bulletin Solid Wastes Become 2 Useful Products The conversion of solid wastes into fuel gas and salable slag, with reduced air pollution and projected costs lower than incineration, is being demonstra- ted on a pilot scale at Orchard Park, N.Y., near Buffalo. The plant employs pyrolysis- heating without burning—to convert most of the combustible portion of the waste into gas and to melt all metal, glass, and other inorganic por- tions. It has been operating for nearly a year as an EPA demonstration project, supported by $1.4 million in EPA grants and $500,000 from other par- ticipants: Erie County, New York State, the American Gas Association, the A. E. Anderson Co., and Torrex Systems, Inc. 75 Tons Per Day The plant was designed by the Tor- rex Systems, a North Tonawanda, N.Y., firm specializing in refractories —furnaces and reactors that operate at very high temperatures. It can handle 75 tons of solid waste per day in a continuous, round-the-clock process. The waste comes from Orchard Park and a number of other communities in Erie County. Present operations are not contin- uous but are interrupted from time to time to make adjustments and to mea- sure outputs and internal conditions in the gasifier, said Edward L. Higgins of EPA's National Environmental Re- search Center in Cincinnati. Higgins was project engineer for the Orchard Park plant from its design and evalu- ation stage three years ago until last October. John Bertke now is EPA pro- ject officer. Heart of the system is the gasifier, a vertical cylindrical furnace about 30 Orchard'Park gasifier turns even bulky items, stumps and stoves, into fuel gas and salable slag. r feet high, with an inside diameter of four feet. Wastes of all kinds are dumped into a funnel-like hopper at the top. Even bulky items like tree stumps, tires, auto body parts, and junked house- hold appliances are accepted, as long as one dimension is less than four feet. Air preheated by natural gas bur- ners to about 2,000 degrees Fahren- heit enters the gasifier from below. The intense heat volatilizes most of the organic material in the waste into a fuel gas of high heation value that is drawn off. The rest of the organic ma- terial burns, further raising the temper- ature at some parts of the gasifier to nearly 3,000 degrees, enough to melt metals and glass. These form a puddle at the base of the retort and are drawn off periodically. Close control is kept over internal temperatures and hot air intake so the right combination of pyrolysis and combustion is maintained. The layers of refuse at the gasifier's top serve as a seal over the hot reactions taking place below, Higgins said. The gas produced can be sold as fuel, burned to make steam for electric power generation, or used to help heat the gasifier. The slag, when quenched with water, forms a granular inert material that can be used in highway construc- tion, and in the manufacture of con- crete or insulating fiber. Methods of separating ferrous metals from the slag are being investigated. Costs Analyzed Present costs of operating the pilot plant are from $12 to $14 per ton of waste, Higgins said, but it is expected that the cost could be cut in half for a larger municipal system. The sale of byproduct energy (gas or steam) and slag could further reduce costs. Cost of controlling air pollutants for the pyrolysis-combustion process is expected to be about half that of in- cineration, since only part of the waste is burned; the rest is gasified. And there are no solid residues to be buried in landfills. Based on experience so far with the pilot plant, investigators believe the (Continued on page 5) ------- EPA Warnings: Go Slow on Shale Oil EPA has warned the Nation to go slow on plans to develop a shale oil industry in three Western states. The warning was issued recently in Denver when Regional Administrator John A Green released the agency's 40-page comments on the Interior De- partment's draft statement on the ex- pected environmental impact of its proposed plan to lease some Federal oil shale lands to private industry. The Department's program would allow the mining and processing of oil shale on six sites in Colorado, Wyo- ming, and Utah by prototype plants using various methods of extracting oil from the shale Gigantic Resource The potential fuel reserves in shale arc many times the total known re- serves of crude oil, but little is known jbout the feasibility and costs of re- covery and the environmental side ef- fects Most of the oil shale is on public kinds administered by Interior, and be- lorc the Department can lease the tracts for prototype development it must file environmental impact state- ments under the National Environmen- tal Quality Act Interior's draft statement was "one of the most comprehensive we have reviewed," the EPA comment said, but nevertheless additional information is needed Whether or not sufficient water will be available for the oil extraction pro- cess was high on the list of deficiencies cited EPA asked the Department to review in greater detail the amount of water that would be needed and com- pare its projections with the amount of water available in the basin of the upper Colorado River. Department es- timates of water needs do not agree with those of Colorado State agencies, EPA pointed out. Shutdown Provision EPA also suggested that proposed leases be reworded to provide for the immediate shutdown of prototype plants if they should present "insur- mountable environmental hazards." Current provisions, EPA said, appear to assure operators that they can con- tinue under any conditions. Other potential effects of oil shale development that should be more thoroughly analyzed, EPA said, include: • Air pollution from oil extraction plants, especially the control or dispersion of sulfur dioxide and participate matter. • Disposal of spent shale, the crushed rock and dust left after the kerogen, an oil-bearing, wax- like substance, is extracted. • Toxic chemicals from processing. • The potential increase in salinity in the Colorado River. EPA also would like Interior to re- quire companies leasing public lands to do environmental studies as part of their development plans for the leased area. How an oil shale industry's water use would affect downstream water quality and quantity; whether oil shale development would preclude other de- velopment in the high Colorado basin; and whether it would encourage de- pendence on fossil fuels, reducing in- terest in alternative energy sources, are other questions EPA would like dis- cussed in the final impact statement. 'Almost Certain' Regional Administrator Green said, "Some pollution is almost certain to come from an oil shale industry, and we would like Interior to further dis- cuss the effects of that pollution on air and water quality, vegetation, and wildlife in the area." "We are also asking for evaluation of comparative impacts of alterna- tives . for oil shale, such as reducing energy demand, increasing domestic oil and gas production, gasifying coal, and generating electricity by coal or 'nuclear power or both," Green said "We've asked Interior to investigate the economic feasibility of developing oil shale on private lands alone, versus feasibility of present plans which would see development on public and private lands." Green said EPA also seeks a defini- tion of the role of the public and the Field Oil Shale Task Force (an inter- agency body) in reviewing develop- ment plans and overseeing lease opera- tions. Green said EPA's comments do not "represent a position" on the basic question of whether or not to develop the oil shale resource. "We feel our comments, and the Department of Interior's continued study.. .should help Interior make that ultimate decision concerning the issuance of leases for development," he concluded. ACID WASTES The Georgia Water Quality Board has approved a chemical company's plan to neutralize and reuse its sulfuric acid wastes, rather than dump them far out at sea. The wastes from the American Cyanamid Co.'s titanium dioxide plant at Savannah contain highly toxic iron sulfate, and are produced at the rate of 7.5 million gallons a month. Cyanamid has been under State orders not to dump the wastes in the Savannah River, but it has been unable to get permission from the Army Corps of Engineers to barge them 83 miles out to sea. South Carolina officials protested that costal currents might carry the wastes into fertile fishing areas. Under the new plan, a building materials manufacturer, Universal Chemicals and Minerals Corp, would use the neutralized wastes to make gypsum wall board and ce- ment The gypsum plant would be built and operating in two years and would create about 70 new jobs for Savannah area residents. Cyanamid has withdrawn its ocean dumping application -2- ------- This "Cape Code house" in Freehold, N.J. hides an advanced, Inside is a maze of machinery to remove and incinerate automated sewage treatment plant for a housing development, solids and treat 50,000 gallons of waste per day. Self-Gontained Waste Plant Concealed in Small Cottage A self-contained, pollution-free sewage treatment plant that can be built and operated close to the homes it serves is now undergoing its trial run in a suburban area at Freehold, N.J. The plant was designed and built by AWT Systems, Inc., of Wilmington, Del., for a Levitt and Sons housing development that now has only 20 homes, though it is expected to grow to 145. EPA is supporting the project with a demonstration grant to Levitt of $250,000 a year and a half ago. The system is highly automated, re- quiring only the part-time services of one operator. Advanced physical and chemical processes are used to remove sewage solids and purify the waste water so it is "considerably higher" in quality than the stream into which it discharged, a tributary of the Mana- squan River. Solids and sludge are not treated by bacterial action, but are burned completely in an incinerator equipped with advanced air pollution control devices. The waste water treatment includes adding powdered iron oxide to the water after conventional flocculation and clarifying. When the water then passes through a magnetic filter, the iron oxide is attracted to the magne- tized surfaces, entraining suspended solids that managed to get by the clar- ifer. Finally the water passes through a column of activated carbon which ab- sorbs the remaining dissolved organic materials, and is chlorinated before discharge. Screened solids and sludge from all stages of the waste water processing are fed through a sand filter for de- watering. The sand then carries the solids into a fluidized bed incinerator, fired by oil. All combustion gases go through a cyclone dust collector and a wet scrubber before being discharged. Everything Recycled The system provides for the recycl- ing of all water, sand, and carbon used in processing. For the carbon used in the final water treatment, recycling in- volved a different type of burning in the incinerator. Normal incineration is halted about once a month for two days. Spent carbon drawn from the bottom of the absorber column is fed into the incinerator and heated to drive off the absorbed organic materi- als. The regenerated carbon is then fed back into the top of the column. Holding tanks for incoming waste water and for screened solids and sludge permit shutting down the pro- cess for carbon regeneration, for main- tenance work, or simply for adjusting the flow of sewage through the sys- tem. The builders say the Freehold plant demonstrates one solution to the prob- lem of overburdened city sewage treat- ment systems. Freehold has a mora- torium on new connections to the lo- cal sewer tines, and Levitt could not otherwise have started its housing de- velopment. Similar plants could serve such remote areas as camp grounds, national parks, or rest stops on inter- state highways, the company said. Irwin J. Kugelman, EPA project officer from NERC-Cincinnati, said the Freehold plant has been under- going "de-bugging" tests and operating intermittently since it was formally dedicated in November. The liquid treatment portion of the system is now in continuous operation and al- most fully automatic. The de-bugging is now concentrated on the solids handling section, after repair of cracked wall in the fluidized- bed incinerator. The plant has been using some waste from the Freehold municipal system, Dr. Kugelman said, since the number of occupied homes in the de- velopment did not produce enough sewage for the shakedown tests. The plant is designed to treat 50,000 gallons of waste water per day, enough to serve a community of 800 people. More than $500,000 has been spent most of which involved one-time costs for research and development. An AWT spokesman said a plant of similar capacity could now be built for "about $200,000." ------- Sulfur Reclaimed From Utility Staff Construction is nearly complete on a full-scale demonstration plant to reclaim sulfur dioxide from flue gases at an Illinois Power Co. generating station at Kast Alton, 111. liPA supporting funds of $3.5 mil- lion arc paying about half of the plant's cost, according to Gilbert llasclberger, project officer, who is with EPA's Control Systems Labora- tory at Research Triangle Park, N.C. The power company is paying the rest. Shakedown Tests The plant builders and designers, Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc., arc conducting shakedown tests of the equipment and will turn it over to the power company when it is operating at its guaranteed levels of performance: hotter than W percent particle re- moval and 85 percent removal of sul- fur oxides. This stage is expected to be reached this summer, Haselberger said. The complex structure is 137 feet long, 126 feet wide, and 110 feet high, nearly equal to an I 1-story building occupying half of a football field. It is designed to take all the combustion gases from boiler no. 4 of the Illinois Power Company's Wood River Plant. This coal-fired boiler supplies steam for 1 10-megawatt generator. The sulfur extracted from the stack gases is recovered as sulfuric acid, a widely used industrial chemical that can be sold to help offset the cost of the treatment process. Haselberger said the plant is attract- ing much attention from the electric utility industry as a demonstration of one method of curbing sulfur oxide air pollution from existing power plants. Other methods are also being in- vestigated, as EPA and the electric power industry strive to develop con- trol technology. These include both precombustion methods switching to low-sulfur fuels, desulfurizing coal and oil, or gasifying such fuels - and post-combustion methods - scrubbing flue gases with slurries or solutions of calcium, sodium, or magnesium com- pounds. Equipment for removing particles and sulfur from the stack gas of a 110-megawatt power plant fits beside stack, right, and in from of boiler unit, the tall building in the background. Rectangular unit in mid-background is the electrostatic precipitator. Peaked-roof structure houses converter and heaters; cylinder contains equipment to make sulfuric acid from sulfur trioxide. Relative costs can only be esti- mated by laboratory experiments, he said. Full-scale demonstrations are needed before costs and practical feasi- bility can be established. A Chemical Factory The Wood River demonstration in effect adds a specialized chemical fac- tory at the downstream end of the coal-fired boiler. Flue gases f om the boiler first pass through a high-effi- ciency electrostatic precipitator to col- lect and remove particulates-smoke and dust particles. The flue gas leaving the boiler at 325 degrees Fahrenheit contains sulfur in the form of sulfur dioxide. It must be raised in temperature to 850 de- grees before conversion to sulfur tri- oxide can take place, in a process called catalytic oxidation. The heating is accomplished in three stages, using reheat burners and heat exchanger. To increase efficiency, (Continued on page 5) ------- New Booklet Series Outlines Successful Control Methods First of a series of reports on suc- cessful techniques of pollution control has been issued by EPA's Technology Transfer program Called "Capsule Reports," the at- tractively printed booklets are de- signed to show industrial managers how a new process works, its esti- mated costs, its effects on produc- tivity, and its possible applications to a variety of industries different from the one for which it was developed. Each Capsule Report will be backed by detailed technical reports for engi- neering personnel, said Robert Crowe, head of the Technology Transfer pro- gram The reports will be issued as fast as the pollution control processes arc proven effective, Crowe said. Publi- cation of seven more are expected this year, and "about ten" next year All will deal with industrial techniques for reducing pollution, saving and reusing resources, improving efficiency, or var- ious combinations of these goals The first report describes a saving zinc method of recycling zinc in the manufacture of rayon yarns. It was developed under a 5283,000 EPA demonstration grant by the American Enka Co. at Enka, N.C. More than 50 million pounds of zinc sulfate arc used annually in the United States as a retardant in the acid bath in which cellulose is "spun" into viscose rayon fibers Since none of the zinc enters into the fiber formation. the zinc consumed represents losses zinc sulfate which clings to the emerg- ing fibers and is later washed away. backwash from filters, splashes, and leaks. No practical method of recovering this zinc existed until the new process of two-stage precipitation was devel- oped In the first stage, the rayon waste waters are treated to precipitate iron and calcium compounds and other impurities A second precip- itation produces a dense sludge con- taining 4 to 7 percent zinc which is converted back to zinc sulfate and re- turned to the spinning bulh Costs Reduced The process offers production cost savings as well as pollution reduction, the report says, and it could help pre- serve the world's limited resources of metallic zinc Known reserves arc suf- ficient to last about 23 years at present rates of usage Although only 10 US firms manu- facture viscose rayon, zinc-rich wastes arc produced by many others indus- tries, e.g , ground-wood pulp making, metal palling, zinc refining, and rear- culatmg water systems EPA specialists believe the new process may be adapt- ed to them Sulfur Reclaimed From Stack (Continued from page 4) waste heat from the hotter stages is passed down to the cooler ones. After the third stage the hot gas passes through a catalytic-bed con- verter where almost all the sulfur is oxidized to sulfur tnoxide. It then goes to an absorbing tower where water is added to convert the sulfur tnoxide to sulfunc acid. A mist eliminator section filters out any remaining particles of acid before the cleaned gas goes to the stack. The sulfuric acid product is rated "weak"-about 77 percent acid—but it can be used "as is" in many industrial processes, or further concentrated in a separate operation. The Wood River project has been almost three years in the making A contract for preliminary design and evaluation was let in June, 1970, by EPA's predecessor agency, the Na- tional Air Pollution Control Adminis- tration. The construction contract was awarded in October of that year. After the plant is completed and accepted, EPA will conduct a year- long program of testing and evalua- tion The plant will be operated under a wide range of conditions, Hascl- berger said, to provide data useful to the industry and helpful to EPA in establishing emission standards for coal-fired utility boilers. The Technology Transfci proguni was initiated two ycjrs ago by EPA's Office of Research and Monitoring after Agency officials noticed that many applications for waste treatment construction grants were not up-to- date technically The piogram seeks to promote new technology aggicssivcly, and acrosscatcgonc.il b.imcis Technology Seminars The program's early emphasis was on municipal sewage treatment prob- lems, but it has been broadened to include industrial waste treatment, :nr pollution control, and solid waste management More than 20 Technol- ogy Transfer seminars have been held for some 2,500 engineers and man- agers from States, cities, and private industry The seminars arc organized and conducted by the Technology Transfer staff of seven professional engineers, supported by specialists from EPA's National Environmental Research Centers, Regional Offices, and private consultants Copies of the Capsule Reports and other more technical publications arc available from Technology Transfer, EPA, Washington, D.C 20460 The program's offices arc in Russlyn, Va., telephone (703) 552-0851. Pyrolysis Plant (Continued from page I) system could be operated al 25 to 50 percent less than the cost of operating a conventional, municipal incinerator, depending on byproduct revenues. In- cinerators now cost from $10 to $12 per ton lo operate Capital costs, they estimate, would also be lower, about 30 percent, since the pyrolysis-combustion system is much smaller than an incinerator of similar capacity. EPA's participation in the Orchard Park demonstration will end June 30, when the plant will be Erie County's responsibility. The Agency is sponsoring two other demonstrations of pyrolysis systems for solid waste disposal, one in Balti- more, Md., and one in San Diego County, Calif -5- ------- New-Plant Standards To Be Set For 27 Industries This Yr. Effluent regulations for new plants in 27 high-pollution industries will be established by EPA before Jan 16, 1974. This deadline was set last month when the Agency published in the Federal Register the industry list sug- gested in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, which became law last October. Under the law, EPA must issue standards of performance requiring the "best available demonstrated control technology. . . including, where prac- ticable, a standard permitting no dis- charge of pollutants" within one year of announcing the list. The standards will apply only to new plants and production facilities in those industries. The list covers a wide range of raw material and primary project indus- tries, all known to have major pol- lution problems It includes Steam-electric power plants. Four metal industries iron and steel manufacturing, ferroalloys, non- ferrous metals, and electroplation. Six chemical industries: organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, plastics and synthetics, soaps and detergents, fertilizers, and phosphates. Eight agricultural and food indus- tries meat products and rendering, live stock fccdlots, leather tanning and finishing, dairy product processing, grain mills, canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, canned and preserved seafood, and sugar processing Three wood-related industries tim- ber products, pulp and paper mills, and pa per board and builders paper mills. Five other raw material industries. petroleum refining, cement manufac- turing, glass and asbestos manufac- turing, rubber processing, and textile mills. Additional categories are expected to be published later by EPA, and standards for them must be established within a year of publication. EPA Checks Radiation Effects Of Nuclear Testing In China Small temporary increases in air- borne radioactivity in the western States from a nuclear test in China last year are reported by EPA's Office of Radiation Programs in the February issue of Radiation Data and Reports. Detonation of a nuclear device hav- ing an estimated yield of less than 20 kilotons (TNT equivalent) was an- nounced by the Atomic Energy Com- mission shortly after its occurrence on Jan 7,1972 During the following three weeks the progress and intensity of the radio- activity were monitored by EPA's Air- borne Surveillance Network, based at the National Environmental Research Center at Las Vegas, Nev. From data obtained at 103 routine ASN sampling stations in 21 western States, plus 10 standby stations, EPA scientists calculated the increase in dif- ferent kinds of radiation dose to people in the area. The highest "hypothetical infant thyroid dose equivalent" resulting from inhalation was about 1.2 milli- rems at Pueblo, Colo This dose is about two-tenths of one percent of the Federal Radiation Council standard. Highest hypothetical infant thyroid "mgcstion dose," from increased ra-. dioactivity m milk, was about 10 mil- lircms at Laramie. Wvo., 2 percent of the standard. The eastward movement of the ra- dioactivity is illustrated with maps like those used by weather forecasters. R B. Evans, R. N. Snellmg, and F N. Buck are authors of the article The same three men, all associated with NERC-Las Vegas, had an article in last month's issue of Radiation Data and Reports giving a similar dose as- sessment from a Chinese nuclear test on Nov. 18, 1971. 4 COMPANIES IN RANKLINE ENGINE RACE Four companies are now in the race to demonstrate a Rankme-cycle engine that might provide low-pollution power for future automobiles. EPA announced last month that Lear Motors Corp., Leareno, Nev., has been awarded a $900,000, fixed-fee contract to demonstrate a 100- horse- power steam-and-turbme engine. The Lear engine is to be completed within nine months. It will then be compared with three other Rankine engines, being developed under other EPA contracts, to see which type could be picked for further develop- ment and construction of a prototype. A vehicle powered by a prototype of the winning design is expected to be operating by the end of 1975. On Rankine engines, fuel is burned outside the engine itself, and the fluid which does the work (by expanding and contracting and causing some me- chanical parts to move) flows contin- ually in a closed loop. Some early steam-powered automobiles used Ran- kine-cycle engines. The four competitor's designs em- ploy two different working fluids (water and a synthetic organic fluid like that used in refrigeration systems) and two ways of convertion fluid pres- sure to mechanical energy (the recipro- cation piston and the rotating tur- bine) The Lear engine will use a water and a turbine. Steam Engine Systems Co., Watertown, Mass., is working on a water-and-piston engine, Thermo Elec- tron Corp., Waltham, Mass , on an or- gamc-fluid-reciprocating engine, and AeroJct Liquid Rocket Co., Sacra- mento, Calif, on an orgamc-fluid-tur- bme engine. ------- Outfalls, Deep Wells Ok'd NJ. Drivers For Florida Waste Projects jjJnaFursetcTests Clearing the way for release or about $20 million in Federal funds Tor sewage plant construction in three Florida counties, EPA recently ap- proved of ocean outfalls and deep well injection of treated wastes as "environ- mentally compatible." Region IV Administrator Jack E Ravan issued the decision in the form of environmental impact statements for sewage plant construction and im- provement projects in Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties in southern Florida. Public hearings scheduled late in January in West Palm Beach, Fort Lau- derdale, and Miami were the last hur- dles required by the National Environ- mental Quality Act before the funds- appropriated for the fiscal year ending last June—can be released to the State and local governments involved "Ocean outfalls are considered as an interim solution," Ravan said, until better methods of reuse and reclama- tion are developed Outfalls are long underwater pipes extending far enough into the ocean so that discharges are carried into deeper water Injection wells are deep holes reaching to porous strata geologically isolated from water-bearing sands and gravels. Both methods were approved as "environmentally sound" according to the "best thinking of EPA on the sta- tus of disposal methods" at the pre- sent time. The EPA Bulletin is published monthly by the Office of Public Affairs to inform State and local environmental officials of EPA's research, standard-set- ting, and enforcement activi- ties. The Bulletin will welcome let- ters, contributed articles, and photos suitable to its purpose and audience. Van V. Trumbull, Editor Room W239, Waterside Mall Washington, D.C. 20460 Tel. (202) 755-0883 Specifically ruled out for southern Florida were a number of other dis- posal methods • On-land disposal and septic tanks • Shallow injection wells. • Discharge into canals or the In- tercoastal Waterway • Discharge into Great Cypress Swamp or the Everglades The impact statements issued by Ravan did not deal with specific pro- jects in the three counties except for a proposed sewage plant in West Palm Beach This proposal calls for substan- tially complete removal of grit and solids, 90 percent removal of organic materials, 99 percent disinfection of bacteria, 90 percent destruction of vi- ruses, and provision for future ad- dition of facilities for more advanced waste water treatment. New Jersey car owners can get their car's exhaust tested free at one oil company's service stations as well js at the official state inspection stations Other major gasoline dealers are ex- pected to follow the example of the Atlantic Richfield Company, which re- cently installed the inspection devices in 60 of its stations which arc located near the official stale inspection points Richard J. Sullivan, State Commis- sioner of Environmental Protect ion, commended the firm for its free test service, designed to help car owners pass the State test for carbon mon- oxide and hydrocarbons. Until next July, owners of cars which fail the test arc not required to return for rcinspcction, although they arc encouraged to do so Beginning July I, rcinspcclion will be mandatory for all curs that fail the test Recent EPA Publications Control Strategies for In-Use Vehic- les, 203 p, December, 1972 Sum- marizes available information on re- ducing pollutant emissions by engine inspection and maintenance, conver- sion to low-polluting fuels, and retrofit of control devices Mobile Source Pol- lution Control Office, EPA, Washing- ton, D.C.20460 Transportation Controls - Urban Strategies for Clean Air, 16 p , Decem- ber, 1972. This "briefing document for citizens" discusses various propo- sals for reducing automotive air pol- lution in cities by limiting vehicle use. Benefits and drawbacks of each pro- posal are outlined. Mobile Source Pol- lution Control Office, EPA, Washing- ton, D C. 20460. Inventory of Interstate Carrier Water Supply Systems, 84 p , July, 1972. List all water systems fully or provisionally approved for use by in- terstate public carriers buses, trains, airlines, and ships Provisional ap- provals are classified by type of de- ficiency found Limited copies avail- able from Water Supply Division, Of- fice of Air and Water Programs, EPA, Washington, D C 20460 Aircraft Emissions Impact on Air Quality and Feasibility of Control. 99 + vin p, n d Summarises recent studies of air pollution levels at several major U.S. airports and assesses the technical feasibility of various pro- posed methods of reducing aircraft emissions Office of Air Programs, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Concept Evaluation Recovery of Floating Oil Using Polyurethanc Foam Sorbent, 97 + vm p , September, 1972. A study under an EPA contract by Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Wash , of an oil spill clean-up system using shredded plastic foam that is spread on the slick, collected and squeezed to remove the oil, and re- broadcast to use again Office of Re- search and Monitoring, EPA, Washing- ton, DC 20460. Toxicology of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Decay Products, 42 + vi p , July, 1972 Summarizes current re- search on health effects on animals (Continued on back page) -7- ------- EPA Publications (Continued from page 7) Fuel Economy and Emission Con- trol, 24 p., November, 1972. Fuel economy tests on 2,087 uutos, of model years 1957 through 1973 in 11 different weight classes, were analyzed to determine cause of reduced miles- pcr-gallon. Conclusions vehicle weight increases (common in American cars of same model from one year to the next) cut most heavily into fuel econ- omy, up to 30 percent Air condi- tioning is next, 9 to 20 percent, emis- sion controls, about 7 percent, and automatic transmissions, about 6 per- cent Mobile Source Pollution Control Office, EPA, Washington, D C 20460. Full Scale Parallel Activated Sludge Process Evaluation, 203 + XH p., Nov- ember, 1972 Compares performance of sewage sludge treatment systems operating in parallel under completely -mixed and plug-flow modes at Free- port, III The former mode performed belter under shock load conditions Office of Research and Monitoring, b-PA, Washington, D.C 20460 The Kale of Sludge Worms in EutropniLalton, 67 + vm p., August, 1972. A study under an EPA contract by zoologists at the University of Toronto showed that sludge worms in a grossly polluted harbor feed selec- tively on bacteria and other organic pollutants, efficient assimilation of pollutants depends less on their carbon content than on having a mix of worm species to feed on them Office of Re- search and Monitoring, EPA, Wash- ington, D C. 20460 Summaries of Foreign Government Environmental Reports, No 3, 27 p , November, 1972r One of a new series listing documents of foreign govern- ments and international organizations received at EPA's Headquarters Li- brary under exchange agreements The scries concentrates on legislative, econ- omic, and social aspects, supple- menting the scientific and technical abstracts available from other EPA in- formation services Library Systems Branch, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460. EPA Publishes Grants Register A register listing all EPA grants for fiscal 1972 was published recently by the Grants Administration Division, Office of Planning and Management. The 327-page looseleaf document lists, alphabetically by State, every grant issued by the Agency during the year ending June 30, 1972, for re- search, training, construction, and demonstration. Each entry includes the project's title, grantee's name, lo- cation, date of award, dollar amount, and whether the grant is for a new or continuing project A limited number of copies are available from the Government Print- ion Office, Washington, D.C. 20460. Starting this month quarterly com- pilations of fiscal 1973 grants will be issued. The first quarterly EPA grants register, for July through September, 1972, can be obtained from the Na- tional Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 22151. Use of funds for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (Dec 6. 1971). ?KLEY,LOU U. LIBRN REGN V, LIBRARY t M WACKER OR CHICAGO 6060i A3N39V NOii.33J.OUd "I V J. N3NNOU I AN3 'S O Oura S33 J ONV «3AOTdW3 XXINnxbOddO TV HO3 NV ODE* 3Sn 3J.WAlUd MO S93NISDB -1VIDIJJO 09»OZ *O O 'NO1ONIHSVM A3N39V NOIlOB-LOcid "IV1N3WNOtiIAN3 S31VJ.S d3-UNn ------- |