass
Lucas
Adams
Polk
Montgomery
Warren
Scott
Lee
Davis
Tama
Woodbury
Poweshiek
Hamilton
Monona
Lucas
Henry
Marshall
Lee
Monona
Black Hawk
Bcone
                73

-------
      30.5     MOOBEHEAD LAKE           Ida
      29.6     LACEI-KEOSAUQUA LAKE     Van Buren
      28.8     BIG CEEEK LAKE           Polk
      28.5     WEST OKOfiOJI             Dickinson
      25.7     NINE EAGLES              Decatur
      25.1     MOEMAN TBAIL             Adair
      22.8     ABBGHHEAD LAKE           Sac
      22.3     HILL-ON LAKE              Harrison
      20.U     SPRING LAKE              Greene
      15.8     SLIP BLUFF LAKE          Decatur
      15.0     LITTLE SIOOX PABK        Woodbury
      13.6     YEN-BUO-GIS LAKE         Keokuk
      12.2     HILSCN LAKE              Lee

Table D-4.  Banking of lakes based on Secchi disc depth.

                         Lake
Secchi depth
meters

       0.2
       0.
       0.
       0.3
       0.3
       0.3
       0.4
       0.4
       0.4
       0.4
       0.4
       0.4
       0.4
       0.4
       0
       0
       0.5
       0.5
       0.5
       0.5
       0.5
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0
       0.6
       0.6
       0.6
       0.6
               BLACK HABK LAKE
               BOB itilTE LAKE
               DESOTO BEND LAKE
               LOHEB GAB LAKE
               LAKE BANANA
               TRUMBULL LAKE
               CENTEE LAKE
               CENTRAL LAKE
               LAKE CABLING
               HANNEN LAKE
               HICKORY HILLS LAKE
               PIEBCE CBEEK POND
               TU1TLE LAKE
               WINDMILL LAKE
               ABEOB LAKE
               ARROWHEAD LAKE
               LAKE IOWA
               LAKE OF THREE FIBES
               LOST ISLAND LAKE
               NOBTH THIN LAKE
               OTTUMHA LAGOON
               BOCK CBEEK LAKE
               BODGERS PABK LAKE
               SILVEB LAKE
               SILVER LAKE
               SMITH LAKE
               STCEM LAKE
               SWAN LAKE
               UNICN GROVE LAKE
               UPPER GAB LAKE
               UILSCN LAKE
               BADGEB LAKE
               CARTER LAKE
               LAKE CORNELIA
               EAST LAKE (OSCEOLA)
Sac
Wayne
Harrison
Dickinson
Pottauattamie
Clay
Dickinson
Jones
Washington
Beaton
Tama
Page
Emmet
Taylor
Poweshiek
Pottawattamie
Iowa
Taylor
Palo Alto
Calhoun
Hapello
Jasper
Beaton
Palo Alto
Worth
Kossuth
Buena Vista
Carroll
Tama
Dickinson
Taylor
Webster
Pottawattamie
Wright
Clarke
                               74

-------
0.6     LAKE HENDBICKS
0.6     LAKE KEGMAH
0.6     LOWER PINE LAKE
0.6     PRAIRIE ROSE LAKE
0.6     UPPER PINE LAKE
0.7     LAKE ANITA
0.7     CHATFIELD LAKE
0.7     CLEAR LAKE
0.7     DOG CBEEK LAKE
0.7     EAST OKOBOJI
0.7     ELDRED SHERWOOD LAKE
0.7     HICKCHY GROVE
0.7     INDIAN LAKE
0.7     KEHT PAHK LAKE
0.7     LAKE OF THE HILLS
0.7     LITTLE SPIHIT LAKE
0.7     LAKE MACBBIDE
0.7     MABIEOSA LAKE
0.7     LAKE MEYEBS
0.7     LAKE HINNEHASHTA
0.7     SPHINGBROOK LAKE
0.8     CRAWFO£D CREEK LAKE
0.8     LAKE ICARIA
0.8     MEADOW LAKE
0.8     LAKE MIAMI
0.8     LAKE ORIENT
0.8     VIKING LAKE
0.8     WILLIAMSON POND
0.9     LAKE AHQUABI
0.9     BROWNS LAKE
0.9     COLE SPRINGS
0.9     GREEN VALLEY LAKE
0.9     NBLSCN LAKE
0.9     SCLLHILLEB LAKE
0.9     BED BAH LAKE
0.9     THAYEB LAKE
1.0     BEEDS LAKE
1.0     BIG SPIRIT LAKE
1.0     EASTER LAKE
1.0     LAKE GEODE
1.0     LITTLE MALL LAKE
1.0     HANTENO LAKE
1.0     LAKE HAPELLO
1.1     INGHAH LAKE
1. 1     OTTER CREEK LAKE
1.1     SILVEB LAKE
1.4     CRYS1AL LAKE
1.4     SPRING LAKE
1.5     LAKE PAHOJA
1.6     GREEN CASTLE LAKE
1.7     GEORGE HYTH LAKE
1.8     DON WILLIAMS LAKE
1.8     MOOREBEAD LAKE
1.9     DIAHCND LAKE
Howard
Mahaska
Hardin
Shelby
Hardin
Cass
Lee
Cerro Gordo
O'Brien
Dickinson
Hancock
Story
Van Buren
Johnson
Scott
Dickinson
Johnson
Jasper
Winneshiek
Dickinson
Guthrie
Ida
Adams
Adair
Monroe
Adair
Montgomery
Lucas
Warren
loodbury
Cass
Onion
Crawford
Lee
Lucas
Onion
Franklin
Dickinson
Polk
Henry
Hamilton
SheLby
Davis
Emmet
Tana
Dickinson
Hancock
Greene
Lyon
Marshall
Black Hawk
Boone
Ida
Poweshiek
                         75

-------
       1.9     HILSGN LAKE              Lee
       2.0     BLUE LAKE                Nonona
       2.0     OLDHAH LAKE              Monona
       2.1     BIG CBEEK LAKE           Polk
       2.1     HOBMAN TBAIL             Adair
       2. 1     NINE EAGLES              Decatur
       2.2     LACEY-KEOSAUQUA LAKE     Van Buren
       2.2     SILVEE LAKE              Delaware
       2.4     ARROWHEAD LAKE           Sac
       2.4     FIVE ISLAND LAKE         Palo Alto
       2.4     SLIP BIOFF LAKE          Decatur
       2.5     PLEASANT CREEK LAKE      Linn
       2.5     YEN-HOO-GIS LAKE         Keokuk
       2.6     LITTLE SIOUX PARK        Hoodbury
       2.8     BHIGGS HOODS LAKE        Hamilton
       2.8     WILLOW LAKE              Harrison
       2.9     WEST OK030JI             Dickinson

Table D-5.  Banking of lakes based on frequency of winter
fishkills.  A fishkill is expected one year out of X years.
If no winterkills have been recorded, 'NEVER1 is indicated.
Frequency
X years

     2
     2
     2
     3
     3
     3
     3
     3-5
     3-5
     4
     4
     3-5
     3-5
     5
     5
     5
     5
     5
     5
     5
     5-7
     5-7
     5-7
     5-7
     5-7
     5-7
     7
     7
     7
          Lake
LAKE HENDHICKS
SILVER LAKE
SWAN LAKE
BLACK HAWK LAKE
BROWNS LAKE
CRYSTAL LAKE
SEEING LAKE
LAKE MINNERASHTA
OPPEB GAB LAKE
ABBOB IAKE
LITTLE HALL LAKE
LOWES GAB LAKE
LAKE PAHOJA
BLUE LAKE
CARTER LAKE
CHATFIELD LAKE
LOWER FINE LAKE
NORTH THIN LAKE
OTTUMWA LAGOCN
SILVER LAKE
DOG CEEEK LAKE
FIVE ISLAND LAKE
INGHAM LAKE
LITTLE S?IBIT LAKE
SILVER LAKE
TUTTLE LAKE
DESOTC BEND LAKE
INDIAN LAKE
UNICN GBOVE LAKE
Howard
Worth
Carroll
Sac
Woodbury
Hancock
Greene
Dickinson
Dickinson
Poweshiek
Hamilton
Dickinson
Lyon
Monona
Pottawattamie
Lee
Hardin
Calhoun
Rapello
Delaware
O1Brien
Palo Alto
Emmet
Dickinson
Dickinson
Emmet
Harrison
Van Buren
Tama
                               76

-------
1         UPPER PINE LAKE
7-10      CENTER LAKE
7-10      EAST OKOBOJI
7-10      SILVER LAKE
7-10      TBUHBULL LAKE
10        LITTLE SIOUX PAfiK
10        STORM LAKE
10-12     HILL CBEEK
15        BADGER LAKE
15        COLO SPRINGS
15        HANTENO LAKE
15        HARIEOSA LAKE
15-20     LOST ISLAND LAKE
100       CLEAR LAKE
NEVER     LAKE ANITA
NEVER     ARROWHEAD LAKE
NEVER     ARROWHEAD LAKE
NEVER     LAKE AHQUABI
NEVER     BIZDS LAKE
NEVER     BIG CREEK LAKE
NEVER     BIG SPIRIT LAKE
NEVER     BOB WHITE LAKE
NEVER     BRIGGS WOODS LAKE
NEVER     CENTRAL LAKE
NEVER     LAKE CORNELIA
NEVER     CRAWFORD CREEK LAKE
NEVER     LAKE DARLING
NEVER     DIAMOND LAKE
NEVER     DON WILLIAMS LAKE
NEVER     EAST LAKE  (OSCEOLA)
NEVER     EASTER LAKE
NEVER     ELDRED SHERWOOD LAKE
NEVER     LAKE GEODE
NEVER     GEORGE WITH LAKE
NEVER     GREEN CASTLE LAKE
NEVER     GREEN VALLEY LAKE
NEVER     HANNEN LAKE
NEVER     HICKORY GROVE
NEVER     HICKORY HILLS LAKE
NEVER     LAKE ICARIA
NEVER     LAKE IOWA
NEVER     KENT PARK LAKE
NEVER     LAKE KEOHAH
NEVER     LACBY-KEOSAOQUA LAKE
NEVER     LAKE OF THE HILLS
NEVER     LAKH OF THREE FIRES
NEVER     LAKE MACBRID£
NEVER     LAKE MANAWA
NEVER     MEADOW LAKE
NEVER     LAKE MEYERS
NEVER     LAKE MIAMI
NEVER     MOOREHEAD LAKE
NEVER     MORMAN TRAIL
NEVER     NELSCN LAKE
Hardin
Dickinson
Dickinson
Palo Alto
Clay
Hoodbury
Buena Vista
0* Brien
Webster
Cass
Shelby
Jasper
Palo Alto
Cerro Gordo
Cass
Pottawattamie
Sac
Warren
Franklin
Polk
Dickinson
Wayne
Hamilton
Jones
Wright
Ida
Washington
Poveshiek
Bcone
Clarke
Polk
Hancock
Henry
Black Hawk
Marshall
Onion
Benton
Story
Tama
Adams
Iowa
Johnson
Mahaska
Van Buren
Scott
Taylor
Johnson
Pottawattamie
Adair
Winneshiek
Monroe
Ida
Adair
Crawford
                          77

-------
NEVER     NINE EAGLES
NEVES     CLDHAfl LAKE
NEVER     LAKE ORIENT
NEVEfi     OTTEB CREEK LAKE
NEVER     PIERCE CREEK POND
NEVER     PLEASANT CREEK LAKE
NEVER     POLLMILLER LAKE
NEVER     PRAIRIE ROSE LAKE
NEVER     RED UAH LAKE
NEVER     ROCK CREEK LAKE
NEVER     RODGERS PARK LAKE
NEVER     SLIP BLUFF LAKE
NEVER     SMITH LAKE
NEVER     SPRINGEROOX LAKE
NEVEfi     THAYER LAKE
NEVER     VIKING LAKE
NEVER     LAKE HAPELLO
NEVER     WEST GKOBOJI
NEVER     WILLIAMSON POND
NEVER     HILLOH LAKE
NEVER     WILSON LAKE
NEVER     HILSCN LAKE
NEVER     WINDMILL LAKE
NEVER     YEN-HOO-GIS LAKE
Decatur
Monona
Adair
Tama
Page
Linn
Lee
Shelby
Lucas
Jasper
Benton
Decatur
Kossuth
Guthrie
Onion
Montgomery
Davis
Dickinson
Lucas
Harrison
Lee
Taylor
Taylor
Keokuk
                          78

-------
                           APEENDIX E

     Data for individual  lakes  including  survey  and  physical
description/  map, pollution conditions/ assesement of lake uses/
and restoration measures.
                               79

-------
LAKE AHQUABI
LAKE ANITA
AEBOH LAKE
ARROWHEAD LAKE
ARROWHEAD LAKE
EADGEB LAKE
SEEDS LAKE
BIG CHEEK LAKE
BIG SPIRIT LAKE
BLACK HAWK LAKE
BLUE LAKE
E03 WHITE LAKE
ERIGGS WOODS LAKE
BFCWNS LAKE
CARTER LAKE
CENTER LAK3
CENTRAL LAKE
CHATflELD LAKE
CLEAK LAKE
CCLD SPRINGS
LAKE CORNELIA
CRAWFORD CREEK LAKE
CRYS1AL LAKE
LAKE DARLING
DESOTO EEND LAKE
LIAMCND LAKE
DCG CSEEK LAKE
DCN WILLIAMS LAKE
EAST LAKE (OSCECLA)
EAST CKOBCJI
EASTES LAKE
ELDEEC SHZR'WOOD LAKE
FIVE ISLAND LAKZ
LAKE GEODE
GEORGE WYTH LAKE
GREEN CASTLE LAKE
GREEN VALLEY LAKE
HANNEN LAKE
LAKE hENDHICKS
HICKOEY GROVE
HICKORY HILLS LAKE
LAKE ICARIA
INDIAN LAKE
INGHAN LAKE
LAKE IONA
KENT PARK LAKE
LAKE KECKAH
LACEY-KZOSAUQUA LAKZ
LAKE OF ThE HILLS
LAKE 0? ThREE FIRSS
LITTLE SIODX PA2K
LITTLE SPIRIT LAKE
   INDEX
                                   Page
                       	  83
                       	  89
                       	  95
                       	101
                       	107
                       	112
                       	118
                       	124
                       	130
                       	136
                       	142
                       	147
                       	153
                       	158
County Pottatattamia	163
County Dickinson    	169
County Jones        	..175
County Lee          	181
County Cerro Gordo  	167
County Warren
County Cass
County Pcweshiek
County Pottavattamie,
County Sac
County Webster
County Franklin
County Polk
County Dickinson
County Sac
County Honona
County Wayne
County Hamilton
County Woodbury
County Cass
County Wright
County Ida
County Hancock
County Washington
County Harrison
County Poweshiek
County O'Brien
County 3cone
County Clarke
County Dickinson
County Polk
County Hancock
County Palo Alto
County Henry
County Black Hawk
County Marshall
County Onion
County Benton
County Howard
County Story
County Tama
County Adams
County Van Buren
County Emmet
County Iowa
County Johnscn
County Mahaska
County Van Buren
County Scott
County Taylor
County Wocdbury
County Dickinson
                                    193
                                    198
                                    204
                                    210
                                    216
                                    222
                                    227
                                    233
                                    239
                                    245
                                    251
                                    257
                                    2b3
                                    269
                                    275
                                    281
                                    287
                                    293
                                    299
                                    305
                                    311
                                    317
                                    323
                                    329
                                    335
                                    341
                                    347
                                    353
                                    359
                                    365
                                    371
                                    377
                                    382
                               30

-------
LITTLE WALL LAKE
LOST ISLAND LAKE
LCWEB GAB LAKE
LOWES PINE LAKE
LAKE MAC3BIDE
LAKE MANAMA
MANTENO LAKE
UAEIFCSA LAKE
MEADOW LAKE
LAKE HEYEfiS
LAKE MIAMI
HILL CHEEK
LAKE MINNEWASHTA
MCOBEhEAD LAKE
MCRKAN TRAIL
NELSCN LAKE
MINE EAGLES
NOHTH TfcIN LAKE
OLDHrlM LAKE
LAKE ORIENT
CTTEE C8EEK LAKE
CTTUHWA LAGOCN
LAKE FAHOJA
PIERCE CREEK FOND
PLEASANT CREEK LAKE
ICLLMILLEE LAKE
PRAI.EIE ROSE LAKE
RED HAW LAKE
ROCK CHEEK LAKE
BCDGERS PARK LAKE
SILVER LAKE
SILVER LAKE
SILVER LAKE
SILVER LAKE
SLIP BLUFF LAKE
SMITH LAKE
SPRING LAKE
SF3INGBROCK LAKE
STOEH LAKE
SWAN LAKE
THAYEF. LAKE
TKUMEOLL LAKE
TUTTLE LAKE
UNICN GROVE LAKE
UPPER GAR LAKE
DPPER FINE LAKE
VIKING LAKE
LAKE WAPELLO
WES1 CKOEOJI
WILLIAMSON POND
WILLCW LAKE
WILSCN LAKE
WILSCN LAKE
WINDMILL LAKE






















































	 388
	 394
	 400
	 406
	 412
	 1418

	 U30
	 436
	 U42
	 1448
	 454
	 458

	 470
	 476
	 482
	 488
	 494
	 500
	 506
	 512
	 518
	 524
	 530
	 536
	 542
	 548
	 554
	 560
	 566
	 572
	 578
	 584
	 590
	 596
	 602
	 608
	 614
	 620
	 626
	 632
	 63d
	 644
	 650
	 656
	 662
	 663
	 674
	 680
	 686
	 692
	 6*3
	 704
                                81

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YEN-EUO-GIS LAKE     County Keokuk       	710
Summary table of lake uses for all lakes 	715
                               82

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LAKE AHQUA5I

LOCATION
County: Harren          Latitude   41 Deg  17 Hin N
                        longitude  93 Deg  35 Min H
Township  75 N       Rangt 24 y       Section 23

HATEBSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      1344. hectares  (  3321. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % or total
     34                    25.                   1.8
     36                   402.                  29.9
     37                   917.                  68.2
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Cther
    54.8       33.8       7.7        0.0     3.7
Description of tomography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   34 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-13X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from pre-Wisccnsin till,
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleosols, or loess.
      Shelby, Adair, and Sharpsburg soils.

   36 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14JS)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Wisconsin
      till, cr pre-Wisccnsin till-derived paleosols.
      Grundy, Haig, Shelby, and Adair soils.

   37 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18%) prairie and
      forest-derived soils developed frcm pre-Wisconsin
      till-derived paleosols, pre-Kisconsin till, or loess.
      Adair, Shelby, lindley, and Grundy soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAKACTEHIS1ICS OF LAKE
Measurements frcm 1S73 map
Area   46.  ha  ( 114. A)
Length of shoreline    7853. m (  25765. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m  ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.0 a ( 10. ft)
Volume   1366144. cubic meters (  1107.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.27    Volume development  1.33
Watershed/lake area ratio       29.2
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
                               83

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LAKE AHQUABI
Warren County

-------
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Cutlet:  Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa  Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed  zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EHBOR
    Secchi disc  depth                6       0.9      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll  a                    9      19.5      1.74
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      52.2      4.51
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8       8.0      0.51
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8       5.7      O.iS
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     123.8      1.58
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 8      90.5      2.23
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     114.2      1.84
      nrg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       7.3      0.44
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     237.8      6.07
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      15.7      1.01
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       6.0      O.U1
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                               65

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Vertical profile ior selected measuremeats on the sampling date
( 8/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if auy).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEMP
C
26. 1
26.1
26. 1
2
-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACfiS  USE/HECTAEE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  6110.       59.4      147.2
   Shore or ice fishing       14195.      124.5      308.6
Swimming                      24465.      214.8      532.3
Pleasure boating               6644.       58.3      144.4
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking/camping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        "72250.      633.8     1570.7
Sncwcicbiling                   7375.       64.7      160.3
Ice skating and crass-
country skiing                 1041.        9.1       22.6
TOTAL                        132760.     1164.6     2886.1

     Special events at Lake Ahquati contributing to more than
normal use include a fishing derby  (50 people).

IMPAIENENIS

     Aquatic vascular plant growth in Lake Ahguafci may impair
beating and shoreline fishing.  Icwa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to te below its potential De-
cause of poor fishing; possibly due to an overabundance of
gizzard shad.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 28  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated sumrcerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE fiESTORAHON RECOMMENDATIONS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  tae  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Icwa  lakes   have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.      The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White   Amur  stocking
should Ee investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  cf  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are  washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in   the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in  several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the tasia making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening tKc  ba^ia's loiij t=ra
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  pnosphorus  and  ammonia
                               87

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nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  .best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (ses
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research oa the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  or  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  laaci use recommendations ar° made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the laka.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               38

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LAKE ANITA

LOCATION
County: Cass            Latitude   11 Deg  26 din N"
                        Longitude  94 Deg  47 Bin w
Township  77 N       flange 34 W       Section 32

HATZBSHED CHARACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       978. hectares  (  2417. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     30                   350.                  35.8
     31                   628.                  64.2
Estimated land uses  (5?)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    69.1       23.2       4.8        0.0     2.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-11*)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till, or
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleoscls.  Sharpsbarg,
      Shelby, and Adair soils.
   31 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-1 U%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from pre-Wisconsin till or
      pre-Hisconsin till-derived  paleoscls.  Shelby,
      Sharpsburg, and Adair soils.

Per cent of shoreline iji public ownership  100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area   74. ha  ( 182. A)
Length of shoreline   12338. m  (  40481. ft)
Maximum depth  8.5 m  ( 28.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.7 in ( 12.  ft)
Volume   2746513. cubic meters  (  2227. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  4.05    Volume development   1.31
watershed/lake area ratio       13.2
Origin of tasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (namsd and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
                               39

-------
6970 HETEHS
LAKE ANITA
Cass County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des ttoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data iron lake survey in the summer of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PASAflETEE                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    S=cchi disc depth                6        0.7      0.10
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8       47.4      5.65
      mg/cuiic meter
    Ictal phosphorus                 8       55.8      4.39
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldail nitrogen                2        0.19      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.22      0.01
      Qg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.09      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8       13.1      0.95
      mg/1
    Turiidity                        9       12.2      1.50
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9       98.2      3.04
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium  hardness                 9       55.8      3.08
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Ictal alkalinity                10       97.4      3.33
      mg/1 as CaCOj
    Dissolved oxygen                 8        8.7      0.18
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8      227.5      9.96
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           1        1.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        8.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                               91

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 9/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
c
w
6
TEMP
C
28.2
28.2
28.2
28.2
28.1
23.0
21.2
CXYGEN
mg/1
8.3

8.1

8.0

2.8
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
62.3

67.2

65.4

74.9
?H

9.0

9.0

9.0

7.8
CHL a
mg/cu m
52.0

59.9

68.4

43.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCIiST POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  14.31-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Eotential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  289.
Eotential nutrient infut index =
         area watershed in row crops/ lake area =    9.1
 60. % of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, contouring, strip-cropping, conservation tillage,
gulley control structures/ erosion control structures,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, conds/sediment and
water control tasins.

FCINI SOUBCE PCLUMICS

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary tody contact recreation.
   Class B (W) -wildlife, warmwater ayuatic life, secondary body
              contact .
This laice is not designated as a puclic water supply.

Public packs:
   Lake Anita State Eark
                               92

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking/campinj,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TCTAL
TOTAL

 44C6.
10336.
13025.
  269.
    0.
41062.
  243.

  122.
69463.
USE/ACSE  US3/HECTABE
   24.2
   56.8
   71.6
    1.5
    0.0
  225.6
    1.3

    0.7
  301.7
 59.5
139.7
176.0
  3.6
  0.0
554.9
  3.3

  1.6
S36.7
     Special events at Lake Anita contributing to more than
normal use include one to five fishing tournaments par year
(25 to 100 people each) .

IMEAIEHIN1S

     Swimming may he impaired in Lake Anita throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  According to Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel, aquatic plants may hamper shoreline fishing in
midsummer.  I.C.C. personnel consider lake usage to be below
its potential due to underharvest of the fish population.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 10  %
Estimated wijiterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated suiamerkiil frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATICN BZCCHHENDATICNS

     The water quality  cf  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm scil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following stora events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the devaljcnent of  fiJh
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  r"or this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recoEuienied by the local soil conservation service office (see
                               93

-------
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps te taken to reduce the amounts or
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Hesearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  atove  land use recommendations  are nade on the
basis they will help improve the hater quality  in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program mignt increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  tie  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.

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ABBOH LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Poweshiex       Latitude   41 Deg  U4 Min N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  U4 flin 3
Township  80 N       fiange 16 W       Section 17

RATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       396. hectares (   979. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     55                   285.                  72.0
     56                   111.                  28.0
Estimated la.nd uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    26.0        1.8       0.2       7C.9     1.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in tie watershed

   55 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-955)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Tama and
      Muscatine soils.

   56 Gently to strongly sloping (2-14ft) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess.  lama, Downs, and
      Fayette soils.
                    •»
Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 0? LAK5
Measurements frca 1978 map
Area    6. ha  (  14. A)
Length of shoreline    1702. m  {   5583. ft)
Maximum depth  6.1 o { 20.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.3 m (  7. ft)
Volume    127686. cubic meters  (   103. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.02    Volume development  1.12
Watershed/lake area ratio       66.0
Crigin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoif         16. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Theraal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Cutlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319
                               95

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ARBOR  LAKE
 Poweshiek County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data icon lake survey in tie summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 5 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETZH                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      61.8     21.19
      mg/cubic metsr
    Total phosphorus                 7     259.5     47.50
      mg/cubic metsr
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Airmonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.04
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.2      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      21.4      3.29
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      13.3      2.04
      JTU
    Total hardness                   8     155.5      5.67
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      95.5      6.23
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     111.7      5.55
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Cissolved oxygen                 8      12.1      2.04
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     378.8     11.09
      micccffihcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      55.3      8.48
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      34.8      3.59
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      21.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Ectassium                        2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
                               97

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/30/79)  with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
z
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEMI
C
25.6
23.9
21.7
19.4
16.1
12.2
OXYGEN
mg/1
19.9
12.0

2.7

0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
307.1
303.7

507.3

2237.0
PH

9.5
8.8

7.5

7.4
CHL a
mg/cu n
131.0
44.2

7.5

12.0
This lake was not included J.D tie National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-FCINT ECLIUTICN SCUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Ectential saltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  1445.
Ectential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in rcw crops/lake area =   17.2
 50.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation i-racfcicss«
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
ponds/sediment and water control basins, contouring,
conservation tillage.

PCINT SOUHCE POLLUTICK

Source/NPEDES tf  (if any)       Comments

Miracle Equipment Co.         Septic tank
IA0062324
C-ity cf Grinnell              Storaiwater runoff

LAKE GSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class E(M)-wildlife, warmwater aguatac life, secondary nody
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Eublic parks:
   Arfcor Lake County Park

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Pic nicking/camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
ccuntry skiing
TCTAL

IKPAIEMENIS
TOTAL

  109.
 4026.
    0.
   52.
    0.
 3458.
    0.

    0.
 7645.
OSE/ACRS  USE/HECTARE
    7.8
  287.6
    0.0
    3.7
    0.0
  247.0
    0.0

    0.0
  546.1
  18.2
 671.0
   0.0
   6.7
   0.0
 576.3
   0.0

   0.0
1274.2
     Kater clarity is poor in Arbor Lake throughout the summer
as indicated hy Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Frequent
winterkills nay limit fishing potential.  According to county
conservation personnel, point source pollution from industrial
sources and city sanitary sewers as well as non-point pollution
frcm urban construction, may occur.  Dredging was completed in
1S77 and fish have recently been stocked.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its
potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0.4£
Estimated winterkill freguencies: 1 year cut of 4
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE EESTORATION BiCOMHENDATICNS

     The feasibility of diverting urban runoff from Arbor Lake
should be examined sirce water quality in Arbor  Lake  may  be
affected  oy  a  variety  of urban inputs.  Storm water runoff
from the southwest corner of Grinnell and  from  southeast  of
the  lake  is  directed  into the lake.  Roadway dirt, deicing
salt, oils, oxygen demanding materials and  nutrients  may  DC
introduced  into th«= lake fay this means.  City officials state
there may be septic tank taps into the storm sewer  system  as
well.   Diverting the storm water runoff may iaprove the water
quality of this small lake iy reducing the input of nutrients,
organic matter, and  materials  directly  harmful  to  aquatic
organisms.   According  to city officials  Araor Lake has ceen
deieteriously affected in recent  years  cy  waste  and  mstal
discharges  from  the  iliracle Equipment Company.  In the last
year the company installed a new septic tank and field  within

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the  Arbor  Lake  watershed  rather than sending wastes to the
Grinnell sanitary sewer system.   Close  examination  of  this
system's performance and reliability should be undertaken.

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water guality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Eiant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by tne local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce tiie amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes nas indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly rtduce  the  r.utrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possiclt to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in tne lake.  There are insufficient data on
tha  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              100

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ARROWHEAD LAKE

LCCATION
County: Pottaviattamie   Latitude   41 Deg  26 Kin N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  35 Bin W
Township  77 N       Hange 41 W       Section 29

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       419. hectares  (  1036. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     20                   419.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    78.8       15.5       3.2         C.O     2.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   20 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18ft)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess cr loess-derived
      sediments.  Ida, Napier, and Moncna soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S79 map
Area    6. ha  {   14. A)
Length cf shoreline    2128. m  (   6980. ft)
Maximum depth  4.9 n  ( 16.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.2 ID (  7. ft)
Volume    124590. cutic meters  (   101. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.51    Volume development   1.34
Watershed/lake area ratio       69.8
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual  precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual  runoff         1C. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      102. cm
Thermal stratiiicatioii? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of  Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                               101

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c
KJ
                                                        ARROWHEAD LAKE
                                                    i    Pottawattamie County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data trom iahe survey in the summer  of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  fur  samples ia
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAHAHETEB                     SAMPLE    MEAN     STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiflOR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5       0.00
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      62.8       2.67
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8     125.9       4.80
      mg/cutic metsr
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.1       0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.3       0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1       0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      23.2       3.58
      mg/1
    Turfcidity                        8      12.9       0.67
      JTO
    Total hardness                   8     166.7       1.60
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      79.0       2.27
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                 7     163.1       2.13
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       8.8       1.32
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     335.6       4.95
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Suliate                          U      12.7       2.09
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5      10.0       0.16
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      11.5       0.50
      mg/1
    Fctassium                        2       9.0       1.00
      ig/1
                              103

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Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 7/24/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEMP
C
26.9
26. 1
24.2
22.2
20.2
CXYGEN
*g/i
9.5

1.2

0.0
TCTAL P
mg/cu m
136.3

171.8

586.0
PH

8.8

8.0

7.5
C.iL a
mg/cu 01
77.8

62. 1

16.5
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ICINT PCLIDTICS SCDSCIS

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/ lake area)  x soil loss rate = 1529.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   55.0
 60.X of watershed is -in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, terraces,
conservation tillage.

PCINT SOUBCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B (Vi) -wildliie, warn water aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Arrowhead Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm .boats                  1020.       72.9      170.0
   Sncre or ice fishing        4538.      309.9      723.0
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure toating                117.        3.4       19.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0


                              104

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Picnicking,camping,other
activities crcmcted
by the lake's presence        15751.     1125.1     2625.2
Sncwmcbiling                    668.       62.0      144.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  122.        8.7       20.3
ICTAL                         22216.     1586.9     3702.7

IMPAIRHENTS

     Water clarity is poor an Arrowhead Lake throughout the
summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  According to Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel, aquatic vegetation has caused problems
with anglers.  I.C.C.  personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential due to poor fishing.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  0.7%
Estimated winterkill frequencies:   rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:   rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCMflENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the  basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near tarm and hastening the basin's long tarm
extinction.  Plant nutrients such  as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish  and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-areathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation  program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the   best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage  to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of   practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake  with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
                              105

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the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   otner
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  ox  such  a
conservation program.
                              106

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AEBOHEEAD LAKZ

LCCATION
County: Sac             Latitude   42 Deg   18 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg   3 Min M
Township  87 N       Bange 36 W       Section 33

HATEHSHED CHABACIESISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
        60. hectares (   148. acres)

Sell Associations hitiin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha              X cf total
      6                    17.                  28.9
     11                    43.                  71.1
Estimated land uses  (*)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns    Other
    83.5       10.6       2.4        0.0     3.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    6 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9J5) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      Wisconsin or pre-Wisconsin till.  Galva, Primghar,
      and Sac soils.

   11 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) prairie-derived
      upland and terrace soils developed from alluvium.
      Wadena, Talcot, Flagler, and Saude soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   35 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   12. ha  (  31. A)
Length of shoreline    3623. m (  11888. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.2 m ( 11. ft)
Volume    39495S. cubic meters (   320.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.91    Volume development  1.31
Watershed/lake area ratio        5.0
Origin of .basin:  Gravel pit
Estimated annual precipitation  74. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Cutlet: None
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Boir.es, Iowa 5C319
                              107

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   DEPTHS IN FEET
302U  METERS
                                    ARROWHEAD  LAKE
                                    Sac County

-------
ECLLUTICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAEAMETEB                     SAHPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEROB
    Secchi disc depth                6       2.4      0.34
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      15.3      4.12
      mg/cuMc meter
    Total phosphorcs                 6      22.8      1.35
      ing/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.05
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10       4.4      0.36
      mg/1
    TurMdity                       11       2.5      0.33
      JTO
    Total hardness                   S     222.9      2.61
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     114.4      2.64
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                11     167.8      0.91
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       6.6      0.35
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     403.3     11.76
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          6      59.7      1.81
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6       9.3      0.11
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       3.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              109

-------
Vertical profile foe selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/16/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEME
C
22.5
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
OXYGEN
mg/1
5.2

5.2

5.3
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
24.0

24.7

21.9
pH

8.0

8.0

8.0
CHL a
mg/cu a
15.0

10.5

48.6
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT ECLLUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   4.94- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltatioc index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   30.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    4.2
100.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.

PCINT SCUHCS ICL1C1IC&

No point sources identified

LAKE BSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B (M) -wildlife, warniwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Blackhawk State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  1303.       42.0      108.6
   Shore or ice fishing        1872.       60.4      156.0
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                152.        4.9       12.7
Hunting                         195.        6.3       16.3
                              110

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Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TCTAL

IHPAIRMENIS
2128.
   0.

 156.
5806.
 68.6
  0.0

  5.0
187.3
177.3
  0.0

 13.0
483.8
     Aquatic vascular plant growth in Arrowhead Lake may
impair boating and shoreline fishing,  Shite Amur were stocked
in 1S77 in response to this problem.  Iowa Conservation Commi-
sion personnel consider lake usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 16  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE .RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     This lake's water quality is not significantly  impaired.
Arrowhead  Lake   has a small watershed/surface area ratio and
is a former gravel pit.   The  lake  receives  little  surface
runoff.    Consequently,  sediment  and  nutrient  inputs  are
minimal.  White Amur were stocked  in  the  lake  in  1977  to
ccntrcl aquatic plant growth.
                              111

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EADGEB LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Webster         latitude   42 Deg  35 Bin N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  11 Bin W
Township  90 N       Bange 28 H       Sectioa 30

HATEESHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      3500. hectares (  8650. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     12                  3236.                  92.4
     16                    29.                   0.8
    217                   236.                   6.7
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    91.7        3.7       1.8         0.0     2.7
Description of tomography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5X)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okoioji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   16 Level and nearly level  (0-2%)  prairie-derived soils
      developed from Wisconsin till on the Cary Lobe.
      Webster, Harps, Canisteo, Nicollet, and Okoboji soils.

  217 Nearly level to very steep  (0-40X)  forest and aixed
      prairie-forest-derived soils developed from Wisconsin
      till on the Cary Lobe.  Includes some soils on
      bottomlands and terraces.  Hayden and Lester soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   18. ha (  45. A)
Length of shoreline    4564. m (  14974.  ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.6 a (  8. ft)
Volume    469289. cubic meters (   380.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.00    Volume development  1.05
fcatershed/lak€ area ratio      194.4
Crigin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  76.  cm
Estimated annual runoff         13.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91.  cm
Thermal stratificatior? Yes
                              112

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2318 HETEBS
                               BADGER  LAKE
                               Webster County

-------
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Badger Cr
Outlet: Badger Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSISSHENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zoce ox tie lake.

     PARAM&TEB                     SAKPLE   HEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             E£JiOa
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.6      0.08
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      31.1      8.16
      mg/cufcic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8     138.6     12.12
      rag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.9      0.14
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2      10.3      0.05
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      14.2      1.19
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       9.5      1.37
      J1D
    Tctal hardness                  10     347.8      2.74
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                10     232.8      8.98
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Total alkalinity                 8     246.5      4.61
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.2      1.54
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     615.6     10.65
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          8      36.4      1.60
      mg/1
    Chloride                         8      23.4      1.21
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              114

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
{ 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEETB
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEHE
C
18.6
18.5
18. 1
17.6
17.1
OXYGEN
mg/1
6.8
6.4
6.2

3.6
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
167.8
167.8
165.7

150.3
pH

7.8
7.8
7.7

7.5
CHL a
mg/cu m
7.9
8.2
7.1

2.2
Ibis lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NON-PCINT EC1IOTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/lfr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  778.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in rev crops/lake area =  178.3
 20. % of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, contouring.

FCIfll SOURCE FCL1UTICN

Source/NPECBS 
-------
   Shore or ice fishing        5356.      119.0      297.6
Swimming                       56C3.      124.5      311.3
Pleasure boating               '1671.       37.1       92.8
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
PicnickingDamping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        29423.      653.8     1634.6
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 7375.      163.9      409.7
TOTAL                         50445.     1121.0     2802.5

     Special events at Badger Lake contributing to more than
normal use include Memorial Day hot air balloon races (10,000
people).

IMPAIEMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Eadger Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and otiier suspended matter.  Occasional
winterkills may liuit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission personnel consider lake usage to be above its
potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  8  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 15
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BICOMflENDATICNS

     Rater quality in Badger Lake may be  affected  by  sewage
input  from  the  Badger  city  sewage lagoon.  This lagoon is
inadequate and must be flushed twice each  year  iu  the  late
fall  and  early  spri.ng.   Outflow passes through tile into a
creek feeding Badger Lake.  Badger city officials are aware of
this problem and have completed a phase  1  study  determining
the  need  for  a  .new  lagoon,  at an aptroximate cost of 3/4
million dollars.  Planning efforts for the new system under  a
phase  2  engineering  study   (approximate  cost  $50,000) are
currently hindered ty a lack of  cost-sharing  funds.   It  is
recommended  the  necessary  steps  be  taken  to complete the
construction of a treatment lagoon in Badger.  Elimination  of
such an important point source of nutrients and organic matter
may  significantly  improve  water  quality in the lake.  Such
action will also eliminate the potential danger  of  bacterial
contamination to lake users.

     The water quality  of  tliis  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its trioutary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
                              116

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extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried luto the lake
attached to scil {articles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps he taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water Quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adeguate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              117

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SEEDS LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Franklin        Latitude   42 Deg  46 Hin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  15 Hin H
Township  92 N       Range 20 H       Section 19

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      7676. hectares ( 13966. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     12                  5274.                  68.7
     14                  2152.                  28.0
     65                   250.                   3.3
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    92.8        3.6       0.1         0.4     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-555)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Cary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Wsister, Okotoji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9*)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lote.  Clarion, Webster, Cacisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   65 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9SS)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess over pre-discousin
      till or from pre-Wisconsin till on the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  Dinsdale, Klinger, Haxfield, Tama/ and
      Kenyon soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAEAClEaiSlICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   41. ha ( 100. A)
Length cf shoreline    4657. m  (  15279. ft)
flaximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.6 m  (  9. ft)
Volume   1066189. cubic meters  (   864. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.06    Volume development  1.03
Watershed/lake area ratio      187.2
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
                              118

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1527 NBTEHS
                                      BEEDS  LAKE
                                      Franklin County

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Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Spring Cr
Outlet: Spring Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Oes Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.  Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.
                                   SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDA2D
                                    SIZE             EBBOB
    Secchi disc dept-h                6       1.0      0.14
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      79.1     18.77
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 7      78.6     11.31
      ing/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.1      0.13
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.4      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       5.9      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      14.4      1.54
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        7       8.0      0.92
      JTU
    Total hardness                   7     279.1     16.90
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8     176.2      9.46
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 7     213.3     16.63
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Eissolvtd oxygen                 7      11.2      1.91
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     507.5     19.32
      micrc mhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          9      29.8      0.97
      mg/1
    Chloride                        10      18.2      0.15
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              120

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DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
n
5
6
TEMP
C
22.2
22.2
21.7
21.1
20.6
18.9
17.8
OXYGEN
mg/1
10.8
6.5

5.5

0.1

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
1US.5
101.6

96.3

111.5

Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

                                            pH     CHL a
                                                  mg/cu m

                                           8.3     196.1
                                           8.1     103.7

                                           8.0      72.2

                                           7.7       7.1

This la ice was not included in the National Eutropiication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ICINT POLLUTION SCOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Jfr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  749.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crcps/laka area =  173.7
 75.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, contouring, strip-cropping,
galley control structures/ erosion control structures,
ponds/sediment and water control basins, grass waterways,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, field windbreaks.

PCINT SOOSCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEEES # (if any)      Comments

Latimer WTF                   Filter backwash once/wk.
1200 hogs                     Storage tank
380 hogs                      Storage tank
310 cattle                    Storage tank
350 cattle                    fiunoff  ccntrol

LAKE LSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Seeds lake State Park
                              121

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACEE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Ficm boats                 13982.      139.8      341.0
   Shore or ice fishing       55144.      551.4     1345.0
Swimming                      16930.      169.3      412.9
Pleasure boating               7135,       71.3      174.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Fienicking,camping,other
activities promoted
by the laJte's presence       156997.     1570.0     3829.2
Snowmcbiling                   3817.       38.2       93.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  590.        5.9       14.4
TOTAL                        254595.     2545.9     6209.6

     Special events at Seeds Lake contributing to more than
normal use include July 4th fireworks  (7,500 people) and a
snowmobile rally  (180 people).

IMPAIBHEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Eeeds Lake for part of the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Iowa Conserva-
tion Commission personnel consider lake usage to be above its
potential due to an overabundance of fishermen.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  0.5%
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTCBATION BECCKHZNDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosior, in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  ace  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.   Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  fur
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-joint pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
                              122

-------
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streans or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   lie  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water Duality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect tne lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do aot  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              123

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BIG CHEEK LAK£

LCCATICN
County: Polk            Latitude   41 Deg  49 Bin  N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  45 Min  W
Township  81 N       Bance 25 W       Section 22

WATERSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1S639. hectares  (  18527. acres)

Soil  Associations within watershed
   Assoc #              area ha             X of total
      12                 11205.                  57.1
      15                  8434.                  42.9
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    88.2        7.2       0.7         0.5     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and  gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional and  calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okohoji, Canisteo, Clancn, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till  on the
      Gary LoJbe.  Includes very poorly drained depressioual
      soils.  Clarion,  Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1974  map
Area  367. ha ( 9C5. A)
Length of shoreline   33059. m  ( 108464. ft)
Maximum depth 16.2 m (  53.0 ft)
Mean depth  5.3 m ( 17. ft)
Volume  19261000. cunic meters  { 15609.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development   4.87    Volume development  0.98
Watershed/lake area ratio       53.5
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81.  cm
Estimated annual runoff         15.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94.  cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Turkey Cr,Eig Cr,Little CL
Outlet:  To Saylorville  Ees
                              124

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1204 HETERS
BIG  CREEK  LAKE
 Polk County

-------
208 Agency:
   Des Moines 2C8 Agency
   Central loua Begiocal Association of Local Govts.
   104 East  Locust St.
   Des Soines, IA 503C6

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 tides.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   HSAN    SI'ANDAED
                                    SIZE             EE80B
    Secchi disc depth                6       2.1      0.24
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    6      14.5      3.50
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 6      2'8.8      1.76
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.27     1.62
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.24     0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate  * nitrite nitrogen       2       0.47     0.16
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                6       3.9      1.86
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        6       3.7      0.78
      JTU
    Total hardness                   6     251.7      2.33
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Calcium  hardness                 6     147.0      2.35
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                 6     180.3      3.95
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 7       7.3      0.67
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             7     477.1     25.42
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           6      35.9      1.31
      mg/i
    Chlorj.de                         7      19.3      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      ag/1
                              126

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 2/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .

   DEPTH    TEHE     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        c       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      26.1       6.8      22.1       8.2       8.8
     1      26.0
     2      25.4
     3      25.1       3.5      32.0       8.0      12.0
     4      24.9
     5      24.7       2.0      27.7       7.8       6.7
     6      23.7
     7      21.7
     8      20.3       0.1      21.7       7.7       1.7
     9      19.2
    10      18.6
    11      17.5       0.2     138.8       7.6       0.9
    12      16.3
    13      14.6
    14      13.6       0.3     395.4       8.0       0.7
    15      12.9
This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Shoreline erosion may be a significant source of siltation
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  214.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   47.2
 75.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, ponds/sediment and water
ccnticl basins.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEDES # (if any)       Comments

Plaines Poultry Farms, Ijic.   5-cell lagoon with no outflow
IA0043354 & IA0037478
750 hcgs                      Sewage lagoon
                              127

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LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Eig Creek State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     DSE/ACRE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   from boats                 26415.       29.2       72.0
   Shore or ice fishing       70575.       78.0      192.3
Swimming                      45575.       50.4      124.2
Pleasure .boating              22060.       24.4       60.1
Hunting                        2823.        3.1        7.7
Picnicking, camping,other
activities promoted
by the lake's presence        37675.       41.6      102.7
Snowmcbiling                   1737.        1.9        4.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  175.        0.2        0.5
TOTAL                        207035.      228.8      564.1

     Special events at Big Creek Lake contributing tc more
than normal use include four to five fishing tournaments  (30
people each) and two sailing regattas each month in the sum-
mer  (700 people each).

INPAYMENTS

     Recreation activities in Eig Creek Lake do not appear to
be impaired by poor water quality or aquatic plants.  Iowa
Conservation Con-mission personnel consider lake usage to be at
its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 10  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE ES5TOHATION BZCOKMENBATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
                              128

-------
shallow  in  the near tern and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere uith sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aiove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-ccint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do uot have
adequate informaticn to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              12S

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BIS SPIRIT LAKE

LOCATION
County: Dickinson       Latitude   43 Deg  28 Hin N
        Jackson,as      Longitude  95 Deg  '6 Min ti
Township 100 N       Range 36 W       Section 16

SATEBSHED CHAEACTZHISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
     13950. hectares ( 34471. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             X of total
     14                 12546.                  89.9
     15                  1404.                  10.1
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    89.6        6.5       0.4         0.1     3.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lore.  Clarion, Wehster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9S) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lote.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils,

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  17 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area 1688. ha  (4169. A)
Length of shoreline   26344.  m  (  86432.  ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m  ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  5.3 m ( 17. ft)
Volume 116135600. cubic meters  ( S4114. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.58     Volume development   2.16
Watershed/lake area ratio        8.3
Origin of basin: Natural >
Estiaated annual precipitation  69. cm
Estimated annual runoff          6. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      8S. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
   Unnamed Cr from Loon L,MN,
Outlet: To East Okotoji L
                               130

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BIG  SPIRIT LAKE
Dickinson County

-------
208 Ageucy:
   Iowa Department or Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

PCL1QIION ASSES5HENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  ia
the upper mixed zcne of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAHfLE   MEAN    STAND1BD
                                    SIZE             EBBOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.0      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      46.2      5.20
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      67.4      6.11
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.1      0.22
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Sestoii dry weight                8      14.3      0.81
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        8      11.0      0.68
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     235.4      1.56
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 9      82.4      2.28
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                 8     190.7      1.42
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       8.4      0.55
    Specific conductance             9      426.7       4.93
      rnic co mhos/cm at  25 C
    Sulfate                          3       43.8       0.93
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       16.3       0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2        9.5       0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        8.0       0.00
      mg/1
                              132

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/14/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TEHP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       019/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      21.a       6.8      80.1       8.6      68.4
     1      21.4
     2      21.5       6.9      82.2       8.6      53.7
     3      21.5
     4      21.5       6.5      79.1       8.6      56.9
     5      21.5
     6      21.5
This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.   The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus, perhaps sometimes Litrogen.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =   25.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    5.7
 32.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control basins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and pastureland ioprovement.

POIN1 SOUfiCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDSS #  (if any)      Comments

8C cattle                     No controls
600 cattle                    Runoff  controls

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
   This lake has also been designated as high yuality water and
   is thus subject to higher standards to protect existing  uses.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about 3400 persons at Spirit Lake.
                              133

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Public parJcs:
   Ainsworth Eeach and boat ramp  (County)
   Barbie Beach Park  (State)
   Orleans Access  (Public)
   Hinnewaukon Fish and Sildlife Access
   Crandalls Beach
   Hales Slough Pish and  Wildlife Access

Estimates of total anaual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
cf existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACH£  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                 50556.       12.1       30,0
   Shore or ice fishing       S9767.       23.9       59.1
Swimming                      66124.       15.9       39.2
Pleasure toating              12244.        2.9        7.3
Hunting                        2541.        0.6        1.5
Picnicking/camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       616567.      147.9      365.3
Snowmcbiling                  16S25.        4.1       10.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 4343.        1.0        2.6
TOTAL                        869087.      208.5      514.9

     Special events at Big Spirit Lake contributing to more
than normal use include sailing regattas (75-100 people each).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired an Eig Spirit Lake during part
of the summer because of  Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to he at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 25  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECCKHZNEATICNS

     The water quality  o±  this  lake,  like  all  ^akes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.   Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.   Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.   Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
                              134

-------
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce tie amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  tie  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above fsadlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservation program.
                              135

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BLACK HANK LAKE

LOCATION
County: Sac

Township  87 N
   Latitude
   Longitude
Range 36 H
42 Deg  18 Bin N
95 Deg   1 Min H
   Section 34
WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      4961. hectares  ( 1225S. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
Assoc # area ha
11
14
15
18
24
26
Estimated land uses (%)
Cropland Pasture
80.9 12.4
914.
187.
3517.
87.
18.
238.

Forestry
1.8
% of total
18.4
3.8
70.9
1.8
0.4
4.8

Towns Other
1.0 3.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   11 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) prairie-derived
      •upland and terrace soils developed from alluvium.
      Wadena, Talcot, Flagler, and Saude soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed fro ID Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lote.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and tlicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-955) prairie-
      darived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressioual
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Wetster soils.

   18 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Calcareous soils are common.  Clarion,
      Harps, Canisteo, Webster, and Niccllet soils.

   24 Gently to strongly sloping (2-1 4a)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Marshall and Monona
      soils.

   26 Gently to strcagly sloping (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Marshall soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  59 %
                              136

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BLACK HAWK LAKE
Sac County

-------
PHYSICAL CHAHACTE3ISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1973 map
Area  374. ha ( 925. A)
Length of shoreline   18329.  m (  60134.  ft)
Maximum depth  3.7 m  ( 12.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.6 m (  5.  ft)
Volume   5821896. cubic  meters (  4718. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.67    Volume development  1.28
watershed/lake area ratio       13.3
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  74. cm
Estimated annual runoff          1C. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification?  No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Hall Lake Inlet
Outlet: Hall lake Cutlet
2C8 Agency:
   Icua Department of environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of  the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             EHBOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.2      0.03
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   30     148.6     10.92
      mg/cubic meter
    lotal phosphorus                 9     236.3     16.79
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen               12       1.30     0.06
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                12       0.07     0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen      12       0.10     0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               36      39,2      2.83
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      30.3      3.08
      JTO
    Total hardness                  10     231.8      6.20
      mg/1 as CaCC3
                              138

-------
    Calcium hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Eissolved oxygen
      mg/1
    Specific conductance
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate
      mg/1
    Chloride
      mg/1
    Sodium
      mg/1
    Potassium
      mg/1

Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/16/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
10
10
9
9
7
6
2
2
124.8
173.8
5.8
383.3
47.2
21.8
11.5
4.0
3.97
5.03
0.35
29.47
4.76
0.11
0.50
0.00
   DEPTH
     m
TEHP
  C
OXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
PH
 CHL a
mg/cu m
     0      19.6       7.0     212.4       8.3     214.1
     1      19.6       6.9     211.4       8.3     216.3
     2      19.6       6.9     203.8       8.3     154.4
This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus, perhaps sometimes nitrogen.

NCN-PCINT PCLLOTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   4.94- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   80.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crcps/lake area =   10.7
 33.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, crop rotation.

PCINT SOURCE FCLLDTICN

Nc point sources identified

LAKE OSZ ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary tody contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
                              139

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Tnis lake is not designated as a public water supply.

lublic parks:
   Black Hawk state Park
   Speaker Park (City)
   Cresent Beach Park (City)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   803.        0.9        2.1
   Shcre or ice fishing       19092.       20.6       51.0
Swimming                      22150.       23.9       59.2
Pleasure boating              14434.       15.6       38.6
Hunting                        2279.        2.5        6.1
Picnicking,camping,otter
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        61862.       70.1      173.4
Sncwfflobiling                   2865.        3.1        7.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1475.        1.6        3.9
TOTAL                        127960.      138.3      342.1

     Special events at Black Hawk Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a summer water carnival  (35,000
people) .

IHPAIEH ENIS

     Swimming may be impaired in Black Hawk Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Frequent
winterkills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its
potential because of a severe fish winterkill in 1974.  Fish-
ery renovation using chemicals was undertaken in 1979.  Winter
aeration was started in 1978.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0  %
Artificial aeration used
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of  3
Estimated summerkLll frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BZCCfcMENDATICNS

     The shallcwness cf this lake contributes significantly tc
its water  quality  problems.   Because  thare   is  relatively
little  dilution  jf  nutrient inputs, nutrient  concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor   water  transparency.   Tie  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspension oi bottom sediments causing greater internal


                              140

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nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowuess of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fisnkills.
Deepening  ox   the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels   should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations  from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the   second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     The water  guality  of  this  lake,  like  all  laxes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is   detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to  the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and   several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with  sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may  smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by  the Iccal soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.    The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above  feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the *ater guality in the lane and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  hill
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   othar
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              141

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BLUE LAKE

LOCATION
County: flonona          Latitude   42 Deg   2 Win N
                        Longitude  96 Deg  10 Hin «
Township  83 N       Banye 46 H       Section  2

WATE2SHED CHAHACTEfllSTICS
Watershed area (excluding laJce surface)
       643. hectares (  1590. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     21                   561.                  90.3
     22                    63.                   9.7
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    89.3        4.7       2.2         0.0     3.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   21 Nearly level (Q-2%) soils developed from alluvium.
      Albaton, Haynie, and Onawa soils.

   22 Level and nearly level  (0-28) soils developed from
      alluvium.   Luton, Blencoe, Keg, and Salix soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  16 *

PHYSICAL CHABACTEHIS1ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1977 jiap
Area  109. ha ( 269. A)
Le.ngth of shoreline    8832. m  (   28977. ft)
Maximum depth  2.4 m  (  8.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.0 m (  3. ft)
Volume   1105680. cubic meters  (    896. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.39     Volume development   1.25
Watershed/lake area ratio        5.9
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      102. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: None
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moinas, Iowa 50219
                               142

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4368 METERS
                                      BLUE  LAKE
                                      Monona County

-------
FCLLUTIGN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
vas sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETEB                    SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEROS
    Secchi disc depth                3        2.0     0.29
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   26        4.7     1.07
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 5       38.3     1.40
      mg/cubic meter
    Xjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.88     0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.23     0.04
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen        2        0.07     0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               14        2.9     0.32
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8        5.5     2.53
      JTU
    Total hardness                   6     266.5     9.68
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 8     101.2     11.16
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     242.5     12. oO
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8        7.3     0.56
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     568.8     12.17
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3    .   99.2     1.59
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3        4.5     0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           1       46.0
      mg/1
    Potassium                        1       11.0
      mg/1

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/28/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
   DEPTH
            TEiSP
              C
OXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
pH
 CHL a
ag/cu m
     0      22.8       8.1      40.8       8.3      28.1
     1      22.6       8.8      40.1       8.2      15.3
     2      21.0       4.2      43.2       7.8       3.7
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophicatlon
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic,

NCN-ECINT FCLIUTICH SOURCES
                                        0- 3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
                                                          9.
Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =
Potential siltation indax =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    5.3
100.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, conservation planting (trees,grass),
crop rotation.

POINT SOURCE POLLC1ICN

No pcint sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public packs:
   Lewis and Clark state Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists nased on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                              TOTAL

                              17414.
                              16370.
                              36618.
                              41565.
                              14102.
                   USE/ACHE  US2/HECTAR3
                      64,
                      60.
                     136,
                     154,
                        159,
                        150.
                        335,
                        381,
                      52.4
                        129. 4
                               145

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Picnicking,camping,otter
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       274806.     1021.6     2521.2
Soovmobiling                   1215.        4.5       11.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 5642.       21.0       51.8
TOTAL                        407732.     1515.7     3740.7

     Special events at Blue Lake contributing to more than
normal use Include July 4th fireworks (5,000 people).

IHP&ISHENTS

     Aquatic vascular plant growth in Blue Lake has restricted
boating, swimming, and fishing activities.  Frequent winter-
kills and occasional summerkills have further impacted fish-
ing,  lova Conservation Commission personnel consider lake
usage to be below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 82  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 5
Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year out of 10

LAKE BESTORATION EECOMMENDATICN5

     Elue Lake is characterized by shallow depths, fluctuating
water levels,  a  large  population  of  aquatic  plants,  and
frequent  winterkills.   Blue  Lake  is currently undergoing a
restoration  program  which  includes  dredging,  addition  of
supplemental ground water, and stocking of white  Amur.    Blue
Lake's  watershed  is  also being enlarged to provide the lake
with additional surface runoff.
                              146

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BOB WHITE LAKE

LOCATION
County: Wayne           Latitude   40 Deg  43 Bin N
                        longitude  93 Deg  24 Kin W
Township  68 N       Bangs 22 H       Section  4

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area {excluding lake surface)
      1375. hectares (  3398. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     39                   611.                  44.5
     40                   764.                  55.5
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    72.2       22.9       2.0         0.0     2.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   39 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Edina and
      Seymour soils.

   40 Nearly level to strongly sloping  (0-1434)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, pce-Wisconsiu
      till-derived paleosols, or pre-Wisconsin till.
      Seymour, Edina, Clarinda, Adair, and Shelby soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  71 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1377 map  .
Area   36. ha (  89. A)
Length of shoreline    6300. m  (  20670.  ft)
Maximum depth  4.3 m ( 14.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.5 m (  5. ft)
Vclume    548053. cubic meters  (   444. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.97    Volume development   1.07
Watershed/lake area ratio       38.2
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Hajor inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  S Fork Charitcn R
Cutlet: S Fork Chariton R
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa  50319
                               147

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547 HETEBS
                                 BOB WHITE LAKE
                                 Wayne County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Cata from lake survey in the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 2 times.   Averages are  foe  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAHETEfi                    SAHELE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6        0.2     0.03
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9       12.7     1.42
      mg/cu-bic meter
    Total phosphorus                 7      166.7     37.54
      rag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.6     0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.2     0.13
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen        2        0.4     0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       14.2     12.55
      mg/1
    Turiidity                        7       48.7     13.03
      JTO
    Total hardness                    6       94.3     2.55
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 8       69.2     1.85
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Total alkalinity                 8       69.0     2.51
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 8        6.7     0.77
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     208.1     2.98
      micrcmhos/cm  at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       23.5     0.5U
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        8.2     0.14
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        7.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        6.0     0.00
      mg/1
                              149

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TlflP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      26.8       7.2     17S.1       7.9      12.0
     1      26.8
     2      26.6       6.8     194.9       7.9      16.5
     3      22.2       2.3     2S8.1       7.U       6.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state cased on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SCUECES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/laJse area)  x soil loss rate -  135.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   27.6
 55.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, contouring, conservation tillage, crop rotation,
pastureland and pastureland improvement.

POINT SCUBCE EGLLUTICK

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-pnmary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   atcut  700 persons at Allerton.

Public parks:
   Bcb White State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     DSE/ACKE  USE/HECTAfiE
Fishing
   From boats                   a35.        U.9       12. 1
                              150

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   Shore or ice fishing        5363.       60.5      149.5
Swimming                       7698.       86.5      213.8
Pleasure boating                 91.        1.0        2.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         2170.       24.4       60.3
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  122.        1.4        3.4
TCTA1                         15899.      178.6      441.6

IMPLEMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Bob White Lake throughout the
summer due to high concentrations of suspended matter.  lova '
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential because of siItation problems and poor
fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  2  X
Estimated winterkill freguencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill freguencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECCflflENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  tc  tbe  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the tasin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates,  for this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this laJce) .   in  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Besedrch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
maXe significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They
                              151

-------
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however,  it is
not possible to state the degree such a program  might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake,  furthermore  we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              152

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BBIGGS WOODS LAKE

LOCATION
Cconty: Hamilton        Latitude   42 Deg  26 Min N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  43 Kin W
Township  88 N       Range 25 W       Section 17

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      1054. hectares  (  260fa. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     14                   392.                  84.6
    217                   162.                  15.4
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    84.7        7.7       4.4        0.0     3.2
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

  217 Nearly level to very steep (0-4C-X)  forest and mixed
      prairie-forest-derived soils developed from Wisconsin
      till on the Cary Lobe.  Includes some soils on
      bottomlands and terraces.   Bayden and Lester soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   24. ha (  59.  A)
Length of shoreline    3810. m (  12499.  ft)
Maximum depth  9.1 m  ( 30.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.6 m ( 12. ft)
Volume    865638. cuuic meters (   701. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.19    Volume development  1.18
Watershed/lake area ratio       43.9.
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  76. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
                              153

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BRIGGS WOODS LAKE
Hamilton County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental  Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the  summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     P1HAHETZR                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             EBBOR
    Secchi disc depth                6        2.8      0.66
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      32.0     10.27
      rag/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      39.6     13.37
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        1.8      0.84
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  * nitrite nitrogen       2        4.7      0.25
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9        3.5      1.27
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        9        1.9      0.52
      JTD
    Total hardness                  10      298.2      7.69
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                10      175.4      5.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9      213.1      4.68
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                12        9.5      0.44
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9      532.8     16.40
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           4      34.7      2.95
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5      22.6      1.40
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              155

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
{ 8/23/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
TEMP
C
22.5
22.6
22.6
21.4
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.8
8.9
8.7

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
17.1
15.7
16.5

pH

8.4
8.4
8.5

CHL a
mg/cu m
60.8
5.1
70.2

     4      20.5       4.6     149.6       7.7       4.1
     5      19.9
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1978 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =      0-3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   66.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   37.2
 95.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, crop rotation, conservation tillage.

POINT SOOBCE EOLLUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Briggs Hoods

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  7034.      119.2      293.1
                              156

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   Shore or ice fishing       15242.      258.3      635.1
Swimming                      16827.      285.2      701.1
Pleasure boating               3212.       54.4      133.8
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        39030.      661.5     1626.3
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1128.       19.1       47.0
TCTAL                         82473.     1397.8     3436.4

     Special events at Briggs Moods Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a Boy Scout camparee (400 people).

IMPAIBflENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Eriggs Hoods Lake during part
of the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 25  %
Estimated winterkill freguencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill freguencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOHATION BECCHHEBDATICNS

     No  specific  restoration  efforts  are  recommended  for
Briggs Moods Lake.  The high water quality  of  this  laKe  is
indicated  by the four meter Secchi disc transparency observed
in June sampling, the highest  for  any  lake  throughout  the
survey.   However,  late summer blooms of blue-green algae may
still occur.  Briggs Woods  Lake  is  fed  primarily  by  tile
outflows  that  are  low  in  suspended  matter  and  attached
phosphorus.   Another  potential  inflowing stream, with lower
water  Duality  due  to  surface  runoff  of   sediments   and
nutrients,  has  been  diverted  away from the lake.  Limiting
lake inflows to tile runoff, and diverting  streams  of  lower
water quality, should be considered in the restoration program
for other lakes in Iowa.
                              157

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BEOHNS LAKE

LOCATION
County: HoodJaury        Latitude   42 Deg   19 Min  N
                        Longitude  96 Oeg   19 Min  tf
Township  87 N       Range 47 W       Section 33

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       421. hectares  (  1040. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha              % of total
     22                    37.                   8.7
     21                   365.                  86.7
      1                    19.                   4.6
Estimated land uses  (3J)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Towns    Other
    88.7        4.9       2.6         0.0     3.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   22 Level and nearly level  (0-2*) soils developed from
      alluvium.  Luton, Blencoe, Keg, and Salix soils.

   21 Nearly level (0-2X)  soils developed from alluvium.
      Albaten, Haynie, and Onawa soils.

    1 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) soils developed
      from alluvium.   Fluvents and Sarpy soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   60 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   89.  ha  ( 219.  A)
Length of shoreline    9953. m  (  32654. ft)
Maximum depth  3.0 m  ( 10.0 ft)
Mean depth   1.4 m (  5. ft)
Volume   1280627. cubic meters  (  1038. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.98    Volume development  1.U2
Watershed/lake area ratio        4.7
Origin of basin:  Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated laKe evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
                              158

-------
 BROWNS LAKE
Woodbury County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   lova Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLDTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERHOB
    Secchi disc depth                3       0.9      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   20       2.4      0.38
      mg/cubic meter
    Total chosfhorus                 6      43.1      2.77
      mg/cuhic meter
    Kjeldanl nitrogen                2       0.63     0.20
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.13     0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.09     0.05
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      11.2      1.53
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       9.0      0.65
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     152.7      2.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      36.7      2.45
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     190.7      4.42
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved ojcygen                 9       7.5      0.15
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     372.2      5.72
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      28.0      1.26
      ing/1
    Chloride                         3      10.2      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      40.5      1.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2      10.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              160

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling  date
( 8/28/79)  with tie most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
   DEPTH
     m
            TEME
              C
OXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
PH
 CHL a
mg/cu m
     0      23.5       8.0      31.8       9.2       7.1
     1      23.4       7.8      3S.7       9.2       6.0
     2      22.8       7.9      42.8       9.2       0.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NGN-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES
                                        0- 3.0  Tons/Acre/Ir
                                                          7.
Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    4.2
100.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recomnended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage.

PCINT SOURCE PCLLDTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE OSS ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreaticn.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Browns Lake-Bigelow Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcin boats
   Shore or ice fisning
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                              TOTAL

                               1068.
                               39S2.
                              32550.
                               3361.
                               9254.
                   USE/ACRE  USE/HECTA2E
                       4,
                      18,
                     148.
                      15,
                        12,
                        44,
                       365.
                        37.
                      42.3
                       104.0
                              161

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        26050.      118.9      292.7
Snowmobiling                    226.        1.0        2.5
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  382.        1.7        4.3
TOTAL                         76863.      351.1      863.9

IHPAIEHEN1S

     Swimming may ie impaired in Browns Lake daring part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic plant growth may impair boating
and shoreline fashing.  Frequent winterkills may also limit
fishing potential.  Point source pollution from septic systems
may occur.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider
lake usage to be below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage SO  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 3
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECCMMENEATICNS

     Erown's Lake is characterized  by  shallowness,  a  large
population  of  macrophytes,  and frequent winterkills.  In an
effort to increase the recreational value of Brown's Lake, the
water level in the lake is .being raised  by  the  addition  of
heated effluent from a coal fired power station.  The addition
o±  this  water  is  projected  to increase the lake's maximum
depth by .85 meters and its  surface  area  by  135  hectares.
Much  of  the  additional  surface  area will be less than one
meter in depth and should support extensive stands of  aquatic
macrophytes.   The  stocking  of White Amur is recommended for
the  control  of  aquatic  vegetation.   fcater   quality   and
biological  populations  in  the  lake  should be monitored to
determine the impact of heated effluent additions.
                              162

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CflBTEfi LAKE

LOCATION
County: Pottawattamie   Latitude   41 Deg  18 Min N
        Douglas,NE      Longitude  95 Oeg  55 Hin rt
Township  75 N       Bange 44 H       Section 16

HATESSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding laJce surface)
      4707. hectares ( 11632. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
      6NE                2092.                  44.4
      5NE                2615.                  55.6
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
     0.0        0.0       0.0      100.0     0.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

  6NE Alfcaton-Haynie association:  Deep, poorly drained to
      moderately well drained, nearly level clayey and silty
      soils on bottom land along the Missouri River.

  5NE Honona-Ida association:  Deep,  well-drained/ nearly
      level to very steep silty soils on bluffs adjacent to
      the Missouri aiver Valley.

fer cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area  128. ha  ( 315. A)
Length of shoreline   10771. m  (  35339. ft)
Maximum depth  8.5 m ( 28.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.5 m (  8. ft)
Volume   318C673. cuhic meters  (  2573. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.69    Volume development  0.88
Watershed/lake area ratio       36.8
Origin of tasin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estinated lake evaporation     102. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: None
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Noines, Iowa 50319
                              163

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4416 METERS
                                    CARTER  LAKE
                                    Pottawattamie County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSHENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are  for samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf tie lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc dept-h                5       0.6      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      39.4      3.21
      mg/cui>ic meter
    lotal phosphorus                10      86.3      6.56
      ing/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.9      0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      11.9      1.10
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11       9.8      0.95
      JTD
    Total hardness                  10     219.0      5.86
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     107.3      4.53
      mg/1 as CaC03
    lotal alkalinity                (11     218.4      2.57
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Dissolved oxygen                10       7.5      0.83
      mg/1
    Specitic conductance             9     541.1     10.37
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      60.2      0.60
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      24.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      45.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       8.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              165

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
 { 8/27/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEFTH
m
0
1
2
3
TEHE
C
23.5
23.5
23.5
22.4
OXYGEN
mg/1
4.5
4.3
4.2

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
92.2
105.0
102.2

pH

8.3
8.3
8.2

CHI a
mg/cu m
31.4
25.8
30.7

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-FGINT POLIOTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =      0-3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   55.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    0.0
  Q.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.

PCINT SCUBCE P01LUTICK

Source/NPEDES *  (it any)      Comments

Eppley Airport                Stormwater runoff
NE0111848
City of Omaha                 Stormwater runoff

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Levi-Carter Park (City of Omaha)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservarion
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                  2540.        8.1       19.8
                              166

-------
   Shcre or ice fishing       11682.       37.1       91.3
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating              289S4.       92.0      226.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
hy the lake's presence        18347.       58.2      143.3
Snowmcbiling                    782.        2.5        6.1
Ice skating and cross-.
country skiing                  782.        2.5        6.1
TOTAL                         63127.      200.U      493.2

IHPAIHMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Carter Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may inter-
fere with shoreline fishing.  Frequent winterkills may limit
fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 27  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTCBATICN BLCCHHEMDATICNS

     Water quality in Carter lake is degraded by several urban
inputs.  The Nebraska Department of Environmental Control  has
prepared  a report describing the poor water quality resulting
from storm water runoff from the  city  of  Omaha  and  Eppley
Airport   (A  Beport  on  Carter Lake, Fall 1979).  Storm water
runoff carries roadway dirt, deicing salt, organic matter, and
nutrients to the lake.  There has also  been  a  problem  with
possible  illegal  discharges to the storm sewer system to the
northwest of  the  lake.   In  addition,  Eppley  Airport  has
contributed  minor  discharges  of  aviation fuel and ethylene
glycol used in airplane deicing, as well as major inputs, such
as a 1977  jet  fuel  spill  introducing  approximately  6,500
gallons  of  fuel to the lake.  Eppley Airport has obtained an
NPDES  permit  for  its  storm  water  discharges,  which  are
regularly monitored to insure compliance.

     It is  recommended  that  storm  water  runoff  from  the
airport  and urban areas be diverted away from Carter Lake and
that water be pumped iron the Missouri River to maintain water
levels.  To minimize siltation  problems,  a  desilti^j  basin
should  be  used to help remove particulate materials from the
Missouri ELiver water prior to its introduction to the lake.

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   Khila  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of


                              167

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chemicals,  studies  in  other  leva  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  Khite  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The shallcwness of this lake contributes significantly to
its vater  guality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspension of rottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishJiills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative/ the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.
                              166

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CENTEB LAKE

LOCATION
County: Dickinson       Latitude   43 Oeg  25 Bin N
                        Longitude  95 Deg   8 Min M
Township  99 N       Bange 36 W       Section  7

WATERSHED CHAR1CTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       302. hectares (   745. acres)

Scii Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     14                   302.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    90.6        5.7       0.3        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-955) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  16 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1970 map
Area   89. ha ( 220. A)
Length of shoreline    4161. o  (  13651. ft)
Maximum depth  4.6 m ( 15.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.5 m ( 11. ft)
Volume   3105489. cubic meters  (  2517. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.24    Volume development  2.28
watershed/lake area ratio        3.4
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  69. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows (aaaed and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   leva Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319
                              169

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7983 HETBBS
                          CENTER  LAKE
                           Dickinson County

-------
PCLL01ICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in tie summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper miied zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.4      0.04
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    6     90.3      9.18
      mg/cui)ic meter
    Total phospaorus                10     119.8      6.78
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.7      0.06
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen        2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston drj weight               11     33.5      3.16
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10     24.8      2.31
      JTU
    Ictal hardness                   11     203.3      1.18
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                12     50.3      2.45
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     178.8     12.18
      mg/1 as CaCCJ
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.2      1.35
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     406.1       8.07
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       5.3      0.60
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3     28.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2     13.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2     15.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              171

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/13/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH
TEMP
C
22.4
22.4
OXYGEN
mg/1
6.5
6.4
TOTAL P
ig/cu m
10S.8
106.6
PH
9.2
9.1
CHL a
mg/cu m
101.0
116.0
     0
     1
     2      22.4
     3      22.4       6.4     109.4       9.1     112.3
     4      22.4
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-ECINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Kr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   14.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area fcatershed in row crops/lake area =    3.1
 32.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water contiol basins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and pastureland improvement.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No pci-nt sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H) -wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              ccntact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   State Fish and Wildlife Access

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOI&L     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  1659.        7.5        18.6
                              172

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   Shore or ice fishing        5642.       25.6       63.4
Swimming                       4152.       18.9       46.7
Pleasure boating               1329.        6.0       14.9
Hunting                         964.        4.4       10.8
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         1850.        8.4       20.8
Snowmc-biling                   1737.        7.9       19.5
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1042.        4.7       11.7
TOTAL                         18375.       83.5      206.5

     Special events at Center Lake contributing to more than
normal use include slalom ski contests (75 people).

IHPAIHMZNIS

     Swimming may be impaired in Center Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Occasional winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider
lake usage to be below its potential -because of stunted bull-
head and black crappie populations.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  2  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 7-10
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE HESTOBATION HZCCMHENDATICNS

     Eecause this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills.  The use of artificial  aeration  devices  tc
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detximeatal  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.   Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events/ sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
secticn on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps he taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
                              173

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in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  tram  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the vater quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments/  nutrients/   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              174

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CENTEAL LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Jones           Latitude   42 Deg   7 Min N
                        Longitude  91 Oeg   8 Min H
Township  84 N       Bange  3 H       Section  1

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       148. hectares (   365. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     82                   148.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (?)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    77.5       17.0       1.6        0.0     3.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   82 Gently sloping to moderately steep (2-18%)  prairie
      to forest-derived soils developed from loess or
      loess over pre-Hisconsin till.   Downs, Fayette, Taoa,
      and Dinsdale soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEHISIIC5 OF LAKE
Measurements from 1976 map
Area   10. ha  (  25. A)
Length of shoreline    2524. m (   £279. ft)
Maximum depth  5.5 m ( 18.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.4 m (  8.  ft)
Vclume    242355. cubic meters (   196. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.24    Vclume development  1.31
Watershed/lake area ratio       14.8
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         20. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Cutlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department o± Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              175

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1384 METERS
                                   CENTRAL  LAKE
                                   Jones County

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POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
Mas sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETEB                    SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEROfi
    Secchi disc depth                5        0.4      0.04
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    5      103.4     14.42
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 6      160.4     21.68
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        1.3      0.10
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.3      0.06
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       17.7      2.67
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        7       15.2      2.24
      JTO
    Total hardness                   6      127.0      0.63
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8       57.7      2.58
      mg/1 as CaC03
    lotal alkalinity                 7      111.7      2.37
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Dissolved oxygen                 6        8.4      O.b9
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             6      230.0      5.63
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          2       11.3      0.25
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       12.2      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2        8.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              177

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Vertical profile for selected uieasurements on the sampling date
( 7/30/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEMP
C
27.6
27.6
27.2
22.6
20.3
CXYGEN
mg/1
7.1
7.0

0.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
142.2
164.4

551.1

pH

8.7
8.7

7.8

GUI a
mg/cu m
74. 1
100.7

22.5

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SOOECES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  203.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   11.5
 50.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, contouring, strip-cropping.
PCI NT SOUECE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (M)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

PubLic parks:
   Central Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACKE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2260.       90.4      226.0
                              178

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   Shore or ice fashing       14313.      572.5     1431.3
Swimming                      11725.      U69.0     1172.5
Pleasure boating               1347.       53.9      134.7
Hooting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Eiciu.ckj.ng, camping, other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        35359.     1414.U     3535.9
Snowmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         65CC4.     2600.2     6500.4

     Special events at Central Lake contributing to more than
normal use include the I.H.L.A.-I.C.C. Fisheree (500 people).

IMPAIBMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Central Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be above its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  8  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOEATION RECCMMENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contxibutions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
                              179

-------
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however, It is
not possible to state the degree such a program  might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore  we do nut have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program..
                              180

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CHATFIELD LAKE

LOCATION
Ccunty: Lee             Latitude   40 Deg  26 flin N
                        Loagitude  91 Deg  27 Min W
Township  65 N       Range  5 H       Section  9

HATEHSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
        55. hectares  (   136. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     38                    55.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   ether
    32.9       34.5      26.9        4.1     1.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   38 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%)  forest-derived soils
      developed frci cre-Wisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and Weller soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKI
Measurements from 1977 map
Area    1. ha  (   5. A)
Length of shoreline    1774. m (   5821. ft)
Maximum depth  5.5 m ( 18.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.6 a (  8. ft)
Volume    110405. cubic meters (    89.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.41    Volume development  1.39
Watershed/lake area ratio       55.0
Origin of casin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         1E. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      39. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Hone
Outlet: Unnamed
203 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              181

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cr
K-
                           760 METERS
                                                          CHATFIELD LAKE
                                                          Lee County

-------
PCLLOTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.  Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone o£ the lake.

     PABAMETZB

    Secchi dj.sc depth
      meters
    Chlorophyll a
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight
      mg/1
    Turbidity
      JTU
    Total hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen
      ng/1
    Specific conductance
      micrcm-hcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate
      mg/1
    Chloride
      mg/1
    Scdium
      mg/1
    Potassium
      mg/1
SAMPLE
SIZE
6
7
8
2
2
2
7
8
8
7
7
7
8
3
4
2
2
HEAN
0.7
22.0
50.8
0.5
0.2
0.1
13.8
11.6
92.0
72.3
88.6
6.7
261.9
15.3
11.1
18.5
4.0
STANDARD
EEHOa
0.11
6.35
3.23
0.13
0.16
0.00
1.83
1.36
0.54
1.41
1.13
0.98
12.46
1.17
0,47
0.50
0.00
                              183

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 6/79) with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
0
0
1
2
TEMP
C
26. 1
25.6
24.4
CXYGEN
mg/1
8.3
8.4
1.4
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
57.7
62.0
58.0
PH
8.5
8.5
7.9
CHL a
mg/cu n
46.2
44.4
14.6
     3      20.0
     4      15.6       0.0     457.2       7.3      29.9
     5      12.2
This lake was not included in tie National Eutrophicatioa
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

SON-POINT POLIUTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections ol shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tcns/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  157.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    4.5
100.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
crop rotation.

PCINI SOUHCE POLLOTICN

Source/NPEDES f (if. any)       Comments

Village of Mooar              Septic tank inflows

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary cody
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parka:
   Chatfield Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  US£/HECTA£E
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   890.      296.7      890.0
                              184

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   Shore or ice fishing        16£2.      560.7     1682.0
Swim nun g                          0.        0.0 '       0.0
Pleasure boating                2S8.       99.3      298.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         67SU.     226U.7     6794.0
Snowmobiling                    608.      202.7      608.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  6C8.      202.7      608.0
TOTAL                         10880.     3626.7    10380.0

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Chatfield Lake during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Frequent winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Overflow from an outdated sever system in Mooar
may affect water quality.  Iowa Conservation Commission per-
sonnel consider lake usage to be telow its potential due to
poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE HESTOBATION fiECCHMENDATICNS

     Hater quality in Chatfield Lake may be impaired .by septic
tank outflows from the village of Mooar.   An  examination  of
the septic system's efficiency and the extent of sewage inputs
to  the  lake,  if  any, has not been made.  He recommend tnat
appropriate measures re taken  to  identify  and  correct,  if
necessary, any point sources of pollution to the lake.

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  tne
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  Foe this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
                              185

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recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
lova great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  sucn  lagoons can
significantly reduce  tie  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations  are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality  in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake,  furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              186

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C1EAB LAKE

LOCATION
County: Cerro Gordo     Latitude   43 Deg   8 Hin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  25 ilia H
Township  96 N       Range 22 3       Section 14

WATEBSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area{excluding lake surface)
      3548. hectares (  8767. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     14                  1621.                  45.7
     15                  1531.                  43.1
     12                   382.                  10.8
     11                    14.                   0.4
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Towns   Other
    76.9        7.8       0.8       11.2     3.3
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from lisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping  (0-5%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till on the Cary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils ace common.
      Webster, Okoboji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   11 Nearly level and gently sloping  (0-58) praicie-derived
      upland and terrace soils developed  from alluvium.
      Wadena, Talcot, Flagler, and Saude  soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   10 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area 1491. ha  (3664. A)
Length of shoreline   21931.  m  (  71954.  ft)
Maximum depth  5.8 m  ( 19.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.9 m (  1C. ft)
Volume  42955560. cubic meters  ( 34810. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.60    Volume development   1.49
Hatershed/laJce area  ratio        2.4
                               187

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a
CD
                            12038  HETEFS
                                                                CLEAR  LAKE
                                                                Cerro Gordo County

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Origin of Jbasin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  79.  cm
Estimated annual runoff         13.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86.  cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  From Ventura Marsh
Outlet: Clear Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental  Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des aoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer  of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAEAHETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROH
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.7      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9     113.H     38.65
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8     110.5     22.29
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.3      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      25.4      4.61
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      18.9      3.05
      JTU
    Ictal hardness                   8     1U9.0      1.07
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 8      75.7      2.81
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     129.1      0.49
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 7      12.3      1.77
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     284.4      7.53
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           7       3.4      0.78
      mg/1
    Chloride                         8      17.7      0.42
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              189

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .

   DEPTH    TIME     CXY.GEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        c       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu a

     0      22.2       9.6      90.5       9.0      55.3
     1      22.2       9.5      89.4       9.1      65.5
     2      22.2       2.4      82.9       9.1      69.2
     3      22.2
Tins lake was included in the National Eutrophicatlon Survey
and was classified as eutrojphic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to .be phosphorus, perhaps seme times nitrogen.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   4.94- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltato.cn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =   14.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.8
 75.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, contouring, terraces, grass
waterways, tile drainage, fencing and animal exclusion,
ponds/sediment and water control basins, gulley control
structures/ erosion control structures, pastureland and
pastureland improvement.

POINT SOORCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about 6900 persons at Clear Lake.

Public parks:
   Clear Lake City Park
   Clear Lake State Park
   Mclntosh State Park
                              190

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTA.HE
Fishing
   From boats                 41663.       11.3       28.0
   Shore or ice fishing       81192.       22.0       54.5
Swimming                     180363.       49.0      121.0
Pleasure boating             107250.       29.1       71.9
Hunting                       16288.        4.4       10.9
Picnicking/camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       522852.      141.9      350.7
Sncvmcbiling                  33850.        9.2       22.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 4775.        1.3        3.2
TOTAL                        988253.      268.3      662.8

IMPAIHMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Clear Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Fluctuating water levels are also a prob-
lem.  In 1978 the first extensive winterkill in recorded his-
tory occurred.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consi-
der lake usage to be at its potential although there are occa-
sional conflicts between various recreational activities.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 10  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 100
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECOKMENCATICNS

     Clear LaXe serves as a municipal water  supply  for  6900
persons  in  the  city  of  Clear  Lake.  The water quality is
generally good, due in part to the low ratio of watershed area
to lake surface area.  During drought  periods,  however,  the
lake  is  subject to significant water level lowering and loss
of storage capacity.   This  has  caused  a  number  of  water
quality problems including taste and odors in the water supply
and  a  fishkill  in  the  winter of 1978-79.  Steps should be
taken to maintain the water levels in tha  lake.   This  might
include  reducing the amount of water withdrawn by the city of
Clear Lake and/or  the  recycling  of  water  frcm  the  waste
treatment  plant  following advanced waste treatment to remove
nutrients and any harmful materials.  Careful  study  will  be
needed, however, before the latter is adopted.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
                              191

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watershed  is  detrimental  tc  the  lake in several ways.   It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken tc reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes nas Indicated snail livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              192

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COLD SPRINGS

LOCATION
County: Cass            Latitude   41 Deg  18 din N
                        Longitude  95 Deg   5 Min U
Township  75 N       Range 37 H       Section 15

HATEBSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
         4. hectares  (    10. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc ft             area ha             % of total
     25                     4.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (S)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
     0.0        0.0     100.0        0.0     0.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   25 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, outcrops of
      pre-Sisconsin till, or pre-ttisccnsin till-derived
      paleoscls.  Marhsall, Shelby, and Adair soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 X

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CP LAKE
Measurements from 1970 map
Area    6. ha  (  16. A)
Length of shoreline    1218. m,  (   3996. ft)
Maximum depth  4.3 m  ( 14.0 ft)
Nean depth  2.1 m (  7. ft)
Volume    138492. cubic meters  (   112. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.35    Volume development  1.50
Hatershed/lake area ratio        0.7
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      99. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (nam«d and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des rioines, Iowa 50319
                              193

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250 HBTEBS
                            COLD SPRINGS
                            Cass County

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POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETEB

    Secchi disc depth
      meters
    Chlorophyll a
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight
      mg/1
    Turbidity
      JTO
    Tctal hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen
      mg/1
    Specific conductance
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate
      mg/1
    Chloride
      mg/1
    Scdium
      mg/1
    Potassium
      mg/1
SAMPLE
SIZE
6
9
9
2
2
2
9
11
8
8
9
8
9
1
3
2
2
MEAN
0.9
66.7
64.6
0.17
0.24
1.25
11.6
11.6
100.7
53.7
104.4
9.0
212.2
6.0
3.5
6.0
2.0
STANDARD
EEHOE
0.19
15.30
4.82
0.01
0.01
0.00
2.20
2.00
5.45
5.16
5.12
1.12
13.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
                              195

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Vertical profile for selected measurements oa the sampling date
( 8/ 9/79) with the nest pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEMP
C
31.7
29.1
27.1
23.8
20.4
OXYGEN
ag/1
13.5

2.1

0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
83.6

70.0

24C.7
pH

9.2

8.9

7.5
CHL a
ag/cu m
153.4

134.7

12.0
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT PCLLUTICN SC03CES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential saltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =    8.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area -    0.0
 50.X of watershed xs in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, contouring, ponds/sediment and water control
basins, pastureland and pastureiand improvement,
conservation tillage.

PCIN1 SGUECE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary oody contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary Dody
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Ccld Springs State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccnnu-ssion district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     (JSE/ACfiE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  17C8.      106.8      284.7
                              196

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   Shore or ice fashing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Bunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiliag
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIEHENIS
 4537,
 7163,
  178,
    0,
19952,
    0,

  122,
33660,
 283.6
  11.1
   0.0
1247.0
   0.0

   7.6
2103.8
 756.2
1193.8
  29.7
   0.0
3325.3
   0.0

  20.3
5610.0
     Swimming may be impaired in Cold Springs throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Occasional winterkills nay limit rishing
potential.  White Amur were stocked in the lake to control
aguatic weed growth.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be at its potential.
Estimated aguatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill freguencies:
    0  %
    1 year out of 15
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECGfltlZNCATICNS

     This lake's water quality is not significantly  impaired.
Ccld   Springs   Lake   is   spring   fed   and  has  a  small
watershed/surface  area  ratio.   The  lake  receives   little
surface  runoff.   Consequently/  sediment and nutrient inputs
are relative small.  Jihite Amur have been stocked in the  lake
to control aquatic vegetation.
                               197

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LAKE COENELIA

LOCA1ION
County: Wright          Latitude   42 Deg  47 Bin N
                        longitude  93 Deg  41 din »
Township  92 N       Range 2U W       Section 16

WATIESHZD CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       202. hectares  (   499. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     1U                    51.                  25.2
     17                   151.                  74.8
Estimated land uses  (36)
   Crcoland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    65.7        7.9       0.8         2.6     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (Q-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed .from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lote.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicoilet
      soils.

   17 Nearly leval to strongly sloping (0-14%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lote.  Clarion, Canisteo,  Nicollet, Webster,
      Lester, and Storden soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  28 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   98. ha  ( 245. A)
Length of shoreline    3850. m  (  12532.  ft)
Maximum depth  5.5 m  ( 18.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.3 m (  8. ft)
Volume   2291328. cur-ic meters  (  1657. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.10    Volume development  1.28
Hatershed/la.ke area ratio        2.1
Origin of tasin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      69. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: None
                              198

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1590 HETEBS
                               LAKE CORNELIA
                              Wright County

-------
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Oes Koines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     EARAdiTEE                     SAflfLE   H2AN    STAtlDAHD
                                    SIZE             EHROfi
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.6      0.04
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      32.4      6.99
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      61.4      3.89
      mg/cu.b.ic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.5      0.10
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      20.3      2.10
      mg/1
    Turfcidity                        9       8.2      0.52
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     148.4      1.32
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 9      58.2      5.43
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                10     141.8      2.03
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       7.8      0.66
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     305.0      8.42
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           6       3.1      0.89
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6      16.1      0.42
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      12.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              2CO

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Vertical profile for selected measuremeats en the sampling date
( 9/25/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .

   DEPTH
TEST
C
17.2
16.7
OXYGEN
mg/1
10.5
10.6
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
56.2
55.1
PH
9.1
9.1
CHL a
mg/cu m
4.9
3.2
     0
     1
     2      16.1
     3      16.1       9.2      57.9       9.1      61.7
     4      16.1
This lake was not included in the National Zutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCH-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =      0-3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =    3.
Potential nutrient incut index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.8
 43.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, contouring.

PCIN1 SOURCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEDES # (if any)       Comments

Cabins along lakeshore        septic tank inflows

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W) -wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lake Cornelia Park  (County)
   Eldridge Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECIAHE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2464.       10.2       25.3
                              201

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   Shore or ice fishing        5938.       24.4       60.6
Swimming                      11327.       46.6      115.6
Pleasure boating               3138.       12.9       32.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,otter
activities promoted
by the lake's presence         7745.       31.9       79.0
Snowmcbiling                   1216.        5.0       12.4
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  521.        2.1        5.3
TOTAL                         32369.      133.2      330.3

     Special events at Lake Cornelia contributing to more than
normal use include the Lake Cornelia Association Fun Day  (250
people)  and the Jaycee snowmobile races (400 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Lake Cornelia throughout: the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Septic runoff frcm cabins and
nearby homes may enter the lake.  High fecal bacteria counts
have been recorded at times.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be belcw its potential..

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  4  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE EESTORAIICN EECCBMENDATICNS

     Septic tank systems are a major pollution source to  Lake
Cornelia.   Dye  tests  conducted  in  1978 and 1979 indicated
septic inflow into tie  lake  in  about  15JS  of  the  systems
examined.    Extremely  high  fecal  coliform  counts   (up  to
5000/100ml in January 1978)  have  been  measured  in  various
parts  of  the lake.  Septic systems on the lakeshore may also
be responsible for high fecal coliform counts in two  drainage
wells  near the lake.  A sanitary district was formed in  1979.
Efforts to plan and construct  the  necessary  sanitary  sewer
system are currently hindered by a lack of cost-sharing funds.
It is recommended the necessary steps be taken to complete the
sewer   system.    Elimination   of  septic  tank  inflow  may
significantly improve water quality, as veil as eliminate  th-=
potential danger of tacterial contamination to laka users.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
                              202

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nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles,  following storm events,  sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
lova great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aiove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve tie water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree sucn a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              203

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CEAHFORD CREEK LAKE

LOCATION
County: Ida             Latitude   42 Deg  16 Bin N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  36 Bin H
Township  86 N       Bange 41 H       Section 10

WATERSHED CHAEiCTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       958. hectares (  2367. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     19                   958.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    50.0       28.2      18. 4        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   19 Gently sloping to very steep (2-40S+) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess cr loess-derived
      sediments.  Ida, Napier, Castana, Hamburg, and Monona
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Aiea   25. ha (  62. A)
Length of shoreline    4152. m (  13622. ft)
Maximum depth  9.8 m ( 52.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.4 m ( 11. ft)
Volume    864870. cubic meters (   701. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.34    Volume development  1.06
Watershed/lake area ratio       36.3
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
The rial stratification? Partial
Major inflows (naacd and/or permanent streams)
  Or. named
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 Bast Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50519
                              204

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•C
Ul
                       2268 HETBBS
                                                 CRAWFORD CREEK LAKE
                                                  Ida County

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POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake sucvey in the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples in
the upper mixed zcne c£ the lake.

     PARAMETEE                    SAMPLE    MEAN     STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERBOB
    Secchi disc depth                6        0.8      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10       61.8      8.61
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9       76.2      7.12
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        1.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10       12.8      0.92
      mg/1
    Turtidity                       10        8.2      0.39
      JTU
    Total hardness                  10      185.2      2.86
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                10      107.4      3.08
      mg/1 as CaCG3
    Total alkalinity                 9      169.8      1.99
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Dissolved oxygen                11        6.0      0.20
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10      353.0      6.51
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          7       24.6      0.34
      mg/1
    Chloride                         8        6.3      0.09
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        6.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       10.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              206

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/24/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
TSWf
C
25,8
25.1
25.0
24.9
OXYGEN
mg/1
6. 1
5.6
5.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
22.6
91.7
80.2

pH

8.2
8.3
8.2

CHL a
mg/cu m
59.9
43.8
25.8

     4      24.5       1.6      33.3       8.2       6.4
     5      22.3
This lake was not included in tie National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Hegligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acce/¥r
Potential siitation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  839.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   19.2
 90.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage.

POIN1 SODHCE PC1ID1ICN

No point sources identified

LAKE OSS ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (S)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary ijody
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Crawford Creek  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/H2CTABE
Fishing
   From boats                   1CU.        1.7        4.2
                              207

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   Shore or ice fishing         £46.       13.6       33.8
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                  0.        0.0        0.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking/camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence          260.        4.2       10.4
Snowmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                          1210.       19.5       48.4

IBPaiEHENlS

     Swimming may he impaired in Crawford Creek Lake through-
out the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be below its potential due
tc the lake's recent construction and uncompleted facilities.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  4  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  aamonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.   Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fisn and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
ceccamended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce tie amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  laxes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
                              208

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help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program  might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,   nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore  ve do not: have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              209

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CRYSTAL LAKE

LOCATION
County: Hancock         Latitude   43 Deg  14 Hin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  48 Man W
Township  97 N       Range 25 W       Section  9

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       741. hectares  (  1831. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc if             area ha             % of total
     13                   123.                  16.6
     14                    88.                  11.9
     17                   529.                  71.4
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    84.6        8.9       1.6        2.0     2.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   13 Strongly sloping (9-14%) prairie-derived soils
      developed from Wisconsin till on the Cary Lo.be.
      Clarion and Storden soils.  Includes some bottomland
      soils such as Cclo.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   17 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Canisteo,  Nicollet, Webster,
      Lester, and Storden soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  36 X

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1955 map
Area   99. ha  ( 244.  A)
Length of shoreline    4596.  m (  15079. ft)
Maximum depth  2.4 m  (  8.0 ft)
Sean depth  1.5 m (  5. ft)
Volume   1469175. cubic meters (  1191.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.31    Volume development  1.83
Watershed/lake area ratio        7.5
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  76. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? No
                              210

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998 HETE8S
                                 CRYSTAL LAKE
                                 Hancock County

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Major inflows (named and/oc permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Koines, Iowa 50519

POLLOTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.  Each lake
vas sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBHOR
    Secchi disc depth                5       1.4      0.15
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9       5.6      1.33
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9     171.9      6.84
      mg/cu.Lic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                1       1.5
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 1       0.1
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       1       0.1
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       5.U      0.60
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10       5.6      0.94
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11     184.0      5.56
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10     132.4      5.46
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     152.6      4.78
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       6.5      0.83
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     360.0     15.00
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          6      14.6      0.68
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6      21.7      2.35
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       5.0      0.00
      ag/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              212

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on tie sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEHP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      21.1       6.0     150.9       8.1       2.6
     1      21.1       6.C     15£.1       8.0       1.9
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   30.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    6.3
 15.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces.

POINT SOURCE PCLLUTICK

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as, a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Crystal Lake State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2592.       10.6       26.2
   Shore or ice fishing        5731.       23.5       57.9
Swimming                       7913.       32.4       79.9
Pleasure boating               3991.       16.4       40.3
Hunting                         365.        1.5        3.7
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        22964.       94.2      232.2
                              213

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Snovmo-biling
Ice skating and cross-
country sJu.ing
TOTAL
 1649.

 1737.
46962.
  6.8

  7.1
192.5
 16.7

 17.5
474.4
     Special events at Crystal Lake contributing to more than
normal use include Earth Day  (250 people)  and snowmobile races
(150 people).

IMPAIEMEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Crystal Lake during part of
the summer due to high concentrations of suspended matter.
Freguent winterkills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Con-
servation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be Jjelow
its potential due to winterkills and occasional large fluctua-
tions in water level.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 3
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE HESTOHATION RECOMMENDATIONS
     rare if ever
     The shallowness of this lake contributes significantly to
its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspension of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations frcm declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles,  following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
                              214

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eggsf  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces aiove feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
.basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   Lhey  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program night increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              215

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LAKE CABLING

LOCATION
County: Washington      Latitude   41 Deg  12 Min N
                        Longitude  91 Deg  54 Hin W
Township  74 N       Bange  9 H       Section 21

WATERSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      4929. hectares ( 12179. acres)

Soil Associations uithin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             X of total
     45                   930.                  18.9
     46                  2596.                  52.7
     47                  1402.                  28.4
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    75.7       14.9       6.3        0.0     3.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   45 Nearly level to gently sloping  (0-5%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Mahaska, Otley, and
      laintor soils.

   46 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14%) prairie to
      forest-derived soils developed from  loess,
      pre-iisconsin tail-derived paleoscls, or pre-Hisconsin
      till.  Gtley, flahaska, Ladoga, Clinton, and Adair
      soils.

   47 Moderately sloping to very steep (5-3055) forest-
      derived soils developed from loess,  pre-Wisconsin
      till, or pre-Hisconsin till-derived  paleosols.
      Clinton, Lindley, and Keswick soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 X

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1972 map
Area  121. ha ( 299. A)
Length of shoreline    13132. m  (  43085. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.7 m (  9. ft)
Volume   3240745. cubic meters  (  2626. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.37    Volume development  1.10
Watershed/lake area ratio       40.7
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
                              216

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LAKE  DARLING
Washington County

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Major inflows (named and/or permaneat streams)
  Honey Cr + 1 Unnamed
Outlet: Honey Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 Bast Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SABELE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.4      0.02
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      89.7      8.30
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      96.0      8.41
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.8      0.08
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate «• nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      23.0      0.74
      mg/1
    lurbidity                        8      14.9      1.01
      J10
    Total hardness                   9     115.8      8.02
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      77.2      7.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8      94.0      5.90
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 9      10.1      0.48
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     269.9     17.19
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      12.5      0.29
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4       9.6      1.05
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              218

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( b/ 9/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TEM£     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      31.6      11.4     124.5       9.4     125.7
     1      31.6      11.1     122.7       9.3     120.6
     2      29.3       4.0     111.5       8.1      56.9
     3      25* 5
     4      23.*8       0.0     661.0       7.2       3.7
This lake was included in the National Eutrcphication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to he phosphorus.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SCOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Shoreline erosion may be a significant source of siltation
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/laJte area) x soil loss rate =  513.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   30.8
 46.% of watershed is in approved soil consexvation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, grass waterways, galley
control structures/ erosion control structures, pastureland
and pastureland improvement.

POINT SOURCE PCL1UTICN

Source/NPEDES #  (if any)      Comments

Lake Darling State Park       Hater intake filter backwash
560 hogs                      Storage tank

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary .body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source fcr
   about 2500 persons at Lake Darling State Park.

Public parks:
   Lake Darling State Park
                              219

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   From boats                  2226.        7.4       18.4
   Shore or ice fishing        9723.       32.5       80.4
Swimming                      13656.       45.7      112.9
Pleasure boating               3322.       11.1       27.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         6276.       21.0       51.9
Sncwmcbiling                    347.        1.2        2.9
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  278.        0.9        2.3
TOTAL                         35828.      119.8      296.1

     Special events at Lake Darling contributing to more than
normal use include the Lake Darling Youth Center Camp (1800
people) and two conservation days (350 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Lake Darling throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Iowa Conserva-
tion Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its
potential due to poor water quality.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  0  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill freguencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION aiCOHHjSNDATICNS

     Shoreline erosion is a serious problem in  Lake  Darling.
Shoreline  protection  through riprapping may reduce siltation
and turbidity in the lake.

     The water guality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Elant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
                              220

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reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this laJce) .    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they vill help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservation program.
                              221

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DZSOTO BEND LAKE

LOCATION
County: Harrison        Latitude   41 Deg  32 Min N
        Pottawattaaie   Longitude  96 Deg   0 din H
Township  78 N       Bange 45 H       Section 22

HATEBSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      6585. hectares  ( 16272. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
      1                  2994.                  45.5
     21                  1324.                  20.1
     22                  2267.                  34.4
Estimated land uses  (56)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    84.4        7.0       4.8        0.1     3.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    1 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-55)  soils developed
      from alluvium.  Fluvents and Sarpy soils.

   21 Nearly level  (0-238)  soils developed from alluvium.
      Albaton, Haynie, and Onawa soils.

   22 Level and nearly level  (0-2S) soils developed from
      alluvium.  Luton, Blencoe, Keg, and Salix soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area  328. ha  ( 811. A)
Length of shoreline   27660. m (  90750. ft)
Maximum depth  7.9 m ( 26.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.5 m |  8. ft)
Vclume   8307680. curie meters (  6732. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  4.30    Volume development  0.95
Hatershed/lake area ratio       2C.1
Origin of basin:  Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  76. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation     102. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Young's Ditch* 1 Unnamed
Outlet:  To Missouri B
                              222

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10
•K>
OJ
                                                        DESOTO  BEND  LAKE
                                                        Harrison County

-------
2GS Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.  Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAHETEB                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBBOB
    Secchi disc depth                3        0.3      0.03
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   43      119.1      5.40
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphoros                11      140.4      3.84
      ing/cubic met ex
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        1.21      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.19      0.04
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.11      0.04
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               17       26.5      1.50
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       14       15.8      0.95
      JTU
    Tctal hardness                  14      186.1      1.95
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                14       72.9      3.48
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                14      231.1      1.93
      mg/1 as CaCG3
    Dissolved oxygen                14        5.4      0.36
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            14      445.0      4.54
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          7       22.1      0.95
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6        5.3      0.11
      mg/1
    Sodium                           1       36.0
      mg/1
    Potassium                        1        8.0
      mg/1
                              224

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/2S/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any}.

   DEPTH    TIMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHI a
     m        C       rag/1    mg/cu m             aig/cu m

     0      23.8       9.0     133.6       9.0      199.1
     1      23.8       7.1     125.3       8.9      156.4
     2      23.7       6.2     122.9       8.8      152.7
     3      23.7       6.1     155.4       8.8      124.2
     4      23.7       4.2     161.9       8.6      136.2
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Shoreline erosion may be a significant source of siltation
Estimated erosion rate in region =      0-3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   30.
Potential nutrient JLnput index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    16.9
 90.% of watershed is In approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
field windbreaks, conservation tillage, conservation
planting (trees,grass), landgrading for drainage, tile
drainage, crop rotaticn.

PCIN-I SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(W) -wildlife, warmwater aqua-tic life, secondary body
              contact.
   This lake has also been designated as high quality water and
   is thus subject to higher standards to protect existing uses,
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
 •  DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge
                              225

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACSE  OSE/HECTABE
Fishing
   From boats                  2216.        2.7        6.8
   Shore or ice fishing        7079.        8.7       21.6
Swimming                       8683.       10.7       26.5
Pleasure boating              30387.       37.5       92.5
Hunting                        1U99.        1.8        U.6
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        20439.       25.2       62.3
Snovmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         70303.       86.7      214.3

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Cesoto Bend Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Frequent winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider
lake usage to be below its potential due to poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 10  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 7
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBA1IGN HECOHBENDATICNS

     CeSoto Eend is a "dual purpose" lake serving  both  as  a
waterfowl refuge and recreation lake.  As a result, management
alternatives  must  be  assessed  in  terms of their impact on
waterfowl management as well as their effect on water  quality
and recreational usefulness of the lake.  Management practices
improving   DeSoto  Bend's  recreational  usefulness  include:
shoreline protection,  surface  water  runoff  diversion,  and
aeration.   Shoreline riprapping would reduce back erosion and
sedimentation in the  lake  while  improving  fishing  access.
Shoreline  protection  would  not  appear  to  interfere  with
waterfowl management.  Diversion of surface water runoff would
decrease  nutrient  and  sediment  loading  to  the lake.  The
impact of surface  water  diversion  on  waterfowl  management
depends   on  resulting  water  level  changes  in  the  lake.
Aeration, to prevent the  occurrence  of  winterkills  in  the
lake,   would   create   additional  open  water  areas.   The
establishment  of  these  open   water   areas   should  start
after ice has formed to discourage overwintering  by waterfowl
and thus interfere with management plans.
                              226

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DIAMOND LAKE

LOCATION
County: Poweshiek       Latitude   41 Deg  35 Hin N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  33 Bin W
Township  78 N       Range 15 H       Section  2

HATEBSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding laJce surface)
       1103. hectares (  2727. acres]

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             & of total
     45                   495.                  44.9
     46                   575.                  52.1
     51                    33.                   3.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    80.9        8.2       1.8         C.O     9.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   45  Nearly level to gently sloping  (0-5%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Uahaska, Otley, and
      Taintor soils.

   46  Nearly level to strongly sloping  (0-14i) prairie to
      forest-derived soils developed  from  loess,
       pre-Hisconsin till-derived paleoscls, or pre-Wisconsia
       till.  Otley, ttahaska, Ladoga,  Clinton, and Adair
       soils.

   51  Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-1Q%) prairie
      to forest-derived soils developed from loess or
      pre-Wisconsin till.  Otley, Clinton, and Lindley
       soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  45 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
measurements from 1S76 map
Area   39. ha  (  98. A)
Length of shoreline    5724. in  (  18780. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m ( 22.0 ft)
flean depth  2.6 m  (  9. ft)
Vclume   1027227. cubic meters  (   832. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.57     Volume development   1.16
Hatershed/laJce area ratio       28.3
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. ci
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
                               227

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to
•NJ
CO
                                             DEPTHS IN FEET
                                    4266 METERS
DIAMOND  LAKE
Poweshiek County

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Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 5G319

PCLLD1ION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     fARAMEIEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EB30R
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.9      0.20
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    7      10.1      0.66
      mg/cuhic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      42.4      2.66
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.0      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                7       5.2      0.81
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        7       3.2      0.30
      JTU
    Total hardness                   7     127.7      6.46
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 8      76.2      5.09
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                 7     112.3      5.00
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 7       8.0      0.45
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             7     254.3     11.92
      micronhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      14.2      0.44
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       8.5      0.01
      rag/1
    Sodium                           2       7.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              229

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Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 7/31/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DZJTH    TEMI     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       rcg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      26.6       6.5      45.4       8.3      10.6
     1      26.6
     2      26.5       6.1      56.5       8.3       9.2
     3      2€.1
     4      23.6       1.9     144.5       7.5       8.8
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophicatioa
Survey.  The trophic state iased on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SCUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  387.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   22.9
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS oxfice:
ponds/sediment and water control iasins, contouring,
conservation tillage, strip-cropping, pastureland and
pastureland improvement.

POINT SCUBCE ECLLUTICM

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body con-tact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is ussd as a raw water source for
   about 1200 persons at Montezuma.

Public parks:
   Diamond Lake (County)
                              230

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                  4409.       45.0      113.1
   Six ere or ice fishing       19452.      198.5      498.8
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating               1168.       11.9       29.9
Hunting                        1055.       10.8       27.1
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        35873.      366.1      919.8
Sncwmobiling                    469.        4.8       12.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         62426.      637.0     1600.7

     Special events at Diamond Lake contributing to more than
normal use include a fifth grade field day (350 people)  and
educational tours  (900 people).

IMPALEMENTS

     Aguatic vascular plant growth in Diamond Lake may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Aquatic plants are being
treated with copper sulfate application.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its po-
tential due to aquatic plant growth.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 37  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECCMMENE4TICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
                              231

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extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into tie lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  Light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   Hatershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  aastes reaching tributary streams.  Besearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program night increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              232

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EGG CEEEK LAKE

LOCATION
County: O'Brien         Latitude   42 Oeg  56 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  28 Min fl
Township  94 N       Range 39 H       Section 29

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1160. hectares (  2866. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
      8                   731.                  63.0
     10                   429.                  37.0
Estimated land uses ($)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   ToHns   Other
    78.6       15.8       2.9        0.0     2.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    8 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-935)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      Wisconsin or pre-Hisconsin till.  Galva, Primghar,
      Marcus, and Sac soils.

   10 Moderately to very steep  (14-40JS) prairie-derived
      soils developed from pre-fiisconsin till.  Steinauer
      and Shelby soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTIBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1972 map
Area   11. ha (  28. A)
length of shoreline    2443. m  (   8016. ft)
Maximum depth  6.1 m ( 20.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.0 m ( 10. ft)
Volume    341U77. cubic meters  (   277. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.04     Volume development   1.48
Watershed/lake area ratio       105.5
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Oog Cr
Outlet: Oog Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              233

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672 METERS
                     DOG CREEK LAKE
                     O'Brien County

-------
POLLUTION ASSISSHENT
Data from lake survey  in the  summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper nixed zone cf the lake.

     EABAHETEH                    SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             E2ROB
    Secchi disc depth                 5        0.7      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9       34.2      3.75
      nig/cubic metec
    Total phosphorus                 9       77.9     12.43
      nig/cubic meter
    Kjeldanl nitrogen                 2        1.8      0.11
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        1.2      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite  nitrogen       2        0.6      0.14
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                 9       13.5      1.80
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       10.1      0.26
      JTU
    Total hardness                   B      224.2      4.42
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      113.2      4.91
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9      173.6      4.72
      mg/1 as CaCG3
    Dissolved oxygen                 8        5.4      0.43
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9      425.0      9.65
      Dieremhos/cm at  25 C
    Sulfate                          4       49.5      2.54
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       16.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       11.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        8.0      O.CO
      mg/1
                              235

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Vertical profile for selected measuremeats on the sampling date
( 8/13/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TEMP
C
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.7
22.5
19.7
17.3
OXYGEN
ag/1
4.8
4.8

3.8

1.6

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
74.5
86.4

68.9

117.8

pH

8.0
8.0

7.8

7.6

CHL a
mg/cu m
47.2
46.8

32.9

17.3

This lake was not included in tie National Zutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =   9.19-10.79 Tons/Acre/Ir
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate = 1055.
Potential nutrient infut index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   82.9
 70.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, pastureland and pastureland
improvement, galley control structures/ erosion control
structures, terraces, contouring.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No pcint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A- primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, uarmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Dog Creek Park  (County)
                              236

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL
TOTAL

 2118.
 4039.
 1676.
  434.
    0.
 3258.
    0.

  122.
11647.
OSE/ACBE  USE/HECTAHE
   75.6
  144.3
   59.9
   15.5
    0.0
  116.4
    0.0

    4.4
  416.0
 192.5
 367.2
 152.4
  39.5
   0.0
 296.2
   0.0

  11.1
1058.8
     Special events at Dog Creek Lake contributing tc more
than normal use include the O'Brien County Annual Outdoor
Classroom (20C people).

IMPAIBMEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Cog Creek Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic plant growth may impair shoreline
fishing.  Frequent winterkills and occasional summerkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission person-
nel consider lake usage to be below its potential due to poor
fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  4  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 5-7
Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year out of 7-10

LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The ase of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.   Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
                              237

-------
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing Invertebrates.   For  this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
secticn on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of.
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlor runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              238

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DCN WILLIAMS LAKE

LOCATION
County: Econe           Latitude   42 Deg   7 Bin N
                        Longitude  94 Oeg   1 Bin H
Township  84 N       Bange 27 H       section  5

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed axea (excluding lake surface)
      78U7. hectares  ( 19389. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             X of total
     12                  1933.                  24.6
     14                  3282.                  41.8
     18                  2348.                  29.9
    217                   284.                   3.6
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    90.8        4.9       1.1         0.2     2.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5S)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Cary Lone.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okotoji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lone.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   18 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Calcareous soils are common.  Clarion,
      Harps, Canisteo, Webster, and Nicollet soils.

  217 Nearly level to very steep (0-40%)  forest and mixed
      prairie-forest-derivad soils developed from Wisconsin
      till on the Cary Lobe.  Includes some soils on
      bottomlands and terraces.  Hayden and Lester soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1974 map
Area   60. ha ( 143. A)
Length of shoreline    9042. m (  29667.  ft)
Maximum depth 14.0 m  ( 46.0 ft)
Mean depth  5.2 m ( 17. ft)
Volume   3333249. conic meters (  2701.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.18    Volume development  1.11
                              239

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to
o
                       547 HBTBBS
                                                        DON  WILLIAMS  LAKE
                                                        Boone County

-------
Watershed/lake area ratio      130.8
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual  precipitation  79.  cm
Estimated annual  runoff         13.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94.  cm
Thermal stratification? Zes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Beaver Cr
Outlet: Beaver Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental  Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

PCL1U1IOH ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer  of 1979.  Each lake
*as sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PABAHEIEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBHOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.8      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    7      16.2      3.14
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      30.7      3.93
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.3      0.00
      jng/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.07
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       4.0      0.38
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8       5.9      0.56
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8       2.8      0.22
      JTO
    Total hardness                   8     274.0      3.40
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8     160.0      3.65
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     169.1      2.03
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       8.6      0.85
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     520.0     14.04
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          6      54.8      2.41
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6      19.9      0.08
      mg/1
                              241

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    Scdium                           2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1

Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/ 2/79)  with tie most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TIME     CXYGEN   TCTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      24.9       7.6      31.6       8.0      18.5
     1      2U.9
     2      24.9       7.8      34.9       8.1      16.3
     3      2U.3       4.3      37.9       8.0      18.3
     4      23.1
     5      21.6
     6      20.3       0.2      54.7       7.4      14.2
     7      19.5
     8      18.6
     9      17.5       0.2      24.7       7.6       3.4
    10      16.2
    11      14.5       0.1     533.8       7.2       2.2  '
    12      13.1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT PCLIUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 lons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  490.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =  111.3
 74.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces.

FCINT SOUHCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEOES # (if any)       Comments

Pilot Hound                   Lagoon with no outflow
IA0058530

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary .body contact recreation.
   Class E (W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
                              242

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This laJce is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Den Silliams Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snovoobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL
TOTAL

 6005.
10825.
17225.
 8715.
    0.
40955.
    0.

  122.
83847.
USE/ACRE  OSE/HECTASE
   40.6
   73.1
  116.4
   58,9
    0.0
  276.7
    0.0

    0.8
  566.5
 100.1
 180.4
 287.1
 145.3
   0.0
 682.6
   0.0

   2.0
1397.4
     Special events at Don Williams Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a bass fishing tournament (35 people)
and a golf tournament  (500 people).

IHPAIEUENTS

     Recreational activities do net appear to be impaired ay
poor water quality or aquatic plants.  Siltation may be an im-
portant problem in the north end cf the lake.  Shoreline ero-
sion may interfere with shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be at its poten-
tial.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0.6%
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE BESTOBATIGN BECCBHENDATICNS
     rare if ever
     Shoreline erosion is a serious problem  in  Don  Williams
Lake.   Shoreline  protection  through  riprapping  may reduce
siltation and turbidity in the lake and provide tetter  access
for shoreline fishing.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of tbe basin maJcing the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
                              243

-------
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events,  sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
secticn on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              241

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EAST LAKE (OSCECLA)

LOCATION
County: Clarke          Latitude   42 Deg   2 Bin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  44 Min i
Township  72 N       Bange 25 W       Section 16

HATEBSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       100.  hectares (   217. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             X of total
     36                    18.                  18.2
     37                    82.                  81.8
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Toans   Other
    53.0       34.5       8.6        0.0     3.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   36 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Wisconsin
      till,  or pre-Hisconsin till-derived paleoscls.
      Grundy, Haig, Shelby, and Adair soils.

   37 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18X) prairie and
      forest-derived soils developed from pre-Hisconsin
      till-derived paleosols, pre-Hisconsin till, or loess.
      Adair, Shelby/ Lindley, and Grundy soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S78 map
Area    5. ha (  14. A)
Length of shoreline    1194. m  (   3917. ft)
Maximum depth  4.0 ai ( 13.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.1 m  (  7.  ft)
Volume    117104. cubic meters  (    95. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.44    Volume development   1.61
Hatershed/lake area ratio       20.0
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated anneal precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Xes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
                              245

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ro
, f;
                                                          DEPTHS IN FEET
                                        1*03  HETBHS
                                                                          EAST  LAKE
                                                                          Clarke County

-------
2CS Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

PCL1DTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAHPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfifiOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.6      0.08
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      75.7     15.4
      mg/cuhic meter
    Total phosphorus                10     173.1     17.36
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.0      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  •*• nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      17.4      1.49
      mg/1
    lurnidity                        8      12.6      1.97
      JTU
    Total hardness                   8     110.5      3.06
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 9      76.7      0.82
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     105.1      2.47
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.4      0.66
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     226.9      7.96
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3       6.3      4.34
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5      11.1      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       7.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       9.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              247

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 3/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
   DEPTH
     m

     0
     1
     2
     3
TEMP
  C

26.2
26.0
23.4
21.6
OXYGEN
 mg/1

  9.0
  6.1
  7.0
  0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m

 2C6.9
 246.6
 239.7
 226.0
 pH
9.2
8.9
9.0
7.4
 CHL a
mg/cu 01

  68.9
  71.9
  62.9
  10. 1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SCOaCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Ir
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  252.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   10.6
 88.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces.

POINT SOUHCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification^)
   Class E (H)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   East Lake Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combinarion
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
*  Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                     30.
                   2000.
                     30.
                     43.
                      0.
                   USE/ACRE  (JSE/HECTABE
                       2.1
                     142.9
                       2.1
                       3.1
                       0.0
                         6.0
                       400.0
                         6.0
                         8.6
                         0.0
                              248

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Picnicking,capping,otter
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         9123.      651.6     1824.6
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                   50.        3.6       10.0
TOTAL                         11276.      805.4     2255.2

INPAIEMENTS

     Hater clarity is poor in East Lake (Osceola) throughout
the summer as indicated Jay Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may
impair boating and shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its po-
tential due to uncompleted facilities.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 23  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE HESTOHATION BECCBMENDATICNS

     Eecause large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   Hhile  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the n€ax term and hastening the basin*s long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
                              249

-------
downstream  lakes.    The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from   this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They   will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however,  it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,    and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              250

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EAST CKCBOJI

LCCA1ICN
County: Dickinson       Latitude   43 Deg  24 Bin N
                        longitude  95 Deg   5 Min W
Township  99 N       flange 36 9       Section 15

WATERSHED CHAB.ACTESISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      4942. hectares ( 12212. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     14                  3659.                  74.0
     15                  1283.                  26.0
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   ether
    84.5        7.5       0.6        4.0     3.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-936)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils,

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   8 %

PHYSICAL CHAEACTE&I5TICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1970 map
Area  743. ha (1835. A)
Length of shoreline   27068. m  (  88808. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.2 m ( 10.  ft)
Volume  23474520. cubic meters  ( 19023. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.80    Volume development  1.41
Watershed/lake area ratio        6.7
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  69. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  From Eig Spirit L
Outlet: To Upper Gar L
                              251

-------
to
•Ln
K;
                            8744 HETEBS
                                                              EAST OKOBOJI
                                                              Dickinson County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     FAHAMETEE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7      0.11
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      25.8      8.29
      mg/cufcic meter
    Total phosphorus                10     139.1     11.02
      mg/cubic meter
    Rjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.2      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.3      0.04
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.7      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11      13.6      1.49
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      12.2      0.93
      J1D
    Total hardness                   9     230.7      5.99
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium  hardness                 9      98.7      3.46
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     196.3      1.21
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Dissolved oxygen                10       7.4      0.38
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     422.2      5.96
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      28.7      0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      15.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              253

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/14/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEM£     CXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       39/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      21.7       5.3     175.7       8.1       8.2
     1      21.7
     2      21.7       5.1     168.8       8.1       7.5
     3      21.7
     H      21.7       5.1     165.7       8.1       3.0
     5      21.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 1.93 Tons/Acre/Ir
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   27.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    5.6
 32.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control basins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and pastureland improvement.

POINT SOUfiCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEOES #  (if any)      Comments

125 cattle                    fiunoff  control

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   This lake has also been designated as high quality water and
   is thus subject to higher standards to protect existing uses.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Isthmus Park Access  (State)
   Gilbert's Park (City)
   Memorial Park  (City)
   Clare Hilscn Park
                              254

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTA2E
Fishing
   Frcm boats                 13237.        7.2       17.8
   Shore or ice fishing       45446.       24.8       61.2
Swimming                      35263.       19.2       47.5
Pleasure boating              24488.       13.3       33.0
Hunting                        1867.        1.0        2.5
Picnicking,camping,otter
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       314484.      171.4      423.3
Snowmcbiling                  15178.        8.3       20.4
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 3127.        1.7        4.2
TOTAL                        453110.      246.9      609.8

     Special events at East Okoboji Lake contributing to more
than normal use include boat races  (80 people) and skiing con-
tests  (50 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming and boating may be impaired in East Okoboji
throughout the summer because of Secchi depths less than one
meter caused by algal populations and other suspended matter.
Frequent summerkills and occasional winterkills may limit
fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage tc be below its potential because of
limited shoreline access and poor fishing.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 15  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 7-10
Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 3-5

LAKE BESTORATICN HECGMSENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events/ sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices


                              255

-------
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possiJale to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data oc
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              256

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EASTER LAKE

LOCATION
County: PclX            Latitude   41 Deg  33 Hin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  33 Min W
Township  78 N       Range 23 W       Section 19

WATERSHED CHAEACTEHISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      2618. hectares (  6470. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     30                  2618.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    43.5       13.6       2.8       37.6     2.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till, or
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleoscis.  Sharpsburg,
      Shelby, and Adair soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1977 map
Area   70. ha ( 172. A)
Length of shoreline   10747. m  (  35260. ft)
Maximum depth  7.6 m ( 25.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.3 m ( 11. ft)
Volume   2326057. cubic meters  (  1685. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.64    Volume development  1.32
Watershed/lake area ratio       37.4
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Yeader Cr
Outlet: Yeader Cr
208 Agency:
   Des Hoines 208 Agency
   Central Iowa Regional Association of Local Govts.
   104 East Locust St.
   Des Noines, IA 5C30o
                              257

-------
KJ
cn
CD
                          3302 NETBBS
                                                          EASTER  LAKE
                                                          Polk County

-------
ECLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PABAflETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBHOH
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.0      0.10
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      28.0      5.59
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      54.5      3.56
      aig/cu.bic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.0      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8       9.4      0.81
      mg/1
    lurbidity                       10       8.0      0.60
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     170.0      1.30
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     107.6      0.93
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     122.0      1.25
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       9.1      0.28
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     362.0     12.02
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      50.0      1.04
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      22.5      0.29
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      13.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              259

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEMP
C
23.7
23.7
23.4
22.9
22.4
20.0
OXYGEN
mg/1
10.0

7.4


0.6
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
55.2

70.3


70.7
pH

8.7

8.3


7.7
CHL a
mg/cu m
55.8

48.6


14.2
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

HON-ECINT POLLOTICH SCOHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =   4.94- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  z soil loss rate =  224.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   16.3
 90.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, ponds/sediment and water
control basins.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES #  (if any)      Comments

Des Moines Municipal Airport  Stormwater runoff

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, warmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public vater supply.

Public parks:
   Yeader creek Area  (County)
                              260

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACEE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  4905.       28.5       70.1
   Shore or ice fishing       15334.       89.2      219.1
Swimming                      25388.      147.6      Jb2.7
Pleasure boating               2713.       15.8       38.8
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
lienicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        360G2.      209.3      514.3
Snownobiling                    782.        4.5       11.2
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  762.        4.5       11.2
TOT«L                         85906.      499.5     1227.2

IHPAIEBEN1S

     Swimming may oe impaired in Iaster Lake during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be below its potential due to poor
fishing.  Benovation of the fishery was completed in 1978.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTCEATION fl£CCEMENDATIONS

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake/  like  all  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  tc  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency/  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs/  and cay smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
secticn on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition/
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
                              261

-------
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  Budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the laJte with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              262

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ELDfilD SHERWOOD LAKE

LOCATION
County: Hancock         Latitude   42 Deg  56 flin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  34 Hin W
Township  94 N       Bange 23 H       Section '21

WATEBSHED CHAEACTEEISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       778. hectares (  1923. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc ft             area ha             % of total
    117                   597.                  76.7
     14                   181.                  23.3
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    70.9       16.1      10.2        0.0     2.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

  117 Nearly level to very steep (0-40SS)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till on the Cary Lobe,
      Includes some soils on bottomlands and terraces.
      Storden and Clarion soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements frcm 1979 map
Area    8. ha  (  21. A)
Length of shoreline    2709. m  (   8887. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.8 m  (  9.  ft)
Vclume    235182. cubic meters  (   191. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.65    Volume development  1.26
watershed/lake area ratio       97.3
Origxn of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
                              263

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K)
                                 9377 HETBBS
                                               ELDRED  SHERWOOD LAKE
                                               Hancock County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   9CO East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.  Averages are  for  samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERfiOH
    Secchi disc depth                6        0.7      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10       70.0      6.74
      mg/cuiic meter
    Ictal phosphorus                 9      106.5      9.40
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        1.2      0.12
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2        8.0      0.11
      mg/1
    Seston dry Height               10       18.2      1.20
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9        9.1      0.71
      JTO
    Total hardness                   9      371.1     15.32
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                10      258.2     11.32
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9      279.8     15. U8
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 8        8.2      1.18
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10      65U.5     18.23
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          8       32.6      1.01
      mg/1
    Chloride                         9       21.8      0.2U
      mg/1
    Sodium                           3        5.3      0.33
      mg/1
    Potassium                        3        2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              265

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
«
3
4
5
6
TSMP
C
19.4
18.9
17.8
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
OXYGEN
mg/1
6.6
4.2

9.4

0.2

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
146.4
140.9

136.4

216.8

pH

7.8
7.8

7.6

7.5

GUI a
mg/cu m
93.2
65.9

17.2

12.7

This lake was not included In the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT PCLLUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline eiosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  389.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   69.0
 45.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, crop rotation/ terraces.

POINT SOUHCI POLLUTION

No feint sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Eldred Sherwood Recreation Area  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made fay Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2432.      115.8      304.0
                              266

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        5167.      246.0      645.9
Swimming                       7424.      353.5      928.0
Pleasure boating               1180.       56.2      147.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking ,campiug ,otJier
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        13617.      648.4     1702.1
Snoamobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         29820.     1420.0     3727.5

     Special events at Eldred Sherwood Lake contributing to
mere than normal use include the Girl Scout Day Camp (100
people) .

IMPAIEMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Eldred Sherwood Lake through-
out the summer because of Secchi depths less than oae meter
caused by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be below its potential be-
cause there is no boat access.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  4  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BZCOHHZNDATICHS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  Budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can


                              267

-------
significantly reduce  the  .nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   Tbe  auove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the laJce and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program  might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients/   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore  we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              266

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FIVE ISLAND LAKE

LCCATION
County:  Palo Alto       Latitude   43 Deg   8 Bin N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  39 Min W
Township  96 N       Hange 32 w       Section 18

HATEBSHED CHAB1CTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      3411. hectares (  8429. acres)

Soil Associations witnin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     12                  1971.                  57,8
     14                  1440.                  12.2
Estimated land uses (?)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    92.9        3.9       0.1        0.0     3.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till on the Cary Lobe.
      Eepressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okofcoji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lore.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  26 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S70 map
Area  404. ha ( 998. A)
Length of shoreline   20481. m  (  67196. ft)
Maximum depth  2.6 m (  9.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.0 m  (  3. ft)
volume   4221342. cubic meters  (  3421. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.87    Volume development   1.21
iatershed/lake area ratio        8.4
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Drainage Ditch 80
                              269

-------
M
-J
O
                    12672 HETEHS
                                                           FIVE ISLAND LAKE
                                                           Palo Alto County

-------
2G8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of  Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines,  Iowa 50319

FCLLOTIOH ASSESSMENT
Data from lake  survey  in the summer of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at  least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone c£ the lake.

     EAHAMETEB                      SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERSOB
    Secchi disc depth                 3        2.4      0.12
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10        2.7      0.48
      mg/cuMc  meter
    Total phosphorus                11      147.3      2.90
      mg/cubic  meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                 2        1.1      0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite  nitrogen        2        0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry  weight                10        2.7      0.49
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11        1.6      0.08
      JTO
    Total hardness                  11      192.0      2.34
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                10      113.2      6.51
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11      147.4      4.21
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Eissolved oxygen                 9        5.6      0.70
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11      391.4     14.56
      micromhcs/cm at  25 C
    Sulfate                           3       16.2      0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      33.5      0.01
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        8.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        3.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              271

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/14/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

                                            pH     CHL a
                                                  mg/cu m
DEPTH
m
0
1
TZMI
C
21.3
21.2
CXYGEN
mg/1
3.9
3.8
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
145.1
139.5
                                           7.9
                                           7.9
                                                     2.8
     2      21. 1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic,

NON-PCINT PC1IUTICN SCOaCES
                                        0- 3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
                                                         13.
Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/laJce area) x soil loss rate =
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    7.8
 70.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, crop rotation, terraces, contouring.

POIN1 SOURCE ECLL01ICH

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parJcs:
   Kearney Park  (City)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                              TOTAL

                                830.
                               9UC7.
                                955.
                               2423.
                               1173.
DSE/ACHE  USE/HECTABE
0.8
9.4
1.0
2.4
1.2
               2.1
              23.3
               2.4
               6.0
               2.9
                              272

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Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        266S8.       26.8       66.1
Snowmcbiling                   7392.        7.4       13.3
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                19100.       19.1       47.3
TOTAL                         67978.       68.1      168.3

     Special events at Five Island Lake contributing to more
than normal use include boat races  (150-200 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Aquatic vascular plant growth in Five Island Lake may im-
pair boating and shoreline fishing.  Frequent winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission person-
nel consider lake usage to be below its potential due to poor
fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 33  J6
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5-7
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATIGN HECOHMENBATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   Hhile  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported Nhite Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The shallowness of this lake contributes significantly to
its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspension of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallcwness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishiills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.
                              273

-------
     The water quality  of  this  lake,   like  all  lakes,   is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.   It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the r-asin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-foint pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aJiove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              274

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LAKE GEODE

LOCATION
County: Henry           Latitude   40 Deg  49 Bin N
                        Longitude  91 Deg  23 Bin H
Township  70 N       Range  5 H       Section 36

WATEBSHED CHABACTZBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      3994. hectares (  9869. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
      7                    18.                   0.4
     47                  2104.                  52.7
     50                  1872.                  46.9
Estimated land uses  (%]
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    68.4       19.1       9.9        0.0     2.6
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.   Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zook, and Nodavay soils.

   47 Moderately sloping to very steep (5-30%)  forest-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin
      till, or pre-Hisconsin bill-derived paleoscls.
      Clinton, Lindley, and Kesvick soils.

   50 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie
      to forest-derived soils developed from loess.
      Mahaska, Taintor, Clinton, and Givin soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CH-ABACTEBISTICS CF LAKE
Beasurements from 1973 map
Area   76. ha ( 187. A)
Length of shoreline    9108. m  (  29883. ft)
Maximum depth 15.8 m ( 52.0 ft)
Bean depth  7.2 m ( 24. ft)
Volume   557C858. cubic meters  (  4515. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.92    Volume development  1.36
Ratershed/lake area ratio       52.6
Origin of basin.: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Hajor inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Cedar Cr
                              275

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                        DEPTHS IN FEET
2304 HETEBS
                                    LAKE  GEODE
                                    Henry County

-------
Outlet:  Cedar Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa  Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are  for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAiJAMETEB                     SAfiPLE   HEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERBOE
    Secchi disc depth                4       1.0      0.15
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      21.6      3.63
      mg/cubic meter
    lotal phosphorus                10      37.2      1.69
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.06
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10       8.4      1.40
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10       3.7      0.28
      JTU
    lotal hardness                  10     124.8      5.56
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                10      68.4      5.23
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                10      S3.0      4.70
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                10      10.2      0.58
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     283.5      9.89
      miccomhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           6      27.2      2.68
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6      18.3      4.14
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      10.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              277

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 8/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
£TH
ID
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
TIME
C
32. 1
31.6
30. 1
28.3
26.6
22.9
18.2
15.2
12. 6
11.5
11.1
10.6
10. 1
CXYGEN
mg/1
11.7
11.6
13.8


0.2



0.1


0. 1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
37.2
32.3
38.9


40.3



172.6


619.0
                                            pH     CHL a
                                                  mg/cu a

                                           9.2      20.2
                                           9.3      15.7
                                           9.2      27.7
                                           7.7      15.0



                                           7.5       4. 1


                                           7.4       9.0
    13       9.8
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The tropnic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NGN-ECINT PCLIUTICN SCOECES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 lons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  654.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   35.5
 64.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, gulley control structures/ erosion control
structures, conservation tillage, pastureland and
pastuxeland improvement, .

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES % (if any)      Comments

Lake Geode State Park         Water intake filter backwash
40 hogs                       Storage tank

LAKE US2 ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (W) -wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact .
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
                              278

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This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Geode State Pack

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY                      101AL
Fishing
   Frcn boats                  7426.
   Shore or ice fishing        68*78.
Swimming                      57640.
Pleasure boating               5581.
Hunting                           0.
Picnicking,camming,ather
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        26453.
Sncwmcbiling                    6C8.
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1998.
TOTAL                        106584.
     DSE/AC5E  USE/HECTARE
        39.7
        36.8
       308.2
        29.8
         0.0
       141.5
         3.3

        10.7
       570.0
  97
  90
 758
  73.4
   0.0
 348.1
   3.0

  26.3
1402.4
     Special events at Lake Geode contributing to more than
normal use include two or three fishing tournaments each year
(50 people each).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in lake Geode during part of the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Iowa Conserva-
tion Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its
potential due to poor fishing; possibly resulting from an
overabundance of gizzard shad.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  5  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE BESTORA1ION fiECOWHENDATICNS
rare if ever
     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
                              279

-------
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  test  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section en non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
make significant contributions  tc  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  cf  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
scurce.   The  above  land use recommendations  are made on the
basis they will help improve the bater quality  in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with .sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              280

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GEOfiGE HYTH LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Black Hawk      Latitude   42 Deg  32 Bin N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  24 Win W
Township  89 N       Bange 13 W       Section  3

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       263. hectares (   650. acres)

Scil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ba             % of total
      7                   263.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    67.1       12.0       9.1         7.6     4.2
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.  Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zooit, and Nodaway soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1973 map
Area   21. ha (  51. A)
Length of shoreline    2543. m  (   8342. ft)
Maximum depth  4.6 m ( 15.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.7 m (  9. ft)
Volume    549470. cubic meters  (   445. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.58    Volume development   1.75
Watershed/lake area ratio       12.5
Origin of basin: Gravel Pitt
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: None
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Icwa 50319
                              281

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• cr
t--
                               U753 HBTEBS
                                                        GEORGE  WYTH LAKE
                                                        Black Hawk County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     EASAMETEE                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       1.7      0.29
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      19.9      6.09
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      30.9      3.05
      tag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.05
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      og/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               12       5.9      0.96
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10       4.6      1.06
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11     150.4      3.07
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                11      76.4      1.92
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11     104.5      2.44
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                11       8.7      0.35
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11     322.7      8.18
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      37.7      0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      20.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              283

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 7/31/7S)  with the mcst pronounced stratification (if any).
DSFTH
m
0
1
2
TEME
C
26.7
26.7
26.7
OXYGEN
mg/1
9.2
9.1

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
25.4
26.0

PH

8.9
8.9

CHL a
mg/cu m
12.9
12.5

     3      26.7       9.4      26.7       8.9      13.7
     4      25.6
This lake was nor included in the Naticnal Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

SCN-PCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   50.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    8.4
  5.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
strip-cropping, field windbreaks.

POINT SOUHCE POLLUTION

No pcint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary tody contact recreation.
   Class B(M)-wildlife, warmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is nor designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   George Wyth Memorial State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  1772.       34.7       84.4
   Shore or ice fishing        S643.      189.1      459.2
Swimming                     104250.     2044.1     4964.3
Pleasure boating               1520.       29.8       72.4
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
                              284

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        14C65.      276.2      670.7
Snowmobiling                   19S8.       39.2       95.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  869.       17.0       41.4
TCTAL                        134137.     2630.1     b337.5

     Special events at George Hyth Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a sailboat regatta (3,000 people).

IKPAIFMSNTS

     Recreational activities in George Myth Lake do not appear
tc be impaired by poor water quality cr aquatic plants.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
above its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 26  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCHMENEATICNS

     The water guality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  tie
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes tc the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to scil particles.   Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  anove  land use recommendaticns^are made on the
basis tney will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  pcotect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
                              285

-------
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,   nutrients,    auc   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore ve do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              266

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GKEEN CASTLE LAKE

LOCATION
Ccunty: Marshall        Latitude   41 Deg  56 Win M
                        Longitude  92 Deg  52 Win W
Township  82 N       Bange 17 W       Section  8

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       107. hectares (   264. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     59                    13.                  12.3
     56                    94.                  £7.7
Estimated land uses  (%}
   Cropland   pasture   Forestry   Towns   ether
    4S.5        7.2       1.4        0.0    41.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   59 Gently to moderately sloping (2-9%) prairie or mixed
      prairie-forest-derived soils developed from loess or
      loess over pre-Hiscocsin till oc the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  Tana, Dinsdale, and Downs soils.

   56 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed frcn loess,  lama, Downs, and
      Fayette soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTE8IS2ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    3. ha  (   7. A)
Length of shoreline    T/54. m (   5753.  ft)
Maximum depth  7.6 m ( 25.0 ft)
Nean depth  2.8 m (  9. ft)
Volume    182357. cubic meters (   148. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.94    Volume development  1.1C
Watershed/lake area ratio       35.7
Origin of hasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runcff         15. cm
Estimated, lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 5G319
                              257

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KJ
GO
00
                     250 HBTEHS
                                                         GREEN CASTLE  LAKE
                                                         Marshall County

-------
POLLOTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
vas sampled at least 3 tames.  Averages are  foe  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiBOR
    Secchi disc deptJi                5       1.6      0.12
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      51.7     22.27
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      37.2      3.07
      rag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.15
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      ag/1
    Seston dry weight               10       5.4      0.75
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11       3.7      0.27
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     145.1      4.49
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Calcium hardness                 9      77.3      2.93
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     129.6      3.42
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       8.0      0.64
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     262.5      9.17
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      12.0      1.04
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       7.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              289

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/30/79)  with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TZME
C
25.6
25.0
23.3
23.3
21.7
OXYGEN
mg/1
9.2
8.7
7.1

1.3
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
33.8
28. 6
38.6

47.3
pH

8.4
8.4
8.2

7.8
CHL a
mg/cu m
16.7
17.4
30.7

7.8
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state i>ased on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-fCINT PCLLUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate In region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  335.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    7.6
 80.55 of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local 5CS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, conservation
tillage, terraces, grass waterways, contouring,
strip -cropping.

POINT SOUHCE -ECLLUTICK

No point sources identified

LAKE GSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B(W) -wildlife, warm water aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Green Castle Recreation Area  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTA2E
Fishing
   From boats                     0.        0.0        0.0
                              290

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   Shore or ice fishing        4314.      616.3     1438.0
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                  0.        0.0        0.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,campiag,othec
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         9024.     1289.1     3008.0
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  295.       42.1       98.3
TOTAL                         13633.     1947.6     4544.3

     Special events at Green Castle Lake contributing to more
than normal use include family reunions (150 people), Ferguson
Picnic  (110 people), and the Harshalltown Park and Recreation
sponsored kid's fishing day (75 people).

IKPAIEMEN1S

     Aquatic vascular plant growth in Green Castle Lake may
impair shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation Commission per-
sonnel consider lake usage to be below its potential due to
aquatic vegetation and poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 39  ?
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECOHflENDAIICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated fcr this lake.

     Ihe water Duality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  tie  best  management  practices
                              2S1

-------
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations  are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality  in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake.from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              292

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GBEEN VALLEY LAKE

LOCATION
County: Union           Latitude   41 Deg   6 Min N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  23 Hin W
Township  73 N       Hange 31 W       Section 23

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      2004. hectares (  4952. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   As£cc ff             area ha             % of total
     30                   656.                  22.7
     33                  1348.                  67.3
Estimated land uses  (55)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    76.9       17.7       1.7         0.4     3.2
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Wisconsin till, or
      pre-wisconsin till-derived paleoscls.  Sharpsburg,
      Shelby, and Adair soils.

   33 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or pre-Kisconsin
      till-derived paleoscls.  Sharpsburg, Macksburg,
      Hinterset, and Clarinda soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKii
Measurements frcm 1973 map
Area  173. ha  ( 428. A)
Length of shoreline   19431. m (  63752. ft)
Maximum depth  7.9 m ( 26.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.0 m ( 10. ft)
Volume   4920956. cubic meters (  3S88. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  4.27    Volume development  1.13
watershed/lake area ratio       11.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Platte E
Outlet: Platte B
                              293

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to
•X
                               5069 METERS
GREEN  VALLEY  LAKE
Union County

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2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Koines, Iowa 5C319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zcne of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ES30B
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.9      0.15
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   1C      67.7     19.76
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                1C     193.0      7.69
      mg/cufcic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrocen                2       0.6      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               1C      12.4      1.64
      mg/1
    Turhidity                       1C       9.2      1.C3
      JTU
    Total hardness                   6     112.7      0.42
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium  hardness                 6      82.7      1.84
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     105.9      0.48
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       6.7      0.70
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     252.9     12.34
      micromhos/cin at 25 C
    Sulfate                           4       5.7      0.97
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       9.7      0.12
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              295

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 4/79}  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEfTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TEMP
C
24.5
24.3
24.3
23.9
23.6
23.5
23.4
25.3
OXYGEN
mg/1
6.9

6.9

3.5

1.2

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
207.5

230.7

219.1

257.6

PH

8.8

8.9

8.4

8.2

CHL a
oig/cu m
59.1

62.5

16. 1

15.0

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-FCINT PCLIUTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   9.19-10.79 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  121.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    9.3
 44.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, contouring, terraces, ponds/sediment
and water control rasins.

POINT SOURCE FOILUIICJO

Source/NPEDES #  (if any)      Coaments

Green Valley State Park       Two one-cell lagoons;
                              Total retention

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (M)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about 8300 persons at Creston (backup only)  also state park.

Public parks:
   Green Valley State Park
                              296

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccnuriss-Lon district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY                      TOTAL
Fishing
   From boats                  7426.
   Shore or ice fishing       11182.
Swimming                      16153.
Pleasure boating               4690.
Hunting                           0.
Picnicking/camping/other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       3980CO.
Snovmcbiling                    250.
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  151.
TC1AL                        4378S2.
US3/ACSE  USS/HECTABE
   26.1
   37.7
   11.0
    0.0
  929.9
    0.6

    0.4
 1023.1
  42.9
  64.6
  93.4
  27.1
   0.0
2300.6
   1.4

   1. 1
2531.2
     Special events at Green Valley Lake contributing to more
than normal use include three bass fishing tournaments (75
people) .

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Green Valley Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Frequent sumaerkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider
lake usage to be below its ^otential due to the high algal
population.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0.5%
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year out of 3

LAKE RESTOSATICN HECCMHENDATIGNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  tne near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, ^edineuts
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  nay
interfere with sight-ieeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-ureathing invertebrates.  For tnis
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
                              297

-------
section on non-point foliation for this lake) .    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wa-stea reachiay tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  viith  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feediots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations  are made on the
fcasis they will help improve the *ater quality  in the lake and
slow down tie filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the iaXe from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   otner
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              2SQ

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HANNEN LAKE

LOCATION
County: Benton          Latitude   41 Deg  52 Kin N
                        Longitude  92 Deg   7 Min w
Township  b2 N       Sange 11 W       Section 34

WAIEHSHED CHAEACTEfilSTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       235. hectares (   581. acres)

Soil Associations kitbin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             X of total
     57                   235.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (?)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    34.6       39.9      12.7         0.0     2.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   57 Gently sloping to steep  (2-25S6) forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Hisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTEBISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   15. ha (  33. A)
Length of shoreline    2950. m  (   9679. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.7 m  <  9. ft)
Volume    411982. cubic meters  (   334. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.12    Volume development  1.19
Watershed/lake area ratio       15.7
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, lova 50319
                              29S

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•c
c
                        1037 HBTEBS
                                                            HANNEN  LAKE
                                                           Benton County

-------
PCLICIION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETEE                     SAHPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiHOH
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.4      0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      86.7     27.69
      mg/cubic meter
    Ictal phosphorus                 8     145.5     16.45
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.3      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + iiitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      26.8      2.81
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      15.3      3.01
      JTU
    Ictal hardness                  10     131.0      U.98
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Calcium hardness                 9      75.6      1.48
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                 9     118.4      3.41
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Eissolved oxygen                 8       7.3      1.35
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     251.1     11.36
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      10.2      1.59
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       7.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       8.0      0.00
      aig/1
                              301

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/30/79}  with tne mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TIME
C
25.7
25.4
25.1
24.2
21.9
OXYGEN
nig/1
3.1
2.8

0.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu 31
156.6
162.0

369.6

pH

7.6
7.8

7.2

CHL a
ag/cu m
67.4
55.8

26.2

This lake vas not included in the National lutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SCDBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate -=  179.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    5.4
  9.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended iy local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, contouring.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE LSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class ^-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This laxe is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Uannen Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Snore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL
USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
5124.
14376.
7445.
1258.
0.
134.8
378.3
195.9
33.1
0.0
J41.6
958.4
496.3
63.9
0.0
                              302

-------
Picnicking,camping,ether
activities prompted
ty the lake's presence        179C2.      471.1     1193.5
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         U6105.     1213.3     3073.7

     Special events at Hannen Lake contributing to more than
normal use include an ice fisheree  (760 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Hannen Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  A drawdown was completed in August 1979
to renovate the shoreline.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 17  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECCMMENCATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near tarm and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus   and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried  into the lake
attached to scil particles.   Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  laxe  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are Bade on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program mignt increase
                              303

-------
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,   nutrients,    and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              30U

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LAKE HENDBICKS

LOCATION
Ccunty: Howard          Latitude   43 Deg  22 Bin N
                        Longitude  92 Ceg  33 Min w
Tcwnshic  SS N       Eange 14 H       Section 19

HAIZESH2D CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       454. hectares (  1122. acres)

Soil Associations t»ithin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     61                   454.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    64.5        9.7       2.6        0.0     3.2
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   61 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie and
      mixed prairie, forest-derived sells developed from
      pre-Wasconsin till on the Icwan Erosion Surface.
      Kenyon, Clyde, floyd, Readlyn, and Bassett soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  48 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1975 map
Area   16. ha (  40. A)
Length of shoreline    3125. IE  (  10252. ft)
Maximum depth  5.8 m ( 19.0 ft)
Meaji depth  2.4 m (  8. ft)
volume    384561. cubic meters  (   312. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.20    Volume development  1.24
Watershed/lake area ratio       28.4
Crigin of tasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. en:
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated laJte evaporation      84. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Oes Homes, Iowa 50219
                              305

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UJ
•e'-
er
                             3675 HETBBS
                                                         LAKE  HENDRICKS
                                                         Howard County

-------
FCLHJTICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in  the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAflAMElIB                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZZ             SEROfi
    Secchi disc depth                4        0.6      0.08
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10       75.3     11.28
      mg/cubic meter
    ictal phosphorus                10       68.3      4.23
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.8      0.06
      mg/1
    Anmcnia nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.06
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        1.4      0.35
      mg/1
    Sestcn dry weight               11       17.4      1.83
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       11.4      1.95
      JTU
    Tctal hardness                  1C      130.0      6.04
      ing/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                1C       83.4      5.78
      mg/1 as CaC03
    lotal alkalinity                10       84.4      4.99
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                11       10.5      0.89
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             10      284.0      7.18
      micromhos/cm at 25  C
    Sulfate                          3       26.7      0.88
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       20.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        6.G      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              307

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 9/10/79)  with tie most pronounced stratif ication  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEMP
C
23.3
21.5
20.5
20.4
20.0
OXYGEN
ag/1
8.8
6.2
0.6

1.0
TOTAL P
ag/cu m
68.3
53.0
64.0

100. 1
pH

8.9
8.6
8.8

7.9
CHL a
mg/cu
74. 4
41.5
48.6

28.4
     5      16.5
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  Tie trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ICINT FOLIUTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   4.94- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed araa/lak€ area)  x soil loss rate =  170.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in rcw crops/lake area =   24.0
 30.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
tile drainage, conservation tillage, contouring, grass
waterways,  ponds/sediment and water control basins.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class £ (W) -wildlife, warniwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lake Uendzicks Eark (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission  district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACfiE  USZ/riECTAKE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   356.        8.9       22.3
                              308

-------
   Shore or ice fishing         620.        20.5       51.3
Swimming                       5210.       1^0.3      325.6
Pleasure boating                239.         5.0       14.9
Hunting                           0.         0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        11639.       291.0      727.4
Snowmc-tiling                   1563.        39.1       97.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  5SO.        14.8       36.9
TCTAL                         20117.       510.4     1276.1

     Special events at Lake Hendricks contributing to more
than normal use include the July 4th fun day (700 people) .

IKPAIEHENTS

     Swimming may te impaired in Lake Hendricks throughout the
summer because of Secchi deaths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Frequent winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Com mission personnel consider
lake usage to te below its potential due to poor fisning.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  2  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 2
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOHATICN BECCMBENCATICNS

     Ihe shallowness of this lake contributes significantly to
its water  quality  problems.   Because  tnere  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallcwness also facilitates
wind resuspension of rottora sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishjtills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and cr raised
water  levels  shculd  help  to  solve  tLe  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  je  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
                              309

-------
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events,  sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fisi and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is reccmmerided that steps be taken tc reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tiie  lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagocns to catch feediot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  acove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              310

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HICKORY G30VE

LOCATION
County: Story           Latitude   41 Deg  59 Nin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  21 Min M
Township  83 N       Bange 22 Si       Section 24

WATERSHED CHAEACTEHISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1611. hectares (  3982. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     12                   351.                  21.8
     14                  1261.                  78.2
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    91.5        5.0       0.2        0.0     3.3
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the fcatershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till on the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okoboji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (Q-9X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisccnsin till on the
      Gary Lote.  Clarion, flebster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S79 map
Area   36. ha (  88. A)
Length of shoreline    8372. m  (  27467. ft)
Maximum depth 13.7 m ( 45.0 ft)
Mean depth  5.0 m ( 16. ft)
Volume   1963068. cubic meters  (  1591. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.77    Volume development   1.09
Watershed/lake area ratio       44.3
Origin of tasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cE
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Drainage Ditch 75
Outlet: Drainage Ditch 75
                              311

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N-
                      250 HETEBS
                                                          HICKORY GROVE
                                                          Story County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319

PCLIOIICN ASSESSMENT
Eata from lake survey in the sunnier of 1979.   Each lake
vas sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  IB
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     EAHAME1EB

    Secchi disc depth
      meters
    Chlorophyll a
      mg/cutic meter
    lotal phosphorus
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeidahl nitrogen
      ng/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen
      mg/1
    Nitrate  * nitrite nitrogen
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight
      ng/1
    luriidity
      JTU
    lotal hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctai alkalinity
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen
      mg/1
    Specific conductance
      nicrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate
      mg/1
    Chloride
      mg/1
    Sodium
      mg/1
    Potassium
      mg/1
SAMPLE
SIZE
6
1C
6
2
2
2
10
7
6
6
6
6
8
5
6
3
3
MEAN
0.7
55.9
61.3
0.6
0.2
0.7
13.5
9.7
153. 3
73.7
110.7
11.1
321.3
31.0
21.9
6.0
2.0
STANDARD
EH30R
0.06
16.68
8.82
0.05
0.02
0.00
2.58
0.87
4.28
2.03
2.29
1.39
7. 43
1.54
0.30
0.00
0.00
                              313

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
{ 7/51/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
ID
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TEM?
C
25.3
25.8
24. 9
23.9
21.0
17.8
15.4
14.0
12.6
11.6
10.8
OXIGEN
ng/i
11.7

7.3

0. 1

0. 1


0.0

TOTAL P
ag/cu m
55.1

49.7

105.9

36.6


38S.8

pH

9. 1

8.8

7.7

7.4


7.3

CHL a
mg/cu in
56.9

45.3

170.6

25. 1


20. 2

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophac.

NCN-EOINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rata =  165.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crcps/lake area =   37.6
 30.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, contouring.

PCIM SOURCE ECLLUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Hickory Grove Park  (County)
                              314

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmsission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  8275.       94.0      229.9
   Shore or ice fishing       18175.      206.5      SOU.9
Swimming                      22750.      258.5      631.9
Pleasure boating              12720.      144.5      353.3
Hunting                        5168.       58.7      1U3.6
Picnicking,canping,ather
activities i-rcmpted
by the lake's presence        54285.      616.9     1507.9
Snowmchiiing                   1910.       21.7       53.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1128.       12.8       31.3
TCTAL                        124411.     1413.8     3455.9

     Special events at Hickory Grove Lake contributing to more
than .normal use include an ice drag race (500 people)  and a
snow festival (5CC-750 people).

IKPAIH«ENIS

     Swimming may be impaired in Hickcry Grove throughout the
suaimer because of Sscchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Shoreline erosion may also
interfere with shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation Commis-
sion persor.nel consider lake usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 29  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HZCCEHENCAIICNS

     Shoreline erosion in Hickory  Grove  Lake  is  a  serious
problem.    Shoreline   protection   with  riprap  may  reduce
turbidity and sedimentation in the lake.

     Because localized quantities of rooted aquatic vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake/ a program
of vegetation  control  is  suggsted.   while  this  migat   be
accomplished  through  the  use  of  chemicals or a Mhite Amur
stocking program, the aquatic weed density is  relatively small
and localized close to shore.  Mechanical removal may  be  the
most  practical control method; however the cost-effectiveness
and suitability of this method should be investigated for this
lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,   is


                              315

-------
strongly  influenced  ay the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.   Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.   It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-ijreathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strcng soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on  the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines  can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets   of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons  can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on  the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake  and
slow down tha filling of the lake with sediaents.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.   There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              316

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HICKOBY HILLS LAKE

LOCATION
County: lama            Latitude   42 Deg  16 Mm N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  19 Min M
Township  86 N       Eange 13 M       Section 13

SiATEBSHED CHJVEACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       299. hectares (   738. acres)

Scil Associations uithin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     77                   299.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   TOHJIS   Other
    89.7        5.5       1.8         0.0     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   77 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, loess over pre-Wisccnsm
      till cr pre-hisccnsin till co the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  lama, Dinsdale, and Kenyan soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1975 map
Area   22. ha (  54. A)
Length of shoreline    3999. m  (  13120. ft)
Maximum depth  7.6 m ( 25.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.1 m { 10. ft)
Volume    672136. cubic meters  (   545. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.41    Volume development   1.21
Watershed/laXe area ratio       13.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  G4. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named arid/or permanent streams)
  Ncr.e
Cutlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50519
                              317

-------
OD
                         4793 HETEBS
                                                   HICKORY HILLS  LAKE
                                                   Tama County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey la the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 2 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PASAMETEB

    Secchi disc depth
      meters
    Chlorophyll a
      mg/cu-bic meter
    Total phosphorus
      mg/cutic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight
      mg/1
    Turbidity
      JTU
    Total hardness
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Dissolved oxygen
      mg/1
    Specific conductance
      microrahos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate
      rog/1
    Chloride
      mg/1
    'Sodium
      mg/1
    Potassium
      mg/1
SAMPLE
SIZE
5
9
9
2
2
2
10
8
11
9
9
8
8
4
4
3
3
MEAN

0.4
120.7
107.8
1.6
0.1
0. 1
21.9
19.3
122.5
59.3
98.4
9.8
252.5
19.5
7.5
3.7
2.0
STANDARD
EB-BOB
0.07
15. 33
4.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
3.31
2.33
2.47
3.09
4.04
1. 10
10. b5
1.99
0.20
0.33
o.uo
                              319

-------
Vertical profile foe selected measurements or. the sampling date
( 8/ 1/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
-4
u
5
TEHE
C
27.2
25.6
25.6
23.3
20.0
17.8
OXYGEN
tag/1
10.7
11.5
7.1


0.0
TOTAL P
tng/cu m
118.3
88.3
122.3


556.9
pH

9.6
9.6
9.3


7.5
CHL a
mg/cu m
125.4
112.3
91.7


7.5
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The tiophic state based on 1S7S survey is eutrophic.

NGN-PCINT FCL10TICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligi-ble
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.13 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  110.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crcys/lake area =   12.2
 77.X cf watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terxaces, grass waterways,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, contouring.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No feint sources identified

LAKE USS ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary cody contact recreation.
   Class E (M)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Pualic parks:
   Hickory Hills Park  (County)

Estimates cf total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcrn toats                  16C7.       29.8       73.0
                              320

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        4990.        92.4      226.8
Swinging                      13882.       257.1      631.0
Pleasure boating                117.         2.2        5.3
Hunting                        1307.        24.2       59.4
Picnicking,camping,other
activities promoted
by the lake's presence         2591.        48.0      117.8
Snowmctiling                    226.         4.2       10.3
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  382.         7.1       17.4
TOTAL                         25102.       464.9     1141.0

     Special events at Hickory Hills  lake contributing to more
than normal use include a senior citizen's fish derby (250
people) .

IKPAIfMENIS

     Swimming may be impaired in Bickcry Hills Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may im-
pair boating and shoreline fishing.  According to Iowa Conser-
vation Commission personnel, White Amur were introduced into
the lake in 1S78.  A turbine type aerator is used during the
winter months to prevent anaerobic conditions frcm developing.
I.C.C. personnel consider lake usage  to be below its potential
due to the dense growth of aquatic vegetation.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 12  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION SECGKMENDATICNS

     Various restoration techniques are currently  ueing  used
in  Hickory  Hills Lafcs.  A turbine type aerator is being used
tc maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations.  White Amur  have
been   stocked   in   the   lake.    Current  restrictions  on
recreational use of the  lake  due  to  aquatic  plant  growth
suggest  the  effectiveness of the White Amur stocking program
ir. Hickory Hills lake needs to be evaluated.

     The water Duality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt  frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as   phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to scil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this


                              321

-------
reason a strong soil conservation program is  reconnended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in tne lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-feint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              322

-------
LAKE ICARIA

LCCA1ICN
County: Adams           Latitude   41 Deg   3 Mm N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  45 Min W
Township  72 N       Eange 34 W       Section 10

WATERSHED CHARACTEBIS1ICS
Watershed area(exclud.ing lake surface)
      6795. hectares ( 16791. acres)

Soil Associations v,ithin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     30                  3789.                  55.8
     34                  3006.                  44.2
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    69.7       22.3       4.2        0.0     3.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till, or
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleoscls.  Shaipsburg,
      Shelby, and Adair soils.

   34 Gently sloping to moderately steep (2-18%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from pre-Hisconsin till,
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived palecscls, or loess.
      Shelby, Adair, and Sharpsburg scils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1978 map
Area   73. ha ( 180. A)
Length of shoreline   33962. m  ( 111425. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.2 m { 11.  ft)
Vclume ". 9084581. cucic meters  (  7362. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  5.70    Volume development   1.32
Watershed/lake area ratic       93.1
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  &4. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      99. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Kemp Cr + 2 Unnamed
Cutlet: Kemp Cr
                              323

-------
OJ
'NJ
f:
                      3085  HETEBS
LAKE ICARIA
Adams County

-------
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   SCO last Grand Avenue
   Des Koines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are  for  samples in
the upper mixed zone of tie lake.

     PABAHETZB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ESBOH
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.8     0.15
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      51.8     11.02
      mg/cutic meter
    Ictal phosphorus                11      54.8     2.68
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6     0.05
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1     0.04
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1     0.02
    Seston dry weight                9      11.2       1.01
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11       8.4       1.23
      JTU
    Icral nardness                   6     107.0       1.34
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 6      73.0       0.45
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Ictal alkalinity                 9     103.6       2.44
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                10       8.3       0.53
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     238.5       9.66
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          5       7.6       1.23
      mg/1
    Chlcride                         5       5.5       0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       5.0       0.00
      mg/1
    Ectassium                        2       5.0       0.00
      mg/1
                              325

-------
YGEN TOTAL
P
pH
g/1 mg/cu m
6
6
6
1
0
.9
.5
• ^
.9
. 3
4
2.
47.
4
9
15
4.
1.
1.
1
5
1
7
3
8.
8.
8.
7.
7.
2
3
1
7
6
CHL
a
mg/cu m
26.
30.
21.
13.
9.
9
7
7
8
4
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 7/79)  with the aicst pronounced stratification  (if any) .

   DEPTH    TEHP
     m        C

     0      27.3
     1      27.3
     2      27.1
     3      27.0
     4      2e.O
     5      24.4
     6      23. 1
     7      21.8
     8      21. 1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey,  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT ECLLUTICN SCUKCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  329.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   16.7
 75.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, conservation
planting (trees,grass), conservation tillage, terraces,
contouring, gulley control structures/ erosion control
structures.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES * (if any)      Comments

Lake Icaria State Park        Two-cell lagoon; total
                              retention

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary tody contact recreation.
   Class B  (W)-wildlire, warmwater acjuatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-caw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lake Icaria Recreation Area (County)
   Icaria Wildlife Area (State)


                              326

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Estimates oi total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional  judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USS/ACBE  USE/H2CTA3E
Fishicg
   Frcm boats                 11111.       78.4      193.3
   Shore or ice fishing       14331.       79.6      196.3
Swimming                      14951.       83.1      204.8
Pleasure boating              33518.      186.2      459.2
Hunting                       13420.       74.6      183,8
Fie nick ing, cainp in g,o tier
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        56876.      316.0      779.1
Snowmcbiling                   1215.        6.8       16.6
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1G78.        6.0       14.8
TOTAL                        149500.      830.6     2047.9

     Special events at Lake Icaria contributing to mure than
normal use include six tass fishing tournaments (125 people).

IKPAIEKEN1S

     Swimming may te impaired in Lake Icaria during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  According to Iowa Conservation Commis-
sion personnel, shoreline erosion  (caused by wave action)  cre-
ates muddy conditions and reduces shoreline access.  I.C.C.
personnel consider lake usage to te at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  8   %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE HESTOSATICN 3ECCKMENDATICNS

     Shoreline  erosion   in   Lake   Icaria   is   extensive.
Siprapping  may  improve water quality in the lake by reducing
the concentration of suspended material in the water column.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt  frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the   lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the tasin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce   light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
                              327

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reason a stxcng soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommenced by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    la  addition,
it is recommended chat steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
maJte significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feediots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the laJce.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-fcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              526

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INDIAN LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Van Euren        Latitude   40 Deg  38 Kin N
                         Longitude  91 Deg  45 Mia w
Township  67 N       Eange  8 »       Section  2

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       144. hectares  (   356. acres)

Soil Associations  within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
      7                    73.                  50.8
     44                    71.                  49.2
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland •  Pasture    Forestry   Towns   Other
    68.4       19.4       8.5        0.0     3.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-55&)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.   Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zook,  and Nodaway soils.

   44 Gently to strongly sloping (0-14%) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-wisconsin
      till-derived paleoscls, or pre-wisconsin till.
      Grundy, Pershing,  Heller, Keswick, and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  85 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from  1979 map
Area   21. ha  (  51. A)
Length of shoreline    2766. m  (   9075. ft)
Maximum depth  2.4 m  (   8.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.5 m  (  5.  ft)
Volume    307925.  cubic  meters  (   250. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.72     Volume development   1.34
Watershed/lake area ratio        6.9
Crigiii of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runufr         18. cm
Estnated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification?  Partial
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
                              329

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Co
Lu
O
                          1224 HBTBRS
                                                              INDIAN  LAKE
                                                             Van Buren County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Icwa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for  samples in
the upper mixed zcne of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROB
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7     0.06
      mecers
    Chlorophyll a                   10      23.0     3.58
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 6      62.1     6.18
      mg/cubic mater
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5     0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1     0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.0     0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      15.5     1.63
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       3.3     1.07
      JTU
    Total hardness                  12     127.5     3.86
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                11      91.8     2.59
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                 9      91.6     1.66
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       8.7     0.72
      ng/1
    Specific conductance            10     286.0     13.64
      micrcmhcs/cni at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      UO.fa     1.59
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       5.5     0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       7.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Pctassiua                        2       4.0     0.00
      mg/1
                              331

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 6/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
   DEPTH
     ID
TIN?
  C
CXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
?H
 CHL a
mg/cu m
     C      27.3      11.2      58.3       S.O      31.4
     1      26.7      11.5      6C.6       9.0      37.4
     2      25.6       3.2      94.8       8.0      39.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosicn:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   78.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    4.7
 75.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Eest management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation planting (trees,grass).

FCIN1 SCUBCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (W)-'wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Indian Lake Park (City of raruingtcn)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmcission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                   1901.
                   2325.
                   2977.
                    413.
                      0.
                   USE/ACHE  USE/HECTAHE
                      37,
                      45,
                      58,
                       8,
                        90,
                       110.
                       141,
                        19,
             5
             7
             8
             7
                       0.0
                         0.0
                              332

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Picnicking f en zip ing, other
activities prcmpted
ty the lake's presence        10^41.      204.7      497.2
Snowmcbiling                      0.        O.C        0.0
Ice skating and crcss-
ccuntry skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         18057.      354.1      359.9

IMPAISMEN-1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Indian Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Occasional win-
terkills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Com-
mission personnel consider lake usage tc te below its poten-
tial due to a poor fish pcpulaticr..

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  5  %
Estimated winterkill fregueucies: 1 year cut of 7
Estimated summerkill freguencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOHATION BICGMMENDATICNS

     The shallowness of this lake contributes significantly tc
its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallcwness also facilitates
wind resuspensicn of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  shculd  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure wculd provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  seccnd  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     The water guality  of  this  lake,  like  ail  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into   the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this


                              333

-------
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
thzs   watershed   utilizing  the  test  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastas reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great laJces has indicated small livestccx  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are iaade on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water Duality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments/  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  tie  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              33U

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INGHAE LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Emmet            Latitude   U3 Deg  19 ftin ;J
                         Longitude  9U Deg  42 Win W
Township  98 N       Range 33  H       Section 12

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excludiag lake  surface)
      2789. hectares  (   6892.  acres)

Soil Associations  within watershed
   Assoc *             area  ha             % of total
     12                   531.                  19.1
     14                  2258.                  80.9
Estimated land  uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture    Forestry   Towns   Other
    91.4         5.1       0.2         0.0     3.3
Description of  topography and  soils  in soil assocj-azioiis
represented in  the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently  sloping  (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional aad calcareous soils are common.
      Webster/  Okotoji,  Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X) prdirie-
      derived soils developed  from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lote.   Clarion, Webster,  Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  65 %

PHYSICAL CHASACTEHISTICS OF  LAKE
Measurements from  1973 map
Area   153. ha  ( 377.  A)
Length of shoreline    6816.  m (  22363.  ft.)
Maximum depth   3.7 m  ( 12.0  ft)
Mean depth  1.9 m  (   6.  ft)
Volume   2859123.  cubic  meters (  2317. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.56     Volume development   1.53
Watershed/lake  area  ratio        18.2
Crigin of basin:  Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71.  cm
Estimated annual runoff          10.  cm
Estimated lake  evaporation       89.  cm
Thercal stratification?  No
Major inflows  (named  and/or  permanent streams)
   None
Cutlet: None
                               335

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U!
cr
                                  1585 HETBRS
INGHAM LAKE
Emmet County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAKELE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiflOR,
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.1      0.30
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      62.1     12.80
      mg/cuaic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9     126.0     23.02
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahi nitrogen                2       1.7      0.04
      mg/1
    Amiacnia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dr^ weaght                9      11.1      2.10
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       9.1      1.90
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11     273.5      4.26
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10     147.4      3.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     122.8      3.52
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9      10.2      0.81
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     500.0     10.00
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3     114.5      2.29
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      25.5      O.uO
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              337

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
{ 8/14/79)  nth the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TIME     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       ng/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu Q

     0      20.5       8.1     211.8       8.5      77.1
     1      20.3       8.2     201.6       8.5      71.9
     2      20. 1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- U.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watersned area/lake area) x soil loss rate =   73.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    16.7
 51.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Eest management practices recommended .oy local SCS office:
conservation tillage.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEDhS »  (if any)      Comments

Livestock                     Runoff  control
250 cattle                    Runoff  control

LAKE LSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-priiaary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife/ warmwater aquatic life/ secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Helden Recreation Area  (County)
   Ingham Wildlife Area  (State)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRZ  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Fr.cm boats                  26<46.        7.0        17.3
                              238

-------
   Shore or  ice  fishing         8239.       21.9       53.8
Swinging                        6843.       23.5       57.8
Pleasure boating                31S8.        3.5       20.9
Hunting                         1C70.        2.8        7.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         11420.       30.3       7U.6
Snowmobiling                    U775.       12.7       31.2
Ice skating  and  cross-
country skiing                  26S2.        7.1       17.6
TOTAL                          <*26£3.      113.7      280.3

     Special events  at Ingham  Lake contributing to more than
normal use include a  winter  fishing derby (100-150 people).

IMPAIBHENIS

     Swimming may be  impaired  in Ingham Lake during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic  vascular plant growth may im-
pair boating and shoreline fishing.  Frequent winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa  Conservation Commission person-
nel consider lake usage to .be  below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  5  %
Estimated winterkill  frequencies: 1 year cut of 5-7
Estimated summerjcill  frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTORATION H£CCKMENDATICNS

     Eecause large quantities   of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational  activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  tne  use  of
chemicals,   studies   in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can     provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  Shite  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     Eecause this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. Ihe use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of   this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcn soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental   to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes  to the filling of  the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and  hastening the basin's long tern
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments


                               339

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introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing inverteorates.   For  this
reason a strong soil conservation progran is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps he taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
maXe significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feediots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-fcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              3UO

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LAKE IOBA

LOCATION
County: Iowa             Latitude   41 Dag  58 Sin S
                         Longitude  92 Deg  10 Bin W
Township  79 N       Bange  11 W       Section 19

WATIESHED CHAEACTEEISTIC5
Watershed area{excluding lake surface)
       539. hectares  (   1332. acres)

Soil Associations  within watershed
   Assoc 9             area ha             % of total
     46                   313.                  58.1
     51                   226.                  41.9
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture    Forestry   Towns   Cther
    53.3       15.2       4.1         0.0    17.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in tie watershed

   46 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14S)  prairie to
      forest-derived soils developed  from Icess,
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived palecscls, or pre-Wisconsin
      till.  Ctley, flahaska, Ladoga,  Clinton, and Adair
      soils.

   51 Gently sloping to  moderately steep  (2-18%) prairie
      to forest-derived  soils developed from loess or
      pre-Wiscousin till.  Otley, Clinton, and Lindley
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTZBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements frcm  1578 map
Area   43. ha  ( 107. A)
Length cf shoreline    4404. m  (  14449. ft)
Maximum depth  9.8 m  ( 32.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.6 m  ( 12.  ft)
Volume   1243463. cubic  meters  (  1CC8. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.12    Volume development  1.12
Watershed/lake area ratio       12.5
Crigin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification?  Partial
Major inflows  (named and/cr permanent streams)
  Pig Cr
Outlet: Pig Cr
                              341

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u-
.p
                                       918 HETBBS
                                                                       LAKE  IOWA

                                                                       Iowa County

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2C8 Agency:
   leva Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa SOJ19

PCLLUIICN ASSESSMENT
Cata from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are  for  samples IB
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             SHR02
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5     0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   1C      90.0     10.04
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      66.3     6. 46
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.6     0.35
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1     0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1     0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      15.2     1.47
      mg/1
    Turridity                        9      13.7     1.98
      JTO
    Total hardness                  10      94.8     0.^5
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10      51.6     1.02
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10      80.2     1.38
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       7.9     0.72
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     200.0     2.39
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      12.3     0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4      11.0     0.01
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       7.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.5     0.50
      mg/1
                              343

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/30/7S)  with the most pronounced stratification (Li. any) .
DEPTH
m
C
1
2
3
4
5
IldE
C
25.0
25.0
24.4
23.9
23.3
22.2
CXYGEN
mg/1
11.9
8.9

5. 3

0.6
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
11S.8
64.9

60.1

157.4
pH

9.2
9. 1

6.4

7.5
CHL a
mg/cu m
137.7
105. 5

16.5

6.0
This laxe was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-FGINT POLLUTION 3COHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  ^17.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    8.4
 60.£ of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, contouring, crop rotation.

PCIN1 SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE CS£ ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary cody contact recreation.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Iowa County Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      IOTAL     USE/ACEE  Uii/HECTAHE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2930.       27.4       68.1
                              344

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        6755.       63.1      157.1
Swimming                      11725.      109.6      272.7
Pleasure boating                391.        3.7        9.1
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,cther
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        25363.      237.1      590.0
Snowmcciling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  608.        5.7       14.1
TOTAL                         47777.      446.5     1111.1

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may  he  impaired in Lake Iowa throughout the sum-
mer because or Secchi depths less than one meter caused by al-
gal populations.   Io«a Conservation Commission personnel con-
sider laKe usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aquatic  plant coverage 33  %
Estimated winterkill  frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill  frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION aiCGMMENCATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed iuto it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the .basin making the  lane  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the tasin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to scil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into   the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil  conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed    utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point  pollution for this lake) .   In  audition,
it is recommended  that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes  reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has  indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.    The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above reedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation   of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
signilicantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recomaendatioiis are made on the
basis they will help  improve the hater quality in the lake and
slow down  the filling of the lake with ssdiments.   They  will
help  protect the  lake from future degradation; however,  it is


                              3U5

-------
not possible to state the degree such a program might  increase
the water Duality in the lake.  There are insufficient ddta on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,   nutrients,    and   otner
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we  do  not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of   such  a
conservation program.
                              346

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KENT PAHK LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Jchnscn          Latitude   41 Ceg  44 Min N
                         Longitude  91 Deg  44 Min W
Township  80 N       Hange  8 H       Section 24

HATEBSHED CHAEACTE5ISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       266. hectares  (   656. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc ?             area ha             % of total
     57                   266.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland    Pasture    Forestry   Towns   Other
    10.2        3.4       2.0         0.0    84.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   57 Gently sloping to  steep  (2-2555) fcrest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Wisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CH«tACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1977 map
Area   11. ha  (  26. A)
Length of shoreline    2720. m  (   8923. ft)
Maximum depth  6.1 m  ( 20.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.3 m  (  8.  ft)
Volume    240138. cubic  meters  (   195. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.36    Volume development  1.12
Watershed/lake area  ratio       24.2
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      85. cm
Thermal stratification?  Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Cutlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department oi Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa  5031:9
                               347

-------
Co
•-»=
                       463  HETEBS
                                                            KENT PARK  LAKE
                                                            Johnson County

-------
rCLLUTICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at lease 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the laJie.

     FAHAMiiER                     SAMPLE   MZAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEEGB
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      39.7      4.75
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      74.1      8.34
      ag/cucic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.3      0.10
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      16.7      3.73
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        9       7.6      1.28
      J1U
    Total hardness                   8     106.7     10.17
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 8      53.7      6.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     100.7      9.86
      mg/1 as CaCG2
    Dissolved oxygen                10       8.8      0.73
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     195.9     17.66
      micrcmhcs/ca at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       6.2      2.89
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       1.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              349

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
(  8/29/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
IT.
0
1
2
3
U
TEMP
C
26. 1
24. 4
23.9
22. 3
21.7
OXYGEN
aig/1
11.2
a. 7
4.7

0.8
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
9G.5
115.0
93.9

167.5
?H

9.2
9.1
8.9

8.4
CfiL a
mg/cu m
66. 2
42.3
23. 2


This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  Tie trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutro^hic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  331.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake acea =    2.5
 79.% of watershed is in approved soil conservatiun practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SC5 office:
conservation tillage, crop rotation.

POINT SOUHCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEEZS *  (if any)       Comments

250 hcgs                      Storage tank

LAKE LSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   F.fc. Kent Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists tased on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USt/HEvJTASE
Fishing
   Free boats                  1572.       60.5      142.9
                              350

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        5525.      212.5      502.3
Swiping                      29619.      1139.2     2692.5
Pleasure coating                456.       17.5       41.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnick ing, cam ping /otter
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         5878.      225.1      534.14
Sncwmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country siting                 1215.       46.7      110.5
TOTAL                         44265.      1702.5     4024.1

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may  be impaired in  Kent Par* Lake during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less  than one oieter caused
by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation  Commission personnel
credit aerators for reducing aquatic plant growth in the lake
and eliminating problems  with low dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions.  I.C.C. personnel  consider lake usage to be at its po-
tential.

Estimated aquatic  plant coverage  34  %
Artificial aeration used
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION 2ECCMMSNDATICNS

     Because this  lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills.  The use of  artificial aeration devices  to
maintain   dissolved  oxygen  concentrations  is  recommended.
Three aerators are presently being used   throughout  the  year
fcr this purpose.

     The watez Duality  of  this  lake,   like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by  the materials that are cashed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
ccntrioutes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening  the casin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are   carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storai events, sediments
introduced  into   the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation prog rain is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  cest   management  practices
recommended by the local  soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .   In  addition,
it is recommended  that steps be taken to  reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes  reacning trioutary streams.   Hesearcn on the


                              351

-------
Iowa great lakes nas indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  cudgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff/   and
spray  irrigation  oi  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis tney will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the falling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water Duality in the lake.  There are insufficient ciatd on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-tcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  nave
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              352

-------
LAKE KEOMAH
LOCATION
County: Mahaska

Township  75 N
   Latitude
   Longitude
R an g e 15 V
                                   41 Deg  17 fain N
                                   92 Deg  32 Min W
                                      Section 24
HATEBSHEE CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       751. hectares  (   1855. acres)

Soil Associations  within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     45                    90.                  11.9
     46                    426.                  56.7
     U7                    235.                  21.3
Estimated land  uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture    Forestry    Towns   Other
    73.9        16.1        6.9         0.0     3.1
Description of  topography  and soils in soil associations
represented in  the watershed

   45 Nearly level to gently sloping  (0-53) prairie-derived
      soils developed frcm loess.   Mahaska, Otley, and
      Taintor soils.

   46 Nearly level to strongly sloping  (0-14*)  prairie to
      forest-derived soils developed  frcm loess,
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleoscls, or pre-Wisconsin
      till.  Ctley, Mahaska, Ladoga,  Clinton, and Adair
      soils.

   47 Moderately sloping to very steep  (5-305&)  forest-
      derived soils developed from  loess, pre-Wisconsin
      till, or  pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleoscls.
      Clinton,  Lindiey,  and Keswick soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %
PHYSICAL CHASACTERIS1IC5 GF LAKZ
Measurements frcm 1973 map
Area   34. ha  (  64. A)
Length of shoreline    6014. m  (
Maximum depth  6.7 x  ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.1 m (  10. ft)
Volume   1044370. cubic meters  (
Shoreline development  2.91
Watershed/lake area  ratio
Origin of rasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation
Estimated annual runoff
Estimated lake evaporation
Thermal stratification? Yes
                                   1S730. ft)
                                (    346. acre-feet)
                                Volume development
                                22. 1
                              1.37
                                66.
                                16
                                91,
               Cffl
               COi
               cm
                               353

-------
u.
in
                                   4719 HETERS
                                                                LAKE  KEOMAH

                                                                Mahaska County

-------
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department cf Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319

PCLLOTICN ASSESSMENT
Cata from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 5 times.  Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.6      O.OU
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      65.6     11.76
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      86.1      6.58
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.9      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      18.3      1.69
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        8      12.8      1.32
      JTD
    Total hardness                   9     117.1      3.87
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      68.0      2.38
      mg/1 as CaCQj
    Total alkalinity                 8      94.2      3.15
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                10       8.9      1.12
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     265.0     1U.16
      micron;hos/cic at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      22.5      2.18
      mg/1
    Chloride                         U      13.6      0.13
      mg/1
    Scdium                           1       8.0
      mg/1
    Potassium                        1       6.0
      mg/1
                              355

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( y/ 5/79)  witu tha most pronounced stratification  (if any) .

   DhETH    TEME     CXYGEN   TOTAL ?       pH     CHI a
     m        C       njg/1    mg/cu m             aig/cu m

     0      27.2      10.5      86.5       9.1      84.6
     1      26.1      11.0      96.4       8.9      90.6
     2      25.6       7.9      90.5       8.9      58.8
     3      2U.U
     U      23.3       0.2      92.5       7.7       6.7
     5      21.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutro^hic.

NGN-POINT PC1LUTICN SCUECES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate -  252.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    16.3
 31.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, ponds/sediment and water
ccntrcl basins.

FCINT SOURCE FCLLUIICN

No pcint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreaticn.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary  body
              contact.
   Class C-raw i»ater source for a potable water supply.
This lake is usad as a raw water source for
   aJaout 1500 persons at Lake Kecmah State Park.

Public parks:
   Lake Keomah State Park
                              35fa

-------
Estimates of tonal annual  lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists cased on a combination
of existing records and  professional judgement.
ACTIVITY                      TOTAL
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2562.
   Shore or ice fishing        8988.
S wincing                      50111.
Pleasure boating              10739.
Hunting                           0.
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        73020.
Snowmooiling                   3558.
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 2429.
TOTAL                         151410.

IMPAIfiHENIS
     USE/ACEE  USE/HECTARE
        30.5
       107.0
       596.b
       127.a
         0.0
       869.3
        42.4

        28.9
      1802.5
  75,
 264,
1473,
 315,
4
4
9
9
   0.0
2147.6
 104.6

  71.4
'4453. 2
     Swimming may be  impaired in Lake Keoraah througnout the
summer because of Secchi  depths less than one mater caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
shoreline fishing.  Iowa  Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to  be below its potential due to siita-
tion, turbidity,  and  poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  2  %
Estimated winterkill  frequencies:  rare  if ever
Estimated sumaerkill  frequencies:
rare if ever
LAKE BES10BATION BECOMHENDATIONS
     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities  in this lake, a program
of vegetation control  is  recommended.    While  this  might  be
accomplished   through    mechanical  harvest  cr  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in   other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  Jihite  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     lie water quality  of  this   lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced   by  the materials  that are washed into it
through its trioutary  streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the  basin  making the  lake  more
shallow  in  tie near  term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such  as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following  storm events, sediments
                               357

-------
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fisn
eggs,  and may smother gall-breathing invertebrates.   For  this
reason a strong soil conservatiun program is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feediots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contriout-ions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              358

-------
LACEY-KEOSAUQOA LAKE

LOCATION
County: Van Buren        Latitude    40  Deg  43 flin N
                         Longitude   91  Deg  58 Hin W
Township  66  N        Hange  10  H        Section 11

WATEBSHED CHASACTEEISTICS
Watershed area (excluding  lake  surface)
       29j. hectares  {    723.  acres)

Soil Associations  «ithin  watershed
   Assoc *             area  ha             % of total
     44                    104.                  35.4
     38                    189.                  £4.6
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture    forestry    Towns   Other
    44.8       32.5       20.6        0.0     2.2
Description of topography and  soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed
   44 Gently to strongly sloping  (0-1 4£) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin
      till-denved paleosols, or  pre-Wisconsin till.
      Grundy, Pershing, klellar, Kesuick, and Lindley soils,

   38 Gently slopin-j to steep  (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Hisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and Weller soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 1 00 i

PHYSICAL CHAEACTE2ISTICS OF  LAKE
Measurements from 1S7S map
Area   25. ha (  61. A)
Length of shoreline    2095. m  (   6875. ft)
Maximum depth  6.5 m  ( 28.0  ft)
Mean depth  3.6 m ( 12. ft)
Volume    318406. cubic meters  (   258. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.98    Volume development  1.26
Watershed/lake area ratio       11.7
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or  permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Das Moines, Iowa 50319
                              359

-------
OJ
.cr
G>
                                                    LACEY-KEOSAQUA LAKE

                                                    Van Buren County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMILE   MEAN    STANDA2D
                                    SIZE             EaHOa
    Secchi disc depth                6       2.2      0.31
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      10.6      3.47
      nig/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11      29.6     13.36
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.1      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.0      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Ssston dry weight               11       3.4      0.36
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       12       3.8      0.53
      JTU
    Total hardness                  12     123.7      2.59
      aig/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                11      92.2      2.25
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                14      72.0      2.11
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                11       7.9      0.32
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11     261.4     11.99
      oiicrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          5      45.8      6.01
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6       1.9      0.08
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       3.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              361

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 8/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TEMP
C
30.
30.
30.
27.
21.
14.
1 1.
10.
S.
3
2
1
1
1
8
7
u
7
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.
7.
7.

5.


0.

0
9
0

7


0

TOT
AL
mg/cu
1

1

3.
8.
3.

162.


4



8.

P
m
8
9
4

5


7

PH
CriL
a
aig/cu m
8.
8.
8.

8.


7.

7
6
5

2


6

3.
3.
3.

37.


J3.

6
9
0

0


7

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT PGLLUTICN 500ECES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/5fr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  371.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   14.6
100.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
POINT SOURCE FGLLUTICN

Source/NPECIS # (if any)      Comnents

Lacey-Keosau^ua State Park    Hater intake filter backwash

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surrace water classification(s)
   Class A-priicary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary oody
              contact.
   Class C-rav water source  for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated  as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lacey-KeosauLjua State Park
                              362

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and proressional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HZCTAEE
Fishing
   From coats                  2713.       44.5      108.5
   Shore or ice fishing        5599.       91.8      224.0
Swimming                      27056.      443.5     1082.2
Pleasure boating               2280.       37.4       91.2
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0

activities prompted
by the lake's presence        27690..     453.9     1107.6
Snowmcbiling                   3127.       51.3      125.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1563.       25.6       62.5
TOTAL                         70C28.     1148.0     2801.1

IMPAIEHEN1S

     Recreational activities in Lacey-Keosacjua Lake do not ap-
pear to be impaired by poor water quality or aquatic plants.
Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to
be at its potential.

Estimated acuatic plant coverage 20  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION SZCOHMENDATICNS

     The water Duality  of  this  lake,  like  ail  lakec,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-ieeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-creathir.g invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service oifice vsee
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Sesearch an the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tiie lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  uuuyets  of


                              363

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downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feed-Lots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aoove  land use recommendations are made on the
.basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              36U

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LAKE Of THZ HILLS

LOCATION
Ccunty: Scott           Latitude   41 Deg  31 Mir. N
                        Longitude  90 Deg  41 din W
Township  76 N       Eange  2 E       Section 36

BATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       633. hectares  (  1564. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     56                   U32.                  68.2
     57                   201.                  31.8
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    75.6       15.5       5.8         0.0     3.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   56 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Tama, Downs,  and
      Fayette soils.

   57 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Hisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1976 map
Area   23. ha  (  56. A)
Length of shoreline    3883. m  (  12740. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m  ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.7 m  (  9. ft)
Volume    622377. cubic meters  (   504. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.30    Volume development  1.13
Watershed/lake area ratio       27.5
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         20. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  2 Unnamed
Cutlet: Black Hawk Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa  5C319
                               365

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LAKE OF  THE HILLS
Scott County

-------
POLLUTION ASSZSSHENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAEAHETEB                     SAMPLE   BEAN     STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBBOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7       0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      38.3       7.46
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      52.2       2.90
      mg/cobic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6       0.01
      ing/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1       0.05
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1       0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      14.6       2.17
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8      11.1       1.10
      JID
    Total hardness                   8     178.0      10.06
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 8      84.7       6.26
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     129.8       7.37
      mg/1 as CaCOj
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.4       0.78
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     347.5      18.10
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      43.7       5.36
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      18.2       0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.5       0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0       0.00
      mg/1
                              367

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/30/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (o.f any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
TEKP
C
28.3
28.9
28.9
25.4
22.7
CXYGEN
mg/1
11. 1
10.5

1.6

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
48.4
63.5

55.5

pH

8.9
8.9

8.0

CHL a
mg/cu m
60.6
64. 4

26.2

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  14.31-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  603.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   20.8
 50.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
contouring, conservation tillage.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No pcint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B (M)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   West Lake Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a. combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     US2/ACLE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                  9228.      164.8      401.2
   Shcre or ice zishing       25967.      463.7     1129.0
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating               3060.       54.6      133.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
                              368

-------
Picnicking,0amping,other
activities prompted
fcy the lake's presence        23331.      U16.6     101U.4
Snowmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1128.       20.1       U9.0
TOTAL                         6271U.     1119.9     2726.7

     Special events at Lake of the Hills contributing to more
than normal use include  tvo fishing derbies (550 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Water clarity is poor in Lake of the Hills throughout the
summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Aquatic vas-
cular plant growth may impair boating and shoreline fishing.
Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to
be below its potential due to a lack of swimming facilities.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 26  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake/  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feediot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  froai  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down thfe filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will


                              369

-------
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however,  it is
act possible to state the degree such a program  might increase
the water quality in the lake.   There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  autrieats,   and   other
non-feint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore  we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              370

-------
LAKE OF THBEE FIRES

LOCATION
County: Taylor           Latitude   40 Deg  43 Hin N
                         Longitude  94 Oeg  41 Min W
Township  68 N        Bange 34 H       Section 12

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1466. hectares  (   3622. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     30                  1185.                  80.8
     33                   281.                  19.2
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture    Forestry   Towns   Other
    71.8       20.7       3.7        0.0     3.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-1454) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till, or
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived  paleoscls.  Sharpsburg,
      Shelby, and Adair  soils.

   33 Nearly level to moderately  sloping (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or pre-hisccnsin
      till-derived paleosols.  Sharpsburg,  Macksburg,
      Winterset, and Clarinda soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area   39. ha (  97.  A)
Length of shoreline    4944. ID (  16221. ft)
Maximum depth  4.9 m  ( 16.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.6 m  (   8.  ft)
Volume   1003650. cubic  meters (   813. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.23    Volume development  1.53
Watershed/lake area ratio       37.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  £6. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      99. cm
Thermal stratification?  Yes
Major inflows (named  and/or permanent streams)
  Hone
Outlet: Dnnamed
                              371

-------
30*1 METERS
                               LAKE  OF THREE  FIRES
                               Taylor County

-------
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are  for  samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             E2EOE
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5     0.02
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      36.2     3.23
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      69.1     1.63
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5     0.12
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.3     0.07
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1     0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11      15.9     0.77
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      12.5     0.26
      JTU
    Total hardness                   6     102.3     4.05
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 6      75.7     2.89
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11      98.2     1.56
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       7.1     0.37
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     241.1     8.03
      micromhos/CD at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       9.8     0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4       4.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Ectassium                        2       5.0     0.00
      mg/1
                              373

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 8/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    1EMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       rog/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      28.1       7.9      62.8       8.7      43.4
     1      28.1       7.8      69.3       8.7      37.0
     2      26.8       7.9      76.4       8.2      22.8
     3      23.6
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POL10TICH SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   9.19-10.79 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  376.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   27.0
 60.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS offices
terraces, gulley control structures/ erosion control
structures, conservation tillage, pastureland and
pastureland improvement, contouring, crop rotation.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class 3(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about 2700 persons at Lake of Three Fires State Park.

Public parks:
   Lake of Three Fires State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccamission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSS/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                  3714.       38.3       95.2
                              374

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        3263.       33.3       84.2
Swimming                       8465.       87.3      217. 1
Pleasure beating               6489.       66.9      166.4
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       147000.     1515.5     3769.2
SnowQGbiling                     69.        0.7        1.8
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  313.        3.2        8.0
TOTAL                        169333.     1745.7     4341.9

IMPAIHMENTS

    Swimming may be impaired in Lake of Three Fires throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Occasional summerkills may limit fish-
ing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consi-
der lake usage to ta .below its potential due to poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 11  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerJcill frequencies: 1 year cut of 15

LAKE RESTORATION SECOMHENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in   the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long  tern
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the  lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency/   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For  this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Eesearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feediot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they wall help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will


                              375

-------
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however,  it is
net passible to state the degree such a program  might  increase
the water quality in the lake.   There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,   nutrients,    and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore  we  do  not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of   such  a
conservation program.
                              376

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LITTLE SIODX PARK

LOCATION
County: Woodfaury        latitude   42 Deg  27 Hin N
                      r Longitude  95 Oeg  48 Min «
Township  68 N       Bange 43 H       Section 12

WATERSHED CHAHACTEQISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
         5. hectares  (    12. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
      7                     5.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    72.6       13.0       9.9        0.0     4.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5i)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.  Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zoox, and Nodavay soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    5. ha  (   15. A)
Length of shoreline    1690. m  (   5543. ft)
Maximum depth  3.0 m  ( 10.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.9 m (  6. ft)
Volume     95238. cubic meters  (    77. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.11     Volume development  1.84
Watershed/lake area ratio        1.0
Origin of basin:  Gravel Pit
Estimated annual  precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual  runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: None
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 5C319
                              377

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LJ
-J
(X
                  2150 HETEBS
                                       1   LITTLE SIOUX  PARK
                                         Woodbury County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.  Each lake
was sampled at least 2 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PABAMETEB                     SAMFLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE            ERHOH
    Secchi disc depth                6      2.6      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      3.1      0.16
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                12     15.0      1.18
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2      0.3      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2      0.0      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2      0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11      1.2      0.27
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       12      1.1      0.05
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11    135.8      2.62
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                11     49.5      3.65
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                12    128.5      3.00
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Dissolved oxygen                12      8.2      0.37
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            12    228.3      3.50
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          7     10.0      0.59
      mg/1
    Chloride                         7      3.3      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2      2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              379

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/16/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
   DEPTH
     m
IEHE
  C
OXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
pH
 CHL a
mg/cu m
     0      20.9       7.1      11.3       9.2       2.7
     1      20.9       6.8      11.3       9.2       2.9
     2      20.9       7.4      12.0       9.1       3.5
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophicatiori
Survey.   The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POI.NT POLLUTION SOU3CES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =    4.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    0.7
  0.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No feint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface  water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Little Sioux Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
ty the lake's presence
Sncwmcbiling
                  TOTAL
                   USE/ACHE  USi/HSCTARE
0.
4097.
52C5.
0.
0.
0.0
315.2
400.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
319.4
1041.0
0.0
0.0
                   7155.
                      0.
                     550.4
                       0.0
                      1451.0
                         0.0
                              380

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Ice skating and cross-
ccu-ntry skiing
TOTAL

IMPAIRMENTS
             0.
         16457.
   0.0
1265.9
   0.0
3291.4
     Aquatic vascular plant growth in Little Sioux Park may
impair .boating and shoreline fishing.  Frequent winterkills
may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake  usage to fce at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant  coverage 100 %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 10
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATIOS 2ICOHMENBATICNS
     Hater  quality
extensive   stands
recreational  use.
relatively   small
in  this  lake  is  good;   however,    the
of   submersed   plants   interfere   with
The  lake's  shallcwness  results  in   a
capacity   tc   hold   dissolved   oxygen.
Decomposition of aquatic vegetation during the  winter  months
results  in  auoxic  conditions  and fish kills.  Dredging and
control of aquatic vegetation through a  White  Amur  stocking
program  should  alleviate these problems.  As an alternative,
the symptoms could be treated  by  artificially  aerating  the
lake  during  winter  months.   Ihe  first  alternative  would
provide   the  greatest  improvement  to  the  lake;  however,
aeration would also yield significant benefits.
                              381

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LITTLE SPIRIT LAKE

LOCATION
County: Dickinson       Latitude   U3 Deg  30 Mir. N
        Jackson,MN      Longitude  95 Deg   8 Min H
Township 100 N       fiange 36 H       Section  8

WATERSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed arta (excluding lake surface)
       669. hectares (  1654. acres)

Soil Associations aithin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     1U                   665.                  99.3
     15                     U.                   0.7
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Towns   Other
    90.5        5.8       0.3         0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   1U Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicoliet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till 02 the
      Gary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicoiiet, Storden, and Websxer soils,

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   9 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1970 map
Area  250. ha ( 618. A)
Length of shoreline    16251.  m  (  53318. ft)
Maximum depth  3.0 in  ( 10.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.8 m (  6. ft)
Volume   458U987. cubic meters  (  3716. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.90     Volume development   1.80
Watershed/lake area ratio        2.7
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  6S. cm
Estimated annual runofi          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: To Big Spirit L
                               382

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oo
                             DEPTHS IN FEET
                               15206 HETEBS
                                                             LITTLE SPIRIT LAKE
                                                             Dickinson County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Hoiaes, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lajce
was sampled  at least 2 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     P18AMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7      0.03
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      12.3      5.61
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8     115.2     16.12
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1. 4      0.08
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.04
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      15.9      2.39
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       9.1      0.88
      JTD
    Total hardness                  11     273.5      3.55
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                10     109.4      5.37
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     220.3      2.49
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.5      0.62
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     503.9     14.09
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      66.0      0.37
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      17.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      10.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Pctassium                        2       9.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              384

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/14/79) with the icst  pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
TEHP
C
19.8
19.8
OXYGEN
mg/1
6.1
6. 1
•TOTAL P
mg/cu m
155.5
159.4
pH
8.2
8.2
CHL a
mg/cu m
61.4
63.6
     2      19.8
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on  1S79 survey is autrophic.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- U.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/laXe area)   x soil loss rate =   11.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    2.4
 52.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control tasins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and pastuceland improvement.

POINT SOOBCE PC1LUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Hcgsback Access

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice  fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL

13515.
30789.
 4604.
 2640.
 4399.
DSE/ACBE  USE/HECTAHE
     ,9
     ,8
21,
49,
 7 • u
 4.3
 7.1
 54,
123,
 18,
 10,
1
2
U
6
              17.6
                               385

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Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        235S9.       38.2       94.4
Snowmcbiling                   3560.        5.8       14.2
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 17C2.        2.8        6.8
TOTAL                         84808.      137.2      339.2

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Little Spirit Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Frequent winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider
lake usage to be fcelow its potential.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 16  %
Estimated vinterkiil frequencies:  1 year cut of 5-7
Estimated sum merle ill frequencies:   rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BICGKHENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm scil erosion in   the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to tie filling of the  basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long  term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such  as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the  laJce
attached to scil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish  and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For  this
reason a strong soil conservation  program is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the   best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage  to streams or tila lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of   practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aoove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake  with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are Insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
                              366

-------
ncn-^oint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore, we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               387

-------
LITTLE KALL LAKE

LOCATION
County: Hamilton        Latitude   42 Oeg  16 Min N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  38 Hin H
Township  86 N       Range 24 W       Section 10

WATERSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding like surface)
        87. hectares (   215. acres)

Soil Associations sithin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     15                    87.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    80.7       13.4       1.7         C.O     4.2
Description of topography ajid soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed frcm Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  74 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area  104. ha  ( 258. A)
Length of shoreline    4716.  m  (  15473. ft)
Maximum depth  1.7 m {  6.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.3 m (  4. ft)
Volume   1356354. cubic meters  (  1C99. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.30    Volume development  2.24
Watershed/lake area ratio        0.8
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  76.  cm
Estimated annual runoff         13.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91.  cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Supplemental water pumped from Drainage Ditch $71
Outlet: None
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department or Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319
                              388

-------
oc
                                                         LITTLE WALL LAKE
                                                         Hamilton Couhty

-------
PCLLGTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PA3AMETEB                     SAMPLE   BEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EHROfi
    Secchi disc depth                5       1.0      0.31
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      50.3     14.91
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9     171.9     17.67
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.8      0.48
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.3      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      14.2      4.24
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       7.5      1.10
      JIO
    Total hardness                   9     201.6      3.21
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      82.4      1.09
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Total alkalinity                 9     192.3      2.35
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       7.6      0.76
      aig/1
    Specific conductance            10     385.0      2.36
      IDicre mhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       1.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      23.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      11.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       9.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              390

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any} .
   DEPTH
     m
TEH!
  C
CXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
pH
 CHL a
mg/cu a
     0      23.5       5.2     236.5       8.2      3y. 1
     1      23.0       U.9     24U.7       8.2      34.8
This lake was nor included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is autrophic.

NCN-ECINT ECLIUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =    3.01- U.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =    3.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    0.7
 56.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, pastureland and pastureland
improvement.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary tody contact recreation.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Little Hall Lake Area  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries oiologists based on a combination
ot existing records and professional  judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure coating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                   6S6U.
                  16UU6.
                   4732.
                  19962.
                   3908.
                   USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
                      27,
                      63,
                      18,
                      77,
                        67,
                       156,
                        45,
                       191,
             2
             1
             5
             9
                      15.1
                        37.6
                              391

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        66457.      257.6      639.0
Snowmobiling                   7813.       30.3       75.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 2692.       10.4       25.9
TOTAL                        128994.      500.0     1240.3

     Special events at Little Hall Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a snowmobile fun day (500 people)  and
car races on ice  (155 people).

IMPAISflENIS

     Swimming may be impaired in Little Wall Lake during parr
of the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations.   Frequent winterkills may limit
fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be at  its potential; although boat
congestion may be a serious problem.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  2  %
Estimated winterkill freguencies: 1 year out of 4
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE HESTOBATICN 3ZCCMMSNDATICNS

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of  artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water Duality  of  this  lajce,  like  ail  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the  materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients  such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following stcrm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding  fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing   the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservaticn service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps  be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Besearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small Livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lanes can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
                              392

-------
terraces above feedlots,  lagoons to catch feediot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  or*  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  t-his
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve tjie water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                               393

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LOST ISLAND LAKE

LOCATION
County: Palo Alto       Latitude   43 Deg  10 Min N
        Clay            Longitude  94 Deg  54 Min W
Township  97 N       Range 34 H       Section 31

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1838. hectares  (  4541. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc ff             area ha             % cf total
     11                    28.                   1.5
     15                  1810.                  98,5
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    80.7       13.4       1.7        0.0     4.2
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   11 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      upland and terrace soils developed from alluvium.
      Kadena, Talcot, Flagler, and Saude soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-955) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Caiy Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden/ and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  36 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements frcm 1970 map
Area  474. ha  (1170. A)
Length of shoreline   12687. m  (  41624. ft)
Maximum depth  4.3 m  < 14.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.1 01 (  10. it)
Volume  15882860. cubic meters  ( 12871.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.58    Volume development  2. 18
Watershed/lake area ratio        3.9
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: To Barringer Slough
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319
                              394

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18121 HETBRS
                             LOST ISLAND  LAKE
                             Palo Alto County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secohi disc depth                6       0.5      0.03
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      58.2      2.62
      ag/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      61.6      5.36
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.5      0.10
      aig/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrate nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      13.8      0.82
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      12.3      0.47
      JTO
    Total hardness                  10     208.0      0.52
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                11      92.7      2.46
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     18U.2      0.61
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.6      0.33
      mg/1
    Specific conducxa-Dce            1C     385.5      7.62
      micrcnhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      22.7      1.01
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      14.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       8.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              396

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements OR the sampling date
( 8/14/79) with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
TEHP
C
21.0
21.0
21.0
20.9
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.6
8.6
8.5

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
60.7
67.9
55.6

pH

8.8
8.8
8.7

CHL a
mg/cu m
51,6
49.4
49.4

This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus at some times, nitrogen at others.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =   14.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    2.9
 55.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, crop rotation, terraces, contouring.

PCIN1 SOOfiCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEEES #  (if any)      Comments

Cabins along lakeshore        Septic tank inflows

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A- primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W) -wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact .
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Huston Park  (County)
   Grandview Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing  records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   From .boats                  8528.        7.3        13.0
                               397

-------
   Shore or ice fishing       25328.        21.6       53.4
Swimming                      39363.        33.6       33.0
Pleasure boating               4299.         3.7        9.1
Hunting                        1173.         1.0        2.5
Picnicking,camping,otter
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       157100.       134.3      331. U
Snowmcbiling                   4513.         3.9        9.5
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1737.         1.5        3.7
TOTAL                        242041.       206.9      510.6

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may he impaired in Lost Island Lake throughout
the summer .because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Occasional winterkills may limit fish-
ing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel state
that domestic sewage input may be a problem.  I.C.C.  person-
nel consider lake usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  0  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 15-20
Estimated suoimerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     Water quality in Lost Island may be  affected  by  inputs
from  septic  tank  systems of nearby cabins and resorts.   Dys
testing has established that outflow from  some  septic  tanks
does  enter  the  lake.  In addition to the increased nutrient
and organic matter loading to the lake, the  potential  danger
of  bacterial  contamination  to  lake  users is increased.   A
sanitary district for the  lake  has  been  formed  and  sewer
system plans have been approved.  Further action is contingent
upon the availability of construction funds. The completion of
this system is important to the vater quality of this lake.

     The vater quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its txibutary streams.  Silt frcra soil erosion in   the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long  term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the  lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events,  sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For  this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
secticn on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
                              3SS

-------
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  £esearch on the
lova great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct   drainage to streams or tiie lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots,  lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aiove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
net possible to state the degree such a program aiyht increase
the water quality in the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               359

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LOWEB GAR LAKE

LOCATION
Ccunty: Dickinson       Latitude   43 Deg  20 Min N
                        Longitdde  95 Deg   7 Min W
Township  99 N       Range 36 W       Section 32

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      4572. hectares ( 11297. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     14                  1670.                  36.5
     15                  2389.                  52.2
     12                   513.                  11.2
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    65.9        9.4       1.0         0.0     3.8
Description of tomography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Ca.nisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lore.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5S&)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Cary Lo.be.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okotoji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  27 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements frcm 1970 map
Area  102. ha ( 251. A)
Length of shoreline    6129. m  (  20107. ft)
Maximum depth  1.7 m (  6.0 it)
Mean depth  1. 1 m (  4. ft)
Volume   1106957. cubic meters  (   697.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.71    Volume development  1.95
Watershed/lake area ratio       44.8
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          6. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
                              400

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874U MBTEBS
LOWER GAR LAKE
Dickinson  County

-------
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  From Hinnevashta L + Bull Ditch
Outlet: Milford Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa EC319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     FABAMETEB                     SAUELE   HEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBSOR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.3      0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      72.6      7.16
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11     168.5      6.33
      mg/cubic neter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.4      0.25
      ng/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.4      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      59.9      9.91
      ng/1
    Turbidity                       11      3U.O      3.32
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11     238.7      1.19
      mg/1 as CaCG3
    Calcium hardness                12     119.0      1.95
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     219.3      2.72
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       6.9      0.40
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     433.5      6.71
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      29.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4      14.1      0.13
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7,0      0.00
      mg/1
                              402

-------
Vertical profile  for selected measurements on the sampling date
           with the mcst  pronounced stratification  (if any).
   DEPTH    TEME     CXIGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       019/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      18.6       5.9      161.6       8.5      U7. 2
     1      18.7       5.5      169.5       8.5      57.6
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1S79 survey is eutroyhic.

KCH-FOINT POLLUTION SOUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 1.93 Tons/Acre/Ir
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/ lake area) x soil loss rate =  179.
Potential nutrient input index  =
         area watershed in row  crops/lake area =   38.5
 32.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass  waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control rasins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and  pastureland improvement.

PCINT SOURCE E01LUTICK

Source/NPEDES #  (if any)      Comments

10 hogs                       Storage tank
1380 hogs                     Storage tank
350 hogs                      Storage tank

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B (W) -wildlife, warmvater aguatic life, secondary body
              ccntact.
   This lake has also been designated as high quality water and
   is thus subject to higher standards to protect existing uses,
This lake is not designated  as  a public water supply.

Eublic parks:
   Lower Gar Park Access
   Lower Gar Wildlife Area
   Henderson Wildlife Area

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   from boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping, other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snoumcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IMPAIEHEN1S
TOTAL

 1221,
 3279,
 1173,
 1963.
  604,
28924,
 6S43

  782
44869,
OSE/ACBE  USE/HECTAEE
    4.9
   13,
    4.
    7.8
    2.4
  115.2
   27.7

    3.1
  178.8
 12,
 32,
 11,
 19,
0
1
5
2
  5.9
283.6
 68. 1

  7.7
440. 1
     Swimming may be impaired in Lover Gar Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Frequent winterkills and sum merit ills
may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be at its potential.
Estimated aguatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill frequencies:
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE HESTOEATICN BZCOKMENDATICNS
    5  %
    1 year cut of 3-5
    1 year out of 5-7
     The water qualiry  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-ireathing invertebrates.  For this
reascn a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommend 3d by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps te taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
                              404

-------
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  laJtes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces aiove feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  acove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in ths lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               405

-------
LCWEE PIN£ LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Hardi.n          Latitude   42 Deg  22 Bin N
                        Longitude  93 Deg   4 Min H
Township  67 N       Bange 19 W       Section  4

RATEBSHED CHAHACTE3ISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       339. hectares (   837. acres)

Soil Associations «ithin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     57                   259.                  76.4
     59                    80.                  23.6
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Towa2   Other
    69.9       17.4       9.8        C.O     2.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   57 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%)  forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Wisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

   59 Gently to moderately sloping (2-9%) prairie or mixed
      prairie-forest-derived soils developed from loess or
      loess over pre-Wisconsin till on the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  Tama, Dinsdale, and Downs soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   20. ha  (  50. A)
Length of shoreline    2443. m  (   8016. ft)
Maximum depth  3.0 m ( 10.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.0 * (  7.  ft)
Volume    404509. cubic meters  (   328. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.53    Volume development  1.96
Watershed/lake area ratio       16.9
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Frcm Upper Fine L
Outlet: Pine Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              406

-------
.p
• o
                             1172 METERS
                                                 .,    LOWER  PINE  LAKE

                                                     Hardin County

-------
PCLLOIION ASSESSMENT
Data from iaJce survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples Ln
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiHOH
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.6      0.15
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      88.6     11.34
      mg/cuiiic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      82.2     10.14
      mg/cubic merer
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.U      0.07
      mg/1
    Anmonia nitrogen                 2       0.4      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.9      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      14.1      1.48
      mg/1
    lurbidity                        9      11.3      1.29
      JTU
    Ictal hardness                  10     176.8      5.61
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10      86.6      2.53
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11     126.5      0.90
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10      11.2      1.26
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     345.5     16.71
      mxcromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      27.2      1.42
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      19.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       4.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              408

-------
Vertical profile foe selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/31/79)  with the most  pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
TEMP
C
25.6
26. 1
25.6
22.2
OXYGEN
mg/1
10. 1
10.0
9.8

TOTAL 2
mg/cu m
76.1
90.3
86.3

pH

8.5
8.6
8.3

CHL a
mg/cu a
104. 0
86.4
98.0

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophicatioa
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION S008CES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential saltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  137.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/ lake area =   11.8
 40.36 of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, grass waterways, conservation tillage,
pastureland and pastureland improvement.

POINT SOURCE FCLLDTICN

Source/NPEDIS * (if any)      Comments

Pine Lake State Park          Lagcons

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Pine Lake State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists tased on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACEE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                  2175.       13.5      108.8
                               409

-------
   Shore or ice fishing       30572.      611.4     1528.6
Swimming                       970U.      194.1      485.2
Pleasure boating               4646.       96.9      242.3
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
Ijy the lake's presence        43447.      868.9     2172.3
Sncwmcbiling                    886.       17.7       44.3
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  1S1.        3.8        9.5
TCTAL                         91821.     1836.4     4591.0

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be .impaired in Lover Pine Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may im-
pair boating, shoreline fishing, and swimming.  Frequent win-
terkills and summerkills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential due to an inadequate boat ramp and dense
aquatic vegetation.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 18  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5
Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year out of 4

LAKE RESTORATION EZCOKMENDATICNS

     The shallowness of this lake contributes significantly to
its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to nigh algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallcwness also facilitates
wind resuspension of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity tc hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
Deepening  cf  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
                              410

-------
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events/ sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  ma;
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  hastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
maJce significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feed-Lots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slov down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-feint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservation program.
                               U11

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LAKE MACBBIDE

LOCATION
County: Johnson         latitude   41 Deg  48 Bin N
                        Longitude  91 Deg  34 Bin W
Township  81 N       Hange  6 H       Section 29

HATEHSHZD CHABACTEHISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      6558. hectares  ( 16205. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     56                  2856.                  43.5
     57                  2207.                  33.7
     65                  1495.                  22.8
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    76.0       14.2       5.8        0.9     3.1
Description of topography ajid soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   56 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14X) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Tama, Downs/ and
      Fayette soils.

   57 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Wisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

   65 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-93J)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess over pre-Wisconsin
      till or from pre-Wisconsin till on the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  Dinsdale, Klinger, Maxfield, Tama, and
      Kenyon soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1973 map
Area  329. ha  ( 812. A)
Length of shoreline   31640. m  ( 1038C7. ft)
Maximum depth 14.3 m  ( 47.0 ft)
Mean depth  4.9 m ( 16. ft)
Volume  16203280. cubic meters  ( 13131. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  4.92    Volume development  1.03
Watershed/lake area ratic       19.9
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Sill Cr,Jordan Cr
                              412

-------
LAKE  MACBRIDE
Johnson County

-------
Outlet:  Mill Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa  Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Oes Moines,  Iowa 5C319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data ±rom lake  survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at  least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PAHAMET3B                      S-AMrLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ESROfi
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7      0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      32.5      2.56
      mg/cubic  meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      58.7      4.66
      mg/cubic  meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry  weight               11      13.8      1.96
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       7.8      0.52
      JTD
    Total hardness                   9     132.7      5.57
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                10      77.8      a. 35
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11      98.0      3.86
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       9.9      0.75
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            13     271.5     11.37
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      29.0      1.53
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4      17.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/29/79)  aith the most  pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TEHP
C
25.6
25.6
25.0
24.4
23.9
22.8
22.2
OXYGEN
mg/1
12.6
12.0

11.6

5.3

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
50.4
5S.4

59.7

224.1

pH

9.0
9.6

9. 1

8.5

CHL a
mg/cu 01
40.4
3 5.' 2

40.4

24.7

This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to te phosphorus.

NCN-EOINT POLLUTION SCUfiCiS

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Pctential siltaticn index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss raze -  227.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   15.1
 40.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best: management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, contouring, terraces, j. ends/sediment
and water control tasias.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES #  (if any)      Comments

Scion                         Oxidation ditches and sludge
IA0036978                     handling facility

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A- primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source  for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated  as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lake MacBride State Park
                              415

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY                      TOTAL
Fishing
   Frcm boats                 27361 .
   Shore or ice fishing       552S8.
Swimming                      48049.
Pleasure boating              16763.
Hunting                           0.
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        86721.
Snowmcbiling                  33228.
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 7375.
TOTAL                        2747S5.
USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
   33.7
   68.1
   59.2
   20.6
    0.0
  106.8
   40.9

    9.1
  338.4
 83.2
168. 1
146.0
 51.0
  0.0
263.6
101.0

 22.4
835. 2
     Special events at LaXe Hacfiride contributing to more than
normal use include an ice fisheree (2,500 people).

IMPAIEHEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Lake MacEride throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 13  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION BICOHMENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's ioag tern
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommejided that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Hesearch on the
                              416

-------
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct   drainage to streams ox tile lines ca.a
make significant contributions  to  the  .nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The   use  of   practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots,  lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis t-hey will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the  degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of   sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-ccint  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.

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LAKE MANAMA

LCCA1ICN
County: Pottawattanie   Latitude   41 Deg  13 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  51 Min H
Township  74 N       Range 44 H       Section 13

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      1008. hectares (  2490. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
      7                   338.                  33.5
     21                   377.                  37.4
     22                   293.                  29.1
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    82.4        7.2       4.4        2.7     3.3
Description cf topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.   Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zook, and Nodavay soils.

   21 Nearly level  (0-2%) soils developed from alluvium.
      Albaton, Haynie, and Cnawa soils.

   22 Level and nearly level  (0-2%) soils developed from
      alluvium.  Luton, Blencoe, Keg, and Salix soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  88 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1974 map
Area  313. ha  ( 112. A)
Length of shoreline    15325. m  (   5C280. ft)
Maximum depth  3.0 m ( 10.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.4 m (  5. ft)
Volume   4250098. cubic meters  (   3444. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.46    Volume development   1.36
Watershed/lake area ratio        3.2
Crigin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation     102. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Supplemental water from Mosquito Creek.
Outlet: Unnamed
                              418

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4625 METERS
                        LAKE  MANAWA
                        Pottawattami County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50J19

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of  1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
tie upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE    MEAN     STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEROE
    Secchi disc depth                3        0.3      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   15       48.7      5.43
      rag/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      117.6      6.32
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.7      0.09
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.08
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen        2        0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10       38.7      2.43
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       19.0      0.85
      JTD
    Total hardness                   9      188.4      4.84
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 9       95.6      4.54
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9      173.1      3.11
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9        6.8      0.33
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     393.3      9.86
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           4       37.4      0.88
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       15.7      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           1       19.0
      mg/1
    Potassium                        1        6.0
      mg/1
                              420

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/29/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if aayj .
   DEPTH
     m
            TEH5
              "C
OXYGEN
 aig/1
TOTAL ?
mg/cu m
PH
 CHL a
mg/cu 01
     0      26.0        8.5      111.5       8.7      38.2
     1      24.0        6.2      84.3       8.5      56.1
     2      23.8        5.8      89.4       8.6      32.9
This lake was not included in the  National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic,

NON-PCINT POLLUTION SOUHCES
                                        0- 3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
                                                          5.
Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    2.7
100.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices,
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage.
POINT SOUECE POLLUTION

Source/NPIDES  f  (if  any)

Earling STP
IA0025364
Earling WTP
Panama
IA0033537
Portsmouth
Persia STP
Persia HTf
Neola
IAOC21041
Tricenter Comm.  He me
Underwood
IA0036986
Western Electric Co.
Hanson Oil Co.
Iowa Highway Com01. Rest  area

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT
                              Comments

                              Discharge to Mosquito Creek

                              Discharge to Mosquito CreeJt
                              Septic tank drainage to tile
                              to  Mosquito Creek
                              no  discharge
                              no  discharge
                              no  treatment
                              no  details

                              lagoon; total retantion
                              lagoon; discharge to Mosquito
                              Creek
                              Total retention facility
                              2-cell Jagcon
                              Septic tank; no discharge
Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary  body  contact recreation.
   Class B(W) -wildlife,  warmwater  aquatic  life, secondary body
              contact.
                               421

-------
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.
Public
   Lake Manawa State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
o± existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     DSE/ACRE  USE/HSCTAHE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  7010.        9.1       22.4
   Shore or ice fishing       23120.       29.9       73.9
Swimming                     100971.      130.3      322.6
Pleasure boating              19329.       25.0       61.8
Hunting                        18E9.        2.4        6.0
Picnicking, camping, other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       4C7817.      528.3     1302.9
Snowmcbiling                    955.        1.2        3.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1737.        2.3        5.5
TOTAL                        562828.      729.1     1798.2

     Special events at Lake Manawa contributing to more than
normal use include several fisiing tournaments (20-250 peo-
ple) .

I (IP AIRMEN IS

     Swimming may be impaired -in Lake Manawa throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be below its potential;
beating and swimming use is high while fishing pressure is low.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 12  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies;  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RICOKHENDATICNS

     The shallowness of Lake Manawa and the  large  population
of  carp  in  the  lake  contribute to its poor water Duality.
Surface runoff and direct precipitation  are  insa-fjficient  to
offset  water losses due to evaporation and seepage; therefore
lake levels are maintained with supplemental water diverted to
the  lake  (on  a  controlled  basis)  from  Mosquito   Creek.
Sediment   and   nutrient   rich  water  from  aosquito  Creek
contribute  to  the  poor  water  quality.   Lake  Manawa   is
scheduled  to  undergo  lake  restoration  involving dredging,
fishery  renovation, and  sediment  removal  from  the  lake's
supplemental water supply.
                              422

-------
     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,   is
strongly  influenced  by tie materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion In  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.   It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended tJiat steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces aiove feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  -the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not passible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutxients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do noc have
adequate information to gauge  tie  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               423

-------
MANTENO LAKE

LOCATION
County: Sneliy          Latitude   41 Deg  51 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  28 a in W
1ownshi£  81 N       fiaage 40 W       Section  2

WATERSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       917. hectares (  2266. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     20                   514.                  56.0
     29                   403.                  44.0
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    82.2       12.7       2.1        0.0     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   20 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess-derived
      sediments.  Ida, Napier, and Monona soils.

   29 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Monona, Marshall, and
      Ida soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKi,
Measurements from 1978 map
Area    6. ha (  15. A)
Length cf shoreline    2176. m  (   7138. ft)
Maximum depth  3.7 m ( 12.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.0 m (  7. ft)
Volume    119598. cubic meters  (    97. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.51    Volume development   1.64
Watersned/lake area ratio      152.3
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  76. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      99. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Cutlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              424

-------
,  MANTENO LAKE
  Shelby County

-------
PCLLU1ION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETEfl                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.0      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      84.2     22.92
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 5     111.6     19.81
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitroyen                2       0.9      0.01
      in 9/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.3      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      12.9      1.63
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        6       5.9      0.68
      JTU
    Total hardness                   7     151.7      0.68
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 7      75.1      1.30
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Total alkalinity                 6     147.7      0.81
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 7       7.3      0.68
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             7     307.1      4.74
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4       8.6      0.13
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       6.7      0.12
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       8.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              426

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling dace
( 7/23/79)  with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any).
   DEPTH
     m
TIME
  C
OXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
PH
 CHL a
mg/cu m
     0      25.7       7.8      97.1       8.3     112.3
     1      25.3       7.1     103.2       8.2      54.9
     2      24.1       4.0     106.2       7.7      71.5
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NGN-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A fev sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 lons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltatacn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate - 3347.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =  125.6
 30.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices,
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage.
POINT SCUHCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEOES *  (if any)

20 hogs

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT
                  Comments

                  Storage tank
Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Hanteno Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure toating
Hunting
                  TOTAL
                   USE/ACHE  USE/HECTABE
352.
1903.
0.
0.
0.
23.5
126.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
58.7
317.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
                               427

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
ty the lake's presence
Snowmcbaling
Ice skating and cross-
ccuntry skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIHHENTS
323U.
  35.

  35.
5559.
215.6
  2.3

  2.3
370.6
539.0
  5.8

  5.8
926.5
     iater clarity is poor in Manteno Lake throughout the
summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Occasional winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Chemical renovation of the fish pop-
ulation was done in 1978.  Iowa Conservation Commission per-
sonnel consider lake usage to be below its potential due to low
fishing pressure.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 15
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BZCGMflENBATICNS

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  ail  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
waters-bed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   Tie  above  land use recommendations are made oil the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
                              428

-------
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the iaXe.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-fcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauje  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              429

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HAEIECSA LAKE

LOCATION
County: Jasper          Latitude   41 Deg  47 Min N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  58 din H
Township  81 N       Bange 18 W       Section 32

8ATERSHZD CHASACTIHISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       233. hectares  (   575. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             X cf total
     56                    28.                  12.2
     57                   204.                  87.8
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    65.7       20.0      11.5        0.0     2.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   56 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-1456) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Tama, Downs, and
      Fayette soils.

   57 Gently sloping to steep  (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Hisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    8. ha (  19. A)
Length of shoreline    1480. m  (   4854. ft)
Maximum depth  5.2 m  ( 17.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.3 m (  7. ft)
Volume    177158. cubic meters  (   144. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.49    Volume development  1.30
Watershed/lake area ratio       2S. 1
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  £4. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department or Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Koines, Iowa 50319
                              430

-------
972 HETEBS
                           MARIPOSA LAKE
                           Jasper County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  In
the upper mixed zone cf the laJse.

     PABAMETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEROE
    Secchl disc depth                6       0.7      0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      64.5      6.67
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8     169.1     24.25
      mg/cublc meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.7      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      iag/1
    Seston dry weight                7      15.8      1.86
      mg/1
    Turfcidity                        8       8.8      1.03
      JTU
    Total hardness                   8     141.0      2.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      86.9      1.25
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                 7     124.6      1.49
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Dissolved oxygen                 7       9.4      0.69
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     273.8      9.05
      micremhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      16.3      0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      11.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       8.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              432

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/31/79) with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
TEMP
C
27.2
27.0
OXYGEN
mg/1
10.8
10.1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
116.3
107.6
                                            pH
                                           8.7
                                           8.6
                     CHL  a
                    mg/cu m

                      53.9
                      72.2
     2      26.0
     3      24.2       0.4      148.6       7.6      37.0
     4      14.6
This lake was not included in the  National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region = 15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential saltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  638.
Potential nutrient input index  -
         area watershed in row  crops/lake area =   19.1
 45.X of watershed is in approved  soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, contouring, ponds/sediment and water control
basins, pastureland and pastureland improvement.

PCINT SOURCE PCLLUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater  aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as  a public water supply.

Pu.blic parks:
   Sariposa Recreation Area  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake  use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists cased on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcia boats
   Shore  or ice  fishing
Swimming
Pleasure  boating
Hunting
TOTAL

    0.
 4904.
    C.
    0.
    0.
USE/ACRE  USE/HECTABE
    0.0
  258.1
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
  0.0
613.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                               433

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Picnicking,camping,other
activities promoted
by the lake's presence        10593.      557.5     132U. 1
Snowmobiliag                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  208.       10.9       26.0
TOTAL                         157C5.      826.6     1963.1

     Special events at Hariposa Lake contributing to more than
normal use include environmental education for six communities
(U80-500 people), visits from Harshalltown Day Care (150 peo-
ple) , senior citizen groups (70 people), and the YMCA (65
people), as well as a 3.S.A. fishing derby (25 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Hater clarity is poor in Hariposa Lake throughout the
summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Occasional winterkills may limit  the
fishing potential.  White Amur have teen stocked to control
aquatic vegetation.  An aerator is used in the winter to
maintain the dissolved oxygen concentration.   Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be .below its
potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 39  %
Artificial aeration used
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 15
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed ^ utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research  on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion

-------
terraces above teedlots,  lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  a Jove  land use recommendations are made on. the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the like and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-feint  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not nave
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                               U35

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MEAD09 LAKE

LOCATION
County: Adair           Latitude   41 Deg  23 Min N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  26 Min H
Township  76 N       Hange 31 W       Section 17

iATEHSHED CHABAClEfiIS1ICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       328. hectares  (   811. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     30                   189.                  57.5
     34                   140.                  42.5
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    69.7       22.3       4.2         0.0     3.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the natershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-1456)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till, or
      pre-Hisccnsin till-derived paleoscls.  Sharpsburg,
      Shelby/ and Adair soils.

   34 Gently sloping to moderately steep (2-18%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from pre-Hisconsin till,
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleosols, or loess.
      Shelby, Adair, and Sharpsburg soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTE3IS2ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area   17. ha  (  42. A)
Length of shoreline    3442. m  (  11292. ft)
Maximum depth  7.6 m  ( 25.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.8 m (  9. ft)
volume    487145. cubic meters  (   395. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.35    Volume development  1.12
Watershed/lake area ratio       19.3
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
                              436

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12165 HETEBS
                             MEADOW LAKE
                             Adair County

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2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   90G East  Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 5C319

FCLLU1ICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zcne of the lake.

     EAHAMETEH                     SAMILE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBROR
    Sccchi disc depth                6       0.8      0.21
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10     128.0     21.32
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                10     127.7     17.08
      mg/cublc meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.3      0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      20.8      2.69
      mg/1
    Tumidity                       10      16.2      2.72
      JIU
    Total hardness                   9     110.2      3.63
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 9      71.6      3.25
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     100.8      2.37
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       7.8      0.50
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     242.5     12.41
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      10.7      0.17
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              438

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 7/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .

   DEETH
TIME
C
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.4
27.0
OXYGEN
mg/1
8. 1
8.0
8.0


TOTAL P
mg/cu m
127.5
135.6
125.8


pH
9.0
9.0
8.8
CHL a
ng/cu m
193. 1
148.2
151.2
     0
     1
     2
     3
     4
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on  1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCH-FOINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)   x soil loss rate =  243.
Potential nutrient injut index =
         area watershed in row crops/laJce area =   13.4
 72.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, contouring, gulley control
structures/ erosion control structures.

ECIN1 SGUBCE fCLLUIICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(N)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Meadow Lake Wildlife Area  (State)

Estimates of total annual lake use  made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL

  467.
 3965.
    0.
  109.
 3800.
USE/ACRE  OSE/HEC1A2E
     ,6
     ,9
11
94
 0.0
 2.6
90.5
 28.6
234. 4
  0.0
  6.4
223. 5
                               439

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Picnicking /camping /other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIflHENIS
 655.
 122.

 122.
9280.
 15.6
  2.9

  2.9
221.0
                                                      38.5
                                                       7.2

                                                       7.2
                                                     545.9
     Hater clarity is poor in Meadow Lake throughout the summer
as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.   Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be below its potential due to
low fishing pressure.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 16  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summer kill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BICC HMEN DATIC NS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes/  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.   Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to   the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and  hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  aad  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events/ sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency/  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development: of  fish
eggs/  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .   In  addition/
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  tc  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff/  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   the  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however/ it is
not possible to state the degree such a program aiyht increase
the water quality in the lake.   There are insufficient data on
                              440

-------
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.

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LAKE MEYEBS

LOCATION
County: ta.inneshiak      Latitude   43 Deg  10 Min N
                        Longitude  91 Deg  55 din H
Tovnship  97 N       Hange  9 W       Section 33

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBISIICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       572. hectares (  1412. acres)

Scil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     66                   340.                  59.5
     68                   232.                  40.5
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Tovns   Other
    67.1        6.1      14.6        3.1     2.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   fc6 Moderately sloping to very steep  (5-40%)  forest or
      mixed prairie-fcrest-derived soils developed from
      loess or loess over bedrock.  Fayette, Downs, Dubuque,
      and Nordness soils and Steep fiock Land.

   68 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%) prairie and forest-
      derived soils developed from loess or sediments over
      bedrock on the torder of tie lowan Erosion Surface
      area and loess areas.  Includes small areas of soils
      developed from pre-Wisccnsin till.  Winneshiek,
      Mar lean, Etockton/ Fayette, and Downs soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAflACTEHISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements fro in 1972 map
Area   16. ha (  40. A)
Length of shoreline    3504. m  (  11497. ft)
Maximum depth  8.2 m ( 27.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.4 m  (  11. ft)
Volume    540689. cubic meters  (   438. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.46    Volume development   1.22
Watershed/lake area  ratio       35.8
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  £4. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      84. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Outlet: Unnamed
                               442

-------
3105 METERS
                             LAKE MEYERS
                             Winneshiek County

-------
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             ER30R
    Secchi disc depth                4       0.7      0.13
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      61.8     23.69
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      93.5      6.86
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.8      0.14
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       1.6      0.10
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11      20.0      3.47
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      12.1      1.68
      JTD
    Total hardness                   8     198.2      2.84
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8     121.7      4.18
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                 7     167.1      5.40
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.3      0.77
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     387.8      9.83
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      29.0      2.75
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      11.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              444

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Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 7/31/79)  with the most  pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
TEMP
C
26.7
26.7
23.3
21.1
OXYGEN
mg/1
9.3
9.0


TOTAL P
mg/cu m
81.7
80. 1


pH
7.9
8.2
CHL a
mg/cu m
25.8
21.3
     4      17.8       0.5     200.4       7.9       6.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT PC11UTICN SCUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  290.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   24.0
 35.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, contouring.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lake Meyer Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice  fishing
Swinning
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL

 1216.
 2607.
    0.
  999.
    0.
USE/ACBE  USE/HECTAEE
50.4
65.2
0.0
25.0
76.0
162.9
0.0
62. 4
    0.0
0.0
                               445

-------
Picnicking,camping, other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL
                               36S6.
                                  0.

                                243.
                               8761.
 92.4
  0.0

  6.1
219.0
231.0
  0.0

 15.2
547.6
     Special events at lake Meyers contributing to more than
normal use include grcup picnics  (500 people)  and environ-
mental education (5,000 people).

IMPAIBHBN1S

     Swimming may be ampaired in Lake Meyers throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.   Iowa Conserva-
tion Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its
potential due to competition with the Mississippi River and
poor water quality.
                                  3  %
                                   rare if ever
Estimated aquatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill frequencies:
Estimated sununerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Flant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces aiiove feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made en the
basis they will help improve the hater quality in the lake and
                              446

-------
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality an the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               447

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LAKE MIAHI

LOCATION
County: Monroe          Latitude   41 Deg   7 Bin N
                        Longitude  92 Oeg  51 din W
Township  73 N       Hange 17 W       Section 20

SATEBSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
     .1512. hectares (  3735. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc f             area ha             % of total
     38                   766.                  50.7
     36                   746.                  49.3
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    28.0       34.0       9.0        0.0    29.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   38 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Hisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and Weller soils.

   36 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Wisconsin
      till, or pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleosols.
      Grundy, Haig, Shelby, and Adair soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBIS1ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1972 map
Area   57. ha ( 140. A)
Length of shoreline    8787. m (  28829. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.9 m ( 10.  ft)
Volume   1648106. cubic meters (  1336. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.29    Volume development  1.19
Batershed/lake area ratio       26.5
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Bluff Cr
Outlet: Bluff Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50519
                              448

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vC
                         8997 HBTBiS
                                                               LAKE MIAMI
                                                              Monroe County

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FCLLU1ION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAHETEE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    SIANDAfiD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.3      0.11
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      12.6      9.32
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      57.1      5.94
      mg/cuhic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.7      0.10
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      10.3      1.46
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       8.1      0.70
      JTU
    Tctal hardness                   6     132.0      3.12
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 9      92.4      2.05
      mg/1 as CaCOJ
    Total alkalinity                 9      98.0      3.83
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.5      1.13
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     264.4      2.32
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      40.8      1.88
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4       5.1      0.13
      mg/1
    Sodium                           0
      mg/1
    Potassium                        0
      mg/1
                              450

-------
Vertical  profile  for  selected  measurements en the sampling date
( 8/22/79)  with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEMP
C
27.3
25.8
25.4
23.3
22.6
21. 1
OXYGEN
mg/1
13.2

1.3

0.2

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
84.0

90.2

57.6

pH

9.2

7.8

7.6

CHL a
mg/cu m
113.8

24.7

7.1

This lake was not included  in the  National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic  state  based on  1S79 survey is eutxophic.

NCN-PGINT PCLLUTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index •=
          (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  363.
Potential nutrient input index  =
         area watershed in  row  crops/lake area =    7.4
 81.X of watershed is in approved  soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS otfice:
terraces, gulley control structures/ erosion control
structures, ponds/sediment  and  water control basins,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, conservation
planting  (trees,grass).

POINT SOUBCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEDES #  (if any)      Comnents

440 hcgs                      Sewage lagoon

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater  aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as  a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Miami Lake Area  (County)
   Miami Wildlife Area  (State)
                               451

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based OB a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   From boats                  4953.       35.4       86.9
   Shore or ice fishing        9247.       66.0      162.2
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                243.        1.7        4.3
Bunting                         730.        5.2       12.8
Picnicking,camping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         8165.       58.3      143.2
Sncwmcbiling                    122.        0.9        2.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TCTAL                         23460.      167.6      411.6

     Special events at Lake Miami contributing to more than
normal use include a tass fishing tournament  (40 people).

IHPAIBHEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in lake Miami throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be below its potential due to high sil-
taticn and an unbalanced panfish population.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  1  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECOEflENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of


                              452

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livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  aesearch oa the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direcx   drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlotsr  lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will -help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not pcssi-ble to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              U53

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HILL CHEEK

LOCATION
County: O'Brien         Latitude   42 Oeg  59 Man N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  40 Min H
Township  94 N       Bange 41 W       Section  3

WATERSHED CHAEACTZHIS'IICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      1456. hectares  (  3599. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Asscc #             area ha             % of totai
      6                   193.                  13.2
      8                  1264.                  86.8
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    88.8        7.6       0.3         0.0     3.3
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    6 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      Wisconsin or pre-Hisconsin till.  Galva, Primghar,
      and Sac soils.

    8 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9S) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      Hisconsin or pre-Wisconsin till.  Galva, Priznghar,
      Marcus, and Sac soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTEBISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   12. ha  (  30. A)
Length of shoreline    2033. m  (   6671. ft)
Maximum depth  3.4 m  ( 11.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.5 m {  5. ft)
Volume    176026. cubic meters  (   144. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.65    Volume development   1.32
Watershed/lake area ratio      121.3
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  69. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? No DATA
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Cole Cr
Outlet: Cole Cr
                              454

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01
                                 DEPTHS IN FEET
                                                                     MILL  CREEK
                                                                     O'Brien County

-------
2CS Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLG1ION ASSESSUENT
     dill Creek Lake was not sampled in 1979 because it was
drained for a lake restoration project by the O'Brien County
Conservation Board.  The laJce had been beavily silted due to
seal erosion in the watershed.  Earthmoving equipment was
being used to remove sediments.  A natural spring and
agricultural drainage tiles will be used as future water
sources.

NCN-PGINT PC1IUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosicn:
  Not estimated
Estimated erosion rate in region =   4.9U- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  728.
Potential nutrient incut index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =  107.7
 70.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local 5CS orfice:
conservation tillage, pastureland and pastureland
improvement, gulley control structures/ erosion control
structures.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEDES *  (if any)      Comments

800 cattle                    Buncff  control
450 cattle                    Eunoff  ccntrcl

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-priaary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary iody
              contact.
This lake is not  designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Hill Creek State Park
                              456

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Pishing
   From boats
   Shore cr ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking, camping, other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL
TOTAL

 3039.
 6274.
 4763.
 1116.
    0.
 8510.
    0.

  122.
23854.
                                        OSE/ACEE  USE/HECTA3E
                                          101.3
                                          209.1
                                          158.8
                                           38.2
                                            0.0
                                          283.7
                                            0.0
                                          795.1
                                                     253.3
                                                     522.8
                                                     396.9
                                                      95.5
                                                       0.0
                                                     709.2
                                                       0.0

                                                      10.2
                                                    1987.8
     Special events at Hill Creek Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a July 4th fly-in breakfast (750-1200
people) .

IMPAIRMENTS
          Creek is presently undergoing renovation by means of
draining, bottom scouring, a.nd jetty and shoreline develop-
ment.  lova Conservation Commission personnel state that the
lake's major problems in the past were suspended sediments and
aquatic plant growth.  Swimming and fishing activities were
restricted by these problems.  Occasional winterkills were
also a problem.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  X
Estimated winterkill freguencies: 1 year cut of 10-12
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE EESTOBATION BECCMMENCATICNS
                                   rare if ever
     No specific restoration efforts are recommended for  Hill
Creek  Lake.  This lake has been drained and was being dredged
during the summer of  1979.  The lake  will  be  refilled  with
water  from springs and tile outflows, eliminating silt inputs
frcm soil erosion in  the lake's watershed.
                               457

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LAKE MINNEHASHTA

LCCATICN
County: Dickinson       Latitude    43  Deg  21 Min N
                        Longitude   95  Deg    7 Min W
Township  99 N       Bange 36 W        Section 29

HATEBSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       119. hectares  (   295. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     15                   119.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (56)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry    Towns   Other
    74.2       12.3       1.6        8.0     3.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9B)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from  Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lone.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  21 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S7C map
Area   49. ha  ( 122. A)
Length of shoreline    3570. m  (  11711. ft)
Maximum depth  5.2 m ( 17.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.1 m < 10. ft)
Volume   1548765. cubic meters  (  1255. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.43    Volume development  1.81
Watershed/lake area ratio        2.4
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  From Upper Gar L
Cutlet: To Lower Gar L
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   9CO East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319
                              458

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DEPTHS IN FEET
    MBTEBS
LAKE  MINNEWASHTA
Dickinson County

-------
PCLLOTION ASSESSMENT
Cata from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages axe  for  samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBBOR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      29.6     11.05
      mg/cui)ic meter
    lotal phosphorus                 8     132.5      6.31
      mg/cu.bic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.3      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.5      0.03
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      15.9      1.99
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8      12.2      1.41
      JTO
    Total hardness                   9     227.8      1.27
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Calcium hardness                 8     111.0      1.77
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     202.8      1.00
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       6.8      0.64
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     421.1      5.51
      micrcnhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      31.0      1.76
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      14.5      0.01
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      10.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              460

-------
Vertical profile for selected measuremeats on the sampling date
( 7/11/79) with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TIMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C        Bg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      23.9        8.8     11S.U       8.6      85.7
     1      23.3        8.2     124.2       6.6      81.2
     2      23.3
     3      22.2        1.6     166.3       8.2       6.0
     4      22.2
Ibis lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SCOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate  in region =   3.01- U.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =   10.
Potential nutrient input  index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.8
 32.% of watershed is in  approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass  waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water  control basins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and  pastureland improvement.

PCIM1 SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEEES # (if any)      Comments

320 hogs                      Storage tanJc
IA0039969

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   This lake has also been designated as high quality water and
   is thus subject to higher standards to protect existing uses.
This lake is not designated  as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Henderson Wildlife Area
                              U61

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists .based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking, camping /other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIBHENIS
TOTAL

 1785.
 4144.
 1846.
 2102.
  604.
 2441.
 6943.

  782.
20647.
                                        OSE/ACEE  USE/HECTARE
                                           14.6
                                           34.0
                                           15.1
                                           17.2
                                            5.0
                                           20.0
                                           56.9

                                            6.4
                                          169.2
                                                      36.4
                                                      84.6
                                                      37.7
                                                      42.9
                                                      12.3
                                                      49.8
                                                     141.7

                                                      16.0
                                                     421.4
     Swimming may ie impaired in Lake Minnewashta throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Frequent
winterkills and summer kills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be at
its potential.
Estimated aquatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill frequencies
                                  6  %
                                  1 year cut of 3-5
Estimated sammerkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5-7

LAKE BESTOEATION SICCMHENDATICNS

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fisikills. Ihe use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should he considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  tc  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fisi and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing inverte orates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recoinineudeJ  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
                              462

-------
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
secta.cn on non-point  pollution for this lake) .   La  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has  indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.    The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aJaove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help  improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   T&ey  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in  the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information  to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              463

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MGOHEEEAD LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Ida             Latitude   42 Deg  22 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  29 din U
Township  87 N       Range 40 W       Section 10

HATEBSHED CHAEACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       199. hectares (   492. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
      7                     5.                   2.6
     19                   194.                  S7.4
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Tonns   Other
    50.6       27.8      18.2        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5X)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.  Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zook, and Nodaway soils.

   19 Gently sloping to very steep (2-4055+) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess-derived
      sediments.  Ida, Napier, Castana, Hamburg, and Mo'nona
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEHISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    4. ha (   10. A)
Length of shoreline     985. m  (   3232. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.8 m (  13. ft)
Volume    157C26. cubic meters  (   127. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.37    Volume development   1.71
Watershed/lake area ratio       45. 8
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual  precipitation  71. en
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Cutlet: Unnamed
                              464

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*=•
• o-
tn
                              562 METBBS
                                                         MOOREHEAD  LAKE
                                                         I da County

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2CS Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.8      0.26
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      14.6      2.09
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      30.5      2.05
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.12
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.0      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10       6.4      0.75
      mg/1
    Tuxfcidity                        9       3.2      0.33
      JTU
    Total hardness                  10     193.0      2.67
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Calcium hardness                11     112.7      3.11
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     172.6      1.34
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       6.3      0.27
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            1C     359.0      4.99
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          7      29.2      3.48
      mg/1
    Chloride                        10       6.4      0.75
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       9.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              466

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/16/79)  with the mcst pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TEMP
C
20.9
20.9
21.0
21,0
21.0
19.2
14.4
GXXGZN
mg/1
5.7

5.5

5.5

0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
35.3

38.4

40.8

692.8
PH

8.3

8.2

8.2

7.3
CHL a
mg/cu m
22.1

23.2

18.3

204.3
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NGN-POINT PC1LUTICN SCOECES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Ir
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  567.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   25.2
 75.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, pastureland and pastureland improvement.

PCIN1 SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class 3(W) -wildlife, warmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Moorehead Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional  judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/BECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   886.       88.6      221.5
                               467

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   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking/camping,ether
activities promoted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IMPAIRMENTS
3365.
   0.
   0.
   0.
2517.
1128.

 521.
8417.
336.5
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
251.7
112.8

 52.1
841.7
 8U1.3
   0.0
   0.0
   0.0
 629.3
 282.0

 130.3
2104.3
     Eecreational activities in Moorehead Lake do not appear
to be impaired by poor water quality or aquatic plants.   lova
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential due to a lack of shelter houses and  ^icuic
areas.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  9  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  raxe if ever
Estimated summarkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish aud tbe development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research  on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aijove  land use recommendations are made  on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
                              468

-------
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however,  it is
net possible, to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality xn the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauga  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.

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HORMAN TRAIL

LCCATION
County: Adair           Latitude   HI Deg  14 Mia H
                        Longitude  94 Ceg  38 Min W
Township  74 N       Bange 33 9       Section  3

WATEBSHED CHABACTZHISTICS
Watershed area (excluding laJce surface)
       158. hectares (   390. acres)

Soil Associations hithin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     34                   158.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    69.7       23.0       3.9        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   34 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from pre-Wisconsin till,
      pre-Wisconsin till-derived palecsols, or Icess.
      Shelby, Adair, and Sharpsburg soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements ±rom 1976 map
Area   14. ha (  35. A)
Length of shoreline    2164. m  (   7101. ft)
Maximum depth  9.8 m ( 32.0 ft)
Mean depth  4.2 m ( 14.  ft)
Volume    565029. cubic meters  (   474. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.63    Volume development  1.29
Watershed/lake area ratio       11.3
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      S7. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Icwa Department of environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319
                              470

-------
                   DEPTHS IN FEET
<1
-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from laXe survey o.n the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAHETZB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             BBBOR
    Secchj. disc depth                5       2.1      0.16
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9       9.9      1.62
      mg/cufcic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      25.1      1.08
      mg/cuhic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       3.5      0.38
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       3.6      0.64
      JTO
    Total hardness                  11      94.7      1.27
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                10      61.2      1.53
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10      87.0      1.53
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       6.6      0.72
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     219.3      9.40
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          5       5.8      1.22
      mg/1
    Chloride                         7       3.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              472

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 4/79)  with the most  pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TEMP
C
24.9
24.9
2U.8
23.6
23.0
21. 1
18.8
17.1
16.4
OXYGEN
mg/1
7.2

6.1

1.2

0.0

0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
26.9

31.7

29.7

40.7

129.1
pH

8.3

8.3

8.0

7.8

7.5
CHL a
mg/cu m
17.6

18.5

3.9

13.8

12.3
This lake was not included In the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SOOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  13.20-14.30 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltatj.cn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  155.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    7.9
 56.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, gulley control structures/
erosion contrcl structures.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Norman Trail Park  (County)
                               473

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL
TOTAL

 1020.
 5102.
 6207.
  204.
    0.
 8890.
  122.

  122.
21667.
USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
   29.1
  145.8
  177.3
    5.8
    0.0
  254.0
    3.5

    3.5
  619.1
  72.9
 364.4
 443.4
  14.6
   0.0
 635.0
   8.7

   8.7
1547.6
     Special events at Norman Trail Lake contributing to more
than normal use include an ice fishing tournament (60 people).

IBPAIEHENTS

     Recreational activities in German Trail do not appear to
be impaired by poor water quality; however, aquatic plants may
interfere with shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation Commis-
sion personnel consider lake usage to be below potential
due tc low population in surrounding area.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 18  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION EECCMMINDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommendad by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
                              474

-------
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct   drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces aiove feedlots,  lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  a_bove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the laie from future degradation; however/ it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality ui the  lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-j:cint  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                               475

-------
NELSCN LAKE

LOCATION
County: Crawford        latitude   ^1 Deg  56 Min SJ
                        Longitude  95 Deg  35 Bin H
Township  82 N       Sange 41 B       Section  2

SATEESHED CHABACTESI51ICS
Watershed axea(excluding lake surface)
       243. hectares (   600. acres)

Soil Associations witJiia watershed
   Assoc «             area ha             X of total
     20                   243.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    78.8       15.3       3.2        0.0     2.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   20 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18S6)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess cr loess-derived
      sediments.  Ida, Napier, and Mocona soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEEISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    5. ha (  11. A)
Length of shoreline    1515. m (   4970. ft)
Maximum depth  7.6 m ( 25.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.8 m (  9. ft)
Vclume    129S50. cuiic meters (   105. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.00    Volume development  1.12
Watershed/lake area ratio       48.6
Origin of iasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  74. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319
                              476

-------
1)68 HETBBS
                                   NELSON LAKE
                                   Crawford County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Cata from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of. the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EESOE
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.9      0.2U
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      15.5      4.12
      rag/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      90.4     26.09
      mg/cobic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      27.4     10.26
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8      18.4      7.92
      JTU
    Total hardness                   8     187.7      4.71
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      98.0      2.42
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     179.2      3.91
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 7       6.6      0.67
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             7     362.9     11.07
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      17.2      0.60
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           3       9.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        3       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              478

-------
Vertical profile  for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 7/23/79)  with the mcst  pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH







m
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEME
C
25.
24.
24.
23.
22.
18.

0
8
1
5
7
5
OXYGEN
ing/1
6.3

5.2

U. 1

TOTAL
mg/cu
133.

144.

236.

P
m
1

9

7



8

7

7

PR

.0

.9

.6

CHL
mg/cu
16.

12.

7.

a
m
8

2

1

This lake was not included in the  National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-EOINT PCLLUTICU SCOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate = 1064.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   33.3
100.X of watershed is in approved  soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, terraces,
conservation tillage.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater  aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Nelson Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/AC&E  USE/riSCTAEE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   712.       64.7      142.4
                              479

-------
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IMPLEMENTS
1554.
6776.
 430.
   0.
 2866.
  313.

   69.
12740.
            141.3
            616.0
             39.1
              0.0
 262.a
  28.5

   6.3
1158.2
            310.8
           1355.2
             86.0
              0.0
                      577.2
                       62.6

                       13.8
                     2548.0
     Swimming may be impaired in Nelson Lake dueing parr of
the summer .because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Aquatic vas-
cular plant grohth may impair boating and shoreline fisiiing.
According to Iowa Conservation Commission personnel, chemical
applications are made yearly in July to control aquatic vascu-
lar plants and algae.  I.C.C. personnel consider lake usage to
te at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  9  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare If ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE BESTORATION BECOHMENDATIGNS
     rare if  ever
     The water quality  of  this  la.k€,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the laJce
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing Invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake). ,  In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgecs  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above fesdlots, lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
                              480

-------
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in tie lake and
slow down the filling of  the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the  lake.  There are Insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to  the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              481

-------
MINE EAGLES

LCCATICN
County: Decatur         Latitude   40 Oeg  36 flin N
                        Longitude  93 Oeg  46 Hin H
Township  67 N       Bange 25 W       Section 18

WATERSHED CHABACTEEISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       482. hectares (  1192. acres)

Soil Associations hithin watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     38                   482.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    34.3       36.0      28.0        0.0     1.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   38 Gently slopijig to steep (2-25%)  forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Hisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and Heller soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership ICO %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S73 map
Area   27. ha (  67. A)
Length of shoreline    4254. m  (  13958. ft)
Maximum depth 10.4 m ( 34.0 ft)
Mean depth  4.0 m ( 13. ft)
Volume   1096031. cubic meters  (   888. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.30    Volume development  1.17
Watershed/lake area ratio       17.9
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  £6. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Ces Hoines, Iowa 50319
                              482

-------
•00
                                      3738 METERS
                                                                NINE EAGLES
                                                                Decatur County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf'the lake.

     PAHAHEIEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEEOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       2.1      0.19
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      16.0      2.54
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      25.7      4.04
      mg/cu.bic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.0      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.04
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       6.2      1.91
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8       5.2      1.15
      JTD
    Total hardness                   8      31.7      2.81
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      62.0      2.04
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                 9      75.8      2.78
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                10       7.7      0.62
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     156.5      6.43
      microrobos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       1.7      0.33
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       1.1      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              464

-------
TEM£
C
27.2
27.1
26.4
2 2.* 6
19.2
14.2
11.3
OXYGEN
mg/1
9.3

9.5
3.2
2.8

1.2
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
10.9

22.6
17.1
38.7

48.3
pH

9.2

9.1
8.0
7.8

7.4
CHL a
mg/cu m
19.8

26.6
6.0
66.6

22. 1
Vertical profile for selected measure meats on the sampling date
( 8/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH
     0
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
     6
     7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  204.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    6.1
100.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, .

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Soarce/NPEDES # (if any)      Comments

Nine Eagles State Park        One two-cell lagocn, Two one-
                              cell lagoons; total retention

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-priiaary tody contact recreation.
   Class B (H) -wildlife, warm water aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Nine Eagles State Eark
                               485

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional Judgement.

ACTIVITY                      T01AL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECIABE
Fishing
   From boats                  4060.       60.9      151.1
   Shore or ice fishing        7739.      115.5      286.6
Swimming                      17906.      267.3      663.2
Pleasure boating               5186.       77.4      192.1
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
r-y the lake's presence        500CO.      746.3     1851.9
Snowmcbiling                    3GO.        4.5       11.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  250.        3.7        9.3
TOTAL                         85461.     1275.5     3165.2

     Special events at Nine Eagles Lake contributing to more
than normal use include a bass fishing tournament (16 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Eecreational activities in Nine Eagles do not appear to
be impaired by poor water quality; however, aquatic vegetation
may impair boating and shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its po-
tential due to few people living in the area.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HiCCMHINDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the laie
attached to soil ^articles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-ireathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-joint pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of


                              466

-------
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Sesearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
maXe significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feediot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program mi^ht increase
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not .have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              U87

-------
NCfiTH TWIN LAKE

LCC&TICN
County: Calhoun         Latitude   42 Deg  29 Bin N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  38 Min H
Township  89 N       Eange 32 H       Section 33

WATERSHED CHABACTEBIS1ICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       351. hectares (   867. acres)

Soil Associations hithin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     14                   351.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    90.6        5.7       0.3        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly 'level to moderately sloping (0-9X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  24 X

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements froai 1970 map
Area  183. ha ( 453. A)
Length of shoreline    8911. m  (  29236. ft)
Maximum depth  4.0 m ( 13.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.0 ID ( 10. ft)
Volume   5527167. cubic meters  (  4479. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.86    Volume development  2.28
Watershed/lake area ratio        1.9
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  74. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed  (To South Twin)
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department o£ Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              46E

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f-
Oc
                     ncoacru.
                     M TEUTON 0««
                           23823  METERS
                                                                              LMC OUIUl
NORTH  TWIN  LAKE

Calhoun County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
uas sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  j.n
the upper mixed zone cf tie lake.

     EABAMEIEE                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiROH
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.5      0.04
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      42.2      2.41
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11      80.3      6.69
      mg/cabic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.6      0.30
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.3      0.03
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      27.4      1.70
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        9      13.4      1.73
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9    257.3      9.33
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 9    123.8     12.17
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Ictal alkalinity                 9    162.4     10.84
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.4      0.37
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9    485.6     22.55
      micrcmhos/cffi at 25 C
    Salfate                          7      85.1      1.70
      mg/1
    Chloride                         7      24.6      0.20
      mg/1
    Sodium                           1       5.0
      mg/1
    Potassium                        1       5.0
      mg/1
                              490

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PTH
ID
0
1
2
3
TEMt
C
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
OXYGEN
aig/1
4.9
6.4
6.2

IOIAL P
mg/cu m
105.7
96.7
114.0

Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

                                            pH     CHI a
                                                  mg/cu m

                                           8.3      41.2
                                           8.3      31.4
                                           7.8      30.7

This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NQN-PCINT FCL1UTICN 3CUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =      0-3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
Fctential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =    3.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.7
  4.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, tile drainage, field windbreaks.

FCIN1 SOURCE ECLLU1ICN

Source/NPEOES #  (if any)      Comments

Cabins along lakeshore        Septic tank inflows
260 hcgs                      Storage tank

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (8)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Featherstcne Memorial Park (County)
   Twin Lakes State Park
   Lake's End Access (County)
                              491

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Ccmmissxon district fisheries .biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  OSE/H£CTAEE
Fishing
   From Jjoats                  26S4.        5.9       14.7
   Shcre or ice fishing       12447.       27.5       68.0
Swimming                       6510.       14.4       35.6
Pleasure boating               9112.       20.1       49.8
Hunting                         326.        0.7        1.8
Picnicking,camping,other
activities frcmgted
by the lake's presence        18004.       39.7       98.4
Snovmobiling                   2172.        4.8       11.9
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  173.        0.4        0.9
TOTAL                         51438.      113.5      281.1

     Special events at North Twin Lake contributing to more
than normal use include weekly sailboat races  (50 people
each) .

IMFAIHMEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in North Iwin Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Freguent winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel state that
septic tank leakage into the lake may occur.  I.C.C. personnel
consider lake usage to be above its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  8  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 5
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION BICOHMENDATICNS

     fcater quality in North Twin may  be  affected  by  inputs
from  the septic tank systems of nearby cabins.  The extent of
the problem, and its possible deleterious effects on tne lake/
have not  been  determined.   In  addition  to  the  increased
nutrient and organic matter leading to the lake, the potential
danger  of bacterial contamination to lake users is increased.
It is recommended  that  an  initial  study  be  conducted  to
determine   the  need  for  more  effective  sewage  treatment
facilities for North Twin Lake.

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.
                              492

-------
     The vater quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that axe washed into it
through its tributary streams.   Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fasi
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps he taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.   There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-pcint  pollutants xo the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservation program.
                              U93

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CLEHAN LAKE

LOCATION
County: Monona          Latitude   42 Deg   1 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  47 Min K
Township  83 N       Hange 43 H       Section 13

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface}
       279. hectares {   689. acres)

Scil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     20                   279.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    78.8       15.3       3.2        0.0     2.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   20 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed iron loess or loess-derived
      sediments.   Ida, Napier, and Monona soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   0 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTE5ISIICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S79 map
Area    6. ha (  15. A)
Length of shoreline    2871. m  (   9419. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m ( 24.0 ft)
Nean depth  3.0 m ( 10. ft)
Volume    183668. cubic meters  (   149. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.25    Volume development  1.21
Watershed/lake area ratio       46.5
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  74. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      57. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319
                              494

-------
.«=
vT
                              1512 HETEBS
OLDHAM LAKE
Monona County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Cata from laJce survey in the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAHETEB                     SAMELE    MEAN    STANOAfiD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6        2.0      0.25
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11        4.7      0.81
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9       33.4      2.04
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.5      0.06
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.3      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10        4.4      0.6U
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9        2.0      0.08
      JTD
    Total hardness                   9      181.1      0.49
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      104.7      1.05
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Total alkalinity                 9      186.7      1.20
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Eissolved oxygen                 9        6.3      0.50
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8      348.8      4.41
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3        7.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        3.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        8.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        7.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              496

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
ETH
ID
G
1
2
j
4
5
6
TEMf
C
25.8
25.8
25.8
25.3
22.1
18.4
16. 1
OXYGEN
mg/1
6.5

6.5

0.4

0.0
TC1AL P
mg/cu m
31.2

33.6

47.7

77.0
PH

8.1

8.0

7.5

7.4
CHL a
mg/cu m
2.2

2.2

12.3


This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCbl-fCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A fev sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate = 1018.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in rcw crops/lake area =   36.6
 82.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, contouring, conservation tillage, crop rotation,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, conservation
planting (trees,grass).

POINT SOUBCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Oldham Recreation Area  (County)
                              497

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Prom boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Eicnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL
TOTAL

 2323.
 1016.
 59S1.
  195.
    0.
 1168.
    0.

    0.
17026.
OSE/ACBE  USE/HSCTA2E
  151.9
  269.7
  399.6
   33.0
    0.0
  277.9
    0.0

    0.0
 1135.1
 387.2
 671.3
 999.0
  82.5
   0.0
 691.7
   0.0

   0.0
2837.7
     Special events at Oldham Lake contributing to more than
normal use include an outdoor education program (210 people)
and civic organization meetings (120 people).

IMPAIEUENIS

     Recreational activities in Cldhao Lake do not appear to
be impaired b} poor water quality or aquatic plants.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be at
its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 18  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if evar
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For tins
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (ses
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taxen to raduce the amounts of
                              198

-------
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  laJces.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot ruaofx,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aJoove  land use recommendations are made on the
rasis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              499

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LAKE CEIENT

LOCATION
County: Adair           Latitude   41 Deg  12 Min N
                        longitude  94 Deg  26 Min '.1
Township  74 N       Hange 31 H       Section 20

WATEBSHED CHABACTIBISTICS
Hatershad area (excluding lake surface)
       203. hectares  (   501. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Asscc #             area ha             % of total
     30                    87.                  12.7
     33                   116.                  57.3
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    76.1       18.4       2.2        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till, or
      pre-Wisconsin tiil-derived paleoscls.  Sharpsburg,
      Shelby, and Adair soils.

   33 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess cr pre-Hisconsin
      till-derived paleosols.  Sharpsburg, Macksburg,
      Hinterset, and Clarinda soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBIS1ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S78 maf
Area    6. ha  (  16. A)
Length of shoreline    1177. m (   3862. ft)
Maximum depth  3.7 m  ( 12.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.0 m (  7. ft)
Vclurae    125777. cubic meters (   102. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.32    Volume development  1.63
Watershed/lake area ratio       33.8
Origin of tasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Hajor inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
                              SCO

-------
'Jl

-------
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from laJte survey in t-he summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAHAnETEE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiBOB
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.8      0.02
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      44.8      3.21
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      91.8      7.53
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.08
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11      12.4      0.31
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10       7.2      0.57
      JTU
    Tctal hardness                   8     122.7      0.92
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                 8      81.0      1.36
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                 9     114.4      2.92
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                11       7.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             S     279.4     10.15
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           2       0.8      0.25
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      11.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       6.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              502

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 7/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TIHP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     o        C       flg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu a

     0      27.5       7.4     103.8       8.4      32.2
     1      27.5       7.3     101.2       8.4      39.3
     2      27.4       6.7     12S.5       8.2      44.2
     3      23.6
This lake was not included in the National Eutrochication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  274.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   25.7
 41.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, contouring, gulley control
structures/ erosion control structures.

POINT SOUfiCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about  320 persons at Orient.

Public parks:
   Lake Orient  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACBE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   491.       30.7       81.8
                              503

-------
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Eleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities fromfted
by the lake's presence
Sncwmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TCTA1

IHPAIBOENTS
2280.
   0.
 269.
 426.
51 C2.
  £7.

  87.
8742.
142.5
  0.0
 16.8
 26.6
318.9
  5.4

  5.4
546.1
 380.0
   0.0
  44.8
  71.0
 850.3
  14.5

  14.5
1457.0
     Hater clarity is poor in Lake Orient throughout the summer
as indicated by Seccfai depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 15  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE fiESTORATION BECCHMENDATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into ic
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  foe
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
                              504

-------
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the falling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   aud   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              505

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CTTEB CREEK LAKE
LCCATICN
County: Tama

Township  84 N
   latitude
   Longitude
Eaage 14 ff
42 Deg   3 Min N
92 Deg  31 Min W
   Section 31
HAIERSHED CBAHACTEBISTIC5
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       392. hectares  (   969. acres)

Soil Associations Hitnin watershed
   Assoc 9             area ha
     56                   325.
     78                    67.
Estimated land uses  {*)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns
    66.3        9.4       1.8         0.0
                      % of total
                           32.9
                           17.1

                      Other
                       22.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   56 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Tama, Downs, and
      fayette soils.

   78 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      ore-Wisconsin till on the lowan Erosion Surface.
      Tama, Dinsdale, auscatine, and Garwin soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 X
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measureinents from 1S79 map
Area   30. ha  (  74. A)
Length of shoreline    4176
Maximum depth  7.9 m ( 26.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.0 m ( 10. ft)
Volume    899061. cubic meters (
Shoreline development  2.16
Watershed/lake area ratio
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation
Estimated annual runoff
Estimated lake evaporation
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319
        m (   13701.  ft)
              729.  acre-feet)
          Volume development  1.14
           13. 1

           86. cm
           18. cm
           91. cm
                              506

-------
707 HETEBS
OTTER  CREEK LAKE
Tama County

-------
PCLL01ION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
vas sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABABETIH                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBBOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.1      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      45.5      5.11
      tog/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      48.6      4.03
      mg/cubic mater
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Sestoa dry weight                7       8.3      0.40
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8       5.3      0.61
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     153.1      4.64
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      87.6      2.33
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     139.0      3.65
      mg/1 as CaCCS
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       8.1      0.68
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     263.1     15.32
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4      11.3      1.92
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       6.4      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              508

-------
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TEMP
C
25.5
25.4
25.3
25.1
22.8
21.6
20.8
OXYGEN
•mg/1
6.0

5.7

0.9

0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
45.4

48.4

54.4

19C.3
Vertical prcfile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/30/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

                                            pH     CHL a
                                                  mg/cu m

                                           8.2      68.5

                                           8.2      21.7

                                           8.1      T4.2

                                           7.8       6.4
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

HON-rCINT PCLIDTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  165.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    8.7
 57.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, grass waterways,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, contouring.

POINT SOOBCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlixe, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Putlic parks:
   Otter Creek Lake and Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  OSS/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  2137.       28.9       71.2
                              SOS

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        2362.       31.9       78.7
Swimming                       1759.       23.8       58.6
Pleasure boating                373.        5.0       12.U
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping/other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         8628.      116.6      287.6
Snowmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         15259.      206.2      508.6

IHPAI5HENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Ctter Creek Lake during pare
of the summer because of Seccbi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth
may impair boating and shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its po-
tential due to shoreline erosion and aquatic plants.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 18  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTORATION BICOHflENDATICNS

     Because localized quantities of rooted aquatic vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation  contrcl  is  suggsted.   While  this  might  be
accomplished  through  the  use  of  chemicals or a Shite Amur
stocking program, the aquatic weed density is relatively small
and localized close to shore.  Mechanical removal may  be  the
most  practical contrcl method; however the cost-effectiveness
and suitability of this method should be investigated for this
lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  aanageiaent  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
                              51C

-------
livestock  wastes reaching tri-butary streams,   Eesearch on the
Iowa graat lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  uith  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  .nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake uith sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              511

-------
OTTUNVA LAGOCN

LOCATION
County: Hapello         Latitude   41 Deg   1 Min N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  25 Min W
Township  72 N       Range 14 W       Section 25

HATEBSHEJ) CHAEACTZfilSlICS
Watershed area (excluding laJce surface}
       903. hectares  (  2231. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc f             area ha             % of total
      7                   528.                  58.5
     38                   358.                  39.7
     47                    16.                   1.8
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Towns   Other
    27.2       17.0      13.1       41.2     1.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5X)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.   Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zook, and Nodaway soils.

   38 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Hisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      ajid Heller soils.

   47 Moderately sloping to very steep  (5-30X)  forest-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Wisconsin
      till, or pre-Hisconsin till-derived paleosols.
      Clinton, Lindley, and Keswick soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTEBISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1975 map
Area   24. ha  (  59. A)
Length of shoreline    3248. m  (  10655. ft)
Maximum depth  3.7 m  ( 12.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.9 m (  6. ft)
Volume    576214. cubic meters  (   467.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.65    Volume development  1.53
Watershed/lake area ratio       37.6
Origin of basin: Old river channel
Estimated annual precipitation  86. CD
Estimated annual runoff         16. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Kettle Creek
                              512

-------
OJ
                                                       OTTUMWA LAGOON
                                                       Wapello County

-------
Outlet:  Gated outlet to Oes Koines River
2G8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 Sast Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone c£ the lake.

     PABAMETEE                     SAMPLE   HEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERBOB
    Seccho. disc depth                5       0.5      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      77.3      8.28
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                10     U40.9     56.07
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.7      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      18.0      1.17
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       8.6      0.53
      JTD
    Total hardness                  11     256.0      6.27
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                11     172.9      6..78
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     193. U      7.12
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Dissolved oxygen                11       8.5      1.31
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     563.0     13.09
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      76.2      4.88
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      35.7      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      25.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 3/ 8/79)  with the mcst pronounced, stratification (if any) .

   DEPTH    TEMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             ag/cu in

     0      29.7      11.3     246.0       8.6      66.2
     1      29.7      11.3     260.0       8.6      69.2
     2      29.0      10.5     260.0       8.5      72.2
This lake was not included in tie National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based OB 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT PCLIDTICM SCOECES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.60-11.97 lons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  332.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    7.9
 62.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, landgrading for
drainage, crop rotation, contouring, conservation tillage,
terraces.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES ft  (if any)      Comments

City cf Ottumva               Sewage via storm sewer during
                              moderate rainfall

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (M)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Cttuowa City Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   243.        4.1       10. 1
                              515

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        4777.       81.0      199.0
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                 65.        1.1        2.7
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         5104.       36.5      212.7
Snovmcbiling                   1199.       20.3       50.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 3997.       67.7      166.5
TOTAL                         15365.      260.8      641.0

     Sp€cial events at Ottumwa Lagoon contributing to more
than normal use include numerous carnivals and concerts held
in the city park.

IHPAIEMENTS

     Swimming may te impaired in Cttumwa Lagoon throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Frequent winterkills may limit fishing po-
tential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel state that
storm and domestic sever overflow may enter the middle lagoon
following heavy rains.  I.C.C. personnel consider lake usage
to be below its potential due to poor fishing and a lack of
boat ramps.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0.4%
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION RECOflHENDATICHS

     hater quality  in  Ottumwa  lagoon  may  be  impaired  by
various  urban  inputs.   Storm  water runoff frcm the city of
Cttumwa enters the lake.  Roadway dirt, deicing salt/  organic
matter,  and  nutrients  are  introduced into the lake by this
urban runoff.  In audition, raw sewage  also  flows  into  the
lake  when  hydraulic loading is high during moderate to heavy
rainfall  periods.   Diversion  of  storm  sewer  outflow  may
improve water quality in the lake to some degree  by  reducing
nutrient and organic natter loading.  City officials state the
input  from  sanitary sewers could be eliminated by installing
nev pipe in existing tunnels.  Diversion  of  both  storm  and
sanitary  sewers  would  likely be most effective in improving
water quality as veil as eliminating the potential  danger  of
bacterial contamination to lake users.

     Because this laxe is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkllls. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is


                              516

-------
strongly  influenced  by tie materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.   It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-ieeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Besearcix on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  oi  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-feint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              517

-------
LAKE PAHOJA

LOCATION
County: Lyon            Latitude   43 Oeg  23 din N
                        Longitude  96 Deg  28 Hin W
Township  99 N       Bange 48 H       Section 23

IAIEBSHED CflAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1600. hectares (  3954. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
      2                  1305.                  81.6
     27                   295.                  18.4
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Porestry   Towns   Other
    88.8        7.8       0.6        0.0     2.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    2 Gently and moderately sloping (2-9%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Moody soils.

   27 Gently sloping (2-5%)  prairie-derived soils developed
      from loess.  Moody soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CBABACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    7. ha (  16. A)
Length of shoreline    5436. m  (  17835. ft)
Maximum depth  9.1 m ( 30.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.2 m ( 10.  ft)
Volume    840372. cubic meters  (   681. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.98    Volume development  1.04
Watershed/lake area ratio      228.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  63. cm
Estimated annual runoff          5. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   90C East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              518

-------
LT
                            1382 METERS
                                                              LAKE PAHOJA
                                                              Lyon County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 tames.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAEASETEE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.5      0.20
      meters
    Chlorcpiyll a                   10      17.6      8.43
      mg/cuiic meter
    Ictal phospnorus                 8     743.7     98.50
      mg/cuoic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.8      0.44
      
-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/13/79)  with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TIflE
C
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
21.5
19.5
17.9
OXYGEN
mg/1
4.1

4.1

3.9

0.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
696.0

6S6.0

71C.O

1632.0

PH

8.6

8.6

8.6

7.9

CHL a
mg/cu m
25.4

18.3

9.0

3.7

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophicariou
Survey*  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index -
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  676.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   52.6
 80.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, contouring, conservation tillage.

POINT SOUBCE POLLUTION

No pcint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Lake Pahoja Recreation Area (County)

Estimates of total annual laJte use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   from boats                  1032.       64.5      147.4
                              521

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        2014.      129.6      296.3
Swimming                       4361.      272.8      623.1
Pleasure coating                325.       20.3       46.4
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        10130.      633.1     1447.1
Snovmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  3£2.       23.9       54.6
TOTAL                         18307.     1144.2     2615.3

IMPAIHMiMS

     Swimming may be impaired in lake Pahcja during part of
the summer because of S@cc.hi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may im-
pair boating and shoreline fishing.  frequent winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission person-
nel consider lake usage to be belcw its potential due to poor
fishing.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 50  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  1 year out of 3-5
Estimated summerkill frequencies:   rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     Eecause this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills.  The use of artificial aeration  devices  to
maintain   dissolved  oxygen  concentrations  is  recommended.
According to the  Lyon  County  Conservation  Board,  proposed
management  plans  for Lake Pahoja include the installation of
aerators in the summer of 1980.

     Eecause large guantities  of   rooted  aguatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water ^aality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
stxongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the  basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's lon^ term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such  as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake


                              522

-------
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events,  sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-treathing invertebrates,   for this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution tor this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile  lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as  diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they vill help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              523

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PIEECE CKEtK fCND

LCCATICN
County: Page            Latitude   10 Deg  50 Hin N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  21 fiin W
Township  70 N       Eange 39 H       Section 29

WATERSHED CHARACTE2ISTIC3
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      1129. hectares (  2789. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     26                  1129.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    88.0        8.7       0.3         0.0     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   26 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14*) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Marshall soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  35 %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTEHISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements frca 1S78 map
Area   14. ha (  34. A)
Length of shoreline    3787. m  (  12424. ft)
Maximum depth  8.5 m ( 28.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.1 m {  7. ft)
Volume    292225. cubic meters  (   237. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.90     Volume development  0.75
Watershed/lake area ratio       80.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      102. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Hajor inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                               524

-------
          DEPTHS IN FEET
3U21 HETERS
                            PIERCE  CREEK POND
                            Page County

-------
fCLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
uas sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the
     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN     STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EHBOfi
    Sec chi disc depth                6       0.4       0.04
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      44.2       7.33
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                 6     124.2      23.69
      mg/ cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6       0.09
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 '2       0.3       0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.5       0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      25.4       2.27
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        6      27.2       3.67
      JTU
    Total hardness                   4     131.0       5.20
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 4      88.0       3.56
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 6     118.7       3.89
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       7.8       0.82
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             6     270.0      24.19
      micro mhos/ cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       6.7       0.83
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       3.8       0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0       0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0       0.00
      mg/1
                              526

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 7/79)  with the mcst pronounced stratification (if any) .
   DEPTH
     ID

     0
     1
     2
     3
29.1
29.2
25.2
22.5
OXZGEN
 mg/1

 10. 1
  9.8

  0.5
TOTAL P
mg/cu m

  82.2
  88.3

 132.2
                                pH
8.6
8.6

7.6
 CHI a
mg/cu m

  53.9
  59.9

  56.9
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state iased on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCIHT PCL1UTICN SCOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate = 1016.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   71.0
 65.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
crop rotation, pastureland and pastureland improvement,
terraces, grass waterways, gulley control structures/
erosion control structures.

PCIfll SOOBCE fGLLUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   This lake has not yet been classified.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Pierce Creek Becreaticn Area  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made £y Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                   3236.
                   S6U3.
                      0.
                    894.
                      0.
                   OSE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
                      95.
                     283,
                       0,
                      26,
                       0.0
                       231. 1
                       688.8
                         0.0
                        63.9
                         0.0
                              527

-------
Eicnicking,camp ing,cther
activities prompted
by the lake's presence          616.       24.0       58.3
Snowmcbiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         14589.      429.1     1042.1

     Special events at Pierce Creek Fend contributing to more
than normal use include a Boy Scout camparee (140 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may he impaired in Eierce Creek Pond throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Aquatic vas-
cular plant growth nay impair coating and shoreline fishing.
Shoreline erosion and siltaticn are significant problems.
Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to
be below its potential due to a lack of facilities.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 12  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCHBENDATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  Khite  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attache a to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  test  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake].    In  addition,
it is recofoisended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
                              528

-------
livestock  wastes teaching tributary streams.  Besearch on tie
lova great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  witn  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  or  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch fsedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve tie water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   Tiey  will
help  protect tie lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state tie degree such a program might increase
the water quality in tie lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-£cint  pollutants co the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              529

-------
PLEASANT CEEEK LAKE

LOCATION
County: Linn            Latitude   42 Deg   7 Min H
        Benton          Longitude  91 Deg  50 Min H
Township  64 N       Eange  8 H       Section  6

HATEBSHED CHAEACTEBIS1ICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       841. hectares (  2078. acres)

Seal Associations within watershed
   Assoc 4             area ha             % of total
      7                    10.                   1.2
     71                   831.                  98.8
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    33.1       10.3       5.6        0.0    51.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-53&)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.   Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo, Zook, and Nodavay soils.

   71 Gently and moderately sloping (2-935)  forest-derived
      sails developed from loess en ridgetops and loess over
      pre-Wisconsin till or loess over bedrock on moderately
      steep and steep (14-25%) sideslopes.   Payette and
      Dubugue soils and Steep Bock Land.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTEHISTICS OP LAKE
Measurements from 1978 map
Area  165. ha ( 407.  A)
Length of shoreline   15061. o (  49413. ft)
Maximum depth 18.3 a ( 60.0 ft)
Mean depth  5.1 m ( 17.  ft)
Volume   8476776. coiic meters (  6671.  acre-feet)
Shjreline development  3.31    Volume development  0.84
Watershed/lake area ratio        5.1
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Cutlet: Unnamed
                              530

-------
01
                       1684 METERS
                                                  PLEASANT  CREEK LAKE
                                                  Linn County

-------
208 Agency:
   loua Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319

PCII01ION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAME1EE                     SAMPLE    SEAN    STANDAfiD
                                    SIZE             ZHHOR
    Secchi disc depth                5        2.5      0.53
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11       18.6      5.51
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11       58.3      8.82
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.6      0.11
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.1      0.07
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               15        3.9      0.5U
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11        2.1      0.29
      J1U
    Total hardness                  13      1U7.5      3.22
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium  hardness                13       88.6      2.73
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Ictal alkalinity                12      128.7      2.H3
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                12        7.5      0.38
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            12      318.3      8.03
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           6       18.8      1.32
      mg/1
    Chloride                         7       14.8      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        9.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              532

-------
IEMP
C
26. 1
26.1
26. 1
26. 1
25.6
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.4

8.3

7.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
56.3

61.3

49.4
PH

8.7

8.7

8.6
CHI a
mg/cu m
49.8

46.8

30.1
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 1/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH
     0
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5      24.4
     6      22.2
     7      21.1       0.1      69,5       7.6       4. 4
     8      20.0
     9      15.6
    10      12.2       0.0     143.7       7.7       2.2
    11      10.0
    12       8.9
    13       7.8
    1M       7.8       0.0     550.3       7.7       1.1
    15       7.8
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION SCUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate la region =   4.94- 6.99 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   31.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.7
 75.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, contouring/ terraces.

PCINl SOURCE EGLLUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classitication(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Pleasant Creek Eecreation Area (State)
                              533

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists .based-on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                 10144.       24.9       61.5
   Shore or ice fishing       27725.       68.1      168.0
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                544.        1.3        3.3
Hunting                        2541.        6.2       15.4
PicnickingDamping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         39S8.        9.8       24.2
Snowmciiling                  25197.       61.9      152.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  156.        0.4        0.9
TOTAL                         70305.      172.7      426.1

IMPAIBMEN1S

     Recreational activities in Pleasant Creek Lake do not ap-
pear to be impaired by poor water quality; however, aquatic
vegetation may interfere with boating and fishing.  Iowa Con-
servation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential because of uncompleted facilities.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 27  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCMflENDATiCNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallos  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by tne local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommenced that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Besearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
                              534

-------
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to eaten feediot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  irom  this
source.   The  atove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the uater quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-fcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              535

-------
ECLLMIL1EH LIKE

LOCATION
County: Lee             Latitude   40 Deg  43 Mm N
                        Longitude  91 Deg  26 Bin M
Township  68 N       Bange  5 H       Section  4

HATEBSHED CHABACIEBIS1ICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
        92. hectares (   229. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc f             area ha             % of total
     38                    11.                  12.3
     44                    81.                  67.7
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    47.1       21.8       8.2       20.9     2.1
Description of. topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   38 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-iisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and ffeller soils.

   44 Gently to strongly sloping  (0-1436)  prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Wisconsin
      till-derived paleosols, or pre-Wisconsin till.
      Gru-ndy, Pershing, Heller, Kesvick, and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1S76 map
Area    7. ha (  13. A)
Length of shoreline    2503. m  (   8213. ft)
Maximum depth  9.1 m ( 30.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.6 m ( 12. ft)
Volume    262606. cucic meters  (   213. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.63    Volume development  1.19
Watershed/lake area ratio       13.1
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  39. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2G8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              536

-------
998 METERS
POLLMILLER LAKE
Lee County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone cr the lake.

     EABAHETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ZHHOE
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.9      0.11
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      20.5     13.76
      eg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11      36.7      4.89
      mg/cubic oiater
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.07
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11       8.8      0.82
      mg/1
    lurJsidity                       10       6.9      0.85
      JTU
    Tctal hardness                  10     159.8      1.17
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                11      91.1      1.82
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity.                11     124.0      0.89
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                10       8.3      0.53
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11     360.9     10.72
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Salfate                          5      47.0      2.27
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6       5.8      0.42
      mg/1
    Scdium                           3      11.7      0.33
      mg/1
    Potassium                        3       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              538

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 6/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
   DEPTH
     m

     0
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
     6
     7
TEMP
  C

25.6
         CXYGEN
          ng/1
   7
   7
26
26
24.4
19.4
13.9
11.1
10.0
7,
7,
TOTAL P
mg/cu m

  24.6
7.7
           1.8
           0.0
  29.
  34,
         49.4
        434.0
                     PH
8.8
8.8
8.7

7.9
             7.3
 CHL a
ag/cu m

  10.5
   4.4
   9.6

  26.6
         24.3
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  Ihe trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  150.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    6.2
 40.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Eest management practices recommended by local SCS office:
ccnservatioa tillage, pastureland and pas-tureland
improvement.
PCIN1 SOOHCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES # (if any)

Vest Point
 IA0043109
Nest Point WTE
 IA0002992 & IA0059536
Pcllmiller Park

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT
                  Comments

                  trickling filter/sludge bed

                  iron filter backwash to sewage
                  treatment plant
                  Water intake filter backwash
Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (H)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Pcllmiller Park (County)
                              539

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Banting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmobiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIBHEMS
TOTAL

 7295.
12330.
32515.
 3257.
    0.
16276.
  782.

  6G8.
73123.
USE/ACRE  USE/HECTABE
  405,
  685,
 1809,
  180,
 1042,
 1761,
    0.0
  904.2
   43.4

   33.8
 4062.4
 4653.6
  465.3
    0.0
 2325. 1
  111.7

   36.9
10446.1
     Swimming may re impaired in Eollmiller Lake during part
of the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be at
its potential.

Estimated aquatic flant coverage  0  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTORATION BICOtiaiNDATICtiS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling o'f the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
                              540

-------
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.    The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch fsedlot runoff/   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  rrcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  acove  land use recommendations are made on the
tasis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not passible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              541

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PEAIEIE ECSE LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Shelfcy          Latitude   41 Deg  36 flin N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  13 din H
Township  79 N       Bange 38 W       Section 36

HATEBSHED CHAHAC1EEISTICS
Watershed area(excluding laXe surface)
      1859. hectares (  4594. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     25                   689.                  37.0
     26                  1170.                  63.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    81.7       13.8       1.5        0.0     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   25 Gently sloping to moderately steep (2-18%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, outcrops of
      pre-Sisconsin till, or pre-Hisconsin till-derived
      paleoscls.  flarhsall, Shelby, and Adair soils.

   26 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Marshall soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAEACTERIST1CS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S71 map
Area   83. ha ( 204.  A)
Length of shoreline    13108. m  (  430C6.  ft)
Maximum depth  8.2 m ( 27.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.1 m ( 10. ft)
Volume   2570266. cubic meters  (  2083. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  4.07    Volume development  1.13
Watershed/lake area ratio       22.4
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evapcration      99. cm
Themal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Cutlet: Unnamed
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, leva 50319
                              542

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OJ
                                                  PRAIRIE ROSE LAKE
                                                  Shelby County

-------
POLLOIION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 197S.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples an
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAHE1EE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.6      0.08
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      38.6      5.46
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      95.0      5.19
      mg/cobic mater
    Kjeldahl nitrcgen                2       1.83     2.40
      ag/1
    Ammonj.a nitrogen                 2       0.12     0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.64     0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      25.2      3.76
      mg/1
    Turfcidity                        8      14.1      1.59
      JTU
    Total hardness                   8     142.0      2.80
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      80.5      2.32
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     139.3      3.84
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       7.4      0.89
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     300.0     16.14
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4      11.6      2.97
      mg/i
    Chloride                         4       7.6      0.24
      mg/l
    Sodium                           2       6.5      0.50'
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              544

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 9/79)  with the most pronounced stratification {if any).

   DEPTH    TIME     CXIGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     o        C       ag/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      28.1       6.9      80.5       8.4      U9.4
     1      28.1
     2      28.0       6.8      85.0       8.3      52.0
     3      26.0
     4      26.2       2.4     110.5       7.8      52.4
     5      23.5       0.4     137.7       7.6      20.2
This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus at some times,nitrogen at others.

NCN-PCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  14.31-27.77 Tons/Acre/Xr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x scil loss cate -  491.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   18.3
 35,% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage.

POINT SOUECE EC1LUTICN

Source/NPEDES * (if any)       Comments

Prairie Eosa State Park       Total retention lagoon

LAKE GSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (W)-wildlife/ warawater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Prairie Rose State Park
                              545

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USZ/HECTAfiE
Pishing
   Frcm boats                  3929.       19.3       47.3
   Shore or ice fishing        8877.       43.5      107.0
Swimming                      21058.      103.2      253.7
Pleasure boating                304.        1.5        3.7
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,otier
activities cremated
cy the lake's presence         9903.       48.5      119.3
Snowmcbiling                    122.        0.6        1.5
Ice skating and cross-
country s.kiing                  122.        0.6        1.5
TOTAL                         44315.      217.2      533.9

     Special events at Prairie Eose Lake contributing to more
t.han normal use Include several fishing tournaments (50-250
people) .

IHPAIEMEN1S

     Swimming may fce impaired in Prairie Rose Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Aquatic vas-
cular plant growth may impair boating and shoreline fishing.
Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to
be below its potential due to poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  1  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION BECCHMENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  tc  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of tie basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's loa-j tern
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  jay
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development, of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see


                              546

-------
section on non-point foliation foe this lake).    La  addition,
it is recommended that steps fce taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Eesearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  or  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff/   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  aoove  land use recommendations  are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality  in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              547

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RED HAH LAKE

LOCATION
County: Lucas           Latitude   41 Deg   0 din N
                        Longitude  93 Oeg  16 Min W
Township  72 N       Bange 21 W       Section 33

WATEBSfliD CHABACTZHIS1ICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       363. hectares (   898. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     36                   168.                  46.3
     37                   195.                  53.7
Estimated land uses  (35)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    56.5       33.<4       6.6         0.0     3.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   36 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-14X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed front loess, pre-Hisconsin
      till, or pre-Sisconsin till-derived paleoscls.
      Grundy, Haig, Shelby, and Adair soils.

   37 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18%) prairie and
      forest-derived soils developed  from pre-Wisconsin
      till-derived paleosoLs, pre-tiisconsin till, or loess.
      Adair, Shelby, Lindley, and Grundy soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1973 map
Area   26. ha (  64. A)
Length of shoreline    6372. m  (  20906. ft)
Haximum depth 12.2 m ( 40.0 ft)
Bean depth  4.4 m  (  14. ft)
Volume   1169522. cubic meters  (   948. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.48    Volume development   1.03
Jiatershed/lake area ratio       14.0
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         1€. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Little Hhitebreast Cz
Outlet: Little Hhitebreast Cr
                              548

-------
1382 H1TEBS
RED  HAW LAKE
Lucas County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Oes Moines, loaa 50519

FCLI01ICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PAHAMETEE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDAED
                                    SIZE             ERBOR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.9      0.12
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    7      55.1      6.75
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 7      37.6      1.84
      mg/cufcic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.9      0.09
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weigiit                7      11.4      0.93
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        7       9.9      0.82
      JTO
    Total hardness                   7      89.4      3.64
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 7      62.3      3.19
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 7      82.9      4.07
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       8.9      0.82
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     185.0      5.90
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4      12.0      0.54
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       4.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              550

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 3/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if aay) .
DEPTH
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TEHP
C
27.0
27.0
25.2
22.8
22.2
20.9
17.2
15.1
13.4
12.5
OXYGEN
mg/1
11.0

6.2

1.1

0.0

0.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
31.4



26.3

144.3

590.6

pH

9.2

8.3

7.8

7.6

7.3

CUL a
mg/cu m
30.3

53.1

25.8

2.8

4.9

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT PGLIUTICN SCDECES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  14.31-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) z soil loss rate =  294.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    7.6
 60.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local 5CS office:
terraces, pastureland and pasture land improvement,
contouring, conservation tillage, crop rotation.

PCINT SOUHCZ POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-priffldxy body contact recreation.
   Class B(8)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source  for a potable water su^ly.
This lake is not desiguated  as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Bed Haw State Park
                              551

-------
Estimates of total annual lak€ use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY                      T01AL
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  3136.
   Shore or ice fishing       13627.
Swimming                      20626.
Pleasure boating               5426.
Hunting                           0.
Picnicking/camping,other
activities prompted
ty the lake's presence       273417.
S-noumcbiling                   1910.
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  782.
10TAL                        318924.
OSE/ACHJS  USE/HECTARE
   49.0
  212.9
  322.3
   84.8
    0.0
 4272.1
   29.8

   12.2
 4983.2
  120.6
  524. 1
  793.3
  208.7
    0.0
10516.0
   73.5

   30.1
12266.3
     Special events at Sed Haw Lake contributing to more than
normal use include a tass fishing tournament (12 people).

IHPAIEMEMS

     Swimming may be impaired in Bed Haw Lake during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be at its potential.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage  8  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies;  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RECCHflENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  laJte,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the -basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events/ sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken tc reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
                              552

-------
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  tc  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  laxes.    The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above leedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from   this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They   will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however,  it is
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate Information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              553

-------
BOCK CREEK LAKE

LOCATION
County: Jasper          Latitude   41 Deg  45 bin N
                        Longitude  92 Oeg  50 Bin U
Township  80 N       Bange 17 V       Section 17

NATEESHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      9912. hectares ( 24493. acres)

Scil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha'             % of total
     55                   959.                   9.7
     56                  4982.                  50.3
     57                  3971.                  40.1
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    75.3       15.2       6.4         0.0     3.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   55 nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess,  lama and
      Muscatine soils.

   56 Gently to strongly sloping (2-14X)  prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed from loess.  lama, Downs, and
      Fayette soils.

   57 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Hisconsin till.  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAEACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1973 map
Area  244. ha  ( 602. A)
Length of shoreline   22765. m (  74691. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.6 in (  9. ft)
Volume   6426006. cubic meters (  5208. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  4.11    Volume development  1.18
Watershed/lake area ratio       40.6
Origin of basin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Bock Cr
Outlet: Bock Cr
                              554

-------
I/'
111
u
                               ROCK CREEK  LAKE

                               Jasper County
                     5069 METERS

-------
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     EABAME1EH                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ES.ROB
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5      0.02
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      75.9     16.86
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                 7     119.2      9.21
      mg/cuiic meter
    K^eldahl nitrogen                2       1.0      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      19.3      1.53
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        9      14.8      1.66
      JTU
    Tctal hardness                  10     161.4      7.11
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                11     100.5      4.32
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                10     135.4      4.98
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.0      0.89
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     310.0     12.25
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      25.0      0.33
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      10.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      1.00
      mg/1
                              556

-------
DEPTH
01
0
1
TIHP
C
26.5
26.4
OZIGEN
mg/1
9.4
9.1
TOTAL P
mg/cu E
133.3
124.7
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/31/79}  with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).

                                            pH     CHL a
                                                  mg/cu m

                                           8.5     106.3
                                           8.5      87.9
     2      26.2
     3      25.3       5.3      88.1       8.1       9.0
     5      24.5
This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutroyhic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus.

NON-POINT POLIOTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Tr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  890.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crcps/lake area =   30.6
 26.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, strip-cropping, terraces, gulley
control structures/ erosion control structures.

POINT SOUHCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES # (if any)      Comments

Bock Creek State Park         Two one-cell lagoons; total
                              retention

LAKE CSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warawater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Bock Creek State Park
                              557

-------
                                        USE/ACRE  USj2/HBCTA3B
Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional

ACTIVITY                      10T.AL
Fishing
   From boats                 16480.
   Shore or ice fishing       41465.
Swimming                      20325.
Pleasure boating               8570.
Hunting                        4468.
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence       110055.
Snowmcbiling                   3470.
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  955.
TCTAL                        205808.
                                           27.4
                                           68.9
                                           33.8
                                           14.2
                                            7.4
                    67.5
                   170.0
                    83.3
                    35. 1
                    18.3
                                          182.8
                                            5.8

                                            1.6
                                          341.y
                   451,
                    14,
                     3.9
                   843.5
     Special events at Rock Creek Lake contributing to more
than normal use include five bass fishing tournaments (500
people), weekly sailboat races (50 people each), and a sailing
regatta (500 people).

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Rock Creek Lake throughout
the summer because of  Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.   Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be at its potential.
Estimated aquatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill frequencies:
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE RESTORATION HECCHMENEATICNS
6  %
 rare if ever
 rare if ever
     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  ail  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  r>y the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcai soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to scii particles.  Following stcrm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with si jht-f eeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-oreathing invertebrates.  For this
reascn a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service ofi^c<= (see
section on non-j.oint pollution for this lake) .   In  addition,
                              556

-------
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the aoounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lanes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  tie  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              559

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ECDGEES PAHK LAKE

LOCATION
County: Beaton          Latitude   42 Oeg  12 Min N
                        Longitude  92 Deg   5 din H
Township  65 N       Range 11 W       Section  1

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       779. hectares (  1924. acres)

Scil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     78                   622.                  79.8
     77                   127.                  16.3
     80                    31.                   3.9
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    89.4        6.S       0.9         0.0     2.8
Description cf topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   78 Nearly level to noderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      pre-Uisconsin till on the lowan Erosion Surface.
      lama, Dinsdale, fluscatine, and  Garwin soils.

   77 Gently to strongly sloping (2-14X)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, loess over pre-Wisconsin
      till cr pze-Wisconsin till en the lowan Erosion
      Surface,  lama, Dinsdale, and Kenyon soils.

   80 Gently sloping to steep  (2-25H) prairie to forest-
      derived soils developed frcns loess on paha.  Downs,
      Seaton, and lama soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1978 map
Area    9. ha (  22. A)
Length of shoreline    2628. m  (   8622. ft)
Maximum depth  5.5 m ( 18.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.3 m (  7. ft)
Volume    198365. cuhic meters  (   161. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.50    Volume development  1.23
Hatershad/lake area ratio       86.6
Origin of basrn: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual cunofi         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows Uaaed and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
                              560

-------
Q95 HETEBS
                             RODGERS  PARK  LAKE
                             Benton County

-------
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50519

PCLLOTICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     5AHAMETIE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                4       0.5      0.00
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8     135.0     20.86
      mg/cuhic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8     151.0     10.75
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      ng/1
    Sestcn dry weight                9      18.3      2.53
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8       6.1      0.55
      JTD
    Total hardness                   8     151.2      3.14
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 9      80.4      4.60
      mg/1 as CaC02
    ictal alkalinity                10     110.6      4.15
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8      11.0      1.49
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     324.4     10.02
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      32.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      18.0      0.00
      my/1
    Scdium                           2       8.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              562

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 1/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
   DIPTH
     m
TEMP
  C
CXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
rng/cu m
PH
9.0
9.1
8.8
CHL a
mg/cu m
161.7
203.6
151.2
     0      26.7      14.e     118.6
     1      25.6      15.7     1U7.3
     2      24.4      11.1     112.7
     3      21.1
This lake was uot included in the Naticnal Eutropbication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-fCINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  701.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   77.4
 80.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
contouring, conservation tillage, terraces.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Eodgers Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
cf existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                     52.
                    83U.
                      0.
                    235.
                      0.
                   USE/ACSE  USS/HECTARE
                       2.4
                      37.9
                       0.0
                      10.7
                       0.0
                         5.8
                        92.7
                         0.0
                        26. 1
                         0.0
                              563

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Sncvmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIHflENTS
KH5.
   0.

 151.
2767.
 67.0
  O.G

  3.7
126.7
163.9
  0.0

 21.2
309.7
     Swimming may be impaired in Bodgers Park Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
iy algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be below its potential due to the lake's
recent construction.
Estimated aquatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill frequencies;
Estimated summerkill frequencies:

LAKE RESTORATION BECOMdENDATICNS
   9  %
    rare if ever
    rare if ever
     The water Duality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish aud the development of  fish
eggs,  and nay smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces aoove feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such,  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  iroa  this
source.   The  aoove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in tie lake and
slow djwn the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  jrctect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program night increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  issues  o-f  sednents,  nutrients,   ana   other
                              304

-------
ncn-pcint  i:°llutants to tte lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation progiaai.
                              565

-------
SILVEE LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Delaware        Latitude   42 Deg  25 Min N
                        Longitude  91 Deg  13 Bin V
Township  68 N       2dnge  4 H       Section 21

HATESSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Hatershed area (excluding lake surface)
        76. hectares  {   187. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     70                    71.                  93.3
     81                     5.                   6.7
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    69.0       12.1      10.5        4.9     3.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   70 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie and forest-
      derived soils developed from loess cr eolian sands
       (some undulating and hilly topography).  Sparta,
      Fayette, Downs, Dickinson, and Backbone soils.

   81 Moderately sloping to steep  (5-4055) forest-derived
      soils developed from loess or Icess over bedrock.
      Fayette and Cuhugue soils and Steep Rock Land.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  38 %

PHYSICAL CHAfiACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1975 map
Area   14. ha  (  34. A)
Length of shoreline    2161.  m  (   7090. ft)
Maximum depth  4.6 m  ( 15.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.9 m (  6. ft)
Volume    270396. cubic meters  (   219.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.64    Volume development  1.28
Watershed/lake area ratio        5.4
Origin of Lasin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  8S. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   9CC East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319
                              566

-------
en
o
                                    3675 HETEBS
                                                                SILVER LAKE

                                                                Delaware County

-------
PCLLU1ICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in  the sumner  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are foe  samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     EABAHETEE                    SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ESEOE
    Secchi disc depth                5        2.2     0.27
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      12.9     4.34
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      200.5     9.99
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        1.1     0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.2     0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.1     0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9        3.6     0.30
      mg/1
    TurMdity                        9        2.6     0.37
      JTO
    Total hardness                  11      68.4     1.79
      mg/1 as CaCG3
    Calcium hardness                11      43.6     0.80
      mg/1 as Caco3
    Total alkalinity                11      59.8     1.25
      mg/1 as CaCCS
    Dissolved oxygen                10        9.2     0.48
      mg/1
    Specific conductance              8      160.0     16.37
      micrcmhos/cm at 25  C
    Sulfate                          2        2.5     1.50
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        9.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2        3.0     0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        4.0     0.00
      mg/1
                              5oe

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
 ( 9/10/79) with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).
   DEPTH
     0
     1
     2
     3
24.4
23. 1
21.8
21.5
OXYGEN
aig/i
6.7
7.9
6.8
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
221.8
230.4
225.1
                                pH
   9.0
   9. 1
   9.0
 CHL a
cg/cu m

   5.3
   4.1
   4.5
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based en 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NGN-POINT POLLUTION SCUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 lons/Acre/Yr
Potential diltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   44.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    3.7
 38.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage.

POINT SOUBCE POLLUTION

No pcint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSHENI

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B (H)-wildlife, varmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class c-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Silver Lake Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
cf existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure toating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                    821.
                   33S7.
                      0.
                      0.
                      0.
USE/ACSE  USE/HECTARE
24.1
99.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
58. 6
242.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
                              565

-------
Picnicking/camping,other
activities prompted
by the laJce's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TCTAL

IflPAIfiMEHTS
1C63.
1390.

  69.
6740.
 J1.3
 40.9

  2.0
198.2
 75.9
 99.3

  U.9
U81.U
     Recreational activities in Silver Lake do not appear to be
impaired by high algal populations; however, aquatic vegetation
nay interfere with icating, fishing, and swimming.  Frequent
winterkills and occasional summerkills may limit fishing po-
tential.  Grass carp have been stocked to control the growth
of aquatic vegetation.  Aeration is used in the winter to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its po-
tential due to aquatic plant and winterkill problems.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 92  %
Artificial aeration used
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5
Estimated sumnerkill frequencies: 1 year out of 10

LAKE BESTOBATICH SECOMtlENDATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The shallowness of this laJce contributes significantly to
its tater  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspensicn of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
Deepening  of  tae water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  ia  the winter to prevent ttte oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
                              570

-------
benefits.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the hasin ma-king the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  axe  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Fallowing storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  laJse  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reascn a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  Budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data ou
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we du not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservation program.
                              571

-------
SILVEB LAKE

LOCATION
Ccunty: Dickinson       Latitude   43 Dag  27 din N
                        Longitude  95 Oeg  20 Min H
Township 100 N       Bange 38 S       Section 23

HATEBSHiD CHABACTZRISTIC3
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      4490. hectares  ( 11094. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc T?             area ha             % of total
     12                   734.                  16.3
     14                  2148.                  47.8
     15                  1608.                  35.8
Estimated land uses (5)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   other
    b7.7        8.0       0.8        0.0     3.6
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-556)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till en the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okotoji,  Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.   Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-936)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.   Includes very poorly drained dcpressioual
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Stordeu, and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  26 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 ma^
Area  U21. ha (1041. A)
Length of shoreline   15462. m  (  50730. ft)
Maximum depth  3.4 m  ( 11.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.8 m (  6.  ft)
Volume   7784362. cubic meters  (  6308.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.11    Volume development  1.64
Watershed/lake area ratio       1C.7
Origin of basin:  Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
                              572

-------
1799tt METERS
SILVER  LAKE
Dickinson County

-------
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  West Br Little Sioux R + 1 Unnamed
Outlet: West Er Little Sioux B
2G8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, lova 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMELS    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.1      0.26
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10      34.1     13.44
      mg/cuhic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      97.1     11.99
      mg/cuhic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.0      0.10
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.08
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       1.2      0.01
      ag/1
    Seston dry weight               10      20.5      6.10
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      11.3      2.31
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     345.8      2.93
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     226.0      5.82
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     162.8      4.24
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       7.9      0.56
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     620.6      9.91
      micronhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3     178.7      1.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      17.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       8.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              574

-------
Vertical profile for selected aeasureaents en the sampling date
( 8/13/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .
   DEPTH
     m
TEMP
  C
CXYGEN
 ag/i
TOTAL P
rng/cu m
 CHL a
mg/cu m

  32.9
     0      21.2       6.2     136.7       8.3
     1      21.2       6.3     145.4       8.3
     2      21.2       6.4      29.5       8.3     103.3
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  Tie trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLlDTICa SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Xr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   42.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    9.2
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices,
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control hasins, strip-cropping,
contouring, conservation planting (trees,grass).
POINT SOOBCE PG11UTICN

Source/NPEDZS f (if any)

Lake Park
IA0036919

LAKE OSE ASSESSHEN1
                  Coonents

                  2-cell lagoon;overflow does
                  not enter lake
Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body con-tact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw hater source for a potable water supply.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about  950 persons at Lake Park.

Public parks:
   Trappers Bay
   City Campground and Boat Launch
                              575

-------
 Estimates  of  total  annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
 Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
 of existing records and prolessional  judgement.

 ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
 Fishing
   Frcm boats                 11693.       12.2       30.1
   Shore or ice fishing       27683.       26.6       65.8
 Swimming                       3231.        3.1        7.7
 Pleasure boating               1055.        1.0        2.5
 Hunting                        2093.        2.0        5.0
 Eicnicking,camping,other
 activities prcmpted
 by the lake's presence         5836.        5.6       13.9
 Snowmobiling                   2084.        2.0        5.0
 Ice skating and cross-
 country skiing                 1042.        1.0        2.5
 TCTAL                         55717.       53.5      132.3

 IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may re impaired in Silver Lake during part of
 tie summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
 by algal populations.  Frequent winterkills and occasional
 sumaierkills may linit fishing potential.  Io«a Conservation
 Commission personnel consider lake usage to be below its po-
 tential due to winterkill problems.

 Estimated aguatic plant coverage  0  %
 Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5-7
 Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year out of 12-15

 LAKE RESTOEATICN BECCMMENBATICNS

     The shallowness of this laie contributes significantly to
 its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
 little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
 are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
 poor  water  transparency.   The  shallcwness also facilitates
 wind resuspension of bottom sediments causing greater internal
 nutrient loading.   The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
 results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
 Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or  raised
 water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the  oxygen
concentrations frcm declining to  lethal  levels.    The   first
 procedure would provide the greatest inprovements to the lake;
however,   the  second  procedure  would  also nave significant
benefits.
                              576

-------
     The water quality  of  this  lake,   like  all  lakes,   is
strongly  intluenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.   It
contributes to the filling of the basin  maiing the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are   carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency/  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best   management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on ncn-toint pollution for this  lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  Hastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the   nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlcts, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a  program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pcllutants to the laXe.  Furthermore we do not have
adeguate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              577

-------
 SILVER  LAKE

 LCCATICN
 County: Palo  Alto       latitude    43  Deg    2  Man  N
                        Longitude   94  Deg   53  din  W
 Township  95  N        aange  34  W        Section  20

 WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
 watershed area(excluding lake  surface)
      3236. hectares  (  7996.  acres)

 Soil Associations  within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha              X of total
     1<*                  1681.                  52.0
     15                  1554.                  48.0
 Estimated land  uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry    Towns    Other
    £5.8        9.4       1.0        0.0     3.8
 Description of  topography and  soils in soil associations
 represented in  the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed  from  Wisconsin till  on the
      Cary Lote.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo,  and  Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9S) prairie-
      derived soils developed  from  Wisconsin till  on the
      Cary Lote.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and  Webster soils,

 Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   18  &

 PHYSICAL CHARACTEB1STICS OF LAKE
 Measurements from 1975 map
 Area  269. ha ( 664. A)
Length of shoreline    8821. m  (  32221. ft)
 Haxinum depth   2.0 m  (  7.0 ft)
 Mean depth  1 .4 m  {  5. ft)
 Vciume   3814332.  cubic meters  (  3091. acre-feet)
 Shoreline development  1.69    Volume development  2.08
 Watershed/laXe  area ratio       12.0
Origin of rasin: Natural
 Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
 Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
 Estimated lake  evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Unnamed
Outlet:  Silver Cr
                              578

-------
Ul
                                    1U953 METERS
SILVER  LAKE
Palo Alto County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Oes Homes, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the sunnier of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zcne cf the lake.

     FABAMETES                     SAMILE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EEBOH
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5      0,09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      77.1     16.45
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9     222.0     22.80
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldanl nitrogen                2       1.9      0.42
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      26.0      3.42
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      10.6      0.87
      JTU
    Total hardness                  10     214.0      3.90
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcimn  .hardness                10     124.0      6.91
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                 9     153.8      3.49
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.6      0.6U
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     383.0     12.74
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      45.0      0.76
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      20.2      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.5      0.50
      mg/i
                              580

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
  "    ---•    ••  tjje mos^ pronounced stratification  (if any).
   DEETH
     m
TEME
  C

21.3
OXYGEN
 ag/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
PH
 CHI a
mg/cu m
                       9.2     216.3       9.0      98.0
     1      '1.2       9.4     220.5       9.0      46.8
This lake was not included in the National Zutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NGN-EGINT PCLLUTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion;
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tous/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   48.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   10.3
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, crop rotation, terraces, contouring.

POINT SOURCE PCILUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (H)-wildlile, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Fish and Wildlife Access
   Salton Park and Boat Launch (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcta boats
   Shore or ice fashing
Swimming
Pleasure bcatiug
Hunting
         TOTAL

           677.
         12979.
          2345.
           586.
          2605.
          USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
              1.0
             19.5
              3.5
              0.9
              3.9
           2.5
          <48. 2
           6.7
           2.2
           9.7
                              581

-------
Picnicking /camping , other
activities promoted
by the lake's presence        11290.       17.0       42.0
Snovmobiling                   3473.        5.2       12,9
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 2348.        3.5        8.7
TOTAL                         363C3.       54.7      135.0

IHPAIJ.HENTS
              may re impaired in Silver Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Occasional winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission per-
sonnel consider lake usage to be below its potential due to
winterkills and poor fishing.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 29  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 7-10
Estimated summer kill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BICC KflENDATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  Shite  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     Because tLis lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissclved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  tc
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should ie considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strcngly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lakfc
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended i>y the local soil conservation service office  (see


                              5S2

-------
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tiie lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagooas can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations  are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality  in tae lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              583

-------
SILVER LAKE

LCC11ION
County: Worth           Latitude   43 Deg  29 Min N
                        longitude  93 Deg  25 Min a
Township  100 N       Bange 22 W       Section 14

WATEfiSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      1032. hectares  (  2550. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc  #             area ha             % of total
     15                   387.                  37.5
    114                   645.                  62.5
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    75.3       16.0       5.3        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.   Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

  114 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie and
      mixed prairie-forest-derived soils developed from
      Wisconsin till en the Cary lobe.  Clarion, Lester,
      Webster, Okohoji, and Nicollet soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTEHISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area  128. ha ( 316.  A)
Length of shoreline    4118. n (  13512. ft)
Maximum depth  1.3 m (  6.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.4 m (  5. ft)
Volume   1846S17. cubic meters (  1497.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.03    Volume development  2.37
Watershed/lake area ratio        fi.1
Crigin of basin:  Natural
Estimated annual  precipitation  79.  cm
Estimated annual  runoff         13.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86.  cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet:  Drainage  Ditch 46

-------
en
or-
                                                                  DEPTHS IN FEET
                        1883 METERS
                                                                    SILVER LAKE

                                                                   Worth Coutrty

-------
2CS Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Koines, Iowa 50319

PCLLU1ICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     EAHAMETEB                     SAHPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secciu. disc depth                6       0.5      0.07
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11     100.3     18. 04
      mg/cabic meter
    Total phosphorus                11     138.6     20.60
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldalil nitrogen                2       1.5      0.09
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               11      24.4      1.90
      mg/1
    TurMdity                       10      10.8      0.74
      JTU
    lotal hardness                   9     140.4      4.05
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 9     80.7      1.63
      mg/1 as CaCOj
    lotal alkalinity                10     119.8      3.24
      mg/1 as CaC05
    Dissolved oxygen                 9      10.4      0.79
      mg/1
    Specific conductance              9     256.1     12.88
      micromhos/cm at 25  C
    Sulfate                          4       5.1      1.98
      mg/1
    Chloride                         7     13.4      0.37
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
TEMP
C
22.2
22.2
OXYGEN
ag/1
8.2
8.2
TOTAL P
mg/cu ra
145.0
146.7
pH
d.b
3.6
CHL a
mg/cu m
121.9
112.3
     2      22.2
This lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to He phosphorus at some times, nitrogen at others.

NCN-ECINT PCL10TICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =   65.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    6.1
 76.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, crop rotation, contouring.

PCINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE GSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Silver Lake Recreation Area  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission district fisheries biologists cased on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL

    0.
  452.
   26.
  143.
  912.
USE/ACRE  USE/HECTARE
    0.0
    1.4
    0.1
    0.5
    2.9
0.0
3.5
0.2
1.1
7. 1
                              587

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
lay the lake's presence          634.        2.0        5.0
Snowmcbiling -                   365.        1.2        2.9
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  122.        0.4        1.0
TOTAL                          2654.        8.4       20.7

IMPALBHINTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Silver Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Frequent winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission per-
sonnel consider laJce usage to be telow its potential due to
winterkills.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 25  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 2
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCHMENEATICNS

     Eecause large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  mignt  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.      The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     Eecause this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishJcills. Ihe use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  laices,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  tc  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached tc soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-oreathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
                              588

-------
section on non-point Collation for this lake).    la  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  laJces.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.  Ihere are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
ncn-pcint  pollutants to the laJte.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              589

-------
SLIP ELOFF LAKE

LOCATION
County: Decatur         Latitude   40 Dsg  39 Win N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  51 Min H
Township  68 N       Bange 26 H       Section 28

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
        93. hectares  (   230. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc ff             area ha             X of total
      7                     9.                   9.8
     38                    84.                  90.2
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    38.1       33.7      26.2        0.0     2.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

    7 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from alluvium.   Soils on steep
      adjacent upland slopes are included in some areas.
      Colo/ Zook, and Nodaway soils.

   38 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%)  forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Hisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and Weller soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1975 map
Area    6. ha  (  16. A)
Length of shoreline    2063. m  (   6768. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m  ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.8 m ( 12. ft)
Volume    244780. cubic meters  (   196.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.29    Volume development  1.55
Watershed/lake area ratio       15.5
Origin of hasin:  Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (nameo and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   9CO Zast Grand Avenue
   Les Hoines, Iowa 5Co15
                              590

-------
01
                                    383 METERS
                                                             SLIP  BLUFF  LAKE
                                                             Decatur County

-------
PCLLUTICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 5 times.   Averages are  for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of tie lake.

     PA5AMETZE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfifiOB
    Secchi disc depth                6       2.4      0.10
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9       4.6      0.70
      mg/cuiic meter
    Tctal phosphorus                 9      15.8      2.07
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.4      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.04     0.01
      aig/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       2.9      0.20
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9       3.7      0.39
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11      74.4      2.71
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                11      54.9      2.91
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9      64.9      2.77
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.1      0.38
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            12     144.7      5.94
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4       4.5      0.94
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4       1.4      0.13
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              592

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/21/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TEMP
C
26.6
26.6
26.6
24.2
23.1
19.3
14. 1
OXYGEN
mg/1
3.4

8. 1

5.3

0.0
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
11.3

S.9

15.7

5S.3
pH

8.7

8.6

8.0

7.4
CHL a
mg/cu m
2.6

1.9

3.1

221.5
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT POLLOTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  A few sections of shoreline with severe erosion
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  177.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    5.9
 91.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, crop rotation.

PGIN1 SCDSCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Slip Bluff Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     DSE/ACSE  U3E/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   247.       15.4       41.2
                              593

-------
   Shore or ice fishing
Swim mi Jig
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking/camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmoiiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IMPAIRMENTS
3374.
   0.
  87.
   0.
4297.
   0.

  69.
8071*.
210.9
  0.0
  5.4
  O.C
268.6
  0.0

  4.3
504.6
 562.3
   0.0
  14.5
   0.0
 716.2
   0.0

  11.5
1345.7
     Recreational activities in Slip Bluff Lake do not appear
to be impaired by poor water quality or aquatic plants.   Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
belov its potential due to occasional periods of high turbid-
ity.
Estimated aquatic plant coverage
Estimated winterkill frequencies:
   4  %
    rare if ever
Estimated snmiaerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCHMENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near tsrm and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere witii sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  foe
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (sea
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  or
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch fcc-dlot rjnoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  tils
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake wita sediments.   They  will
                              594

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help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the laJce.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              5S5

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SMITH LAKE

LCCA1ICN
County: Kossuth         Latitude   43 Deg   7 din N
                        Longitude  94 Oeg  14 Uin H
Township  96 N       Range 29 H       Section 23

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       446. hectares (  1102. acres)

Soil Associations uitiu.ii watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     12                   446.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   ether
    94.6        2.6       0.0        0.0     2.8
Description of topography aud soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5X)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till on the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okoboji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S79 map
Area   24. ha  (  59. A)
Length of shoreline    3148. m  (  10329. ft)
Maximum depth  3.0 in ( 10.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.6 m (  5. ft)
Volume    388128. cubic meters  (   315. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.82    Volume development   1.60
Watershed/lake area ratio       1E.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  74. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows  (naaed and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   9CO East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, lova 50319
                              5S6

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in
•r
                                      1172 METERS
                                                                   SMITH  LAKE

                                                                   Kossuth County

-------
ECL1UIICN ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
vas sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are  for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAfiAHETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.5      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      91.5     10.50
      mg/culic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9     110.2     12.79
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.5      0.65
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       4. 4      0.15
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      20.0      0.65
      mg/1
    Turnidity                       11      13.3      1.46
      JTO
    Total hardness                  10     277.0     10.27
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                11     185.5      8.51
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11     177.1      8.13
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9      10.6      0.50
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     481.0     13.49
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          7      54.3      3.97
      mg/1
    Chloride                         8      26.4      1.30
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              5^8

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/23/79)  vita the most pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
TEHE
C
21.1
21. 1
21. 1
21.1
OXYGEN
og/1
9.2
9.3

9.1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
168.8
171.0

134.0
PH
8.3
8.3
CHL a
mg/cu m
93.6
77.1
                                           8.3
                                                    83.5
     U      20.9
This lake was not included in tue National Eutrophicatioa
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic,

NCN-POINT PGLIUTICN SCUBCES
                                        0- 3.0  Tons/Acre/Yr
                                                         28.
Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated exosion rate in region =
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   17.6
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces.

PGIN1 SOUBCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class E (H)-wildlife/ warmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
Ibis lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Kossuth County Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                              TOTAL
DSE/ACRE  USE/HECTABE
925.
11641.
7667.
135.
0.
15.7
197.3
129.9
2.3
0.0
38.5
4d5.0
319. 5
5.6
0.0
                              599

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        21118.      357.9      879.9
Snowmobiling                    739.       12.5       30.8
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  870.       14.7       36.3
TOTAL                         U30S5.      730.a     1795.6

     Special events at Smith Lake contributing to more than
normal use include a fishing contest  (200 people), camping
clubs (250-3GO people), and a snowmobile club (30-75 people).

IHPAISMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Smith Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  White Amur have been stocked to control
the growth of aquatic vegetation.  Iowa Conservation Commis-
sion personnel consider lake usage to be above its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  9  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTOEATION BECCtHENDATICNS

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fiah and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-Dreathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagccns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
fpray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.    The  above  land use recommendations are made on tae
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the rilling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
                              500

-------
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program  might increase
the water quality in the lake.  Ihere are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore  we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such,  a
conservation program.
                              601

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SPUING LAKE

LOCATION
County: Greene          Latitude   42 Oeg   '4 Hin U
                        Longitude  94 Ceg  17 Min W
Township  84 N       Range 30 W       Section 25

SATEBSHED CHABACTEHISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       146. hectares (   361. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc §             area ha             % of total
     15                    97.                  66.7
     17                    49.                  33.3
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Fores-try   Towns   Other
     0.0        0.0     100.0         0.0     0.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X)  prairie-
      dsrived soils developed from Wisconsin tj.ll on the
      Gary Lo.be.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils,

   17 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-143S) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lofce.  Clarion, Canisteo,  Nicollet, Webster,
      Lester, and storden soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTE5IS1ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1977 map
Area   20. ha  (  51. A)
Length of shoreline    4296. m  (  14095.  ft)
Maximum depth  2.3 m (  7.0 ft)
Mean depth  0.9 m (  3. ft)
Volume    178766. cubic meters  (   145. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.68    Volume development  1.16
Watershed/lake area ratio        7.3
Origin of .basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  79. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: To Ces Mcinas River
                              602

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950 HETBBS
SPRING  LAKE
Greene County

-------
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PABAflETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBEOfi
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.4      0.10
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9       5.6      1.25
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      20.4      0.87
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjelda-hl nitrogen                2       0.4      0.06
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.07
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       2.3      0.62
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11       1.4      0.14
      JTD
    Total hardness                  11     161.6      0.71
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium  hardness                13      74.3      2.77
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                11     100.4      1.64
      aig/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.9      0.55
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     340.0     10.51
      microohos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           3      51.3      0.67
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      20.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       9.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              604

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling date
( 8/ 2/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      25.4       7.8      23.1       9.5       6.4
     1      25.4       7.9      22.7       9.5      18.2
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT PCLIUTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   29.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    0.0
  O.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.

POINT SOURCE POLLUIICN

No point sources identified

LAKE QSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, varmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Spring Lake State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                  1964.       38.5       98.2
   Shore or ice fishing        1564.       30.7       78.2
Swimming                       6186.      121.3      309.3
Pleasure boating               5860.      114.9      293.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        12262.      240.4      613.1
Snowacbiling                    243.        4.8       12.1
                              605

-------
Ice skating and cross-
country skiiag
TCTAL

IMPAIRMENTS
  695.
28774.
 13.6
564.2
  34.8
1438.7
     Recreational activities in Spring Lake do not appear to
tie impaired by poor water quality; however, aquatic vegetation
may interfere with fishing and svimming.  Frequent winterkills
may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to be aiove its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 91  %
Artificial aeration used
Estimated'winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 3
Estimated suinmerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATICN BECCBMENDATICNS

     The shallowness of this lake contributes significantly tc
its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilution  of  nutrient inputs, nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspension of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  Ihe shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen, thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however,  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcn soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways,.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to scil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
                              606

-------
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great laJces has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Tie  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis tney will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however/ it is
net possible to state the degree such a program migit increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data ou
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  tie  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              607

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SFHINGBBOOK LAKE

LCCA1ION
County: Gu-thrie         Latitude   11 Deg  47 Bin ri
                        Longitude  94 Oeg  28 Min W
Township  81 N       Hange 31 W       Section 33

WATERSHED CHABACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       502. hectares (  1241. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     15                   196.                  38.9
     18                    44.                   8.8
     43                   262.                  52.2
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    61.1       20.8      14.7        0.0     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained deprassional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Weister soils,

   18 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Calcareous soils are coamon.  Clarion,
      Harps, Canisteo, Webster, and Nicollet soils.

   43 Gently sloping to very steep (2-30%) forest-derived
      soils developed frcm pre-wisconsin till or loess.
      Lindley and Clinton soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1974 map
Area    5. ha  (   14. A)
Length cf shoreline    1607. o  (   5273. ft)
Maximum depth  4.9 m ( 16.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.4 m (  8.  ft)
Volume    131497. cubic meters  (   107. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.94    Volume development  1.48
Watershed/lake area ratio      10C.4
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evapotation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Springbrock Cr
                              ece

-------
U093 HETEBS
SPRINGBROOK  LAKE
Guthrie County

-------
Outlet: Springbrock Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLDTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
vas sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAHAMETEE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.7      0.02
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    6      52.8     14.50
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 7      67.2      6.69
      mg/cuiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.3      0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                5      19.5      1.91
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        7       8.9      0.46
      JTU
    Total hardness                   8     155.2      3.76
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      39.2      6.60
      mg/1 as CaCOS
    Total alkalinity                 9     149.1      3.39
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 7       8.0      1.38
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             7     307.1     14.43
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       2.7      0.44
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       4.7      0.20
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       2.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              610

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 2/79}  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TIMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     D        C       ng/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      26.3       9.1      43.2       8.7      26.2
     1      25.7       7.1      70.5       8.5      44.2
     2      24.7       5.6      9C.O       8.2      52.8
     3      21.6
     4      17.4       0.0     322.9       7.2      26.9
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.   The trophic state based en 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCI8T POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  402.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   61.3
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage, pastureland and pastureland
improvement, crop rotation.

PCINl SOURCE POLL01ION

Mo feint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Springbrook State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACBE  USE/HECTAflfc
Fishing
   Prcm boats                   625.       44.6      125.0
                              611

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   Shore or ice fishing        5516.      394.0     1103.2
Summing                      15988.     1142.0     3197.6
Pleasure boating                780.       56.4      158.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         5027.      359.1     1005.4
Snowmobiling                    362.       27.3       76.4
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  625.       44.6      125.0
TOTAL                         28953.     2068.1     5790.5

IMPAIEMSN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Spring brook Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage tc b€ at its potential.

Estimated aqua-tic plant coverage  0  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:   rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:   rare if ever
     i
LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams'.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the  basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such  as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish  and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation  program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the   best  management  practices
recommended iy the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reacning tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage  to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of   practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  t-his
source.   The  atove  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will kelp improve the hater yuality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake  with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
                              61,

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not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              613

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STORM LAKE

ICCA1ICN
County: Buena Vista     Latitude   42 Deg  38 Min N
                        longitude  95 Dey  12 Min H
Township  90 N       Range 37 H       Section 10

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      5573. hectares  ( 1377C. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     12                  1953.                  35.1
     11                  3619.                  64.9
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    92.0        4.6       0.2        0.0     3.2
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5S)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin till on the Gary Lobe.
      Depressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Okofcoji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lone.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  31 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area 1254. ha (3057. A)
Length of shoreline   17114. m (  56149. ft)
Maximum depth  4.0 m  ( 13.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.4 m (  3. ft)
Volume  30231920. cubic meters ( 24499.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.36    Volume development  1.83
Watershed/lake area ratio        4.4
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff         1C. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Powell Cr
Cutlet: Outlet Cr
                              614

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LT
                               12672 METERS
STORM LAKE
Beuna Vista County

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2G8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in tie summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             SSROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.5      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      29.6      6.70
      mg/cuiic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9      73.8     14.05
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.3      0.68
      mg/1
    Ajnmonia nitrogen                 2       0.3      0.09
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.3      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      27.6      4.13
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      19.2      2.43
      JTD
    Total hardness                  10     223.6      4.20
      ing/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     112.2      3.22
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     128.4      2.73
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       8.1      0.86
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11     477.3     13.01
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      81.5      1.26
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      41.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      17.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              616

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
 ( 8/13/79)  with the most pronounced stratificaticn  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEHP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CriL a
     m        C       ng/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu ai

     0      21.2      13.6      77.0       8.3      21.7
     1      21.2       6.4      70.3       8.3      18.7
     2      21.2       6.2      73.8       8.3      24.7
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1S79 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-SCINT PCLLUTICN SCDBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   a.94- 6.99 Tons/Acra/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   27.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    4.1
 10.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
tile drainage, conservation tillage.

PCIHI SOUHCE POLLUTICH

Source/NPEDES # (if any)       Comments

City of Storm Lake            Sewage via storm sewer due to
                              pumping station inadequacy
Livestock?                    No contrcls

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (i)-wildlife, warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Sunset Park (City)
   Starr Park (State)
   Chataqua Park (City)
   Circle Park (Ciry)
   Casino Uariiia (State)
                              617

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     OSE/ACSE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  6732.        2.2        5.4
   Shore or ice fishing       28640.        9.2       22.8
Swimming                       1432.        0.5        1.1
Pleasure boating               9335.        3.0        7.4
Hunting                         716.        0.2        0.6
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        82410.       26.6       65.7
Snowmobiling                   2777.        0.9        2.2
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 3908.        1.3        3.1
TOTAL                        135950.       43.9      108.4

     Special events at Storm LaJte contributing to more than
normal use include July 4th fireworks  (3000 people).

IMPLEMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Storm Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Occasional win-
terkills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Com-
mission personnel state that pollution from the Storm Lake
sewer system may enter the lake.  I.C.C. personnel consider
lake usage to le below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 10
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE EE5TOBATION BECCHHENDATICNS

     Hater quality in Storm Lake may be  impaired  by  various
urban inputs.  Approximately 50% of the storm water runoff for
the city of Storm Lake enters the lake.  Roadway dirt, deicing
salt, organic matter, and nutrients may be introduced into the
lake ty this urban runoff.  Saw sewage does enter the lake via
storm  severs  during  periods  of  heavy  rainfall because of
pumping station inadequacy.   In  addition  to  the  increased
nutrient and organic matter loading to the lake, the potential
danger  of bacterial contamination to laXe users is increased.
Ihe replacement of inadequate  sanitary  sewer  equipment  and
diversion   of  all  storm  sewers  away  from  the  lake  are
recommend ad.

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  jy the materials that are washed into it
                              618

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through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin maiing the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates,  for this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
maJee significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the laJce and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              619

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S8AN LAKE

LOCATION
County: Carroll         Latitude   42 Oeg   2 Bin N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  51 Min w
icwnship  84 M       Eange 34 W       Section 31

HATEBSHED CHAEACTE£ISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lajse surface)
       277. hectares (   685. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     11                     2.                   0.8
     17                    93.                  33.4
     26                   182.                  65.7
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    87.6        8.8       0.5         0.0     3.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   11 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5%)  prairie-derived
      upland and terrace soils developed from alluvium.
      Hadena, Talcot, Flagler, and Saude soils.

   17 Nearly level to strongly sloping (0-1436) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lone.  Clarion, Canisteo,  Nicollet, Henster,
      Lester, ajid storden soils.

   26 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%)  prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Marshall soils.

Eer cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEBIS1ICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1952 map
Area   54. ha  ( 134. A)
Length of shoreline    3696. m  (  12126. ft)
Maximum depth  1.8 m (  6.0 ft)
dean depth  1.3 m (  4. ft)
Vclume    689311. cu-fcic meters  (   559. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.42    Vclume development  2.08
Watershed/lake area ratio         5.1
Origin of Jsasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  76. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Partial
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: Unnamed
                              620

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2208 METERS
SWAN  LAKE
Carroll County

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208 Agency:
   leva Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des floines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Eata from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAMETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERBOR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.5      0.00
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11      47.2      4.90
      mg/cubic metec
    Total phosphorus                 9     204.6     15.51
      tag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.9      0.17
      mg/i
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.06
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      19.6      1.14
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      10.7      1.12
      JTD
    Tctal hardness                  10     176.0      1.37
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     102.0      3.42
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Tctal alkalinity                 9     150.9      1.01
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Cissolved oxygen                 9       6.5      0.62
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            1C     394.0      8.52
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      18.2      0.73
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      24.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      14.0      2.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.5      1.50
      mg/1
                              622

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Vertical profile foe selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 2/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .

   DEPTH    TEMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        c       019/1    ay/cu ID             ag/cu m

     0      25.0       6.8     195.4       8.5      65.1
     1      25.0       6.6     190.8       8.5      59.1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-PCINT POLLUTION SCOHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   9.19-10.79 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   51.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in rov crops/lake area =    4.5
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, grass waterways, tile drainage, ponds/sediment
and water control tasins.

PCI NT SOURCE ECLLUTICN

Source/NPEDES * (if any)      Comments

Juergen's Prod. & Feed Co.    Runoff  control
440 animals                   Storage tank

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primaxy tody contact recreation.
   Class B (N)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary tody
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Swan Lake State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  DSE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From .boats                  4862.       36.3       90.0
                              623

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   Shore or ice fishing       15515.      115.8      287.3
Swimming                      16925.      126.3      313.4
Pleasure boating               1347.       10.1       24.9
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping/other
activities prompted
oy the lake's presence        86765.      647.5     1606.8
Snowmobiling                  11494.       85.8      212.9
Ice skating and cross-
country s-kiing                 2383.       17.8       44.1
TOTAL                        139291.     1039.5     2579.5

     Special events at Swan Lake contributing tc more than
normal use include a Girl Scout camp (500 people)  and a
Boy Scout camp  (200 people) .

IHPAIBHENIS

     Swimming may he impaired in Swan Lake throughout the sum-
mer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by al-
gal populations.  Frequent winterkills and summerkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission person-
nel state that an algal herbicide is applied to control the
algal growth.  I.C.C. personnel consider lake usage to be below
its potential due to frequent fish kills.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  0  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 2
Estimated summerklll frequencies: 1 year out of 5

LAKE EESTORATICN fiECOUHENCATICNS

     The shallowness of this lake contributes significantly tc
its water  quality  problems.   Because  there  is  relatively
little  dilutJ.cn  of  nutrient inputs/ nutrient concentrations
are relatively high leading to high algal  concentrations  and
poor  water  transparency.   The  shallowness also facilitates
wind resuspension of bottom sediments causing greater internal
nutrient loading.  The resulting high biological  productivity
leads  to  a high  oxygen demand.  The shallowness of the lake
results in a small capacity to hold dissolved oxygen/ thus low
oxygen  concentrations  develop  causing   winter   fishkills.
Deepening  of  the water column through dredging and or raised
water  levels  should  help  to  solve  the  problem.   As  an
alternative, the symptoms of the problem could  be  alleviated
by  artificial  aeration  in  the winter to prevent the oxygen
concentrations from declining to  lethal  levels.   The  first
procedure would provide the greatest improvements to the lake;
however/  the  second  procedure  would  also have significant
benefits.

     The water quality  of  this  lake/  like  all  lakes/  is
strongly  influenced  oy the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
                              624

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 watershed   is   detrimental   to   tie   lake  in  several  ways.   It
 contributes to  tiie  filling  of the  basin  making  the  lake  more
 shallow  in the  near  term  and  hastening the  basin's  long term
 extinction. Plant  nutrients such  as   phosphorus  and  ammonia
 nitrogen   and   several  pesticides are  carried  into the lake
 attached to soil  particles.  Following storm  events,  sediments
 introduced  into  the   lake reduce   light  transparency,   may
 interfere  with  sight-feeding fish  and the  development of  fish
.eggs,  and may  smother gill-breathing invertebrates.   For this
 reason a strong soil conservation  program  is  recommended   for
 this  watershed    utilizing the  best  management   practices
 recommended by  the  local soil conservation  service office  (see
 section on non-point pollution  foe this  lake).    In   addition,
 It  is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
 livestock   wastes reaching  tributary  streams.   Research on  the
 Iowa great lakes  has indicated  small  livestock  concentrations
 in   areas   with  direct  drainage  to  streams  or tile  lines  can
 make significant  contributions   to the  nutrient budgets   of
 downstream  lakes.   She use   of  practices  such as  diversion
 terraces above  feedlots,  lagoons to catch  feedlot runoff,   and
 spray  irrigation  of   surplus   water from  such lagoons  can
 significantly reduce   the  nutrient   contributions  from  this
 source.    The   above   land  use  recommendations  are made on  the
 basis they will help improve the water quality  in the lake  and
 slow down  the filling  of the lake  with sediments.  They  will
 help protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
 not possible to state  the degree such a  program night increase
 the water  quality in the lake.   There are  insufficient data on
 the present inputs   of sediments,   nutrients,   and  other
 non-feint   pollutants  to the lake. Furthermore we do not have
 adequate information to gauge   the effectiveness of  such  a
 ccnservation program.
                               625

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THAYEB LAKE

LOCATION
County: Onion           Latitude   41 Deg   1 Min N
                        Longitude  94 Eeg   4 Min H
Township  72 N       fiange 28 H       Section 22

WATERSHED CHAHACTIBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       209. hectares  (   516. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     37                   182.                  87.0
     38                    27.                  13.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    48.6       35.3      12.3        0.0     3.9
Description ox topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   37 Gently sloping to moderately steep (2-18%) prairie and
      forest-derived soils developed from pre-Wisconsin
      till-derived paleosols, pre-Wisconsin till, or loess.
      Adair, Shelby/ Lindley, and Grundy soils.

   38 Gently sloping to steep (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed frcai pre-Hisconsin till or loess.  Lindley
      and Ueller soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEHISIICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1972 map
Area    6. ha  (  14. A)
Length of shoreline    1442. m (   4731. ft)
Maximum depth  3.7 m  ( 12.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.9 ID (  6. ft)
Volume    110840. cubic meters (    90. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.70    Volume development  1.59
Watershed/lake area ratio       34.8
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporaticn      97. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Ncne
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C519
                              626

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                                        DEPTHS IN FEET
T-
                                         3515 HETEBS
   THAYER LAKE
1  Union County

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POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
Has sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are  for samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    SIANDAfiD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    S€cchi disc depth                5       0.9      0.02
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      21.7      4.15
      ing/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      61.7      7.82
      mg/cuJjic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.7      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.08
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8       6.7      0.92
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        8       6.0      0.66
      JTD
    Total hardness                   6      93.7      2.89
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 7      62.0      2.83
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8      89.5      2.58
      mg/1 as CaC02
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       b.b      0.64
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             7     250.0      9.94
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Solfate                          2       2.0      1.00
      ng/1
    Chloride                         3      13.0      0.50
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      10.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              t28

-------
Vertical profile foe selected measurements cm the sampling date
( 8/ 8/79) with the most pronounced stratification  {if any) .
   DEPTH
     m
TEHE
  C
OXYGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
PH
 CHI a
mg/cu m
     0      29.2       6.3      63.2       8.4       10.9
     1      29.2       6.1      56.0       8.4       14.0
     2      24.8       0.7     112.2       7.8       92.4
This laJce was not included in the National Eutrophicatiou
Survey.  The trophic state based QJI 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT POLLUTION SOOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  439.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in rov crops/lake area =   16.9
 50.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation  practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, pastureland and pastureland
improvement, contouring, terraces, ponds/sediment and water
control basins, crop lotation.

POINT SODBCf POLLUTION

No feint sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class E (»)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Thayer Pond (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a  combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   frcffl boats
   Shcre or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
                  TOTAL

                    421.
                   3609.
                      0.
                    247.
                      0.
                   DSE/ACBE  USE/HSCTA5E
                      30.1
                     257.8
                       0.0
                      17.6
                       0.0
                        70.2
                       601.5
                         0.0
                        41.2
                         0.0
                              629

-------
Picnicking,camping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Sncwmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TCTAL

IMPAIBHEN1S
1914.
   0.

  69.
6260.
136.7
  0.0

  4.9
447,1
 319.0
   0.0

  11.5
1043.3
     Hater clarity is poor in Thayer Lake during part of the
summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Aqaatic vas-
cular plant growth may impair boating and shoreline fishing.
Iowa Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to
be below its potential due to poor fishing and the lov popula-
tion density of people living in the area.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 25  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTORATICN BICCHHINDATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  ox  the  use  of
chemicals/  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  a^ad  aamonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development or  fish
eggs/  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
                              630

-------
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  ai>ove  land ass racommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              631

-------
TBUHEULL LAKE

LCCA1IGN
County: Clay            Latitude   43 Deg  11 Bin N
                        Longitude  94 Ceg  57 Kin W
Township  97 N       Gauge 35 V       Section 26

HATEHSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
     18197. hectares  ( 44965. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     12                  6852.                  37.7
     14                  8227.                  45.2
     15                  3118.                  17.1
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    90.2        5.6       0.4         0.2     3.3
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   12 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5JJ) prairie-derived
      soils developed from Wisconsin  till on the Gary Lobe.
      Oepressional and calcareous soils are common.
      Webster, Olcocoji, Canisteo, Clarion, Nicollet, and
      Harps soils.

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  <0-9%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Clarion, Hebster, Canisteo, and Nicoilet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Cary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nacollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  34 A

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements ±rom 1979 map
Area  479. ha  (1183.  A)
Length of shoreline   11508. m  (  37756. ft)
Maximum depth   1.2 m  (  4.0 ft)
Mean depth  0.9 m (   3. ft)
Volume   4411491. cubic meters  (  3575. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.48    Volume development   2.27
Watershed/lake area ratio       38.0
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. en
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No

-------

-------
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Drainage Ditch 61
Outlet: Pickerel Bun
2C8 Agency:
   lava Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Hoines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples In
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc deptn                6       0.3      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   11     131.3     16.23
      mg/cabic meter
    Total phosphorus                10     130.1     14.42
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.2      0.25
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       2.3      0.12
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      56.6      7.45
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      19.1      2.15
      JTO
    Total hardness                   9     209.1     13.32
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 9     110.0     11.51
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Total alkalinity                10     155.7     12.75
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8      11.6      0.67
      mg/l'
    Specific conductance            10     367.5     17.32
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      28.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      24.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           3       6.7      0.33
      mg/1
    Potassium                        3       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              634

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/14/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEMP     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     o        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      19.4      10.0     205.6       8.7      149.7
     1      19.4      10.1     199.0       8.8      149.7
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT PGL1UTICN SOOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region -   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  152.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   34.3
 60.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, crop rotation/ contouring,
pastureland and pastureland improvement, grass waterways,
tile drainage, terraces.

POINT SOOBCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES tt (it any)      Comments

Terrill                       2-cell lagccn; 4.12 acres
IA0036609
480 hogs                      Storage tank
500 hcgs                      Storage tank

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmvater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   S mi tii Slough Wildlife Area (State)
   Trumbull Lake Wildlife Area (State)
                              635

-------
Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Ccmmassion district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   From boats                   262.        0.2        0.6
   Shore or ice fishing        29TU.        2.5        61. 2
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                 €7.        U.1        0.2
Hunting                        181U.        1.5        3.8
ficnieking/camping,other
activities promoted
bj the lake's presence         2301.        1.9        4.8
Snovmobiling                    955.        0.8        2.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                          8413.        7.1       17.6

IMPAIRMENTS

     Hater clarity is poor in Trumiull Lake throughout the
summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Occasional winterkills may
limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation commission
personnel consider lake usage to he at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 32  Jt
Estimated vinterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 7-10
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCBHENDATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
                              636

-------
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  laJce  reduce  light  transparency,  ma;
interfere with sight-feeding fisi and the development of  fisi
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams,   flesearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the laJce and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-ccint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservation program.
                              637

-------
TOTTLE LAKE

LOCATION
County: Emmet           Latitude   43 Oeg  30 Min N
        Hartin,UN       Longitude  94 Deg  35 Min H
Township 100 N       Range 32 »       Section  2

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
     44441. hectares (109814. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc f             area ha             % of total
      1MN                3534.                   8.0
      2MN               13284.                  29.9
      4HN               22340.                  50.3
     10MN                5283.                  11.9
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   other
    89.3        6.9       0.6        0.0     3.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

  1MB Nearly level (0-2%)  loamy soils that are poorly
      drained and formed in glacial till.  Canisteo,
      Glencoe, Harps soils.

  2MN Nearly level (0-3*), poorly drained to moderately
      drained, doffiinantly loamy soils that are on low-
      land flats and on slight rises.  Canisteo, Nicollet,
      Webster soils.

  4KN Nearly level to rolling (0-12%),  poorly drained
      and well drained,  dominantly loamy soils that
      are on lowland flats and uplands of glacial till
      plains.  Canisteo, Clarion soils.

 10MN Nearly level to very steep (0-50%), poorly drained
      to well drained,  dominantly loamy Soils on flood-
      plains, terraces  and adjacent steeper slopes.  Tae
      Coland soils will flood.  Coland, Hadena, Swanlake
      soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  31 %

PHYSICAL CHAfiACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1973  map
Area  955. ha  (2360.  A)
Length of shoreline   19407. m (  63672. ft)
Maximum depth  1.8 ID (   6.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.1 m (  4.  ft)
Volume  10496990. cubic meters (  6507. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.77    Volume development  1.80
Watershed/lake area ratio       46.5
                              638

-------
a
u-
                     12H19 HETERS
                                                            TUTTLE LAKE
                                                            Emmet County

-------
Origin of hasin:  Natural
Estimated annual  precipitation  71.  cm
Estimated annual  runoff         1C.  cm
Estimated lake evaporation      86.  CD
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  The Inlet
Outlet: East Er.  Oes Hoines Siver
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental  Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Oes Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer  of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAHPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EflBOR
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.4      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      62.8     12.09
      mg/cunic meter
    Total phosphorus                10     196.0     20.92
      mg/cuiiic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.08
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      25.9      1.07
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       10      19.3      2.82
      JTU
    Total hardness                  10     280.6     16.44
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     185.8     13.36
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10     180.3      4.32
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       9.3      0.86
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     497.8     38.07
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      55.8      0.88
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3      22.3      0.17
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              640

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements en the sampling  date
( 8/14/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .

   DEPTH
TEHP
C
19.5
19.4
OIYGEN
mg/1
9.1
8.9
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
213.2
218.7
pH
8.5
8.4
CHI a
mg/cu m
92.8
93.6
     0
     1
     2      19.0
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT PGIIUTICH SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9f. 18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/laJte area)  x soil loss rate =  377.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   41.6
 29.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage.

POINT SOUBCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (W)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary .body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Okamanpedan State Park
   Tuttle Lake County Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   Frcm boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL

  860.
 4717.
  860.
 2163.
 1823.
USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
    0.4
    2.0
    0.4
    0.9
    0.8
0.9
4.9
0.9
2.3
1.9
                              641

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        16592.        7.0       17.4
Snowmobiling                   6355.        2.7        6.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  504.        0.2        0.5
TOTAL                         33874.       14.4       35.5

IMPAIHHENIS

     Swimming may be impaired in luttle Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Aquatic vascu-
lar plant growth may impair bearing and shoreline wishing.
Frequent winterkills may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Con-
servation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be he-
low its potential due to winterkill problems.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 18  %
Estimated wiaterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5-7
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATION BECCaflENEATICNS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   While  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    provide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     Eecause this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  iy the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reascn a strcng soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office  (see


                              642

-------
section on non-point pollution £01 this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has Indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoo.ns to catch fsedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  layoojis can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contriiutions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water guality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water guality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the laJce,  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              643

-------
UNICfl GBOVE LAKE

LOCATION
County: Tama            latitude   42 Deg   6 Bin N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  43 din N
Township  85 N       Eange 16 H       Section 33

HATEBSHED CHAEACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      2687. hectares (  6640. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             % of total
     77                   488.                  18.1
     78                  2199.                  81.9
Estimated land uses (*)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    90.4        6.1       0.7        0.0     2.8
Description of topography a.nd soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   77 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14%) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, loess over pre-Hisconsin
      till or pre-Hisconsin till on the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  Tama, Dinsdale, and Kenyon soils.

   78 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      pre-Hisconsin till on the lowan Erosion Surface.
      Tama, Dinsdale, Huscatine, and Garwin soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  68 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1970 map
Area   48. ha ( 118. A)
Length of shoreline    5826. m  (  19115. ft)
Maximum depth  4.9 m ( 16.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.8 m (  6. ft)
Volume    862557. cubic meters  (   699. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.38    Volume development   1.11
Watershed/lake area ratio       56.0
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Deer Cr
Outlet: Deer Cr
                              644

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p
01
                        12292 METERS
UNION GROVE LAKE
Tama County

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208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, lova 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the laJce.

     PAEAMETEB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.5      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8     108.6     17.10
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                 9     118.6      6.01
      mg/cuMc meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.0      0.09
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.6      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      20.3      2.08
      mg/1
    TurMdity                       11      14.9      1.58
      JTD
    ictal hardness                  10     147.4      4.10
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9      68.7      2.16
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     116.9      1.57
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Eissolved oxygen                10       9.4      1.82
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     300.0     14.12
      micromhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      21.5      1.44
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4      12.6      0.13
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       4.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              646

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/11/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
DEETH
m
0
1
2
3
TEHP
C
24.5
22.7
22.3
21.8
OXYGEN
mg/1
17.3
17.1
15.3

TCTAL P
mg/cu m
114.8
131. 1
115.5

pH

9.1
9.1
9.0

CHL a
mg/cu m
202.1
137.7
162.4

This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-PCINT POLLUTION SOUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate -  453.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   50.6
 57.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, terraces, grass waterways/
pastureland and pastureland improvement, contouring.

PCIN1 SOUBCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES # (if any)      Comments

600 hcgs                      Storage tank

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Union Grove State Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     (JSE/ACBE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                 17481.      148.1      364.2
                              647

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   Shore or ice fishing       388"/4.      329.4      809.9
Swimming                      19317.      163.7      402.4
Pleasure boating               5559.       47.1      115.8
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
fly the lake's presence        59673.      505.7     1243.2
Snowmcbiling                   6080.       51.5      126.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 1563.       13.2       32.6
TOTAL                        148547.     1258.9     3094.7

IMPAIRMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in Union Grove Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may im-
pair boating and shoreline fishing.  Frequent winterkills
may limit fishing potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to fce at its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 7
Estimated summerkill ±requencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HICCHHENDATICNS

     Because localized quantities of rooted aquatic vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation  control  is  suggsted.    fihile  this  might  be
accomplished  through  the  use  of  chemicals or a Shite Amur
stocking program, the aquatic weed density is relatively small
and localized close to shore.  Mechanical removal may   be  the
most  practical control method; however the cost-effectiveness
and suitability of this method should  be investigated  for this
lake.

     Eecause this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. Ihe use of artificial  aeration  devices  tc
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and   ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into  the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  nay
interfere with sight-feeding fish and  the development  of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing  invertebrates.  For this

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reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section OD non-joint pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken tc reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock   concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagcons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations  are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality  in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              649

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UPPEE GAB LAKE

LOCATION
County: Dickinson       Latitude   43 Deg  22 Min N
                        Longitude  95 Deg   7 Min H
Township  99 N       Bange 36 H       Section 29

HATZBSHZD CHABACTZBISIICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
       179. hectares  (   442. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     15                   179.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    73.5       12.2       1.5        8.9     3.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping (0-9X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lofce.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   9 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1970 map
Area   14.  ha  (  36. A)
Length of shoreline    2101. m  (   6892. ft)
Maximum depth  1.5 m (  5.0 ft)
Mean depth  1.1 m (  4. ft)
Volume    153968. cuJbic meters  {   125. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.56    Volume development  2.10
Watershed/lake area ratio       12.8
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? No
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  From E. OJcotoji
Cutlet: To Minnewashta L
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              650

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cr
                                           DEPTHS IN FEET
                                      HETERS
UPPER  GAR  LAKE
 Dickinson County

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FCLLU1ION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PABAHETEH                     SAMPLE   SEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfifiOE
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.5      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      89.5     27.24
      mg/cuJtic oieter
    Total phosphorus                10     136.6      6.89
      mg/cubic meter
    Rjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.0      0.27
      mg/1
    Ajnmonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.6      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      23.6      2.29
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       11      12.8      0.87
      JTD
    Total hardness                   9     221.3      1.U5
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 9     100.7      3.74
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     197.8      0.52
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 8       7.6      0.20
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     414.4      4.45
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      28.5      0.01
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4      14.6      0.13
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2      10.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       7.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              652

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DEPTH
m
0
1
TEMP
C
20.0
20.0
OXYGEN
mg/1
7.0
7.1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
134.5
140.3
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/14/79) with the mcst pronounced stratification  (if any).

                                            pH     CHL a
                                                  mg/cu in

                                           8.4      64.6
                                           8.4      66.7
     2      20.3
This lake was not included in the National Zutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-PCINT PCLIUTICN SCUfiCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
          (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate -   51.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    9.4
 32.X or watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control basins, strip-cropping,
contouring, pastureland and pastuieland improvement.

EOIN1 SOOBCE ECLLUIICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   This lake has also been designated as high quality water and
   as thus subject to higher standards to protect existing uses.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Minnewashta Access

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   From boats                   812.       22.6       58.0
                              653

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   Shore or ice fishing        1559.       43.3      111.4
Summing                        743.       20.6       53.1
Pleasure boating               1963.       54.5      140.2
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         1865.       52.4      134.6
Snowmoiiling                   6943.      192.9      495.9
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  608.       16.9       43.4
TOTAL                         14513.      403.1     1036.6

IHPAIBMENTS

     Swimming may he impaired in Upper Gar Lake throughout tne
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations and other suspended matter.  Frequent win-
terkills and sammerkills may limit fishing potential.   Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be at
its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 12  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 3-5
Estimated summerkill frequencies: 1 year cut of 5-7

LAKE EESTORATION HECOMMZHDATICNS

     Because this lake is productive and  relatively  shallow,
dissolved  oxygen  deficits  develop  and  cause winter and/or
summer fishkills. The use of artificial  aeration  devices  to
maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations should be considered.

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  Jay the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  laJce in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near teem and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to scil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the developaient of  fish
eggs,  and may smotner gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution foe this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce tie amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  tie  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
                              65U

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terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
net possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              655

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OFFER PIN! LAKE

LCCATICN
County: Hardin          latitude   42 Deg  23 Bin N
                        Longitude  93 Oeg   4 Bin M
Township  67 N       fiange 19 H       Section  4

WATERSHED CHABACTEBISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
      3364. hectares (  8312. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     57                   626.                  18.6
     59                   613.                  18.2
     78                  2125.                  63.2
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    85.6        8.9       2.7        0.0     2.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   57 Gently sloping to steep  (2-25%) forest-derived soils
      developed from loess or pre-Wisconsin till,  Fayette
      and Lindley soils.

   59 Gently to moderately sloping (2-9%) prairie or mixed
      prairie-forest-derived soils developed from loess or
      loess over pre-Wisconsin till on the lowan Erosion
      Surface.  Tama, Dinsdale, and Downs soils.

   78 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or loess over
      pre-Hisconsin till on the Icwan Erosion Surface.
      Tama, Dinsdale, Muscatine, and Garvin soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAEICTEHISIICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1S76 map
Area   28. ha (  69. A)
Length of shoreline    4131. m  (  13555. ft)
flaxinum depth  4.9 m ( 16.0 ft)
nean depth  2.2 m (  7. ft)
Volume    605427. cubic meters  (   491. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.21    Volume development  1.34
Watershed/lake area ratio       120.1
Origin of tasin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  81. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Pine Cr
                              656

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rr
U
                                                     UPPER PINE  LAKE
                                                    Hardin County

-------
Outlet:  To Lower Pine L
208 Agency:
   Iowa  Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Koines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   HEAfl    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.6      0.15
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      84.3     17.18
      mg/ciLbic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      76.3      6.93
      mg/cu±ic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       1.4      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.2      0.11
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       3.3      0.45
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      11.8      1.18
      mg/1
    lurhidity                       10       9.5      0.91
      JTU
    Total hardness                  10     222.0      3.14
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10     128.4      2.49
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9     160.9      4.15
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                10      10.1      1.42
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     438.9     11.48
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4      25.1      0.94
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5      19.9      0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       4.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              658

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/31/79)  with the mcst pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEPTH    TIM!     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       og/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      25.6       8.0      61.3       8.3      48.6
     1      25.6       8.7      65.2       8.2      50.1
     2      25.6       6.9      73.2       8.2      43.5
     3      24.4
     4      18.9       0.3      86.3       7.6      11.2
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   7.00- 9.18 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  973.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =  102.8
 42.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
contouring, strip-cropping, terraces, conservation tillage,
gulley control structures/ erosion control structures.

ECINT SOUfiCE IOLLD1ICN

Source/NPEDES *  (if any)      Comments

Pine Lake State Park          No details
420 hogs                      Storage tank

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildli±e, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
Ibis lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Pine Lake State Park
                              659

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by lova Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACEE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   From boats                  6310.       91.4      225.4
   Shore or ice fishing        8577.      124.3      306.3
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating               8099.      117.4      289.3
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        82109.     1190.0     2932.5
Snowmcbiling                    886.       12.8       31.6
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  191.        2.8        6.8
TOTAL                        106172.     1538.7     3791.9

     Special events at Upper line Lake contributing to more
than normal use include snowmobile rallies (1000 people).

IMPAIBMEN1S

     Swimming may be impaired in Upper Pine Lake throughout
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Frequent winterkills may limit fishing
potential.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel state that
the fishery was recently renovated.  I.C.C. personnel consider
lake usage to be below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 19  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies: 1 year out of 7
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOBATIGN BICCHMENDATICNS

     Ihe water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.   Silt from soil erosion in   the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long  term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the  lake
attached to soil particles.   Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,   may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For  this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended   for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended hy the local soil conservation service office  (see
section on non-joint pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
                              660

-------
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   .Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are maae on the
tasis they will help improve the vater quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the laJce with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate infoxmation to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              661

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VIKING LAKE

LOCATION
County: Montgomery      Latitude   40 Deg  58 Win N
                        Longitude  95 Deg   2 Bin W
Township  71 N       Bange 36 V       Section  6

WATERSHED CHABACTIBISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       857. hectares  (  2119. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of. total
     25                   560.                  65.3
     26                   298.                  34.7
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    77.0       17.6       2.a        0.0     3.0
Description of. topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   25 Gently sloping to moderately steep (2-18%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, outcrops of
      pre-Hisconsin till, or pre-sisccnsin till-derived
      paleosols.  Marhsall, Shelby, and Adair soils.

   26 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-1 US) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess.  Marshall soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1976 map
Azea   55. ha  ( 137. A)
Length of shoreline    9260. m (  30380. ft)
Maximum depth 14.6 m  ( 48.0 ft)
flean depth  4.6 m ( 15. ft)
Volume   2540456. cubic meters (  2059. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  3.51    Volume development  0.94
Watershed/lake area ratio       15.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         13. cm
Estimated lake evaporation     102. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  Dunns Cr
Outlet: Dunns Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, lova 5C319
                              662

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a-
r
                           7<»76 DETERS
                                                                 VIKING  LAKE

                                                                 Montgomery County

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POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey ua. the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
vas sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     FABAME1EB                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EBROE
    Secchi disc depth                6       0.8      0.06
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      55.6      3.17
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      54.5      0.64
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9      12.3      0.53
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        9      10.0      0.45
      JTD
    lotal hardness                   7      95.4      1.05
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 7      63.7      1.34
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8      96.3      1.44
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       9.1      0.36
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            10     219.0     12.69
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       1.7      0.60
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       5.6      0.10
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              664

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Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 4/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).
DEPTH
ID
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1EHP
C
26.3
26.3
25.8
25.7
24.3
25.0
22.3
21.2
19.0
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.6
9.5

8.5

O.U

0.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu JB
53.5
54.2

58.7

65.2

181.9

pH

9.0
9.0

9.0

7.9

7.7

CHL a
mg/cu m
61.0
58.0

60. 5



9.8

This lake was Included In the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be nitrogen in April and September.

NCN-POINT POLLOTION SCOBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  10.80-11.97 Tons/Acre/Zr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  178.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   12.0
 76.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, conservation tillage.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Scurce/NPEDES # (if any)       Comments

Viking Lake State £ark        One-cell lagoon; intermittent
                              outflow above the lake

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public packs:
   Viking Lake State Park
                              665

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Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccmmission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACRE  USE/HEC1ABE
Fisiiing
   Frcm boats                  3963.       28.9       72.1
   Shore or ice fishing        6615.       48.3      120.3
Swimming                      50040.      365.3      909.8
Pleasure boating               1020.        7.4       18.5
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,ether
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        34584.      252.4      628.8
Snovmobiling                    122.        0.9        2.2
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  122.        0.9        2.2
10TAL                         96466.      704.1     1753.9

     Special events at Viking Lake contributing to more than
normal use include several fishing tournaments (20-150 peo-
ple) .

IMPLEMENTS

     Swimming may be impaired in ViJcing Lake throughout the
summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Aquatic vascular plant growth may impair
boating and shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation Commission
personnel consider lake usage to te belcv its potential due to
low fishing pressure.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  8  %
Estimated winterkill freguencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerXill freguencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin maki-ng the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's lonj term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
reccmmendad by the local soil conservation service office  (see
                              666

-------
section on non-point pollution for this lake) .    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps he taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   
-------
LAKE RAEE110

IOC Al ION
County: Davis           latitude   40 Deg  19 din N
                        Longitude  92 Deg  35 Min W
Township  70 N       Range 15 H       Section 34

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding laJce surface)
      2003. hectares (  4950.. acres)

Soil Associations sithin watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             X of total
     38                  1950.                  97.3
     40                    47.                   2.3
     41                     6.                   0.3
Estimated land uses (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    34.9       35.6      27.3         0.2     1.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   38 Gently sloping to steep  (2-25SS) forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Hisconsin -till or loess.  Lindley
      and Heller soils.

   40 Nearly level to strongly sloping  (0-14%) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin
      till-derived paleosols, or pre-Hisconsin till.
      Seymour, Edi.ua/ Clarinda, Adair, and Shelby soils.

   41 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18X) prairie
      and forest-derived soils developed  from pre-Hisconsin
      till, pre-Hisconsin till-derived paleosols, or loess.
      Shelby, Adair, Lindley, and Seymour soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 X

PHYSICAL CHABACTZfilSIICS OF LAKE
Measurements frcm 1973 map
Area  117. ha ( 289. A)
Length of shoreline   11437. m  (  37523.  ft)
Maximum depth 10.4 m ( 34.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.9 m ( 13. ft)
Volume   4586349. cubic meters  (  3717. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.98    Volume development  1.14
Watershed/lake area ratio       17.1
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Pee Dee Cr
                              668

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9
o
                                  6336  NETBBS
                                                               LAKE WAPELLO

                                                               Davis County

-------
Outlet: Pee Dee Cr
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 tines.  Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PAHAHETEH                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             EfiQOR
    Secchi disc depth                6       1.0      0.10
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8      49.5      6.96
      mg/cufcic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      49.9      4.37
      rag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.03
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.02
      mg/1
    Nitrate * nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                8      11.1      1.11
      mg/1
    larbidity                       10      10.3      1.14
      JTD
    Total hardness                   8      91.7      1.91
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      67.5      2.10
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8      71.0      3.30
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       8.6      0.53
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     190.9      6.30
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          6      2U.7      1.81
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6       2.7      0.11
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       3.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              670

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/22/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any) .

   DEETH    TIHi     OXYGEN   101AL P       pH     CHL a
     u        c       og/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      25.1       7.8      36.0       8.5      42.3
     1      25.0
     2      24.9       7.6      43.9       8.5      45.7
     3      24.9
     4      23.7       0.6      38.4       7.7      11.2
     5      22.9       1.4      43.9       7.7       8.6
     6      21.8       1.9      87.5       7.5       7.5
     7      18.9       0.0     230.3       7.5       4.5
     8      16.9
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-PCINT POLLUTION SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13. 1S Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  216.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    6.0
 90.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, gulley control
structures/ erosion control structures/ ponds/sediment and
water control basins/ grass waterways/ conservation
tillage/ conservation planting  (trees/grass).

POINI SOOBCE ECLLUTICN

Source/HP EJ3ES ft  (if any)      Comments

Lake Hapello State Park       Hater intake filter backwash

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife/ warmwater aguatic life, secondary body
              contact.
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
Thas lake is used as a raw water source for
   about 1700 persons at lake Hapello  state Park.

Public parks:
   Lake Wapello State Park
                              671

-------
Estimates of total annual lak€ use made by Iowa Conservation
Ccomission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  OSE/HECTAEE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  5253.       18.2       44.9
   Snore or ice fishing        8381.       29.0       71.6
Swimming                       9S87.       34.6       85.4
Pleasure boating               2561.        8.9       22.1
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        35610.      123.2      304.4
Snowmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  104.        0.4        0.9
TOTAL                         61916.      214.2      529.2

     Special events at Lake Wapello contributing to more than
normal use include three bass fishing tournaments (90 people).

IHPAIEBENl'S

     Swimming may be impaired in Lake Wapello during part of
the summer because of Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be below its potential due to periodic
turbidity and an unbalanced fish population.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  5  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:   rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:   rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BICOBMENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in  several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the  .basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the  basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such  as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm  events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish  and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation  program is   recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the   best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
                              672

-------
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
ID  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,   and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not  have
adequate informaticn to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              673

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WEST CKOBCJI

LOCATION
County: Dickinson       latitude   43 Deg  23 Hin N
                        Longitude  95 Deg   9 Hin H
Township  99 N       Range 37 1       Section 24

WATEBSHED CHABACTEfllSIICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
      5531. hectares  ( 13666. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc ft             area ha             % of total
     14                  2108.                  43.5
     15                  2868.                  51.8
     11                   255.                   4.6
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Tovns   Other
    83.1        9.7       1.1     .   2.4     3.7
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   14 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9%)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.  Clarion, Webster, Canisteo, and Nicollet
      soils.

   15 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-955)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from Wisconsin till on the
      Gary Lobe.  Includes very poorly drained depressional
      soils.  Clarion, Nicollet, Storden, and Webster soils.

   11 Nearly level and gently sloping (0-5S)  prairie-derived
      upland and terrace soils developed from alluvium.
      Hadena, Talcot, Flagler, and Saude soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership   9 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEHISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1S70 map
Area 1558. ha (3847. A)
Length of shoreline .  31942. m ( 104799. ft)
Maximum depth 41.5 m (136.0 ft)
Mean depth 11.5 m ( 38. ft)
Volume 178578600.  cubic meters (144717.  acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.28    Volume development  0.83
Watershed/lake area ratio        3.6
Origin of basin: Natural
Estimated annual precipitation  71. cm
Estimated annual runoff          8. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      89. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
                              674

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cr
-j
cr
                           8U90 HETEBS
WEST OKOBOJI

Dickinson County

-------
Outlet: To East CJcoroji L
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East  Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled  at least 3 times.   Averages are for samples in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             SflROR
    Secchi disc depth                7       2.9      0.20
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   14       6.3      0.97
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                1U      28.5      2.29
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.7      0.06
      mg/1
    Ammonia  nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate  + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               15       2.4      0.26
      ag/1
    Turbidity                       12       2.3      0.23
      JTD
    Total hardness                  14     219.1      0.65
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium  hardness                12      78.2      1.03
      mg/1 as CaC03
    lotal alkalinity                13     201.2      1.33
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oxygen                12       7.2      0.26
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            13     410.8      6.25
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                           6      26.7      0.70
      mg/1
    Chloride                         6      10.3      0.11
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2      10.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       9.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              676

-------
 Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
 ( 8/14/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEHP     CXYGEN   TOTAL P       pH     CHL a
      m        C       D9/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

      0      22.3       6.7      25.0       8.5       7.1
      2      22.3
      4      22.3       7.0      21.6       8.5       7.5
      6      22.3
      8      22.3
    10      22.3       6.5      20.5       8.5       7.7
    12      22.2
    14      21.0
    15      1S.5
    16      18.8       0.4      47.0       8.0       2.1
    18      15.2
    20      14.0
    24      13.2       0.0     139.0       7.9       0.9
    28      12.8
    33      12.5       0.0     213.5       7.9       0.7
This  laJce was included in the National Eutrophication Survey
and was classified as eutrophic.  The limiting nutrient was
determined to be phosphorus at some times, nitrogen at others.

NGN-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   3.01- 4.93 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   14.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crcps/lake area =    3.0
 22.% of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best  management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation tillage, grass waterways, terraces,
ponds/sediment and water control basins, strip-cropping/
ccntouring, pastureland and pastureland improvement.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Source/NPEDES # (if any)       Comments

150 cattle                    Buncff  control

LAKE  OSE ASSESSflENl

Surface water classification (s)
   Class 1-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife,  warmwater aquatic life,  secondary body
              contact.
                              677

-------
   Class C-raw water source for a potable water supply.
   This lake has also been designated as high quality water and
   is thus subject to higher standards to protect existing uses,
   In addition Lake West Ckoboji has been declared an outstand-
   ing Iowa lake, and standards and restrictions more stringent
   than those applied to other antidegradation waters may be
   applied.
This lake is used as a raw water source for
   about 1700 persons at Eilford,
   about  150 persons at Hahpeton,
   about 1600 pecsons at Okoboji-Arnolds Park,
   about  320 persons at the United Methodist Camp and
   about  250 persons at Vacation Village.

Public parks:
   Emerson Bay Access (State)
   Gull Point State Park
   Pillsbury Point Area
   Pikes Point State Park
   Terrace Park Swimming Beach
   Triboji Beach  (Public)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACBE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                 23542.        6.1       15.1
   Shore or ice fishing       58118.       15.1       37.3
Swimming                     177698.       46.2      114.1
Pleasure boating              S8756.       25.7       63.4
Hunting                         762.        0.2        0.5
Picnicking,camping/other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence      1002032.      260.5      643.2
Snowmobiling                  22567.        5.9       14.5
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                 7813.        2.0        5.0
TOTAL                       1391308.      361.7      893.0

IMPAIRMENTS

     Becreational activities in Best Okoboji do not appear to
be impaired by poor water quality; however, aquatic vegetation
in small bays may interfere with boating.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel consider lake usage to be at its poten-
tial.

Estimated aquatic plant  coverage 37  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever
                              678

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LAKE RESTORATION SECGH3ENDATION5

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the falling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  tie near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to sail particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              679

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ilLLIAHSON ECND

ICCATION
County: Lucas           Latitude   41 Oeg   6 Min N
                        Longitude  93 Deg  13 Min H
Township  73 N       Range 21 R       Section 25

WATERSHED CHAEACTEBI3TICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       561. hectares {  1386. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Asscc f             area ha             % of total
     35                    66.                  11.3
     36                   344.                  61.4
     37                   150.                  26.8
Estimated land uses (S)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    62.7       29.8       4.4         0.0     3.1
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   35 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9S) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess.  Grundy and
      Haig soils.

   36 Nearly level to strongly sloping  (0-14X) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess, pie-Wisconsin
      till, or pre-Wisconsin till-derived paleoscls.
      Grundy, Haig, Shelby, and Adair soils.

   37 Gently sloping to moderately steep  (2-18B) prairie and
      forest-derived soils developed  from pre-Wisconsin
      till-derived paleosols, pre-Hiscocsin till, or loess.
      Adair, Shelby, lindley, and Grundy soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1971 map
Area   12. ha  (  30. A)
Length of shoreline    2496. m  (   8169. ft)
Maximum depth  5.5 m ( 18.0 ft)
Hean depth  2.5 m (  8. ft)
Volume    292583. cubic meters  (   237. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.06    Volume development   1.37
Hatershed/lake area ratio       46.8
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         1€. cm
Sstimated lake evaporation      94. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Hajor inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  English Cr
                              680

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120 HETEBS
WILLIAMSON POND
Lucas County

-------
Outlet: English Cr
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319

POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the sununer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 tines.  Averages are for samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ERROR
    Secchi disc depth                5       0.8      0.13
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    9      21.4      1.82
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                 8      55.5      5.31
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.6      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9       9.2      1.22
      mg/1
    Turbidity                        8      11.4      2.70
      JTU
    Total hardness                   9     113.6      1.59
      mg/1 as caC03
    Calcium hardness                 8      83.2      1.56
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 9      99.8      2.93
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                 9       7.9      0.65
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             8     213.8      j.10
      micrcmhcs/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3      15.8      0.33
      mg/1
    Chloride                         3       U.7      0.17
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       U.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              682

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 7/19/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).

   DEETH    TEHI     OXYGEN   TOTAL P       pB     CHL a
     D        C       mg/1    mg/cu m             mg/cu m

     0      28.0       7.7      4S.7       8.2       9.7
     1      25.7       7.4      65.7       8.2      29.9
     2      23.0       0.9     138.6       7.4       4.5
     3      21.3
     4      19.6
     5      18.1       0.3     237.6       7.3      36.7
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT PCLLUTICN SCUBCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rats =  539.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   29.3
 50.X of watershed is in-approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
terraces, pastureland and pastureland improvement,
contouring, conservation tillage, crop rotation.

PCINT SOUBCE FOLLUIICN

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B (H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Williamson Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTABE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                   169.        5.6       14. 1
                              683

-------
   Shcre or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence
Snowmcbiling
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing
TOTAL

IHPAIHHEN1S
6667.
   0.
   0.
21C7.
  26.
   0.

   0.
8969.
222.2
  0.0
  0.0
 70.2
  0.9
  0.0

  0.0
299.0
555.6
  0.0
  0.0
175.6
  2.2
  0.0

  0.0
747.4
     Hater clarity is poor in aiiliamson Pond during part of
the summer as indicated by Secchi depths less than one meter
caused by algal populations and other suspended matter.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential due to turbidity and poor grounds main-
tenance.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 11  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated sum merle ill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION HECCMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  mav
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams,   Besearch on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlcts, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are maae on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
                              684

-------
slow doun the filling of the laJce with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-pcint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              685

-------
HILLCH LAKE

LOCATION
County: Harrison        Latitude   41 Deg  46 din N
                        Longitude  95 Deg  47 Min H
Township  80 N       Bangs 42 H       Section  6

HATZBSHZD CHAHACTEHISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
       194. hectares  (   479. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     19                   194.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    50.0       28.2      18.4         C.O     3.4
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented i_n the watershed

   19 Gently sloping to very steep (2-40X+) prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess cr loess-derived
      sediments.  Ida, Napier, Castana, Hamburg, and Nonona
      soils.
                                              /•
Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 %

PHYSICAL CHAHACTEBIS1ICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area   11. ha  (  26. A)
length of shoreline    2578. m (   8457. ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 m  ( 24.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.7 m ( 12. ft)
Volume    397852. cubic meters (   322. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  2.22    Volume development  1.52
Watershed/lake area ratio       17.6
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  76. cm
Estimated annual runoff         10. cm
Estimated lake evaporation     102. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: Unnamed
2G8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 5C319
                              666

-------
o
fr
-J
                              960 nETEBS
                                                                  WILLOW  LAKE
                                                                 Harrison County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PASAME1EE                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDABD
                                    SIZE             EHROB
    Secchi disc depth                6       2.8      0.60
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    8       9.3      2.80
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                 7      22.3      1.18
      mg/cul>ic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.18     0.04
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.43     0.09
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.72     0.22
      ng/1
    Seston dry weight                8       2.7      0.60
      mg/1
    Turtidity                        8       1.9      0.47
      JTO
    Total hardness                   8     159.5      5.33
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Calcium hardness                 8      78.2      4.79
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                 8     165.5      4.26
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Dissolved oocygen                 8       6.5      0.68
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     312.2     11.28
      micromhos/CD at 25 C
    Sulfate                          1       2.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4       3.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2       8.5      1.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       6.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              688

-------
Vertical profile fox selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 9/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEMI
C
28.4
28. U
28.4
26.4
25.3
20.3
OXIGEN
mg/1
8.0

7.9

1.8
1.2
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
18.6

19.3

19.7
212.8
pH

8.7

8.7

8.0
7.7
CHL a
mg/cu m
3.5

3.0

2.2
214.1
Ibis lake vas not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-IOINT PCLLUTICN SCDHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  15.99-27.77 Tons/Acre/Ir
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =  386.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    8.8
 35.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
crop rotation, conservation tillage, contouring, terraces,
pastuieland and pastureland improvement, gulley control
structures/ erosion control structures, conservation
planting (trees, grass) , fencing ajid animal exclusion.

PCIN1 SOUBCf POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE GSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B (W) -wildlife, warm water aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Billow Lake Recreation Area (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     DSE/ACHE  OSE/HECTAHE
Fishing
   From boats                   8C8.       31.1       73.5
                              689

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        2745.       105.6      249.5
Swimming                       2020.        77.7      183.6
Pleasure boating                  0.         0.0        0.0
Hunting                         547.        21.0       49.7
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         3884.       149.4      353.1
Snowmobiling                    156.         6.0       14.2
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  156.         6.0       14.2
TOTAL                         10316.       396.8      937.8

IMPLEMENTS

     Becreational activities in Billow Lake do not appear to
be impaired by poor water quality; however, aguatic vegetation
may interfere with coating and fishing.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel state that grass carp will be stocked to
control the aguatic vegetation.  I.C.C. personnel consider
lake usage to be below its potential due to uncompleted facil-
ities.

Estimated aguatic plant coverage 33  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE BESTOHATION 3ECCBMENDATIONS

     Because large quantities  of  rooted  aquatic  vegetation
interfere with recreational activities in this lake, a program
of vegetation control is recommended.   Bhile  this  might  be
accomplished   through   mechanical  harvest  or  the  use  of
chemicals,  studies  in  other  Iowa  lakes  have  shown  that
controlled stocking of the imported White Amur at  the  proper
densities     can    crovide    biological    control.     The
cost-effectiveness and  suitability  of  White  Amur  stocking
should be investigated for this lake.

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making tie  lake  more
shallow  in  the near tern and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into   the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by tha local soil conservation service orfice  (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,


                              690

-------
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  tnis
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-point  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
ccnservaticn program.
                              691

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HILSCN LAKE

LOCATION
County: Lee             Latitude   40 Deg  39 Hin N
                        Longitude  91 Oeg  29 Mia M
TcwnsJiip  68 N       fiange  6 H       Section 36

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area(excluding lake surface)
        17. hectares (    42. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc #             area ha             X of total
     38                    17.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (%)
   Cropland   Pasture   forestry   Towns   Other
    34.3       36.0      28.0        0.0     1.8
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   38 Gently sloping to steep  (2-2531) forest-derived soils
      developed from pre-Nisconsin till oc loess.  Lindley
      and Heller soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHABACTEfilSTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1979 map
Area    3. ha (   8. A)
Length of shoreline    1036. m  (   3400. ft)
Maximum depth  9.8 m ( 32.0 ft)
He an depth  3.8 m (  12. ft)
Volume    107009. cubic meters  (    87. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.74    Volume development  1.16
Watershed/lake area ratio        5.7
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  89. cm
Estimated annual runoff         18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification? Zes
Hajor inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: 3 Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Ces Hoines, Iowa  50319
                              692

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553 HETEBS
WILSON  LAKE
Lee County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Cata from lake survey in the summer of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone c£ the lake.

     PABAMETEB                     SAMPLE    MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EfiROS
    Secchi disc depth                6        1.9      0.09
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10        4.3      1.35
      mg/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11       12.2      1.43
      lag/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.5      0.12
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.03
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.1      0.05
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight                9        3.3      0.22
      mg/1
    Turtidity                       12        2.7      0.15
      JTU
    Total hardness                  11      102.9      0.87
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10       82.2      1.05
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                12       89.2      1.11
      mg/1 as CaCOj
    Dissolved oxygen                11        6.9      0.41
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            12      226.7      5.82
      micronhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4       17.4      0.38
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        1.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        4.0      1.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        3.0      C.OO
      mg/1
                              694

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 9/ 6/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
DEPTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TEMP
C
23.3
26.7
26.7
26.7
23.3
17.2
12.2
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.2
8.3
7.9

2.6

0.3
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
10.6
11.6
12.2

13.6

33.8
pH

8.7
8.6
8.6

7.8

7.5
CHL a
mg/cu m
9.0
10.2
11.8

5.1

13.1
This lake was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NOH-EOINT POLLUTION SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  11.98-13.19 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltaticn index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate =   71.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.9
100.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
crop rotation.

POINT SOOHCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE OSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Hilscn Lake County Park

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing  records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACEE  USE/HECTARE
Pishing
   Frcm boats                  1270.      158.8      U23.3
                               6S5

-------
   Shore or ice fisning        2845.      355.6      948.3
Swimming                          0.        0.0        0.0
Pleasure boating                277.       34.6       92.3
Bunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         6620.      827.5     2206.7
Snowmcbiling                    6C8.       76.0      202.7
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                  608.       76.0      202.7
TOTAL                         12228.     1528.5     4076.0

IflPlIEHZNTS

     Eecreational activities in Wilson Lake do not appear to
be impaired by poor water quality or aquatic plants.  Iowa
Conservation Commission personnel consider lake usage to be
below its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  3  X
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECGBMENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt from soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles,  following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  Light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended ny the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).    In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  oudgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.    They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation;  however, it is
                              696

-------
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the laJce.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
non-ccint  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  or  such  a
conservation program.
                              697

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BILSCN LAKE

LOCATION
Ccunty: Taylor          Latitude   40 Deg  50 Min N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  33 Hin 9
Township  70 N       flange 32 H       Section 28

WATEBSHED CHABACTESISTICS
Hatersiied area (excluding lake surface)
        58. hectares  (   144. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             X of total
     33                    56.                 100.0
Estimated land uses  (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   other
    80.9       15.8       0.4        0.0     2.9
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   33 Nearly level to moderately sloping  (0-9X)  prairie-
      derived soils developed from loess or pre-Wisconsin
      till-derived paleosols.  Sharpsburg, flacksiurg,
      Hinterset, and Clarinda soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHAEACTEBISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1977 map
Area    7. ha  (  17. A)
Length of shoreline    1429. m (   4689. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m  ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  2.8 m (  9. ft)
Volume    198128. cubic meters (   161. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.52    Volume development  1.25
iatershed/lake area ratio        8.3
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  84. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      99. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows  (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Outlet: None
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              693

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           DEPTHS IN FEET
11  DETERS
WILSON  LAKE
 Taylor County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the  summer  of  1979.   Each lake
was sampled at least 3 times,   averages are  for  samples in
the upper mixed zone cf the lake.

     PARAMETER                    SAMPLE    MEAN     STANDARD
                                    SIZE             ESBO-B
    Secchi disc depth                6        0.5      0.04
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   13       52.4      6.30
      rag/cubic meter
    Total phosphorus                11       59.8      2.93
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        0.8      0.02
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.1      0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen        2        0.1      0.00
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               13       17.9      2.27
      mg/1
    lurbidity                       11       13.0      0.98
      JTU
    Total hardness                    6       97.3      3.29
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 6       70.3      2.89
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                11       95.6      1.81
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                12        7.3      0.55
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11     224.4      9.09
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3        1.8      0.17
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        4.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2        5.0      0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        4.5      0.50
      mg/1
                              700

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
( 8/ 8/79) with the most pronounced stratification  (if any) .
PTH
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
TEH£
C
28.3
28.3
28.3
23.9
21. U
19.8
OXYGEN
mg/1
8.1
8.5
8.3

0.0

TOTAL P
mg/cu m
54.0
55.7
54.7

83.2

pH
8.9
8.9
8.9
CHL a
mg/cu m
60.2
61.0
58.5
                                           7.3
                      16. 1
This laJce was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state .based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-PCINT PCLIDTICbl SCUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   9.19-10.79 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x scil loss rate =   83.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    6.7
100.9 of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
crop rotation, conservation tillage, terraces.

PCINT SOOBCE EC1LUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE USE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(N)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Wilson Park  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pleasure boating
Hunting
TOTAL
DSE/ACEE  U3E/HECTABE
100.
3000.
0.
0.
0.
5.9
176.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
14.3
428.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
                              701

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Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         8100.      476.5     1157.1
Snowmobiling                     50.        2.9        7.1
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                   50.        2.9        7.1
TOTAL                         113CO.      66U.7     16U.3

IMPAIBHEN1S

     Hater clarity is poor in Wilson Lake throughout the summer
as indicated ty Secchi depths less than one meter caused by
algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider laJte usage to be below its potential due to a lack of
boat lamps.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage  8  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECOMilENDATICNS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.  Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   The  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagoons to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  frcm  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help iaprova the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other


                              7C2

-------
           pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation program.
                              703

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WINDMILL LAKE

LOCATION
County: Taylor          Latitude   40 Deg  44 Min N
                        Longitude  94 Deg  50 Man H
Township  69 N       Bange 35 M       Section 36

WATERSHED CHABACTEHISIICS
Hatershed area (excluding lake surface)
       242. hectares  (   598. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Asscc #             area ha             % of total
     30                   242.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    69.7       21.8       4.5        0.0     4.0
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   30 Gently to strongly sloping  (2-14X) prairie-derived
      soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin till/ or
      pre-Hisconsin till-derived  paleoscls.  Sharpsburg,
      Shelby, and Adair soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership  100 %

PHISICAL CHJRACTEBISTICS OF LAKE
Measurements from 1977 map
Area   10. ha (  24. A)
Length of shoreline    1524. m  (   5000. ft)
Maximum depth  6.7 m  ( 22.0 ft)
Mean depth  3.0 m ( 10. ft)
Volume    288409. cubic meters  (   234. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.39    Volume development  1.34
iatershed/lake area ratio       24.2
Origin of basin: Impoundment
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff         15. cm
Estimated lake evaporation     102. cm
Thermal stratification? Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  Utnamed
Outlet: Unnamed
2C8 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Homes, Iowa 50319
                              704

-------
c
U1
                            424  HETEFS
WINDMILL LAKE
Taylor County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Eata from lake survey in the summer of 1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are  for  samples  in
the ufper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             E3BOB
    Sec chi disc depth                6       0.4      0.05
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                   10     110.3     14.05
      mg/cuiic meter
    lotal phosphorus                11     127.7      8.46
      mg/cutic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2       0.7      0.01
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2       0.1       0.01
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2       0.1       0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10      22.0       1.98
      mg/1
    lurlidity                        9      19.6       1.87
      JTU
    Total hardness                   7      83.7       2.97
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                 7      54.9       2.72
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                10      82.8       2.13
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                11       6.6       0.28
      mg/1
    Specific conductance             9     196.9      10.09
      micrcmhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          3       2.0       0.76
      mg/1
    Chloride                         5       2.9       0.10
      mg/1
    Sodium                           2       5.0       0.00
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2       5.0       0.00
      mg/1
                              706

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on tie sampling date
( 8/ 8/79)  with the most pronounced stratification (if any).
   DEPTH
     m
TEMP
  C
CXIGEN
 mg/1
TOTAL P
mg/cu m
pa
9.4
9.4
9.4
CHL a
mg/cu m
156.4
118.3
145.2
     0      27.9       7.7     113.2
     1      27.9       7.7     110.8
     2      27.9       7.7     109.8
     3      25.2
     4      22.3       0.3     126.8       8.0      11.6
This lake vas not included in the National Eutrophicatioa
Survey.   The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NCN-ECINT PC1LOTICN SOURCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =   9.19-10.79 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area) x soil loss rate =  242.
Potential nutrient input index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =   16.9
 90.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
pastureland and pastureland improvement, conservation
tillage.

PCIN1 SOUBCE ICLLUTICN

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification(s)
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warawater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Windmill Lake  (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.
ACTIVITY
Fishing
   From boats
   Shore or ice fishing
Swimming
Pie as ere boating
Hunting
                  TOTAL
                   USE/ACBE  OSE/HECTAHE
356.
3587.
0.
0.
0.
14.8
149.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
35.6
358.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
                              707

-------
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence         9251.      385.5      925.1
Snowmo-biling                     50.        2.1        5.0
Ice skating and cross-
country sJciing                   50.        2.1        5.0
TOTAL                         13294.      553.9     1329.4

IMPAIRMENTS

     Hater clarity is poor in Windmill Lake throughout the
summer as indicated ty Secchi depths less than one meter caused
by algal populations.  Iowa Conservation Commission personnel
consider lake usage to be below its potential due to a lack ox
boat ramps.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 17  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkJLll frequencies:  rare ir ever

LAKE EESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS

     The water quality  of  this  lake,  like  all  lakes,  is
strongly  influenced  by the materials that are washed into it
through its tributary streams.  Silt frcm soil erosion in  the
watershed  is  detrimental  to  the  lake in several ways.  It
contributes to the filling of the basin making the  lake  more
shallow  in  the near term and hastening the basin's long term
extinction.  Plant nutrients such as  phosphorus  and  ammonia
nitrogen  and  several  pesticides  are  carried Into the lake
attached to soil particles.  Following storm events, sediments
introduced  into  the  lake  reduce  light  transparency,  may
interfere with sight-feeding fish and the development of  fish
eggs,  and may smother gill-breathing invertebrates.  For this
reason a strong soil conservation program is  recommended  for
this   watershed   utilizing  the  best  management  practices
recommended by the local soil conservation service office (see
section on non-point pollution for this lake).   In  addition,
it is recommended that steps be taken to reduce the amounts of
livestock  wastes reaching tributary streams.   Research on the
Iowa great lakes has indicated small livestock  concentrations
in  areas  with  direct  drainage to streams or tile lines can
make significant contributions  to  the  nutrient  .budgets  of
downstream  lakes.   Ihe  use  of  practices such as diversion
terraces above feedlots, lagocns to catch feedlot runoff,  and
spray  irrigation  of  surplus  water  from  such  lagoons can
significantly reduce  the  nutrient  contributions  from  this
source.   The  above  land use recommendations are made on the
basis they will help improve the water quality in the lake and
slow down the filling of the lake with sediments.   They  will
help  protect the lake from future degradation; however, it is
not possible to state the degree such a program might Increase
the water quality in the lake.  There are insufficient data on
the  present  inputs  of  sediments,  nutrients,   and   other
                              708

-------
non-cciat  pollutants to the lake.  Furthermore we do not have
adequate information to gauge  the  effectiveness  of  such  a
conservation fragrant.
                               709

-------
IEN-BUO-GIS LAKE

LOCATION
County: Keokuk          latitude   41 Deg  23 Man N
                        longitude  92 Eeg  12 Uin H
Township  76 N       Range 12 H       Section 24

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
Watershed area (excluding lake surface)
        11. hectares (    27. acres)

Soil Associations within watershed
   Assoc *             area ha             % of total
     47                    11.                 100.0
Estimated land uses (X)
   Cropland   Pasture   Forestry   Towns   Other
    55.3       26.0      16.3        0.0     2.5
Description of topography and soils in soil associations
represented in the watershed

   47 Hoderately sloping to very steep (5-30»)  forest-
      derived soils developed from loess, pre-Hisconsin
      till, or pre-Hisconsin till-derived paleosols.
      Clinton, Llndley,  and Xeswick soils.

Per cent of shoreline in public ownership 100 %

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF LAKE
Measurements from 1976 map
Area    4. ha (   9. A)
Length of shoreline    1066.  m (   3496.  ft)
Maximum depth  7.3 n ( 24.0 ft)
Hean depth  2.8 m (  9.  ft)
Volume    104190. cubic  meters (    84. acre-feet)
Shoreline development  1.56    Volume development  1.15
watershed/lake area ratio        2.8
Origin of tasin:  Gravel  Pit
Estimated annual precipitation  86. cm
Estimated annual runoff          18. cm
Estimated lake evaporation      91. cm
Thermal stratification?  Yes
Major inflows (named and/or permanent streams)
  None
Cutlet: None
208 Agency:
   Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
   900 East Grand Avenue
   Des Moines, Iowa 50319
                              710

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968 HETERS
YEN-ROU-GIS  LAKE
Keokuk County

-------
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
Data from lake survey in the summer  of  1979.   Each  lake
was sampled at least 3 times.   Averages are for  samples  in
the upper mixed zone of the lake.

     PARAMETER                     SAMPLE   MEAN    STANDARD
                                    SIZE             EH2OR
    Secchi disc depth                6        2.5      0.29
      meters
    Chlorophyll a                    6        3.9      0.77
      mg/cutic meter
    Total phosphorus                10      13.6      1.35
      mg/cubic meter
    Kjeldahl nitrogen                2        O.U      0.01
      mg/1
    Ammonia nitrogen                 2        0.05      0.00
      mg/1
    Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen       2        0.05      0.01
      mg/1
    Seston dry weight               10        3.6      0.49
      mg/1
    Turbidity                       12        2.5      0.26
      JTD
    Total hardness                  10      330.5      3.30
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Calcium hardness                10      224.6      3.27
      mg/1 as CaC03
    Total alkalinity                12      80.7      1.46
      mg/1 as CaCC3
    Dissolved oxygen                10        7.7      0.13
      mg/1
    Specific conductance            11      605.5     12.75
      micromhos/cm at 25 C
    Sulfate                          4      212.3      1.88
      mg/1
    Chloride                         4        2.5      0.00
      mg/1
    Scdium                           2        4.5      0.50
      mg/1
    Potassium                        2        4.0      0.00
      mg/1
                              712

-------
Vertical profile for selected measurements on the sampling date
 ( 8/ 9/79)  with the most pronounced stratification  (if any).

   DEPTH    TEMP     CXYGEN   TOTftL P       pH     CHL a
     m        C       n9/l    mg/cu m             oig/cu m

     0      32.7       8.0       8.9       8.3       2.2
     1      32.6       7.9      10.3       8.3       2.4
     2      32.6
     3      31.2       7.8      12.4       8.3       3.0
     4      28.5
     5      22.6
     6      17.9       O.U      15.5       7.6       8.8
     7      14.4
This laJce was not included in the National Eutrophication
Survey.  The trophic state based on 1979 survey is eutrophic.

NON-POINT POLLUTION SOUHCES

Shoreline erosion:
  Negligible
Estimated erosion rate in region =  14.31-27.77 Tons/Acre/Yr
Potential siltation index =
         (watershed area/lake area)  x soil loss rate -   60.
Potential nutrient injut index =
         area watershed in row crops/lake area =    1.5
100.X of watershed is in approved soil conservation practices.
Best management practices recommended by local SCS office:
conservation planting (trees,grass) .

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

No point sources identified

LAKE DSE ASSESSMENT

Surface water classification (s)
   Class A-primary body contact recreation.
   Class B(H)-wildlife, warmwater aquatic life, secondary body
              contact.
This lake is not designated as a public water supply.

Public parks:
   Yen-Buo-Gis Park (County)

Estimates of total annual lake use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists cased on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTARE
Fishing
   Frcm boats                  1286.      142.9      321.5
                              713

-------
   Shore or ice fishing        7183.      798.1     1795.8
Swimming                       6338.      704.2     1584.5
Pleasure toating                  0.        0.0        0.0
Hunting                           0.        0.0        0.0
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence        165G2.     1333.6     4125.5
Snowmobiling                      0.        0.0        0.0
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing                    0.        0.0        0.0
TOTAL                         31.309.     3478.8     7827.3

IMPAIBMENTS

     Recreational activities in Yen-Sou-Gis Lake do not appear
to be limited by poor water quality; however, aguatic vegeta-
tion may interfere with shoreline fishing.  Iowa Conservation
Commission personnel state that grass carp have been stocked
to control aguatic vegetation.  I.C.C. personnel consider lake
usage to be aiove its potential.

Estimated aquatic plant coverage 10  %
Estimated winterkill frequencies:  rare if ever
Estimated summerkill frequencies:  rare if ever

LAKE RESTORATION BECOttilENDATICNS

     Ihis lake's water quality is not significantly  impaired.
Lake  Yen-rou-gis has a small watershed/surface area ratio and
is a former limestone pit.  The lake receives  little  surface
runoff.    Consequently,  sediment  and  nutrient  inputs  are
relatively small.   White  Amur  have  been  stocked  in  Lake
len-rou-gis.
                              714

-------
Total lake uses for all 107 lakes in this study

Estimates of total annual laJse use made by Iowa Conservation
Commission district fisheries biologists based on a combination
of existing records and professional judgement.

ACTIVITY                      TOTAL     USE/ACHE  USE/HECTA3E
Fishing
   Fccm boats                530998.       13.8       34.2
   Shore or ice fj.shj.ng     1389565.       36.2       89.5
Swimming                    1686941.       44.0      108.6
Pleasure boating             671254.       17.5       43.2
Hunting                      113637.        3.0        7.3
Picnicking,camping,other
activities prompted
by the lake's presence      6341788.      165.3      403.4
Snowmobiling                 288221.        7.5       18.6
Ice skating and cross-
country skiing               122432.        3.2        7.9
TOTAL                      11144850.      290.6      717.7
                              715

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