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17-16
-------
HAZARDS OF FIELD SAMPLING
Educational Objectives
o The student should be able to
determine if equipment is packed safely.
o The student should be able to
handle heavy equipment safely.
o The student should know the
correct handling techniques for
compressed gas cylinders.
o The student should be able to
determine if electrical equipment is
safe from electrical shock.
o The student should be able to
determine if sampling equipment is
approved for certain industrial
environments.
o The student should be able to
determine the proper electrical cord
size for particular needs.
o The student should be able to
determine safe practices for sampling.
o The student should know how to
pack and transport samples and sampling
reagents.
18-1
-------
HAZARDS OF FIELD SAMPLING
NOTES
Introduction
Field sampling represents one of
the largest responsibilities of EPA
field crews. As such, the probability of
facing a hazardous condition is large.
The diversity of environments, equipment
used, p;personnel awareness and training
all to a large extent, play a role in
the type and severity of the hazard.
It is not possible to prepare field
personnel for every eventuality. Crews
must depend on alertness, planning and
common sense for the unexpected.
This unit will help sharpen the
backgrounds of personnel to enable them
to have confidence in preparing and
preventing accidents while sampling.
Two major areas will be covered:
1. Physical Hazards of the
Sampling Environment
2. Hazards of Sampling
The specific topic of sampling
drums is covered in the unit on
Hazardous Waste Sites.
Physical Hazards
Environment
of the Sampling
Sampling Equipment Instructions
Sampling equipment is manufactured
in an endless variety of sizes and
shapes. In some cases, equipment has
been modified or even built by Agency
personnel. The Coliwasa has for many
years been the mainstay for sampling
liquids. Yet until a few years ago,
there were no commercial manufacturers
of the Coliwasa and units had to be
built in-house.
Manufactured equipment usually
comes with precise instructions as to
procedures for safe set up and
operation. It should become common
18-2
-------
NOTES
practice to thoroughly read these
instructions before attempting to use
the equipment. Instructions should be
placed in clear plastic covers to
protect them from inclement weather,
chemicals, dirt and wear. If possible,
the sheets should be taped to the
inside covers of the carrying cases or
if in multiple sheets or booklet,
attached to the equipment by a light
chain or durable string.
In the event of modifications to
manufactured equipment, special use for
which the equipment was not originally
designed or in-house designed equipment,
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
should be developed before the equipment
is authorized for field use. Copies of
the SOP should be protected and attached
to the equipment or carrying case. SOP
should also be sent to all personnel
that may have use for the ^equipment.
The SOP should make special note of
limitations or hazards that might exist.
In some obvious cases, special note
should be made on the outside of the
carrying case to alert the individual of
important hazards. Examples of these
hazards are:
1. The carrying case contains
hazardous chemicals.
2. There exists breakable parts or
containers inside.
3. There is the danger of shock or
explosion if used improperly or in
certain hazardous conditions or
atmospheres.
4. Improper use or mixing may
generate a dangerous condition.
Carrying Equipment
Injuries to the back and abdominal
muscles from lifting heavy loads is one
of the most common injuries reported.
Such injuries can range from relatively
18-3
-------
NOTES
mild strains to major permanently
disabling injuries. Lifting heavy
equipment should be approached with
though as to:
1. Overall weight
2. Distribution of weight
3. Unwieldiness or awkwardness
4. Distance to be carried
5. Obstacles to be negotiated such
as slippery banks, rocking boats and
ladders.
6. Conditions such as wind, snow,
ice and slippery surfaces.
7. Visibility
Whenever possible, assign two
individuals to carry equipment. Simply
the weight alone should not be the only
consideration. A large sheet of plywood
may not be particularly heavy but is
awkward, blocks the view of the person
carrying it, and can be extremely
hazardous in high, gusty winds. Two
individuals carrying two sheets together
is a much safer practice than two
individuals each carrying one sheet
apiece. The incidence of individuals
being blown from roofs and ladders while
carrying large sheets is all too
frequent.
Before lifting a case, check to see
if equipment stored inside is secure. A
sudden shift in weight while the case is
being carried may throw the individual
off balance and result in a dangerous
fall.
Experimentally lift a corner of the
equipment to be carried to determine
its approximate weight. Check to see if
carrying handles are fastened securely
to the container and are in good
condition. Check to see that tops,
18-4 >
-------
NOTES
drawers, etc., are securely fastened
closed. Never lift equipment by
makeshift strings or ropes. If
equipment seems heavy, request help
before lifting. Strains and hernias are
usually caused during the initial strain
of lifting. If passing a heavy piece of
equipment to another individual, warm
them of the approximate weight before
handing them the equipment. Strains and
hernias are often caused by improper
position or stance, rather than by
sheer weight.
Heavy equipment should be lifted by
using the power of the leg muscles,
rather than the back, stomach, or arm
muscles. Approach the container so as
to have it evenly balanced. Never bend
over when lifting. The back should be
kept straight and the arms nearly
vertical with the body. The knees
should be bent to grasp the load.
Lifting should be by straightening the
legs, with the back remaining in a
nearly vertical position. Setting down
the load is the reverse of lifting.
Never climb ladders while carrying
a heavy load. Ladders require the use
of both hands. Loads not only tie up the
hands, but unbalance the body. Loads
should be lifted by winch or pulley.
Never attempt to lift a heavy load
from a small boat with only one person.
The unstability of the boat along with
the shifting weight, may result in the
boat tipping over or a severe strain of
the bodies of the lifters.
Likewise, never attempt to lift a
heavy weight over a dock down into a
boat. Not only is the strain severe,
but the uneven weight may cause the
individual to fall headlong into the
boat or water. Heavy equipment should
be set on the side of the dock within
reach of personnel in the boat. Two
individuals in the boat should grasp the
equipment while steadying the boat. Be
18-5
-------
NOTES
sure the boat is securely tied at both
ends to prevent the boat from pushing
away from the dock while equipment is
being lifted.
Compressed Gas Cylinders
Compressed gas cylinders are
frequently used for analytical equipment
or for recharging SCBA air tanks. These
tanks represent a multitude of hazards.
The empty tanks themselves are extremely
heavy and due to their elongated shape,
easily tipped over. Tanks should be
carried on special dollys designed to
hold cylinders. These dollys have a
saddle to hold the tanks and an
adjustable strap to prevent the tank
from tipping forward when the dolly is
lifted upright.
Never move or transport a tank
without the protective threaded cap or
top being in place. When full, the
tanks are u'nder extreme pressure,
striking the valve at the top of the
tank may shear off the valve assembly,
venting the pressurized gas. In
addition to the potential of fire or
explosion, the velocity of the
existing gas may propel the cylinder at
extremely hazardous speeds.
When transporting the tank or when
setting the tank up for use, securely
chain or fasten the tank in an upright
position to prevent shifting or falling
over. In some cases such as acetylene,
it is dangerous to lay the tank on its
side. Such a practice may cause a
separation of the acetone, acetylene
mixture.
-Ct
Always check tanks for pitting and
rusting. Any sign of deterioration
should be reported immediately and the
tank removed from service. Never assume
that the color of the tank indicates the
contents. Color schemes are strictly
the preogative of the company that
moves the cylinders.
18-6
-------
NOTES
Never add adaptors or other gear to
a regulator to make equipment fit. Often
special threads and sizes are put on
regulators to forewarn or prevent
certain types of equipment from being
used or attached to the tanks. These
precautions shoulds be carefully heeded
by field personnel.
Threads on tanks are often reversed
from the normal directions used in
common equipment. Never atempt to
force threads or nuts. If a thread
won't give, stop and analyze the
direction you are attempting to turn the
nut. In most cases, the threads will
turn off in the opposite direction.
Never store tanks in direct
sunlight or near excessive heat. Non-
flammable gas such as carbon dioxide may
rupture with a force equal to or greater
than that of flammable gases.
The Sampling Environment
Before setting up and using
sampling equipment, attempt to determine
the type of environment you will be
testing. In many cases, this is best
done by contacting a plant
representative such as a safety officer.
Explain fully the nature of the test and
exactly the type of sampling equipment
to be used. Make sure the type of
equipment is approved for the
environment that you will be in. In
most cases, electrical sampling
equipment is approved for certain types
of environments.
Certification
National groups such as
Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Factory
Mutual (FM), and the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), together
with NFPA, developed test protocols for
certifying explosion-proof,
intrinsically safe, or purged devices to
meet minimum standards of acceptance.
18-7
-------
An electrical device certified
under one of these test methods carries
a permanently affixed plate showing the
logo of the laboratory granting
certification and the Class(es),
Division(s), and Group(s) it was tested
against.
Certification means that if a
device is certified as explosion-proof,
intrinsically safe, or purged for a
given Class, Division, and Group, and is
used, maintained, and serviced according
to the manufacturer's instructions, it
will not contribute to ignition. The
device is not, however, certified for
use in atmospheres other than those
indicated.
Three methods exist to prevent a
potential ignition source from igniting
a flammable atmosphere:
o Explosion-proof: Encase the
ignition source in a rigidly built
container. "Explosion-proof"
instruments allow the flammable
atmosphere to enter. If and when an arc
is generated, the ensuing explosion is
contained within the specially designed
and built enclosure. Within it, any
flames or hot gases are cooled prior to
exiting into the ambient flammable
atmosphere so that the explosion does
not spread into the environment.
o Intrinsically Safe: Reduce the
potential for arcing among components by
encasing them in a solid insulating
material. Also, reducing the
instrument's operational current and
voltage below the energy level necessary
for ignition of the flammable atmosphere
provides equal protection. An
"intrinsically safe" device, as defined
by the National Electrical Code, is
incapable "of releasing sufficent
electrical or thermal energy under
normal or abnormal conditions to cause
ignition of a specific hazardous
atmospheric mixture in its most easily
ignited concentration. Abnormal
conditions shall include accidental
damage to any... wiring, failure of
18-8
-------
electrical components, application of
over-vo 11age , adjustment and
maintenance operations and other similar
conditions."
o Purged: Buffer the arcing or
flame-producing device from the
flammable atmosphere with an inert gas.
In a pressurized or "purged" system, a
steady stream of, for example, nitrogen
or helium is passed by the potential
arcing device, keeping the flammable
atmosphere from the ignition source.
This type of control, however, does not
satisfactorily control analytical
devices that use a flame or heat for
analysis such as a combustible gas
indicator (CGI) or gas chromatograph
(GO .
There are six possible environments
in which a hazardous atmosphere can be
generated. However, not every type of
control will prevent an ignition in
every environment. To adequately
describe the characteristics of those
environments and what controls can be
used, the National Electrical Code
defines each characteristic:
o Class is a category describing
the type of flammable material that
produces the hazardous atmosphere:
* Class I is flammable vapors
and gases, such as gasoline, and
hydrogen. Class I is further divided
into groups A, B, C, and D on the basis
of similar flammability characteristics
(see Table 1).
* Class II consists of
combustible dusts like coal or grain and
is divided into groups E, F, and G.
* Class III is ignitable
fibers such as produced by cotton
milling.
o Division is the term describing
the "location" of generation and release
of the flammable material.
* Division 1 is a location
where the generation and release are
18-9
-------
NOTES
continuous, intermittent, or periodic
into an open, unconfined area under
normal conditions.
* Division 2 is a location
where the generation and release are in
closed systems or containers and only
from ruptures, leaks, or other failures.
Using this system, a hazardous
atmosphere can be routinely and
adequately defined. As an example, a
spray-painting operation using acetone
carrier would be classified as a Class
I, Division 1, Group 0 environment.
Additionally, an abandoned waste site
containing intact closed drums of methyl
ethyl ketone, toluene, and xylene would
be considered a Class I, Division 2,
Group D environment. Once the
containers begin to leak and produce a
hazardous atmosphere, the environment
changes to Class I, Division 1, Group D.
18-10
-------
TABU! 1
Class I Chemicals By Groups
Group A Atnospheres
Acetylene
Group B Atmospheres
Acrolein (inhibited)
Arsine
Butadiene
Ethylene oxide
Hydrogen
Manufacturer gases containing
more than 30% hydrogen
(by volume)
Propylene oxide
Propylnitrate
Group C Atnospheres
Acetaldehyde
Allyl alcohol
n-Butyraldehyde
Carbon monoxide
Crotonaldehyde
Cyclopropane
Diethyl ether
Diethylamine
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene
Ethyleneimine
Ethyl mercaptan
Ethyl sulfide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Morpholine
2-Nitropropane
Tetrahydrofuran
Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine
(UDMH, 1-, 1-dimethyl hydrazine)
Group D Atmospheres
Acetic Acid (glacial)
Acetone
Acrylonitrile
Annonia
Benzene
Butane
1-Butanol (butyl alcohol)
2-Butanol (secondary
butyl alcohol)
n-Butyl acetate
Isobutyl acetate
di-Isobutylene
Ethane
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Ethyl acetate
Ethylacrylate
(inhibited)
Ethyl diamine
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene glycol
monomethyl ether
Gasoline
Heptanes
Hexanes
Isoprene
Isopropyl ether
Mesityl oxide
Methane (natural gas)
Methanol (methyl alcohol)
3-Methyl-l-butanol
(isoamyl alcohol)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
2-Methyl-l-propanol
(isobutyl alcohol)
2-Methy1-2-propano1
(tertiary butyl alcohol)
Octanes
Petroleum naphtha1
Pentanes
1-Pentanol (aiayl alcohol)
Propane
1-Propano Kpropy 1
alcohol)
2-Propanol (isopropyl
alcohol)
Propylene
Pyridine
18-n
-------
TABLE 1 Gont'd.
Group 0 Atmospheres
Styrene
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Xylenes
Source:National Electrical Code, Vol. 70, Table 500-2.
National Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlantic Avenue,
Boston, MA 02210 (1981).
*A saturated hydrocarbon mixture boiling in the range 20° - 135°C
(680 - 275°F). Also known by the synonyms enzine, ligroin,
petroleum ether, or naphtha.
Electrical Hazards
Sampling often requires Agency
personnel to reach remote or
inaccessible places. In many cases
such areas may contain electrical wires
or transformers. Great caution should
be exercised in these areas. Where
practical, power should be cut to remove
the danger. Where this is not possible,
highly conductive equipment such as
aluminum ladders, metal probes, and
other metal sampling gear should be
avoided if possible. Electrical
insulating protective gear such as hard
hats and gloves should be worn.
Of particular danger are overhead
wires. Before raising or carrying
ladders, check to see that equipment
will clear. If there is danger Of
contact, do not attempt to enter tha
area.
A great deal of sampling equipment
requires a source of electrical power to
operate it. It some cases, an
electrical power outlet may be some
distance away. If possible, arrange for
the company to provide power. Long
extension cords may be a source of
potential overheating and fire if a
proper cord size is not selected.
18-12'
-------
NOTES
.
Extension Cords
If an extension cord is needed to
bring power to field sampling equipment
or lights, there are important
guidelines for selecting a cord that
will be safe and serviceable.
Extension cords should have three wires,
two for power and one to provide a
separate grounding circuit for safety.
The wires need to be large enough in
diameter to carry the needed power over
the length of the cord without either
significant voltage drop or overheating.
A long extension cord should have
large enough diameter wires so that
resistance in the cord will not lower
the voltage more than 3 percent over the
length of the extension cord. If the
voltage supplied by the cord is too low,
your analytical results may not be
accurate and your equipment may not
operate safety. Motors can burn out if
the supplied voltage drops too low.
The other important requirement for
wires is that they be of adequate size
to carry the current drawn by your
equipment, so that the cord does not
overheat, damage the insulation, and
possibly start a fire. (The current
required by your equipment could
overload the current-carrying capacity
of an extension cord having wires of
inadequate diameter without tripping the
circuit breaker to which your cord is
connected. In such a case the circuit
breaker will not protect the extension
cord from damage.)
Localized overheating can also
occur if there is too small an area of
contact between any plug blade and its
socket connection. The effectiveness of
surface contact areas can be estimated
by use of a device with tests the
tension provided by the contact blades
within an outlet.
18-13
-------
NOTES
The procedure for selecting an
extension cord will depend on whether
you will use a cord that is available,
or whether you are going to have an
extension cord made up for a particular
sampling activity.
In both cases you will need to know
how much power is required by the
equipment you will be using, what the
voltage will be at the power source, and
how far your equipment will be from a
power outlet.
The basic steps for assessing or
specifying an extension cord are as
follows:
1. First find the total number of
watts required for all of the equipment
and lights that you plan to connect to
the extension cord.
2. Find the lowest line.voltage
that can be expected at the outlet to
which the cord will be connected during
the time personnel will be working.
Personnel can inquire, test the voltage,
or make a rough estimate.
If there is no data and the actual
voltage cannot be measured on a line
with a nominal voltage of 110 or 115,
use the value of 100 volts for the
calculation of the amperage the wires
must carry.
3. Next, find out how many amperes
the cord will have to carry by dividing
the total number of watts of the
equipment to be used by the line voltage
expected at the outlet. Watts divided
by volts equals the number of amperes of
current to be carried by the cord.
4. Find out how long an extension
cord will be needed to reach from an
available outlet to the location of the
equipment. Be sure to allow enough
length so that the cord can go over or
around obstructions or passageways.
18-14
-------
NOTES
Precautions for Use of Electrical
Equipment
If personnel will be using any
electrically-powered equipment, there
are two precautions you should follow.
The first is to see that there is no
damage to the electrical insulation of
the equipment or its cord, and the
second is to be sure that you cannot
touch uninsulated electrical conductors
or metal parts which may be "hot" or
energized.
There are four important
requirements for electrical cords. The
first is that electrical cords should
have no breaks in the insulation.
Cords should be inspected
periodically, with the cord disconnected
from the power source.
Electrical cords should have plugs
which keep the terminals insulated and
which assure safe connection of wires to
the terminals.
The fourth important requirement
for electrical cords is continuity of
the grounding wire.
If equipment with a grounding wire
and a workable three-prong plug is
connected to a two-wire extension cord,
the grounding wire cannot perform its
safety function.
Portable Electrical Equipment
With portable electrical equipment
there are three practical steps that can
be taken to prevent touching "hot" or
energized metal parts. Any one of these
steps will provide protection against
electrical shock from the equipment:
1. Be sure that all exposed metal
parts of electrical equipment are
connected to an effective grounding
circuit, or
18-15
-------
NOTES
2. Provide a Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter in the line, or
3. Use power tools which are
"Double Insulated" to prevent any
exposed metal surface from providing
contact with a "hot" wire.
Grounding Exposed Metal Parts of
Electrical Equipment
If personnel connect electrical
equipment to an effective grounding
circuit, they must be sure they they are
grounding all exposed metal parts.
Ungrounded electrical equipment
with only a two-wire electrical cord
will usually continue to operate even
if the hot wire comes into contact with
the metal shell or exposed metal parts.
If such equipment is held by a person
who is also in contact with the earth or
some grounded metal object, the
individual could be shocked seriously
and perhaps fatally.
If a hot wire in a piece of
electrical equipment touches metal
parts that are grounded (by connection
to the green grounding wire), there will
be a direct short circuit which will
trip the circuit breaker and de-energize
the electrical equipment. Electrical
equipment will not continue to operate
if there is a short circuit from the hot
wire to metal parts that are grounded.
To assure that exposed metal parts
of electrically-powered equipment cannot
become electrically "hot" as a result of
damage to the insulation of the hot
wire, it is necessary to have a separate
connection between exposed metal parts
and the ground. This is usually
accomplished by using equipment which
has a third wire connecting the metal
shell through the cord to a grounding
connection in the electrical outlet. As
an extra precaution you can check
electrical equipment for leakage
18-16
-------
NOTES
currents between the metal parts and a
grounded conductor.
In addition to having all of the
equipment provided with a connection to
the grounding wire, personnel must have
a three-wire cord with a three-prong
plug. It is also necessary that the
grounding connection in the electrical
outlet be attached to a ground. Outlets
should be tested before use to see
whether they do have an effective
connection to ground or whether an
alternative grounding method must be
used.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
If it is not possible to provide
effective grounding for portable
electrical equipment,, Ground Fault
Circuit Interrupters can prevent injury
if someone makes contact with a hot wire
and the ground. When the device detects
unbalanced current in a circuit, it will
interrupt the current flow within a few
milliseconds and prevent further flow of
an injurious amount of current.
Portable ground fault circuiit
interrupters (GFCI) are available for
field use. They are recommended
particularly in wet locations where the
hazard of current flow to the ground is
great. (Ground fault circuit
interrupters do have the drawback that
they will interfere with operation of
any apparatus which uses a capacitor
across the line as a noise filter.)
Double Insulated Electrical Tools
Electrically-powered tools are
available with "Double Insulation"
designed to prevent any exposed metal
part from becoming energized and causing
a shock to the user.
E1ectrica 11y-p o w ered tools
identified by the manufacturer as being
"Double Insulated" are considered
18-17
-------
NOTES
reasonably safe to use in locations
where the user may contact either the
ground or grounded equipment. Such
tools should be in good condition with
undamaged parts. As an additional
precaution, such equipment should be
checked to see that use or repairs have
not damaged insulation and allowed
exposed metal parts to come into contact
with hot wires.
If personnel ever have to work on
or enter electrically-powered equipment,
be sure the power is shut off and the
shutoff switch is locked so that no one
can inadvertently turn the power on.
Sampling
Never open containers, tanks,
mixers, etc., without first seeking the
advice or approval of plant personnel.
In many cases such containers may be
under pressure or have extreme
temperatures.
Drums should be moved only after
careful observation of their condition.
A normal filled drum weighs close to 500
pounds. Steel-toed shoes should be worn
and equipment such as dollys, or fork
lifts used to lift or tote barrels. A
barrel tipped on its edge is highly
unstable and difficult to control. A
shift in its contents may cause the
barrel to go out of control causing
personal injury and increasing the risk
of leaks, fire or explosion. Never
stand or walk on containers to reach
remote containers. If containers that
must be sampled are not accessible, have
company employees clear a path or move
barrels.
Sample Size
Generally laboratories require very-
small quantities of samples. Take only
the amount of sample needed to complete
analysis. Containers of samples
represent hazards. The larger the
18-18
-------
NOTES
sample size, the greater the hazard.
Sample containers must be checked
for compatibility with the material
sampled. Flammable liquids, corrosives
and other highly hazardous materials
should not be placed in glass containers
unless the containers have special
coatings to prevent shattering.
Bakelite or PVC tops should be used in
place of metal tops. Before the samples
are removed from the sampling site, a
check should be made to insure the tops
are correctly and securely fastened.
Decontaminate the outside of the sample
container thoroughly before packing for
transit. Never carry sample containers
in Agency vehicles without securing them
from rolling or bumping. A case
designed for this purpose or a stout
container filled with an inert packing
absorbent such as vermiculite will
prevent breakage, bumping or rolling
about while in transit. If the material
is to be shipped, special precautions
must be exercised. (See unit on Sample
Labeling and Shipping.)
Sampling procedures often require
chemical reagents. Reagent bottles
should be packed in absorbent,
cushioning material to prevent bumping
and leakage. Labels for reagents should
be of indelible material and care taken
to separate incompatible chemicals. In
many cases, the reagent chemicals
themselves represent a more serious
threat of harm than the materials
sampled. SOP's outling test procedures,
as well as sampling hazards and chemical
incompatibilities should be included
with testing chemicals. In cases where
reagents must be measured out, equipment
contamination such as pipettes must be
solved by disposables or decontaminating
solutions.
Reagents such as concentrated acids
and bases are hygroscopic (attract
water). Small drops on the outside of
bottles will quickly dilute, running
18-19
-------
NOTES
become diluted, running down the sides
of bottles and pooling at the bottom.
Such pools can lead to unknowing skin
contamination or eye burns.
18-20
-------
«
t
I
I
-------
Exercise II
A piece of electrical sampling equipment draws 120 volts and
uses 280 watts. The electrical source is 90' away. What size
wire is needed?
Exercise III
Sampling is to be done in a closed environment that normally
contains acetone. What type of approval must the equipment have
to be safe in this type of environment?
Is the following Instrument approved for this environment?
AA5A
Combustible Gas and 02 Alarm
model 260 part m. 449900
allbritri for! Pentane7
tatrimkafly Scit for *M M huw*M toMtoM .OmLIMjWoii I.
•M C w4 b «rf Nanlnc»MM tar «.to Om_L OhWdii Ift^t *.
MUST BE OPERAHD III ACCORDANCE WITH INSTRUCTIONS
MPO. av
MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY
nTTSaURGH PtNMVLVMU. Ill A, 19308
nit nv i u MT. m imjn rannra a CM*M im mm
18-22
-------
UNIT 19 NATURAL HAZARDS
Educational Objectives
o The student should be able to
recognize poison ivy and poison oak.
o The student should be able to
define the treatment for poison ivy and
poison oak.
o The student should be able to
recognize the common poisonous insects.
o The student should be able to
recognize the various poisonous snakes.
o The student should be able to
recognize the characteristics of rabid
animals.
19-1
-------
NATURAL HAZARDS
NOTES
EPA responsibilities require Agency
personnel to enter remote, seldom
visited, locations. Such places are the
natural habitat of a variety of plants
and animals, some of which pose a threat
to personnel. It is the objective of
this unit to familiarize personnel with
these threats so that steps may be taken
to avoid, as much as possible, contact
with these hazards. In some cases a
limited remedial action will be
discussed.
Plants
There are very few types of plants
that pose a threat to field personnel.
Unfortunately, the ones that do are very
common.
Poison Ivy and Poison Oak
Poison ivy is a vine that can be
recognized by its three shiny green
leaves and at certain times of the year,
by clusters of white berries. It can be
found growing up the sides of trees or
building or as a dense ground cover 18"
- 24' high. During the winter time the
plant loses its leaves but the vines, if
broken, may still pose a hazard. For
highly sensitive people, smoke from the
burning plants may be sufficient to
trigger a reaction,
Medical tests indicate all
individuals are allergic to poison ivy
to some degree. If personnel have
knowledge or suspicion of contact with
poison ivy or poison oak, they should
wash with strong soap within two to
three hours of contact. The infecting
agent in poison ivy is suspended in an
oil base found on the leaves. Scrubbing
with strong soap will eliminate or
reduce the severity or spread.
If the blisters and itching,
characteristic of poison ivy appear,
medical attention should be sought.
Secondary infection may be more serious
19-2
-------
NOTES
than the poison ivy itself.
Animals
Ticks
The natural habitat of the wood
tick is bushes 18-36" in height. This
parasitic insect usually burrows into
the skin of its victim and sucks blood.
Ticks are carriers of a number of
diseases including the sometimes fatal
disease of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
Personnel leaving a tick infested area
should institute a search of themselves
as well as other crew members. Ticks
found burrowing under the skin should be
removed by rubbing the area with rubbing
alcohol. (Using a lighted cigarette or
a hot needle is highly discouraged.) If
the insect fails to be removed, or if
the head of the insect breaks off,
medical help should be sought. If fever
or infection should set in, medical help
should be obtained.
Snakes
Nearly every section of the country
has a variety of poisonous snakes.
Water Moccasons, rattle snakes,
copperheads, and coral snakes all have
potent venom that can be fatal. Most
snake bites occur on the ankle or hand.
When when enter an area known to have
poisonous snakes, knee high boots,
leather gloves, and snake bite kits
should be considered an absolute
necessity.
Most snakes are timid animals that
strike only in defense. When suprising
a snake, slowly back off and give the
animal a chance to escape. Never
attempt to kill, capture or molest a
cornered snake. Never assume the snake
is harmless.
If the snake does strike, have the
victim rest quietly. Ice packed in the
area will reduce circulation, slowing
19-3
-------
the spreading of the venom. If a
pressure point can be located, cut or
slow the circulation to the affected
area. Get the victim to help as quickly
as possible. If a snake kit is
available it should be used with care.
The practice of cutting the wound with a
knife and sucking the venom out is no
longer recommended.
Spiders
There are only three types of
dangerously poisonous spiders in the
United States: the brown recluse, the
black widow and the tarantula. The
tarantula is generally found in the
desert southwest. It is a large (2-4"),
slowing moving spider characterized by
its size and hairy body. The tarantula
seldom bites unless provoked. Its bite
is painful but seldom serious. Bites
should be treated by medical personnel
as quickly as possible.
The brown recluse is a small (1")
brown spider found generally west of the
Mississippi. It is secretive and
prefers dark secluded areas. Although
generally not fatal, its bite is quite
serious, requires a long painful
treatment, and often results in
permanent scars.
The black widow is a fairly common
spider of the mid-eastern and
southeastern United States. It is
easily identified by its 1-1/2" shiny
black body, with a characteristic red
hour-glass spot on the underside of the
abdomen. It is a secretive creature
that is often found in dark secluded
places and under wood piles and barrels.
The black widow bite is generally not
fatal to adults, but the wound is
painful, and medical attention should be
sought immediately.
Bees-Wasps
Bees and wasps can be found nesting
in a variety of habitats from rafters,
NOTES
19-4
-------
NOTES
bushes, insides of barrels ,andunder
ground. Agency personnel with known
reactions to bee/wasp stings should let
it be known that they are affected by
stings, they should carry an emergency
bee sting kit. In the absence of
immediate help, the victim should be
kept quiet, the stinger removed if
possible, and the area of the sting
packed with ice. For individuals that
are highly allergic, bee stings may be
fatal. Help should be summoned
immediately. If unconsciousness occurs,
nearby individuals should stand ready to
administer CPR (see unit on First Aid).
Scorpions
In both the southeast and the
southwest, scorpions represent a threat
to field personnel. Scropions usually
are found under rocks, barrels, trash,
etc. Care should be exercised before
reaching under these areas. While few
scorpion stings are fatal to adult
humans, the sting can result in a
painful disabling injury. Poison
similar to that found in ants and bees
is injected under the skin. For
individuals allergic to insect stings, a
scorpion sting may be fatal if not
treated immediately. Individuals that
suffer from allergic reactions to in-
sects should warn other team members of
this problem and carry an anti-sting
kit. If an allergic individual is
stung, medical help should be sought
immediately. If unconsciousness occurs
before help arrives, CPR may be
necessary (see unit on First Aid).
Fire Ants
Fire ants have become a serious
problem in the southeastern part of the
United States. Fire ants are identified
by their characteristic 6-12" mound of
dirt. The ants are small,
-------
NOTES
stinging substance (Formic Acid).
Those individuals known to be allergic
should be rushed to a medical center for
treatment. If unconsciousness occurs
before help arrives, CPR may be required
(see unit on First Aid).
Rabid Animals
Prior to the early 1980's, rabies
was seldom encountered. Rabies vaccines
for pets have virtually eliminated the
threat in domesticated animals.
Recently however, there has been an
alarming upsurge in the number of
reported cases of rabies in wild
animals. Rabies can infect any warm
blooded animal, from racoons to bats.
Agency personnel should be alert for
wild animals that show a lack of fear or
a certain aggressiveness. Other
characteristics are drooping head, a
peculiar trotting gait, or any other
unusual behavior.
If a victim is bitten and the skin
is broken, you should seek medical
attention immediately. Without medical
attention, the mortality rate for rabies
is nearly 100%.
19-6
-------
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
Educational Objectives
o The student should know how to
select protective clothing for chemical
resistance.
o The student should know how to
select protective clothing based on the
need for strength.
o The student should know how to
select protective clothing based on
thermal units.
o The student should know how to
select equipment based on the need for
decontamination.
o The student should know the role
of economy in selecting equipment.
o The student should be able to
list the performance standards for hard
hats.
o The student should be able to
define the safety standards for eye and
face protection.
o The student should be able to
determine appropriate standards for
proper foot protection.
o The student should be able to
list the types of ear protection.
o The student should oe able to
determine correct hand protection.
20-1
-------
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
NOTES
Protective clothing is a collective
term that includes all outerwear worn
for the purpose of protecting the head,
eyes, ears, torso, and feet. In the
normal demands of field work, Agency
employees will face a wide variety of
hostile environments and situations.
The opportunity for injury ranging from
minor cuts and abrasions to major
chemical burns, are numerous. It should
be evident that taking steps to evaluate
these hazards and provide for protection
against them is in the very best
interest of EPA and the employee.
Department, of Labor statistics indicate
that over 604 of the work related
injuries occur during routine job
assignments. In many of these injuries,
lack of enforcement by supervisors and
lack of concern by the individual
resulted in accidents that either could
have been avoided or minimized by the
wearing of correct protective clothrng
or equipment.
Selection of_ Protective Clothing
Agency employees faced with the
necessity to select proper protective
equipment can be quickly overwhelmed
with the vast variety of equipment
available. Unlike some areas of the
work environment, protective equipment
has few regulations or standard's by
which accurate judgement can be made.
It is up to the individual to exercise
caution, good sense, and proper
judgement in making final determinations
of worker protection.
Rationale for Selection
Personnel protection must never be
left to guesswork. It is imperative
that the hazards to be faced are
evaluated in every way possible. A wide
variety of safety data sheets, CHRIS
Manuals and the like are available to
assist personnel in selecting equipment.
However, they all depend on know'ing what
hazards the wearer is to face. It is
20-2
-------
equipment. However, they all depend on
knowing what hazards the wearer is to
face. It is the unknown or the
unexpected that can pose the greatest
threat.
In all cases, review histories,
talk to experienced personnel, check
shipping papers, and test the testing or
monitoring equipment to help select
proper equipment. When facing an
unknown, always prepare for the worst
possible situation.
Before leaving for a field site,
check the available inventories to be
sure the correct type of equipment can
be procured. A last minute substitution
of proper equipment can leave personnel
unprotected for the hazards at hand. If
the proper equipment is not in Agency
stock, attempt to borrow the equipment
from another Region or office. If the
proper equipment cannot be obtained,
cancel the field activity until the
proper gear can be found.
Have all crew members fit tested
before leaving for the activity.
Equipment or clothing that is too large
or too small will not only make work
difficult or uncomfortable, but may
neutralize the protection of the
equipment or be dangerous.
Criteria for Selection
Before a rational decision can be
made as to the type of protective
clothing needed, certain criteria must
be considered.
1. Chemical Resistance - Before
any other criteria can be considered, an
analysis must be made of the type of
material that will resist the chemical
effects of the substance to be handled.
Consideration must be given to the
ability of the material to protact the-
wearer during splashes or contact
without losing structural integrity.
20-3
-------
NUKES*
Consider the expected extent of exposure
to the chemical. Sampling usually will
result in small splashes or spills,
whereas cleanup may
result in a longer and larger exposure.
Many types of materials can withstand
chemical contact for short periods, but
fail over longer periods of time (see
Table 18-1).
THELB 18-1
JscxecuvE
<"*n»m j ' '
Generic Class
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Amines
Esters
Ethers
Fuels
Halogenated
Hy?r vv nfp^n s
Inorganic
acids
Inorganic bases
and salts
Ketones
Natural fats
and oils
Organic acids
(l) E - Excellent
G - Good
mess ox ETOT
Butyl
rubber
E
E-G
E-F
G-F
G-F
F-P
fl—D
\af r
P— IS
r r
G-F
E
E
G-F
E
F - Fair
P - Poor
BCCXVe IBd
n fttv Gfff\
Poiyvinyl
chloride
E
G-F
G-F
P
G
G-P
f*_B
G— r
E
E
P
G
E
ory-ia ia on
ri** ^*jj^ipp
Neoprei
E
E-<3
E-G
G
E-G
E-G
/"_»
G— r
/•_«
va— r
E-G
E
G-F
E-G
E
axnsr:
Natural
ne rubber
E
E-F
G-F
F-P
G-F
F-P
FB
-P
P_o
— r
F-P
E
E-F
G-F
E
20-4
-------
NOTES
Protective gear should be checked
routinely for signs of softening,
brittleness, swelling, or permeation.
If such conditions are noticed, a record
of the effective duration of protection
should be made for future reliability of
the product.
Chemical resistance may also depend
on factors other than the type of
material used to make the gear.
Permeability is directly related to the
thickness of the material. Increased
thickness is in turn related to the loss
of flexibility and dexterity. it is
obvious a compromise must be made
between protection from permeability of
chemicals and ability to work
effectively and efficiently in the
protective gear.
Another? factor to consider in the
overall chemical penetrability of the
gear is its construction. Irregardless
of the permeability of the material,
button holes, zippers, cuffs, rips and
punctures, unprotected stitches and
seams all may compromise the overall
protection provided by the gear. Before
selecting protective clothing,, consider
the task to be performed and the
likelihood of contamination. Have crews
familiarize themselves with gear before
going out in the field. Literature and
pictures may conceal drawbacks that can
be quickly spotted with a pre-field
review. Such factors as drawstring
cuffs around the wrists requiring two
hands free of protective gloves may be a
real disadvantage when the strings come
untied while working in a contaminated
environment.
2- SUf-HSJrll ~ Tne ability of
protective gear to withstand the rigors
of field activities must be considered
in the overall selection process.
Materials with outstanding permeability
characteristics such as Viton may have
20-5
-------
very little ability to resist tears or
punctures. In some cases, double layers
of material must be worn to resist
permeability, as well as wear and tear.
Particular attention should be made
of areas such as knees and elbows where
excess wear usually occurs. In some
protective clothing, extra protection is
provided in these areas.
Disposable clothing meant for
single use before being thrown away are.
usually designed as light-weight
protection. Vigorous physical activity
may quickly exceed the design strength
of the material. Manufacturers of such
disposable clothing have provided a wide
selection of materials from paper coated
with vinyl, reinforced cloth or paper-
cloth combinations to light-weight VPC
material. Although the economics of
such material varies appr opr i te 1 y ,
selection of the material should be
based on the overall protective and use
expected. •
- l ~ Protective
clothing must also be selected for its
thermal properties. In some materials,
the protection factor is lost instantly
if the material comes in contact with a
hot surface. In others, exposure to
cold may render the material brittle and
subject to cracking. Since there are at
present no uniform manufacturing
standards for protective clothing, it is
up to Agency personnel to experiment or
research the effectiveness of protective
clothing in weather extremes or under
conditions where there may be contact
with hot surfaces.
The comfort and health of the
wearer of protective clothing must also
be considered. When temperatures drop
to freezing or above 70 degrees
Farenheit, personnel are subjected to
extreme discomfort which may be
hazardous to their health or detrimental
to their overall efficiency. (See Unit
on Heat and Cold Stress.) Generally,
NOTES
Comparative physical characteristics
Key: E—excellent; G—good; F—fair; P—poor
Characteristic
Tensile strength
Elongation
Tear resistance
Abrasion resistance
Ozone resistance
Sunlight aging
Shelf-life aging*
Neoprene
G
E
F
G
E
E
F
Natural
latex or
rubber
G
E
G
G
F
F
E
Milled
nitrite
F
G
F
E
P
G
E
Butyl
G
G
G
G
E
E
E
20-6
-------
NOTES
the higher the protection factor, the
more temperature stress can be expected
on the wearer. Many manufacturers have
made modifications to help regulate
internal temperatures. Such
modifications as ventilation holes must
be carefully investigated as to possible
compromise of protection.
In the case of encapsulating
suites, cooling vests may be worn to
help prevent heat stress and increase
the overall efficiency of the wearer.
Where such suits are required for vapor
or splash protection and cooling vests
are not available, short work periods
with corresponding periods of rest are
recommended.
4. Decontamination
Protective gear selection must also
be based on ease of decontamination or
cleaning. Such cleaning may involve A
risk factor to personnel. It may also
be expensive to thoroughly clean the
gear than to select gear which is
disposable.
Prolonged contact with the
hazardous chemical may result in
absorption into the material itself. In
such cases, decontamination is virtually
impossible.
5. EHHUP.IDX ~ Protective clothing
may cost from a few dollars to many
hundreds of dollars. Selection of such
gear must be made with all of the above
factors considered, as well as the
overall cost. Although cost is never
considered before safety, getting the
most versatile, cost-effective gear
available is in the best interest of
all. Life expectancy, repair,
maintenance and frequency of use must
all be considered before final
selections are made.
20-7
-------
NOTES
Types of Protective Clothing
The types of protective gear that
Agency field personnel should wear is
based on anticipated hazards to be
faced. It is important to stress that
most accidents occur in routine work
when the individual least expects it.
Whatever gear is selected, it should be
worn as a part of daily dress. Like
seat belts in an automobile, habits
should be developed which when broken
leave the individual with a feeling of
insecurity.
It is no chance of fate that most
accidents occur to individuals not
wearing the proper safety gear.
1, Head Protection - Hard hats (or
safety helmets) are designed to provide
protection against impact, flying
particles and electrical shock, and to
provide shielding against the sun. Most
hard hats provided for EPA field
personnel will withstand an impact of 40
foot pounds, as well as insulation
against electrical shock from voltages
up to 2200. Hard hat standards of
performance are set by the American
National Standards on hard hats Z89.1-
1981 and are tested by SEI or Safety
Equipment Institute.
Hard hats should be used during
field activities whenever there is the
possibility of impact from falling
objects or contact of the head with
stationary objects such as pipes or
overhangs. It should be remembered that
hard hats provide limited protection.
There can be no substitute for the pre-
caution of staying out from under areas
where work is going on overhead.
A great deal of the protection
afforded by the hard hat comes from the
separation of the head from the
underside of the hard hat. The head
band or suspension strap should be
adjusted so that when worn there is
about one inch separating the head and
20-8
-------
NOTES
the hat. The one-inch provides cushion
from impacts with the hat. Hard hats
can also be equipped with insulating
liners for protection from the cold and
chin strap to prevent wind from blowing
off hats or when leaning over.
The common practice of carrying the
hard hat in the back window of a vehicle
can be a detriment to the strength of
the hard hat. Plastic material may
become brittle if allowed to be exposed
to the sun for long periods of time.
Store the hard hat out of the direct
rays of the sun.
2. Eye and Face Protection - Eye
and face protection should be worn in
all field activities where there is
danger from flying or falling particles
or chemical splashes. Such eye and face
protection should meet the standards set
by OSHA Z87.1-1981 and the American
National Standards for industrial eye
protection. These vigorous standards
preclude standard glasses as a form of
protection-.
Although all prescription glasses
sold in recent years are required by FDA
standards to resist some impact, glasses
made to those standards will not provide
the impact resistance or thickness
requirements of the standards for
industrial eye protection established by
ANSI and required by OSHA.
Where eye glasses are required by
Agency personnel, safety goggles or face
shields covering the glasses or lenses
placed in the goggles, or prescription
safety glasses meeting OSHA standards
should be attained.
Safety glasses and eye protection
which meet ANSI standards for industrial
eye protection will also have frames
designed to hold the lens in place
against impact. If the frames are not
metal, the material will be slow-
burning. New safety glasses will have
the lenses and frames marked with the
'*.' •
20-9
-------
NOTES
standard number to show compliance with
the ANSI standard.
Contact lenses have sometimes been
considered a safety hazard in activities
where chemical dusts, vapors or gases
may be encountered; however, the only
Federal prohibition is that they must
not be worn under any type of
respiratory protection.
Hard contact lenses are ££_t
considered to provide acceptable eye
protection against impact. Hard contact
lenses do not seem to aggravate chemical
splash injuries according to information
published in the Journal o_f Occupational
Medicine.
Soft contact lenses are susceptible
to absorption of vapors and may
aggravate some chemical exposures,
particularly if they are worn for
extended periods. Manufacturers of soft
lenses generally recommend they not be
used in certain atmospheres.
3> l£P.i ££.£iec£_i on ~ Foot
protection should be selected with the
type of protection in mind. The
following types of protection should be
considered:
o toe or foot damage due to impact
o penetration of nails or other
shop objects
o contamination by chemicals
o ankle twists and sprains
o slippery surfaces
o cold
o static electricity
Toe or Foot Damage Due to Impact
Impact resistant footwear, such as
safety shoes or safety boots are
recommended for any field activity in
which heavy objects (such as drums) may
drop on the foot or injure the toes.
Such safety shoes, may be required to
enter industrial plants.
20-10
-------
NOTES
Safety shoes or boots provide
impact resistance by the steel cap built
into the toe of the footwear. The
footwear can be ordered in various
degrees of protection depending on
expected hazards.
Penetration of Nails or other Sharp
Objects
Normal street shoes provide very
little protection from penetration of
the soles by nails and other sharp
objects. Construction sites, landfills,
and many industrial sites have a wide
variety of foot hazards. Agency
personnel should never enter sites
without proper foot protection. Most
industrial work boots have reinforced
soles or heavy rubber soles that will
resist penetration of sharp objects. If
such sharp objects do penetrate the
foot, medical attention should be sought
at once.
Contamination by Chemicals
The type of footwear and the
material it is made of must be selected
based on anticipated chemical hazards.
No other portion of the body is as
likely to be contaminated with chemicals
as are the feet. Although leather is
the most common material in the
manufacture of footwear, it is the least
desirable where there is danger of
chemical contact. Leather, due to its
absorption capacity, is almost
impossible to cleanse or decontaminate
and most likely the footwear will have
to be disposed of.
If there is an obvious chance of
contamination, footwear worn over safety
shoes should be selected. Such footwear
includes pull-over boots, shoe covers,
booties, or safety pull-on boots. Keep
in mind that penetration of footwear
with a contaminated object such as a
nail, may lead to rapid and serious
health effects.
20-11'
-------
NOTES
Ankle Twists and Sprains
One of the most common injuries
involving the feet are ankle twists and
sprains. When Agency personnel are
required to work on hazardous footing
such as are found in construction sites
or landfills, hightop industrial work
shoes should be chosen. This type of
shoe laces up the ankle providing extra
support while walking. Such shoes,
while not attractive, provide support.
low top or street shoes do not give.
Slippery Surfaces
No other industrial accident is
more frequent or results in more
disabling accidents than slipping and
falling. Sprains, dislocations, broken
bones, contact with dangerous machinery
and drowning all are often attributed to
unsure footing. On many wet or slippery
surfaces, leather or smooth soles are
treacherous. Material and design of
soles should be selected with
anticipated hazardous surfaces in mind.
It is rare indeed when shoes appropriate
to office wear are appropriate for field
work.
Non-skid soles made of substances
such as reinforced rubber are generally
the best choice. Where particularly
hazardous surfaces, such as those coated
with ice are encountered, clamp-on ice
spikes may be used.
Cold
EPA field personnel are often
required to spend long hours in the
field during cold weather. Footwear for
this type of work should be selected
with high insulation ratings and
somewhat over-sized (1/2 size) to
provide room for heavy thermal socks.
Cold weather is usually associated ice,
snow and wind. Outer surfaces of
footwear should be made of winter-proof
materials or treated to make the
material impervious to water. Wet, cold
20-12-
-------
NOTES
feet can quickly lead to frost bite.
Frost bite of the toes is a serious
condition and can result in disabling
injuries. (See Unit on Cold and Heat
Stress.)
Static Electricity
Due to various conditions such as
low humidity, ribbing clothing, contact
with certain surfaces, the body may
build r mounts of static electricity.
Voltage in excess of 10,000 volts are
not uncommon. Such high voltage results
in the shock common on cold, dry winter
days. Such high voltage may also
provide the energy to trigger explosions
or fires in areas where these dangers
exist. Rubber soled shoes act as an
insulator preventing the static
electricity build up in the body from
escaping into the floor. When
conducting surfaces are touched, such as
the rim of a metal barrel, a discharge
of electricity in the form of a spark is
generated. In the right conditions,
such sparks could be disastrous.
Special non-insulating shoes are
manufactured to prevent static buildup.
Devices that attach to the leg and
special soles worn over rubber soles
shoes also prevent static buildup. In
some industrial settings such as the
manufacture of explosives, these shoes
are required before entry is permitted.
Ear Protection
Hearing protection may be necessary
at some field sites to prevent temporary
loss of hearing. Long-term exposure to
high levels of sound can cause permanent
loss of hearing in many frequency ranges
as a result of nerve damage, and short
exposures can cause temporary loss.
A simple test you can make to see
if you need hearing protection is to try
speaking to a person standing beside
you. If you have to shout to
communicate, you need hearing protection
20-13
-------
NOTES
to reduce the amount of sound reaching
your ears. Although hearing protectors
reduce the sound level in many frequency
ranges, they can actually improve speech
communication under noisy conditions by
reducing the interference caused by the
noise.
Earmuff hearing protectors
generally provide the most effective
protection. If glasses, sideburns or
long hair prevent effective use of
earmuff protectors, the next best
protection is a set of earplugs.
Earplugs provide varying degrees of
sound attentuation. The most effective
earplugs are custom-molded to an
individual user, and the least effective
consist of a small wad of synthetic
fibers which is shaped as it is inserted
into the ear canal. The effectiveness
of ear protectors is reduced by loose
fit and work activities which allow
leakage of sound. Actual protection
seldom matches the rated protection
recorded under test conditions.
Hand Protection
The second most common area of
probable chemical contamination next to
the feet and the most probable area for
injury are the hands.
A wide variety of glove types are
manufactured that provide protection
against injury. When glove selection is
to be made, the following list of
considerations should be consulted:
o Injury due to abrasion, bruises,
lacerations, splinters and other
mechanical hazards
o Chilling, freezing or burns
o chemical and biological
contaminants
o Dirt, grease, oil
20-14-
-------
o Electrical shock
When a variety of conditions
exists, it may be necessary to select
more than one pair of gloves to wear
together. Viton for example, is
relatively impervious to polychlorinated
biphenyls but tears easily. A second
pair of highly durable gloves may be
worn over the Viton gloves to provide
mechanical protection. Illustration 1
presents a few of the available types.
Table 2 provides information for the
type of material needed to resist
chemical absorption.
20-15-
-------
mOSTRATICN 18-1
DISPOSABLE GLOVES
TtlMOUCH AMBI
ALi-wKPOsi VINYI
MSB) tar pmnt, H«M duty umt .000V
k Sf !•• ••» M^t*
34.100 Ota)»nov toBi
94400 Ohptnmr ta:
VINYL
Idoot tar •Jonimi MOT*. faedaX
POiY-O »OtYETHYl£N8 UNI
Th» WLY-O •"* **•
o<^
100 KMM.. 001V
100 ^^m.
U
1000
sxx
,001V
.00179*
Modi ConotTM 1000
M, U
, 32- twfOl. Ste U
Note Carota SO }!»»«>, .0017V
.0017V
Nottl
tOO
GENERAL PURPOSE
GLOVES
KSR VtNn COATED/KNIT UNO)
Vvy Ho*, ftalbto.
Knit
w « vwt nt Y«How
5»»«n. M«B I M, U ft b-i.
S1I04N. WomN^i M ft
VtNn IMPKECNATCO
PvfarMid bMh ptovUM (Ir-aMM CBinferi.
*ta. Catar: Buff.
11.109: Nrtaraad Jlp^w. WafMn1! M • L
PIMM N* 29U79
NON-PCRFORATCO JTYUS
vmpt writhout pvforvttanft
i. Womwi-i M » U
lt-101: S»»«i. W
81-103: KriMHtt. Wonwi'i M « U
11.111! Ste-Ki. M»rfi M t L.
81-1 «J: Kflftwrtot. Mw'iM A L
MONKEY CRIP VINYI COATED
ind dry or|o>
•*•** tftun*. Color y^taw.
UOOt Mm oorad kiWtadH. Um'i <
MM! Mm eoMd tend ««. U«Ci i
WCXX-UTI VINYL IMPKECNATED
9t oufiMMn I
IryaH*. eut«
M am not r
Co*»; Wuo.
tt1«t WB-m. M«Ki M » U
33.10K SfBKM, WWfMiC* M ft L,
10*
CJuH oMlom. knM vrMt TO oc
M«M-« 10 at pMMHM an
AfHHO tndfti ttnoflv. WMto kfllt
«>-100T: Uon'* ttto. MM Mo.
ADVANCE PCRMATEX*
QLOVES
HYCXON NBR COATED
NOM oootino O)MV wovMr
ou«M. i6nri«
ftaWltv. dry trio. Hi
20-16'
-------
TABLE 18-2
Glove Selector Chart
Determine the chemical or physical
requirements of your job. Example:
Nitric 10%, or abrasion resistance and
flexibility. Then in the proper chart,
chemical or physical, select the glove
that is listed as best for your particular
needs.
eHHilCAL RESISTANCE SELECTOR CHART PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SELECTOR CHART
ALCOHOLS
M*tn*nol/Bulyl/Alcohol/
Glycarlno/Elhwiol/
lioarooenol
CAUSTICS
Ammonium Hydraild* 38%/
Sodium Hydroildo S0%/
Poleealum Hydreald* 30%
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
Carbon Telraeniorlda/
Porchlorelhylene/
Trlchlorofhylone
KETONES
Methyl Elhyl Kelone/
Melnyl laebulyl Kelone/
Acetone
PETROLEUM SOLVENTS
Whit* Guoline/Nuhini/
Miner*! Thlnner/Keroaene
ORGANIC AGIOS
Cllrlc/Formle/
Tannle/ Acetic
INORGANIC ACIDS
Hydrocntoric 3B%/
Hydrochloric 10%/
Sulohurle <0%/
Nitric I0%/
Chromic
Sulohurle «%/
Nlinc 70%
HYDROCARBONS
Stoddard Solvent/
Toluene/Benien*/
Xylone
Coel Tar Olillllale
Slyreno
MISCELLANEOUS
Lacouer Thinner
Culling OH
Battery Acid
Ptienol
Iniecllcldet
Printing Ink
Dyeenilla
Pent*
Formaldehyde
Vegetable OH
Animal F*l
Acrylonllrlle
Sleem
Aniline
Hydraulic Fluid
Turoenllne
Llnaeed OH
Soy* Bean OH
Carbon Oliulllde
Crooaote
Piini 4 vemiah Remover
-:=
E
G
G
E
E
E
F
O
E
F
F
E
0
E
E
NR
0
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NR
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NR
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0
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N n
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N R
.5, MSA QLOV6 "ST •£ -5 £
PYTHON NEOPRENE a E E 0
RIPPLE-TEXTURE 0 E E E
E ALL-PURPOSE E N R a t
UTILITY 6 NR 0 F
K8LPLAST.C E NR G F
6 SUPER FLEXIBLE
VINYL PLASTIC E N n a F
• • i^ ^-* •-
E a a
E F E
GEE
FEE
0 E E E
E E E G
F Excellent 0-Good F-F.ti N R.-Nol R.commend.d
•Coated labrte glovee ere generally not recommended lor continual aiooiure
to hoi oblecis oocavaelhe "eat builds uo m mo coaling and ddea not
N R Sa»,oaie -Midly? F£ BeV.odle h.ndll-g ol hoi obtocli .n a "... '.no*
under MO F. they ere aetlalectonr
0 GLOVE LENGTHS CHART
E ^— ^^ C
Sr^B ^^^ ?*i
^2ii *S*^»*»»»>^_ ^^^ ^**" *^r&*
***^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^•^•ea
:>v^ _^.
__x-^ • "
B««BBe»»^
E Fully Coaled Knlhmtl Pelm Coaled Kmhn nl
G
0
f^^^"^ff~P ~^~ ^^^^
^•^ H 1 ^^***^™**^" r^fc^
F i^* II ll " ' *~^*~ '
^m^^t^^^J
^Veajj^ 1* ""^^^ ^^^
^LJ ^^
f Fulry Coated Solely Cull Palm Cooled Salary Cull
G (Bind Top)
F
E
G ^ *^\5~^ ^—
E ^*^ ^^^S!^^*"'^ ^g~
s^ _x- ^
A. ^— -
— -"^^"^
E Fully Coeted 10- Gauntlet Fully Coaled ir Gauntlet
E (10* Seleiy Cuiq
E
6 — "^x. s ^
E ^^,^^y^ "\ \~ f^"»*"
° fe-*^ ^ IS^\X ^ T
E ^^» 1^"^^ «^^
^N_-^ T
\ \
v
— *• r
E Fully CoMed U* Geuniiel Fulry Coated i«~ Oaunilat
E
a
o ^*^^ ^»~ s -^~
* fr*»^^ *\ ~- / ^
° *^^ 1 — ^*^~^' L
^•— -^~^L
t flfitTiti ^^^
_^=Sss^^-
^^^^^" _ .. _ - . ._ ^ ... K..ll_ (•AA.B^ — — -- tdllIMM
E-Eieellenl G-Good F-Fair N R .Not Reeommend*d (Cadal Slifl
20-17'
-------
NOTES
Gloves should also be selected
according to how they fit and the
dexterity needed to do the job. It may
be necessary to buy a variety of gloves
to meet the needs of a field operation
or to replace those with tears or that
have become contaminated.
Donning and Doffing Protective Clothing
Realizing complete benefits from
protective clothing depends on the
techniques used for donning and doffing
the clothing. In general, care must be
taken to avoid tearing or puncturing the
materials particularly when using gear
such as SCBA units and avoiding
contaminating the inside of the
garments.
One of the basic precautions for
donning protective clothing is to keep
the inside of the clothing clean and
uncontaminated before putting the
garment on and while it is being put on.
If protective clothing or equipment is
stored where it can become contaminated,
it may contaminate rather than protect
personnel. It is a common habit to
store all contaminated equipment in one
place, allowing cross-contamination
between, for example, boots and the
inside of an encapsulated suit.
In a similar fashion, if the
clothing or equipment becomes
contaminated in the process of putting
the equipment on, personnel wearing the
gear may be in contact with the
contamination all the time they are
wearing or using the equipment.
Minimizing penetration of
contamination into your protective
clothing can be accomplished by a number
of techniques. It is recommended that
the pants of the protective clothing be
pulled down over the boots and taped or
a rubber band be placed around the
bottom. This procedure reduces the
chance of contaminants falling into the
tops of the boots. Likewise, sleeves
20-18-
-------
NOTES
should be tucked into cuffs of gloves
and taped or pulled down over the wrists
and taped. This prevents liquids from
dribbling down the open sleeve when the
arms are raised or falling into the tops
o'f the gloves.
Always have at least one assistant
to help don the clothes. Not only do
they help in the actual work, but they
can inspect the suit and gear to quickly
spot rips and tears. Complex and bulky
gear, a hot, sticky perspiring body, add
up to a great deal of stress and strain
on the individual and equipment which
can lead to unforseen damage that may
endanger the worker or abort the
mission.
Using and Removing Gloves
Before putting on protective
gloves, remove any jewelry that may
puncture the material of the gloves.
If the material of the gloves is
fragile, it may be important to trim
your fingernails to avoid puncturing the
gloves while you are putting them on,
using them or taking them off.
If you are going to be dealing with
known hazardous materials, try to obtain
and use gloves made of a material that
will provide predictable resistance to
damage or permeation by the hazardous
material.
If you are going to be dealing with
unknown hazardous materials, try to
obtain and use gloves that will resist
damage or permeation by a wide range of
materials and consider using two pairs
of gloves with different qualities. It
may also help to don gloves if the hands
or gloves are sprinkled with talcum
powder.
Removing Gloves
Removing gloves without
contaminating the hands takes a
20-19-
-------
NOTES
technique that can easily be learned
with a little practice.
1. Loosen both gloves by pulling
lightly on each fingertip of the gloves.
2. Be sure not to touch your skin
with the outside of either glove.
3. Remove the first glove either
by pulling on the fingertips or by
grasping it just below the cuff on the
palm side and rolling the glove off the
fingers.
4. Remove the second glove by
inserting the ungloved fingers inside
the cuff on the palm side without
touching the outside of the glove and
pushing or rolling the glove off the
fingers.
Using and Removing Boots
Before putting on protective boots
over shoes-, be sure the shoes do not
have any sharp spots or adhering
material which may puncture or abrade
the protective boots.
If only known hazardous materials
are to be handled, try to obtain and use
boots made of a material that will
provide predictable resistance to damage
or permeation by the hazardous
materials.
If there is the possibility of
dealing with H£lJSIl£^Il hazardous
materials, try to obtain and use boots
that will resist damage or permeation by
a wide range of materials. Consider
using protective boot covers or a second
pair of boots over the first.
Removing boots without
contaminating the hands or feet requires
an easily-learned technique which is
similar to that used for removing
gloves.
1. Gloves are needed to 'avoid
20-20'
-------
NOTES
contaminating the hands unless the boots
are very loose.
2. Loosen the boots by pulling
them lightly with the g.loved hands.
3. Be sure not to touch bare skin
with the outside of either glove.
4. Remove the first boot either by
pulling on the toe, or by grasping it at
the heel and pulling it off the foot
with a gloved hand or a bootjack.
5. Remove the second boot in the
same way or by inserting the ungloved
fingers inside the boot and pushing it
off without touching the outside of the
boot.
.. - .
Encapsulating Suits
In atmospheres where there is a
need for complete protection of the body
from splashes or contact by vapors or
gases, it is necessary to wear a fully-
encapsulating suit over self-contained
breathing apparatus. Use of fully-
encapsulating suits requires special
preparation for donning and doffing and
special precautions for safe use of the
suits and breathing apparatus.
Safe use of full protective
equipment requires a team of persons who
are physically fit and who are trained
and practiced in use of self-contained
breathing apparatus and use of the
complete suits.
The team must include standby
personnel who are equipped and prepared:
1. to carry out an
rescue if necessary, as well
emergency
as
2. to assist the wearers get into
the breathing apparatus and the suits.
The team must also be prepared:
20-21'
-------
NOTES
3. to decontaminate the outside of
the suit before it is removed, so that
wearers are not exposed while they are
getting out of.the equipment.
Finally, the standby team mu'st be ready:
4. to assist the wearers get out
of the suits, both routinely and in an
emergency such as running low on
breathing air.
In preparation for sue of fully-
encapsulating suits, all of the
necessary gear should be assembled in a
clean change area. In addition to
trained personnel to assist, and observe,
use of fully-encapsulating suits
requires:
1. SCBA for the suit wearers and
the standby personnel
2. Fully-encapsulating suits for
the team entering the hazardous area
3. Extra protective clothing and
equipment for the team, and
4. Protective clothing for the
standby personnel, such as gloves, boots
and disposable suits or coveralls.
Each suit and breathing apparatus
should be thoroughly inspected and
checked to see that everything is in
operating order. Any suit which has
holes, rips, malfunctioning closures,
cracked masks or other deficiency must
not be used.
Since use of an encapsulating suit,
use of self-contained breathing
apparatus, and gathering samples all
require physical exertion, the person
wearing the equipment usually should
strip down to a minimum of clothing to
reduce heat stress. This is
particularly important if the sampling
takes place in the sun or near hot
equipment, or during warm weather or
20-22'
-------
NOTES
under high ambient temperatures within
an industrial plant. A light weight
suit of cotton should be worn to absorb
the sweat and increase the surface area
that evaporation can take place on, thus
increasing natural cooling. The cotton
garment also prevents chaffing and
clinging of the protective gear. A
thorough dusting of talcum powder will
assist the donning operation and reduce
possible damage to protective clothing.
Procedure for Donning Full Protective
Gear
Donning a fully-encapsulated suit
is a complex procedure requiring the
coordination and assistance of a team of
individuals. The following brief
summary does not take the place of more
advanced training required for
certification.
1. Before attempting to don a
fully-encapsulated suit, a review should
be made of what, equipment is needed.
The equipment should be laid out within
quick and easy reach of the team. A
check list and practice will assist a
team in preparing for an actual event.
Cotton undergarments
Encapsulating suit
Antifog spray
Boots
Tape
Talcum powder
Stool
Plastic clean sheet
Plastic bags for disposal or
storage
Brushes for decontaminating
Sprayer for decontaminating
Knife or other device for
emergency opening of suit
Intrinsic Communication System
Lifel me
SCBA Units
Buckets for decontaminating
solutions
20-23-
-------
EROCHXJRE FCR OCNNING FQCZi PROTECTIVE G2AR
20-24'
-------
PCS. DOMING FULL PROTECTIVE QSAR (Gcnt'd.)
20-25'
-------
NOTES
tables. Boots will track contaminants
to auto, office and home. Contaminated
pencils and clipboards will transfer
materials to unprotected hands,
clothing, steering wheels, friends and
family.
It is obvious that the magnitude of
the problem can be immense. It should
also be obvious that control of
contamination requires careful thought
and planning.
Controlling the Spread of Contaminants
The first step in controlling the
spread of contaminants is to carefully
plan and practice the field activities
that can lead to contact with
contaminants. Lay out activities such
as sampling in a manner that will reduce
or keep to a minimum, contact with
contaminated surfaces. Part of this
technique depends on planning your
activities to limit the number of ob-
jects you have to touch, and part de-
pends on setting aside specific areas
for activities such as packaging samples
and changing out of protective clothing.
The degree of effort necessary to
set up "clean areas," and dirty change
or contaminated area is a function or
result of the amount of work or contact
with the contaminants and the degree of
hazard of the expected contaminants.
In the more advanced field training
courses offered by EPA, detailed
techniques will be covered which cover
all situations that might be faced by
Agency personnel. In this unit a basic
program as would be needed for sampling
will be covered.
To convey the basic principles of
preventing contaminants from leaving a
work site and entering an Agency
vehicle, consider what would be
necessary to prevent mud covered work
overalls and boots from soiling a clean,
20-26-
-------
NOTES
new automobile. It is quite obvious
that just removing boots or gloves would
be insufficient. Nor would taking off
outerwear and boots while standing in
mud solve the problem.
A better plan would be to find a
clean, dry area free of mud and remove
all gloves, outerwear, and boots that
have been exposed to mud. Locate a
pathway from this clean, dry area to the
automobile that does not require
exposing the clean clothes and footwear
to mud. Prevent covering the trunk or
back seat with mud from the removed
outerwear by cleansing the gear. A
second alternative would be to cover
them or place them in a bag or container
that will isolate them from their clean
surroundings. A last precaution; hands
must be thoroughly scrubbed to remove
mud and a visual inspection made of
likely areas of contamination such as
knees, shoes, seat of the plants, elbows
to ensure accidental contact has not
been made. This activity would also
extend to any passengers that intend to
ride in the vehicle.
While chemical contaminants may not
be so obvious as mud, the procedure for
preventing spread of these chemicals is
based on the same procedures.
Basic Steps to Prevent Contamination
1. Place a
closely adjacent
work area.
clean plastic sheet
to the contaminated
2. Notify crew members or post
warning signs as to the intent of the
plastic change area.
3. Clearly establish "dirty"
pathways from the plastic change or
transition area to the work area, and
"clean" pathways from the plastic change
area to the outside.
4. To minimize traffic to the
change area, carefully plan and equip
20-27-
-------
NOTES
the area with tools, samplers,
containers, decontamination equipment,
safety gear, and disposal containers
before work begins. Arrange to have
clean equipment set on tables to lessen
the chance of contamination while
cleaning or decontamination is taking
place. If decontamination is to be
accomplished by sprayers, set the clean
equipment table up wind of the area to
be used for spraying. Make plans to
collect decontamination solutions so
they do not run into the clean area.
All decontamination solutions and gear,
such as brushes and buckets, should be
regarded as hazardous waste and either
disposed of on site or disposed of in
the proper manner as a hazardous waste.
Decontamination solutions should be
designed to react with and neutralize
the specific, potential contaminants
known to be at the site. In many
instances, a s.trong solution of hot
soapy water is all around the best
decontamination solution.
If however, the contaminants are
unknown, it may be necessary to use
decontamination solutions that are
effective for a variety of substances.
Several of these general purpose decon-
tamination solutions are listed below:
DECON SOLUTION A - A solution
containing 5% sodium carbonate (Na2 003)
and 5% trisodium phosphate (Na^ P04).
DECON SOLUTION B - A solution
containing 10% calcium hypochlorite (Ca
(C10)2)•
DECON SOLUTION C - A solution
containing 5% trisodium phosphate (Na3
PO4). This solution can also be used as
a general purpose rinse.
DECON SOLUTION D - A dilute
solution of hydrochloric acid (HC1).
20-28-
-------
NOTES
Cleaning or Disposing of Protective Gear
In instances where protective gear
is of the disposable type, large double
thickness plastic bags should be used to
contain the gear. The bags should be
sealed with tape and a hazardous waste
warning sticker applied. These extra
precautions will discourage scavenging
of contaminated gear that is awaiting
disposal.
Gear that is to be cleaned should
be done so immediately before
contaminants dry or soak into equipment.
Always clean the gear with the thought
that the next person using the gear is
trusting their health to the
effectiveness of your work.
In most instances, hot soapy water
is best for cleansing of protective
gear. Never use solvents or other
solutions without consulting equipment
manufacture date for directions. Many
manufacturers sell disinfectants
specifically for their equipment.
Before packing equipment away,
allow the equipment to thoroughly air
dry. Wet equipment not only may be
damaged by being stored while wet, such
conditions also can lead to unsanitary
or unpleasant conditions such as the
growth of molds or fungus.
Storage of Equipment
Everyone has experienced the
frustrating task of putting something
back into its original package. In the
case of expensive protective gear, the
investment in time and frustration of
storing gear properly will undoubtedly
result in longer life, reduced
maintenance and increased availability
of critical gear. In many cases, proper
storage eliminates the stress of
handling and transporting gear, reduces
the change of cross-contamination with
contaminated gear, and punctures and
tears from gear stored near by.
20-29-
-------
STUDENT EXERCISE
Using tables, illustrations, and data included in this Unit,
select the proper protective clothing for the job described.
A series of 55-gallon barrels have mysteriously shown up at
a sanitary landfill. They were uncovered by heavy equipment
leveling a pile of trash. Some of the barrels may have been
damaged. Workmen report the following names on the barrels:
Freon, Methyl Acetate, and Benzyl Alcohol. All work has stopped
until the wastes can be sampled and the hazards of the contents
can be ascertained. Weather conditions are sleet mixed with
rain; temperature at 32°F; winds at 5-10 mph.
Body Protection
Rationale
Head Protection
Rationale
Hand Protection
Rationale
Foot Protection
Rationale
Eye and Face Protection
Rationale
20-30-
-------
— —• NODS
DECON SOLUTION D - A dilute
solution of hydrochloric acid (HC1).
Cleaning or Disposing of Protective Gear
In instances where protective gear
is of the disposable type, large double
thickness plastic bags should be used to
contain the gear. The bags should be
sealed with tape and a hazardous waste
warning sticker applied. These extra
precautions will discourage scavenging
of contaminated gear that is awaiting
disposal.
Gear should be cleaned
immediately, before contaminants dry or
soak into the equipment. Always clean
the gear with the thought that the next
person using the gear is trusting her
(or his) health to the effectiveness of
your work.
In most instances, hot soapy water
is best for cleansing of protective
gear. Never use solvents or other
solutions without consulting the
equipment manufacturer's data for
directions. Many manufacturers sell
disinfectants specifically for their
equipment.
Before packing equipment away,
allow the equipment to thoroughly air
dry. Wet equipment not only may be
damaged by being stored while wet, but
such conditions also can lead to
unsanitary or unpleasant conditions such
as the growth of molds or fungus.
Storage of Equipment
Everyone has experienced the
frustrating task of putting something
back into its original package. In the
case of expensive protective gear, the
investment in time and frustration of
storing gear properly will undoubtedly
result in longer life, reduced
maintenance and increased availability
of critical gear. In many cases, proper
storage eliminates the stress of
handling and transporting gear, reduces
20-31
-------
NOTES
the chance of cross-contamination with
contaminated gear, and avoid punctures
and tears from gear stored near by.
20-32-
-------
STUDENT
Using tables, illustrations, and data included in this Unit,
select the proper protective clothing for the job described.
Several 55-gallon barrels have mysteriously shown up at a
sanitary landfill. They were uncovered by heavy equipment
leveling a pile of trash. Some of the barrels may have been
damaged. Workmen report the following names on the barrels:
Freon, Methyl Acetate, and Benzyl Alcohol. All work has stopped
until the wastes can be sampled and the hazards of the contents
can be ascertained. Weather conditions are sleet mixed with
rain; temperature at 32°F; winds at 5-10 mph.
Body Protection
Rationale
Head Protection
Rationale
Hand Protection
Rationale
Foot Protection
Rationale
Eye and Face Protection
Rationale
2-33
-------
OMIT 21
RESPIEAICR PROTECTION
Educational Objectives
o The student should be able to
recognize potentially hazardous
atmospheres that may require respirator
protection.
o The student should be able to
define and apply to respirator
selection, the terms Threshold Limit
Value (TLV) and Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health (IDLH).
o The student should be able to
define OSHA regulations for respirator
use.
o The student should be able to
define EPA policy on respirator use.
o The student should be able to
recognize the markings of approval on
respirator equipment.
o The student should be able to
calculate _the relationship between
protection' factor (PF) and allowable
concentrations of contaminants.
o The student should be able to
list the steps to proper fit testing.
o The student should be able to
define the types of air-purifying
respirators.
o The student should be able to
evaluate and select the proper air
purifying respirator and cartridge.
o The student 'should be able to
define the types of air-supplying
respirators.
o The student should be able to
describe the proper steps to cleaning,
inspection, and storage of respirators.
-------
RESPIRATOR PROTBCTICN
NOTES
Introduction
In the day-to-day field activities
under EPA jurisdiction, Agency employees
are confronted with a vast variety of
varying and sometimes hostile
condition-s. Few conditions are so
immediately or potentially dangerous as
hazardous atmospheres. While it is the
policy of EPA to avoid sending personnel
into life-threatening conditions, there
are times when such danger cannot be
anticipated or avoided. It is the
objective of this unit to prepare Agency
personnel with the basic information
needed to make intelligent decisions as
to when, where and how to use
respiratory protective devices. The
knowledge conveyed in the following unit
does not take the place of the more
comprehensive units given in the
intermediate or advanced levels of
training, which must be taken to work in
certain anticipated hazardous
conditions..
Recognizing Potentially Hazardous
Atmospheres
Respiratory protection is needed if
personnel must enter any area in which
there may be either a deficiency of
oxygen or a high concentration of
hazardous material in the air. In such
atmospheres, life or health may depend
on using respiratory equipment which can
provide a supply of breathing air.
Respiratory hazards may exist at
spill scenes, in the vicinity of
discharge or emission sites, within
industrial plants, and at hazardous
waste sites. EPA policies require
respiratory protection when there has
been a release of toxic gases or vapors,
when there is a high potential for a
sudden release of such material, or when
it is necessary to enter an environment
where toxic airborne contaminants are
either known to be present or are likely
21-1
-------
NOTES
to be present.
Not all dangerous atmospheres are
obvious. Some toxic gases have no odor
nor visible sign of their presence. The
need for respiratory protection may not
be apparent.
The behavior of others may not be a
good indication of the need for
respiratory protection. For example, if
you make a walk-through inspection of a
plant, do you need to wear a respirator
if the company representative does not
wear one? The company representative
who guides the Agency personnel may or
may not be a good example to follow. He
or she may not be aware of or believe
there are hazards that require
respiratory protection, or may not be
willing to acknowledge that there are
dangerous concentration of toxic
materials in the air.
Even if hazards are recognized, if
personnel plan to spend considerable
time in the plant taking samples or
making observations, they may need
respiratory protection where others are
not wearing it.
Some employees may have developed a
tolerance to irritating materials, and
others may have developed allergies and
been transferred to other work areas.
The reaction of EPA personnel to a
particular atmosphere may be different
from the reaction of employees who work
there regularly.
Agency personnel may also need
respiratory protection because the areas
where they will be working may have
higher concentrations of airborne toxic
material than areas where employees worx
routinely.
Personnel in the sampling routine
may be required to visit many different
variety of toxic materials than someone
21-2
-------
MOTES
who works in only one place.
Respiratory Hazards
Oxygen Deficiency
When it is necessary to enter
a confined space/ one of the most
important considerations is whether
there is sufficient oxygen in the
atmosphere to enter and work safely in
the space. An oxygen deficiency and
high concentration of hazardous
materials may occur in unventilated and
confined spaces such as the interiors of
tanks, vats, pits, trailers, sewers,
grain elevators, unventilated rooms and
abandoned buildings.
Oxygen deficiency can occur if
vapors or gases displace part of the air
in pits and open tanks, or in other
types of confined spaces. Oxygen
deficient atmospheres can occur when air
is displaced by gases and vapors, or
where the oxygen is removed by oxidation
processes such as fire, rusting, or
aerobic microbial action. The effects
of oxygen deficiency on a person can
range from minor to extremely serious.
(Table 19-1)
21-3
-------
TABLE 19-1
Physiological effect of oxygen deficiency
% Oxygen (by volume)
At sea Level Effects
21 Nothing abnormal.
16-12 Increased breathing volume.
Accelerated heartbeat. Impaired
attention and thinking. Impaired
coordination.
14-10 Very faulty judgment. Very poor
muscular coordination. Muscular
exertion brings on rapid fatigue
that may cause permanent heart
damage. Intermittent respiration.
10-6 Nausea. Vomiting. Inability to
perform vigorous movement, or loss
of all movement. Unconsciousness,
followed by death.
<6 Spasmatic breathing. Convulsive
movements. Death in minutes.
NOTES
Physiological effects of oxygen
deficiency are not apparent until the
concentration decreases to 16%. The
various regulations and standards
dealing with respirator use recommend
that percentages ranging from 16-19.5%
be considered indicative of an oxygen
deficiency. Such numbers take into
account individual physiological
responses, errors in measurement, and
other safety considerations. for
hazardous response operations, 19.5%
oxygen ifTajj: is_ the figure that decI3es
between air-purifying and atmosphere-
supplying respirators. EPA standards
require special respiratory protection
for entry in any atmosphere containing
less than 19.5% oxygen.
21-4
-------
NOTES
Aerosols
Aerosol is a term used to
describe fine participates (solid or
liquid) suspended in air. Particulates
include dust and other minute particles
such as found with coal an asbestos,
mists, fogs, smoke fumes, and sprays.
The effect of aerosols range from
irritation and inflammation to systemic
poisons.
Gaseous or Toxic Materials
Gases or vapors containing
toxic materials may have immediate or
delayed health affects on the
individual. Inhalation of certain toxic
gases may have acute and deadly effects
with as little as a few short breaths.
No danger is more immediate, nor effect
more persistent, than the action of
toxic materials that enter by way of the
respiratory tract. The following list
gives the chemical classification of
dangerous toxic substances that may
enter through the respiratory track:
Chemical Classification
o Acidic: substances that are
acids or react with water to form acids.
o Alkaline: substances that
are bases or react with water to form
bases.
o Organic: carbon compounds
which may range from methane to
chlorinated organic solvents.
o Organometal1ic: organic
compounds containing metals.
o Hydrides: compounds in which
hydrogen is bonded to another metal.
o Inert: no chemical
reactivity.
21-5
-------
NOTES
Groups, of these substances, based on
phjysiological (toxicological) activity
include:
o Irritants: corrosive
substances which injure and inflame
tissue.
o Asphyxiants: substances
which displace oxygen or prevent the use
of oxygen in the body.
o Anesthetics: substances
which depress the central nervous
system, causing intoxication or a loss
of sensation.
o Systemic poisons:
substances which can cause pathology in
various organ systems.
Measurements of Respiratory Hazards
Two values are used to
describe respiratory hazards. The
first, the Threshold Limit Value (TLV),
is a time-weighted average concentration
for a particular substance. Almost all
workers can be exposed to this level 40
hours a week without suffering adverse
health effects. The TLV is recommended
by the A.merican Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH). Table 19-2 illustrates a
summary of TLV's of some common
hazardous materials.
21-6
-------
TABLE 19-2
SELECTED IDLH & 1984-G5 TLV VALUES
Comfiound
acetaldehyde
acetic acid
acetic anhydride
acetone
acryloni trile
ammoni a
arsine
benzene
benzyl chloride
bromine
2-butanone (MEK)
carbon dioxide
carbon disulfide
carbon monoxide
carbon tetrachloride
chlorine
•fluorine
formic acid
hexane
hydrazine
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen cyanide
hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen sul-fide
isoamyl acetate
isopropyl alcohol
liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
methyl alcohol
methylene chloride
naphthalene
nitric acid
pentaborane
pentane
phenol
phosgene
phosphorous trichloride
propane
styrene
toluene
toluene-2,4-dii socyanate
trichloroethylene
turpentine
>:yl ene
IDLH
ppm
10000
1000
1000
2O0OO
4000
500
6
2000
10
10
3000
50000
500
1500
300
25
25
100
5000
SO
100
50
20
75
300
3000
2OOOO
19000
25000
5000
500
100
w
5000
100
^
50
20000
5OOO
2000
2000
1000
1900
100QO
JLV^TWA
ppm
100
10
5 C
750
2 skin
25
0.05
10 (A2)
1
0. 1
200
5000
10 skin
50
5 skin
1
1
5
50
0.1 ski
5 C
10 C ski
3
1
10
100
400
1000
200 skin
100
10
i
0.005
600
5 skin
0. 1
0.2
- E
50
100
0.005
50
100
100
(A2)
-------
IDLH can be based not only on toxicity,
but also on other characteristics such
as f lammability. An atmosphere which is
within the flammable or explosive limit
of the contaminant is also considered
IDIH.
EPA has further defined or
simplified th meaning of IDLH as:
"Any atmosphere that poses an
immediate hazard to life or produces
immediate irreversible effects on health
that will be debilitating."
Respirator Use
The Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) is the
policy formulating regulatory agency
for worker respiratory protection. The
source of OSHA's policy is found in 29
CFR Part 1910.134 and is summarized as
follows:
1. Written standard operating
procedures governing the selection and
use of respirators shall be established.
2. Respirators shall be selected
on the basis of hazards to which the
worker is exposed.
3. The user shall be instructed
and trained in the proper use of
respirators and their limitations.
4. Where practical, the
respirators should be assigned to
individual workers for their exclusive
use.
5. Respirators shall be cleaned
and disinfected regularly. Those issued
for the exclusive use of one worker
should be cleaned after each day's use,
or more often if necessary. Those used
by more than one worker shall be
cleaned and disinfected thoroughly after
each use.
21-8
-------
NOTES
6. Respirators shall be stored in
a convenient, clean, and sanitary location.
7. Respirators used routinely
shall be inspected during cleaning.
Worn or deteriorated parts shall be
replaced. Respirators for emergency use
such as self-contained devices shall be
thoroughly inspected at least once a
month and after each use.
8. Appropriate surveillance of
v/ork area conditions and degree of
employee exposure or stress shall be
maintained.
9. There shall be regular
inspection and evaluation to determine
the continued effectiveness of the
program.
10. Persons should not be assigned
to tasks requiring use of respirators
unless it has been determined that they
are physically able to perform the work
and use the equipment. The local
physician shall determine what health
and physical conditions are pertinent.
The respirator user's medical status
should be reviewed periodically (for
instance, annually).
It is EPA policy to provide
appropriate respiratory protective
devices for EPA employees, and to
require use of such protective devices
whenever they are necessary to protect
employee health. Employees are entitled
to wear respiratory protection if they
are irritated by any material even
though the concentrations of material
may not be expected to cause any adverse
health effects, ands even thcugh the
concentrations do net seem to effect
others nearby in a similar way.
EPA policy requires use of
respiratory protection in four
situations:
1. When there is a high potential
21-9
-------
NOTES
for a sudden release of toxic gases or
vapors or there has been such a release.
2. When preparing to enter
hazardous environments or locations such
as waste or spill sites, where it is
known, or there is a reasonable belief,
that toxic airborne contaminants are
present.
3. When preparing to enter
confined spaces, such as manholes and
unventilated buildings where there may
be an ox>-jen deficiency.
4. During infrequent but routine
operations where it is not feasible to
limit concentrations of toxic material
to safe levels by engineering controls.
Respirator Selection
Before selecting a respirator
for use, check to ensure it has been
approved by a recognized agency such as
the Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA) or the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health Administration. (NIOSH).
Approvals for respirators are based on
tests conducted at the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) Testing Laboratory.
All respirators built to the same
specifications will have an approval
designation displayed on the respirator
or its container. The designation will
consist of the letters TC (for Testing
and Certification) and two groups of
numbers which indicate the type of
equipment and the specific approval.
The approval label will also include the
names of the certifying agencies.
Respirators that meet Federal
design and test standards will have an
approval designation showing joint
approval by the Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA) and NIOSH, and the
respirators will be included in the
21-10
-------
NOTES
NIOSH Certified Equipment List.
If a respirator is approved and
listed for protection against organic
vapors, remember that the approval is
only for organic vapors with adequate
warning properties.
Recently-approved cartridges and
canisters will show MSHA and NIOSH on
the approval label.
(Note to Instructor: Older
respirators may show the Mining
Enforcement and Safety Administration
(MESA) or the Bureau of Mines as the
approval agency.)
A listing of all approved
respirators and respirator components is
available in the NIOSH Certified
Equipment List. Editions and
supplements are issued periodically.
Chemical cartridge or canister
respirators do not provide reliable
protection against organic vapors
without adequate warning properties, and
such respirators must not be used for
protection against such vapors.
The only organic vapors for which
an air purifying respirator is approved
or acceptable are those which provide a
reliable odor or a noticeable irritation
at a concentration which is at or
slightly below the permissible exposure
limit. Organic vapors are not
considered to have adequate warning
properties if they cause olfactory
fatigue, or if they cannot be detected
until their concentration exceeds the
permissible exposure limit. They are
also not considered to have adequate
warning properties if they can be
detected at extremely low
concentrations, so that they are
detected long before their concentration
presents any hazard.
Periodically, NIOSH publishes a
list of all approved respiratbrs and
21-11
-------
NOTES
respirator components. The list is
entitled the NIOSH Certified Equipment
List. Respiratory apparatus can be
divided into two general types:
Air-purifying - those that filter
out contaminants.
Air-supplying - those that supply
air by means of a cylinder of compressed
gas or oxygen or by an air-line.
All respirators are composed of two
main components, the facepiece and the
device which supplies or purifies air.
The facepiece comes in three
configurations which relate to the
amount of protection the respirator
affords:
o Quarter Mask (Type B - Half Mask)
fits from nose to top of chin and
utilizes two-or four-point suspension.
o Half Mask (Type A - Half Mask)
fits under chin and over the nose and
must have four-point suspension.
o Full Facepiece - covers all of
the face from under the chin to the
forehead. It provides the best
protection because it is more easily
fitted on the face.
Respirator Fit-testing
One of the most important
requirements of respiratory protection
is proper fit-testing of respirators.
Not all respirators fit everyone, so
each individual must find out which
facepiece fits best. To be approved, a
respirator must be fit-tested utilizing
accepted fit-test media and procedures.
There are two types of fit-tests,
quantitative and qualitative. The
quantitative test is an analytical test
which measures the concentrations
outside and inside the facepiece. The
relative difference between
21-12.
-------
NOTES
concentrations, termed the Protection
Factor (PF), is used in conjunction with
the accepted Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
to determine the maximum concentration
the user may be exposed to while wearing
the tested respirator.
Table 19-3 lists all types of
respirators and the PF's.
21-n
-------
TAEC£ 19-3
Selected respirator pro Lection factors
Type of Respirator PF (Qualitative Test)
Air-purifying
quarter-mask f-"
Half-mask 10
Air-line
quarter-mask ^"
half-mask 10
Hose mask
full facepiece 1U
SCBA, demand
quarter-mask *~
half-mask 10
Air-purifying
full fao
Air-line, demand
full facepiece 10°
full facepiece 10°
SCBA, demand
full facepiece 1CO
Air-line, pressure-demand,
with escape provision
full facepiece (no test required) 10,000+
SCBA, pressure-demand or
positive pressure
full facepiece (no test required) 10,000+
The following example using PF
information indicates the degree of
difference between half-face masks and
full-face masks:
If a respirator passes the
qualitative test, it can be worn in
concentrations determined by the
assigned Protection Factor (PF). The
maximum concentration is calculated by
multiplying the TLV of the contaminant
by its PF. PF's for cartridge and
canister respirators are:
o HaIf-face mask, 10X
o Full-face mask, 100X
-------
NOTES
Example: Protection (ppm) = PF x TLV
= 10 x 10
= 100 ppm
Thus, for substance x with a TLV of 10,
the half-mask respirator provides
protection up to concentration of 100
ppm of the substance.
Pitting a Respirator and Testing the
Seal
Each person who may be expected to
wear an air purifying respirator (or a
demand type of air supplying respirator)
for any field activity should have an
opportunity before going into a field
situation to find a facepiece that
provides a good tight seal with his or
her face. This requires trying on
facepieces to find one that seems to
fit, and then testing the seal to be
sure the fit is adequate.
Fitting a Respirator
Not all sizes and shapes of
faces can be fitted with a respirator
facepiece that will provide the tight
seal necessary for protection. Each
person should be allowed to choose the
most comfortable facepiece that provides
a satisfactory fit. Respirators should
be assigned to individual employees for
their exclusive use, if possible. It a
person cannot find a facepiece that fits
tightly, the only way to get respiratory
protection is to use equipment which
provides a continuous flow of air or a
positive pressure.
Each time a person puts on an air
purifyiung respirator, the fit of the
facepiece should be checked to be sure
that the seal will provide as much
protection as possible.
TLV(X)
PF
10 ppm
10
A tight seal is difficult or
impossible to achieve if there is
-------
anything which gets between the
facepiece and the skin, such as parts of
eyeglass frames, long hair, long
sideburns, a beard or beard stubble.
(In one EPA operation, standard
procedures specified that male employees
shaveevery day to assure optimum fit
of the facepiece.) A tight seal is also
difficult to achieve if a person chews
gum or tobacco, or is missing one or
both dentures!
Testing the Seal
Testing the fit of the
facepiece seal is required with all
negative-pressure respirators every time
they are used. Negative-pressure
respirators include all air purifying
respirators except those that are
powered. Any air supplying respirator
that is operated in the demand mode
should be tested for fit each time it is
used. Three tests should be used to get
maximum protection from a respirator.
Either the negative pressure test
or the positive pressure test is
required every time a negative-pressure
respirator is used. The qualitative fit
test is required only before the initial
use of each different type of negative-
pressure respirator and again annually.
To prepare for testing the fit of a
respirator, place the respirator over
the face and draw up the straps, one at
a time, beginning first with the bottom
straps. The straps are drawn up so that
the facepiece fits securely, without
being so tight that it causes
discomfort.
Negative Pressure Test
The purpose of the negative
pressure test is to see if the facepiece
is tight enough to maintain a negative
pressure without leakage.
21-16
-------
NOTES
Close off the cartridge or canister
inlet with the palm of your hand.
Inhale gently for about ten seconds
so that the facepiece is drawn against
your face.
If you feel a flow of air along the
edge of the facepiece, the inward air
flow indicates leakage.
If you have leakage, tighten the
straps and try the test again.
If the leakage continues, get
another type of facepiece or another
type of respirator.
If you are testing the fit of an
air supplying respirator, such as an
SCBA, close off the facepiece hose with
the palm of your hand before you connect
the hose to the regulator. Inhale
gently to feel if there are any leaks of
air into the facepiece along its edges.
This test is optional if the apparatus
will be operated in the positive
pressure-demand mode.
Positive Pressure Test
The positive pressure test
will determine whether the facepiece is
tight enough to maintain a positive
pressure.
Take a breath and hold it briefly
while you take the next step.
Close off the exhalation valve with
the palm of your hand.
Exhale gently for about ten seconds
to build a positive pressure within the
facepiece.
If a positive pressure cannot be
built up and there is an outward flow of
air, there is leahace.
21-17-
-------
NUXE5
If you have leakage, you can
tighten the straps and try the test
again.
If the leakage continues, get
another type of facepiece or another
type of respirator.
On an air purifying respirator,
such as this one, the exhalation valve
is usually the bottom valve. It opens
when you exhale. The upper valve is the
inhalation valve, which closes when you
exhale into the facepiece.
Qualitative Fit Test
The qualitative fit test
determines whether the fit is tight
enough to prevent leakage of a
detectable odor in through the seal.
Respirators with particulate filters are
tested by exposure to an irritant such
as smoke, and those with chemical
sorbent filters by exposure to an
odorant such as isoamyl acetate (banana
oil) .
The test material is released close
to the edges of the sealing surfaces of
the facepiece, to find out if the wearer
is able to detect any odor. First the
leakage is tested with the wearer
remaining sedentary for about a minute;
then the wearer performs head and face
movements that might occur naturally.
If leakage is detected, tighten the
straps and retest.
If the leakage continues, get
another type of facepiece or another
type of respirator.
A variation of the qualitative test
uses a test chamber, consisting of a
special plastic bag or tent-like hood
which can be filled with a concentration
of the test material, and into which the
wearer can insert her or his head while
wearing the respirator. Leakage is
21-18
-------
NLUfcSa
tested first with the wearer remaining
sedentary for about a minute; then the
wearer performs exercises simulating
work, such as bending over and running
in place.
Qualitative fit tests are
recommended annually and whenever EPA
employees are going to be entering or
working in particularly hazardous
exposures .
RESPIRATOR TYPES
Air-Purifying Respirators
I . Introduction
Any respirator is used because the
concentration of a contaminant is high
enough to cause some type of health
effect. This may range from respiratory
irritation through systemic damage to
death. The guidelines used to decide
the need for a respirator are the
Threshold Limit Values. A concentration
greater than the TLV requires
respiratory protection. If the
concen tra tion use limits oF an air-
purifying respirator, then that type may
be used. rf _it LS^ greater, then an
atmosphere supplying apparatus must be
worn.
Air-purifying respirators can be
used only under the following
circumstances :
o The identity and concentration of
the contaminant are known.
o The oxygen content in air is at
Least 19.5%.
o The contaminant has adequate
warning properties.
o Approved canisters for the
contaminant and concentration are
21-19-
-------
NC7EE5
available.
o The concentration does not exceed
the IDLH.
Individuals who use air-purifying
respirators must wear a respirator which
has been successfully fitted to their
faces. Host individual respirators will
fit only 60% of the working population.
But with the variety of respirators
available, at least one type should be
found to fit an individual. An
improperly fitted respirator delivers
little of the protection promised.
II. Requirements for respirator
selection.
A. Identification and Measurement
Before the appropriate air-
purifying device can be selected, the
contaminant must be identified and
measured. This requires sampling and
analysis. Selection of a device is
based on the highest possible
concentration of the contaminant.
Once a respirator has been selected
and worn in the contaminated
environment, the atmosphere must be
monitored periodically. Otherwise,
increased contaminant levels may present
a hazard the respirator is not capable
of handling.
B. Oxygen Content
The normal atmosphere contains
approximately 21% oxygen. The
physiological effects of reduced oxygen
begin to be evident at 16%. Without
regard to contaminants, the atmosphere
must contain a minimum of 19.5% oxygen
to permit use of an air-purifying
respirator. This is a legal requirement
of 30 CFB Part 11 and a recommendation
of ANSI Z88.2 - 1980. BElow 19.5%
oxygen, atmosphere-supplying respirators
must be used instead.
21-20
-------
NOTES
C. Warning Properties
A warning property is a sign that a
cartridge or canister in use is
beginning to lose its effectiveness. At
the first such signal, the old cartridge
or canister must be exhanged for a fresh
one. Without a warning property,
respirator efficiency may drop without
the knowledge of the wearer, ultimately
causing a health hazard.
A warning property can be detected
as an odor, tasts, or irritation. Most
substances have warning properties at
some concentration. A warning property
detected only at dangerous levels —
that is, greater than TLV — is not
considered adequate. An odor, taste, or
irritation detected atr extremely low
concentrations is also not adequate
because the warning is being given all
the time or long before the filter
begins to lose its effectiveness. En
this case, the wearer woulds never
realize when the filter actually becomes
ineffective.
The best concentration for a
warning property to be detectable is
around the TLV. Table 19-4 lists odor
thrsholds for a number of substances and
their respective TLV's (shown under the
"adopted values TWA column). For
example, toluene diisocsccyanate has a
TLV of 0.005 ppm. The odor threshold,
2.14 ppm, is over 400 times the TLV,
obviously not an adequate warning
property. An odor threshold of 4.68 ppm
for benzene, versus a TLV of 10 ppn, is
an adequate warning property.
Dimethuylformamide has a TLV of 10 ppm
and an odor threshold of 100 ppm. An
odor threshold 10 times greater than the
TLV is not adequate.
If a substance causes olfactory
fatigue (that is, the sense of smell is
no longer effective), its odor is not an
adequate warning property. For example,
upon entering an atmosphere containing
hydsrogen sulfide, the odor is quita
21-21-
-------
NOTES
noticeable. After a short period of
time, it is no longer detectable.
21-22
-------
TABLE 19-4
Odor Thresholds In Air as Compared to Threshold Limit Values (1979)
Compound
Acataldahyde
Acatic acid
Acetone
Aeroletn
Acrylonitrile
Ally! Chloride
Amirie dimethyl
Aminei rttonomethyl
Amine. Trimathyl
Ammonia
Aniline
Benzene
wyl chloride
.
-------
TAHIZ 13-4 Cont'd.
Odor Threshold* in Air as Compaied to Threshold Limit Values (1979Mccn't>
npound
Octdr betcrtption
Adopted
Values
TWA
ppm mo/m'
Tt ntalive
Values
5TEL
ppm mg/m?
•ncJ
ugenej
itphine
.dine
rene (inhibited)
fene (uninhibited)
lur dichtoride
'ur dio'ide
jcnelfrom eofce)
jene (from petroleum)
''en« diisocvanate
"•Moroelhylene
0047
1.0
0021
0021
01
0047
O.OO1
047
a da
2.14
2.14
il 4
•Madicina,
MaV-'iW
dniony. mustard
burnt, pungent, diamine
Solventy. rubbery
Solventy. rubbery, plesticy
SulfWy
Floral, pungent, solvemv
Moth bells, rubbery
Medicated bandage, pungent
iSoiWnly
5
0.1
0.3
S
50
—
2
100
—
0005
50
19
04
04
15
215
—
S
375
—
004
270
10
—
1
10
100
—
5
ISO
—
002
ISO
38
—
1
30
OS
—
15
560
—
0 IS
SOS
-Jijm»n eercinooen* Substenee reeogniied to rieve carcinogenic potential without in assigned TLV
:sein teal subste nee suspected of Inducing cancer be ted on either (I) limited epidemiologie evidence, oelusiveol clinical reoort of single caset
ft (2) demonstration of carcinogenesis in one or more animal species by appropriate methods
^ is eipecied lhal Ihis tubitance will soon be1 classified in category (bl above
21-24
-------
NOTES
D. Li/nits of Cartirdges or
Canisters
Cartridges or canisters used to
clean breathing air do not remove the
contaminant efficiently forever.
Eventually, they will no longer filter
or sorb the contaminants. The higher
the concentration, the faster the
cartridge is used up. To avoid quick
wearing out and afford longer service,
cartridges are assigned a maximum use
concentration above which they should
not be used.
E. IDLH
An air-purifying respirator can be
worn in atmospheres up to the
concentration limits placed on its
cartridge. This remains true as long as
the maximum use concentration is not
immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH) — that is, one that causes
irreversible damage to life or health
within 30 minutes by toxic action. An
atmosphere which is within the flammable
or explosive limits of the contaminant
is also considered IDLH. If the
concentration is at an IDLH level for
any reason, and still within the use
limits approved for the cartridge, no
air purifying respirator can be worn.
Only an approved positive pressure self-
contained breathing apparatus is
allowed.
III. Types of Air-Fur ifying Devices
Basically, respiratory hazards can
be broken down into two classes:
particulates, and vapors and gases.
Particulates are filtered by mechanical
means, while vapors and gases are
removed by sorbents that react
chemically with them. Respirators using
a combination of mechanical filter and
chemical sorbent will effectively remove
both hazards.
21-25
-------
NOTES
A. Particulate-Removing Filters
Particulates can occur as dusts,
fumes, or mists. The particle size can
range from macroscopic to microscopic,
and "their toxico logical effects range
from severe or innocuous. The hazard
posed by a particulate can be determined
by its TLV. A nuisance particulate will
have a TLV of 10 mg/ ml, while a toxic
particulate may~have TLV well below 0.05
mg/rn^
Mechanical filters are classified
according to the protection for which
they are approved under schedule 21C of
30 CFR Part II. Most particulate
filters are approved only for dusts
and /or mists with TLV's equal to or
greater than 0.05 mg/mL These duest
are usually considered to produce
pneumoconiosis* and fibrosis but are not
toxic. Such filters have an efficiency
of 80-90% for 0.6 millimeter (mm)
particles .
* (chronic fibrous reaction)
Respirators approved for fumes are
more efficient, removing 90-99% for 0.6
mm particles. This type of respirator
is approved for dusts, fumes and mists
with TLV's equal to or greater than 0.05
mg/m^.
Finally there is a high efficiency
filter, which is 99.7% effective against
particles 0.3 microns in diameter. It
is approved for dusts, mists, and fumes
with a TLV less than 0.05 mg/m-3.
Mechanical filters load up with
particulates as they are used. As they
do they become more efficient, but also
become more difficult to breathe
through. When a mechanical filter
becomes difficult to breathe through, it
should be replaced.
B. Vapor- or Gas -Removing
Cartridges
21-26
-------
NOTES
Sorbents are manufactured to remove
a specific chemical or group of
chemicals. In contrast, particulate-
removing filters remove particulates
regardless of their composition.
Sorbents are available to remove
specific organic vapors, acid gases, and
ammonia, among others. Each sorbent has
a maximum concentration use limit for
that specific contaminant. Once a
sorbent has been filled up with the
contaminant, it will "breakthrough" —
that is, it will allow the full ambient
concentration of the contaminant to
enter the facepiece. Again, in
contrast, particulate-removing filters
become more efficient (but harder to
breathe through) as they fill up. There
is no breakthrough.
Chemical sorbents also vary in
their ability to remove contaminants
(Table 19-5). For example, vinyl
chloride takes only 3.8 minutes to reach
a 1%% breakthrough — that is, for 1% of
the ambient concentration to enter the
facepiece. In comparison, it takes 107
minutes for chlorobenzene to reach 1%
breakthrough. Thus, chlorobenzene is
removed much more efficiently than vinyl
chloride. Cartridge efficiencies (Table
19-5) should also be considered when
selecting air-purifying respirators.
Studies of cartridge efficiencies are
referenced in the Appendix.
21-27
-------
TRHIZ 19-5 ,
Effect of Solvent Vapor on Respirator Cartrid^s Efficiency*
Time to Reach 1% Breakthrough (iu ppmj
Solvent Minutes2
Aromatics
Benzene 73
Toluene 94
Ethyl benzene 84
m-Xylene 99
Cumene 81
Mesitylene 86
Alcohols3
Methanol 0.2
Ethanol 28
Isopropanol 54
Allyl alcohol 66
n-Propanol 70
sec-Butanol 96
Butanol 115
2-Methoxyethanol 116
Isoamyl alcohol 97
4-Methyl-2-pentanol 75
2-Ethoxyethanol 77
Amyl alcohol 107
2-Ethyl-l-butanol 76.5
Moncchlorides3
Methyl chloride 0.05
Vinyl chloride 3.8
Ethyl chloride 5.6
Allyl chloride 31
l-<2iloropropane 25
1-Chlorobutane 75
Chlorocyclopentane 78
Chlorobenzene 107
1-Chlorohexane 77
o-Chlorotoluene 102
1-Chloroheptane 82
3-(Chloromethyl heptane) 63
Dichlorides3
Dichloromethane 10
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 33
1,l-Dichloroethane 23
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 30
1,2-Dichloroethane 54
1,2-Dichloropropane 65
1,4-Dichlorobutane 108
o-Dichlorobenzene 109
21-28
-------
TABEE 19-5 Cont'd
Solvent
Time to Reach 1% Breakthrough (10 ppm)
Minutes 2
Trichlorides3
Chloroform 33
Methyl chloroform 40
Trichloroethylene 55
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 72
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 111
Tetra- and Pentachlorides3
Carbon tetrachloride 77
Perchloroethylene 107
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 104
Pentachloroethane 93
Acetates
Methyl acetate 33
Vinyl acetate 55
Ethyl acetate 67
Isopropyl acetate 65
Isopropenyl acetate 83
Propyl acetate 79
Allyl acetate 76
sec-Butyl acetate 83
Butyl acetate 77
Isopentyl acetate 71
2-Methoxyethyl acetate 93
1,3-DimethyIbutyl acetate 61
Amyl acetate 73
3-Ethoxyethyl acetate 80
Hexyl acetate 67
Ketones 4
Acetone 37
2-Butanone 82
2-Pentanone 104
3-Pentanone 94
4-Methyl-2-pentanone 96
Mesityl oxide 122
Cyclopentanone 141
3-Heptanone 91
2-Heptanone 101
Cyclohexanone 126
5-Methyl-3-heptanone 86
3-«ethylcyclohexanone 101
Diisobutyl ketone 71
4-Methylcyclohexanone 111
21-29
-------
TABLE 19-5 Ccnt'd.
Time to Reach 1% Breakthrough (10 ?pm)
Solvent in Minutes2
Alkanes4
Pentane 61
Hexane 52
Methylcyclopentane 62
Cyclohexane 69
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 68
Heptane 78
Methylcyclohexane 69
5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene 87
Nonane 76
Decane 71
Amines4
Methyl amine 12
Ethyl amine 40
Isopropyl amine 66
Propyl amine 90
Die thy 1 amine 88
Butyl amine 110
Triethy1 amine 81
Dipropyl amine 93
Diisopropyl amine 77
Cyclohexyl amine 112
Dibutyl amine 76
Miscellaneous materials
Acrylonitrile 49
Pyridine 119
1-Nitropropane 143
Methyl iodide 12
Dibromomethane 82
1,2-Dibromoethane 141
Acetic anhydride 124
Bromobenzene 142
1Nelson,G.O.,and C.A.Harder.Respirator Cartridge
ffficiency Studies, University of California, Livermore. 1976.
Cartridge pairs tested at 1000 ppm, 50% relative humidity, 22°
C, and 53.3 liters/minute (equivalent to a moderately heavy work
rte). Pair cartridges preconditioned at room temperature and 50%
relative humidity for at least 24 hours prior to testing.
3 Mine Safety Appliances Cartridges.
4 American Optical Cartridges.
21-30
-------
NOTES
Chemical sorbent cartridges and
canisters have an expiration date. They
may be used up to that date as long as
they were not opened previously. Once
opened, they begin to sorb humidity and
air contaminants whether or not they are
in use, and their efficiency and service
life decrease. A cartridge should be
discarded after it is used.
Cartridges are selected for the
particular chemical they remove by a
color coding system outlined in 29 CFR
19.0.135, Table 19-6.
TABLE 15-6
Xfmotpfterfe contaminant* to be protected
Otc*nia T»pon _______ ....
. White.
W*H« wlU» 'A-lncb fellow ««P«
UM cknlstcr ne«r tfc» bcttom.
Block.
Carbon monoxide.-.. -_. -------------- — Blue.
K (
wound th* canister o««r UIB bottom.
Add |ue*, or«Knle npon. and •ounonl*
|uaft«
lUdloietl** BMtMftl* neapttnc trltltun >od Purple (Magenta,}.
. oittu. foct. «
tn e«nbln.tloo «ltH «nT of tt« «oo»«. with %-ineh
a«und tb« e»nl«ier a«ar the top.
Bed with K-lneh gr., .trip* «n,pletely
•round tb« etnlster near toe top.
•Oray (bait not bo aolpiMl M tb. oiaia color lor t eaouter d*H«n«d to wmo»« acids or
vipon.
Won: Ormni* thalt bo wH M • eamplrU body, of §titp» color to represent (asci not
included la this table. Tto user will need to refer to U»e ewilstw-label to dttermlae lb«
decree of proteetlon tbo eaalatar wtll afford.
21-31
-------
NOTES
IV. Respirator Construction
The facepiece is one of two major
components of an air-purifying
respirator (the air-purifying devide
being the other). Essentially four
types of f acepieces and devices may be
used:
-Half-mask with twin
cartridges,
- Full-face mask with twin
cartridges,
- Full-face mask with chin-
mounted canister, and
- Full-face mask with harness-
mounted canister (gas mask).
The facepiece is the means of
sealing the respirator to the wearer.
Attached to the facepiece is the lens
(in the case of the full-facepiece) and
the suspension for holding the mask to
the face. An adapter is attached to the
cartridge or canister. With the adapter
and the mask is an inhalation check
valve, which prevents exhaled breath
from coming back through the cartridge
or canister. An exhalation valve
permits the xhaled breath to be
exhausted and prevents air from entering
it during inhalation. Some respirators
provide an integral speaking diaphragm
which is air-tight. Each respirator has
different ways of assembling and
attaching parts. This prevents
hybridizing two different makes into
one, which immediately voids its
approval.
The recommended facepiece to use
with cartridges or canisters is the
fu 11-facepiece. It provides eye
protection, is easier to fit, and has a
Protection Factor of 100X. The half-
mask has a Protection Factor of LOX.
Cartridges and canisters used in
conjunction with the ful 1-f acepiece vary
mainly in the sorbents and the
21-32
-------
NOTES
concentration of atmospheric contaminant
that can be removed. (See Tables 19-7a
and 19-7b.)
Organic vapors can be removed by
appropriate cartridges, chin canisters,
or the larger harness-mounted canisters.
Cartridges are approved for use in
atmospheres up to 1,000 ppm (0.1%) of
organic vapors, chin style canisters up
to 5,000 ppm (O.Si), and harness-mounted
canisters up to 20,000 ppm (2.0%). Keep
in mind that no air-purifying device is
permitted in IDLH atmospheres. Using a
cartridge or canister at lower
concentrations effectively increases its
service life.
The wearer should be familiar with
the respirator to be used. The parts
should be easily identified by function,
which also is important in maintenance
and cleaning.
Selection and Use
Approved respiratory
protective equipment must be selected to
provide protection against the hazards
to which the user may be exposed.
If possible, respirators should be
assigned to individual employees for
their exclusive use. This will be
important particularly for air purifying
respirators in which a good tight fit of
the facepiece has a greater effect on
the protection factor than it does for
air supplying respirators whichh operate
in the continuous flow or positive
pressure-demand mode.
Hazardous conditions in the work
area must be kept under surveillance,
and the degree of employee exposure or
stress must be observed and kept to
saf fe levels. When work areas have or
may have an oxygen deficiency or other
exposure which is immediately danerous
to life or health, EPA policy and other
Federal standards require standby
21-33
-------
NOTES
personnel.on the scene who are trained
and equipped to carry out a rescue
immediately. Surveillance and ready
assistance are also necessary if EPA
personnel are using air purifying
respirators in areas which contain
concentrations of hazardous material
above the Permissible Exposure Limits
(PEL). Close observation of employees
working in hazardous conditions is
important for limiting their exposure to
hazardous materials by skin contact and
for minimizing any adverse effects of
heat stress.
Standard operating procedures for
typical field activities must be
developed by each working group. These
procedures for selection and use of
respiratory protective equipment must be
in written form and must be implemented
so that EPA employees will have
effective protection from respiratory
hazards. Standard operating procedures
are needed particularly for entry of
atmospheres which are immediately
dangerous to life or health.
Work in dangerous atmospheres
requires development of a standard
operating procedure that will be
understood and used by everyone entering
or working in atmospheres which are
dangerous to life or health. Working
safely in such atmospheres also requires
thorough training, and the presence of a
buddy and a backup. It is important to
recognize that the actual duration of
protection provided by the breathing
apparatus may be considerably less than
the rated capacity because of heat
stress, work rate, body weight and the
wearer's training and ability to control
his or her breathing rate.
Selection of adequate espiratory
protection for field activities depends
on the:
nature of the hazardous operation
or process;
21-34'
-------
NOTES
contaminant, type of hazard,
concentration, and effects on the body
activities to be conducted in the
hazardous area;
length of time that respiratory
protection will be needed;
time required to get out of the
hazardous area to the nearest area
having respirable air; and
specific characteristics of the
respiratory protective devices that are
available within the Agency or than can
be purchased.
The initial step in selecting
adequate rspiratory protection for a
particular activity is to consider the
nature of the activity and the type of
respiratory hazard that will exist or
that is likely to exist. There are
three basic types of hazards for which
respiratory protection is needed:
Oxygen deficiency
Flammable concentrations of
combustible gas, liquid or dust
contaminants in concentrations
immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH), and concentrations above
Permissible Exposure Limits and below
IDLH. The choice of respirators is very
limited if the working atmosphere is
oxygen deficient or contains a
concentration of contaminants that are
flammable or otherwise immediately
dangerous to life or health. If an
oxygen deficiency exists or is possible,
the choice of adequate respiratory
protection is limited to:
Self-contained breathing apparatus,
or
Air-line respirator with an
auxiliary self-contained air supply.
Flammable Gas, Liquid or Dust
21-35
-------
NOTES
It is EPA policy to measure
flammable concentrations of gases and
vapors before entering an area where
such maerial may be present in hazardous
amounts, and not to enter any area which
has in excess of 25 percent of the lower
explosive limit of any material present.
However, unexpected spills or leaks may
make entry of such hazardous areas
necessary for rescue or other emergency
reasons.
If it is every necessary to
approach or enter areas in which
flammable vapors or gases are present or
possible in high concentrations, the
respiratory protection must be either:
Self-contained breathing apparatus,
or an
Air-line respirator with an
auxiliary self-contained air supply.
Toxic Contaminant Exposures
Exposure to toxic contaminants can
be divided into three broad categories,
depending on the degree of hazard:
These three degrees of hazard are
related to the concentrations of toxic
materials which are present:
those immediately dangerous to life
or health (IDLH),
those above Permissible Exposure
Limits (but below IDLH),
those below Permissible Exposure
Limits.
Selection of respiratory proection
depends initially on which category of
toxic hazard is present or is
anticipated.
Concentrations Inmediately
Dangerous to Life or Health
21-36'
-------
NOTES
There are several definitions of
what atmospheres are considered
"Immediately Dangerous to Life or
Health." The NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards describes IDLH as a
concentration from which one could not
endure for 30 minutes without any
irreversible health effects.
The Federal standard on rspiratory
protection defines IDLH as conditions
that pose an immediate threat to life or
health or severe exposure to
contaminants which are likely to have
adverse cumulative or delayed effects on
health.
EPA has defined "immediately
dangerous to life or health" as:
"Any atmosphere that poses an
immedite hazard to life or produces
immediate irreversible effects on health
that will be debilitating."
If an atmosphere is or may become
"immeditely dangerous to life or
health," the choice of adequate
respiratory protection is limited to:
self-contained breathing apparatus,
or
air-line respirators with an
auxiliary self-contained air supply.
Concentrations above Permissible
Exposure Limits but below IDLH
Approved respiratory
protection is requirred for exposures to
hazardous materials in airborne
concentrations which are above the
Permissible Exposure Limits. The
Permissible Exposure Limit for a
hazardous material is the maximum
concentration believed to cause no
adverse effect in most people if inhaled
during regular five-day work weeks.
21-37'
-------
NODES
Respiratory protection is also
required for exposure to hazardous
materials in concentrations which may be
expected to cause chronic toxic effects
afer repeated exposure, or acute adverse
physiological symptoms after prolonged
exposure.
Concentrations below Permissible
Exposure Limits (and below IDLH)
When concentrations of
hazardous material are below the
Permissible Exposure Limits or judged to
be at concentrations below such limits,
respiratory protection is not required.
However, respiratory protection may be
needed or desired to prevent physical
discomfort, irritation, sensitization,
or other adverse health effects.
Respiratory Proection for
Concentrations Not Immediately Dangerous
Since air purifying
respirators are lighter, less cumbersome
and less expensive to use than air
supplying respirators, air purifying
respirators will usually be considered
first for protection against hazrdous
material concentrations not immediately
dangerous to life or health. If there
is no approved air purifying respirator
that will provide the protection needed,
it will be necessary to use an air
supplying respirator.
Selection of an air purifying
respirator for protection against
hazardous atmospheres is limited to
those in which the identity and
concentration of material are known to
be within the purification limits of the
respirators. For safety and health
reasons the concentration must be
determined before and during use of the
type of respirator. This basic
limitation is EPA policy as well as a
Federal standard.
The first steps in selection of
21-38
-------
NOTES
air purifying respirators are to:
1. Identify the contaminant or
contaminants which are present,
2. Determine the Permissible
Exposure Limit, warning properties and
whether the wrning properties are
adequate,
3. Determine the maximum
concentration present in the working
area.
The next steps in the selection of
a respirator are based on the
concentration and warning properties of
the contaminants present:
4. If the concentration is below
the Permissible Exposure Limit
respirator use is optional;
5. If the concentration is above
the Permissible Exposure Limit
respirator use is required;
6. If the contaminant has adequate
warning properties, an approved air
purifying respirator may be worn.
Select a respirator with a ffiltration
system which will provide adequate
protection and time for the
concentration measured in the working
atmosphere.
7. If the material has no warning
properties or inadequate properties, an
air supplying respirator is required.
8. If the concentration is above
the level considered IDLH, a self-
contained breathing apparatus is
strongly recommended.
Summary of Factors for Selection of
Type of Respiratory Protection
Air Purifying Respirators
Air purifying respirators may
be used under the following conditions:
21-39
-------
NOTES
1. the concentration of oxygen in
the hazardous atmosphere is known to be
19.5 percent or more (but not more than
25 percent); and
2. the concentration of airborne
toxic material is not immediately
dangerous to life or health; and
3. the concentration of airborne
toxic material does not exceed the
capacity of the filter or
cartridge/canister unit as marked on the
unit or the respirator approval; and
4. the airborne toxic material
does have adequate warning properties
HrFitation or odor) to signal failure
of the cartridge/canister or filter
unit. Some materials which do have
adequate warning properties are ammonia,
chlorine and sulfur dioxide.
Air Supply Respirators
Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators
Atmosphere-supplying respirators
provide from five minutes to several
hours of breathing air. The amount of
protection provided is based on two
factors: the tupe of facepiece and its
mode of operation. The full-face mask
provides the best protection. Of the
three modes of operation, continuous,
demand, and pressure-demand, the
pressure-demand mode provides the best
proection.
On the basis of construction, there
are four types of atmosphere-supplying
respirators: oxygen-generating, hose
mask, airline, and self-contained
breathing apparatus.
Modes of Operation
a. Continuous
In the continuous mode, air is
constantly flowing to the respirator.
Model
Pressure
Demand
Air Mask
21-40'
-------
NOTES
user, usually from an air compressor or
compressed air tank. The flow must be
regulated so that the user gets as much
air as he needs.
b. Demand
In the demand mode, a negative
pressure is required inside the
facepiece to open a valve and permit air
to enter the respirator. The negative
pressure may draw contaminated air
through any gaps in the facepiece-to-
face seal. This mode uses less air than
the continuous mode.
c. Pressure-demand
The pressure-demand mode
establishes a positive pressure inside
the facepiece. Any leaks around the
facepiece allow good air to enter from
the tank. It continues to flow until a
high positive pressure is built up by
exhaling. When the internal pressure
drops, more good air is admitted. Some
positive pressure is always present
inside the 'facepiece. This mode also
conserves air because with a proper seal
only the air that is exhaled is
replaced.
Types of Devides
a. Oxygen-generating
The oldest respirator is the
oxygen-generating respirator, which
utilizes a canister of potassium
superoxide. The chemical reacts with
exhaled C02 and water vapor to produce
oxygen. Oxygen-generating respirators
have been used in the military and for
escape purposes in mines.
b. Hose mask
The hose mask uses a maximum
75-foot long, large-diameter hose to
transport clean air from a remote area.
The user breathes the air in, or it is
21-41
-------
NOTES
forced in by a blower. The user can
over-breathe this source.
Airline Respirators
The airline respirator is
similar to the hose mask, except that
the air is compressed. The mode of
operation may be any one of three
previously described. The air source
must not be depletable. No more than
300 feet of airline is allowed.
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
The self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) allows the wearer to
carry a cylinder of compressed air or
oxygen without the restriction of a hose
or airline.
Depending upon the source of air,
the SCBA can be either open or closed-
circuit. Closed-circuit devices mix
pure oxygen from a small cylinder with
exhaled breath (COj removed) to provide
breathing air. This type of device,
also referred to as a rebreather, is
approved only as demand-type
respirators.
Open-circuit SCBA's are approved as
either demand or pressure demand.
Demand SCBA's are being phased out of
production because of the greater
protection afforded by pressure-demand
apparatus.
An escape SCBA must have at least
five minutes of breathing air stored in
a small cylinder or coiled stainless
steel tube. Some devices on the market
have 15 minute air supplies.
Under no circumstances are escape
devices to be used for entry into
hazardous atmospheres.
21-42'
-------
NOTES
Modes of Operation
A. Demand
In the demand mode, a negative
pressure is created inside the facepiece
and breathing tubes when the wearer
inhales. This negative pressure draws
down a diaphragm in the regulator in an
SCBA. The diaphragm depresses and opens
the admision valves, allowing air to be
inhaled. As long as the negative
prssure remains, air flows to the
facepiece.
The problem with demand operation
is that the wearer can inhale
contaminated air through any gaps in the
facepiece-to-face sealing surface.
Hence, demand apparatus is assigned a
Protection Factor of only 100, the same
as for a full-face air-purifying
respirator.
B. Pressure-Demand
An SCBA operating in the
pressure-demand mode maintains a
positive pressure inside the facepiece
at all times. The system is designed so
that the admission valve remains open
until enough pressure is built up to
close it. The pressure builds up
because air is prevented from leaving
the system until the wearer exhales.
Less pressure is required to close the
admission valve than is required to
openm the spring-loaded exhalation
valve.
At all times, the pressure in the
facepiece is greather than the ambient
pressure outside the facepiece. If any
leakage occurs, it is outward from the
facepiece. Because of this, the
pressure-demand SCBA has been assigned a
Protection Factor of 10,000.
21-43
-------
NOTES
TYPES OF APPARATUS
A. Closed-Circuit
The closed-circuit SCBA,
commonly called the rebreather, was
developed especially for oxygen-
deficient situations. Because it
recycles exhaled breath and carries only
a small oxygen supply, the service time
can be considerable greater than an
open-circuit device, which must carry
all of its breathing air.
The air for breathing is mixed in a
flexible breathing bag. This air is
inhaled, def latring the breathing bag.
The deflation depresses the admission
valve, allowing the oxygen to enter the
bag. There it mixes with exhaled
breath, from which carbon dioxide has
just been removed.
Most rebreathers operate in the
demand mode. Several rebreathers are
designed to provide a positive pressure
in the facepiece. The approval schedule
13F under 30 CFR Part 11 for closed-
circuit SCBA makes no provisions for
testing "demand" or "pressure-demand"
rebreathers. The approval schedule was
set up to certify only rebreathers that
happen to operate in the demand mode.
Thus, rebreathers designed to operate in
the pressure-demand mode can be approved
strictly as closed-circuit apparatus.
Since regulations make no distinction,
and selection is based on approval
criteris, rebreathers designed to
maintain a positive pressure can only be
considered as a demand-type apparatus.
Rebreathers use either compressed
oxygen or liquid oxygen. To assure the
good quality of air to be breathed, the
oxygen must be at least medical grade
breathing air which meets the
requirements set by the "U.S.
Pharmacopeia."
-------
NOTES
B. Open-Circuit
The open-circuit SCBA requires
a supply of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen
breathing air. The user simply inhales
and exhales. The exhaled air is
exhausted from the system. Because the
air is not recycled, the wearer must
carry the full air supply, which limits
a unit to the amount of air that the
wearer can carry easily. Available
SCBA's can last from five to 60 minutes.
Units which have 5-to-lS minute air
supplies are only applicable to escape
situations. The wearer must have at
least 30 minutes of air to enter a
hazardous atmosphere.
The air used in open-circuit
apparatus must meet the requirements in
the Compressed Gas Association's
Pamphlet G-7.1, which calls for at least
"Grade D." Grade D air must contain
19.5 to 23.5% oxygen with the balance
being predominantly nitrogen. Condensed
hydrocarbons are limited to 5 mg/m ,
carbon monoxide to 20 parts per million
(ppm) and carbon dioxide to 1,000 ppm.
An undesirable odor is also prohibited.
Air quality can be checked using an
oxygen meter, carbon monoxide meter, and
detector tubes.
Mien to Use SCBA
Air supplying respirators must be
used to be sure of adequate proection "U
any one of these five special conditions
exists or may reasonably be expected to
exist:
1. the concentration of oxygen in
the hazardous atrmosphere may have been
ree fom the normal concentration of
about 21% to 19.5% or less; or
2. the concentration of airborne
toxic material exceeds a concentration
which would be immediately dangerous to
life or health; or
-------
3. the concentration of airborne
toxic material exceeds the limited
ability of the filter or
cartridge/canister unit, as marked onthe
unit or the respirator approval or
4. the concentration of airborne
toxic material is not known to be less
than the limited ability of the filter
or cartridge/canister unit, as marked on
the unit or the respirator approval; or
5. the airborne toxic material
does not have adequate warning
properties (irritation or odor) to
signal failure of the cartridge/canister
or filter unit. Some examples of
materials which do not have adequiate
warning properties are methyl bromide,
dimethylformamide and phosgene.
Cleaning, Inspection and Storage of
Respirators
Obtaining dependable protection
from respirators requires cleaning,
inspection and storage to maintain them
and prevent damage or deterioration.
Respirators must be cleaned and
disinfected after each day's use and
more often if necessary. They must be
cleaned and disinfected before they re
used by another person.
In general, the cleaning procedure
is to disassemble the respirator
(without using tools), wash the
facepiece and breathing hoses in cleaner
and sanitizer solution mixed in warm
water, rinse completely and dry in a
clean area.
Most respirator manufacturers
distribute cleaner-sanitizer material
for cleaning their equipment. A mild
detergent will usually do a satisfactory
job, either with or without a mild
bactericidal agent.
NOTES
Part of the maintenance
respirators is regular inspection.
of
21-^6-
-------
NOTES
Respirators must be inspected
during cleaning, and v/orn or
deteriorated parts must be replaced.
Each person using a respirator should
inspect the respirator before each use
to be sure that it is in working
condition.
Respirators for emergency use must
be inspected after each use, and at
least once a month between uses.
Storage for respirators must be in
a convenient, clean, and sanitary
location, or in a container which will
keep them clean. If they are packaged
in tight plastic bags and transported on
field trips, protect the bag from being
abraded or punctured. The respirators
should also be protected against
temperature extremes and exposure to
direct sunlight for prolonged periods.
Training Requirements for Respiratory
Protective Equipment
EPA standards require six hours of
initial training for users of
respirators, and two to four additional
hours annually after the initial
training. Records of training and fit
testing of employees are to be
maintained by the supervisor.
Safe use of respiratory protective
equipment depends on thorough training.
Every employee who may use a respirator
needs to know: when it is needed, which
type is needed, and the capabilities and
the limitations of the equipment for
specific exposures.
Every user of respiratory
protective equipment needs to learn how
to put on the equipment to be used, how
to adjust it for a comfortable fit, and
how to test the seal between the
facepiece and the face to see that the
equipment fits thightly enough to
provide needed protection.
In addition, every user needs to
have the opportunity to wear the
21-47
-------
NOTES
equipment in normal air for a period of
familiarization, and then to wear the
equipment in a test atmosphere.
The final selection of rrespirator
type is based on a number of factors
including the protection factor (PF),
the Threshold Limit Value (TLV), the
Immediate Danger to Life and Health
(IDLH) and Agency policy. The following
condensed charts will provide some
assistance in helping field crews select
the proper respirator type.
TABLE 19-7a
Selection of Respirator) for Emergency or Short-Term Use
on (he Basis of Hazard and Expected Concentration (Gases and Vapors)
Toxfeity
Low
Moderate
High
Expected Concentrations of Cases or Vapors
Two to five
times TLV or
up to 1 000 ppm
No respirator,
or chemical
cartridge needed
Chemical car-
tridge
Canister gas
mask
Five to ten
times TLV or
1000-5000
ppm
Canister gas
mask
Canister gas
mask or air-
line respirator
Air- line res-
pirator
'Above ten
times TLV or
5000-20.000
ppm
Canister gas
mask or air-
line respirator
Air-line or
self-contained
air or oxygen
Self-contained
air or oxygen
Oxygen defi-
ciency! emer-
gency or above
20,000 ppm
Self-contained
air or oxygen
Self-contained
air or oxygen
Self-contained
air or oxygen
Nora:
(!) TLV refers to (he Threshold Limit Values for a number of substances published by
the American Conference of Govemmeniai Industrial Hygienins (see Section I and
wction 12).
(2) See Sections I and 2 for a discussion of toxkity ratings and (heir relation to TLV.
(3) When unavoidable conditions necessitate using respirators for longer periods (above
I hour), use equipment in a higher protective category than shown above.
(4) Subject to limitiaiions (Table II). hose-type respirators may be used in place of air
line.
21-48
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TRBLE J5-7b
Selection or Respirators for Emergency or Short-Term Use
on (he Basis of Hazard and Expected Concentration (Particuiates)
Toxieity
Expected Concentrations of Particulate Matter
(Dusts, Fumes and Mists)
Low
Moderate
or High (lox-
icity no
greater
than lead)
Extremely
High (toxicity
greater
than lead)
Two to five
times TLV
Respirator not
usually needed
Filter
Filter or air-
line respirator
Five to twenty
times TLV
Filter
Filler or air-
line respirator
Air-line res-
pirator
Above twenty
times TLV
Filter or air-
line respirator
Air-line or
self-contained
air or oxygen
Self-contained
lir or oxygen
Oxygen defi-
cient, crner*
gency. highly
corrosive
Where expo-
sure is to
extremely
corrosive
dusts or to
dusts in an
oxygen defi-
cient atmos-
phere, a self-
contained air
or oxygen
respirator
must be used.
(I) TLV refers to the Threshold Limit Values for • number of substances published by (he
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienisfs (Sections I, 12).
(2) See Sections I and 2 for a discussion of loxktty ratings and their relation to TLV's.
(3) Expected concentrations of paniculate matter have been thown only as multiples of the
threshold limit values, Where these values are not available, the following concentrations
may be used as a guide:
Mineral Ousts
2 to 5 (TLV) up to 90 mppcf•
S to 20 (TLV) SO to 1000 mppcf*
Above 20 (TLV) above 1000 mppcf*
(4) When unavoidable conditions necessitate using respirators Tor longer periods (above I
hour), use equipment in a Richer protective category than shown above.
(5) Subject to limitations (Table 2.1). hose-type respirators may be used in place of sir line.
• Mppcf - millions of particles per cubic foot.
Other Ousts. Fumes, and Mists
Up to 0.S milligrams per cubic meter
OJ 10 10 milligrams per cubic meter
Above 10 milligrams per cubic meter
21-49
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STUDENT EXERCISES
The following exercise has been developed to provide
practical experience for field crew selection of respirator and
cartridge type. Students should refer to charts and tables found
in the unit.
An EPA crew has been sent to a now defunct solvent recycling
company. A number of samples from a variety of environments must
be taken. Determine the respirator type, cartridge if
applicable, and rationale used for each selection.
I. Building A
Building A was used for storage and recyling of the
nonchlorinated solvent acetone. Air monitoring indicates the
oxygen level to be 20.1%, with the LEL for acetone at .30 or 30%.
A. Air-purifying type respirator (rationale)
B. Cartridge type (rationale)
C. Expected breakthrough time (rationale)
D. PF of type selected^
E. Maximum ppm this respirator is good for_
Calc.
F. Degree of warning properties - odor_
G. Air-supplyuing respirator (rationale)
II. Building B
Air monitoring indicates ammonia to be present at 50 ppm,
oxygen to be 19.8%.
A.
B.
C.
21-50
-------
D.
E. ,
F.
G.
H.
II. Building C
Air monitoring indicates perchlorothylene at 93 ppm, oxygen
at 19.0%.
H.
21-51
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OMIT 22
SAMPLING AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
Educational Objectives
o The student should be able to
list the essential steps in planning
sampling at a hazardous waste site.
o The student should be able to
list the conditions for each level of
personnel protection (A, Bf C).
o The student should be able to
describe a hazardous waste site
decontamination plan.
o The student should be able to
define the preliminary steps necessary
for a site survey.
o The student should be able to
list equipment included in each level of
personnel protection.
o The student should be able to
select the necessary personnel
protection for a known and unknown
waste.
o The student should be able to
define terms used in sampling drums.
o The student should be able to
describe the various methods of opening
drums safely and when to use each.
o The student should be able to
describe the procedure for sampling a
drum.
o The student should be able to
list the steps in cleaning and
decontaminating a coliwasa.
o The student should know the
hazards involved with sampling ponds and
lagoons.
o The student should know the
hazards involved with the sampling of
waste piles.
22-1
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UNIT 22
SAMPLING AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SUES
It is the opinion of many that
sampling at a hazardous waste site
represents the most dangerous
environment faced by field crews. Often
crews are faced with a multitude of
unknowns, in various physical states,
often in highly concentrated amounts and
in a variety of containers in dubious or
poor condition.
Such combinations of threats and
unknowns must be met with proper
planning, training and practice.
It is fitting to say that nearly
every unit in the Basic Field Training
Course can be put to use when preparing
to enter and sample a hazardous waste
site.
Planning and Preparation
Planning and preparation for an
investigation at a hazardous waste site
may in some cases take more time than
the investigation itself. There are
three essential activities in planning
work at a site.
Three essential activities in
planning work at a site are to:
* Obtain information about hazards
at the site.
* Decide on the personal protection
needed in different areas.
* Define the boundaries of
contaminated and decontamination areas.
As preparation for an investigation
of a hazardous waste site, personnel
need to:
* Prepare safety procedures and
ierjt.
* Gather all needed equipment
22-2
-------
NOTES
* Provide training and practice in
use of equipment and procedures.
* Conduct a preliminary survey to
get more detailed information.
The number of field personnel that
should be assigned to a hazardous waste
site investigation depends on the number
needed for safe use of protective
equipment, the length of time each
person can work under the particular
stresses of the job, and on the time
available for the investigation.
For example, a team of at least
three people is required for safe and
effective use of respiratory protection
and a team of five persons for use of
encapsulating suits, because of the
requirements for teamwork and stand-by
assistance. Working in air supplying
respirators will require a compressed
air supply, and extra cylinders or a
special compressor. Rest periods are
also required to reduce fatigue and heat
stress that are generated by the work
and by the use of the protective
equipment and clothing. The amount of
working time is also limited by the
activities of getting into and out of
protective equipment and decontaminating
it.
Obtaining Information
The first step in a waste site
investigation is obtaining information
about the hazard expected at the site
and about off-site sources of emergency
assistance and supplies.
Information About Site Hazards and
Conditions
Planning begins with gathering as
much information as possible about the
materials dumped at a site. The effort
may include a long search through
records, and interviews with former
employees and people living near the
22-3
-------
site. After information is gathered on
the identity of materials dumped, it may
be necessary to find out what is known
or suspected about the characteristics
and hazards of those materials.
Information about physical
conditions at the site should include
geologic and topographic maps, road
maps, and aerial photographs if
available. Data on the prevailing wind
and weather conditions expected at the
site can be very important for carrying
out the investigation safely.
Information should also be gathered
about conditions, at the site, which may
present safety and sampling problems,
such as soft or marshy areas, large or
unstable piles, and heaps of building
materials or large pieces of reinforced
concrete.
Off-Site Emergency Assistance and
Obtain information concerning off-
site emergency assistance and resources
at a hazardous waste site before the
investigation begins.
Find out if emergency medical
assistance is available, such as an
ambulance service or a fire department
paramedic team. Find out how to request
assistance and how to identify your
location.
Find out which nearby hospital has
Emergency Room service, and whether
there are laboratories nearby that can
perform useful tests in case of a
chemical exposure emergency.
If there is any possibility of fire
at the site, find out which fire
department will respond (if any), how to
contact the fire department that will
respond, and how to identify the site so
that they know where to respond.
Call all emergency numbers to find
if they are accurate and up-to-date,
22-4
-------
NOTES
since hazardous waste sites are often
remote from usual sources of supplies
and protective equipment. Find a source
of replacement supplies near the site or
take extra supplies. If there are
supplies that will be expended in great
quantity at the site, try to find a
company that stocks the items that will
be needed.
Routine replacement of compressed
breathing air should be arranged by
finding a fire department or company
that can provide a reliable supply. If
possible, get a sample of the air that
can be supplied and have it tested for
quality.
Deciding on Levels of Protection
Deciding on levels of protection to
be used at a hazardous waste site is an
important but difficult process based on
assessment of the known or suspected
hazards at the site. For the purpose of
choosing protective equipment, the
hazards can be grouped in three
categories: unknown or severe
respiratory hazards plus severe skin
exposure hazards; severe respiratory
hazards without severe skin exposure
hazards; and moderate respiratory
hazards with skin exposure unlikely.
Several categories of hazards and
the protection needed for each are as
follows;
For convenient reference, special
groupings of protective equipment have
been designated as different "levels of
protecion." EPA guidelines for
evaluating hazards and selecting
protective equipment are described in
detail later in this unit.
AIR
*IF
RESPt0VTb8!
22-5
-------
TABLE 1
Civil Protection Needed
Unknown or Severe Hazards A SCBA + Encapsulating Suits
Respiratory and
Skin Contact Hazards
Unknown or severe hazards which include respiratory and skin
contact hazards, require Level A protection which consists
essentially of SCBA and fully-encapsulating suits.
Unknown or Severe Hazards B SCBA + Protective Clothing
Respiratory Hazards
Little or no skin hazard
Unknown or severe hazards which include respiratory hazards
but little or no skin hazard, require Level B protection which
consists essentially of SCBA and protective clothing.
Moderate Hazards C Air-Purifying Respirators
Respiratory Hazards + Protective Clothing
Skin exposure unlikely
Moderate hazards which include limited respiratory hazards
but skin exposure is highly unlikely, require Level C protection
which consists of air purifying respirators and protective
clothing.
For ordinary work environments which do not have any unusual
chemical hazards. Level D protection consists of ordinary work
clothing.
22-6
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Defining Special Areas for
Gontamiiiation Control
An important part of planning an
investigation and the protective
equipment needed is defining special
areas for contamination control. This
requires defining the boundaries of the
contaminatd site and the location of the
decontamination area. For safety and
convenience, only one level of
protection should be required in each
special area. Unprotected personnel
should be excluded from these areas, by
procedure, by marking the areas or by
erection of a fence.
Preparation
Preparation should include
developing special operating safety
procedures, 'gathering necessary safety
and protective equipment, and training
personnel in use of protective
equipment•
Getting in and out of bulky
protective equipment, using it while
collecting samples, and following
emergency procedures should be practiced
in advance of actual work. Practice
will make it easier to carry out tasks
in the limited time provided by special
breathing apparatus. Practice will also
make it easier to work in special
protective equipment, with less stress.
If the planned sampling activities
require field personnel to carry out
operations that are not familiar, the
operations should be rehearsed,
particularly if they are hazardous or
critical.
Conducting a Preliminary Survey
Before an investigation begins at a
hazardous waste site, before collecting
hazardous waste samples or working at
the site, a preliminary survey should be
conducted to get the detailed
information needed for developing
22-7
-------
NOTES
specific safety and health plans and for
completing preparations. As one part
of the survey, it is important to
observe physical hazards, measure
atmospheric concentrations of
contaminants and gather other
information which can be used for
selecting the levels of protection that
will be required for subsequent sampling
and investigation.
Assessing Riysical Ha^c^rip
A preliminary survey should include
a thorough inspecton to assess physical
hazards at the site and make efforts to
identify hazardous materials from
container markings.
Look for and record problems such
as rough terrain, open waste ponds or
lagoons, unstable piles, bulged or
leaking drums, confined spaces, dead
vegetation, discolored soil, or standing
water.
Monitoring the Atmosphere
Part of the preliminary survey is
monitoring the atmosphere at the site
for concentrations of the contaminants
known, or likely, to be present in the
air at the site. If the contaminants
are not known, samples should be taken
for laboratory analysis.
Measure the concentrations of
organic vapors, including concentrations
of combustible gases and vapors, and
measure any ionizing radiation. Wind
speed and direction should also be
monitored.
Concentrations of organic vapors
can be measured by a combination of two
field instruments, an organic vapor
analyzer and a photoionizer. The
organic vapor analyzer is a portable
hydrocarbon analyzer with optional
capabilities for gas chromatography. It
can be used for monitoring total
22-8
-------
NOT£S
concentrations of hydrocarbons.
The response time of the organic
vapor analyzer is relatively long. It
does not respond fast enough to detect
vapors at a rapid walking speed.
Personnel using the analyzer and not
walking slowly, could walk into a high
concentration of vapors before the meter
could respond.
The photoionizer has a wide
detection range, but it too has a
relatively long response time, and it is
highly directional and must be held
close to a source before detection is
possible. High humidity and wind can
cause the photoionizer to give false
readings.
In the absence of other
information, the total vapor
concentrations measured during the
initial survey can be used to decide the
level of personal protection needed at a
hazardous waste site and in the
decontamination area.
If the total vapor concentrations
are unexpectedly high in areas outside
of that tentatively designated as the
contaminated area, the boundaries may
need to be enlarged.
Measuring Wind Speed and Direction
Wind speed and direction should be
measured during the initial survey and
during subsequent activities at a
hazardous waste site. The wind
indicator should be visible from all
points in the contaminated area at which
there may be leaks, so that personnel on
site can see which way to evacuate in
case there is a leak of vapor or gas.
If there are buildings or large piles of
waste on the site, there may be
microenvironments in which the wind does
not blow in the same direction as it
does on most of the site.
22-9
-------
NOTES
Levels of Protection
Protecting personnel from contact
with, or exposure to, chemicals at a
hazardous waste site depends to a large
extent on protective clothing and
equipment. Crew members should select
and use the combination of equipment
that will provide adequate protection,
without encumbering them any more than
necessary.
Definitions of how much protective
equipment is "necessary" are likely to
vary subjectively from "everything" by
an overly cautious person, to "very
little" by someone who is not concerned
about either immediate or delayed
consequences of exposure.
Personal Protective Equipment for
Hazardous Waste Sites
The personal protective equipment
recommended for work at hazardous waste
sites'consists of several types of
protective equipment or clothing:
1. Respiratory Protection, either
Air supplying or Air purifying.
2. Protective Clothing for Body
Protection.
3. Gloves and Boots for Hand and
Foot Protection.
4. Eye and Face Protection.
5. Head Protection.
6. Communication Equipment.
The major difference in the level
of protection recommended for different
degrees of hazard is in the selection of
respiratory protection and protective
clothing.
The maximum level of protection
available is called Level A, and it
includes:
22-10-
-------
NODES
SCBA that operates in the Positive
Pressure-Demand mode.
Fully-Encapsulating Suit with
Gloves and boots attached.
Second Set of Gloves.
Second Set of Boots.
Two-Way Radio.
The conditions requiring Level A
protection include the following:
Unknown Concentrations of Hazardous
Material.
Vapor Concentrations from 500 to
1000 ppm.
Concentrations Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH).
Material that Could Affect Skin or
Eyes.
Toxic Amounts of Material that
Could be Absorbed.
An Oxygen Deficiency.
Necessity to Enter Confined
Spaces or a Hazardous Environment
The next lower level of protection is
called Level B, and it includes:
SCBA operating in the Positive
Pressure-Demand Mode.
Hooded Suit that is Chemical
Resistant.
Gloves and Boots.
Second Set of Gloves.
Second Set of Boots.
Two-Way Radio.
22-11
-------
NOTES
The conditions requiring Level B
protection include:
Unknown Concentrations with a Skin
Risk that is Slight.
Vapor Concentrations from 5-500
ppm.
Concentrations Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH).
Concentrations Too High for an Air
Purifying Respirator.
Toxic Amounts that Could NOT Be
Absorbed Through Skin.
Oxygen Deficiency.
Confined Spaces or Hazardous
Environment.
The minimum acceptable level of
protection at a hazardous waste site is
Level C, and it includes:
Air Purifying Respirator with a
Pull-Face Mask.
Escape Mask.
Fire Resistant Coveralls.
Gloves (optional).
Cover Boots Over Shoes or Boots.
Eye Protection if for any reason a
full-face mask is not used.
Conditions requiring Level C protection
include vapor concentrations of less
than 5 ppm, in which an air purifying
respirator is acceptable.
Remember that the term "Level of
Protection" describes a combination of
equipment and clothing that should
provide protection against a particular
group of hazards. The levels of
22-12
-------
NOTES
protection provided should change if
hazards change. It is appropriate to
increase the level of protection
required in an area if the hazards
increase after a level of protection has
been chosen for work in that area.
Known Materials and Known Concentrations
Selection of appropriate
protective equipment to prevent contact
with or inhalation of excessive amounts
of toxic chemicals is relatively easy if
personnel know what chemicals they will
be exposed to and at what
concentrations. Then it is possible to
pick a respirator which will protect
against the inhalation hazard and the
clothing which will protect against skin
contact.
However, simply selecting
protective equipment for a known
exposure concentration may lead to
problems. Concentrations can change.
Containers can rupture or leak and
release more material, the wind can
shift or change velocity and the sun can
increase the pressure within containers
and increse evaporation from exposed
liquids. Using equipment with very
little margin for safety or with
protection against only a limited range
of materials could lead to trouble if
concentrations increase or if other
materials should be released into the
immediate environment.
Unknown Materials or Unknown
Concentrations
It is much more difficult to select
an appropriate level of protection if
the potential exposures are to unknown
hazardous materials, or to unknown
concentrations. To prepare for these
situations, EPA has developed some
guidelines for judging the hazards and
selecting protective equipment.
At a waste site, the basic
presumption is that there can be
22-13
-------
NOTES
exposure to hazardous materials and that
protective clothing and equipment must
be used. (Any assumption otherwise
should be made only if there is strong
evidence that there is no hazard of
adverse exposures to the respiratory
system, skin or eyes.)
If the potental exposure includes
both inhalation and skin contact
hazards, the basic protection required
is SCBA and fully-encapsulating suits,
which are designed to prevent
penetration even of vapors and gases.
SCBA and fully-encapsulating suits are
part of Level A protection.
If the potential exposure hazard is
limited to inhalation hazards only, the
basic protection required is self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA),
which is part of Level B protection.
Special Hazardous Areas
Level A or B protection is required
for entry into special hazardous areas
such as confined spaces, oxygen-
deficient atmospheres, and
concentrations of toxic materials that
are Immediately Dangerous to Life or
Health.
Vapor Concentration!!
IE organic vaporn nf. unknown
identity are present in total
concentrations greater than 5 ppm, Level
A or B protection is required. Level B
protection is required for
concentrations from 5 to 500 ppm, and
Level A protection is required if the
total organic vapor concentration is
over 500 ppm.
Experience with use of portable
that vapor concentrations around 5 ppm
result when the measurements are taken
close to a main source of contamination,
22-U-
-------
NOTES
and that the concentration will not
routinely approach or exceed 500 ppm
except inside a closed building or
in a contaminant spill area.
Protection for Preliminary Sirveys
The minimum protection recommended
for a preliminary survey of a hazardous
waste site is self-contained breathing
apparatus and Level B protection. This
assumes that exposure of areas of the
skin unprotected by Level B protective
clothing is expected to be either
unlikely or not hazardous. If materials
are present which are likely to be
absorbed through the skin, Level A
protection is recommended.
The only conditions where limited
protective clothing (Level C) may be
acceptable at a hazardous waste site
are:
1. Taking environmental samples or
making environmental measurements in the
vicinity of the site, but out of areas
likely to be highly contaminated.
2. Making preliminary surveys
where the hazards of the waste are known
and there is not likely to be any
significant contact because the material
is confined, ventilated by the wind, or
does not release hazardous
concentrations under conditions at the
time of the survey.
Work Limitations in Protective Equipment
In assigning work and assesing its
effects, keep in mind the work
limitations in protective equipment.
Wearing any protective clothing or
equipment increases the weight carried,
the breathing effort and the heat load.
The incrased heat load from working in
an encapsulating suit is great enough to
require careful attention to prevent
severe heat stress effects. (Guidelines
for assessing environmental and
physiological factors and managing heat
22-15'
-------
NOTES
stress are provided in the unit on heat
and cold stress.)
Using protective equipment may make
it necessary to reduce the maximum
working period between breaks and the
total working time per day. The working
time for which it is safe to allow a
person to wear protective equipment
depends on the physical work load and on
the heat load. Under "normal"
conditions, it is recommended that
personnel work in respirators and
protective suits for no more than about
three hours in one day. Under hot
conditions, the on-site working time may
be as little as 20 minutes at one time,
and as little as 2 hours in one working
day.
Contamination Control Areas
One means of simplifying the choice
of personal protective equipment
required at a hazardous waste site is to
establish clearly-marked contamination
control areas in which contamination
levels will be considered uniform. If
these areas are defined and used
correctly, only one level of protection
will be required in each area.
The first special area to be
established is the contaminated area.
If the hazardous waste and exposure to
the waste can be kept within a fenced
area, defined as the contaminated area,
protective equipment for that exposure
hazard will not need to be used outside
of the fence.
Since walking, sampling and working
in the contaminated area of a hazardous
waste site can contaminate shoes,
sampling equipment and other equipment,
there should be a decontamination area
to reduce the spread of hazardous waste
beyond the boundaries of the controlled
areas.
One of the important reasons for
22-16
-------
NOTES
marking the boundaries of the
contaminated area and controlling entry
and egress is to prevent tracking and
transfer of hazardous material into
areas that are cleaner.
The third special area that needs
to be designated for work at a hazardous
waste site is the clean area, or the
support area, which can be kept
uncontaminated for storage of supplies
and for communication and control
activities.
Contaminated Area
There will be a problem of setting
boundaries when the site includes waste
containers which, if opened, can release
hazardous vapors. If space is
available, the contaminated area can be
made large enough to provide adequate
distance for vapors to dissipate. If
space is limited, sampling activities
will have to be conducted in a way that
will minimize evaporation.
Boundaries of the contaminated area
may have to be changed if more hazardous
waste is uncovered at the site or if
operations begin to spread contamination
beyond the boundaries.
Access to the contaminated area
should be limited to one or two points
at which protective equipment will be
put on when entering and removed when
leaving. Part of the access area should
be reserved for clean equipment and part
for decontamination.
Decontamination Area
A decontamination area should be
set up at the point of entrance to and
exit from the contaminated area, so that
everything coming out of the
contaminated area can be cleaned to
prevent spread of contamination.
22-17-
-------
NOTES
Support Area
Supplies, showers, generator and
other equipment for work at the waste
site should be in a support area located
where it will remain uncontaminated and
"clean." No protective clothing should
be needed in the clean area.
The support area should be located
where it is accessible to the
decontamination area and where it can be
reached from a road. Generally, the
support area should be upwind and uphill
from the contaminated area.
Control and Comnunication Area
In the clean support area there
needs to be a location that is
identified and equipped for
communication and for control of
activities at the hazardous waste site.
(This location is sometimes referred to
as the Command Post.)
Decontamination
An important but difficult task at
a waste site is preventing or reducing
the spread, of hazardous material, by
sampling and other activities at the
site. Ideally, all contamination that
is picked up on samples, sampling
apparatus, protective equipment and
other items used at the site is removed
at the site and left there.
Decontamination is difficult even
if the contaminants are known and
effective cleaning materials are
available. Protective clothing, gloves,
and boots can sometimes absorb and
retain contamination, making
decontamination difficult or impossible.
If this is a problem, disposable
protective clothing or protective
coverings are recommended.
While it would be ideal if all
contamination could be removed within
the decontamination area at the waste
22-18
-------
NOTES
site, it may only be possible to remove
major contamination or to reduce the
contamination to a level that is
reasonably safe. Equipment can be
packaged for subsequent testing and
decontamination.
Since it is virtually impossible to
prevent transfer of contaminants from
protective clothing to the wearer, even
though careful techniques are used, one
of the important ways of protecting
personnel is to decontaminate the
protective clothing before it is
removed. This difficult task requires
protectiwe equipment for the personnel
who assist, and it requires speed if a
person in a fully-encapsulating suit has
little breathing air left.
Unless the contamination is severe,
the level of protection required for
helpers working in the Decontamination
Area will probably be Level C with air
purifying respirators.
If the waste at a site is
considered extremely toxic, personnel
should have an opportunity to wash and
shower, preferably at the site.
Decontamination generally consists
of washing the contaminated item,
followed by rinsing or a series of
rinsings. The washing should be done
with a cleaning material which will most
effectively remove the contamination.
If the contaminant is known, the
cleaning solution should be one which
will dissolve or react with the
contaminant to change its form,
composition or solubility (without
destroying the protective material). If
the contaminant is unknown, the solution
will probably have to be detergent and
water.
22-19'
-------
NOTES
Contaminated Solutions and Equipment
The appropriate steps for handling
contaminated solutions and equipment are
to collect them for proper disposal,
store them within the contaminated area,
and decontaminate or package them for
later decontamination.
Decontaminating solutions should be
collected fo proper disposal.
The solutions and supplies such as
brushes and sponges can be stored within
the contaminated area (if it is fenced).
Protective equipment can be cleaned
in the decontamination area, and
cleaning solutions can be collected and
disposed of properly.
It is generally appropriate to
leave the decontaminating solutions and
supplies in the contaminated area at the
waste site since the quantity of
hazardous waste at the site is not
changed significantly by doing so. If,
however, the decontaminating solutions
are solvents which when used become
hazardous waste, they must be disposed
of as required by the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. (This
should be planned for in advance so that
the waste can be packaged and disposed
of safely and conveniently.)
Equipment which cannot be
decontaminated or which has been
contaminated with extremely toxic
material may have to be packaged at the
site and decontaminated later under
controlled conditions.
Collection of Samples
Generally, the most intermittent
and immediate exposure to hazardous
chemicals comes during the process of
sample collection. Both the immediate
dangers of fire, explosion, injury or
splash, and of contamination are highest
at this point. Personnel should
22-20
-------
carefully plan the collection activity
to minimize danger as well as contact.
A carefully thought out and practiced
procedure will insure proper equipment,
and help foresee difficulties and
hazards.
Not all sampling situations can be
foreseen or discussed. This Unit will
concentrate or. the most frequent and
most hazardous situations normally
encountered by EPA personnel.
Drums
The 55-gallon drum has become
synonymous with hazardous waste
disposal. It is the most frequently
used container for disposal. Because of
the drum's frequent appearance at
hazardous waste dump sites and the
number of problems associated with
sampling it, special precautions and
techniques must be followed.
Safety
Safety considerations for these
operations must be considered. During
puncturing and sampling, the operator
must be protected from accidents. The
following safety equipment is a mind mum
requirement: rubber boots, rubber
gloves, safety glasses, and a hard hat.
Equipment for puncturing has been
designed to remove the operators from
the puncturing area to a distance of at
least 50 feet, where they may be
protected by barriers. Material
handling equipment — backhoes, fork
lift trucks, tractors, etc., should be
shielded to protect the operators from
any spraying or spillage of the chemical
in the drum.
Equipment
All tools used for drum opening
should be of non-sparking construction,
i.e., drum hand wrench, and air or
22-21
-------
NOTES
hydraulic operated tools. A trade-off
was made on the drum plungers described
elsewhere in the Unit. Stainless steel
was chosen instead of bronze because it
is more durable. However, stainless
steel is more capable of generating a
spark, and for that reason, the minimum
recommended distance for operators from
the plunger during operations is
greater.
Air and hydraulic equipment should
have hoses of such a length as to
remove the operators to a safe area.
All drum handling equipment —
backhoes, fork trucks, tractors, etc.,
should have polycarbonate or comparable
shields to prevent operators from being
injured by a release. The drum handling
equipment would be more efficient if a
utility type irdustrial tractor were
used. These tractors can be designed
to be equipped with the following
attachments: backhoe, a drum handling
attachment with the ability to invert a
drum, a front-end bucket, and an
attachment for the front-end bucket
which would allow the use of forks fcr
equipment loading and unloading.
Operators shall wear prescribed
safety equipment when opening or
sampling drums , as described in an
earlier section of this Unit.
Layout
The drums at the site should be
placed in a marshaling area cr arranged
in a manner which will allow sampling
personnel to work at the task of
sampling without moving the drums.
Rows, usually two drums deep with an
aisle space between, are adequate.
Drums that can be opened with hand
tools should be opened and sampled in
place.
22-22
-------
NCOES
Those drums that cannot be opened
with hand tools must be opened with a
puncturing device.
At. no time should an operator work
alone in an area where sampling or
puncturing is being performed.
Only the large bung will be removed
for sampling.
Drums are to be arranged in a
vertical position for puncturing and
sampling.
Definitions
Structurally Sound Drum - A drum
which can be handled wit.h mechanized
equipment without rupturing or
puncturing.
Structurally Unsound Drum - High
risk drum which is capable of being
handled but with extreme- caution, and is
in one of the followirrg categories:
a. A drum which has a bulged
head which is most likely due to
internal gas pressure.
b. A dru/n which is bulged on
the side or bottom most likely due to
freezing and expansion of the contents.
c. A drum which has been
deformed due to mishandling.
Drum with No Structural Integrity -
A drum widen has corroded tc the extent
that only portions of the drum rs-main
or with the drum liner exposed.
Marking - A system of marking the
drum and the sample collected frcir the
drum fcr later reference.
Identification Marking - A system
of marking the drum which identifies the
contents of the drum, to assist in the
task of consolidation.
22-23-
-------
NOTES
Small Drum Site - A disposal site
with one to 300 drums that does not
warrant the use of a mechanized sampling
system.
Medium Drum Site - A disposal site
of 300 to 700 drums that warrants the
use of mechanized equipment, but not so
large as to require a production type of
operation.
Large Drum Site - A disposal of
over 700 drums which will require the
use of production type of puncturing
procedures.
Controlled Area - Designated area
where drums can be sampled and/or
punctured while;
a. limiting access to only
personnel involved with sampling or
puncturing,
b. providing for the ability
to recover the contents if the drum
should rupture, and
c. providing adequate fjre
and saf&ly precautions for personnel as
prescibed by the site manager.
Puncturing Methods
All of the methods listed below are
designed to r era we the operators from
the equipment area for maximum safety.
Remote Drum Conveyor Method - The
remote drum conveyor method is
recommended for large drum sites (see
Figure 1), It is net recommended tbct
drums be adjacent to each other during
puncturing in case fire or explosion
should occur. A pan is included with a
drain to recover any liquid spilled from
a ruptured dzt:jp. The per- should be
emptied after each spillage.
Backhoe Method - The bachhoe method
is a modification of the standard single
drum grabber rr.echani;.nf>. A hydraulic
cylinder (see Figure 2} has been added
22-24
-------
NCJEES
with a franse to provide a plunger to
puncture the top of the drum. The
backhoe v/ould grab a drum, relocate it
over a spill containment, pan an
-------
ro
to
55 GAL. DRUM
CONVEYOR
DRAIN TO VACUUM TRUCK,
WASTE RECOVERY SYSTEM
OR TANK
— FIG. I —
REMOTE
LOCATION
NEEDLE VALVE
3 WAY VALVE
APPROX. 50FL OF HOSE
AIR/HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
H
SPLASH PLATE °J
REPLACEABLE. 316 STAINLESS
STEEL CONICAL PLUNGER
(3 IN. DIA. X 4 IN. LG.}
DOORS C 2 SIDES)
SPILL CONTAINMENT PAN &,
SUPPORT FRAME (75 GAL CAPACITY)
BELT CONVEYOR
FORK LIFT SLOTS
REMOTE DRUM PLUNGER ARRANGEMENT
AND CONTAINMENT BOOTH
-------
Nl
to
I
ro
BACKHOE
ARM (REP.)
HYDRAULIC LINES
ADAPTER BRACKET
DRAIN TO VACUUM TRUCK,
WASTE RECOVERY SYSTEM
OR TANK
HYDRAULIC CYL.
WITH 6 IN. STROKE
SPLASH PLATE
REPLACEABLE 316
STAINLESS STEEL
CONICAL PLUNGER
(3IN.DIA.X 4IN.LG.)
STANDARD SINGLE
DRUM GRABBER
55 GALLON DRUM
M
— J*t
^^
, 1
L_ L
LL
^
__j
ASLOPE J_
™«B
SPILL C
PAN (P<
75 GAL
- FIG. 2 -
BACKHOE DRUM PLUNGER ARRANGEMENT
-------
NOTES
Portable Drum Opening Method - The
portable drum opener can be attached to
the top lip of a drum if it has not
corroded away/ or it can be banded
arourd the drun? as shewn in Figure 3.
This method should be used only if the
drums are structurally sound, or are in
an area where a spill due to rupture
could be controlled easily and
recovered. If puncturing occurs in the
field, all personnel must, be notified
and cleared from t.he area before
puncturing. The hoses for t-he portable
opener should be at least SO feet long
to remove the personnel from the dnim to
be opened. Other drums should not be
relied upon to shield personnel.
22-28
-------
FIGURE 3
SOFT. MINIMUM
H
AIR/HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER WITH
6 IN. STROKE
ADJUSTABLE
SLIDE
REMOTE
LOCATION
•A
V
DRUM LIP
CLAMP
^^f
I
3 WAY
VALVE \
NEEDLE
VALVE
-J
CHAIN BAND
ATTACHMENT
(USE WHEN DRUM
LIP CLAMP WON'T
HOLD DUE TO
LIP CORROSION}
SPLASH PLATE
REPLACEABLE 316
STAINLESS STEE
CONICAL PLUNGE!
(3 IN. DIA.X 4IN.L<
ADJUSTABLE
TENSIONER
CLAMP
— FIG.3 —
PORTABLE DRUM PLUNGER
22-29-
-------
NOTES
Assessment of Each Drum - Fach drum
should be checked fcr bulges, buckling,
deformations, and corrosion. If a drum
has beer, subjected to any of the
aforementioned abuses, the drum will be
classified as a high risk drum.
Treatment of the high risk drums will be
addressed later. All other drums can be
classified as structurally sound druirs.
Structurally Sound Drums - These
drums present the least amount of risk
of rupture during mechanical handling.
A responsible member of the sampling
party should determine whether the drums
can be opened or punctured and sampled
in place. This dec: si en will be based
on the extent of clean-up in case of
rupture, the danger involved in a
rupture and o<:hf-r factors such as the
size of site and di-um spacing. Whenever
possible, it is safest to puncture or
sample in a controlled area.
Opening the Drum - The first step
is to use the manual hand wrench. Only
the large bung should have to be
re-moved. Caution must be t&>f>n to avoid
causing a spark which would detonate an
explosive gas mixture-, in the drum.
SJcwly lc-f:«;n the bung to allow ar.y gas
pressure to escape. Om-.e the bur.g is
removed, f;he drum is ready to be
sampled. If the bung cannot be remt.-ved,
the drum will nave to be punctured.
Sampling the Drum - See the section
cm Scinipling Procedures.
Puncturing and Sampling in the
Field - After it has been determined"
that the- bung cannot be opened, the drum
will have to be punctured. The metlxtfs
for puncturing are listed below toeed on
site size.
Small Drum Site - If the number of
drums js snail, the methcd most ccst
effective would be the potable plunger
method (see Figt.re !•). This mechanism
can be attached tc the top
-------
NOTES
approximately 50 feet long enable the
operator to stand clear of the drum
during puncturing. (All personnel
should evacuate the area during this
operation due to the possibility of an
explosion.) After puncturing, the
is ready to be f-
Medium Drum Site - When the number
of drums is between 300-700, the bsckhoe
method wil] be the most effective
ipethod. With the backhce- iceMiocl .ihov-n
:.n Ficure 2, the. pu.-.cturing can be done
with the drum sitting in a pan to catch
any liquid if the drum ruptures. Care
must be taken to insure that no
personnel are in the area during
puncturing. After puncturing, the drum
can be situated for the sampling team to
complete the sampling procedure.
Large Drum Site - If the number of
drums is large, a mechanized conveyor
method is recommended for puncturing
drums (see Figure 1). With the conveyor
method, drums should not be adjacent to
each other while being punctured for
safety reasons in case of an explosion
or Sire.
Structurally Unsound Drums - These
drums are high risk drums; that is, they
could rupture during mechanical
handling. Therefore, extreme caution
and safety methods should be used when
sampling these drums. Due to the high
risk nature, all of these drums should
be punctured and sampled in a controlled
area. The controlled area should be
away from any other drums in case of an
explosion or fire, it should have
limited access both for personnel and
traffic and it should have stringent
fire and safety precautions. Puncturing
of high risk drums should be done in a
catch pan for safety and ease of clean-
up in case of a drum rupture. The
methods of puncturing are the same as
for the structurally sound drums.
22-31
-------
• NOTES
Drums With No Structural Integrity
- These are drums which have little of
the drum shell left due to corrosion or
punctures. These drums may have liners
which are easily ruptured. The use of a
vacuum system to remove a sample and the
contents of the drum is the optimum
method of handling these drums. In
preparation for this, if there is any
room around the drum, dig a "moat" to
contain the contents of the drum. If
the drum ruptures during the attempt to
get a sample, the sample can be
obtained from the moat, and the
remaining liquid can be pumped into a
new drum.
Sampling Procedures - Wear
necessary protective clothing and gear.
Choose the plastic or glass
COLIWASA for the liquid waste to be
sampled, and assemble the sampler as
shown in Figure 4.
Make sure that the sampler is
relatively clean. Any solids should be
removed and the sampler drained to
prevent reactions before further
sampling is attempted.
Check to make sure the sampler is
functioning properly. Adjust, if
necessary, the locking mechanism to make
sure the neoprene rubber stopper
provides a tight closure.
Put the sampler in the open
position by placing the stopper rod
handle in the T-position and pushing the
rod down until the handle sits against
the sampler's locking block.
Slowly lower the sampler into the
liquid waste. Lower the sampler at a
rate which permits the levels of the
liquid inside and outside the sampler
tube to be about the same. If the level
of the liquid in the sampler tube is
lower than that outside the sampler, the
sampling rate is too fast and a
nonrepresentative sample will be
obtained.
22-32
-------
TAPERED
STOPPER
-11
T-HANOLE^^f
|
* — A-
V
^
i
i
i
I
'1
|i
1 9
\.
l|
i
!
ii
1
i
1
l
3 •
L5
6.35 CM (2^ x
>/
LOCK ING '
BLOCK
»2 M (5-0")
—2.86 CM (|gl
\
17.8 CM (7")
1 /
4 10.2 CM (4*)
1 t
• 0
["^—STOPPER ROD, PVC
0.95 CM (1") O.D.
1 6
1
^— _^ gC ••
— -PIPE, PVC, 4.13 CM (||) I.D.
1 7«« tt
, 4.26 CM (lilO.D.
1 rl
|l
ll
l|
I .-STOPPER, NEOPRENE, *9 WITH
» S |MS.S. OR PVC NUT AND
WASHER
SAMPLING POSITION
CLOSE POSITION
FIG.4
COMPOSITE LIQUID WASTE SAMPLER (CQLIWASA^
-------
NOTES
When the sampler stopper hits the
bottom of the waste container, push the
sampler tube downward against the
stopper to close the sampler. Lock the
sampler in the closed position by
turning the T-handle until it is upright
and one end tightly rests on the locking
block. (It should be noted that this
sampler will not sample the botton one-
two inches of the drummed material, nor
will it sample solids.)
Slowly withdraw the sampler from
the waste container with one hand while
wiping the sampler tube with a
disposable cloth or rag with the other
hand. Place the cloth into an
appropriate container.
Carefully discharge the sample into
a suitable container by slowly opening
the sampler. This is done by slowly
pulling the lower end of the T-handle
away from the locking block while the
lower end of sampler is in the sample
container.
Sample Container - Be sure the
sample container has a wide-mouth large
enough for the Coliwasa to fit into and
the container size is sufficient to hold
the volume contained in the Coliwasa.
Also be sure the sample container
material and its cap are compatible with
the collected waste. Polyvinyl chloride
sample bottles should be used for acids
and bases and other water soluble
materials. Glass, preferably with a
safety plastic coat, should be used for
hydrocarbons and solvents. Bakelite
tops with Teflon seals should be used
with glass bottles.
After the sample bottle has been
securely closed, invert the sample
bottle a few times to check for leaks.
Regardless of whether visible leaks
are detectable or not, wipe the bottles
with rags to remove any wastes on the
outside. The rags should be disposed of
at the site, as are other hazardous
22-34
-------
NOTES
wastes. All sample bottles should be
thoroughly decontaminated in the proper
area before being shipped off site.
Marking the Sample and Drum - After
the sample has been taken, cap the
sample container, attach the label, and
mark the drum with paint or other
indelible marking system. The marking
system should correspond to the proposed
laboratory sample marking protocol. Put
a plastic cap over the drum, or
reinstall the bung, to prevent any
liquid (rain, etc.) from entering. Do
not mark the cover as it may be blown
off by wind.
Sampler - Although the Coliwasa and
its improved models remain the most
frequently used sampler for liquids, the
problem of cleaning and decontamination
have yet to find simple solutions.
Court cases and Agency enforcement
actions are highly dependent on the
integrity of the sample, hence the
sampling procedure and the cleanliness
of the equipment used are very
important. Furthermore, subsequent
handlers of sampling equipment seldom
have protective gloves on during the
initial handling, storing, and
transporting of equipment. Agency crew
members should take care to practice
Coliwasa decontamination procedures
before entering a site. The following
steps are recommended between each
sampling and before leaving the site:
I. Select the type of body tube
that is compatible with the suspected
material to be sampled. PVC tubes are
best for acids, bases, or other water-
based substances. Glass is best for
hydrocarbons such as solvents. The
Coliwasa tube is designed to be
economical enough for disposal if
cleaning and decontamination prove to be
difficult or impractical. Always take
extra tubes with the sampler.
22-35
-------
NOTES
2. While raising the filled
Coliwasa from the barrel, wipe the
excess from the outside with a
disposable rag. Hold a rag under the
tube as it is lifted to the sample
container.
3. Secure the sample bottle from
tipping over. Slowly release the
Coliwasa T-handle to prevent the
contents from splashing.
4. Using a long-handled brush,
rags, and a solvent, clean the tube both
inside and out.
5. Using a separate brush and
rags, wash with soap and water, then
rinse with clean water.
6. Before sampling again, inspect
the tube for signs of deterioration due
to chemical incompatibility.
7. All wash materials must be
decontaminated or disposed of on site as
a hazardous waste.
Ponds and Lagoons
The threat from ponds and lagoons
comes from both chemical hazards and
physical hazards such as drowning.
Representative sampling procedures
usually require five or six samples that
include both the aqueous phase and the
bottom sludge material. During the
sampling, it is common practice to lean
or reach as far away from the bank as
possible, increasing the danger of
slipping or falling into the pond. The
following safety precautions should be
observed:
1. Wear protective gear including
boots, gloves, and splash goggles.
2. Always sample with two people
present.
3. Wear a life preserver or a
safety line held by an assistant.
22-36
-------
NQHES
4. Remember, a sample container
when full, particularly at the end of a
long pole, will weigh considerably more
that when empty. Such an unanticipated
strain may cause the sample taken to
over-balance and fall into the pond.
If possible, lift samples straight up,
using the power of the legs rather than
the back or arms.
If the sampling is being done over
the side of a boat, the added weight of
a full sampler may be sufficient to
cause the boat to tip or rock
dangerously. Notify other passengers in
the boat when you are about to lift the
full sampler. Such warnings will allow
passengers to prepare to counterbalance
the affects of the weighted sample being
lifted.
Samplers should be emptied into
sample containers in a spill pan to
catch spillage, drippings, or overflow.
Such pans facilitate cleanup and
decontamination. Gear such as samplers
and sampler lines, should be stored in
the pans, rather than the bottom of the
boat where decontamination and cleanup
are difficult.
Haste Piles
Hazardous materials stored in waste
piles are frequently of a small granular
size, such as sand and dust. The
particles frequently are easily blown,
as dust, when the hazardous materials
are disturbed, or dropped into the tops
of open boots or shoes. Agency crews
should wear, as a minimum, protective
gear including air purifying,
particulate removing, respirators;
protective coveralls; boots that can be
laced up and taped inside of pant legs;
gloves, and protective eye gear.
Waste piles should be approached
from up wind. Large piles, or piles
near or inside of buildings with open
sides, are prone to whirlpool or
22-37
-------
NOTES
multiple-direction gusts. Efforts
should be made to disturb the pile as
little as possible, minimizing the
amount of dust.
While you are in the vicinity of
pile, clothing, boots, and other gear
contaminated with the dust should be
thoroughly rinsed down to remove dust.
22-38
-------
STUDENT EXERCISES
For sampling at the following hazardous waste sites,
describe the type of protective gear and the rationale used for
the selection.
A. 1. Known Waste - Hydrogen Cyanide
2. Vapor Concentration - 3 ppm
3. Oxygen - 21*
4. Wind - 20 mph
5. Site - Open Field
6. Containers - Drums
Rationale
Protective Gear
Level
B. 1. Unknown
2. Vapor Concentration - 25 ppm
3. Oxygen - 18.1%
4. Wind - 0
5. Site - Building
6. Containers - Drums
22-39
-------
Rationale
Protective Gear
Level
C. 1. Known Haste - Trichloroethane
2. Vapor Concentration - 4 ppm
3. Oxygen - 21%
4. Wind - 10-15 mph
5. Site - Open
6. Containers - Tank
Rationale
Protective Gear
Level
22-40
-------
D. 1. Known Waste - Chloroacetic Acid
2. Vapor Concentration - 0
3. Oxygen - 21.1%
4. Wind - 5-10 mph
5. Site - Open
6. Containers - Drums
Rationale
Protective Gear
Level
If all of the above were represented at the same site:
Rationale
Protective Gear
22-41'
-------
Level
22-42
-------
UNIT 23
SHIPPING REGULATIONS FOR CHEMICALS AND SAMPLES
Educational Objectives
o The student should know how to
use the Hazardous Material Tables.
o The student should know how to
label a Hazardous Material Sample.
o The student should know the
definitions needed to ship a hazardous
material properly.
o The student should know how to
ship Environmental Samples.
o The student should know the Rules
for Placarding.
o The student should know the DOT
Hazard Label Priority.
o The student should know the rules
prohibiting certain types of hazardous
materials.
23-1
-------
UNIT 23
SHIPPING REGULATIONS FOR CHEMICALS AND SAMPLES
NOTES
Introduction
Preventing spills, fires and
explosions of hazardous materials during
transportation is a major goal of the
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
In order to protect the environment, the
public, and transportation employees
from such incidents, the DOT has
developed and adopted rigorous standards
for packaging and identifying hazardous
materials that are shipped by any mode
of transportation.
The DOT standards must be followed
if you ship hazardous chemicals or
samples by any means of transportation
other than an EPA vehicle. DOT stan-
dards must also be followed for any
chemical, sample or hazardous material
you may take with you (or check in your
baggage) on a flight by scheduled or
chartered aircraft. Some materials
(such as nitric acid) are considered so
hazardous that they are totally
prohibited from being shipped or carried
on aircraft.
The DOT standards can serve as a
useful guide for handling field samples
and the chemicals and solvents needed
for field activities. Familiarity witti
the principles of the regulations can
help you package and identify hazardous
materials for your protection even if
they are not regulated by DOT.
There is another use that can be
made of information in the DOT
standards. If personnel ever have to
respond to a transportation spill of
hazardous materials, they can obtain
important information about the identity
of the materials carried in the vehicle
from the DOT-required shipping papers,
placards and identification numbers.
New DOT regulations require cargo tanks
and tank trucks to be marked on all four
sides with a four-digit number
23-2
-------
NOTES
identifying the specific material being
carried, and the DOT has published a
list of the numbers and corresponding
hazardous materials.
This unit will outline the general
requirements of DOT regulations that may
apply to Agency personnel:
classification of hazards, packaging,
marking and labeling, shipping papers,
and loading and placarding vehicles.
This unit will also describe how EPA has
interpreted the regulations for handling
environmental samples and hazardous
waste samples.
General Requirements
DOT regulations specify that no
person may offer a hazardous material
for transportation by any commercial
carrier within the United States unless
that material meets a series of specific
safety requirements.
The regulations list materials
which must not be shipped by or carried
on aircraft, and some that are so
sensitive to explosion that they cannot
be shipped by any mode of
transportation.
Shipments of hazardous material
must first be properly classified for
their hazards. The DOT regulations
require that "each person who offers a
hazardous material for transportation
shall describe the hazardous material on
the shipping paper," and shall include
details on the classification of the
material. Hazardous materials must be
prepared and packaged safely for ship-
ment, and the packages and shipping
containers must be marked and labeled to
show the hazards of the contents.
The DOT regulations also include
requirements for loading vehicles and
for marking vehicles with warning
placards and material identification
numbers.
23-3
-------
NOTES
The DOT has established specific
definitions of Hazardous Materials, and
has recently broadened its regulations
to define and regulate Hazardous
Substances and Hazardous Waste. DOT
regulations for hazardous materials that
are shipped in low concentrations or
small quantities are not as restrictive
as the regulations for commercial
concentrations or quantities.
"Hazardous material" is defined as
a substance or material which has been
determined to be capable of posing an
unreasonable risk to health, safety, and
property when transported in commerce,
and which has been so designated by the
Secretary of Transportation.
"Hazardous substance" is a category
that has been added to the DOT
regulations in cooperation with the
Environmental Protection Agency.
Substances which have long term health
effects in the environment, such as
PCB's, have been added to the DOT
regulations. Such substances are
identified in DOT tables by an E, and
their reportable quantities in case of
spill have been listed.
"Hazardous waste" is defined as any
material subject to the hazardous waste
manifest requirements of EPA
regulations, or any that would be
subject to those requirements if there
were no interim authorization to a
state.
"Passenger-carrying aircraft" is
defined as an aircraft that carries any
person other than a crewmember, company
employee, an authorized representative
of the United States or a person
accompanying the shipment.
"Cargo-only aircraft" is defined as
an aircraft that is used to transport
cargo and is not engaged in carrying
passengers.
23-4
-------
NOTES
"Vessel" includes every description of
watercraft used or capable of being used
as a means of transportation on the
water.
"STC" or single-trip container is a
container that may not be refilled and
reshipped after having been previously
emptied, except as provided in DOT
regulations.
"NRC" or non-reusable container is
a container whose reuse is restricted in
accordance with the provisions of DOT
regulations.
"Carrier" means any person, group
or company engaged in the transportation
of passengers or property by civil
aircraft, or by land or water, as a
common, contract or private carrier.
Classification of Hazards
Safe shipment of hazardous material
depends on packaging and handling which
provide protection for the specific
hazards of the material. In order to
provide appropriate protection, it is
necessary to identify the hazards.
Samples which must be transported
for laboratory analysis may, if a
reasonable doubt exists as to the hazard
class and labeling requirements, be
given a tentative classification based
upon the:
o definitions of hazards in the DOT
regulations
o highest ranked hazard
classifications in which it fits, and
the
o shipper's knowledge of the
material.
Although the DOT regulations list
and define twenty different hazard
classifications, all of them fit within
two broad categories:
23-5
-------
NOTES
Fire and explosion hazards,
Health hazards,
Fire and explosion hazards include
the following classes of material:
Explosives,
Radioactive materials that
could be explosive,
Flammable gases, liquids, and
solids (including those that are
spontaneously combustible or water-
reactive) ,
Pyrophoric liquids,
Combustible liquids,
Oxidizers and organic
peroxides, and
Compressed gas cylinders.
Health hazards include the following
classes of material:
Poisonous materials (gases,
1iquids, so1ids),
Etiologic agents (disease
microorganisms or toxins),
Radioactive materials,
Corrosive materials, and
Irritating materials.
The DOT regulations define each
classifications of hazardous materials
and provide convenient Tables listing
the classifications for many commonly-
used materials. However, the
regulations apply to all materials which
meet any of the specific definitions,
whether or not they are listed in the
Tables. In preparing to ship a material
which may be hazardous, first look to
see if it is listed in the Tables; if it
23-6
-------
NOTES
is not, then determine whether it is
hazardous by any DOT definition.
In order to classify the major
hazard, or hazards, of materials which
are not listed in the Tables, the DOT
regulations establish a priority order
of hazards. The classification of
hazards is listed here in a tabulation
with the more serious hazards having the
lower numbers.
The highest DOT hazard
classification is explosive material,
material that is designed to function by
explosion.
Since EPA should not be shipping
any military ordnance, the listing
starts with Radioactive Material,
followed by (READ LIST):
DOT Classification of Hazards of_
Materials
1. Radioactive material
2. Poison A
3. Flammable Gas
4. Non-flammable Gas
5. Flammable Liquid
6. Oxidizer
7. Flammable Solid
8. Corrosive material that is
liquid
9. Poison B
10. Corrosive material that is
solid
11. Irritating materials
12. Combustible liquid in
containers exceeding 110
23-7
-------
NOTES
galIons
(DOT has additional classifications but
they include materials of types and
quantities not likely to be shipped by
EPA, such as organic peroxides and
etiologic agents.)
Following are instructions to
explain how this information could be
used. For example, if personnel
determine that a material not listed in
the Tables matches the definitions for
Poison A, Oxidizer, and Corrosive
Liquid, how souId they classify it?
Because Poison A appears on the
priority list before the other two
hazards, they must classify the material
as Poison A. (See section on Labeling)
These twelve classes of hazards can
be grouped into five broad categories:
Radioactive Material
Poisonous, Corrosive and
Irritating Materials
Flammable Gas and Non-
flammable Gas
Flammable Liquid, Flammable
Solid, and Combustible Liquid
Oxidizer.
Consider the definitions for
materials in the three categories of
radioactive material; poisonous,
corrosive and irritating materials; and
oxidizers. (Flammable and combustible
materials are discussed in the unit on
Fire and Explosion Hazards.)
Radioactive Material
Agency personnel are not likely to
be shipping any radioactive material
unless they encounter it in an unusual
environmental or hazardous waste site
sample. Based on DOT regulations, a
23-8
-------
NOTES
sample would not be classified as
Radioactive Material if the estimated
specific activity is not greater than
0.002 microcurie per gram of material,
and if the radioactivity is essentially
uniformly distributed through the
material.
If the estimated specific
radioactivity is greater than 0.002
microcurie per gram, or not distributed
uniformly, the sample should be
classified as Radioactive Material and
packaged and labeled accordingly. If
personnel expect to encounter
radioactivity in their field work, and
take samples that will be classified as
radioactive material, they should plan
to take to the field the special
equipment needed to identify the hazard
and the packaging required for the
sample.
Poisonous Materials and Corrosive
Material
There are four classifications of
hazard in the grouping of poisonous
materials and corrosive material.
Poisonous materials are divided
into three groups, according to their
hazard in transportation. The mutually
exclusive groups, in descending order of
hazard, are: Poison A, Poison B, and
Irritating material (known previously as
Poison C).
Poison A Materials - Materials
classified as Poison A (or extremely
dangerous poisons) must be labeled as
Poison Gas. Poison A materials are
defined as "poisonous gases or liquids
of such nature that a very small amount
of the gas, or vapor of the liquid,
mixed with air, is dangerous to life."
Ten materials are listed in the
text of the DOT regulations and ten
others are listed in the Tables. The
ten examples given in the text of the
regulations include bromoacetone,
23-9
-------
NOTES
cyanogen, cyanogen chloride, hydrocyanic
acid, phosgene, and nitrogen tetroxide-
nitric oxide mixtures containing up to
33.2 percent of nitric oxide by weight.
Most of the ten materials have uses in
organic syntheses; several are reported
elsewhere as military poison gases. The
ten other materials classed in the
Tables as Poison Gas include arsine,
germane, nitric oxide, phosphine and
several insecticides, including two
liquids shipped in combination with
compressed gas.
Poison B Materials - Materials
classified as Poison B are liquids or
solids which "are known to be so toxic
to man as to afford a hazard to health
during transportation" or which are
presumed to be toxic to man because of
the toxic effects shown when tested on
laboratory animals.
If you have to decide whether a
hazardous material must be classified as
a Poison B material, you can do so by
comparing the toxicity information
reported in the NIOSH Registry of Toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances with the
DOT criteria for Poison B material.
(Test data and the DOT definitions may
differ slightly.)
There are three tests which define
a Poison B material: oral toxicity,
inhalation toxicity, and skin absorption
toxicity.
Oral Toxicity; A material is
classified as a Poison B material if in
the oral toxicity tests, a single dose
of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of
body weight, administered orally, causes
death within 48 hours in half or more
than half of a group of 10 or more white
laboratory rats weighing 200 to 300
grams.
Inhalation Toxicity: A
material is classified as a Poison B
material if a continuous exposure of one
hour or less, at a concentration of
23-10
-------
NOTES
vapor, mist or dust of 2 milligrams or
less per liter, produces death within 48
hours in half or more than half of a
group of 10 or more white laboratory
rats weighing 200 to 300 grams.
Skin Absorption Toxicity; A
material is also classed as a Poison B
material if, in skin absorption toxicity
tests, a dosage of 200 milligrams or
less per kilogram of body weight,
administered by continuous contact with
the bare skin for 24 hours or less,
produces death within 48 hours in half
or more than half of a group of 10 or
more rabbits.
There is an exception that if
experience shows that the physical
characteristics of a material, or the
probable hazards to humans, will not
cause serious sickness or death, the
material does not need to be classified
as a Poison B material, even if test
data would otherwise require such a
classification.
Examples of materials which are
classified as Poison B include: aldrin,
mecuric chloride, methyl bromide, sodium
cyanide, and almost all pesticides.
The only materials classified as
Irritating Material are tear gas and
four compounds described as being usable
as tear gas.
Corrosive Material
A corrosive material is a
liquid or solid that causes visible
destruction or alteration of human skin
tissue at the site of contact, or that
has a severe corrosion rate on steel. A
material is considered to be corrosive
if specified tests on rabbit skin
destroy, or irreversibly change tissue
at the site of contact after an exposure
period of 4 hours or less, or if the
corrosion rate on steel exceeds 1/4-inch
per year in a specified test.
23-11
-------
NOTES
Examples of corrosive materials
include hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
in a concentration of 40 percent or
less, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric
acid.
Nitric acid in a concentration of
more than 40 percent is also classified
as an Oxidizer, and is required to be
labeled as both an Oxidizer and
Corrosive.
Oxidizer
DOT defines "oxidizer" or
"oxidizing material" as one which yields
oxygen readily to stimulate combustion
of organic materials.
Examples of materials classified as
oxidizers by DOT are chlorates,
permanganates, nitrates, and inorganic
peroxides.
DOT classifies as "organic
peroxide" any organic compound
containing a bivalent oxygen structure
which is considered a derivative of
hydrogen peroxide. However, the
classification excludes some peroxides.
Examples of materials classified as
organic peroxides by DOT are acetyl
peroxide solutions containing not over
25% peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauryl
peroxide, and methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide solution containing not over 9%
active oxygen. (DOT prohibits shipment
of acetyl peroxide solutions containing
over 25% active oxygen, and methyl ethyl
ketone peroxide solutions containing
more than 9% active oxygen.)
Packaging of Hazardous Materials
"Packaging" is defined as the
assembly of one or more containers and
any other components necessary to assure
compliance with the minimum packaging
requirements of DOT regulations.
Packaging, as defined by DOT, includes
23-12-
-------
NOTES
containers, portable tanks, cargo tanks,
and tank cars including tanks with
multiple compartments.
DOT specification for packaging to
be used for shipping hazardous
materials, is required to be designed
and constructed, and to have contents
limited, so that under normal
transportation conditions:
There will be no significant
release of the hazardous materials to
the environment,
The effectiveness of the packaging
will not be substantially reduced, and
There will be no mixture of gases
or vapors, in the package which could
rupture the packaging.
The DOT regulations contain
elaborate and detailed specifications
for hundreds of different types of
containers, ranging from bottles to tank
cars to barges. Although many of the
specifications include details that
Agency personnel do not need to be
familiar with, such as the quality of
lumber, thickness of steel, and
container construction features, there
are some general requirements that may
apply to shipment of field samples.
Closures must be adequate to
prevent inadvertent leakage of the
contents under normal conditions of
transportation. Gasket closures must be
fitted with gaskets of efficient
material which will not deteriorate in
contact with the contents of the
container.
Polyethylene used for containers
must be compatible with the material
placed within the container, and must
not be so permeable that a hazardous
condition could be caused during
transportation and handling.
In order to prevent rupture of
23-13
-------
NOTES
containers of liquids due to thermal
expansion, DOT regulations specify that
packagings must not be completely
filled. The regulations specify that
sufficient expansion space, or outage,
must be provided within the container so
that it will not be liquid full at 55°C
(130°F).
All containers must be tightly and
securely closed, and inside containers
must be cushioned to prevent breakage or
leakage. Samples generally can be
shipped in non-specification containers,
if the quantities are limited to about
one pint, and if the containers are
tightly closed and securely cushioned to
prevent breakage.
Marking and labeling
Marking and labeling regulations
require that each person who offers, for
transportation a hazardous material in a
package having a rated capacity of 110
gallons or less shall mark and label the
package to meet DOT requirements.
The required marking must include:
1. the proper shipping name
of the material, and
2. the identification number
assigned to the material.
It must also include:
3. the EPA-required markings
if the material is a hazardous waste,
and
4. special markings if the
package contains liquid materials.
Required marking must include:
5. the required hazard label
or labels, and
6. the Cargo Aircraft Only
label, if required because the shipment
23-14
-------
NOTES
is not permitted aboard passenger-
carrying aircraft.
Proper Shipping Name
The "proper shipping name" for a
hazardous material is the name which has
been assigned and listed in the DOT
regulations. The proper shipping name
is usually the technical name for the
material, but there are some exceptions.
It is necessary to check the DOT listing
and use the name specified there.
If the proper shipping name for a
mixture or solution that is a hazardous
substance does not identify the
constituents making it a hazardous
substance, the name or names of such
hazardous constituents must be entered
with the proper shipping name shown on
each package.
Identification Number
The package is to include the four-
digit identification number listed in
the DOT Hazardous Materials Tables,
preceded by UN or NA as appropriate.
(The numbers preceded by UN are
associated with descriptions considered
appropriate for both international and
domestic shipments, and those preceded
by NA are associated with descriptions
appropriate for shipments within the
United States and Canada.)
Hazardous Materials Tables
See the Hazardous Materials Table
in Sect-ion 172.101 (or Appendix A, Table
2); this is the basic reference for
using the DOT shipping regulations.
Column 1 has four coded
designations, the most significant of
which is the letter E which identifies
materials which are subject to the
requirements pertaining to hazardous
substances if the concentration of the
23-15
-------
NOTES
material 10%, or a lower concentration,
depending on the quantity.
Column 2 lists the proper shipping
name of materials designated as
hazardous materials.
Column 3 contains a designation of
the hazard class corresponding to each
proper shipping name. A material for
which the entry in this column is
"Forbidden," is prohibited from being
offered or accepted for transportation
unless the materials are diluted,
stabilized, or otherwise modified to
reduce the hazards to an acceptable
level.
Column 3A lists the identification
numbers assigned to hazardous materials.
Column 4 specifies the label
required to be applied to each package.
Column 5 references the applicable
packaging section of the DOT
regulations. Exceptions are noted in
Column 5A, and reference to specific
packaging requirements and certain
additional exceptions are noted in
Column 5B.
Column 6A specifies the maximum net
quantity permitted in one package, for
transportation by passenger-carrying
aircraft, and Column 6B specifies the
maximum quantity permitted in one
package, for transportation by cargo-
only aircraft. Notice that the quantity
allowed in cargo-only aircraft is
greater.
Look now at the specific
information for acetone, the eighth
entry on the part of the page shown.
In Column 2 it can be seen that the
proper shipping name for acetone is
acetone.
In Column 3 it can be seen that
23-16
-------
NOTES
acetone is classified as a flammable
liquid. The identification number for
acetone is UN1090. The required label
is Flammable Liquid. The packaging
exceptions are listed, and it is seen
that the maximum net quantity of acetone
allowed in one package in a passenger-
carrying aircraft is one quart. If
personnel had to ship a large quantity
of acetone to a field site, they would
be permitted to ship up to ten gallons
in one container in an aircraft that
carried cargo only.
Marking for Hazardous Liquids
Liquid hazardous materials must be
packed with closures upward and the
outside package must be legibly marked
"THIS SIDE UP" or "THIS END UP" to indicate the upward position of the
inside packaging. (There is a limited
exemption from this requirement for
ground transportation of packages
containing Class 1C flammable liquids in
containers of one quart or less.)
Hazard Warning Labels
Each package must be clearly
labeled with the required diamond-shaped
hazard warning label. Labels generally
must be placed on the surface of the
package near the proper shipping name.
(Labels may be placed on a securely
attached tag, or affixed by other
suitable means to compressed gas
cylinders, to packages with very
irregular surfaces that would prevent
affixing a label, and to packages which
have dimensions less than those of the
required label and which contain no
radioactive material.)
When labeling is required, labels
must be displayed on at least two sides
or two ends of, each package containing
radioactive material, and each package
having a volume of 64 cubic feet or
more.
23-17
-------
NOTES
Warning labels are usually required
for only one hazard.
Although most hazardous material
packages are required to be labeled to
signal only one class of hazard, there
are some materials with more than one
hazard, which require labeling of two
classes of hazard.
For example, any material that is
classed as Explosive A, Poison A or
Radioactive and that meets the
definition of another class as well,
must be labeled as required for each
class.
Any material classed as Poison B
material that also meets the definition
of a Flammable Liquid must be labeled as
both: POISON B and FLAMMABLE LIQUID.
Any material classed as Oxidizer or
Flammable Solid that also meets the
definition of a Poison B material must
be labeled for both hazards.
OXIDIZER and POISON
FLAMMABLE SOLID and POISON
A material classed as a Flammable
Solid, that also meets the definition of
a water reactive material, must have two
labels attached:
FLAMMABLE SOLID and DANGEROUS WHEN
WET
Since July 1, 1983, there are five
other combinations of hazards that
require packages to bear two different
classes of warning labels:
CORROSIVE
POISON
FLAMMABLE
LIQUID
FLAMMABLE
SOLID
OXIDIZER
and
and
and
and
and
POISON
CORROSIVE
CORROSIVE
CORROSIVE
CORROSIVE
23-18'
-------
NOTES
Here are four examples of some of
the materials currently required to have
two labels:
Fluorine, which is in the hazard
class of nonflammable gas, is required
to be labeled with Poison and Oxidizer
hazard labels.
Germane is required to have the
Poison Gas and the Flammable Gas hazard
labels.
Nitric acid with a concentration
over 40%, which is classed as a
corrosive liquid, has to be labeled as
an Oxidizer and as a Corrosive.
Fuming nitric acid has to be
labeled as an Oxidizer and as a Poison.
Material
TART.R 1
Class of Hazard
Required Labels
Fluorine
Germane
Nbnf lammable Gas POISON and OXIDIZER
Poison A
POISON GAS and FLAMMABLE
GAS
Nitric acid,
over 40%
Nitric acid,
fuming
Corrosive Liquid OXIDIZER and CORROSIVE
Oxidizer
OXIDIZER and POISON
Shipping Papers
Each person who offers a hazardous
material for transportation must
describe the hazardous material on the
shipping paper in an exact and specific
manner.
The shipping paper must include:
o proper shipping name for the
material
23-19-
-------
NOTES
o identification number for the
material (2 letters and 4 digits), and
o hazard class (unless the
hazard is included in the shipping name)
If any solid or liquid material in
a package meets the definition of a
poisonous material, notwithstanding the
class to which the material is assigned
by DOT regulations, the word "Poison"
must be entered on the shipping paper in
association with the shipping
description.
If the hazardous material is to be
offered for transportation by air, and
the regulations prohibit transportation
aboard passenger-carrying aircraft, the
words "Cargo Aircraft Only" (or Cargo-
Only Aircraft) must be entered on the
shipping paper after the basic
description of the material.
The shipping paper must show the
total quantity of the hazardous material
being shipping.
The shipping paper must also
include a certification that the
hazardous materials listed on the ship-
ping paper are properly classified,
described, packaged, marked and labeled,
and in proper condition for
transportation according to DOT
regulations.
The shipping paper must include the
shipper's signature.
See Figure 1 for an example of a
commercially-available shipping paper.
On shipping papers, hazardous materials
must be given prominent attention,
usually be being entered first, or
possibly in a contrasting color, or by
an X in a special column for noting
hazardous materials. The second column
on this shipping paper with the HM is
for noting Hazardous Materials.
23-20
-------
NOTES
See Figure 2 for another example of
a shipping paper with the second column
for hazardous materials highlighted in
red. There is a reminder in the third
column to be sure to enter the proper
shipping name for any hazardous
material. The next column is for the
hazard class, and the last column shown
is for the identification number
required.
Placarding of Vehicles
DOT regulations require shippers to
provide, and carriers to use, placards
for vehicles transporting more than 1000
pounds of hazardous material in one
load. Placards are required on both
sides and both ends of vehicles and
railcars carrying more than 1000 pounds
of hazardous materials.
Placards on railroad cars can
provide important information,
particularly if the car has been
derailed.
Cargo tanks and tank cars are
required to have the contents identified
with a four-digit hazard identification
number. The numbers may be placed
within the placard, except for Poison
Gas, Radioactive Material, and
Explosives. If the numbers are not
placed within the placard, they are to
be 4 inches high on an orange background
located below the placard.
The DOT has published an Emergency
Response Guidebook for Hazardous
Materials, which is available through
the Government Printing Office and book
stores. The Guidebook lists the
materials alphabetically with their
identification numbers, and also lists
all numbers in numerical order to
provide a cross-reference to the
shipping names of materials.
23-21
-------
NOTES
Loading of Vehicles
DOT regulations for loading
vehicles can be used as guidelines for
EPA field activities. Any container or
package of hazardous material placed in
a vehicle should be secured against
movement within the vehicle in which it
is being transported, and should be
braced or secured to prevent movement
against other containers of hazardous
material.
Reasonable care should be taken to
prevent undue rise in temperature of
containers and their contents during
transit.
All reasonable precautions must be
taken to prevent dropping of containers,
or batteries, containing corrosive
liquids. Storage batteries containing
any electrolyte should be loaded so they
are protected against, other material
falling onto or against them.
Shipping Samples
DOT regulations were not intended
to cover shipment of samples collected
by Agency personnel. However, the
Agency has deemed it prudent to comply
with the regulations for shipment of all
samples which may be hazardous.
The designation of samples as
"hazardous" is based on judgement of the
conditions where the sample is taken and
the possibility that the sample may be
hazardous , in transportation , or to
personnel receiving the samples in the
laboratory. If a sample can be
hazardous in transportation, as defined
by the DOT regulations, it must be
packaged and identified according to the
regulations.
If the sample does not meet DOT
definitions but may, nonetheless, be
hazardous to personnel handling and
receiving it, it should be packaged and
23-22
-------
NOTES
identified to the same standards.
Environmental Samples
In general, "environmental samples"
are those that are not expected to be
grossly contaminated with high levels of
toxic or hazardous materials. Examples
of environmental samples are those taken
from streams, ponds, or wells and from
the ambient air.
Environmental samples that are
preserved with hazardous materials such
as nitric acid or sulfuric acid will in
most cases have such dilute
concentrations of the preservative that
the sample will not have to be handled
as a hazardous sample.
Environmental samples should be
packaged just as securely as hazardous
samples, mainly to protect the integrity
of the sample. However, no DOT labeling
should be used, no DOT shipping papers
are required, and there are no
restrictions on the mode of
transportation (unless dry ice is used
for preservation).
Hazardous Samples
"Hazardous samples" are those that
are taken where high concentrations of
hazardous materials are likely. For
example, soil or water at spill sites or
hazardous waste sites, samples from
drums or tanks, leachates from hazardous
waste sites, and water sources that are
likely to be highly contaminated such as
pits, ponds, lagoons and sampling wells.
Samples of hazardous materials must
first be classified into the DOT
categories of hazards. Then the samples
must be packaged, and marked and
labeled. Finally, the samples must be
shipped as specified in DOT regulations.
If the material in the sample is
known, or can be identified in the
23-23
-------
NOTES
field, determination of the DOT hazard
class and required labeling can be done
simply by reference to the DOT
regulations. If, however, the specific
hazards of a sample cannot be determined
with certainty in the field, informed
judgement must be used.
Procedure to Judge Hazard Class of
Unknown Suspected Hazardous Material
There are several steps which
should be taken to judge the appropriate
DOT class of a material that is
suspected of being hazardous. The
following is a generalized procedure for
classification of hazards, including the
simplified steps that can be used by
agreement between EPA and DOT.
This procedure should be used only
when reliable identification of the
material cannot be made in the field.
The purposes of using this procedure are
to meet DOT regulations as well as to
provide protection for field and
laboratory personnel. If a material
fits within the definition for a
particular class of hazard, the sample
should be classified accordingly and
subsequent handling, packaging, labeling
and shipment should comply with the
corresponding DOT regulations for that
class.
Here is a simple outline of the
order of judgement or determination
necessary to classify the hazard of a
sample:
If the material is likely to be an
Explosive, it is classified as an
Explosive.
If it is not, is it a radioactive
material? If it is, classify it
accordingly.
If not, is the material likely to
be a compressed gas which may fall into
the category of a Poison Gas, a
23-24
-------
NOTES
Flammable Gas, or a Non-flammable Gas?
If a material does not fit into any
of these classes of hazard, a field
sample can be classified as a Flammable
Liquid, by agreement between EPA and
DOT.
Use of the flammable liquid
classification avoids the need for field
testing, which might be almost
impossible in some situations. The
packaging that is required for a
Flammable Liquid will provide all of the
protection required for any material
with a lesser hazard. Using the
flammable liquid label is acceptable for
samples which have no greater hazard.
However, frequent use of the flammable
liquid hazard label for materials which
are not flammable liquids may eventually
create problems in the laboratory if the
label comes to be considered
meaningless.
Classification of Hazards
1. Is the material likely to be an
Explosive?
If the sample has been taken from
the waste stream or effluent of a plant
manufacturing explosives, it would be
prudent to handle, package and ship the
sample as if it were an Explosive
Material.
2. Is the material likely to be
Radioactive?
If the sample has been taken from
an area known to be naturally
radioactive, or to be contaminated with
radioactive waste, and it is not
possible to make radiation
measurements, it would be prudent to
handle, package, and ship the sample is
if it were a Radioactive Material.
3. Is the material likely to be a
Poison Gas, or a Poison Liquid in a
23-25
-------
NOTES
pressurized container?
Most of the materials classified as
Poison A are gases, or liquids packaged
under compressed gas, or liquids with
very low boiling points. Poison A
materials are usually shipped in
cylinders, rather than in drums or drum-
type containers.
If the material is in a compressed
gas cylinder, or is for any reason
suspected of being in the class of
Poison Gas, precautions must be taken
before sampling to prevent release of
any of the extremely dangerous material.
Protection must be provided for the
person taking the samples and for
everyone else who may be exposed if the
poisonous material is released while a
sample is being taken.
Samples of materials known to be,
or suspected of being, in the class of
Poison Gas must be packaged in a
compressed gas cylinder for handling and
shipment.
4. Is the material likely to be a
compressed gas,, which could be a
Flammable Gas or a Non-flammable
Compressed Gas?
If the material is not in a
compressed gas cylinder or other
pressurized container, the material is
not likely to be a compressed gas in
either hazard class. If the material
is likely to be a compressed gas, judge
whether it is a Flammable Gas or a Non-
flammable Gas, and handle, package and
ship it as required for a material in
that hazard class.
For samples containing unknown
materials which may be hazardous but
which do not fall into any of the
previously listed classes, EPA generally
will classify, package and ship them as
a Flammable Liquid.
23-26
-------
NOTES
5. Is there any way to be certain
that the material is not a Flammable
Liquid.
If you can afford the time, we
recommend that you try to use the
labeling that will, in your judgement,
most accurately describe the hazard of
the sample, if it can be determined not
to be a flammable liquid. Use of a
hazard label that is reasonably
descriptive of the expected hazards of
the samples will assist in safe handling
of the sample in the laboratory and will
avoid encouraging a disregard of the
Flammable Liquid hazard label.
You can be reasonably sure that a
sample is not a flammable liquid by
testing the material carefully with an
explosimeter or other meter which gives
readings in Percent of L.E.L. (lower
explosive limit).
You may be able to make a judgement
that a material to be sampled from a
container or source that has been open to
the atmosphere for some time is not
likely to be a flammable liquid, based
on the likelihood that any flammable
liquid in the material would have
evaporated during the time that the
material was exposed to the atmosphere.
6. If the material is considered
hazardous, but has none of the
previously listed hazards, it should be
packaged as flammable liquid, but it
should be classified in one of the other
DOT hazard classes:
o Oxidizer
o Flammable Solid
o Corrosive liquid
o Poison B
o Corrosive solid
o Irritating material
o Combustible liquid
23-27
-------
NOTES
Communication about Hazards of Samples
For protection of both field and
laboratory personnel we believe it is
important for every person taking a
sample to notify others about the
hazards of the sample. DOT labels do
not give enough information about
combinations of hazards or unique
characteristics of field samples.
Therefore, we recommend the use of
several channels of communication about
unusual or particularly hazardous
samples: Precautionary information such
as a written note accompanying the
sample or information written on the
outer container holding the sample, a
phone call to the laboratory which will
receive the sample, or use of a hazard
signal system.
Samples and Hazardous Materials to be
Shipped or Taken on Aircraft
Samples and chemicals to be shipped
or taken on aircraft deserve special
attention. DOT regulations prohibit
shipment of certain hazardous materials,
and Federal law forbids the carriage of
hazardous materials aboard aircraft in
your luggage or on your person.
Violations can result in severe
penalties, up to $25,000 and five years
imprisonment.
Hazardous materials include
explosives, compressed gases, flammable
liquids and solids, oxidizers, poisons,
corrosives and radioactive materials.
There are exceptions for small
quantities of medicinal and toilet
articles carried in your luggage and
certain smoking materials carried on
your person. If you need further
information, contact your airline
representative.
Dry Ice, or solid carbon dioxide,
has a limited hazard classification if
used to preserve samples shipped by
aircraft. Packaging must be marked with
23-28
-------
NOTES
the designation ORM-A and arrangements
to ship dry ice must be made in advance
with the carrier.
Any chemicals or solvents that need
to be transported to or from a field
site rapidly can be shipped by aircraft
only if you can comply fully with DOT
regulations. Samples and materials that
cannot be shipped by any passenger-
carrying aircraft can, in many cases, be
shipped by cargo-only aircraft.
Although there are many companies
that ship air freight on cargo-only
aircraft, shipment may depend on
available space, and delivery time may
not be predictable. If you select a
shipping company that specializes in
rapid shipment and delivery of small
packages, be sure you know what
limitations they have for accepting
hazardous materla1s.
Reconmendations
Taking solvents and analytical
chemicals to the field, and bringing
samples back to the laboratory, entails
the risk of having a container break or
leak during the trip. If this occurs
there can be loss of material, risk of
injury to personnel, and contamination
of equipment and the environment.
Packaging hazardous materials to
prevent spills or leakage is as
important for protection of Agency
personnel as it is for carrier
employees. Marking and labeling
packages and containers of hazardous
materials should be routine within EPA,
even for materials which may never be
shipped by a carrier.
It is believed that it would be
appropriate for every EPA vehicle which
carries hazardous materials or hazardous
samples to have a list of hazardous
materials being carried in the vehicle.
In case of an accident, the list would
23-29
-------
NOTES
provide information on hazardous
materials in the vehicle, just as
shipping papers are used for information
on hazardous materials involved in large
transportation incidents.
23-30-
-------
STUDENT EXERCISES
The following samples are to be shipped. Answer the
following questions concerning each.
1. What is the proper hazardous material label for 40% nitric
acid?
2. If a material is a flammable liquid as well as a Poison B,
what is its proper hazard label?
3. If a substance is both a corrosive and a flammable liquid,
what is its proper label?
4. Environmental samples do not require what three things for
shipping?
5. If a substance is unknown, but is not believed to be
explosive, corrosive, or poisonous, what is its DOT hazard class?
23-31
-------
APPENDICES TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendix A Figure 1
Hazardous Materials From Non-specific Sources Pages, 3-7
Appendix A Figure 2
CERCLA List, Page 9-13
Appendix A Figure 3
Toxic Pollutants, Page 15
Appendix A Figure 4
Basis for Listing Hazardous Waste, Page 17
Appendix A Figure 5
Hazardous Constituents, Page 19-23
Appendix B
Guide to Compatibility of Chemicals, Page 25-38
Appendix C
Material Safety Data Sheet, Page 40-41
-------
APPENDIX A FIGURE 1
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FROM NON-SPECIFIC SOURCES
-------
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12(1.3) Discarded commercial chemical
product*, off-speclflcatlon species, con-
U4ner rctiduce. and aplll rcilduce
thereof.
The following material* or Items are
hiurdoiu wulei If and when they are
discarded or Intended to be discarded:
(a) Any commercial chemical prod-
uct, or manufacturing chemical Inter-
mediate having the generic name
listed In paragraph (e) or (f) of this
section.
(b) Any off-specification commercial
chemical product or manufacturing
chemical Intermediate which. If It met
specifications, would have the generic
name listed In paragraph (e) or (f) of
this section.
(c) Any residue remaining In a con-
tainer or an Inner liner removed from
a container that has held any commer-
cial chemical product or manufactur-
ing chemical Intermediate having the
generic name listed In paragraph (e) of
this section, unless the container Is
empty as defined In I 26l.1(b)(3> of
this chapter.
(Comnunf Unlcu the residue li being, bene-
ficially tued or reuaed. or leglllintuly recy-
cled or reclaimed: or being accumulated.
tiored. iruuporlcd or treated prior u> luch
uic. re-uac. recycling or reclamation. EPA
corulder -eildue to be Intended for dls-
would be where the reildue remains la the
container and the container Is used to bold
the tame conunerlcal chemical product or
manufacturing chemical product or manu-
facturing chemical Intermediate It previous-
ly held. An eiample of the discard of the
residue would be where the drum Is sent to
a drum recondltloner who reconditions the
drum but discards the resldut.l
(d) Any residue or contaminated soil.
water or other debris resulting from
the cleanup of a splU Into or on any
land or water of any commercial
chemical product or manufacturing
chemical Intermediate having the ge-
neric name listed In paragraph (e) or
(f) of this section, or any residue or
contaminated soil, water or other
debris resulting from the cleanup of a
spill. Into or on any land or water, of
any off-spectflcalton chemical product
and manufacturing chemical Interme-
diate which. If It met specifications.
would have the generic name listed In
paragraph (e) or (I) of this section.
f Comment The phraae "commercial chemi-
cal product or manufacturing chemical In-
termediate having the generic name luted
In . ." rcfcri to a chemical lubatancc
which U manufactured or formulated for
commercial or manufacturing uic which
coiuUU of the commercially pure grade of
the chemical, any technical grades o'.
la the aole active Ingredient. It docs not
refer to a material, such as a manufacturing
proceie waate. that contains any of the aub-
itances listed In paragraphs
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Sum
indMM
i t
I SuyclMiw Mid MM
uon.
UMI.
UOM.
U024 .
ak
iicAn
UIM.
uaat.
2.1- BIOUIM 0.1)
(l.f
(I.I- BoiMnUM 4--4tamw. l.T
U.r-B«iiMn)lH.4--4M»4
I IIWIK onta
I Nllog-HIV) e»d4
lluttunU) wlmi*
1 1htiun(l) tultw
I N M>io«mui|t»«iuii*i4>
I s.Non>cnMn»2.1-dnMilunal.
r-OitUCyOall a I IIM«Un»I ]-Ou>UU)lc
J PiMnH. 2-c*don>n>-4 iVOnln-
I 4-O
1 Pfwnai 1 4-anu»4>|i
IncMaranMUUMOMll
-. •rnnonu* M« |RI
IMC CfUMM
IMC phownwM |R 1)
Pnotgcn*
Pnaipnanc «•». OMII>|| p-rauopfMnil tilo
S-{2-
•on.
»IM
PnaxmaouwK too.
O|p-rau»
PnatgnoioUMc tail. O O- of this section.
are Identified aa toxic wastes (T)
unless otherwise designated and are
subject to the small quantity exclusion
defined In | 261.5 (al and (f).
(Comment: For the convenience ol the rcfu-
lucd community, the primary hazardoui
properties ol Iheic materials have been Indl-
r.l.,l h« Ihr Irllrn T (TnilrllVl R (HcaC-
U04t
UOM
IJOM
^
Clwomc MM. uldun ul
dwvMnri
-------
1JE
£•>««•. I.I.IJJ.14M
Clwn*.
EIMK.MM I. It
f VMAft l.t.U IM
I.IJJ lil
EIUMMMHIM
EtUttt. I.I.I.-
EMMA*. l-cNa
Eton*. l.l-M* (W.H
4 u«t>|t.t««iunan* Q
I PnptMk l»««i|> (LT)
IMMPII wmiOMfll-I I I.IB-Unii|«»
H|OI*WM
-------
-------
APPENDIX A FIGURE 2
CERCLA LIST
-------
CERCLA LIST
NOTE Th* following lining fulfill* iho i«-
qulrcmcnl of Section 106t*> ol the Conpre-
hentlvB EnvlronmenUl Rcjponie. Coropen-
ikllon. Mid Liability Act (CERCLA). thai all
••haxardou* lubttuice*." t* defined In thai
Act. shall be lUtcd a* haurdoua material*
under the Hazardou* Material* Traruporta-
lion Act. Thai definition Include* iob-
itance* lilted under Section lll(bM2MAI ot
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(pWPCAI. Thoae material* have already
been lUlcd a* hazardou* lubalance* In the
Haxa/doua Material* Table of IhU icctlon.
ind (hat luting I* not repeated here. Tho
definition of "hazardou* lubatance" In
CERCLA alio Include* lubttancc* designat-
ed under Section 107(a) of the FWPCA.
Section 1001 of Ihe Solid Waste Disposal
Act. and Section 112 of the Clean Air Act.
The following listing conalsu of material*
designated under those authorities. Malerl-
tls indicated In the listing by an asterisk C)
ire also listed In the Hazardou* Material*
Table as hazardous substances. With respccl
to other materials In the following listing.
those thai are not forbidden material* or
fill within a hazard class are not subject to
Ihe requirement* of this Subchapier.
It should be noted thai Section JOfllbt ot
CERCLA provide* that common and con-
tract carrier* may be held liable under thai
Act 'or the release of a "hazardou* sub-
iiance" a* defined In that Act. after the ef-
fective date of Ihe listing ot thai substanco
is a hazardous material under the Hazard-
oui Material* Transportation Act.
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued Snore CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued
IP*
MIKIMu*
.MM NO.
U09I-.
OM« -
Ullf.
UOOI..
Dill-
on* •
Uil<-
0001 -
UOOI..
U004
UOOI .
u004
uoal
uuo*
ouol
UiM
ton
Sub4IMC4>
N |4
AC4UIMI4I N IH-feOKA.1 +.
ACtUC ICd Ml»|l «!4f II)
•AC.W UU KM «•«
AOUC ttut IR4IWB |Q 4»
M.IOn* |l|
ACMCAMl |l I)
iyi Couni* |C H.O
IUMX
*tr,i* Ud (II
EPA
lUIHdOUt
•••I* NOL
r.T3.4»(MiBo.a-«)*»oii i.f-
KluntnocMtxMVXuvlmMtVl.
• .1 «J I **.BMiman«di»«i«MiM
Ml
B-MO
•euMMCMMriOTiO i*»u*d»
Ba4l-*et|eMiM pnuui4M
Bramn* cimO*
bomUani
H.amonnn.1 pM
irfi
ulU.
Ulll.
UOIt
uoi».
UIM.
U01B.
UMB.
4 4<«tx»*n>l«n«Bi.U
pnwt^tioiu^yiinuv. cin^ MM
SWUM*. l-fe>an-
U iBtftnac 400. 4-IBull•
1.1 84Ai4n«kca>to«v*c tod, dclhyl 4U«
IJ aini*n«tc«Miivke tod. 4CMoio-
*B4
B«u*M4t4laMC ton cMona* |C.M|
BMUHW. 114 VTuMMarav
B4MMM. |KKiuaranMin«Q-|Cn.n
ttniant
11 B*nuMiniuoikvl-on«. l.l-i
B*niolLk| IkjaMM
B«nial«lp|i«M
1 4 B«nio0Di*n«
BMUOUKMOKII* (C B T|
11 BMUpfMAMUtliMM
>•> Hln...«. II n
lZX4.1XMMcnai»
EllMIML I.I.I 1.1.1-IMUCnOfO-
EUUM. l.f
UIII
0014
01*4
UJO«
n n
I ElMIMl l.r-CWV(M>«l)
I EUUM. I.V-lut«u ll-cNOHf
1 £«•«•. p««ucMOf»
1 Euun* I I 11 UHICMOIO.
-------
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES-ConUnuad
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued
Spec* ic CHEMICAL WASTES-CondnuMl
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES—Conilnuad
fawn* U>-|nMOMMiina|H»
UIU
UI03
UIM
UIM
LUaunac wd IC.TI
UIM
UIM
UIU
UIU
UIM
UOtl
UIM
UIM
Ultl
UIU
UIM
UIM
uur
UIM
Ultl
UIM
uoti
UIM
ui?a
uiri
UIII
UII4
UIII
UIM
UIIJ
UIII
-------
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WAJTSS—Continued
Specific CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued
Specific CHEMICAL WASTES-Cofttmued
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued
TIM
The
«nu.
lao^anc and. ma«V
Uarocy Umuu |A I)
Uainana Hytjiiailai o>
Maluna. l«ktnk»iR|
UaKanano
•I I Mattano-tH-aiaanaJ.I ll.lt-
•NiiiHjan aauta
da
MIl^MMCMXie KKi. b*U*OI|4 Mid
HcucNoia cyckc •>«••
OwfMMi liknd*
T-OulHciclalll.il
IhttM*, I 0»pMlM>MT|i.
•Paiainan
Plumft.2-0
•Plwnot J4
Plunot J 4-OttkO-4VM« luloOMiWMt I on inn
fuiirww: ted. awcko V) "• M.D
kKIIHMMn»lMI«, IMtt|WM CKHnO*, I.I.I
•I 1 1 4 10 1»ti»KMai»4 1 *pa«r
4* i • 1 » t
I 1 4 l«m«MnaiM«Mi
I I 1 4 10 10-tMWCKUlA-t I
n«>«» I « 4* > « r I *c«cun(«o-«naa
aiNaia MM O-O-cum* (Kpinanit
O*UMM onnaacNa praoou* muaia
ptttneb.inuudo.at.
SpM« ainpunt and cUattn
kon tlKMapUMg ooMakona MAM* cyan
Ida* M* uaad b at* Bfocua (wc*«l lo
aiaooua nMal* aMCioplaant apMM ainj
pmg and cMM>ng tain aotukanal.
Quancnng ban aludo* kon Ml bad* kM
maul KM! kukno, BBMikom BUM* cya>
IOH at* uaad hi nt> uooat* (»c*0t h
Baaaua matato hcavkaaang OMnclw
btlMkidaaak
c«and* atfuam kom la* k«m 01
ikona |a>caei Iw Maaoua
•aiang apanl cyarad* ukjaona
QuanctMQ voaMoaut koMOMM akjdg
cyandaa M* uaad n «• piocaia law
tar piaaaiia maim AH! katang oxaoclk
Seam ctantoa tan aoViaona kon mm
ol tmUBawn kom mod piavaning pn
laaaa Mai waa ciaoaoM anwoi pamacii
POM
OuCkcn ol mXyOdala Vang* m>-ioii
\Mttl*»M< UaanaM MuOOja kon na
Oucuon ol uie taMM P^OMM*.
Wiaia»aiM kaamaM ikid«a kom kM
-------
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL WASTES—Continued
SPECVIC CHE
MASTES—Conilnuad
-pECif ic CHIUICAL WASTES—ConnnuMl
MUMIM kaatonerd ik4aa km *e pro-
eulakMiydi «om «ifi|terM.
kam I*
MI4-
MU_
KOIt-
KOII-
MIO-
Mll-
KOM.
Koai.
MU.
un.
the aiooucaon aj aayaraMa.
column to IM eraducaan el •oyteraMa.
M banana km IM aiMiiion el banql
HM• w««amwl* ealunm kt
cwy ul PIOGM* ki cMann*
MfUM n It* poducun
al USU* mtf ctcmMa «tt.
WMI.
•in* enlanda or oductoA.
ttcNa
HM«|f (not kaim IM aawiiaa al «*>|l *•
(Monte m MV adoiW* aunonMi fnadue-
KM7.
pnttMie innirdrtdi kam iMpniMtona.
pMMadan keom Ian kom IM mduGoM al
al
el
•I
eniuie timidnd* km enno-iytan*.
iMdakaa taoamt kam IM praducaor* at
ptMIMla anhydridi kam enne-iylerM.
Mauian baoariM kam IM araducOM el
nafeDaraana k» IM najatan al karaarm,
•wapmg tai ua> kam IM eraduGBM el
kern IM eMomaHn al (yrtn0ama*«
al kUtyerMamana
KA4I.
KOM.
WMari
iamhkM
kamnk
kern anKM uvacaan kom
al anana.
ika
pro
kam IM aroduooA
•041
KOU
IIOII
•aueltua ukung Induaky.
•lea el imynaa laldt kam IM aamam
UCMKOM bunaM rtiantng dude* Ham
API mmnni Ojda* kam IM «i»uln«« »
Tana
laknng mduaiy.
camral a.ai»m«iaa kam IM a«-
aiaducaan al MM! to IIICTM Iw-
piaduct .>mng n«a in IM Bfeounan at
UU Tank taMmi QiiHH
I faftrana, toduaiy.
noil IfnluM cannl »~U
I KM» lajuai ken
1 nan*.
i kam itoa) amaMng ap«-
-------
L3
-------
APPENDIX A FIGURE 3
TOXIC POLLUTANTS
14
-------
TABLE 1.—SECTION 307—TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Acenaphlhene
Acrolei ft
Acryloniirile
Aldrfn/Dieldrin
Antimony and compounds*
Arsenic and compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Beryllium and compounds
Cadmium and compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)
Chlorinated benzenes (other than dichlorobenzenes)
Chlorinated ethanes (including 1,2-dichioroethane,
l.l.l-lrichloroelhane. and hexachloroethane)
Chloroalkyl ethers (chloromethyl. chloroethyl. and
mixed ethers)
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chlorinated phenols (other than (hose listed elsewhere:
includes trichlorophenols and chlorinated cresols)
CItlurvfurni
2-chiorophenol
Chromium and compounds
Copper and compounds
Qanides
DOT and metabolites
Dichlorobenzenes (I.2-. IJ-. and 1.4-dichlorobenzenes)
Dichlorobenzidine
Dcchforoethylenes (I.I- and 1,2-dichloroethylene)
2.4-dichlorophenol
Dichloropropane and dichloropropene
2.4-dimethylphenol
Dinitroioluene
Oipnenylhydrazine
Endosuffan and metabolites
Endrin and metabolites
Ethytbenzene
Fluoranchene
Haloethers (other than (hose listed elsewhere: includes
chlorophenylphenyl ethers, bromophenylphenyl ether.
bis(dischloroisopropyl) ether, bis-(chloroethoxy)
methane and polychlortnated diphenyf ethers)
Halomelhnnes (other than those listed elsewhere: in-
cludes methylene chJorid methylchloride. rnelhyl-
bromide. bromoform. dichlorobromomethane. ln-
chlororiuoromethane. dichlorodifluoromeihane)
Heptachlor and metabolites
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachtorocyclohexane (all isomers)
Hexachlorocyclopeniadiene
Isophorone
Lead and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Naphthalene
Nickel and compounds
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenols (Including 2.4-dinitropheno') dinilro-
cresof)
Nilrosaminej
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalate esters
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs)
Polymiclear aromatrc hydrocarbons (including benzan-
lluacenes. benzop> rencs. bcnro.Taors'ihsnc. cfirj-
senes. dibenzanthracenes. and mdenopyrenes)
Selenium and compounds
SiNer and compounds
2J.7.a- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxm (TCDO)
Tetrachloroethylene
Thallium and compounds
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trichloroelhylene
Vinyl chloride
Zinc and compounds
• The term "compound! ' thalt include orfante jnd mor^jnic com.
roundi.
15
-------
APPENDIX A FIGURE 4
BASIS FOR LISTING HAZARDOUS HASTE
16
-------
BASIS TOR LISTIMO HAZARDOUS WASTT
EPA naurrJM
•UMNO.
HIM
X020.I
Muaraaut comma*** «* •"*" MIM
, £lhf^tll9 (JCrtOniJll. 1
FOOI.
t.t.l-incMoroiouM.
careon tairaeniond*. cMonruicd duoro-
f . .-
t.t.2-(ncnioro«niM. i«rae»o»ea0>an«i
(l.l.2.Mi»aeniore«inan« and i l.i 2-if
'«•
i.i.i-inenioromnin*.
1.1.2-lnentoro.l 2.2-O
uumxfcinotdfjirain*.
FOBS.
ron .
not.
foot.
PO tO-
.
. TokuM. ncinyl «T* kwen*. cvMn «•«•
M*. imlMinal. pyiiffln*.
**m*n. h*i*«tl«U
eyinM (eompi«*d).
. Cymd* (Miut
. Cymd* (unit.
. Cvmd* (uitsl.
. Cr«n«J« (Mini.
Anamanr. anon Mvicniend*. c«oroio«".
M.I
i.!«cMvo«inin«.
Mryi emamM.
K030.
i '• 2.M«««enioro«in«n«.
yMMOCMOnd*.
KOOJ.
K003-
K004.
KOOS.
KOOS.
KOOf.
KOM.
K009-
KOIO.
KOI1
K013
urn. irad
HnivtMnt cnromum. Had.
•VIM* cnromun.
, HcuvaMm avamum l«*dL
M cnremm
tod
ind pnownafoinac Kid tum
nownwotfinoe and owcnowmoe tod
mm.
. Cymd*
(A
, M«i»»«J»n» c
, CNvolorm.
and onoienerain
acid «'••»
*. 0vaW«nyd
K041
K042.
K043
. CMorolerm. lenntlMiivM. nwoiytww oiio-
nd4). mwnyi emond*. owiMWifO* 'erme
PMniic mnyondi imM« ixnydnd*
«*»
KOSl
r«iiO*iy corroiMriv or 'lacowrr
17
-------
APPENDIX A FIGURE 5
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS
18
-------
HAZAXOOOS
COKSTITTIEWTS
Aeetonltrile (Ethanenitrlle)
Acetophenone (Ethanone. l-phenyl)
3-Acetonylbenzyl>-4-
hydroxycoumartn and salts (Warfarin)
2-Acetylunlnofluorene (Acetamlde. N-<9H-
nuoren-I-yl>-)
Acetyl chloride (Ethanoyl chloride)
l-Acetyl-2-lhfourea (Aceumide. N-(amln-
othloxomethylM
Aerolein (2-Propenal)
AcrylamJde (2-Propenamide)
AerylonitrUe (2-PropenenllrUe)
A/latoxina
AJdrtn (1.2.3.4.10.10-Rexachloro-
1.4,4a.J.8.Sa,Sb-hexahydrc-endo.exo-
l.4:S.8-Dlmethanonaphthalene>
Allyl alcohol (2-Propen-l-ol)
Aluminum phosphide
4-Amlnobiphenyl methylM.la.2.a.8a.8b-
hexahydrc-8amethoxy-S-methy • >
9--> 4-Amlnopyrl-
dine (4-Pyridlnamlne)
Amltrole UH.l.2.4-Trlazol-3-amlne>
Aniline (Benzenamlne)
Antimony and compounds. N.O.S.'
Aramlte (Sulfurous acid. I-chioroethyl-. 2-
C4-( l.l-dlmethylethyl)phenoxy )• I-
Riethylethy! ester)
Arsenic and compounds. H.O.S."
Arsenic acid (Orthoarsenlc acid)
Arsenic pentoxlde (Arsenic (V) oxide)
Arsenic trtoxlde (Arsenic (III) oxide)
Auramlne (Benzenamlne. 4.1'-
carbonlmldoylbls(Njr-O(methyl-. mono-
hydrochlortde)
Azaaerine (L-Serlne. dlaeoaceute (ester))
Barium and compounds. ff.O.S.*
Barium cyanide
Benztelacrtdlne (3.4-Benzacrldlne)
Benzfalanthracene (1.2-Benzanlhracene)
Benzene (Cyclohexatrlene)
Bencenearsonlc acid (Anonlc acid, phenyl-)
Benzene, dlchloromethyl- (Benzal chloride)
Benzenethlol (Thlophenol)
Benzidlne((l.r-Blphenyll-4.fdlamlne>
Benzo(binuoranthene <2.3-Benaonuoranth-
ene)
BenzoCJinuoranthene (7.8-Ben2o(1uoranth-
ene)
3enzo(alpyrene (3.4-Beacopyrene)
p-Benzoqulnone (1.4-Cyelohexadlenedlone)
Beneotrichloride (Benzene, trichloromethyl-
)
Benzyl chloride (Benzene, lehloromethyl)-)
Beryllium and compounds. N.O.S.*
Bls(2-chloroethoxy)methane (Ethane. 1.1'-
Cmethylenebls(oxy>]bis(2-ehloro-])
Sls(2-chioroethyl> ether (Ethane. 1.1'-
oxybu(2-chloro-)>
KJf-Bl3(2-chloro«hylJ-2-naphthylamlne
(Chlomaphazlne)
Bls(2-chloroisapropyl> ether (Propane. 2.2"•
oxybi3(2-chloro-l)
Bts(ehloromethyl) ether (Methane.
oxybu(ehloro-l)
Bls<2-ethylhexyl> phthalate (1.2-
Benzenedlcarboxyllc acid. bls(2-ethyl-
hexyl) ester)
Bromoacetone <2-Propanone. l-bromo->
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)
4-Sromophenyl phenyl ether (Benzene. 1-
bromo-4-phenoxy-)
Bruclne (Strychiiiduvio-one. 2.3-dlmethoxy-
>
2-Buunone peroxide (Methyl ethyl ketone.
peroxide)
Butyl benzyl phthalate (1.2-
Benzenedlcarboxyllc acid, butyl phenyl-
methyl ester)
2-see-8utyM.8Hilnttrophenol (ONBP)
(Phenol. 2.4-dlnliro-«-( 1-methylpropyD-i
Cadmium and compounds. N.O.S.*
Calcium chromate (Chromic acid, calcium
salt)
Calcium cyanide
Carbon dlsulflde (Carbon bisulfide)
Carbon oxyfluorlde (Carbonyl nuorldeJ
Chloral (Acetaldehyde. trtchloro-)
Chtorambuclt (Butanolc acid. 4-(bis<2-
chloroethy I )aminolbenzene-)
Chlordane (alpha and camma Isomen) M.7-
Methanolndan. 1.2.4.3.4. T.B.S-oetachloro-
3.4.I.Ta-tetrahydro-) (alpha and fa/mna
Isomen)
Chlorinated benzenes. N.O.S."
Chlorinated ethane. N.O.S.*
Chlorinated nuorocarbons. N.O.S.'
Chlorinated naphthalene. tt.O S.'
Chlorinated phenol. N.O.S'
Chloroacetaldehyde (Acetaldehyde. chloroo
Chlorealkyl ethers. N.O.S.'
p-Chloraanlllne (Benzenamine. 4-chloro-t
Chlorobenzene (Benzene, chloro-)
Chlorobenzllate (Benzeneacetlc acid. 4-
chloro-alpha-(4azo I-)
Coal tars
Copper cyanide
Creosote (Creosote, wood)
Cresols (Cresyllc acid) (Phenol, methyl-)
Crotonaldehyde (2-Butenal)
Cyanides (soluble salts and comolexesJ.
N.O.S.*
Cyanoten (Ethanedlnllnle)
Cyanocen bromide (Bromine cyanide)
Cyanoien chlonde (Chlorine cyanide)
Cycasin (beta-O-Clucopyranoside. (methyl-
ONN-azoxy)methyl->
2 Cyclohexyl-4.8-dinurophenol (Phenol. :•
cyclohexyl-4.8-dtnitro-)
Cyciochojphamide (2H-1.3.2. Oxazaphos-
Chorine. (bts(2-chloroethyl!aminol-cetra-
hydro-. 2-oxide)
19
-------
tlpha-Wyxe-hexopyranosyl)oxyJ-7.8.9.10.
telrahydro-6.8.1l-irihydroxy-l-inethoxy-)
ODD (Dichlorodlphenyldlchloroethane)
(Ethane. I.i-dlchloro-2.2-bls(p-chloro-
phenyl)-)
DDE (Ethylene. U-dlchloro-M-blsU-chlor-
ophenyl)-)
DDT (Dlchlorodlphenyltrichloroethane)
(Ethane. l.l.Mriehloro-2.2-bls(p-chloro-
DlaHate (S<2.3-dlchloroallyl)
dllsopropylthloearbamate)
Dlbenz(aJiIacrldlne (1 A9.S-Dlbenzacrldlne>
Dlben(aJlacridlne U.2.7.S-Dlbenzacrldlne)
Dlbenz(a.hJanthracene (1.2.9.S-Dlb«nzanth.
neene)
TH-Dlbenzofc.«-Jcarbazole (3.4.9.8-Dlbenzear-
bazole)
Dlbenzo(a.e]pyrene (1.2.4.9-Dlbenzpyrene)
DlbenzoCaJilpyrene (1.2.9.8-Dlbenzpyrene>
DlbenzoCaJlpyrene (1.2.7.8-Dlbenzpyrene)
1.2-Dtbromo-3-«hloropropane (Propane. 1.2-
dlbromo-3-chloro-)
1.2-Dlbromoethane (Ethylene dlbromlde)
Dlbromomethane (Methylene bromide)
Dl-n-butyl phthalate (IJ-
Benzenedlcarboxylle acid, dlbutyl eater)
o-Dlchlorobenzene (Benzene. 1.2-dlchloro->
m-Dlehlorobenzene (Benzene. 14-dlchloro-)
p-Dlchlorobenzene (Benzene. 1.4-dlehJoro-)
Dlehlorobenzene. N.O.3.' (Benzene.
dlchloro-. N.O-S.')
3.3'-Dlchlorabenzldlne ((l.r-Blphenyl M.4'-
dlamine. 3.3'-dlchloro-)
1.4-Dlchloro-2-butene (2-Butene. 1.4-dlch-
loro-)
DlehlorodUluoromethane (Methane, dlch-
lorodlfluoro-)
1.1-Dlchloroethane (Ethyltdene dlehlorlde)
1.2-Dlehloroethane (Ethylene dlehJorlde)
trans- 1.2-Dlehloroethene (1.2-Olehloroethy-
lene)
Dlehioroethylene. tf.OJS.' (Ethene. dleh-
loro-. N.OJS.'l
l.l-Dlehloroethylene (Ethene. 1.1-dlchloro-)
Dlehloromethane (Methylene chloride)
2.4-Dlchlorophenol (Phenol. 2.4-dlchloro-)
2.8-Dlchlorophenol (Phenol. 2.8-dlchloro-)
2.4-Dlehlorophenoxyaeetle acid (2.4-D). salts
and esters (Acetic acid. 2.4-dlehlorophen-
oxy-. salts and eaten)
Olchlorophenylanine (Phenyl dlehloroar-
sine)
Dlchloropropane. N.O.S.* (Propane, dlch-
loro-. N.O.S.')
1.2-Dlchloropropane (Propylene dlehlorlde)
Otchloropropanol. N.O.S.* (Propanol. dlch-
loro-. N.O.S.')
Olchloropropene. N.O.S.* (Propene. dich-
loro-. N.O.3.*)
1.3-Olchloropropene (1-Propene. 1.3-dlch-
lore-)
Dleldrtn (1.2.3.4.10.10-hexacnloro-4.7-epoxy-
l.t.la.S.8.7.8.8a-octa-hydro-«ndo-.exo-
1.4:9.8-Oimethanonaphthalene)
1.2:3.<-Olepoxybutane (2.r- Bloxirane)
Olethylaraine (Anine. dlethyl-)
N.N-Dlethylhydrulne (Hydnzine. 1.2-
dlethyl)
O.O-Olethyl S-methyl ester of phosohore-
dlthlole acid (Phoaphorodlthlole acid.
O.O-dlethyl S-methyl eater
O.O-Olethylphoaohorlc acid. O-p-nltro-
phenyl ester (Phosphoric acid, dlethyl p-
nltrophenyl ester)
Olethyl phthalate (1.2-Benzenedlearboxylle
acid, dlethyl ester)
O.O-Olethyl O-2-pvrazlnyl phosphoroth-
loate (Phosphorothlole acid. O.O-dlethyl
O-pyrazlnyl ester
20
Dlethylstllbesterol (4.4<-Stllbenedlol.
alpha.alpha-dlethyL bls(dlhydroien phos-
phate. (£)•)
Dlhydrosa/role (Benzene. U-methylene-
dloxy-4-propyl-)
3.4-Olhydroxx-alphsHmethylamlne)methyl
benzyl alcohol (1.2-Benzenedlol. 4-Cl-hy-
droxy-2-dnethylaraino)ethyl)->
Dllsopropylfluoraphosphate (OFP) (Phos-
phorofluortdle acid, blstl-methylethyl)
ester)
Dlmethoate (Fhosphorodlthlole acid. O.O-
dlmethyl 3-(2--2-butanone. O-
((methylamlno) earbonylloxune (Thio-
fanox)
alpha.alpha-DlmethyIphenethylamine (Eth-
anamine. l.l-dlmethyl-2-phenyl-)
2.4-Olmethytphenol (Phenol. 2.4-dlmethyl-)
Dimethyl phthalate (1.2-
Benzenedlearboxylle acid, dimethyl eater)
Dimethyl sul/ate (Sulfurie acid, dimethyl
ester)
Dtnltrobenzene. M.O.S.* (Benzene, dlnitro-.
W.OA-)
4.8-Dlnllro-o-cresol and salts (Phenol. 2.4-
dlnltro-«-methyl-. and salts)
2.4-Dlmtrophenol (Phenol. 2.4-dlmtro-)
2.4-Dlmtrotoluene (Benzene, l-methyl-2.4-
dlnitro-)
2.9-Dlnitrotoluene (Benzene, l-methyl-2.8-
dlnltro-)
Dt-n-octyl phthalate (1.2-
Benzenedlearboxylle acid, dloctyl ester)
M-Dloxane (1.4-Olethylene oxide)
Diphenytamine (Benzenamme. N-phenyl-)
1.2-Dlphenylhydrazme (Hydrazine. 1.2-dl-
phenyl-)
Dl-n-propylnltrosamlne (N-Nltroso-dl-n-pro-
pylamine)
DlsuUoton (O.O-dlethyl S-(2-
(ethylthlo>ethyll phosphorodlthloate)
2.4-Dlthlobluret (Thlolmidodlcarbonlc dla-
mlde)
Endosulfan (3-Norbomene. 2.3-dlmethanol.
1.4.9.4.7.7.hexachloro-. cyclic sulflte)
Endrln and metabolites (1.2.3.4.10.lO-hex-
achloro-«.7-epoxy-l.4.4a.S.6.7.8.8a-
octahydro-endo.endo-l. 4:9.8-
dlmethanonaphthalene. and metabolites)
Ethyl carbamate (Urethan) (Carbamie acid.
ethyl ester)
Ethyl cyanide (propanenltrile)
Ethyleneblsdlthlocarbamle acid, salts and
esters (1.2-Cthanedlylblscarbamodlthlolc
acid, salts and esters
Ethyleneimine (Azihdlne)
Ethylene oxide (Oxlrane)
Ethylenethlourea(2-(midazolldlnethlone)
Ethyl methacrylate (2-Propenote acid. 2-
methyl-, ethyl ester)
Ethyl methanesulfonate (Methanesulfonlc
acid, ethyl ester)
Fluoranthene (Benzo(J.kinuorene)
Fluorine
-------
2-Fluoroacetamide (Acetamlde. 2-fluoro-)
Fluoroacetlc acid, sodium salt (Acetic acid.
fluoro-. sodium salt)
Formaldehyde (Methylene oxide)
Formic acid (Methanolc acid)
Clycldylaldehyde < l-Propanol-2.3-epoxy>
Halomethane. N.O.S.'
Heptachlor (4.7-Methano-tH-lndene.
l.4.3.8.7.8.8-heptachlorc-3a.4.7.7a-
tetrahydro-)
Heptachlor epoxlde (alpha, beta, and
gamma Isomers) (4.7-Methano-lH-mdene.
l.4.3.6.7.8.8-heptachloro-2.3-epoxy-3a.4.7.7-
tetrahydro-. alpha, beta, and gamma Iso-
men)
Hexachlorobenzene (Benzene, hexachloro-)
Rexachlorobutadlene (1.3-Butadiene.
1.1.3.3.4.4-hexachloro-)
Kexaehlorocyelohexane (all Isomers) (Lin-
dane and Isomers)
Hexachlorocyclopentadlene (l.3-Cyclopen-
tadlene. l.2.3.4.5.3-hexachloro->
Hexachloroethane (Ethane. 1.1.1.2.2.2-hex-
achloro-)
1.2.3.4.l0.10-Hexachloro-1.4.4a.S.8.8a-
hexahydro- l.4:3.8-endo.endo-
dlmethanonaphthalene
(Hexachlorohexahydro-endo.endo-
dlraethanonaphthalene >
HexacrUoraphene (2.r-Methylenebls(3.4.6-
triehlorophenol))
Hexachloropropene (1-Propene. 1.1.2.3.3.3-
hexaehloro-)
Hexaethyl telraphosphate (Tetraphos-
phortc acid, hexaethyl ester)
Hydrazlne (Olamlne)
Hydrocyanic acid (Hydrogen cyanide)
Hydrofluoric acid (Hydrogen fluoride)
Hydrogen sulflde (Sulfur hydnde)
Hydroxydlmethylarslne oxide (Cacodyllc
acid)
tndeno<1.2.3-cdipyrene (1.HM1.2-
phenyleneipyrene)
lodomethane (Methyl Iodide)
Iron dextran (Ferric dextran)
Isoeyanlc acid, methyl ester (Methyl Iso-
cyanate)
Isobutyl alcohol (1-Propanol. 2-methyl-)
Isosafrole (Benzene. l.2-methylenedloxy-4-
allyl-)
Kepone (Decachlorooctahydre-1.3.4-Meth-
ano-2H-cyclobula(cdlpentalen-2-one>
Lasiocarplne (2-Butenolc acid. 2-methyl-. 7-
C(2.3-dlhydroicy-2-(l-meihoxyeihyl>-3-
methyl-l-oxobuloxy)melhyll-2.3.5.7a-
tetrahydro-lH-pyrrollzln-1-yl ester)
Lead and compounds. N.O.S.'
Lead acetate (Acetic acid, lead saJt)
Lead phosphate (Phosphoric acid, lead salt)
Lead subacetate (Lead. bts(acetatc-
O)tetrahydroxytrl->
MaJelc anhydride (2.S-Furandlone>
Malelc hydrazide (1.2-Dlhydro-3.S-pyrldazln-
edlone)
Malononltrile (Propanedlnltrile)
Melphalan (Alanlne. 3-(p-bls(2-
chloroethyDamlnolphenyl-. L-)
Mercury fulminate (Fulmlnlc acid, mercury
vti.".'
Merrarr and wsnponntfs. X.OS-*
Methacrylonltnle (2-Propenemtrtle. 2-
methyl-)
Methanethlol (Thiomethanol)
Methapyrllene (Pyrldlne. 2-((2-
dlmethylamino>ethyl]-2-Chenylamlno-)
Metholmyl (Acetunldlc acid. N-
((methy Icarbamoyl >oxy Ithlo-. methyl
ester
Methoxyehlor (Ethane, l.l.l-trlehloro-2.2'-
b!s(p-methoxyphenyl)->
2-Methylazlndlne (1.2-Propylenlmlne)
3-Methylcholanthrene
(Benz(j}aceanthrylene. 1.2-dlhydro-3-
methyl-)
Methyl chlorocarbonate (Carbonochloridle
acid, methyl ester)
4.4--Methy lenebls( 2-chloroanlllne ) ( Benzen-
amlne. 4.4>-methylenebls-(2-ch!oro->
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (2-Butanone)
Methyl hydrazlne (Hydraztne. methyl-)
2-MethyUactonltrlle (FTopanenltrile. 2-hy-
droxy-2-meihyl-) _. „
Methyl nethacrylate (2-Propenolc acid. 2-
methyl-, methyl ester)
Methyl methanesulfonate (Methanesulfonlc
acid, methyl ester)
2-Methyl-2-
Mustard gas(SuUlde. bis(2-chloroethyl)->
Naphthalene
1.4-Naphthoqulnone ( 1.4-Naphthalene-
'dlone)
I.Naphlhylamlne(alpha-NKphthylamlne)
2-Naohthylamme(beta-Naphthylamine)
l-Naphthyl-2-lhlourea (Thlourea. 1-naphth-
alenyl-)
Nickel and compounds. N.O 5.*
Nickel carbonyl (Nickel tetracarbonyl)
Nickel cyanide (Nickel (II) cyanide)
Nicotine and salts (Pyrldlne. (S)-3-(l-
methyl-2-pyrrolldlnyl)-. and salts)
Nltnc oxide (Nitrogen (II) oxide)
p.Nltroinillne (Benzenamme. 4-nllro-l
Nltrobenzine (Benzene, nitre-)
Nitrogen dioxide (Nitrogen (IV) oxide)
Nitrogen mustard and hydrochlorlde salt
(Ethanamme. 2-chloro-. N-(2-chloroethyl)-
N-methyl-. and hydrochlonde salt)
Nitrogen mustard N-Oxide and hydrochlo-
rlde salt (Ethanamme. 2-chloro-. N-<2-
chloroethyl)-N-meihyl-. and hydrochlo-
rlde salt)
Nitroglycerine (1.2.3-Propanetrlol. trinl-
trate)
4-Nltrophenol (Phenol. 4-nltro-)
4-Nltroqulnollne-l-oxlde (Qulnollne. 4-nltro-
1 -oxide-)
Nltrosamlne. N O S.*
N-Nltrosodl-n-butylamme ( 1-Butanamme.
N-butyl-N-mtroso-)
N-Nltrosodlethanolamlne (Elhanol. 2.2
(mtrosoimino)bis-)
N-Nltrosodlethylamme (Ethanamme. N-
ethyl-N-mtroso-)
N-Nltrosodtmechylamtne (Olmethylmtrosa-
mine)
N-Nltroso-N-ethylurea (Carbamide. N-ethyl-
N-nitroso->
N-Nltrosomethylethylamme ( Ethanamme.
N-methyl-N-nitroso-)
N-Nltroso-N-methylurea (Carbamide. S-
acid, methylnitroso-. eihyl ester)
N-Nltrosomethylvtnylamme (Ethenamme.
N-methyl-N-mtroso-)
N-Nltrosomorphollne (Morphollne. N-ni-
troso-l
N-Nltrosonornlcotlne (Nomteotlne. N-
nitroso-)
N-Nltrosopiperidlne (Pyndlne. hexahydro-
N- nitroso-)
Nltrosopyrrolldlne (Pyrrole, tetrahydro-. N-
nitroso-)
N-Nltrososareostne (Sarcosme. N-nitroso-i
21
-------
S-NKro-o-toiuldine (Berttenamlne. 2-methyl-
Octamethylpyrophosphoramlde (Dlphos-
phoramide. octaraethyl-)
Osmium tetroxlde (Osmium (VIII) oxide)
7.0xabicyclo(2.2.1Jheptane-2.3-dIcarboxyllc
acid (Endothal)
Paraldehyde (1.3.5-Trtoxane. 2.4.«-trt-
methyl-)
Parathlon (Phosphorothlole acid. O.O-
dlethyl O-phenyl) ester
PenUctilorobemene (Benzene, pentachloro-
)
Pentachloroethane (Ethane, pentachloro-)
Pentachloronltrobenzene (PCMB) (Benzene.
pentachloronltro-)
Pentaehlorophenol (Phenol, pentaehlora-)
Phenacetln (Acetamlde. N-<4-ethoxy-
phenyl)-)
Phenol (Benzene, hydroxy-)
Phenylenedlamlne (Benzenedlamlne)
Pheny(mercury aeeute (Mercury, acetato-
phenyl-)
N-Phenylthlourea (Thlourea. phenyl-)
Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride)
Phosphlne (Hydroten phosphide)
Phoaphorodlthlole acid. O.O-dlethyl 3-
((ethylthlo)methyll ester (Phorate)
Phosphorothlole acid. O.O-dlmethyl O-tp-
«dlmethylamlno)sulfonyl>phenyll eater
(Fmmphur)
Phthalle acid eaters. N.O.S.* (Benzene. 1.3-
dlCBrboxylle add. eaters, M.OA')
Phthalle anhydride (1.2-
Benzenedlcmrboxyllc acid anhydride)
2-P!collne(Pyridlne. 2-methyl-)
Polychlorinated blphenyL N.OJ3.*
Potassium cyanide
Potassium silver cyanide (Anentatetl-). dl-
cyano-. potassium)
Prenamlde (3.5-Olehloro-N-
Strontium sulflde
Strychnine and salts (Strychnidln-10-one.
and salts)
1.2.4.5-Tetnchlorobenzene (Benzene.
1.2.1.9-tetrachloro-)
2.3.7.8-Tetrachlorodlbenzo-p-dloxln (TCDD)
(Dlbenzo-p-dloxln. 2.3.7.8-tetrachloro-)
Tetrachloroethane. N.OS." (Ethane, te-
trachloro-. N.O.S.*)
1.1.1.2-Tetrachlorethane (Ethane. 1.1.1.2-te-
trachloro-)
1.1.2.2-Tetrachlorethane (Ethane. l.l.2.2-te-
trachloro-)
Tetraehloroethane (Ethene. 1.1.2.2-tetraeh-
lore-1
Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachlorlde)
2.3.4.a.-Tetnchlorophenol (Phenol. 2.3.4.8-
tetrachlora-)
Tetraethyldlthlopyrephosphate (Olthlopyr-
ophosphoric acid, tetraethyl-ester)
Tetrmethyl lead (Plumbane. tetraethyl-)
Tetraethylpyrophosphate (Pyrophoaphorlc
acide. tetraethyl ester)
Tetranltromethane (Methane, tetranltro-)
Thallium and compounds. N.QJ3.*
Thalllc oxide (Thallium (III) oxide)
Thallium (I) acetate (Acetic acid, thallium
(I) salt)
Thallium (I) carbonate (Carbonic acid, dlth-
aUlum (I) salt)
Thallium (I) chloride
Thallium (I) nitrate (Nitric acid, thallium
(I) salt)
Thallium selenlte
Thallium (I) sulfate (Sulfuric acid, thallium
(I) salt)
Thioacetamide (Ethanethloamlde)
Thlosemlcarbazlde
(Hydnzlnecarbothloamide)
Thlourea (Carbamide thlo-)
Thluram (BWdlmethylthlocarbamoyl) dl-
sulflde)
Toluene (Benzene, methyl-)
Toluenedlamlne (Dlamlno toluene)
o-Toluidlne hydroehloride (Benzenamine. 2-
methyl-, hydroehloride)
Tolylene dllsoeyanate (Benzene. 1.3-dllso-
cyanatomethyl-)
Toxaphene (Camphene. oetachloro-)
Tribromomethane (Bromoform)
1.2.4-Trlchlorobenzene (Benzene. 1.2.4-trich-
lore»)
1.1.1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform)
1.1.2-Trichloroethane (Ethane. 1.1.2-trieh-
lore-)
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
Trichloromethanethlol (Methanethiol.
trichloro-)
Trichioromononuoromethane (Methane.
trtchlorofluoro-)
2.4.S-Trichloropheno! (Phenol. 2.4.5-trich-
loro-)
2.4.a-Trichlorophenal (Phenol. 2.4.8-trteh-
loro-)
14.9-Triehlorophenoxyacetle acid (2.4.3-T)
(Acetic acid. 2.4.a-trichlorophenoxy->
2.4.9-Triehlorophenoxyproplonic acid (2.4.5-
TP) (Sllvex) (Proplonoie acid. 2-( 2.4.5-
trichlorophenoxy)-)
Trichlorapropane. M.O^.* (Propane, trieh-
lore-. N.OA*)
1.2.3-Trichlorapropane (Propane. 1.2.3-trlch-
lore-)
O.O.O-Triethyl phosphorothloate (Ptios-
phorothiolc acid. O.O.O-triethyl eater)
synvTrlnltrobenzene (Benzene. 1.3.5-trlnl-
tro->
Trisd-azrldlnyl) phosphlne lulflde (Phos-
phlne sulflde. irtwl-aztrldlnyl-)
Trls(2.3-dlbramooropyl) phosphate (1-Pra-
panol. 2.3-dlbromo-. phosphate)
Trypan blue (2.7-Naphthalenedlsulfonlc
acid. 3.3M(3.3--dlmethyl( l.f-blphenyl>-
4.4'-dlyl)bls(azo)lbls(5-amlno-4-hydroxy-.
tetrasodlum salt)
Uraell mustard (Urmcll 5-(bis(2-
ehloroethyl lamtno I-)
Vanadlc acid, ammonium salt (ammonium
vanadate)
Vanadium pentoxlde (Vanadium (V) oxldei
Vinyl chloride (Ethene. chloro-)
Zinc cyanide
Zinc phosphide
(46 PR 27477. May 20. 1981: 48 PR 29708.
June 3.19811
22
-------
23
-------
APPENDIX B
GUIDE TO COMPATIBILITY OF CHEMICALS
24
-------
GUIDE TO COMPATIBILITY OF CHEMICALS
The Guide is based in part upon information provided to (he Coast Guard by
the National Academy of Sciences - U.S. Coast Guard Advisory Committee on
Hazardous Materials and represents the latest information available to (he Coast
Guard on chemical compatibility.
The accidental mixing of one chemical cargo with another can in some cases
be expected to result in a vigorous and hazardous chemical reaction. The genern-
tion of toxic gases, the heating, overflow, and rupture of cargo tanks, and Tire nnd
explosion are possible consequences of such reactions.
The purpose of the Compatibility Chart is to show chemical combinations
believed to be dangerously reactive in the case of accidental mixing. It should be
recognized, however, that the Chart provides a broad grouping of chemicals with
an extensive variety of possible binary combinations. Although one group, gener-
ally speaking, can be considered dangerously reactive with another group where
an "X" appears on the Chart, there may exist between the groups some combina-
tions which would not dangerously react. The Chart should therefore not be used
as an infallible guide. It is offered as an aid in the safe loading of bulk chemical
cargoes, with the recommendation that proper safeguards be taken to avoid
accidental mixing of binary mixtures for which an "X" appears on the Chart
Proper safeguards would include consideration of such factors as avoidance of the
use of common cargo and vent lines and carriage in adjacent tanks having a
common bulkhead.
The following procedure explains how the Guide should be used in dctcnnm-
ing compatibility information:
(I) Determine the reactivity group of a particular product by referring
to the alphabetical list in Table 7.1.
(2) Enter the Chart with the reactivity group. Proceed across (he page
An "X" indicates a reactivity group that forms an unsafe combina-
tion with the product in question.
For example, crotonaJdehyde is listed in Table 7.1 as belonging in Group 19
(Aldehydes). The Chart shows that chemicals in this group should be segregated
from sulfuric and nitric acids, caustics, ammonia, and all types of amines (aliphatic.
alkanol, and aromatic). According to note A. crotonaJdehyde is also incompatible
with non-oxidizing mineral acids.
25
-------
It is recognized there are wide variations in the reaction rates of individual
chemicals within the broad groupings shown reactive by the Compatibility Chart.
Some individual materials in one group will react violently with some of the
materials in another group and cause great hazard; others will react slowly, or not
at all. Accordingly, a useful addition to the Guide would be the identification of
specific binary combinations which are found not to be dangerously reactive, even
though an "X'" appears on the chart for those two chemicals. A few such
combinations are listed in Table 7.3; other safe combinations will be listed in
subsequent revisions.
26
-------
COMPATIBILITY CHART
M
e
a
o
at
L
It
;o cnours *
aM'OXIOIIIMO MIMIMAl ACIOI
JirUAlC AGIO
ITAIC ACID
itCAMic ACIOS
AUITICS
MMONIA
llANOkAMINCf
«O«*AriC AMIMd
wiOCi
IIQAMIC AMMVOftiOIS
iOCTANAltS
IWL *CI TACC
IATCS
•IIWTIO AV.ITUI
l«VLCM( OXIOCS
riCHiaMOHYOftl*
E 'O**C S
kco»ois. CLVCOIS
MINOVS. cncsois
AfnOLACTAM lOLUrtOM
LtflNS
•kvcav (Txias
•ttert refer to notes on following atye}
1. NON-OXIOlIINC I
MIMf MAL ACIOf 1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
1. UM. runic ACIO 1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6
X
I
X NITRIC AGIO I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
I
*
X
3
4. OMCANIC ACiOl 1
X
X
X
e
I
f
4
V
5
X
X
X
I
X
X
X
M
I
t
t. AMMONIA I
' X
X
X
X
X
c
1
u
to
4
z
ti
X
X
X
X
I
X
X
X
X
1
X
X
7
• ALKANOLAMMIS 1
X
x
X
X
X
i
•
X
1
1
». AMOM A TIC AMIMIS 1
e
E
i
10 AMIOtS 1
X
X
t
10
II. OMCAMIC I
AMMVOHlOfS 1
X
X
X
X
i
tl. ISOCVAMATfl 1
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
a
X
X
X
!
2
11 VINVL ACfTATC I
X
X
X
1
14. ACMVLATtf 1
X
X
•
IS. SUBCTIIUICO 1
AIL VI. I 1
X
X
0
•
II. ALKVLf Mf OXIOf S 1
X
X
s
1
X
I
1
I NllfOAMOVQllOIJI *(!
X
I
I
I
X
7
II. KCTOMIS I
1
1
M
a
>
a
j
4
•
A
X
X
X
X
•
t
10 ALCOMOtf. CIVCOII 1
-i-
f
X
X
70
s
L
H
e
i
M
X
X
1
11 CAPMOLACIAU
1OLU1ION
X
X
11
27
-------
NOTES TO COMPATIBILITY CHART:
REACTIVITY DIFFERENCES (DEVIATIONS) WITHIN CHEMICAL GROUPS
A Acrolein (19), Crotonaldehyde (19), and 2-Ethyl-3-propyl
acrolein (19) are not compatible with Group 1, Non-Oxi-
dizing Mineral Acids.
B Isophorone (18), and Mesityl Oxide (18) are not compatible
with Group 8, Alkanolamlnes.
C Acrylic Acid (4) is not compatible with Group 9, Aromatic
Amines.
D Allyl Alcohol (15) is not compatible with Group 12, Iso-
cyanates.
E Furfuryl Alcohol (20) is not compatible with Group 1,
Non-oxidizing Mineral Acids.
F Furfuryl Alcohol (20) is not compatible with Group 4,
Organic Acids.
G Dichloroethyl Ether (36) is not compatible with Group 2,
Sulfuric Acid.
H Trichloroethylene (36) is not compatible with Group 5,
Caustics.
I Ethyienediamine (7) is not compatible with Ethylene Di-
chlorlde (36).
28
-------
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COMPOUNDS
Name
Acctaldehydfe
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrolein (inhibited)
Acrylic Acid (inhibited)
Acrylonitrile
(inhibited)
Adiponitrile
Allyl Alcohol
Allyl Chloride
Aninoethylethanolanine
Ammonia, Anhydrous
Ammonium Hydroxide
(282 or less)
Ammonium Nitrate, Urea,
Water Solutions
(containing Ammonia)
Ammonium Nitrate, Urea,
Water Solutions (not
containing Ammonia)
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Alcohol
Amyl Tallate
Aniline
Asphalt
Asphalt Blending Stocks:
Roofers Flux
Straight Run Residue
B e n z e.n e
Benzene, Toluene
Xylene (crude)
Butadiene (inhibited)
Butane
Butyl Acrylate
(inhibited)
Butyl Acetate
Butyl Alcohol
Butylamine
Group
No.
19
4
11
18
37
19
4
15
37
15
15
8
6
Name
Phthalate
43
34
20
34
9
33
33
33
32
32
30
31
14
34
20
7
Butyl Benzyl
Butylene
1,3-Butylene Glycol
Butylene Oxide
Butyl Ether
Butyl Methacrylate
(Inhibited)
Butyraldehyde
Butyric Acid
Camphor Oil (light)
Caprolactam Solution
Carbolic Oil
Carbon DisuLfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Caustic Potash Solution
Caustic Soda Solution
Chlorine
Chlo robenzene
Chloroform
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Corn Syrup
Creosote, Coal Tar
Cresols
Cresylate Spent Caustic
Solution
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cycloaliphatic Resins
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexylamine
Cymene
Decaldehyde
Oecane
Decene
Decyl Alcohol
Decyl Acrylate
(inhibited)
34
30
20
16
41
14
19
4
18
22
21
38
36
5
5
*
36
36
*
43
21
21
5
19
32
31
31
20
18
7
32
19
31
30
20
14
29
-------
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Decylbenzene 32
Dextrose Solution 43
Diacetone Alcohol 20
Dibutylamlne 7
Dlbutyl Phthalate 34
Diehlorobenzene 36
Dichlorodifluoromethane 36
1,1-Dichloroethane 36
Dichloroethyl Ether 41
Diehloromethane 36
1,1-Dichloropropane 36
1,2-Dlchloropropane 36
1,3-Dichloropropene 15
Dicyclopentadiene 30
Diethanolamine 8
Diethylamine 7
Diethylbenzene 32
Diethylene Glycol 40
Diethylene Clycol Mono-
butyl Ether 40
Diethylene Glycol Mono-
butyl Ether Acetate 34
Diethylene Glycol Mono-
ethyl Ether 40
Diethylene Glycol Mono-
methyl Either 40
Diethylenetriamine 7
Diethylethanolamine 8
Diheptyl Phthalate 34
Diisobutylene 30
Diisobutyl Carbinol 20
Diisobutyl Ketone 18
Diisode-cyl Phthalate 34
Diisopropanolaraine 8
Dlisopropylamine 7
Dimethylamine 7
Dimethylethanolamine 8
Dimethylformamide 10
Dinonyl Phthalate 34
Dioctyl Phthalate 34
1,4-Dioxane 41
Diphenyl-Diphenyl Oxide 33
DiphenyImethane Diiso-
cyanate 12
Di-n-propyIamine 7
Dipropylene Glycol 40
Distillates:
Straight Run
Flashed Feed Stocks
Diundecyl Phthalate
Dodecane
Dodecanol
Dodecene
Dodecylbenzene
Epiehlorohvdrin
Ethane
Ethano Iamine
Ethoxylated Alcohols
Ethoxy Triglycol
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl A^crylate
(inhibited)
Ethylamine
Ethyl Benzene
Ethyl Butanol
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene
Ethylene Chlorohydrin
Ethylene Cyanohydrin
Ethylened iamine
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Glycol Mono-
butyl Ether
Ethylene Glycol Mono-
butyl Ether Acetate
Ethylene Glycol Mono-
ethyl Ether
Ethylene Clycol Mono-
ethyl Ether Acetate
Ethylene Glycol Mono-
methyl Ether
Ethylene Oxide
Ethyl Ether
Ethylhexaldehyde
2-Ethyl Hexanol
2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate
(inhibited)
33
33
34
31
20
30
32
17
31
8
60
40
34
20
14
7
32
20
36
30
20
20
7
36
36
20
40
34
40
34
40
*
41
l"»
20
30
-------
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Ethyl Hexyl Tallate 34
Ethyl Methacrylate
(inhibited) 14
2-Ethyl-3-Propyl
Acrole in 19
Formaldehyde Solution
(37-502) 19
Formic Acid 4
Furfural 19
Fur£uryl Alcohol 20
Jet Fuels:
JP-1 (Kerosene) 33
JP-3 33
JP-4 33
JP-5 (Kerosene, Heavy) 33
Kerosene 33
Latex, Liquid Synthetic 43
Stocks:
(natural)
(containing
grams lead
Gas Oil:
Cracked
Gasoline Blending
Alkylates
Re fo rma t es
Gasolines :
Cas ingh ead
Automot1ve
over 4.23
per gallon)
Aviation (containing
not over 4 . 8*"6 grams
lead per gallon)
Polyme r
Straight Run
Glutaraldehyde Solution
Glycerine
Glycol Diacetate
Glyoxal Solution
Heptane
Hexame^thyleneimine
He xa n e
Hexano1
He xene
Hexylene Glycol
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Iso.phorone
Isoprene (inhibited)
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
19
20
34
19
31
7
31
20
30
20
1
1
18
30
Hesityl Oxide 18
Methane 31
Methyl Acetate 34
Methyl Acetylene, Pro-
padiene Mixture
(Stabilized) 30
Methyl Acrylate
(inhibited)- 14
Methyl Alcohol 20
Methyl Amyl Acetate 34
Methyl Amyl Alcohol 20
Methyl Bromide 36
3-Methyl Butyra 1 dehyde 19
Methyl Chloride 36
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 18
2-Methyl-5-Ethyl
Pyridine " 9
Methyl Formal (Dimethyl
Formal) 41
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 18
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol 20
Methyl Methacrylate
(inhibited) 14
(alpha-) Methyl Styrene
(inhibited) 30
Mineral Spirits 33
Monochlorodifluoro-
methane 36
Morpholine 7
Motor Fuel Antiknock Com-
pounds Containing Lead
Alkyls *
31
-------
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Naphtha:
Coal Tar
Solvent
Stoddard Solvent
Varnish Markers'
and
Painters' (75Z)
Naphthalene (molten)
Nitric Acid (70Z or
less)
Nitric Acid (95Z)
Nitrobenzene
1- or 2-Nitropropane
Nitrotoluene
Nonane
Nonene
Nonyl Alcohol
Nonyl Phenol
Nonyl Phenol
(ethoxylated)
Octane
Octene
Octyl Alcohol
Octyl Aldehyde
Octyl Epoxytallate
Oils:
Clarified
Coal Oil
Crude Oil
Diesel Oil
Fuel Oils:
1 (Kerosene)
1-D
2
2-D
4
5
6
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Residual
Road
Transformer
Edible Oils,
Castor
Coconut
Cotton Seed
Fish
including:
33
33
33
33
32
43
43
43
31
30
20
21
40
31
30
20
19
34
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
Lard
Olive
Palm
Peanut
Safflower
Soya Bean
Tucum •
Vegetable
Miscellaneous Oils,
including:
Absorpt ion
Aromatic
Coal Tar
Heartcut Distillate
Linseed
Lubricating
Mineral
Mineral Seal
Motor
Neatsfoot
Penetrating
Range
Resin
Resinous
Rosin
Sperm
Spindle
Spray
Tall
Tanner ' s
Turbine
Oleum
Pen tadecanol
Pentane
Pent ene
Pentyl Aldehyde
Perchloroethylene
Petrolatum
Petroleum Naphtha
Phenol
Pentachloroethane
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphorus
Phthalic Anhydride
(molten) •
Pet roleum
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
33
33
*
22
31
30
19
36
33
33
21
36
1
*
11
32
-------
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Polybutene 30
Polyethylene Glycols 40
Polymethy'l.ene Polyphenyl-
isocyana t e 12
Polypropylene 30
Polypropylene Glycol
Methyl Ether 40
Polypropylene Glycols 40
Propane 31
Propanolaraine 8
Propionaldehyde 19
Propionic Acid 4
Propionic Anhydride 11
Propyl Acetate 3*
Propyl Alcohol 20
Propylamine 7
Propylene 30
Propylene Butylene
Polymer 30
Propylene Glycol 20
Propylene Oxide 16
Propylene Tetramer 30
Propyl Ether 41
Pyridine 9
Sodium Hydrosulfide
Solution (45Z^or less) 5
Sorbitol 20
Styrene (inhibited) 30
Sulfolane 39
Sulfur (molten) *
Sulfuric Acid 2
Sulfuric Acid, Spent 2
Tallow 3^
Tallow Fatty Alcohol 20
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-
ethane 36
Te t radecano1
Tetradecene
Tetradecylbenzene
Tetraethylene Clycol
Tetraethylenepentamine
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Tetrasodiura Salt of
EDTA Solution
Toluene
Toluene Diisocyanate
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
Tridecano1
Tridecene
Tridecylbenzene
Tr iethanolaraine
Triethylamine
Triethyl Benzene
Triethylene Glycol
Triethylenetetramine
Tripropylene Glycol
Turpen t ine
Undecano1
Undecene
Undecy Ibenzene
Valeraldehyde
Vinyl Acetate
(inhibited)
Vinyl Chloride
(inhibited)
Vinylidene Chloride
(inhibited)
Vinyl Toluene
(inhibited)
Xylene
;o
30
32
40
7
41
32
43
32
12
36
36
20
30
32
8
7
32
40
7
40
30
20
30
32
19
13
35
35
30
32
Because of very high reactivity or unusual conditions of
carriage, this product is not Included In the Compatibility
Chart. If compatibility information is needed for a ship-
ment, contact Commandant (C-MHM-1/83), U.S. Coast Guard,
400 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D. C. 20590.
33
-------
REACTIVITY GROUPS
1. Non-Oxidizing Mineral Acids
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
2. Sulfuric Acids
Spent Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid (98Z or less)
3. Nitric Acid
Nitric Acid (70Z or less)
4. Organic Acids
Acetic Acid
Butyric Acid
Formic Acid
Propionlc Acid
Acrylic Acid (inhibited)
v.
5. Caustics
Caustic Potash Solution
Caustic Soda Solution
Cresylate Spent Caustic Solution
Sodium Hydrosulfide Solution
(45Z or less)
6. Ammonia
Ammonia, Anhydrous
Ammonium Hydroxide (287. or less)
Ammonium Nitrate, Urea, Water
Solutions (containing Ammonia)
7. Aliphatic Amines
Butylamlne
Cyclohexylaraine
Dibutylamlne
Dlethylamine
Diethylenetrlamine
Diisopropylamine
Oimethylamine
Di-n-propylamine
Ethylamine
Ethylenediamine
Hexatnethyleneimine
Methylamlne
Morpholine
Propylamine
Tetraethylenepentamine
Triethylamine
Triethylenetetramine
8. Alkanolamines
Aminoethylethanolamine
Diethanolamine
Diethylethanolamine
Diisopropanolamine
Dimethylethanolamine
Ethanolamine
Propanolamine
Triethanolamlne
9. Aromatic Amines
Aniline
Pyridine
2-Methyl-5-Ethylpyridine
10. Amides
DIme t hy1formam ide
34
-------
REACTIVITY GROUPS (Continued)
11. Organic Anhydrides
Acetic Anhydride
Phthalic Anhydride
Propionic Anhydride
12. Isocyanates
Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate
Polyphenyl Polymethylene-
isocyanate
Toluene Diisocyanate
13. Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Acetate (inhibited)
14. Acrylates
Butyl Acrylate (inhibited)
Butyl Methacrylate (inhibited)
Decyl Acrylate (inhibited)
Ethyl Acrylate (inhibited)
2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate (inhibited)
Ethyl Methacrylate (inhibited)
Methyl Acrylate (inhibited)
Methyl Methacrylate (inhibited)
15. Substituted Allyls
Acrylonitrile (inhibited)
Allyl Alcohol
Allyl Chloride
1,3-Diphloropropene
16. Alkvlene Oxides
Propylene Oxide
Butylene Oxide
17. Epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin
18. Ketones
Acetone
Camphor Oil
Cyclohexanone
Diisobutyl Ketone
Isophorone
Mesityl Oxide
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
19. Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein (inhibited)
Butyraldehyde
Decaldehyde
Ethylhexaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde Solution
Clyoxal Solution
Methylbutyraldehyde
Octyl Aldehyde
Pentyl Aldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Valeraldehyde
20. Alcohols. Glycols
A/nyl Alcohol
Butyl Alcohol
1,3-Butylene Clycol
Cyclohexanol
Decyl Alcohol
Diacetone Alcohol
Diisobutyl Carbinol
Dodecanol
Ethanol
Ethoxylated Alcohols
Circi5
35
-------
REACTIVITY GROUPS (Continued)
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethylbutanol
Ethylene Chlorohydrln
Ethylene Cyanohydrin
Ethylene Glycol
2-Ethyl Hexanol
Furfuryl Alcohol
Glycerin
Hexanol
Hexylene Glycol
Methanol
Methyl Alcohol
Methylamyl Alcohol
Methylisobutyl Carbinol
Octyl Alcohol
Nonyl Alcohol
Pentadecanol
Propyl Alcohol
Propylene Glycol
Sor<ol
Tallow Fatty Alcohol
Tetradecanol
Tridecanol
Undecanol
21. Phen&ls and Cresols
Carbolic Oil
Creosote, Coal Tar
Cresols
Nonyl Phenol
Phenol
22. Caprolactam Solution
Caprolactam Solution
23 - 29. Unassigned
30. Olefins
Butadiene (inhibited)
Butene
Butylene
Decene
Dicyclopentadiene
Diisobutylene
Oodecene
Ethylene
Hexene
Isoprene (inhibited)
Methyl Acetylene, Propadiene
Mixture (stabilized)
(alpha-) Methyl Styrene
(inhibited)
Nonene
Octene
Pentene
Polybutene
Polypropylene
Propylene
Propylene Butylene Polymer
Propylene Tetramer
Styrene (inhibited)
Vinyl Toluene (inhibited)
Tetradecene
Tridecene
Turpentine
Undecene
31. Paraffins
Butane
Cycloaliphatic Resins
Cyclohexane
Decane
Dodecane
Ethane
Heptane
Hexane
Methane
Nonane
Octane
Pentane
Propane
36
-------
REACTIVITY GROUPS (Continued)
32. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (crude)
Cumene
Cymene
Oecylbenzene
DieChylbenzene
Dodecylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Naphthalene
Tetradecylbenzene
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Toluene
Tridecylbenzene
Triethylbenzene
Undecylbenzene
Xylene
33. Misc. Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Asphalt
Asphalt Blending Stocks
Diphenyl - Diphenyl Oxide
Distillates
Gas Oil, Cracked ^
Gasoline Blending Stocks
Gasolines
Jet Fuels
Kerosene
Mineral Spirits
Naphtha
Oils, "Crude -
Oils, Diesel
Oils, Coal
Oils, Fuel
Oils,
Oils,
(No
Residual
Road
Oils, "Transformer
Petrolatum „
Petroleum Naphtha
1 thru No. 6)
34. Esters
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Tallate
Butyl Acetate
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Castor Oil
Coconut Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl
Ether Acetate
Diheptyl Phthalate
Diisodecyl Phthalate
Dinonyl Phthalate
Dioctyl Phthalate
Diundecyl Phthalate
Ethyl Acetate
Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl
Ether Acetate
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether Acetate
tthylhexyl Tallate
Fish Oil
Glycol Diacetate
Lard
Methyl Acetate
Methyl Amyl Acetate
Octyl Epoxy Tallate
Olive Oil
Palm Oil
Peanut Oil
Propyl Acetate
Safflower Oil
Soybean Oil
Tallow
Tucum Oil
Vegetable Oil
35. Vinvl Halides
Vinyl Chloride (inhibited)
Vinylidene Chloride (inhibited)
36. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
37
-------
REACTIVITY GROUPS (Continued)
Chloroform
Dichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethane
Dichloroethyl Ether
Dlchloromethane
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dlchloride
Methyl Bromide
Methyl Chloride
Pentachloroethane
Perchloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
37. Nitriles
Acetonitrile
Adiponitrlle
-38. Carbon Disulfide
39. Sulfolane
Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl
Ether
Nonylphenol, Ethoxylated
Polyethylene Glycols
Polypropylene Glycols
Polypropylene Glycol Methyl
Ether
Soybean Oil', Epoxidized
Tetraethylene Glycol
Triethylene Glycol
Tripropylene Glycol
41. Ethers
Butyl Ether
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl Ether
Methyl Formal (Dimethyl
Formal)
Propyl Ether
Tetrahydrofuran
42. Nitrocpropounds
(mono-) Nitrobenzene
1- or 2-Nitropropane
Nitrotoluene
40. Glycol Ethers
Diethylend Glycol
Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl
Ether
Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl
Ether
Dipropylene Glycol
Ethoxy Triglycol
Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl
Ether
Ethylene Glycol Monethyl
Ether
43. Miscellaneous Water Solutions
Ammonium Nitrate, Urea, Water
Solutions (not containing
Ammonia)
Corn Syrup
Dextrose Solution
Latex Solutions
Tetrasodium Salt of EDTA
Solution
38
-------
APPENDIX C"
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
39
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
BASIC FIELD ACTIVITIES SAFETY TRAINING
Post Test
1-1. The basic level of field training consists of all the following
except:
a. 24 hours of classroom training
b. 36 hours of field training with experienced employee
c. 8 hours of respiratory and protective gear training
d. Al1 of the above
1-2. Employee reports of hazardous work conditions must be
investigated within:
a. ?4 hours for ..imminent dangers
b. One v/eek if potentially serious
c. 30 days for other conditions
d. None of the above
2-1. Which is the best procedure when preparing,, to visit a site for
the first time:
a, Let the highest ranking person take charge; others listen
and obey.
b. Ltet the person with the most experience at similar sites
take charge; others listen and obey.
c. Let one person record every team member's suggestions.
Then consider the task as a team and make your plans
jointly.
3-1. Treat third degree burns and "burn shock" by
and other appropriate procedures)
a. Use -of ice
b. - Giving fluids to drink (if patient is conscious)
c. Removing all burned, hot clothing, with any adhering skin
-d. Al 1 of the above
3-2. Which CPR technique should not be practiced on a classroom
volunteer?
a. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
b. opening and clearing'the airway
c. Feeling for pulse at the carotid artery
d. Cardiac compression
p
4-1. Your team will be working in the sun, in 95' F heat, in
encapsulating suites, without cooling vests. Work periods should last
not longer than:
a. 15 minutes c, 60 minutes
b. 30 minutes d. 2 hours
-------
4-2. Normal activities will be disrupted if the internal temperature
drops only .
a. 2 degrees F
b. 5 degrees F
c. 10 degrees F
d. 19.6 degrees to 80 degrees F
4-3. Heat cramps are caused by
a. Insufficient sweating
b. Loss of electrolytes
c. Erratic blood pressure and pulse
d. Hard work in hot sun
4-4. When heat stress is anticipated, which fluids are recommended1:
a. White wine
b. Gatorade
c. Weak salt solution
d.. Sweetened, hot coffee
e. b and c
f. !a"and d
5-1. A spilled substance with a specific gravity of 0.80 and ,a vap.or
pressure of 600 mm/hg at ambient air temperature •
a. Wou'ld evaporate readily
b. Sink to the bottom of a pond
c. Be found'in high concentration .in low lying areas
d'. Would likely be very flammable f
5-2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of aa hazardous
waste?
a. combustible liquid
b. Corrosivity
c. Reactivity
d. E.P. toxicity
e. None of the above
6-1. Acute dosage tests are preferred to chronic tests because:
a. They are cheaper
b. The are faster
c. They have an easily recognizable endpoln.t
d. None of the above
e. a, b, c
-------
6-2. The potency of a poison is determined by
a. A select committee of OSHA
b. The design of the experiments used to determine, it
c. The use of standard white mice
d. Al1 of the above
e. None of the above
6-3. The common mechanism linking cancer, mutation, and teratogenic
effects is .
a. Modification of MDA
b. Modification of tRNA
c..{ ,, Modification of mRHA
d. Sister chromatid exchange
7-1. An allergy is .
a. A kind of chronic toxic effect.
b.. A kind of acute toxic effect.
c. A malfunction of the immune system.
d. A product of the imagination, without physical cause.
7-2. The site of action of a toxic chemical is
a. The geographic location where the chemical gets loose.
b. The identity of the chemical process for which-the ;
chemical was intended to be used.
c. The't'arget organ or'systern, within an animal.,
d. The molecular structure to which the chemical -attaches bo
effect its detrimental action
7-3. Chronic use of alcohol results in increased biosynthesis of
liver alcohol dehydrogenase. This is an 'example of!
a. Target organ damage.
b. Drug addiction.
c. An adaptive mechanism.
d. An immune reaction.
8-1. OSIIA defines PELs, which are .
a. Protective environmental limits
b. Permissible 'exposure limitsi
c. Probably endangered lives
d. Protective environmental laws
8-2. TLV-STEL levels are the concentration to which a worker .
a. May never be exposed to
b. May be exposed to over 40 hours
c. May be exposed continuously for 15 minutes without harm
d. May be exposed to for a shot term of less than 8 hours
-------
8-3. In which of the following areas are toxic chemicals most easily
absorbed:
a. Hands c. Face
b. Feet d. Arms
9-i. Many hazards are invisible. Which jet or stream of high
pressure gas is easiest to see:
a. Carbon dioxide, from a liquid CO fire extinguisher
2
b. 600 psig heated steam
C". "1*00 psi la'ir
10-1. You are preparing to climb a 30 foot ladder, and when you
finish climbing, you will need a hammer, chisel, screwdriver,-and'
vice-grip wrench. Which is best?
a. Pat them in your pockets or tool vest to keep your hands
free
b.. Put them in a tool box to be carried in one hand
c. Put them in a back pack
d. Put them in a closed container that will be hoisted up to
you after you climb the ladder.
10-2. Scaffolds should be secured at least every feet of
elevation
a. 8 b. 12
c. 20 d. 30
10-3. Standard''guard' rails have top- and mid-rails how high?
a. 54 and' 27 inches c. 36 and 18 inches
b.' 42, and1 2i; inches d. 30 and IB inches
11-1. Grit. .clfanD'eifs, digesters, and wet wells are places where which
hazard may. e'xist?,
a. 'insufficient oxygen-
b. ,Slippery spills of water, grease and oil1
c. .Flammable liquids or vapors
>d. All of the above
i i .
11-2. In these plants, 'the on-sit.e locations with1 the highest
percentages of,accidents are .
a. 51ud,ge"haiidl ing and I manholes
b. Main'tenarice'shop and-preliminary treatment-
c. Pump st'atlo'h's, and"wet or dry'wells
d. Settling tanks and laboratory
11-3. When chlorine gas leaks out and combines with water, it forms
4
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*» Hydrogen peroxide
b. Sodium hypochlorite
c. Hydrochloric acid
d. Polychlorinated biphenyls
12-1. The list of dangerous gases in a mine is usually headed by '
a. Methane
b. Propane
c. Hydrogen
d. Hydrogen sulfide
13-1. If a car going 40 mph can stop in 65 feet on dry concrete, what
is the estimated stopping distance at 40 mph in snow?
•a. 85 feet c. 275 feet
b. 200 feet d. 400 feet
13-2. I'f" a car going 25 mph can stop in 40 fee.t, .ai,t?r";l:he brakes-
have-been applied, a car going 50 mph can stop in about , . ..
a. 65 feet c. 120 feet
b:' 80 feet d. 160 feet
13-3.'_ The distance between your car and the one in front is' .
a. Separation c. Maneuvering space
b. Interval d. Reaction space
14-1. A storm warning center is displaying a single square red-flag
with a black center, and -the radio says there is a .stojrm warning.
What should you do?
a. Proceed cautiously, but not get out of sight 01 snore, in,
case a small craft warning is issued.
1i>. ' Go' shore and stay ashore until the weather c.^earp.. ,
c. Proceed with your mission, but radio the Coast .Gua,rd. to.
let them where you are.
d. Don life jackets, but continue sailing if y,ou, know how to
navigate with a compass.
14-2. You are using a 20-foot cabin cruiser, and ,therp-£d aj fishing,
boat ''trawling for fish, on a course that may take it .acr'oss your b'ow,'
but .< a^i'co'l lisioit > seems likely,,% or else you-may ge,t,'your 'prppeHer
fouled in his net. You should
a. Sound your horn repeatedly to ;teM the flshenman to 'get •
out of your way, because you are on government fcjusine'ss.
b. Get on the CB radio'and try to contact th,e ot,her boat.-
c. Yield the right of way.
d. Make him yield the right of way, because your boat is
better.
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15-1. You have collected 12 liquid samples of hazardous materials/in
glass jars. For your return flight with the samples, in your
chartered aircraft, what packing and stowing precautions should •you
observe?
a. 'ftqne, that's why you used a chartered aircraft.
b. 'Ericlose bottles in plastic bags to contain spills.
c,. -Observe (b) and stow the case of bottles so it can't
slide' or overturn.
d. Observe (b) and (c) and stow, as directed by the pilot to
maintain proper balance in the aircraft
15-2. You', have., ti.led a, , flight plan, and now your chartered plane
develops" engine tr'duble.' l The pilot glides in, roughly but safely, on1
a meadow in a wilderness area. The radio is dead. Your ,e.stimated ,
time of ..iarrivaT 'is' -'11tOOa.m. When will a search for your plane be'
initiated?
a. at ll:30a.m.
b.. at noon
c. at 12:30p.m.
d. When your wife, or boss, or someone else misses you and
starts phoning the airport from which you left.
e. Never, unless you took out air search insurance.
16-1. A fire extinguisher has these pictures on it: a flaming waste
basket ' ah'd'l!a' bonfire'; a container pouring liquid and'a fire, and an-'
electrical plug and receptacle with a red slash running diagonally
through them.j .That extinguisher can be used on which fires?
a. Types A, B, and C
by Type's^ 'B' and C'
c. Types A and B
d. ;T,ypes 'A''arid*C '
16-2. You open the door to see what's in the room, and you discover*a
brisk fire burning. You should .
a. First sound (or shout) the alarm, then call the fire depb
b.. .Soufid thet' alarm, and use the nearest fire extinguisher
c. Grab the biggest of the 3 fire extinguishers on the wall-./
and try to put out the fire.'
17-1. The .flas'hpo'lrifc' of a flammable s'ubstance is .
a. The point of ignition"1
b. The temperature'at which enough vapor'is released to
aHow a flame to propagate in the vapor-air mixture.
c. '-'A* "xju'ide ' in choc's ing a fire extinguisher.
17-2. The UFL is the
a., Upper flammable'limit
b. .Unidentified flammability level
c. Unrequited flaming love
d. Unignited flammable liquid
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17-3. The LEL is the
Least explosive level
Lowest environmental liability
Lower explosive limit
Lowest explosive level
17-4. Faulty judgement, poor coordination, and rapid fatigue occurs
at what percentage of oxygen?
a. <6% c.16 - 18%
b,? 10 - 14% d.19 - 23%
18-1. Coliwasa stands for
at., Surface water (wasa) contaminated with fecal, Escherichia
!• coll " "
b* Collected, integrated, waste sampler
c. Composite liquid waste sampler •
d. Collected liquid waste saver
18-2. A GFCI is a
a. Genera] Fire Containing Inclosure
b. General Flammable Chemical Index
c. Gas Flame Caused Implosion
d.. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
18-3. Combustible dusts of coal, grain, etc., are what "Claaa" of1
flammable
a. I b. II c. Ill
19-1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by bacteria > (rJLcketfsia)
and transmitted by _ .
a. ticks c. lice
b. mosquitoes d. sewage
19-2. Another creature that can cause a life-threatening^ allergic
reaction is the,' . . '
rm 1 III ••^•••^•••B
a. S.ttfi'pefl bass c. Rattlesnake
b. Rabid 'fox d. Hasp or bee
19-3. The most poisonous spider venom in the U,,S.( comes. from. the
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2C-2. What material has the greatest -.resistance to degradation by_
fuels?
a. Butyl rubber c. Neoprene. .£
b. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) d. Natural rubber
20-3. According to Dephv of- .Labor statq, what.. _%..of^Kork
4uring routine job assigrimeri€s?
; c. 60%
rb/ -* 73V* d.. 45%
20-4. What material has the greatest resistance to mineral acids'1?3* ^ 'l
a. Euty!"~"r«Sb~aT . , c. -Neoprene-
b. Polyvinyl chloride ifevt)^ d.' fcatur-ai-^ubtfer
is 1DLH' you
b. A SCBA
c. An airline respirator with auxiliary self-contained air
supply
d. a, b, or c
2i-2. lttT"tt«Wf 'tiA^r car. be detected^yl
a.
b. Odor
Slight .cal.or...Qf~.visible haze
, »r . •••
Odor —- - •> -
e. • -Woire-o*~W*e-aboye.
22-1.'About 30" "uirsourrd -trrwms-r -wofe-tly-_with_Ji fltry ct oryl_in fee gri ty,
are sittinq clpse togethef-^ outsit?, in tfisr Je,rly jpows.. There ~
no laJ^l'^5|^*jM^ii^a^..^'*M<;'6hould you sample
a. s^o^;e-W^-ar'l*i5i^^/V;iyV JSiS? * MrWe, .tiafl J
. r~H^P.?-n^ area-'.and puncture^lVer catcii basins.
b. Empty "the drums with a vacuum system, after digging moats
to catch splile " .-
c. .Puncture and sampje the drums in place, wearing Class is
protection. -
d. Leave them alone.
22-2. cC3A and Pirp^cfci.yei'Clpthlng-^re^i^i^cETt^^
a. A b. fe c. C C •
23-i.* The proper "shlppirtg ttaln'e! ftti^^Stardous -mater la 1' is f obn.d Jin :
b. Beilste^n;
C *. lTFl.ei.-ACS "pf'f icial
d. The NIOSH~ Regis'tr/of Hazar"a<5\lB "Haterials
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SECTION Vt. REACTIVITY DATA
STABILITY.
STABLE
Can'react vigorously with oxidizing material.
INCOMPATABILITY (materials to avoid)
Carbonates; Hydroxides; many oxides and phosphates, ate.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
HAZARDOUS
POLYMERIZATION
MAY OCCUR
WILL NOT OCCUR
X
CONDITIONS TO AVOID • --- .
SECTION VII ; SPILL AND DISPOSAL PROCEni lOPc
SPILLS
Eliminata all sources of Ignition. Cover contaminated surfaces with soda ash or sodium bicarbonate. Mix and add
water if necessary. Scoop up slurry and wash neutral (make litmus test) waste dtf*tt'd»ein with excejs Y»«tef.
if local environmental regulations permit.
DISPOSAL " •— IT
Dispose through a. waste treatment plant if local environmental regulations permit.
SECTION VIII
RESPIRATORY-1
ECTION INFORMATION
_ .Self-contained breathing apparatus
VENTILATION
LOCAL
X
- MECHANICAL (general)
X
PROTECTIVE-GLOVES
Rubber gloves
SPECIAL
OTHER
EYE PROTECTION T7_ —
FHftiMeld
OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Approved working elotrTeV
SECTION IK. HANDLING AND STORAGE PRECAUTION*
STORAGE & H/
Keep away from heat and open flame. Keep in tighdy closed container, at a temperatuf* «bo»e -175C.
(63"F.J. If frozen, thaw by moving closed container to warm area. Loosen closure cautiously.
Do not get liquid or vapor in ayes, on skin, on clothing. Avoid breathing vapor. Wash thor
ating.
Dale Issued*
6-20
Revision No A Date issued'
Th« inlormallon provided in this Material Safely Data Sheet has been compiled from our eiperltfnee and data presented
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J.T.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
CHEMICALS h-^t Baker Chemical Co., 222 Red School Lane, Pliilllpsburg. N.J. 08865
CHEMICAL NAME
Acttfe Add. Glacial
SECTION I . IDENTIFICATION OF PRO
FORMULA
CHjCOOH
SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE
Methane carboxylfe aetd; Ethanofa Add
CAS NO:
EPA NO:
SECTION II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
MATERIAL
NATURE OF HAZARD
•". I -
SECTION lit. PHYSICAL DATA
BOILING POINT
24CTC.
MELTING POINT .
F.P. 8?F.
VAPOR PRESSURE
• 20*C. 11.3 mm
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1.05
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR-1)
2.07
"PERCENT VOLATILE BY VOLUME (%)
WATER SOLUBILITY*
SoJublt
EVAPORATION RATE
APPEARANCE.. „
Clear, eolorl ' 'liquid with strong pungent odor of vinegar.
a
SECTION IV . f IRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
•r.
^^PBB^BBBBiaBBllBBBBBHaBlBBBBBBBBBlMBlBBBBBBBBMi^BBBBBBaVBlBBBBBBBl
FLASH POINT (method used)
10TF. (ce)
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
« zir
—4- Lower
I 5.4*
'Upper
16%
FIRE EXTINGUISHING
MEDIA
Water spray, dry chemical o'r carbon dipiiide. __
SPECIAL FIRE-FIGHTING PROCEDURES
UNUSUAL FIRE ANb EXPLOSION HAZAR9-
Gives off flammable vapor above itt flash point.
SECTION V. HEALTH HAZARD
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE . .
10 ppm orl.rat LD90 : 3310 mq/kg
HEALTH HAZARDS
Cjuset severe burns, PO.ISON May b« fatalJf,siivallpyved.BHarmfuljf inhaled..
FIRST AID PROCEDURES
6rl9
Call a physician. If swallowed.
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