Cleaner
Vol.5, No. 12
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
December 1976
THANK YOU!
BRUCE GAY
RRY WOOD
FFlE CAROLYN WHEELER
JOAN SWAIN
ANKS BR
ARAHAUCK PAT
Liz Martin, Dotty Rose, and Elaine Hyman want to personally thank the reporters, photographers,
compositors, printers, artists. Word Processing Center and Forms and Publications Center for doing
a great job throughout the year in getting out the "Cleaner Times." Without all of your help, this
would not have been possible. We know we have pushed you at times, but you have always come
through. So, from all of us, to all of you, MERRY CHRISTMAS, HAPPY NEW YEAR, and
THANK YOUJ
1
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TOWARD A
SULFATE STANDARD
by Dorothy H. Rose
Researchers realize that "pol-
lution knows no boundaries," and
that pollutants may go through a
long series of chemical changes in
their travels; changes that may in-
tensify their adverse effects. Sul-
fates are a mixture of a number of
substances some toxic, some not.
They are a result of chemical chan-
ges and because they may be ex-
tremely harmful to human health,
they merit attention.
How are sulfates formed? what are
their effects on health? Where do
they come from, and what is being
done to control them?
According to reports by the Office
of Air Quality Planning and Stand-
ards and the American Lung Associ-
ation, sulfates are compounds of
varying harmful ness found every-
where in the atmosphere. They are
produced by nature as well as man.
where they are man-made, they can
far outstrip nature's output in
quantity and toxicity.
Most man-made sulfates originate
from sulfur dioxide (SO-) emissions,
a gaseous pollutant whose control is
required by Federal regulation.
SO- by itself does not cause as much
of an adverse effect on human health
as this pollutant's secondary
product, sulfate, which is formed
from chemical reactions between sul-
fur dioxide emitted into the air and
other substances already present.
Sul fate is found in the air as par-
ti cul ate matter and can be measured
as such.
HISTORY: In 1930 an air pollution
tragedy occurred in the Meuse River
Valley, Belgium, in which sixty
people died and thousands became ill.
Since that time scientists have been
trying to identify the lethal com-
ponents in the polluted air which
caused that and subsequent disasters.
It is evident, even though the
scientists' job is far from complete,
that the episodes of heavy air pol-
lution which resulted in illness and
death involved sulfur oxide/particu-
late complex (SPC) components.
There is a strong relationship be-
tween the SPC and severe effects on
the respiratory system evidenced by
the large number of people affected.
In London, levels of smoke (black
particulate matter measured by de-
gree of opacity) and SO- and their
relationship to daily deaths and
illnesses have been examined since
1958. By 1962 the controls mandated
under Britain's Clean Air Act began
to reduce the levels of these two
pollutants.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Increasing evidence
indicates that the following signi-
ficant adverse health effects may be
produced by long-term exposure to
air containing high concentrations
of sulfur dioxide and particulates:
increased susceptibility to acute
lower respiratory infections and
decreased levels of lung function in
both children and adults; aggrava-
tion of chronic respiratory disease;
and an increased risk of chrome
respiratory disease—particularly
bronchitis and emphysema—in adults.
Children, the elderly, people who
smoke, and those with respiratory
ailments are even susceptible to
short term exposure.
Many studies involving children
have been conducted over the years.
These studies indicate that lower
respiratory infections are consis-
tently related to pollution and the
frequency and severity of infection
increases with the amount of pollu-
tion.
EPA has conducted a considerable
number of epidemiologic studies in
its Community Health and Environ-
mental Surveillance System (CHESS)
program. One study took place in
four communities in Salt Lake City,
Utah. This study involved approxi-
2
mately 9000 non-asthmatic children,
almost 75% of whom had lived in the
same community at least three years.
All of the communities had similar
particulate and nitrogen oxide levels
but different levels of sulfur diox-
ide and suspended sulfates. Parents
of children 12 years old or less
were asked to fill out a question-
naire.
The study questionnaire asked
about frequency of treatment by a
doctor for pneumonia, croup, bron-
chitis, and other deep chest infec-
tions. It also ascertained family
characteristics, smoking habits and
socioeconomic status. The study
indicated that, among those children
living three or more years in the
community of highest pollution,
there was an increased incidence of
total acute lower respiratory ill-
ness, croup, and acute bronchitis.
To corroborate the effects of SPC,
scientists in HERL have been con-
ducting studies using guinea pigs.
The animals are first exposed to
sulfuric acid aerosol (H2S04). They
are then, along with a control group
of animals, exposed for four minutes
to a streptococcal aerosol. The
animals which breathed H^SO. had an
increased particle deposition in the
respiratory tract when compared to
animals which were not exposed to
H2S04.
Increased viable or non-viable re-
spiratory particle deposition due to
sulfuric acid exposure may result in
a more severe biologic response.
Investigators have reported that
sulfur oxide type air pollution was
positively associated with an in-
creased incidence of an illness
characterized as the common cold.
Epidemiologic studies of health
effects of air pollution, in areas
with predominantly sulfur oxide type
pollutants, have continually re-
ported that the principal most subtle
health effects are increases in the
(Continued on page 6)
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ViP
by Elaine Hyman
It's not for everybody—just that
very special person who yearns to be
different and wants to make a special
contribution. If you meet this
description then we need you in the
VIP Donor Club. The VIP (Very
Important Platelets) Club is for
special donors who pledge to schedule
blood donations five times a year at
the Durham Red Cross Blood Center.
Members of this select group have
appointments for their donations.
This makes it possible for them to
avoid delays.
Their donations are used primarily
for the extraction of platelets.
These platelets must be collected by
2 p.m. daily for those people who
suffer from leukemia, cancer, and
bone marrow failures of various
types.
Of course, the other components
are used for patients who need them.
This makes it possible for a single
VIP donation to help save the lives
of up to four different people.
Having donated, you are already a
special person—however, you can be a
very special person by signing up
for the VIP Club.
Call Elaine Hyman, your Local
Recruiter, on extension 1321. I will
be happy to discuss the particulars
with you.
WHERE THERE'S
SMOKE....
There's trouble for respiratory
disease victims
Not everyone thinks the odor of
burning leaves is heavenly. It can
cause illness in individuals with
respiratory diseases and, therefore,
is in direct violation of state and
local open burning regulations in
residential areas.
Few people realize that nearly
one-fourth of the materials burned in
open fires 1s released into the air
as air pollution. These pollutants
include particulates (soot, dirt,
dust), hydrocarbons (the major com-
ponent of smog), carbon monoxide and
other irritating gases.
Each year at this time, we remind
area citizens of the health and fire
dangers of burning yard wastes and of
the benefits of alternative disposal
methods such as composting. We are
putting special emphasis on these re-
minders because the Research Triangle
area experienced several inversions
during the summer.
If backyard leaf fires were smol-
dering during fall atmospheric inver-
sions, hundreds of tons of pollutants
would blanket a residential area, ir-
ritating the eyes, nose and throats
FORD SIGNS TOXICS
CONTROL LAW
President Ford has signed the
Toxic Substances Control Act, call-
ing it "one of the most important
pieces of environmental legislation
that has been enacted by the
Congress."
The Law. PL 94-469, gives the En-
vironmental Protection Agency power
to regulate all substances that may
produce toxic effects.
Generally, the new law gives the
EPA Administrator authority to:
^Require Industry to provide test
data and supply detailed informa-
tion on specified substances;
*Prevent or limit the marketing of
new substances which the Admini-
strator believes harmful, and
*Limit or ban the marketing of
existing substances that are
proven harmful.
In signing the measure, President
Ford called It "a strong bill" and
cautioned EPA to administer it in a
manner to avoid "regulatory burden"
and duplication of existing enforce-
ment authorities under other laws.
The White House says the new act
should "minimize the risk of un-
known hazards to health or the
environment from toxic substances
of healthy people and creating severe while permitting us to continue to
breathing problems for people who
suffer from respi ratory a i 1 m^ents
'fn~t~t~f~t~t~^f~i~tYSVF>pfffvn~t~t~9~fft~f
reap the benefits which those sub-
cooeaooooooooooaoooToaotooaoioJSoooooooooaaooooaoaoaot
t fcria
™ .Mr*;
WHO IS
THAT
BEARDED
This Christmas celebrity wasn't
always a jolly, generous elf. He
was a Saint--St. Nicholas.
Known as the Bishop of Myra, he
became the subject of many popular
legends. His habits earned him
honors as the legendary Bishop of
Christian Charity. There's even a
shrine built to him in Ban, Italy.
Wnat bits and pieces of informa-
tion there are available suggest
that St. Nicholas came from a
wealthy family but was an orphan.
He shared his wealth with the poor
and sick and devoted himself to the
conversion of sinners and care of
the poor.
Legend tells of his throwing
bags of gold into homes where the
people were facing starvation. One
(Continued on page 4)
3
SLANG
Working your way through the
federal system of acronyms 1s now a
simplified procedure. By using the
new booklet, Selected Letter and
Abbreviated Name Guide, you can
quickly and easily translate any-
thing from ALAPCO to OTLUP to QUAMIS
to WSAP. The booklet was put to-
gether by Betty Abramson. She'll be
glad to send you a copy and would
also appreciate any additions.
She's at MD-14.
-------
THE HUFFING
AND PUFFING
MACHINE
by Elaine Hyman
"The Huffing and Puffing Machine,"
so named by Technician Frank Clay, is
technically referred to as the
Cryocondenser Sampling Collection
System. The cryocondenser technique
makes it possible for Dr. PM1 Hanst
and John Spence, ESRL, to observe
extremely small concentrations of
trace gases found in the atmosphere.
Air is pumped into the cryocon-
denser which has been immersed 1n
liquid nitrogen. The outlet of the
cryocondenser is kept closed while
the air is driven in (the huffing
action). Condensation takes place
until the vessel is full, at which
time pressure begins to rise and the
input pump 1s turned off. The oxygen
and nitrogen are pumped out of the
vessel (the puffing action), leaving
a residue of ice, solid carbon
dioxide (C02), and condensed trace
gases. This procedure allows for
infrared measurement of atmospheric
trace gases such as freon 11 and 12,
carbon tetrachloride, carbonyl sul-
fide, and hydrocarbons.
The procedure is repeated several
times allowing for an accumulation
of trace components. C02 and water
are removed chemically before
remaining residue is analyzed by
infrared techniques.
EPA TOUCH FOOTBALL RESULTS
Second Week
Second week action was highlighted by the stunning 27-13 upset of
Dinger's Ringers by the upstart Ken's Quickies. The Quickies connected on
two fourth down touchdown passes to offset first half scores by the Ringers,
then scored on an intercepted fumble early in the second half to take the
lead for good.
The second game witnessed the revival of the Willies, who out passed,
out ran and out cheated the error prone NERC-Offs in a 40-13 laugher.
Third Week
Ken's Quickies were stunned by the early antics of the NERC-Offs1 Pete
(the Gazelle) Gabele, but rebounded from a 7-0 deficit to grind out a 22-7
victory. The NERC-Offs "track meet" offense slowly disintegrated under the
hard rush of the more physical Quickies, who methodically marched to their
third consecutive win.
Dinger's Ringers recovered from their previous upset to pummel the
Willies 40-12, but the Willies did stop the legendary Ed Dinger's touchdown
per game streak compiled over three previous seasons. The Willies operated
without star performer Doug Bell (no relation to Ricky) who was rehearsing
his famous pole climbing act for the playoffs.
Next Month:
Team
Results of the Championship Playoffs and Bell's Telephone
Pole
League Standings (10-31-76)
Won Lost Pts scored
Pts allowed
Ken's Quickies
Dinger's Ringers
The Willies
NERC-Offs
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
56
93
52
26
20
45
60
102
ALCOHOL + DRIVING
DON'T MIX
Information has been obtained con-
cerning the alcohol consumption, bio-
graphical and psychological charac-
teristics of drivers who are in-
volved in highway crashes or cita-
tions. The most significant bio-
graphical variables are sex, age,
marital status, and occupational
level. Important descriptions of
driving include previous crashes,
citations, suspensions, experience,
and exposure.
The highway is the scene of a sig-
nificant portion of the accidental
deaths and injuries in the United
States. A large percentage of these
are associated with the use of
alcohol. The risk of a driver or
pedestrian being involved in a
traffic accident whereby alcohol is
consumed increases precipitously with
the increased amount of alcohol in
the body.
Most people killed in traffic
accidents after drinking have very
high blood alcohol concentrations.
It is known that many drinking
drivers have a history of alcohol
problems. Therefore, a focus on the
relation of alcohol to highway safety
will both reduce the highway carnage
and identify problem drinkers who
are in need of treatment.
WHO IS THAT (Cont'd from page 3}
of the most popular legends tells
now he threw three bags of gold to
three maidens to save them from a
life of shame. It is this legend
which spawned the habit of giving
gifts to cnildren at the feast of
Saint Nicholas on December 6.
The Dutch form of his name is
"Sant Hicolaas." In America, the
English transformed this to Santa
Claus and associated him with
Christmas, the traditional English
time of giving gifts.
Who says Santa Claus isn't real?
-------
REISSUE
OF
TWO-DOLLAR
BILL
Secretary of the Treasury William
E. Simon has announced the reissu-
ance of the $2 bill as a Federal
Reserve Note, Series 1976. The new
note was issued on April 13, 1976
(Thomas Jefferson's birthday), and
features an engraving of Thomas
Jefferson on the front and a ren-
dition of "The Signing of the
Declaration of Independence" on the
back.
It is estimated that the new $2
note will result in a savings of
$4-7 million per year in printing of
$1 notes. The new $2 note is expect-
ed to replace about one-half of the
"ones" in circulation over a period
of the next several years. The new
note will be printed in sufficient
volume, 400 million per year, to
assure wide availability.
The two-dollar bill was first
issued as U.S. currency in 1862,
and in subsequent years the bills
were issued under a variety of
authorities as U.S. Notes, Silver
Certificates, Treasury Notes and
ITS T%^ S1PT T
ICEEPt O*. & vi*
National Currency. A relatively
small number of $2 notes were pro-
duced annually until August 10,
1966, when the Treasury Department
announced that the printing of the
bill would be discontinued.
"While the design of the new note
is consistent with the nation's
bicentennial," the Secretary added,
"it is not solely a bicentennial
commemorative, but rather the two-
dollar bill fulfills a permanent and
practical role in the use of American
currency. Additionally, as two-
dollar bills gradually come to be
substituted for ones, fewer pieces of
currency will need to be carried by
individuals and small cash transac-
tions will be greatly facilitated."
Secretary Simon stated that "the
American people are the key to the
success of this program. The reissue
of the $2 bill can add a new con-
venience to our currency system and
help in reducing the cost of govern-
ment. "
NIEHS OFFERS COURSE
The National Institute of Environ-
mental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is
offering an Adult Basic Education
Course, Monday and Wednesday from
3:00 to 5:00 p.m., Bldg. 10, Con-
ference Room, for persons wanting to
complete a high school education.
Information can be obtained by
calling Norman Eubanks at 549-8411,
ext. 1321.
SAFETY FIRST
Some OA employees have expressed
a desire to use the tunnel at the
ERC Annex for commuting from the
Administration Building to the R&D
Building cafeteria, especially dur-
ing cold damp weather. The tunnel
in question was designed to house
steam lines, telephone cable, and
electrical cable only. It runs from
an air handling equipment room in
the Administration Building to the
Boiler Room, Beaunit R&D Building.
It is not EPA space, and it is not
safe for human travel.
So button up your overcoat and
take a brisk 40 yard walk between
buildings. You'll be much healthier
and safer.
PERSONNEL CORNER
QUALITY INCREASES:
Lloyd M. Hedgepeth - OAQPS/MDAD
Thomas G. Dzubay - ESRL
John C. Bobrowski - HERL
Joan S. Bivins - OAQPS/MDAD
Betty G. Abramson - OAQPS/MDAD
Kathryn I. Aiken - OA/CMD
SPECIAL ACT OR SERVICE:
Paul J. Lamothe - ESRL - $300
Richard J. Paur - ESRL - $250
JUST FOR THE ASKING
Recent speeches available in the
Public Affairs Office include:
Russell E. Train, EPA Administrator:
"Who Owns American Wildlife"? Given
at the Symposium on Wildlife and
America, in Washington, D.C. on
September 30, 1976.
Discusses the new toxic substances
control bill before the American
Public Health Association, Miami,
Florida, October 21, 1976.
John R. Quarles. Jr., EPA Deputy
Administrator:
"To Grow or Not to Grow—That is
Not the Question." Given at the
Fifth Annual International Pollution
Engineering Congress in Anaheim,
California.
-------
SULFATE...(Cont'd. from page 2)
incidence of asthma attacks, clinical
symptoms of upper airway irritation
and exacerbation of pre-existing
illness in individuals with chrome
obstructive lung disease, particu-
larly chrome bronchitis.
TRANSFORMATION IN ATMOSPHERE: The
formation of the components of SPC
has not yet been completely de-
lineated, however, the transforma-
tion seems to take place as follows:
the basic step is the reaction of
sulfur dioxide with oxygen to form
sulfur trioxide (SO.,). The process
is slow in clean air but pollution
speeds up the change. Thus, in the
presence of nitrogen oxides, hydro-
carbons, and sunlight this oxidation
occurs more quickly. Even without
the presence of sunlight, the re-
action is accelerated through
catalysis by particles of carbon on
such metallic oxides as those of
vanadium, iron, manganese, copper,
lead, and aluminum. Once sulfur
dioxide becomes sulfur tnoxide it
can combine immediately with any
water vapor present in the atmosphere
to produce harmful sulfuric acid.
Researchers in the Environmental
Sciences Research Laboratory are
studying these transformation
processes as well as the sources of
sulfur oxides and new and improved
measurement methods.
How long either sulfur dioxide
or sulfuric acid and sulfates remain
in the atmosphere is not exactly
known. S02 is thought to remain
from hours to weeks, the sulfates
longer. Natural factors such as
precipitation, wind speed and tem-
perature can alter these facts.
However, studies indicate that sul-
fur dioxide and its products may be
transported hundreds of miles down-
wind from their source. The SPC's
traveling ability is obvious from
sulfate monitoring. Higher sulfate
concentrations appear in the eastern
portion of the U.S. than in other
parts of the country.
LOCATION. Sulfur Dioxide accounts
for about 95% of man-made sulfur
emissions. In the U.S., electric
power generating plants are the
source of about 55% of total S02
emissions. These plants have been
responsible for a rapidly growing
proportion of sulfur dioxide emis-
sions. While total man-made SO-
increased by 45% between 1960 and
1970, power plant emissions increased
by twice that figure.
Lesser amounts of sulfur dioxide
come from industrial processes,
stationary source fuel combustion
from other than power plants, and
transportation. Automobiles con-
tribute very little in the way of
SOp emissions, however, when autos
are equipped with catalytic conver-
ters, some of the sulfur in gasoline
is changed to sulfuric acid before it
leaves the exhaust pipe, and the sul-
furic acid can reach people in the
immediate vicinity of highways, be-
fore diffusion can lessen its effect.
WHERE HE STAND: In view of the
available data, EPA has stated that
an air quality standard or other
major regulatory program for sul-
fates is not supportable at this
time. EPA believes that additional
research is needed. Therefore, the
Office of Research and Development
is developing a comprehensive
"Sulfates Research Plan" which will
focus on improving monitoring
capability to permit identification
of particle size and chemical form
of toxic sulfates, developing more
complete health effects data, and
characterizing the long range trans-
port and transformation mechanisms.
This research program will require
several years to complete; conse-
quently, it is doubtful that a compre-
hensive regulatory program specifi-
cally for sulfates could be initiated
before the end of the decade.
Though currently available infor-
mation does not now permit the
6
establishment of a comprehensive
sulfate regulatory program, the
information does suggest a need to
minimize increases in regional
sulfur oxides emissions as a means
of preventing increased levels of
atmospheric sulfates. In the in-
terim, prior to the initiation of
any comprehensive control program,
existing regulatory options can be
effective in limiting increases in
sulfate concentrations. The "sig-
nificant risk" policy for power
plants ordered to convert from oil
or gas to coal, the vigorous en-
forcement of state implementation
plans for the control of sulfur
dioxide and particulates and the
increasing application of new
source performance standards to
power generating facilities are
vital components of an overall
strategy that should limit growth
of ambient sulfate levels. EPA
analysis indicates that these regu-
lations and policies should pre-
vent major S02 emission increases
through 1980 in the regions of
maximum sulfate impact. Unless a
sulfate or other new regulatory
program is enacted, SO- emissions
increases are projected after that
time.
EPA is currently involved in a
suit brought by the Sierra Club in
which they claim that EPA should
set an ambient air quality standard
for sulfates. Their argument is
that EPA knows enough now to say
that sulfates cause adverse health
effects and must be listed as a
criteria pollutant. EPA maintains
that it does not know enough at
present to list it as a criteria
pollutant and that it is already
indirectly regulating sulfates
under existing standards for TSP
and S02. Furthermore, EPA main-
tains that its Research Plan to
study sulfates is a sufficient
response to the sulfate problem at
this time.
-------
WHITE MAN HAS LONG
HISTORY OF WASTE
Back in 1855, Chief Sealth of
the Dunwam'sh Tribe in the State of
Washington wrote a letter to Presi-
dent Franklin Pierce. The city of
Seattle took its name from Chief
Sealth, and his letter probably
makes the case for responsibility to
the environment as well as anything
else we have seen. To President
Franklin Pierce:
"The Great Chief in Washington
sends words that he wishes to buy
our land. How can you buy or sell
the sky--the warmth of the land'
The idea is strange to us. Yet we
do not own the freshness of the air
or the sparkle of the water. How
can you buy them from us7 Every
part of this earth is sacred to my
people. Every shiny pine needle,
every sandy shore, every mist in the
dark woods, every clearing and hum-
ming insect is holy in the memory
and experience of my people.
"We know that white iran does not
understand our ways. One portion of
the land is the same to him as the
next, for he is a stranger who comes
in the night and takes from the land
whatever he needs. The earth is not
his brother but his enemy, and when
he has conquered it, he moves on. He
leaves his father's graves, and his
children's birthright is forgotten.
"There is no quiet place in the
white man's cities. No place to hear
the leaves of spring or the rustle
of insect wings. But perhaps because
I am savage and do not understand--
the clatter only seems to insult the
ear. And what is there to life if a
man cannot hear the whippoorwill or
the arguments of frogs at the pond.
"The whites too shall pass—per-
haps sooner than other tribes. Con-
tinue to contaminate your bed and
you will one night suffocate in your
own waste. When the buffalo are all
slaughtered, wild horses all tamed,
the secret corners of the forest
heavy with the scent of many men,
the view of the ripe hills blotted
out by talking wires. Where is the
thicket? Gone. Where is the eagle?
Gone. And what is it to say goodby
to the swift and the hunt, the end
of living and beginning of survival."
WfYTSTSTSTSTft'S't SttttYYV
A CAR-FREE LIFE CAN
BE CARE-FREE
According to the U.S. Census Bureau
about 20 percent of American house-
holds already do without cars. The
Highway Users Federation says Ameri-
cans drove 5% fewer miles in 1974 and
cut down another 4% in 1975.
The U.S. Dept. of Transportation
will be allocating nearly $12 billion
over the next 5 years to boost mass-
transit systems. Public transit rider-
ship rose nationally for the first
time in more than a decade last year.
While Americans may not be abandoning
their cars in droves, the benefits to
living without owning a car, reports
the Christian Science Monitor, could
be substantial.
While air pollution goes down and
we can breathe easier, our pocket-
books and wallets could also swell.
One family estimated that it cost a
minimum of 51,750 per year in car de-
preciation, insurance, and parking to
own a car. Another family cut their
travel costs from over S250 per month
to $100 a month when they sold their
two cars.
The CLEANER TIMES is published monthly by Public
Affairs. Office of Administration. U S Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. Research Triangle Park. N.C 27711
Liz Martin . ... Editor
Dorothy Row .. _ . Assistant Editor
Elaine Hyman . . Reporter
Produced with the assistance of the Word Processing Center.
Graphics. Composition, and Printing Sections. ISO. Forms
and Publications Center. GSD
A BICENTENNIAL
CHRISTMAS
This Christmas marks the 200th
anniversary of one of the most
famous battles of the Revolutionary
War. On the night of December 25,
1776, Washington led 2400 troops
across the Delaware River during a
sleet storm and fell on the Hessian
garrison at Trenton, capturing 1200
men with virtually no casualties.
It was a glorious moment for the
American cause, made even better by
the subsequent success at Princeton
less than two weeks later.
During this Bicentennial Christ-
mas, everyone can remember that bit-
ter night two centuries ago, and
reflect on America's growth since
that time. Those cold, tired, troops
were ready to give their all to the
American cause. Today, every citi-
zen can contribute to the nation's
well-being, and their own as well,
by purchasing U.S. Savings Bonds for
themselves or a perfect holiday gift.
Series E Savings Bonds are re-
designed for the Bicentennial, car-
rying vignettes of the Revolutionary
period on their face They make great
souvenirs and gifts for everyone, and
they grow with the years at a good
rate of interest.
In good times and troubled times,
our citizens have traditionally lent
their support to the American ideal
through the purchase of government
securities. There can be no bet-
ter way to show faith in America
this Bicentennial Christmas than to
continue that tradition by buying
Bicentennial-design U.S. Savings
Bonds.
IHEY'RE GIFK THATN
GROW AND GROW I
ANDGBOW'/
HOPE OUK STOCKINGS
ABE STUFFED WITH
U 5 SAVINGS BONK
-------
BRAIN TEASER
by Frank Clay (Roving Reporter)
Ms. Jones, Ms. Othamar, Ms.
Hanson, Ms. Nance, and Ms. Roush all
went shopping one morning at Macey's
They bought a French oven, a lace
tablecloth, oriental cookware, a yo-
gurt maker, and a desk lamp. Each
lady bought only one item and each
lady went directly to the floor that
sold the item that she bought.
Everyone got on the elevator at the
first floor except Ms. Roush. A man
returning for his car keys that he
had left in the bathroom on the third
floor also got on the elevator, as well
as a fat man wearing lipstick who had
a rare baldheaded albino monkey on a
leash with him. The elevator stopped
at each floor, and no more than two
people ever got off the elevator at
any time. The only married lady in
the group bought a lace tablecloth on
the fourth floor, while the lady who
bought the oriental cookware got off
the elevator with the man who left his
car keys in the bathroom. Ms. Nance
got off the elevator with the fat man
wearing lipstick who had a rare bald-
headed albino monkey on a leash with
him, while Ms. Jones had to leave the
elevator all alone. If office sup-
plies are sold on the first floor,
yogurt makers are not sold on the
fifth floor, and Ms. Othamar received
the French oven as a birthday present,
what did each of these women buy?
Answer: To find the answer, simply
list the names of the women 1n a col-
umn in the order given in the problem;
then, to the right of these names,
list the names of the items in the
order given in the problem. The item
each lady bought will appear to the
right of the lady's name. (NOTE:
the first letter of each name and the
first letter of each item will spell
out the name of a famous stack-
sampler.)
PUT YOUR MONEY WHERE YOUR IS!
A woman cries uncontrollably for
"no good reason." A little boy
stares blankly at the wall, unre-
sponsive to his surroundings. Over
the past year or so a middle-aged
businessman has had increasingly
frequent episodes of what might be
called "temper tantrums."
These hypothetical cases might be
examples of an increasingly common
illness in America—mental illness.
Or, these behavior problems could
have underlying physical causes.
Only competent medical diagnosis
could determine the real causes and
treatment necessary.
If you're taking bets, though,
you'd probably be safer betting on
mental illness as the culprit in the
above cases. Present statistics
indicate that in the U.S. one person
in ten will be directly affected by
mental illness at some point in his
life, either personally, through the
illness of a member of his immediate
family, or through the illness of a
close personal friend.
The Durham County Mental Health
Association, one of the two newest
United Fund agencies, exists as an
"advocate for the mentally ill"
according to LUDIE WHITE, the
enthusiastic president of the non-
profit volunteer group.
The year-old organization, which
boasts well over 100 members, is
involved in two major areas, reha-
bilitation, and in-patient care.
To aid in rehabilitation, two
social clubs have been organized to
help patients recently released from
Umstead through the sometimes diffi-
cult readjustment period. These two
clubs currently serve approximately
40 former patients. There are some
700 after-care patients in Durham
County alone. Association members
can also be found assisting staff
members of the two half-way houses.
The "adopt-a-patient-plan" is
another project of the group.
Through this program civic groups,
church groups, or even individuals,
are urged to adopt a patient at
Umstead. For the church or civic
group it means little more than
remembering a birthday or an occa-
sional visit, but for the patient
it means they haven't been forgotten.
Also, when and if the patient is
discharged, the sponsoring group or
individual helps the former patient
readjust.
The biggest project for the
association, however, is "Operation
Santa Claus," a drive aimed at
supplying Christmas gifts for
patients of the eastern unit at
Umstead (the Durham County unit).
And, if successful, the drive will
mean not only Christmas gifts but
gifts for birthdays or Bingo prizes,
too.
All kinds of volunteer talent can
be utilized, said Mrs. White. One
volunteer, a retired librarian,
donates several hours a week in the
Umstead library. Soon it is hoped
volunteers can be found to staff a
clothing shop at Umstead.
This, then, is an overview of
just one of the United Fund agencies.
Multiply this one agency by the 29
different organizations supported by
United Fund and you'll have some
idea of what your "Fair Share" means
to someone who needs a helping hand.
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