bulletin Aim at Results, Fri Urges States In working to protect the environ- ment, State agencies should concen- trate on substance and results, not on forms and procedures, Robert W. Fri told the Council of State Governments in Washington recently. The then deputy administrator of EPA confessed to the State officials that much of the Agency's instruc- tional and regulatory material has been oriented to "the size of the budget, the kind of people that belong in a State agency, how many computers you have, what methodology you use" and other matters that "have very little to do with what results get accomplished." "It is perfectly clear," Fri told the Council's second annual Symposium on Environmental Legislation, "that the results (in pollution abatement and environmental control) are more or less independent of many of the things . . . we've told you are terribly important in setting up a State pro- gram. . . ." Three Ace Planners He cited one State that has a staff of only three people working on solid waste management but which "turns out the very best plans in the shortest EPA Acting Administrator Robert Fri leans over the speakers' table at a conference on Managing the Environment in Washington last month to hear a question from Rev. A. Kendall Smith of New York City. Fri told the meeting, sponsored by EPA's Office of Research and Monitoring and the International City Management Association, that local governments must develop "new expertise" in science and employ a "system approach" to pollution control. But he warned against falling into "the trap of thinking our work is done when we get a theoretical or engineering 'solution'.. .The burden will fall on the shoulders of State and local governments (who) remain closest to the problems." possible time—something completely contrary to the preachments of some Federal bureaucrats." Fri, who has since been named acting administrator of EPA, also urged the State officials to be both thick-skinned and openly critical in dealing with EPA and other Federal agencies. The "delicate balance of Federal- State cooperation" cannot be main- tained if either side's feelings "bruise easily," he said. "If we get hung up on technicalities or prerogatives, rather than getting down to work and figur- ing out the best way to accomplish the result, we won't succeed." Fri cited the case of the water discharge permit program, under which the States are to be the issuing authorities and the deadline is Dec. 31, 1974. "States are moving to take over that program," he said, "but there will be some that will not have the author- ity formally delegated to them in the immediate future. ... It seems to me the process ought to go forward. . . . Let the States take it over just as fast as they can, whether or not all of the problems are fully straightened out. . . . Selective Worries "In other words, worry about how ,to get that permit out—which is the result-in a way that will protect the State permit program, and don't worry too much over the prerogatives of who signs what document. . . ." He urged State officials to tell EPA "if we foul up" and promised to reciprocate "without getting our feel- ings too involved." Fri emphasized the need for Fed- eral-State cooperation and the firm intention of the Federal government to delegate the operation of environ- mental programs to the States. (Continued on page 5) ------- Criteria and Sites Proposed For Dumping Wastes at Sea Detailed criteria governing the dumping of waste materials in ocean waters were published by EPA May 16 and are now being used by Agency officials in the seven Federal regions that include coastal States to deter- mine whether or not to issue interim ocean dumping permits. The criteria are not final. Public comments are invited and will be accepted by EPA's Office of Air and Water Programs up to June 23. These will be considered in making revisions in the final criteria and regulations that are expected to be promulgated some time in August. The proposed criteria spell out: • What kinds of waste material can- not be dumped in the ocean under any circumstances. These include high-level radioactive wastes; chemi- cal and biological warfare sub- stances, persistent, inert materials that float; and materials whose properties are insufficiently known to permit evaluating their impact Shellfishing Banned On 5,426 Acres of New Jersey Waters Pollution has caused New Jersey officials to ban the taking of shellfish in 5,426 acres of the State's bay and coastal waters. Five areas were affected by the action announced March 28. Most of the acreage was closed to shellfishing permanently, but two areas totalling about 680 acres were closed only from May through October each year. Dur- ing the other months, when the human population is low, the shellfish are legally edible. At the largest single banned area, 2,245 acres in Sandy Hook Bay, clams may be dug, but not for direct market- ing. With official approval, clammers may take the bivalves from Sandy Hook for transplant into clean wa ers, from which they may be harvested after enough time has elapsed for them to purify themselves. on marine ecology. • Generally prohibited wastes: 01- ganohalogen compounds, mercury, cadmium, and crude oil and petro- leum products. • Wastes that can be dumped under strict regulation. These vary accord- ing to physical, chemical, and bio- logical properties and with the amounts, frequency, and location of dumping sites. • Wastes that can be dumped under "general regulations" non-toxic ma- terials and solid wastes of "natural origin," principally dredged sand and silt. • Provision for emergency permits, at EPA's discretion, when the alter- native to ocean dumping is judged more hazardous to human health. In each such case, however, the dumper must agree to a specific plan and timetable for ending the practice. 120 Sites Listed The criteria include a list of 120 approved sites for ocean dumping, listed by EPA Regions. Each site is described by its chart coordinates, total area, and depth of the water. Each site is restricted to a specific kind of waste material. Only two of the 120 sites are designated for sewage sludge, one for New York and one for Philadelphia, permitting temporary continuance of a long-standing practice by these cities. Most of the sites are approved only for dredged materials, and some of these, notably off the coast of Louisi- ana and Texas are in waters as shallow as six feet. The deepest sites, 6,000 or more feet on the Atlantic side and up to 12,000 feet off Oregon and Califor- nia, are for the discard of conventional munitions. The Agency's policy, as defined in the criteria, is to regulate all ocean dumping and to control strictly the dumping of "any matenal which would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities." SOLID WASTE GUIDELINES ARE PROPOSED Guidelines for the disposal of gar- bage, trash, and other solid waste with the least damage to the environment were published by EPA in the Federal Register for April 27. When finally approved after a 60-day period for public comment and possible revision, the guidelines will be mandatory for all Federal agencies and installations, but only advisory for State, regional, and local agencies The guidelines comprise two docu- ments, "Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation," and "Municipal-Scale In- cinerator Design and Operation." They outline the policies and practices con- sidered necessary by EPA experts to minimize the environmental effects of solid waste landfills and large-size in- cinerators. Their publication is re- quired by Section 209 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as amended by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. The Agency invites comments on the guidelines from other Federal agencies, State and local government officials, and all other interested groups or individuals. Comments should be submitted in writing, in triplicate, to Samuel Hale Jr., deputy assistant administrator for solid waste management programs, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460, before June 27. Promulgation of the final guidelines, with which all Federal agencies will have to comply, is ex- pected in midsummer. The EPA Bulletin is published monthly by the Office of Public Affairs to inform State and local environmental officials of EPA's research, standard-setting, and enforcement work. Van V. Trumbull, Editor Room W239, Waterside Mall Washington, D.C. 20460 Tel. (202) 7SS-0883 ------- Mobile Labs Aid in Water Work Seven mobile laboratories to help diagnose water quality problems and to train waste water treatment opera- tors have been deployed by EPA in six States. "These labs have been well received by rural communities," said John M. Ropes, chief of the State and Local Manpower Development Branch. "Since they are able to travel to small, isolated treatment plants where labora- tory facilities are not normally availa- ble, they have become an important adjunct to our decentralized training programs." The laboratories were installed on trucks borrowed from the Army Mate- riel Command, through the Depart- ment of Labor, which operates the training program under an interagency agreement with EPA, Ropes said. Two trailers and two small boats have also been supplied to the Agency and outfitted as water-testing laboratories. Training Session A three-day training session for State and local environmental officials who are operating the mobile labs was held in late March at Kirkwood Com- munity College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The mobile units are equipped to perform the many additional water quality tests required by the Federal Ronald Benson of the Nebraska Department of Environmental Control stands beside one of EPA's rolling laboratories for waste water treatment and training. Water Pollution Control Act Amend- ments of 1972, Ropes said. Each has its own electric generator to supply power for ovens, incubators, centri- fuges and other testing apparatus, and for heating and air conditioning. They are working out of the follow- ing locations: Kirkwood College, Ce- dar Rapids, Iowa, under the direction of Harold Kort; Central Nebraska Tech, Hastings, Neb., with Ronald Inspecting a mobile lab's interior are, from left, Thomas Harris, Kentucky Commissioner for Environmental Protection; Jack E. Ravan, EPA Region IV administrator; and Terry M. Regan, consultant, of Lexington, Ky. Benson as instructor; Lexington, Ky., with Terry M. Regan, environmental consultant, in charge; South Dakota State University and the State Depart- ment of Health, at Brookings, S.D., and Charles County Community Col- lege, La Plata, Md., with Carl Schwing as instructor. The two small-boat laboratories are based at Charles County Community College and operated on the lower Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. The seventh truck-mounted lab is being outfitted at Cedar Rapids. One of the mobile units will be driven to West Allis, Wise., in August for display and demonstration at the Wisconsin State Fair. Air Pollution Fines Increase Fines for air pollution violations in New Jersey last year totaled S517,850, more than twice as much as the previous year and about three times the amount levied in 1970, the State Department of Environmental Protec- tion reported recently. The Department issued 993 admin- istrative orders in air pollution cases during the year. Biggest single fine collected was one of $100,000 from a Sayreville titan- ium pigment manufacturer. ------- EPA Cracks Down on U.S. Steel Corp. Cracking down on what EPA called "one of the largest single sources of air pollution in the country," Agency officials of Region V in Chicago are negotiating with U S Steel Corpora- tion to secure definite agreements and time tables for curbing pollution at the firm's operations at Gary, Ind. After a 30-day warning notice was issued on April IS, several meetings were held between Agency officials and U.S Steel representatives These sessions were still under way at press time, according to David Kee, of the Regional Office's Enforcement Divi- sion Kee said agreement had been reached with the corporation covering about SO percent of the Gary plants' emissions. He said he expected further progress to be made on abatement measures, leading to an EPA order some time in June. But the Agency still retains the option of court action New York Town Will Test Phosphate Removal Scheme A new process for removing phos- phate from sewage will be given its first full-scale test this summer at Seneca Falls, N Y., a town of about 8,000 population in the State's Finger Lakes region Procter and Gamble, the soap and detergent manufacturer, will under- write up to $70,000 of the costs of the experiment, which is designed to re- move 90 percent of the phosphate content of the sewage Phosphates in waste water are a major cause of eutrophication—pre- mature agmg-of lakes and streams, and about half of the phosphates in normal sewage come from detergents used in domestic and industrial laun- dering Using New Plant The town of Seneca Falls has a new secondary sewage treatment plant, completed a year ago with EPA con- struction grants, with a total capacity of 3 million gallons per day However, the town's sewage load is now only 1.5 million gpd, and some of the extra tankage will be used to try out the new process The process, called "PhoStnp," was developed by Biosphencs, Inc, of Rockvillc, Md , and has been tested on a small scale (about 100 gpd) at the Blue Plains and Piscalaway sewage plants in Maryland. The process employs the normal microorganisms in sewage to scavenge phosphates from the sewage flow at the same time they are consuming organic pollutants. After this scaveng- ing has taken place in the activated sludge, the sludge is drawn off and held for a period of time in a tank without air Under' anaerobic condi- tions the microorganisms release the phosphates to the liquid portion of the sludge. This smaller stream is then drawn off and the phosphates removed from it by chemical treatment The PhoStnp system requires only about S percent as much chemicals as other phosphate removal processes that treat the entire waste water flow, according to Gilbert V. Levin, presi- dent of Biosphencs and inventor of the process. It also generates less waste sludge to be disposed of, he asserts. The PhoStnp process will be ap- plied to the entire 1.5 million gpd flow of the Seneca Falls plant before the end of June, Levin said, and the test's will continue for at least four months to gather reliable data on operating characteristics, effectiveness, and costs New York State has ordered Seneca Falls to remove phosphates from its sewage effluent by mid-1974. The plant discharges its effluent into the Seneca-Cayuga Canal, and thence into the Barge Canal (formerly the Erie Canal) Canal waters in this portion of the Barge Canal system ultimately dram into Lake Ontario against the corporation if a full agree- ment, satisfactory to EPA, is not reached, Kee said. Francis T. Mayo, EPA's Region V administrator in Chicago, charged the corporation was violating federally en- forceable State air pollution regula- tions at its Gary Works and Universal Atlas Cement Division 70,000 Tons a Year Said Mayo "These notices are di- rected at 21 different sources emitting over 70,000 tons per year of particu- late matter," including tin mill and coke plant boiler houses, open hearth furnaces and foundry, coke batteries, scarfing operations, sintering plants, slag processing, and both the calcium alummate and harbor cement plant facilities The Clean Air Act provides that, if a violation continues more than 30 days after the warning notice, EPA may either order compliance with the State's regulations or initiate civil or criminal suits for "appropriate relief." Mayo said EPA had worked closely with Indiana pollution control officials in preparing the action and would continue to do so. "The corporation will have an op- portunity to confer with EPA to dis- cuss the violation," Mayo said, and to "present information on any efforts that have been taken to correct the pollution problem." Company Disagrees In its Pittsburgh headquarters, U.S. Steel issued a statement saying it had "cooperated fully" with Federal and State agencies seeking pollution abate- ment at its huge Gary operations. The steel firm said it found the action "difficult to understand," and main- tained it was following the "intent" of Indiana's plan to implement the Clean Air Act. U.S. Steel held discussions with city and State officials on March 9 to work out compliance schedules, the statement said, and had sent a proposed agreement on abatement plans at the Gary plants the week before the warning notice. ------- RESULTS COUNT, NOT PROCEDURE, STATES TOLD (Continued from page I) The cooperation will work, he said, for three reasons* • The laws require delegation of authority and responsibility to the States. "This is clearly true in the air program and in the new water legislation, and in part true in pesti- cides legislation." • Environmental problems lend themselves to the cooperative ap- proach Problems are different in different localities, and States can tailor their solutions to fit local situations. • EPA is determined to work with the States, "delegating what we can" to them. "Problems are best solved outside of Washington-out where the problems really exist." The three-day symposium was jointly sponsored by the Council of State Governments, the President's Council on Environmental Quality, EPA, and the Department of the Inte- rior. Nicholas M. Golubm of the Inter- governmental Relations Division was federal coordinator for the symposium and a member of the program commit- tee. EPA's John R. Quarles, Gary H Baise, Robert L. Sansom, and Dr. Alvm Meyer served as Federal co-chair- man of workshop sessions on water permits, potable water, financing, and noise control. Cross to Speak At APCA Meeting Bert S. Cross, former chairman of the National Industrial Pollution Con- trol Council, will be keynote speaker at the 66th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in Chi- cago this month. More than 5,000 persons are ex- pected to attend the sessions at the Palmer House June 24 through 28, David M. Benforado, APCA president, announced. More than 160 technical papers and panel discussions will be presented. Acting EPA Chief Outjines Four Rules for Planning EPA Acting Administrator Rob- ert Fri, in a talk before the National Association of Regional Councils in Minneapolis last February, had some cogent things to say about "that extraordinary idea called co- operative Federal-State planning" • "Don't worry too much about how planning gets done, but worry a great deal whether it works Too often in the past, Federal planning requirements have gone to great lengths to describe how to do planning. That is nonsense. Our studies repeatedly show that the sophis- tication of the planning process bears no—repeat, no-relation to results achieved. • "Insist that the plans result in a commitment to specified out- puts, which are specifically as- signed to someone for accom- plishment. If the proof of the pudding is in the eating, the proof of planning is in the rec- ipe. "Plan sufficiently to produce these specific targets, then quit Planners often have a profound emotional drive to elabo- rate . . , to demonstrate their methodology, and in general to produce more paper We just don't have time to read the stuff. "Don't waste time with plan- ners who cannot deliver results. In EPA's case, the results we want (in the water permit pro- gram) are clear. Discharges must be put on abatement schedules, those schedules must be en- forced, and compliance achieved A planner who cannot turn his plan into these tangible results in a direct and demon- strable way is of little help to us" Air Pollution Lab to Use Humans as Guinea Pigs A laboratory in which people can 'live for extended periods in atmos- pheres containing controlled amounts of air pollutants will be built by EPA at Chapel Hill, N.C , as an adjunct of the Agency's National Environmental Research Center at nearby Research Triangle Park. The facility at the University of North Carolina's Medical School will accommodate as many as six persons for periods of two weeks or more and will contain extensive, computerized instrument systems for measuring the subjects' reactions to the polluted air they breathe. Such research will supply labora- tory-controlled data on physiological response to pollutants. These data will be correlated with findings of field studies of pollutant effects on large populations. Such field studies are already under way in the Agency's Community Health and Environmental Surveillance System (CHESS), involv- ing about 250,000 persons in selected areas throughout the country having different kinds and amounts of pollu- tion in their ambient air >, Plans to build two mobile' laborato- ries capable of making similar measure- ments in the field were also an- nounced, and a $1.9-million contract to design and equip all three laborato- ries was awarded to the Computer Science Corporation's Systems Divi- sion, Falls Church, Va The mobile laboratories are to be completed in the summer of 1974 and the stationary facility by the end of that year. All three facilities will be operated by the research center's Human Stud- ies Laboratory, headed by Dr Carl M Shy The two mobile labs will be in- stalled on specially designed vans which will be driven to various loca- tions to make clinical tests on people near their homes or places of work. ------- CALIF. FARMERS BURN 2 MILLION TONS OF WASTE California farmers burn more than two million tons of agricultural waste material each year, the State Air Re- sources Board reports, mostly between Oct. 1 and March 31, but only on Permissive-Burn Days. Burn and no-burn announcements are made daily by the Board's meteor- ologists and are broadcast by radio and television stations. Since burning of stubble and other field wastes releases particulates and decreases visibility, air basin officials permit burning only on days when there is good atmospheric mixing and dilution in the basin, to insure that the added emissions do not degrade the air below acceptable levels The Board said in its annual report that overall visibility in the six basins in 1972 was better on days when burning was allowed than on days when it was prohibited, Model of Storm System Proves Useful to Cities Thirty-five representatives of cities throughout the U.S. and Canada met recently m Washington to discuss their use of EPA's Storm Water Manage- ment Model with municipal technol- ogy specialists in the Office of Re- search and Monitoring. The model is a set of mathematical equations, programmed for a com- puter, which can simulate what hap- pens when a rainstorm hits a city and runs off through that city's storm sewer system. Developed in late 1971 by three engineering firms under an EPA contract, the model helps city administrators and engineers in plan- ning storm sewer systems and evaluat- ing various means of dealing with overflow conditions to minimize water pollution William Rosenkranz of the Munici- pal Technology Branch said the model has rapidly gained acceptance as a valuable decision-making tool and that more than 30 copies of the computer program have been disseminated to users in the United States, Canada, England, and Australia. Many users take the model "as is" and feed numbers describing their own city's conditions into the simulation, he said. Others, like San Francisco and the Washington, D.C. area's Metropoli- tan Council of Governments, modify the model to make it match local conditions more closely The April 2 meeting was held to bring users up to date on applications of the model and on possible changes and improvements to it. Rosenkranz said EPA plans to continue the up-dat- ing process with a periodic newsletter to model users, and another meeting will be scheduled in September or October of this year Like Us, Fish Can Get Too Much of a Good Thing Fish-especially game fish- sicken and die when there is not enough dissolved air in the water to supply their gills with oxygen. Most efforts to improve river- and lake- water quality are aimed at keeping up the oxygen supply by reducing pollutants that encourage the growth of oxygen-consuming organ- isms. But in the Pacific Northwest, water quality experts are faced with opposite problem: too much dis- solved air, too much oxygen. In water "supersaturated" with air, fish and other aquatic animals can sicken and die when air bubbles form in their blood, under the skin, and in the fins Sometimes blood flow will be blocked by an air embolism This affliction, called the gas bubble disease, was the topic of a two-day workshop conference last month at EPA's Western Fish Toxi- cology Station at Corvallis, Ore The workshop was co-sponsored by EPA and Oregon State Univer- sity. Biologists from colleges and government agencies in the North- western States, British Columbia, Minnesota, and Florida attended the sessions to learn of the latest developments in gas bubble disease research. Dr. Gerald R. Bouck, chief of the Corvallis toxicology station, said air supersaturation occurs when water flows over a high dam. In times of high water in the Columbia River, for instance, read- ings of 140 percent supersaturation are not uncommon below its nine flood-control and hydroelectric dams. Air is entrained by the falling water and forced into solution un- der temporary high pressure condi- tions at the foot of the falls. The river is too deep and voluminous to permit the saturation to reach equilibrium (100 percent) before the next dam is reached. In the "fish ladders," which are often built around dams to let migrating fish swim upstream to spawn, the water quickly reaches equilibrium, but the water flow in the ladders is only a tiny fraction of the total river flow. Supersaturation is a vital con- cern in the Pacific Northwest be- cause of the need to preserve the salmon fishery, but Dr. Bouck said the problem has caused game fish kills in other dammed rivers of the West and could occur in many other places. Among the measures that have been suggested to correct supersatu- ration are the alteration of dams and spillways to direct the falling water outward along the surface of the receiving basin and the redesign of penstocks and turbine bays in hydroelectric plants. The Army Corps of Engineers has been active in this kind of research. The Western Fish Toxicology Station specializes in research on the effects of water quality—in both physical and chemical aspects -on fish and other water fauna. ------- Storm Water Runoff Is Big Polluter Rams that wash dirt from city streets add significant amounts of many kinds of pollutants to the Na- tion's waterways, according to a recent EPA study. Storm run-off water contains hun- dreds of times as much solid matter and heavy metals per gallon as un- treated sewage, the study found, and five to ten times as much oxygen demand and algal nutrients, which cause the eutrophication of lakes and streams Storm water also contains signif- icant quantities of pesticides and simi- lar long-lived organic chemicals. About 75 percent of these were poly chlori- nated biphenols (PCBs), industrial compounds that are similar in their environmental effects to DDT. The only class of contaminant more abundant in sewage than in storm water is coliform bacteria. The average bacteria count for storm water is about one hundredth that of untreated sewage. Secondary sewage treatment, however, reduces the bacteria count to about one thousandth that of storm water. First Hour Is Worst The pollutant loading of storm wa- ter is especially high during the first hour of a moderate-to-heavy ram, the study found, and then it usually ex- ceeds the pollutant load from the city's sanitary sewage system. The study was made for EPA's Office of Research and Monitoring by the URS Research Company of San Mateo, Calif., under a $309,000 con- tract Eight cities were studie'd' San Jose, Calif., Phoenix, Ariz., Milwaukee, Wise., Baltimore, Md ; Seattle, Wash.; Atlanta, Ga , Tulsa, Ok la., and Bucy- rus, Ohio Samples of street contami- nants were taken in each city, from dry surfaces and from storm sewers after natural and simulated rains. These were analyzed for chemical, physical, and biological properties, and calculations of total run-off were made, using a mathematical model, for residential, commercial, and industrial areas The major constituent of storm water pollutants was found to be fine particles of sand and silt, not in themselves hazardous, but capable of carrying other pollutants adhering to their surfaces Current street sweeping practices are inefficient in removing such particles, the study said, and the removal efficiency decreases with the size of the particles. The study recommends further re- search on street cleaning methods, on the design of gutters and catch basins to facilitate cleaning, and on the cost- effectiveness of these operations. Assumption in Ooubt The common assumption that storm and sanitary sewers should be separated because storm sewers are relatively "clean" needs to be re-exam- ined, the study says. Since storm run-off is far from clean, it probably should be treated before discharge in many instances where there are sepa- rate systems. For cities having com- bined systems, the fact that both storm and sanitary sewers are impor- tant sources of pollution "casts some doubt" as to whether separation or treatment of all sewage is the better policy While this study is not "cause for alarm, it does show that more atten- tion must be paid to the problem of pollution from storm run-off, espe- cially as wastes from industry and other municipal sources are reduced," said Stanley M. Greenfield, assistant administrator for Research and Moni- toring. The report, "Water Pollution As- pects of Street Surface Contami- nants," 237 + xn pages, is available for S3 per copy from the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Recent EPA Publications Control Techniques for Asbestos Air Pollutants, 86 + xix p., Feb., 1973. Summarizes current knowledge—from EPA, other government agencies, and private industry—of methods for re- ducing the emission of asbestos fibers. All stages in the mining and milling of the mineral are covered, as well as the manufacture and application of asbes- tos-containing products Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711. Control Techniques for Beryllium Air Pollutants, 59 + xvm p., Feb., 1973 This rare light metal, which has many applications in aircraft and space technology, electronic instruments, and ceramics, is poisonous when parti- cles of the metal or its compounds are inhaled The booklet describes the principal sources of beryllium emis- sions and the processing equipment needed for control Illustrated with charts and diagrams. Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711. Control Techniques for Mercury Emissions From Extraction and Chor- Alkali Plants, 57 + XVH p., Feb., 1973 Mercury is the only metal that vapor- izes readily at room temperatures, and its poisonous vapors can escape and threaten human health in many ways. This booklet describes vapor control methods in two industries having the greatest hazard: plants where mercury is extracted from ores and refined, and plants that use large quanties of mer- cury in the electrolytic separation of chlorine from base metals such as sodium and potassium. Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711. Oil Spills Control Manual for Fire Departments, 98 + vi p., Feb., 1973. Reports on field tests and actual spill control work in harbor waters by the New York City Fire Department over a 22-month period Use of existing fire department equipment—hoses, pumps, etc —is emphasized, but some useful auxiliary devices—booms, floating sorbents, and skimmers-are also de- scribed. Illustrated with charts and drawings. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C 20402, $1.25 do- mestic postpaid or $1 at GPO Book- store (Continued on back page) ------- EPA Publications - Recent and Useful (Continued from page 7) Effectiveness Evaluation of Opera- tor Training Conducted Under the PSC Program, 67 + vi p., March, 1973. A revision of a booklet published last summer by the Public Service Careers section of EPA's Manpower Develop- ment Staff showing how the training of sewage treatment plant operators improved the performance of treat- ment plants in Texas. Manpower De- velopment Staff, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460. Fundamentals of Noise: Measure- ment, Rating Schemes, and Standards, 163 + iv p , Dec., 1971. Prepared by the National Bureau of Standards for EPA, this booklet outlines the basic principles of sound generation and propagation methods of measuring both the physical characteristics of noise and its effects on people, and the suitability of various noise exposure rating schemes. Government Printing Office,- Washington, D.C. 20402, $1.25. Transportation Noise and Noise from Equipment Powered by Internal Combustion Engines, 414 + xiii p., Dec., 1971 Discusses the kinds of noise produced, environmental effects, and possibilities of noise reduction for three types of aircraft, highway vehi- cles, railroads, ships, recreation vehi- cles, and small-engine devices. Illus- trated with charts and tables. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20460, $4.30 postpaid or $3 75 at GPO Bookstore. Large Power Plant Effluent Study, Volume 4, Instrumentation Proce- dures, and Data Tabulations, 286 + vi p., Nov., 1972. Last of a series of technical studies of pollutant emis- sions from the tall stacks of three large generating plants northeast of Pitts- burgh. Photos and sampling from air- craft as well as ground observation points supply data on the dynamics of tall stack plumes under different weather conditions to test the validity of theories concerning plume dispersal. Effects of sulfur oxides and other pollutants on vegetation, chiefly Christmas tree farms, are also charted. Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711. EXPRO '73, A List of Extramural Projects to Be Funded in Fiscal Year 1973, 162 p , Feb 1973. Lists specific research tasks which EPA plans to fund during this fiscal year, for which no grantee or contractor has been selected Tasks are listed by 14 pro- gram areas, giving the subjects, dollar amounts, and EPA technical officers responsible. Resource Management Branch, ORM, room 716 Jefferson Plaza, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460. Application of Selected Industrial Engineering Techniques to Wastewater Treatment Plants, 226 + vi p, Feb., 1973. Outlines more than a dozen methods used by industry to plan, organize, and evaluate their operations that could be adopted in wastewater treatment. These can be used to im- prove the design, operation, mainte- nance, staffing, and quality control phases, say the authors, and examples are given of their use in the Flint, Mich., treatment plant. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, $2 60 postpaid or $2.25 at a GPO Bookstore Use of furuls lor printing this publication approved by tne Director ot tne Uttice ot Management and Budget (Dec. 6. 1971) 90909 II GOVOIHO H3HOVM K I IH 60 A3N33V NOH D3J.Oad 1 w ± N3WNOUI AN3 diva S33J ONV 39VJ.SOd «3AO-1d»N3 All NfliMOdcJO TV HO 3 NV OOEt 3Sn 3J.W AIMd bOd AJ.1«N3d SS3NISOB I VI Did JO 09»oz '3'O •NOJ.ONIHSVM AON33V NOULOaiOfid IVJ.N3WNOMIAN3 S3JLV1S Q3J.INO ------- |