bulletin
Aim   at  Results,   Fri   Urges   States
   In working to protect the environ-
ment, State agencies should concen-
trate on substance and results, not on
forms and procedures, Robert W. Fri
told the Council of State Governments
in Washington recently.
   The then deputy administrator of
EPA confessed  to the State officials
that  much of the Agency's instruc-
tional and regulatory material has been
oriented to  "the  size of the budget,
the kind of people  that  belong in a
State  agency,  how  many  computers
you have, what methodology you use"
and  other matters  that  "have very
little  to  do with  what  results get
accomplished."
  "It is perfectly clear," Fri told the
Council's  second annual Symposium
on  Environmental Legislation, "that
the results (in pollution abatement and
environmental control)  are more or
less  independent  of many  of  the
things . . . we've told you are  terribly
important in setting up a State pro-
gram. . . ."
        Three Ace Planners
  He cited one State that has a staff
of only three people working on solid
waste management  but  which "turns
out the very best plans in the shortest
 EPA  Acting Administrator Robert  Fri leans over the  speakers' table at a
 conference on  Managing the Environment in Washington last month to hear a
 question from  Rev. A. Kendall Smith of New York City. Fri told the meeting,
 sponsored by EPA's Office of Research and Monitoring  and the International
 City  Management  Association, that local governments must develop  "new
 expertise" in science and employ a "system approach" to pollution control. But
 he warned against falling into "the trap of thinking our work is done when we
 get a theoretical or engineering 'solution'.. .The burden will fall on the shoulders
 of State and local governments (who) remain closest to the problems."
possible  time—something completely
contrary to the  preachments of some
Federal bureaucrats."
  Fri,  who has since  been named
acting  administrator  of EPA,  also
urged the State officials to be both
thick-skinned and openly critical  in
dealing with EPA and other Federal
agencies.
  The "delicate balance of Federal-
State  cooperation" cannot  be main-
tained if either  side's feelings "bruise
easily," he said. "If we get hung up on
technicalities or prerogatives,  rather
than getting down to work  and figur-
ing  out the best way to accomplish the
result, we won't succeed."
   Fri  cited  the case  of  the water
discharge  permit   program,  under
which the States are to  be the issuing
authorities and the deadline  is Dec. 31,
1974. "States are moving to take over
that program," he said, "but there will
be some that will not have the author-
ity  formally delegated to them in the
immediate future. ... It seems to me
the process  ought to go forward. . . .
Let the States take it over just as fast
as they can, whether or not all of the
problems  are  fully   straightened
out. . . .
         Selective Worries

   "In other words,  worry about how
,to get that  permit out—which is the
result-in a  way that will protect the
State permit program, and don't worry
too much over the prerogatives of who
signs what document. . . ."
   He urged State officials to tell EPA
"if  we foul up"  and promised to
reciprocate  "without getting our feel-
ings too involved."
   Fri  emphasized the  need for Fed-
eral-State cooperation  and the firm
intention of the Federal government
to  delegate  the operation of environ-
mental programs to the States.
         (Continued on page  5)

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 Criteria   and  Sites  Proposed
 For  Dumping  Wastes  at  Sea
   Detailed  criteria  governing  the
 dumping of waste materials in ocean
 waters were published by EPA May 16
 and  are  now being  used by Agency
 officials in the seven Federal regions
 that include coastal States to deter-
 mine whether or not to issue interim
 ocean dumping permits.
   The criteria are not final. Public
 comments  are  invited  and  will  be
 accepted  by EPA's Office of Air and
 Water Programs up to June  23. These
 will  be considered in making revisions
 in the final criteria  and regulations
 that are  expected to be promulgated
 some time in August.
   The proposed criteria spell out:
 • What kinds of waste  material can-
   not  be dumped in the ocean under
   any  circumstances. These  include
   high-level radioactive wastes; chemi-
   cal  and  biological  warfare sub-
   stances,  persistent, inert materials
   that  float; and  materials  whose
   properties are insufficiently known
   to permit evaluating their impact


Shellfishing Banned

On  5,426  Acres  of

 New  Jersey Waters

   Pollution  has  caused New Jersey
officials to  ban the taking of shellfish
in 5,426 acres of the State's bay and
coastal waters.
   Five areas were  affected  by  the
action announced March 28. Most  of
the acreage was closed to shellfishing
permanently, but two areas  totalling
about 680 acres were  closed only from
May  through October each year. Dur-
ing the other months, when the human
population  is low, the  shellfish are
legally edible.
   At the  largest  single  banned area,
2,245 acres in Sandy  Hook Bay, clams
may  be dug, but not for direct market-
ing. With official approval,  clammers
may  take the  bivalves  from Sandy
Hook for transplant into clean wa ers,
from which  they  may be  harvested
after enough time has elapsed for them
to purify themselves.
   on marine ecology.
•  Generally prohibited  wastes:  01-
   ganohalogen compounds, mercury,
   cadmium, and crude oil and petro-
   leum products.
•  Wastes that can be dumped under
   strict regulation. These vary accord-
   ing to physical, chemical,  and bio-
   logical  properties  and with  the
   amounts,  frequency,  and  location
   of dumping sites.
•   Wastes that can be dumped under
   "general regulations" non-toxic ma-
   terials and solid wastes of "natural
   origin," principally  dredged sand
   and silt.
•   Provision for emergency  permits,
   at EPA's discretion, when the alter-
   native to ocean dumping is judged
   more hazardous to human health.
   In  each  such case, however,  the
   dumper must  agree to a specific
   plan and timetable for ending  the
   practice.

         120 Sites Listed

   The criteria include a list of 120
approved sites  for ocean dumping,
listed  by EPA  Regions. Each site is
described by its chart coordinates,
total area, and  depth  of the water.
Each site is restricted to a specific kind
of waste material.
   Only two  of the 120  sites  are
designated for sewage  sludge, one for
New York and one for Philadelphia,
permitting temporary continuance of a
long-standing practice by these cities.
   Most of the sites are approved only
for dredged  materials,  and some of
these, notably off the coast of Louisi-
ana and Texas are in waters as shallow
as six  feet. The deepest sites, 6,000 or
more feet on the Atlantic side and up
to 12,000 feet off Oregon and Califor-
nia, are for the discard of conventional
munitions.
   The Agency's policy,  as defined in
the criteria,  is to regulate all ocean
dumping and to control strictly  the
dumping  of  "any  matenal  which
would adversely  affect human health,
welfare, or  amenities, or the marine
environment, ecological systems, or
economic potentialities."
 SOLID  WASTE

 GUIDELINES

 ARE PROPOSED

   Guidelines for the disposal of gar-
 bage, trash, and other solid waste with
 the least damage to the environment
 were published by EPA in the Federal
 Register for April 27.
   When  finally  approved  after  a
 60-day period for public comment and
 possible revision, the guidelines will be
 mandatory for all Federal agencies and
 installations,  but only advisory for
 State, regional, and local agencies
   The guidelines comprise two docu-
 ments,  "Sanitary Landfill Design and
 Operation," and  "Municipal-Scale In-
 cinerator Design and Operation." They
 outline the policies and practices con-
 sidered necessary by EPA experts to
 minimize the environmental effects of
 solid waste  landfills and large-size in-
 cinerators.  Their publication  is re-
 quired  by  Section 209 of the Solid
 Waste  Disposal   Act   of 1965, as
 amended by the Resource Recovery
 Act of 1970.
   The  Agency invites  comments on
 the  guidelines from  other  Federal
 agencies, State and local  government
 officials,  and  all  other  interested
groups or individuals.
   Comments should be submitted in
 writing, in triplicate, to Samuel Hale
Jr., deputy assistant administrator for
 solid waste  management  programs,
EPA, Washington, D.C.  20460, before
June 27. Promulgation of the final
guidelines,  with  which all  Federal
agencies will have to comply,  is ex-
pected in midsummer.
   The EPA Bulletin  is published
   monthly by the Office of Public
   Affairs to inform State and local
   environmental officials of EPA's
   research, standard-setting,  and
   enforcement work.

     Van V. Trumbull, Editor
     Room W239, Waterside
       Mall
     Washington, D.C. 20460
     Tel. (202) 7SS-0883

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Mobile  Labs  Aid   in  Water   Work
   Seven mobile laboratories to  help
diagnose water quality  problems and
to train waste water treatment opera-
tors have been deployed by EPA in six
States.
   "These labs have been well received
by rural communities," said John M.
Ropes,  chief of the State and  Local
Manpower  Development  Branch.
"Since they are able to travel to small,
isolated treatment plants where labora-
tory facilities are not normally availa-
ble, they  have become an important
adjunct to our decentralized training
programs."
   The  laboratories were  installed on
trucks borrowed from the Army Mate-
riel Command,  through the Depart-
ment of Labor, which  operates  the
training program under an interagency
agreement with EPA, Ropes said. Two
trailers  and  two small boats have also
been supplied  to the  Agency  and
outfitted as water-testing laboratories.

          Training Session
   A three-day  training  session  for
State and local environmental officials
who are operating the mobile labs was
held in late March at Kirkwood Com-
munity College, Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.
   The  mobile units are equipped to
perform the  many additional  water
quality tests required by the Federal
 Ronald  Benson of the Nebraska Department of Environmental Control stands
 beside one of EPA's rolling laboratories for waste water treatment and training.
Water Pollution  Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972, Ropes said. Each has
its own electric generator to supply
power  for ovens,  incubators, centri-
fuges and other testing apparatus, and
for heating and air conditioning.
  They are working out of the follow-
ing locations:  Kirkwood College, Ce-
dar Rapids, Iowa, under the direction
of Harold  Kort;  Central  Nebraska
Tech,  Hastings,  Neb.,  with  Ronald
Inspecting a mobile lab's interior are,  from  left, Thomas Harris, Kentucky
Commissioner for Environmental Protection; Jack E. Ravan, EPA Region IV
administrator; and Terry M. Regan, consultant, of Lexington, Ky.
Benson as instructor; Lexington, Ky.,
with Terry  M.  Regan, environmental
consultant,  in charge; South Dakota
State University and the State Depart-
ment  of  Health,  at Brookings, S.D.,
and Charles County Community Col-
lege, La Plata, Md., with Carl Schwing
as instructor.
  The two small-boat laboratories are
based at  Charles County Community
College and operated on  the  lower
Potomac  River  and Chesapeake  Bay.
  The seventh  truck-mounted lab is
being outfitted  at Cedar Rapids. One
of the mobile units will be driven  to
West Allis, Wise., in August for display
and  demonstration  at the Wisconsin
State Fair.

Air  Pollution

Fines  Increase
   Fines for air  pollution violations in
New Jersey last year totaled S517,850,
more  than  twice as much as  the
previous year and about  three  times
the  amount levied in 1970, the State
Department of  Environmental Protec-
tion reported recently.
  The Department issued 993 admin-
istrative  orders  in air  pollution cases
during the year.
   Biggest single fine collected was one
of $100,000 from a Sayreville  titan-
ium pigment manufacturer.

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EPA  Cracks  Down  on   U.S.   Steel  Corp.
   Cracking down on what EPA called
"one of the largest single sources of air
pollution   in  the country,"  Agency
officials of Region  V in Chicago are
negotiating with  U  S  Steel Corpora-
tion to secure definite agreements and
time tables for curbing pollution at the
firm's operations at Gary, Ind.
   After a 30-day warning notice was
issued  on  April IS, several meetings
were  held  between  Agency  officials
and U.S  Steel representatives These
sessions were still under way at press
time, according to David Kee,  of the
Regional  Office's Enforcement Divi-
sion
   Kee   said  agreement  had  been
reached with the corporation covering
about SO percent of the Gary  plants'
emissions. He said he expected further
progress to be  made  on abatement
measures, leading to an  EPA  order
some time in June. But the  Agency
still retains the option of court action
New  York  Town  Will   Test
Phosphate   Removal  Scheme
   A new process for removing phos-
phate from sewage will be given its
first  full-scale  test this  summer  at
Seneca Falls, N Y., a  town of about
8,000 population in the State's Finger
Lakes region
   Procter and  Gamble, the soap and
detergent  manufacturer,  will  under-
write up to $70,000 of the costs of the
experiment, which is designed to re-
move 90  percent  of the phosphate
content of the sewage
   Phosphates  in  waste  water are a
major cause of eutrophication—pre-
mature agmg-of lakes and streams,
and  about half of the phosphates in
normal sewage  come from detergents
used in domestic and  industrial laun-
dering


         Using New Plant

   The town of Seneca Falls has a new
secondary sewage  treatment  plant,
completed a year ago with EPA con-
struction grants, with a total capacity
of 3 million gallons per day However,
the town's sewage load is now only 1.5
million gpd, and  some  of the extra
tankage will be used  to  try out  the
new process
   The process, called "PhoStnp," was
developed by  Biosphencs, Inc,  of
Rockvillc, Md , and has been tested on
a small  scale (about 100 gpd) at the
Blue Plains  and  Piscalaway  sewage
plants in Maryland.
   The process employs the  normal
microorganisms in sewage to scavenge
phosphates from the sewage  flow at
the same time  they are consuming
organic pollutants.  After this scaveng-
ing has  taken place in  the activated
sludge, the  sludge  is drawn  off and
held for a period of time  in a tank
without  air  Under' anaerobic condi-
tions  the microorganisms release the
phosphates to the liquid  portion of the
sludge. This smaller stream  is then
drawn off and the phosphates removed
from it by chemical treatment
   The PhoStnp system requires only
about S  percent as much chemicals as
other phosphate removal  processes
that treat the entire waste water flow,
according to Gilbert V. Levin, presi-
dent of Biosphencs and inventor of
the process. It also generates less waste
sludge to be disposed of, he asserts.
   The PhoStnp process will be ap-
plied to the entire 1.5 million gpd flow
of the Seneca  Falls plant before the
end of June, Levin said, and the test's
will continue for at least four months
to gather reliable  data on operating
characteristics,  effectiveness,  and
costs
   New York State has ordered Seneca
Falls  to remove phosphates from its
sewage  effluent by mid-1974.  The
plant discharges its effluent  into the
Seneca-Cayuga Canal, and thence into
the  Barge Canal (formerly  the  Erie
Canal) Canal waters in  this portion of
the  Barge  Canal  system  ultimately
dram into Lake Ontario
against the corporation if a full agree-
ment, satisfactory to  EPA, is  not
reached, Kee said.
  Francis T. Mayo, EPA's Region V
administrator in Chicago, charged the
corporation was violating federally en-
forceable  State air pollution regula-
tions at its Gary Works and Universal
Atlas Cement Division

        70,000 Tons a Year

  Said Mayo "These notices are  di-
rected at 21 different sources emitting
over 70,000 tons  per year of particu-
late matter,"  including tin  mill  and
coke plant boiler houses, open hearth
furnaces  and  foundry, coke batteries,
scarfing  operations, sintering plants,
slag processing, and both the calcium
alummate and harbor  cement plant
facilities
  The Clean Air Act provides that, if
a violation continues more than  30
days after the warning notice, EPA
may either order compliance with the
State's regulations or initiate civil or
criminal suits for "appropriate relief."
Mayo said EPA had worked closely
with Indiana pollution control officials
in preparing  the  action  and  would
continue to do so.
  "The  corporation will have an op-
portunity to  confer with EPA  to dis-
cuss the violation," Mayo said, and to
"present information on  any efforts
that have been taken to  correct the
pollution problem."


        Company Disagrees

  In its Pittsburgh headquarters, U.S.
Steel issued a statement saying it had
"cooperated  fully" with Federal and
State agencies seeking pollution abate-
ment at its huge Gary operations. The
steel firm  said it found the  action
"difficult to  understand," and main-
tained it was following the "intent" of
Indiana's plan to implement the Clean
Air  Act.  U.S.  Steel  held discussions
with city and State officials on March
9 to work out compliance schedules,
the  statement said, and had sent a
proposed  agreement  on abatement
plans at  the  Gary plants the  week
before the warning notice.

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RESULTS   COUNT,

NOT  PROCEDURE,

STATES  TOLD
       (Continued from page I)
  The cooperation will work, he said,
for three reasons*
 • The laws  require  delegation  of
  authority and responsibility to the
  States. "This is clearly  true in the
  air  program and in the new water
  legislation, and in part true in pesti-
  cides legislation."
 • Environmental  problems  lend
  themselves  to  the cooperative ap-
  proach  Problems are different in
  different localities, and States can
  tailor their solutions to fit  local
  situations.
 • EPA is  determined to work with
  the  States, "delegating what we
  can" to them. "Problems  are best
  solved outside of Washington-out
  where  the problems really exist."
  The  three-day symposium   was
jointly sponsored by the  Council of
State  Governments,  the  President's
Council  on  Environmental  Quality,
EPA, and the Department  of the Inte-
rior.
  Nicholas M. Golubm of the Inter-
governmental Relations Division  was
federal coordinator for the symposium
and a member of the program commit-
tee. EPA's John R. Quarles, Gary H
Baise,  Robert L. Sansom,  and  Dr.
Alvm Meyer served as Federal co-chair-
man of workshop sessions on water
permits, potable  water, financing, and
noise control.


Cross  to   Speak

At   APCA  Meeting

  Bert S.  Cross, former chairman of
the National Industrial Pollution Con-
trol Council, will be keynote speaker
at the  66th annual meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association in Chi-
cago this month.
  More than 5,000  persons are ex-
pected to  attend the sessions at the
Palmer House June 24 through 28,
David  M. Benforado, APCA president,
announced. More than  160 technical
papers and panel discussions will be
presented.
 Acting  EPA  Chief  Outjines
 Four  Rules  for  Planning
     EPA  Acting Administrator Rob-
   ert Fri, in a talk before the National
   Association of Regional Councils in
   Minneapolis  last  February, had
   some cogent things  to say about
   "that extraordinary idea called co-
   operative Federal-State planning"

   • "Don't worry too much about
     how  planning gets done, but
     worry a great deal whether it
     works  Too often in the past,
     Federal planning  requirements
     have  gone  to great lengths  to
     describe how to  do planning.
     That is  nonsense. Our studies
     repeatedly show that the sophis-
     tication of the planning process
     bears no—repeat, no-relation to
     results achieved.

   • "Insist that the plans result in a
     commitment  to  specified out-
     puts, which are specifically as-
     signed to someone for accom-
     plishment.  If the proof of the
  pudding  is in the eating,  the
  proof of planning  is in the  rec-
  ipe.
  "Plan sufficiently   to produce
  these specific  targets, then quit
  Planners often have a  profound
  emotional   drive to  elabo-
  rate . . ,  to  demonstrate their
  methodology, and  in general to
  produce more paper    We just
  don't have  time  to  read  the
  stuff.
  "Don't waste  time with plan-
  ners who cannot deliver results.
  In  EPA's case, the results  we
  want (in the  water permit pro-
  gram) are clear. Discharges must
  be  put on abatement schedules,
  those  schedules  must be  en-
  forced,   and   compliance
  achieved  A planner who cannot
  turn his plan  into these tangible
  results in  a direct  and demon-
  strable way is of  little help to
  us"
Air   Pollution  Lab   to  Use
Humans  as  Guinea   Pigs
   A laboratory  in which people can
'live for extended periods  in atmos-
pheres containing controlled amounts
of air pollutants will be built by EPA
at Chapel Hill, N.C , as an adjunct of
the Agency's National Environmental
Research Center at nearby  Research
Triangle Park.
   The  facility  at the  University  of
North Carolina's Medical School will
accommodate as many as six persons
for periods of two weeks or more and
will contain  extensive,  computerized
instrument systems for  measuring the
subjects' reactions to  the polluted air
they breathe.
   Such research  will  supply labora-
tory-controlled data on physiological
response to pollutants. These data will
be correlated with findings of field
studies of pollutant effects on large
populations.  Such field studies are
already  under way  in  the  Agency's
Community Health and Environmental
Surveillance System (CHESS), involv-
ing about 250,000 persons in selected
areas throughout the country having
different kinds and amounts of pollu-
tion in their ambient air    >,
  Plans to build two mobile' laborato-
ries capable of making similar measure-
ments in  the  field  were also  an-
nounced,  and a $1.9-million contract
to design and equip all three laborato-
ries  was  awarded  to the Computer
Science Corporation's Systems Divi-
sion, Falls Church,  Va  The  mobile
laboratories are to be completed in the
summer of 1974  and the stationary
facility by the end of that year.
  All three facilities will be operated
by the research center's  Human Stud-
ies Laboratory, headed by  Dr  Carl M
Shy
  The two mobile  labs will be in-
stalled  on  specially  designed  vans
which will be driven to various loca-
tions to make clinical tests on people
near  their  homes  or places of work.

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CALIF.  FARMERS
BURN   2   MILLION
TONS   OF  WASTE
   California farmers burn more than
two million tons of agricultural waste
material each year, the State Air Re-
sources Board reports, mostly between
Oct. 1 and March 31, but only  on
Permissive-Burn Days.
   Burn and no-burn  announcements
are made daily by  the Board's meteor-
ologists and are broadcast by radio and
television stations.
   Since burning of stubble and other
field wastes releases particulates  and
decreases visibility, air basin officials
permit burning  only  on days when
there is good atmospheric mixing and
dilution in the basin, to insure that the
added emissions  do not degrade the air
below acceptable levels
   The Board said  in  its annual report
that overall visibility in the six basins
in  1972  was better  on days when
burning was allowed  than  on  days
when it was prohibited,
Model   of   Storm  System
Proves  Useful  to   Cities
   Thirty-five representatives of cities
throughout the U.S. and Canada met
recently m Washington to discuss their
use of EPA's Storm Water Manage-
ment  Model with  municipal technol-
ogy specialists  in  the  Office of Re-
search and Monitoring.
   The model is a set of mathematical
equations, programmed for a com-
puter, which can simulate what hap-
pens when a rainstorm hits a city and
runs off through  that  city's  storm
sewer system. Developed in late 1971
by  three engineering firms under  an
EPA contract,  the model helps city
administrators and engineers in plan-
ning storm sewer systems and evaluat-
ing various means of dealing  with
overflow conditions to minimize water
pollution
   William Rosenkranz of the Munici-
pal Technology Branch said the model
has rapidly gained acceptance  as a
valuable decision-making tool and that
more than 30 copies of the computer
program have been disseminated  to
users in the United States,  Canada,
England, and Australia.

   Many users take  the model "as is"
and feed numbers describing their own
city's conditions into  the simulation,
he said. Others, like  San Francisco and
the Washington, D.C. area's Metropoli-
tan Council of Governments,  modify
the model  to  make  it match local
conditions more closely

   The  April 2 meeting was held  to
bring users up to date  on applications
of the  model and on possible changes
and improvements to  it. Rosenkranz
said EPA plans to continue  the up-dat-
ing process with a periodic newsletter
to model users, and another meeting
will be scheduled  in  September  or
October of this year
   Like   Us,   Fish  Can  Get   Too  Much   of  a  Good   Thing
     Fish-especially  game  fish-
   sicken and die when there is  not
   enough dissolved air in the water to
   supply their gills with oxygen. Most
   efforts to improve river- and lake-
   water quality are aimed at keeping
   up the oxygen supply by reducing
   pollutants  that  encourage   the
   growth of oxygen-consuming organ-
   isms.
     But in  the Pacific Northwest,
   water quality experts are faced with
   opposite  problem:  too  much  dis-
   solved air, too much oxygen.
     In water "supersaturated" with
   air, fish and other aquatic animals
   can sicken and die when air bubbles
   form in their blood, under the skin,
   and  in the fins Sometimes blood
   flow  will be blocked by  an  air
   embolism
     This affliction, called  the  gas
   bubble disease, was the  topic of a
   two-day  workshop conference  last
   month at EPA's Western Fish Toxi-
   cology Station at Corvallis, Ore
     The workshop was co-sponsored
 by EPA and Oregon State Univer-
 sity.  Biologists from colleges and
 government agencies in the North-
 western  States,  British Columbia,
 Minnesota,  and  Florida  attended
 the sessions to learn of the  latest
 developments in gas bubble disease
 research.

    Dr. Gerald R. Bouck, chief of
 the  Corvallis toxicology  station,
 said  air   supersaturation  occurs
 when water flows over a high dam.
 In times  of  high  water in the
 Columbia River, for instance, read-
 ings of 140 percent supersaturation
 are not uncommon  below its nine
 flood-control  and   hydroelectric
 dams. Air is entrained by the falling
 water and  forced into solution un-
 der temporary high  pressure condi-
 tions at the foot of the falls. The
 river is too deep and voluminous to
 permit  the  saturation  to  reach
 equilibrium (100 percent) before
 the next dam is reached.
    In the  "fish ladders," which are
 often built  around dams to let
migrating  fish  swim upstream  to
spawn, the water quickly reaches
equilibrium, but the water flow in
the ladders is only a tiny fraction of
the total river flow.
   Supersaturation  is a vital  con-
cern in  the Pacific Northwest be-
cause of the need  to preserve the
salmon fishery, but Dr. Bouck said
the problem has caused game fish
kills in other dammed rivers of the
West  and could  occur  in  many
other places.
   Among the  measures that  have
been suggested to correct supersatu-
ration are the alteration of dams
and  spillways to direct the falling
water outward along the surface of
the receiving basin and the redesign
of  penstocks and  turbine bays in
hydroelectric  plants.  The  Army
Corps of Engineers has been active
in this kind of research.
   The  Western  Fish  Toxicology
Station  specializes  in  research on
the  effects of water quality—in
both physical and chemical aspects
-on fish and other water fauna.

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Storm  Water  Runoff  Is   Big  Polluter
   Rams  that  wash  dirt from  city
streets  add  significant  amounts of
many kinds  of pollutants to the Na-
tion's waterways, according to a recent
EPA study.
   Storm run-off water contains hun-
dreds of times as much  solid matter
and  heavy  metals per gallon as un-
treated sewage, the study found, and
five  to  ten  times as much oxygen
demand  and algal nutrients, which
cause the eutrophication  of lakes and
streams
   Storm water also  contains signif-
icant quantities of pesticides  and simi-
lar long-lived organic chemicals. About
75 percent of these were poly chlori-
nated  biphenols  (PCBs), industrial
compounds  that  are  similar  in their
environmental effects to DDT.
   The only class of contaminant more
abundant  in  sewage  than in storm
water is coliform bacteria. The average
bacteria  count  for  storm  water  is
about one hundredth that of untreated
sewage.  Secondary sewage treatment,
however, reduces the bacteria count to
about one thousandth that  of storm
water.

         First Hour Is Worst

   The pollutant loading of storm wa-
ter is especially high  during the  first
hour of a moderate-to-heavy ram, the
study found, and  then it usually ex-
ceeds the pollutant  load from the
city's sanitary sewage system.
   The  study was made for EPA's
Office of Research and Monitoring by
the URS Research Company of San
Mateo,  Calif., under a $309,000  con-
tract
   Eight cities were studie'd' San Jose,
Calif.,  Phoenix,   Ariz.,   Milwaukee,
Wise., Baltimore,  Md ; Seattle, Wash.;
Atlanta, Ga , Tulsa, Ok la., and Bucy-
rus, Ohio  Samples of street contami-
nants were taken  in each city, from
dry  surfaces and  from storm sewers
after  natural  and simulated  rains.
These  were analyzed for chemical,
physical, and biological properties, and
calculations  of  total run-off  were
made, using a mathematical model, for
residential, commercial, and industrial
areas
   The  major  constituent  of storm
water pollutants was found to be fine
particles  of sand  and silt,  not in
themselves hazardous, but capable of
carrying other  pollutants adhering to
their surfaces Current street sweeping
practices are inefficient in removing
such particles, the study said, and the
removal efficiency decreases with the
size of the particles.
   The study recommends further re-
search on street cleaning methods, on
the design of gutters and catch basins
to facilitate cleaning, and on the cost-
effectiveness of these operations.

        Assumption in Ooubt

   The  common   assumption  that
storm and sanitary sewers should be
separated because  storm sewers are
relatively "clean" needs to be re-exam-
ined,  the study  says.  Since  storm
run-off is far from clean, it probably
should be treated before discharge in
many instances where there are sepa-
rate  systems. For cities having com-
bined  systems,  the fact that both
storm and sanitary  sewers are  impor-
tant  sources of pollution "casts some
doubt"  as  to whether  separation or
treatment of all  sewage is the better
policy
   While this study is not "cause for
alarm,  it does show that more atten-
tion  must be paid to the problem of
pollution  from  storm  run-off, espe-
cially as wastes  from  industry and
other municipal sources are reduced,"
said  Stanley M.  Greenfield,  assistant
administrator for Research and Moni-
toring.
   The  report, "Water  Pollution As-
pects  of  Street  Surface  Contami-
nants," 237 + xn  pages, is available for
S3  per copy from  the  Government
Printing  Office,   Washington, D.C.
20402.
Recent  EPA  Publications
   Control  Techniques for Asbestos
Air Pollutants, 86 + xix p., Feb., 1973.
Summarizes current knowledge—from
EPA, other government agencies,  and
private industry—of  methods for re-
ducing the emission of asbestos fibers.
All stages in the mining and milling of
the mineral are covered, as well as the
manufacture and application of asbes-
tos-containing products Air Pollution
Technical  Information Center, EPA,
Research  Triangle Park, N.C. 27711.
   Control  Techniques for Beryllium
Air Pollutants,  59 +  xvm p., Feb.,
1973  This rare light metal, which has
many applications in aircraft and space
technology,  electronic  instruments,
and ceramics, is poisonous when parti-
cles of the metal or its compounds are
inhaled  The booklet describes   the
principal  sources of  beryllium emis-
sions  and the  processing equipment
needed for control   Illustrated  with
charts  and  diagrams. Air Pollution
Technical  Information Center, EPA,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711.
   Control  Techniques for Mercury
Emissions From Extraction and Chor-
Alkali  Plants, 57 + XVH p., Feb., 1973
Mercury is the only metal that vapor-
izes readily at room temperatures, and
its poisonous vapors can escape and
threaten human health in many ways.
This booklet describes vapor  control
methods in  two industries having the
greatest hazard: plants where mercury
is extracted from ores and refined, and
plants that use large quanties  of mer-
cury in the electrolytic  separation  of
chlorine from base metals  such  as
sodium and  potassium.  Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, EPA,
Research Triangle  Park, N.C.  27711.
   Oil Spills Control Manual for Fire
Departments, 98 + vi  p., Feb., 1973.
Reports on  field tests and actual spill
control work in harbor waters by the
New York City Fire Department over
a 22-month period Use of existing fire
department  equipment—hoses, pumps,
etc —is emphasized, but  some useful
auxiliary   devices—booms,   floating
sorbents,  and skimmers-are also de-
scribed.  Illustrated with charts and
drawings. Government Printing Office,
Washington,  D.C  20402, $1.25  do-
mestic  postpaid or $1 at GPO Book-
store
       (Continued on back page)

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EPA  Publications  -   Recent  and   Useful
       (Continued from page 7)
   Effectiveness Evaluation of Opera-
tor Training Conducted Under the PSC
Program,  67 + vi p., March,  1973. A
revision of a booklet  published last
summer by the Public Service Careers
section of EPA's Manpower Develop-
ment Staff showing how the training
of sewage  treatment plant operators
improved  the performance of treat-
ment plants in Texas. Manpower De-
velopment  Staff,  EPA,  Washington,
D.C. 20460.
   Fundamentals  of Noise: Measure-
ment, Rating Schemes, and Standards,
163  + iv p , Dec., 1971. Prepared by
the National Bureau of Standards for
EPA, this booklet outlines the  basic
principles of sound generation  and
propagation methods  of measuring
both the physical characteristics of
noise and its effects on people, and the
suitability of various noise exposure
rating schemes.  Government Printing
Office,-  Washington,  D.C.  20402,
$1.25.
   Transportation  Noise and  Noise
from Equipment Powered by Internal
Combustion Engines, 414 +  xiii p.,
Dec.,  1971   Discusses  the  kinds of
noise produced, environmental effects,
and possibilities of noise reduction for
three types of aircraft,  highway vehi-
cles, railroads, ships, recreation vehi-
cles, and small-engine  devices. Illus-
trated with charts and tables. Govern-
ment  Printing  Office, Washington,
D.C. 20460,  $4.30 postpaid or $3 75
at GPO Bookstore.
  Large Power Plant Effluent Study,
Volume  4,  Instrumentation Proce-
dures, and Data Tabulations,  286 + vi
p.,  Nov., 1972. Last of a  series of
technical studies of pollutant emis-
sions from the tall stacks of three large
generating plants northeast  of Pitts-
burgh. Photos and sampling  from air-
craft  as  well as ground  observation
points supply data on the dynamics of
tall  stack  plumes  under   different
weather conditions to test the validity
of theories concerning plume  dispersal.
Effects  of  sulfur oxides  and other
pollutants   on  vegetation,  chiefly
Christmas tree farms, are also charted.
Air Pollution Technical Information
Center,  EPA, Research Triangle Park,
N.C. 27711.
  EXPRO '73, A List of Extramural
Projects to Be Funded in Fiscal Year
1973, 162 p , Feb  1973. Lists specific
research  tasks  which EPA plans to
fund during this fiscal year, for which
no  grantee  or  contractor has  been
selected  Tasks are  listed by 14  pro-
gram areas, giving the subjects, dollar
amounts, and EPA technical officers
responsible.  Resource  Management
Branch, ORM,  room 716 Jefferson
Plaza, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460.

  Application of Selected Industrial
Engineering Techniques to Wastewater
Treatment Plants, 226 + vi p, Feb.,
1973.  Outlines  more than a  dozen
methods  used  by industry to  plan,
organize, and evaluate their operations
that could be adopted in wastewater
treatment. These can be used to im-
prove the design,  operation, mainte-
nance,  staffing, and quality control
phases, say the authors, and examples
are  given of their  use  in the Flint,
Mich.,  treatment plant.  Government
Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.C.
20402, $2 60 postpaid or  $2.25  at a
GPO Bookstore
     Use of  furuls  lor printing  this  publication approved by  tne Director ot tne Uttice ot Management and Budget (Dec. 6. 1971)
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