WATER POLLUTION  PROBLEMS
                     OF
LAKE  MICHIGAN AND TRIBUTARIES
            .' Mwfflrl.w.
           'KV^
           /'
              kttu tf.ir
             /o *«y
               «fl»uT(«
             •ii ;
             ^ i'wflrtw^
         WISCONSIN

          ILLINOIS     f
           *
                         - HWitfuun
                         gK^Xttiu
                          «(WI(B SAPiO!
                              1AKI*
     MUMJUtt  ^'T,'
 tommwaBM  ^.^s. N>,/
 /A   jjfc

  L  -^MICHIGAN/"
•-•-^4-	5e-...	_,(,

    «m   J .:
   \1KUIANA;'
                                     JANUARY 1968
                             U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                     FEDERAL WATER POUUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

                                   GREAT LAKES REGION

-------
        WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS

                    of

      LAKE MICHIGAN AND TRIBUTARIES
         ACTIONS FOR CLEAN WATER
                JANUARY  1968
   UNITED  STATES DEPARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR
FEDERAL  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Great Lakes Region           Chicago, Illinois

-------
                            CONTENTS

CHAPTER                                                      PAGE

   I.  INTRODUCTION                                            I

  II.  DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIN                                3

          Population                                           3
          industry                                             4
          Commercial Shipping                                  7
          Water Resources                                      7
          Lake Currents                                        9
          Water Uses                                          12

 III.  WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS                               21

          Eutrophication                                      22
          Bacterial Pollution                                 25
          Chemical Pollution                                  27
          Oxygen Depletion                                    28
          Electric Power Plants                               29
          Wastes trom Watercraft                              34
          OiI  Pollution                                       34
          Disposal of Dredged Material                         36
          Alewives                                            43
          Pesticides                                          44

  IV.  FWPCA ACTIVITIES                                       47

          Interstate Enforcement Actions                      47
          Water Quality Standards                             47
          Great Lakes-I I Iinois River Basins Project           48
          The  Lake Michigan Diversion Case                    49
          Construction Grants                                 50
          Program Grants                                      51
          Research and Demonstration                          53
          Federal Installations                               58
          Technical  Assistance                                61
          Public Information                                  62

   V.  CONCLUSIONS                                            63

  VI.  RECOMMENDED ACTIONS                                    65

       REFERENCES                                             73

       APPENDIX

-------
                            (-INTRODUCTION

       On the basis of a request from Governor Otto Kerner of IIlinois,
dated November 22, 1967, and on the basis of reports, surveys or studies,
and in accordance with Section 10 of the Federal  Water Pollution Control
Act (33 USC 466 et seq.), Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Uda I I
called a conference in the matter of pollution of the waters of  Lake
Michigan and its tributary basin (I 11inois-lndiana-Michigan-Wisconsin).
The area covered by the conference is shown on Figure I.

       The conference is to convene at Chicago, Illinois  on January  31,
1968; conferees will  be representatives of the Federal  Government and
the four States involved.

       This report and its supporting documents were prepared for the
information of the conferees and other interested parties,  and for use
by the conferees in their consideration of actions needed to improve and
preserve the quality of waters in the conference  area.  The report is
based on studies and investigations by the Federal Water  Pollution Control
Administration, paralleling investigations made through cooperative  agree-
ments by other agencies of the Department of tfie  Interior,  and information
obtained from other Federal agencies, agencies of the four Lake  Michigan
States, municipalities, universities, and others.

       The contributions of all who provided assistance and information
are gratefully acknowledged.

-------
WISCONSIjl
 ILLINOIS
                      LAKE  MICHIGAN  BASIN
                                                 FIGURE 1

-------
                      II-DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIN
POPULATION
       Large concentrations of industry and people,  as well  as consider-
able agricultural  activity, characterize the Lake Michigan watershed.   In
I960, approximately 5.5 million people lived within  its boundaries.   (I)*
Mi I I ions more live in nearby areas,  including almost seven million in  the
Chicago Metropolitan Area.  (2)  The population of the watershed has dou-
bled within the past fifty years and is likely to double again during  the
next fifty.  (3)

       Nearly all  the population within the watershed is accounted for by
the States of Wisconsin, Michigan,  and Indiana, which had watershed  popu-
lations of 2.2 mi I I ion, 2.2 mi I I ion  and 970,000, respectively, in I960.
Although a large part of the seven  million people in the Chicago Metro-
politan Area use Lake Michigan for  water supply and  other purposes,  the
population within the watershed in  Illinois was only 140,000.
             The population around Lake Michigan has doubled
             in the past fifty years.   Here, bathers enjoy the
             surf at a public beach at Grand Haven, Michigan.
^Numbers in parentheses refer to references listed  at end of report

-------
       The major metropolitan areas lying entirely_or substantially with-
in the watershed are:   Milwaukee,  Wisconsin;  Gary-Hammond-East Chicago,
Indiana; and Lansing,  Michigan,  which had populations of  approximately
1.2 million, 0.6 million,  and 0.3  million, respectively,  in  I960.   (See
Figure 2)  Whereas the population  of the watershed increased  22  percent
between 1950 and I960, the population of the  ten  metropolitan areas  in-
creased 27 percent during  the same period. The Gary-Hammond-East  Chicago
area had the most rapid rate of  growth,  increasing by 40  percent.  Present
signs indicate that the metropolitan areas will continue  to demonstrate
large increases in population, although  some  smaller areas have  had and
are likely to continue to  have rapid growth rates.

INDUSTRY

       Industrial activity in the  watershed is both substantial  and  di-
versified.  Figure 3 shows the principal centers  of industrial activity.
In 1963, value added by manufacturing activity totaled almost 10 billion
dollars; manufacturing empIoyed  834,000  people.   (4)  The.Nation's indus-
trial activity is expected to increase almost sixfold by  the  year  2020.
For the most part, the Lake Michigan watershed will share in  this  increase
although different areas and industries  will  have varying growth rates.
The industrial distribution pattern varies, with  Wisconsin having  its
largest concentration in the Milwaukee area,  in  addition  to substantial
activity in the Racine and Kenosha areas.  Michigan's industrial activity
is located primarily In the five metropolitan areas of Grand  Rapids,
Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Jackson and Lansing.  The Gary-Hammond-East Chicago
area accounts for the major part of Indiana's industrial  activity  in the
watershed.  There are major steel  and chemical industries in  the Calumet
area in II linois.

       The industrial  mix also differs considerably from  area to area.
Many of the industries are those requiring large  quantities of water and
producing substantial  wastes, such as food and beverages, chemicals, paper
products and primary metals.  Growth of  these industries  is expected to be
substantial and to approximate national  growth rates.  Food and  Kindred
Products and Primary Metal Industries are important in the Milwaukee area;
Primary Metal Industries,  Chemical Products,  Petroleum Refining, and
Fabricated Metal Products predominate in the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago
area, with the Primary Metals Industry accounting for about two-thirds of
the area's value added by manufactures.   This industry has expanded greatly
in the area in recent years.  New  facilities provide modern production tech-
niques.  In 1963, the Gary-Hammond-East  Chicago  area accounted  for 11.5
percent of the Nation's total of steel rolling and finishing.

       Pulp, paper and paperboard  mills  are numerous in the watershed,
primarily in Wisconsin.   In  1963,  Wisconsin counties wholly  or  partially
within the basin had 21 such plants employing over  100 persons  in  each.
Principal Wisconsin concentrations are along the Fox River and  other tribu-
taries to Green Bay.  In Michigan, the principal  concentration   is  in
Kalamazoo County.

-------
     WEST
     ALLIS

WAUWATOSA(J|
    MILWAUKEE


       RACINE\

      KENOSHA
WISCONSIN
 ILLINOIS     }
  SCALE IN MILES
                                                            6RANO RAPIDS
                                                             3
                                                      KALAMAZOO
LEGEND  (Population  in Thousands)  ?|<
	
   (J    50-99

   ^    100-199

   R^    Over 700
                               POPULATION   CENTERS
                                                                               FIGURE 2

-------
       RACINE
      KENOSHA
WISCONSIN
 ILLINOIS
LEGEND

Q Food and Kindred Products

Q Paper and Allied Products

Q Chemicals and Allied Products  dl-

@ Petroleum and Coal  Products

(X) Primary Metal  Industries
                               INDUSTRIAL   CENTERS
                                                                FIGURE 3

-------
       The value of farm products accounted for by counties of the Lake
Michigan watershed totaled over 900 million dollars in 1964.  In that
year, there were approximately 2.4 million cattle and calves on water-
shed farms of which 1.4 million were in Wisconsin counties.  The pro-
duction of crops, including fruits, is also substantial.   In 1964, over
a ha If million tons of fertilizers were used in their production.  (5)

COMMERCIAL SHIPPING

       The Great Lakes, with their connecting channels and the Wetland
Canal, form a deep-draft navigation chain with a controlling depth of
27 feet, extending from the west end of Lake Superior to the south end
of Lake Michigan and to the east end of Lake Ontario at the head of the
St. Lawrence River.  There is a 9-foot barge canal connection between
the deep draft Calumet Harbor and River project at the southerly end of
Lake Michigan and the 9-foot Illinois Waterway, which connects with the
Mississippi River inland waterway system.

       During the 10-year period  1955-1964 annual commerce on the Great
Lakes averaged  !90 million tons.  During this period, traffic In four
major commodities, Iron ore, coal, stone and'grain, comprised about
85 percent of total United States commerce on the Great Lakes.  Commerce
at 27 Federal Harbors on Lake Michigan, excluding internal, intraport and
local traffic, totaled 70 million tons in  1964; Calumet Harbor (Illinois)
accounted for approximately 24 million tons, and  Indiana Harbor, 18 million
tons.  Commerce at 15 private Lake Michigan Harbors totaled 29 million tons,
including 9 million tons at Gary.

       A large percentage of total shipments of petroleum products on the
Great Lakes is from Indiana Harbor, Indiana - there are also substantial
shipments from Muskegon, Michigan.  (6)

WATER RESOURCES

       The total drainage area for the Lake Michigan basin is 67,900 square
miles.  Of this, 22,400 square miles are the lake proper.  Sixty-four per-
cent of the remaining  land area is in the State of Michigan, 31 percent is
in Wisconsin, 5 percent is in Indiana, and 0.2 percent is in the State of
Illinois.  (7)  The Illinois portion does not include the area formerly in
the Lake Michigan watershed, whose drainage has been diverted to the
Illinois watershed for pollution control.

       The topography and soils of the Lake Michigan basin have been formed
by several glaciations.  The southern portion of the basin is generally
rolling with glacial  moraines being the only prominent hill areas.  The
northern portion exhibits more rugged terrain with frequent rock outcrops
which cause higher gradients on the streams, and more inland lakes, typical
of ground moraine areas.  There are over 8,100 lakes in the basin, with
combined surface area of 680,000 acres.  (7)

-------
       Lake Michigan itself occupies a great valley m Paleozoic  sedi-
mentary rocks at the edge of the preCambrian Canadian shield.   This valley
originated in preglacial  times in rock subject to erosion.   The lake
exerted a strong influence on glacial  ice movements which were responsible
for the final shaping of  the land area.   The maximum depth  of  the lake,
923 feet, occurs in the northern portion; the average depth is 276 feet.
The volume is I,170 cubic miles, or 3.9 biI I ion acre feet.   The average
outflow of the lake through the Straits of Mackinac is estimated  to be
48,000 cubic feet per second.  The straits are of sufficient size that
there  is no measurable loss in elevation, so Lake Michigan  and Lake Huron
are at the same elevation, which has varied from 583.7 feet to 577.1 feet.
(8)  An additional  3,100 cubic feet per second are diverted from  the lake
at Chicago for municipal  water supply and pollution control.  This total
outflow of 37,000,000 acre feet per year is about one percent  of  the
volume of water in the lake.
             Boat marinas dot the shores of Lake Michigan.
             These  ships are anchored at Michigan City,  Indiana,

-------
      Most of the major streams (See Table I),  start with relatively
steeper gradients at the headwaters and decrease as they approach  Lake
Michigan.  Harbors have been developed at the mouths of most of  these
rivers.  The 20 major streams drain 36,400 square miles or 80 percent
of the total land area.  Of this, 31,940 square miles or 70 percent of
the area is gaged.  The discharge from this gaged area is 25,500 cfs.
These records are totaled without adjustment for nonconcurrent periods
and are summed only to show relative magnitude  to the estimated  outflow
of 51,000 cubic feet per second.

      The average precipitation over the basin  ranges from 26 to 34
inches, and 60 percent occurs during the growing season, May through
September.  This supports the agricultural economy, and irrigation is
of minor significance.

      The total shoreline of Lake Michigan is 1,660 miles; about 1,300
miles of this  is suitable for recreation.  Only 80 miles have been de-
veloped as public recreation areas.  (7)  Unfortunately, the areas that
are closest to the large concentrations of population are also subject
to the highest pollution level.

      The groundwater  resources of Lake Michigan basin have not  been
studied as  intensively as the surface waters.  This is due in part to
the general adequacy of the groundwater for domestic, municipal  and
industrial water use.  The northern portion of  the basin, with rela-
tively little  sedimentary rock, must rely on groundwater from the
glacial material.  The southern portion of the  basin can obtain  sub-
stantial quantities of water from the sedimentary rocks.  The quality
of this water  is generally adequate for all purposes.  However,  in the
past few years,  increased  industrialization and urbanization has re-
sulted in scattered shortage areas.  The city of Green Bay, Wisconsin,
is one example where the groundwater was not adequate, as evidenced  by
rapidly declining watertables (local surface waters were unsatisfactory
in quality) so Lake Michigan was relied on for  the municipal water
supply.  The cities in the Grand River Basin are initiating studies to
determine feasibility of obtaining surface waters from Lake Michigan
to augment existing groundwater supply.  Most of the  large municipali-
ties which  lie on the  lake shore use Lake Michigan for municipal water
supply; the groundwater sources have not been thoroughly exploited.

LAKE CURRENTS

      Knowledge of  lake currents is fundamental to an understanding of
the fate of pollutants put into the lake and the effects, both  local  and
widespread, of these pollutants on water quality and associated  water uses.
To fill the need for this  information the Federal Water Pollution  Control
Administration conducted a study of speed and direction of currents,  and
water temperatures, throughout Lake Michigan.  Field  instrumentation  and
observation were made  during 1962-64; after analysis of the great  mass  of
data obtained  from the study, a report of the findings was published  re-
cently.  (9)

-------
                                TABLE 1

                  MAJOR TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE MICHIGAN*
NAME OF RIVER
Mi Iwaukee
Sheboygan
Manitowoc
Fox
Oconto

Peshtigo
Menomlnee
Ford
Escanaba
Whitefish

Manlstique
Boardman
Manistee
Pere Marquette
White

Muskegon
Grand
Ka Iamazoo
St.  Joseph
Burns Ditch

Total
                     TOTAL
                   DRAINAGE
                     AREA
                    sq.m!.

                      845
                      440
                      442  "
                    6,443
                      933

                    1,155
                    4,150
                      468
                      920
                      315

                    1,450
                      347
                    2,010
                      772
                      480
                   36,422
  GAGED
DRAINAGE
  AREA
 sq.mi.

   686
   432
    0
 6,150
   678

 1,124
 3,790
   450
   870
    0

 1,402**
   223
 1,980***
   709
   380

 2,350
 4,900
 1,600
 4,056****
   160

31,940
  MEAN
PJSCHARGE
   cfs

   381
   232

 4,140
   569

   832
 3,098
   324
   895
  1,699
    186
 2,095
   608
   367
PERIOD OF RECORD
1914-65
1916-24, 50-65

1896-1965
1906-08, 13-65

1953-65
1907-08, 13-65
1954-65
1903-12, 50-65
1 938-65
1952-65
1 95 1 -65
1 939-65
1957-65
1909-14,
1901-05,
1929-36,
1930-65,
1943-50,





16-19,
06-18,
37-65
51-65
55-65





30-65
30-65



25,501
   *
  **
     Clockwise from Milwaukee
     Total of Indian and Manistique Rivers above confluence
 *** Total of Manistee and Little Manistee Rivers above confluence
**** Total of St. Joseph and Paw Paw Rivers above confluence
Data Source:
              1965 Surface Water Records of Indiana, Michigan and
              Wisconsin, U.S.G.S.
                                  10

-------
        Although  the outflow  rate  from  Lake  Michigan  is  comparable to the
 flow in the Mississippi  River  at  Rock  Island,  Illinois,  the  lake  itself
 is  so large in comparison  that this outpouring of  water  produces an
 almost imperceptible movement  of  water within the  lake.   But the  lake
 water is not standing still;  it is kept in  constant  motion principally
 by  the wind,  which  not only  generates  the visible  surface waves but stirs
 and mixes the water throughout the lake.   In fact, a combination of wind
 force and seasonal  density changes brings about vertical  exchange of waters
 even,  at times,  extending  to the  bottom of  the  lake's deepest hole — some
 920 feet.

        Both water movements  and rate of mixing are materially influenced
 by  the formation of thermoclines, or zones  of temperature transition be-
 tween two layers of water  which differ in temperature and density.  Once
 stabilized at depths which prevent storm turbulence  interruption, the
 thermocline effectively  prevents  mixing of  waters  in the  epilimnion (upper
 stratum)  with those in the hypolimnion (lower stratum).   This stratifica-
 tion is especially  characteristic of Lake Michigan in the summer.  A weak
 stratification,  involving  very small density differences, sometimes occurs
 in  winter.   The  summer thermocline begins to form  in late spring at a depth
 of  a few feet, and  progressively  recedes to greater depths, probably reach-
 ing a  depth of about 200 feet  by  early fall.'  With the onset of winter,
 the thermocline  disappears,  stratification  breaks up, and water mixing
 occurs throughout the full depth  of the lake.

        Thermal bars,  phenomena resulting from a difference in temperature
 between adjacent waters  along  a vertical plane, occur both in the spring
 and  in the fall  in  shallow waters, parallel to the shoreline.  Like the
 thermocline,  a thermal bar inhibits mixing  between the shallow waters
 along  the  shore  and the  deeper lake waters.

        Because currents  in the lake are motivated principally by the wind,
 and  winds  are variable,  horizontal movement of the lake water exhibits an'
 infinite  variety and  frequent  changes  in both direction and speed.  Never-
 theless, certain recurring patterns have been identified, resulting from
 the  fact that winds from one general  direction predominate in certain
 seasons of  the year.   For  example, a typical summer pattern is created by
 south-southwest  winds  which occur nearly 40 percent of the year.  In this
 pattern, the  main body of  water in the  southern basin slowly revolves in
 a counterclockwise  direction,  while the currents closer to shore on both
 sides  of the  lake flow northward.  In the northern basin, the dominant
 flow  is southward in the center of the  lake; this flow splits north of
 Milwaukee, one part moving east and north, the othermoving west and north,
 along  the two shores.  At other times of the year and under other wind re-
 gimes  this whole pattern can be reversed.   In addition,  the generalized
 circulation patterns are obscured and greatly modified by internal  waves,
 and  frequently the  water in the upper  layer will  be moving in one direction
 while  deeper water  is  flowing  in the opposite direction.

        If the complex  patterns of motion in Lake Michigan water  were to be
 described  in the shortest possible expression,  it would  be "restless waters."
There are, paradoxically, two extreme cases relevant to water pollution

-------
which can and do exist.  At the one extreme,  polIutien-laden waters put
into the lake at a point can remain in the immediate vicinity in concen-
trated form for days on end, moving slowly and virtually en masse.   On
the other hand, any persistent dissolved constituents put into the  lake
are certain to become mixed with and to affect the quality of water
through the whole lake, in a time span of months  or years.

WATER USES

       The data on water use can be subdivided into several  categories,
the first being municipal  water use which includes all  water processed
by municipalities even if utilized in industrial  processes.   Fifty  muni-
cipalities treat an average of 1.47 billion gallons of  Lake Michigan water
daily; of this, over one bill.ion gallons per day  are utilized by the City
of Chicago and suburbs.  The cities in the State  of Wisconsin use approxi-
mately 240 million gallons daily (mgd),Indiana and Michigan each use
80 mgd.  (10)  Utilization of water from surface  sources other than Lake
Michigan is minimal, except for 18 mgd from Lake  Winnebago used by  four
cities in that vicinity.  (II)  The remaining cities in the basin rely
on ground water for their municipal supplies.
          Industries use an estimated 4.25 billion gallons of
          Lake Michigan water daily.   The scene above shows
          Bethlehem Steel  Company expanding its new plant
          facilities at Burns Harbor, Ind., into the lake.

                                  12

-------
       The demand for municipal  waters from Lake Michigan is anticipated
to increase threefold by the year 2020, although the growth of  population
will  be less.  This is due to increased per capita usage and to use by
municipalities that have difficulty obtaining additional groundwater sup-
plies.  The value of Lake Michigan waters for municipal  supply  is one of
the main reasons why the quality of this lake must be protected.

       The industrial water use from Lake Michigan is estimated to be
4.25 billion gallons daily.  Of this, 3.2 billion is used in the Indiana
portion of Lake Michigan.  Michigan industries utilize 586 mgd; the
Illinois industries utilize 420 mgd.  (10)  It is anticipated that the
demand for industrial water will also increase about threefold  by the
year 2020, although the gross industrial output may increase as much as
sixfold.  This will result from  increased efficiency and reuse  of water
in the manufacturing process.  The use of industrial water on the tribu-
taries of Lake Michigan  is rather minor, when compared to the use from
the  take proper.  The  largest use area  is along the Fox River and Lake
Winnebago, where pulp and paper  industries are the major users.

       The use of water  for electric power generation is of three, types:
hydroelectric generation, thermal cooling, and consumptive use in steam
generation.   In the Lake Michigan basin, there are  110  hydroelectric
generating plants with an  installed capacity of 318,000  kilowatts, which
generate 1,300,000 megawatt hours of energy annually.   (12)  The Federal
Power Commission lists an additional potential for generation of 745,000
megawatt hours; however, these  stations are generally considered uneco-
nomical.  The pollution  effect  of hydroelectric generation  is minimal.
In streams that have become highly  nutrified, the ponds  behind the power
dams may have algal problems, and the waters released from the power
plants may be  low  in dissolved  oxygen.  Also, the operation of the hydro-
plants for peaking power may  result  in  minimal discharges during the
off-peak hours which can result in  fish kills and  inadequate dilution
of waste discharges.

       The hydroelectric generation  is  minor when compared to a total of
8,500 megawatts of total  installed  steam generation capacity in Lake
Michigan Basin, of which 7,420  megawatts are along  the  lake shore; and
5,750 megawatts are  in  the  southern  basin.   (13)  Approximately 600 mgd
are  used for cooling water.   Current plans call for the installation of
an additional  1,400  megawatts of fossil-fuel steam  generating capacity
 in the Lake  Michigan basin  by 1972.   (14)

       There is currently one nuclear  generating  plant  in operation on
Lake Michigan, the Big  Rock Point nuclear  power station near Charlevoix,
Michigan;  its capacity  is  50  megawatts.  There are  two  plants  under con-
struction:   One of 700  megawatts,  near South Haven, Michigan,  and  one of
497  megawatts near Manitowoc, Wisconsin.   There are plans  for  the  addi-
tional construction  of  five plants  by  1973,  with  the  total  generating
capacity of  6,182  megawatts.   (15)

-------
       There are 1,087 megawatts of steam generation at sites which
utilize surface waters other than the lake for cooling.  It is antici-
pated that few additional  large plants will  be built that utilize
stream water; rather, the new plants will  be located along the shores
of Lake Michigan.  There are smaller internal-combustion powered plants
in the basin utilized for peaking power;  however, these have no impact
on water qua 15ty.

       The total generating capacity by the year 1973 could be 17,624
megawatts, which will mean that the reliance on Lake Michigan for cool-
ing purposes will more than double.  New technology in electrical  trans-
mission systems could cause this figure to be adjusted upward to utilize
the available waters of Lake Michigan.  The long range demands for
cooling water may increase sixfold to parallel  expansion in industrial
production, but better efficiencies in nuclear plants may reduce this
somewhat.

       Consumptive use of water in the steam generation process is
minor; however, evaporative cooling may be used where waste heat cannot
be placed  in surface waters.  This requires nearly 7,000 gallons per day
for one megawatt of capacity and could become a significant consumptive
use of water.

       The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a report
on the Fish and Wildlife resources of Lake Michigan.  (16)  The commercial
fishing industry has always been a significant part of the economy of the
Lake Michigan Basin.  Since 1879, the total  annual  commercial catch has
averaged 26.5 million pounds.  However, the composition of the catch has
changed drastically through the years.  Originally, lake trout and herring
were the principal  catch.   The amount of these decreased but a subsequent
Increase in the number of yellow perch and chubs maintained the same
average catch.   Recently,  carp, smelt and now the alewife have become the
major components.  However, the value of the catch was 15.6 million dollars
in the 1950 period and has declined to only 9.3 million dollars in 1963.

       These past fluctuations of commercial fish poundage taken from Lake
Michigan have been related more closely to biological  and economical  fac-
tors than to water quality.  The sea lamprey which caused a significant
decline in the lake trout and whitefish,  and now the alewife which has
multiplied to an enormous quantity are introduced species.  It is hoped
that introduction of the coho salmon will  aid in restoring the Lake to a
proper ecological balance.

       However, pollution does have an effect on the fishery of Lake
Michigan.   Many of the species rely on the tributary streams and shore
areas for spawning grounds.  The quality of these areas must be maintained
to facilitate the natural  reproduction of the fish.
                                  14

-------
                          ••mi  ^
                                                 ,**»       I
                 Ice  fishing is a popular winter  sport
                 in the  Lake Michigan Basin.
       The Lake Michigan  Basin  is abundantly endowed with natural  terrain
making it one of the major water oriented recreation areas in the nation.
The preservation and  improvement of the water quality within the Basin  is
imperative to maintain  this status.  The United  States Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation report "Water  Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin",
(7), presents most of the facilities that are available, the problems that
are developing,  and the action that must be taken to preserve this natural
heritage.   There are a  total of 625 public recreation areas in the Basin.
Of these,  536 are water oriented.  There are 74  recreational  harbors on
Lake Michigan.   Recreetional areas are scattered throughout the Basin,
although  the  major concentration of population is in the southern  portion.
This, combined with the closing of some facilities due to pollution, has
resulted  in crowding of the facilities in the southern portion of  the
Basin.  Figure 4 shows  Lake Michigan beaches,  and Figure 5 shows recrea-
tion harbors.


-------
                                                       SHORELINE

                                            Total Length           1,661 Miles
                                            Recreational            1,293 Miles
                                            Beach                    176 Miles
                                            Public  Recreation Areas    80 Miles
                                            Beaches Intermittently Closed
                                            Because of Pollution.

                                            Beaches Closed Because of
                                            Pollution.
WISCONSIN
 ILLfNOIS
    CHICAGO
MICH1GAN_
"INDIANA
                                      SHORELINE RECREATION
                                                                    FIGURE 4

-------
                                   MANISTIQUE
            MENOMINEE



             OCONTO
      GREEN BAY
              MANITOWOC
           SHEBOVGAN
        MILWAUKEE
     WISCONSIN
      ILLINOIS
         CHICAGO
SCALE IN MILES
                                                HAVEN
                                            SAUGATUCK
                                        BENTON HARBOR
MICHIGAN
                                 [MICHIGAN   INDIANA
                                    CITY
                                          RECREATION   HARBORS
                                  •
                                                                          Fl SURE 5

-------


                A pleasure boat heads toward the harbor
                mouth and the open waters of Lake Michigan.
                There are 74 recreational harbors on the Lake.
       In I960, there was a total  of 82 million activity days of  water
oriented recreation and 94 million activity days of water related rec-
reational activities.  It is estimated that the demand for water  oriented
activities could increase to 247 million activity days by the year 2010,
if adequate facilities are provided.

       A listing of the areas where recreation is impaired by water quality
would be a long one; however, major areas are the Menominee River, Lake
Winnebago, the Fox River and the southern portion of Green Bay in Wisconsin,
the Calumet harbor area near Chicago, and at the shore lines near the larger
cities and harbors.  The problems are caused by excessive coliform counts
from inadequately treated sewage,  combined sewer overflows, vessel wastes
and agricultural activities.  The over-fertilization of the lake  results in
algal growth which makes the waters objectionable for body contact.  Occa-
sionally, fish kills, due to polluting agents, are also responsible for
unsatisfactory condition.

       Sport fishing is the second  largest form of water oriented recrea-
tion, and unlike swimming, which is the largest, cannot be duplicated in
a man-made facility such as a swimming pool.  The Fish and Wildlife Service
in its report (16) estimates 19 million angler days per year are  spent in
the Lake Michigan Basin.  This is expected to triple by the year  2010.  To
satisfy this demand, particularly in the locality of the densely  concentrated
                                   :

-------
population, a strong effort is required  to retain  and  restore  pure water,
both in Lake Michigan and its tributaries  which  are  the  major  spawning
grounds of the sport fish.
             Fishing in Lake Michigan  and  its  tributaries
             is the second largest form of water  recreation
             around the lake, topped only  by swimming.
                                 ; 3

-------
       The value of the Lake Michigan Basin for recreation and plain
esthetic enjoyment, which is part of most recreational  uses,  is diffi-
cult to measure.  It is, however, recognized as a significant portion
of the economy of the basin.  One only has to look at the premium
prices paid for purchases and rental of apartments or cottages with a
lake view or observe the number of people who wiI I  go out of  their way
to take a lake shore drive,  as opposed to a more direct route, to get
an indication of the esthetic value of Lake Michigan.  A more indirect
way of measuring its value is by the amount that is spent annually for
recreation in the basin — for lodging, food and recreational  equipment
such as boats and fishing tackle.  There is no detailed tabulation on
this available, but one need only visit several  of the prime  recreation
areas in the Basin to see the investment in recreational facilities.
                                 20

-------
                      Ill-WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS

       When Lake Michigan and the thousands of smaller  lakes that dot
its watershed were formed, the depressions  left by the  receding icecap
were initially filled with water characterized by a high degree of
purity.  It is appropriate to note, however, that purity and ideal
quality for man's purposes are not synonymous.  Biologically speaking,
the lakes at formation were a sort of water desert, lacking the neces-
sary ingredients to support either desirable or undesirable life forms,
Ever since the lakes were formed, their quality has undergone continu-
ous and progressive change, as a result of waste  inputs from both
natural phenomena and the activities of man.  Some of the effects of
this deterioration in quality are readily apparent, while others are
revealed only  in subtle warning signs of trouble  to come unless action
is taken.  Some of the problems of Lake Michigan  and  its tributaries
are described  in the  following.
          ~*'i?8ia»*K*«**w*

                          :£3p^^ -£~?-
           Cladophora algae cling to  a rock in the water near
           Saugatuck, Michigan,  a southern  Michigan resort area,
                                  :

-------
EUTROPHICATION

       A biologically healthy lake contains a myriad of living organ-
isms,  ranging from elemental one-eel I  life forms upward through  suc-
cessively more complex forms to fish.   A balanced aquatic life system
can be visualized as a pyramid, in which each successive level forms
a link in the food chain that sustains  the higher levels.   At the base
of this pyramid are one-celled plants  called algae,  which  are micro-
scopic in individual size but visible when clustered in colonies.
Algae form the base of the food chain;  they are capable, through  photo-
synthesis, of utilizing inorganic (non-living) elements in support of
growth.  (17)  Many inorganic elements  are required  for algal  cell
growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,  and  iron —
as well as certain organic substances,  required in minute quantities.
Parts of Lake Michigan and many other  lakes in the Basin are richly
endowed with the right elements and conditions to support the growth of
algae; and therein  lies the problem.  (18)

       An over-production of algae is  occurring, which upsets the
normal life balance in the  lakes, impairs many water uses, and accel-
erates the normally slow aging process, called eutrophication, by
which a lake evolves into a marsh, and ultimately becomes completely
filled with detritus and disappears.  One group of filamentous green
algae that has been especially troublesome is called Cladophora.   In
suitable environments these plants attach to any firm object in  the
water and grow, by cell division, into strings which will  vary in
length, from a fraction of an inch where nutrients are scarce, to sev-
eral feet in nutrient-rich waters.  Growths of Cladophora have been
observed in the southern end of Lake Michigan for many years; but,
where small tufts occurred ten years ago, there are now mats with fila-
ments several feet  long.  These growths are periodically broken   loose
by wave action and wash ashore to litter the beaches in slimy windrows.
They clog water intake screens and interfere with swimming.  When they
decay they produce a putrid odor and provide a breeding place for flies
and other insects.

       While the ultimate fate of Lake Michigan, as other lakes,  is in-
evitable, its useful life span can be  prolonged thousands of years by
timely and continuing action.  The present overgrowth of algae can be
controlled, and the accelerated aging  of Lake Michigan and other lakes
can be arrested, by reducing the supply of one or more of the elements
needed for growth of algae.  The element most amenable to such control
is phosphorus.  Many experiments, on both  laboratory and field scale,
have demonstrated the feasibility of regulating algal growth by  varying
the quantities of phosphorus (in the form of soluble phosphates)
avaiI able.

       The extensive volume of data collected  in the study of Lake
Michigan and  its tributaries permits making an estimate of the relative
amounts of phosphate contributed annually  from  its principal source
categories.  About  two-thirds of the present  annual supply of phosphate
going  into Lake Michigan  (estimated to be  about  15 million pounds) comes
                                 22

-------
     Algae are  shown  growing  in abundance
     in  one of  the  lake's  tributaries.

Windrows of algae washed up on many Lake Michigan
beaches last summer (1967).   The above scene is
Calumet Park beach in Chicago, Illinois.
                    23

-------
 from municipal and industrial  wastewaters.   The other third is a com-
 posite of all non-point sources, carried in solution and transported
 into the lake by its tributary streams.   An unknown fraction of this
 latter third is natural  in origin;  it gets  into the water by leaching
 from soils and rocks on  the watershed.   At  the same time, a sizable
 portion of this third undoubtedly stems  from man's activities — from
 livestock manure,  wastes from dairying operations and slaughtering,
 and the residue from applications of phosphate-rich fertilizers to
 farm lands.  Therefore,  some part of this third of all  phosphate in-
 puts is amenable to reduction.

        Wherever phosphate-bearing waters can be captured and put through
 a  treatment plant,  techniques  are now available for removing a  high per-
 centage of the phosphate content, at reasonable cost.   The main reason
 this has not been  done extensively  in the past appears  to be that re-
 moval  of phosphates has  only recently come  to be recognized as  an
 important function  of sewage treatment plants.   In fact,  most municipal
 sewage treatment plants  have not even analyzed their waters to  obtain
 records of phosphate content before  and  after treatment.   In some places
 where this has been done,  and  plant  modification effected,  a large
 reduction of phosphate has been  achieved.   Notable among these  are San
 Antonio,  Texas and  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin  —  the fatter being the largest
 single point source of phosphates on the Lake Michigan  watershed.

        The  Milwaukee Sewerage  Commission has  in progress  a demonstra-
 tion project,  partly financed  by a grant from the Federal  Water Pollution
 Control  Administration,  to demonstrate the  feasibility  of and further
 improve the effectiveness  of phosphate removal  in an  activated  sludge
 treatment plant.

        Improvement  in  the  design and operation of conventional  treat-
 ment plants which provide  the so-called  secondary,  or biological,  form
 of trealment is  a necessary first step toward  removing  nutritive
 material  from  wastewaters.  There is growing conviction,  however, that
 more wi11 be required  in the Lake Michigan Basin,  at  least  at the
 larger  plants where advanced waste treatment can  be added at reasonable
 unit cost.   The  standard treatment plant of the  future  in the Great
 Lakes Basin may  be some  form of  3-stage treatment:  physical, biological,
 and chemical.   It is  important to note that this will not render obso-
 lete the 2-stage, i.e., secondary, treatment plants now existing or
 planned.  Rather, the third stage, of chemical precipitation and further
 solids  removal, would be applied to the effluent  from the first two —
 and each stage supplements the others.

       Summing up what has just been said:  eutrophication  is a threat
 now, to the  usefulness of  Lake Michigan and other  lakes within the
Basin;  feasible methods exist for bringing this problem under control.
They need to be applied.
                                 24

-------
 BACTERIAL  POLLUTION

        Another  indication of deteriorated water quality is the presence
 of  coliform bacteria.  Coliform organisms are significant because they
 occur  in the fecal matter of all warm-blooded animals, including man.
 Consequently, the  presence of these bacteria in a body of water is
 usually evidence of  fecal contamination.  Since such contamination is
 one avenue of transmission of certain waterborne diseases, the presence
 of  coliforms is an indication of health hazard from accompanying patho-
 genic  bacteria  and viruses.

        Generally,  the  severe problems of bacterial contamination  in the
 Lake Michigan Basin  are  located around the population centers.  But,  of
 course, this is precisely where the great demands for water usage occur.
 Studies have shown that  the bacterial quality of Lake Michigan is gen-
 erally good in  deep  water but  is degraded along the shoreline and in
 harbor areas.   Evidence  of severe bacterial pollution of tributaries
 has been found  in  the  Fox River between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay,
'Wisconsin;  the Milwaukee River within Milwaukee County, Wisconsin; in
 and downstream  from  the  cities along the Grand River  in Michigan and  the
 St. Joseph  River  in  Indiana and Michigan; and the streams of the Calumet
 Area,  Illinois  and Indiana.  (19)   In the  last-named area, the recom-
 mendations,  to  provide disinfection, of an interstate enforcement con-
 ference described  elsewhere have not yet been fully implemented.
                                 Polluted Water

                Bacterial contamination has  forced the
                closing of some Lake Michigan  beaches,  such
                as the one shown here at Hammond,  Indiana.
                                   25

-------
 The Bay View Beach in Green Bay,  Wisconsin,  was  a
 popular swimming area -at the time this  picture was
 taken in 1910.   (Photo courtesy State Historical
 Society of Wisconsin.)
This is the same area as it appears today.   Swimming
has been prohibited for many years because of water
pollution.  (Photo by Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.)
                        26

-------
       A number of Lake Michigan beaches are closed,  either intermit-
tently or permanently, because of health hazard.   Permanently  closed are
some beaches in the Calumet Area and a beach at the southern end  of
Green Bay.  The latter area exhibits also an example of the eutrophica-
tion discussed earlier.  The Bay View Beach (City of Green Bay) was
closed many years ago because of bacterial  pollution; over the ensuing
years, the beach's custodians understandably got tired of spending
time and money each year to clear aquatic growth from waters that were
not usable anyway.  The beach is now clogged with aquatic weeds and  its
once-sandy bottom now covered with the dead and decaying remains  of
weed crops of previous years — a product of overferti Iization.   (7)

       Bacteria are easily destroyed by disinfection, wherever the
waters can be put through a treatment plant.  Unfortunately, most of
the cities on the watershed are served by combined sewer systems, so
that  large quantities of a mixture of storm water and sewage are  dis-
charged without treatment during and after every heavy rain.  This  pol-
lutional overflow is the reason that Milwaukee beaches on Lake Michigan
have to be closed part of the time.

CHEMICAL POLLUTION

       Pollution of Lake Michigan and its tributaries by dissolved
chemicals covers a broad range of substances, effects, and sources,  the
principal source being industrial wastewater eft Iuents.  Two general
types of effects are  produced:   I)  local and immediate effects in the
vicinity of the discharge point, and 2) a progressive buildup in  the
concentrations of certain persistent chemicals  in the  lake as a whole.
Regarding the  latter, Lake Michigan has experienced an overall increase
in average concentration of such dissolved constituents as chlorides,
sulfates and the hardness-producing salts.   (20)

       Areas of  local pollution exist around centers  of  industrial
activity and commercial shipping, especially the Calumet Area at the
south end of the  lake, Milwaukee harbor and  its tributary streams,  and
the southern end of Green Bay.  Contamination takes  the form of oil,
phenolic compounds or other persistent organic chemicals contributing
to taste and odor problems, ammonia  and other nitrogenous materials,
phosphorus, suspended matter, and highly acidic or alkaline materials.
Conditions  in the Calumet Area  have  been extensively  documented  in con-
nection with the ongoing enforcement  action  relative  to  its interstate
waters.   (21)  Details concerning the Milwaukee  area  and the Green Bay
area  are given in reports published  by  FWPCA  last year.   (22 & 23)
                                  27

-------
           -
            The heavily industrialized south end of Lake
            Michigan suffers severe water pollution problems.
            This is a waste outfall located on the Indiana
            Harbor Ship Canal  in East Chicago, Indiana.

OXYGEN DEPLETION

       The small quantity of oxygen normally dissolved in water  is  per-
haps the most important single ingredient necessary for  a healthy,
balanced, aquatic life environment.  Dissolved oxygen  is consumed by
living organisms through respiration and is replenished, if  a well-
balanced environment exists, by absorption from the atmosphere and
through the life processes of  aquatic plants.   When organic  pollution
enters this environment, the balance is altered.   The  bacteria present
in the water or introduced with pollution utilize the  organic matter as
food and multiply rapidly.  The resulting oxygen deficiency  may  be
great enough to inhibit or destroy the fish and other  desirable  organ-
isms and to convert the stream or lake into an odor-producing nuisance.

       At present, the main body of Lake Michigan has  not shown  signs
of oxygen deficiency — even in its bottom waters, where an  oxygen
deficit is frequently observed in eutrophic lakes and  in manmade
reservoirs.  Oxygen depletion  is a common occurrence,  however,  in
many of the Lake Michigan tributaries.   Especially bad in this  respect
are the Fox River in Wisconsin, between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay;
and the tributary streams of the Calumet Area, including the Little
Calumet River, Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal, and  Indiana
Harbor.  Other zones of periodic oxygen deficiency are:  the Grand
River in Michigan downstream from Jackson and Lansing; the Menominee
River in certain stretches along the boundary between  Wisconsin  and
                                  28

-------
Michigan, the Milwaukee River and Milwaukee Harbor;  the  Kalamazoo  River,
Michigan; and the St. Joseph River,  Michigan and  Indiana,  and  the
southern end of Green Bay.  In general  the discharge of  treated  and  un-
treated municipal and industrial  wastes in these  areas produces  these
polluted conditions.  The high concentrations of  biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) in the waste discharges combine, in  some cases, with
severe drought flows of receiving waters to intensify the  problems of
this nature.
           This  load of  detergents has been discharged by the
           Jackson, Michigan,  sewage  treatment plant into the
           Grand River,  a  Lake Michigan  tributary.

 ELECTRIC  POWER PLANTS

        Lake  Michigan has been  an  attractive  location for  large electric
 power plants.  Two  principal  reasons  are the  ready availability of a
 large quantity of cooling  water,  and  the proximity to the  large market
 of  its cities and industries.   The greatest  concentration of power
 plants is around the southern  basin,  from Milwaukee southward.  Within
 this  area are  located  six  major power plants  having a total  installed
 capacity  in  excess  of  4.5  million kilowatts,  and  some 20  smaller plants,
 either public utility  or private  industrial,  which bring  the total capa-
 city  of plants  in the  southern basin  to  about 6 million kilowatts.
 These are fossiI-fueled  plants, burning  either coal or gas.  (13)

        The Nuclear  Power Age has  come to the  Great Lakes  area with dra-
 matic suddenness within  the last  few  years.   One  of the earliest full-
 scale, commercially-operated,  nuclear power  plants  is the existing
 plant at Big Rock Point, Michigan,  near  the  northern end  of  Lake
 Michigan.  Five  additional plants are proposed or under construction,
 3 of  which will  have twin  reactor units, and  all  of which are scheduled
 for completion  between  1970 and 1573. The three  largest  of  these plants

-------
will  be located in the southern  basin and  have  a  total  installed  capacity
of 5 million kilowatts.   Thus,  by 1973 the southern basin  of  the  Lake
will  be ringed with power plants having an electrical output  of  II  mil-
lion kilowatts — 6 fossil-fueled and 5 nuclear-fueled  (see  Figure  6).
            Wisconsin Electric Power Company at Oak Creek,
            Wisconsin, south of Milwaukee, is one of the many
            power plants located in the southern basin of
            Lake Michigan.

       Power plants are of  concern to water quality because both types
add heat to the Lake Michigan water, and nuclear plants also discharge
some waste radioactivity to the water.

                               Waste Heat

       The typical thermal  power plant converts heat energy to electric
energy, wasting large quantities of heat in the process.  In the pre-
sent status of the art, a fossil-fueled plant wastes about 1.5 units of
heat for each equivalent unit of useful energy output; a nuclear-
powered plant wastes, for comparable output, about 2.25 units of heat
energy.  (In technical terms, fossi l-fuel and nuclear plants reject
respectively 4,900 and 7,800 BTU per kwh.)  This waste heat, in either
type,  is conducted from the plant  in the cooling water and subsequently
                                  30

-------
TRAVERSE
CITY
NUCLEAR
PLANTS
Capacity
Million KW
Big Rock Point
Kewaunee
Point Beach Unit 1
Point Beach Unit 2
Zion Unit 1
Zion Unit 2
Bridgman Unit 1
Bridgman Unit 2
Palisades
0.07
0.53
0.45
0.45
1.10
1.1.0
1.10
1.10
0.70
Completion
Date
1963
1972
1971
1972
1972
1973
1972
1972
1970
                                   3RAND HAVEN
                                   SAUOATUCK FOSSIL FUEL PLANTS
Wf£CONSIN
 ILLINOIS
                               BENTON
                               HARBOR
   CHICAGO
MICHIGAN
INDIANA
No,
0
©
©
o

\lJ
Capacity
Million KW
Lakeside
Oak Creek
Waukegan
State Line
Mitchell
Campbell
0.31
1.35
1.09
0.88
0.41
0.65
                                   MAJOR   POWER   PLANTS

                                                                   FIGURE 6

-------
dissipated into the environment — the ambient air,  or receiving
waters, or some combination of both.   Power plants on  Lake  Michigan
are not usually equipped with cooling towers for transfer of  heat
to the air, so that the bulk of this  waste heat goes first  into the
water of the Lake.

       Heat added to Lake Michigan produces two effects:   I)  it creates
a local zone of water wanner than the natural  background  temperature,
and 2) it warms, albeit imperceptibly, the whole body  of  lake water
and the air above it.  Regarding the  second effect,  the critical body
of water would be that contained in the epilimnion  (upper layer) of
the southern basin of the lake, and the critical  period would be the
summer months, when water and air temperatures are warmest  and strati-
fication inhibits the dispersal of the input heat to a greater volume
of lake water.  An estimate has been  made of the overall  wanning
effect of power plants on the  lake zone just delineated.  Assuming the
power plants to operate with an average output equal to 80  percent of
plant capacity, and assuming no escape of the input  heat  from the
water (a conservative assumption), the combined effect of existing
plants plus the proposed nuclear plants would not raise the overall
average water temperature by as much  as one-tenth of a degree
Fahrenheit.  Even this minute  increase in water temperature would  be
nullified during the following winter, so that no progressive warming
tendency for Lake Michigan, attributable to power plants, is  expected
to occur.

       This focuses attention on the  first effect cited —  the local
zone of warm water created  in the immediate vicinity of a power  plant
discharge.  Again citing a typical Lake Michigan power plant, it will
have a pipe or tunnel conduit bringing water from an intake located
perhaps a few thousand feet offshore; as the cooling water flows
through the plant its temperature will be increased by 10 to  20  de-
grees  F.; the used water will be returned to the lake at or near the
shoreline.  Since the water at the point of intake  will be somewhat
colder than the shallow water at the point of discharge,  it can  be
expected that the discharging water may be on the order of  10 to 15
degrees warmer than the lake at that point.  The local warm water zone
will thus have a peak temperature some 10 to  15 degrees warmer than
the background temperature.  Some of this heat wiI I  be transmitted to
the ambient air; the rest will transfer  into  lake water by a combina-
tion of dilution and convection, until the  local water temperature
merges with and becomes indistinguishable from that of neighboring
water.  The areal extent of this warm water zone will depend upon the
 incremental temperature rise,  and the rate at which heated water is
being  put  in — and the  latter will depend on the size and design of
the power plant.

        tf  the  local warmwater  zone occurs where the lake bottom has
suitable attachment surfaces,  it could promote a luxuriant crop of
 filamentous algae  (Cladophora).  The  detrimental effects of an over-
growth of  algae have been  described elsewhere.   It  is  sufficient here
 to point out  that conditions  are  favorable  for promoting over-
                                  32

-------
production of algae in many parts of Lake Michigan;  and that anything
which may further promote their growth is to be viewed with concern.

                              Radioactivi ty

       Most of the six commercial nuclear power stations (9 units)
built or planned in the Lake Michigan Basin are of the light-water
type, operating on the pressurized water principle.   "The water of
the primary coolant system passes through a heat exchanger in which
the heat is passed to the water of a secondary cycle in which steam
is produced for use by a turboelectric plant.  The primary cycle
coolant, after passing through the heat exchanger, is returned through
pumps to the reactor for reheating.  The two-loop system is used to
prevent fission products from entering the turbines and thereby com-
plicating maintenance operations and adding to the complexity of
radiation protection.   In the event of a fuel-element failure in a
two-loop reactor, the fission products remain  in the primary system and
do not contaminate either the secondary  system or the turbines."  (24)

       Primary and secondary coolants are passed through ion-exchange
resins to remove activation products and fission products  resulting
from fuel-pin failures.  "In the operation of  a nuclear power plant,
there are many operations which  produce  contaminated  liquids.  Leaks
of primary water from valves, flanges, and pumps will ultimately
result  in the contamination of sump water.   Components which are re-
moved for repair must first be decontaminated, and this will result
in contaminated water, as will the operation  of washing casks, sluic-
ing  resin beds,  laundering contaminated  clothes, and washing contami-
nated laboratory ware.   In addition,  it  may  be expected that the
cooling pools for spent  fuel may  in time become contaminated as a
result of failures  in the fuel element cladding."   (24)  Provisions
are made for containment, treatment,  and ultimate disposal of these
waste liquids.  High-level wastes  are shipped to burial sites but  low-
 level wastes are diluted and discharged  to the environment.

       All  liquid and gaseous  radioactive waste discharges from
nuclear power plants  are  limited by Atomic Energy Commission  (AEC)
Rules and Regulations (IOCFR20)  or State regulation  where  they apply.
However, the AEC  limits  are set  above "natural background."  Since
"natural background"  is  not defined,  the Rules can  be interpreted  in
three ways:   I)  discharges are  limited to  concentrations  in excess of
pre-World War  II  levels; 2) discharges are  limited  to concentrations
 in excess of pre-operational  levels;  or  3)  discharges are  limited  to
concentrations  in excess of cooling water  intake  levels.   None of  these
 interpretations  are  desirable.   In the case  of I),  pre-World War II
 levels  are  not  known, since the  technology was not  developed  to measure
minute  quantities of  radioactive materials.   Interpretation  2) would  be
adequate except  that  each  additional  reactor would  have a  higher base-
 line on which  acceptable waste  discharge levels would be  determined,
since preoperational  levels  for  a new reactor would be post-operational
 for  a previously  built  reactor in the same watercourse.   Case  3) is
wholely  unacceptable  because there would be  essentially no limit to
quantities  discharged.

                                  33

-------
        Since the original  standards were  promulgated on  the  basis of
 a  moving stream receiving  the  radioactive effluent-, and  since Lake
 Michigan has a  very  small  discharge rate, any  radioactive waste
 material  entering  into  it  will  diminish only by  natural  decay.  This
 may  result in significantly  increased  levels of  the  longer-lived
 radioisotopes.  The  AEC Advisory Committee on  Reactor Safeguards,
 October 12,  1966  (AEC News Release No.  IN-725  dated October  25,
 1966),  made  the following  statements and  recommendations:

        "The  dilution, dispersion, and transport  of  liquid radioactive
 wastes  in surface waters (rivers, lakes,  estuaries, bays and open
 ocean)  are important factors in the siting of  nuclear reactors.  In
 addition  to  these phenomena, attention frequently needs to be directed
 toward  biological concentration of radionuclides in aquatic  life.  It
 may  be  desirable to  review .previous work on this subject, including
 related research on  discharge of municipal and industrial liquid
 wastes.   Preparation of a  state of the art review of current knowledge,
 and  delineation of areas where  further research  is needed, would be
 useful.   A special evaluation of the impact of siting many reactors on
 the  shores of the Great Lakes,  in relation to  retention and  flushing
 characteristics and  to accumulation of radionuclides in aquatic organ-
 isms,   may also be desirable."

 WASTES  FROM  WATERCRAFT

        Vessels  of all types, commercial,  recreational and Federal
 (Corps  of  Engineers  floating plant, Coast Guard  cutters and  Naval
 Reserve Training Ships) plying the waters of Lake Michigan and its
 tributaries  are contributors of both untreated and inadequately
 treated wastes  in local harbors and in the open  lake, and intensify
 local problems  of bacterial pollution.

        A  report entitled "Pollution of Navigable Waters of the United
 States  by  Wastes from Watercraft" (25), was submitted to the Congress
on June 30,  1967 by  the FWPCA.   This report recognizes and analyzes
the serious  problems that  are caused by ail  types of watercraft, in-
 cluding pollution from sanitary, garbage and oil  wastes.  Implementa-
tion of the  recommendations made in this report by the Congress will
provide an effective means for combating the vessel  waste problem on
Lake Michigan.  FWPCA has  proposed legislation to Congress,  based on
this report.

       Some significant progress has been made in the abatement pro-
gram on Lake  Michigan.   The City of Chicago recently enacted an ordi-
nance prohibiting the discharge of all  wastes from vessels and shore
 installations into the portion of the lake within the city's
jurisdiction.

OIL POLLUTION

       One of the problems in the Lake Michigan drainage basin is oil
pollution.  Discharges from industrial  plants and commercial  ships,
                                  34

-------
and careless practices in loading and unloading cargos,  cause  con-
tamination of water in many areas.   Oil  discharges  and  spills  produce
unsightly conditions which affect beaches and recreational  areas,
contribute to taste and odor problems and treatment problems at  water
treatment plants, coat the hulls of pleasure craft, and  in  some  cases
are toxic to desirable fish and aquatic life.

       The Oi I  Pollution Act of 1924 prohibits the  discharge of  oi I  by
vessels in the waters within the United States.  The FWPCA  was made
responsible for enforcement of this Act by the Clean Waters Restoration
Act of 1966.  Oil pollution in navigable waters from any source  which
is a hazard to navigation is the responsibility of  the  Corps of  Engi-
neers as authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899.   The  Coast
Guard provides support to both the Corps and FWPCA.
       Oil pollution  is  a  serious problem  at the Indiana Harbor
       Ship Canal,  East  Chicago, Indiana.  Inland Steel Company's
       turning basin  on  the canal is often coated with oil.

-------
       Although oil contamination has been observed in many areas of
the Basin as shown on Figure 7, the principal location in which it
occurs is the Calumet Area in  Illinois and Indiana.  Table 2 shows
the number of oil discharges and spills reported by the Coast Guard
in 1967.  The number of discharges and spills indicates the need for
greater care in transportation of oil by commercial ships, and the
need for separation of oil from industrial waste to reduce the effects
of oil contamination on the public waters.

       The Torrey Canyon ship disaster, which involved a major spiil
of oil off the coast of England in 1966, focused attention on the
detrimental effects of oil contamination on recreational  facilities
and on fish and aquatic life.  It also pointed up the need for addi-
tional study of existing resources and techniques to deal with spills
of this magnitude should they occur again.  On May 26, 1967 the
President of the United States asked the Secretaries of Interior and
Transportation to undertake a joint study to determine how best to
mobilize the resources of the Federal Government and the Nation to
cope with the problems of major oiI spi 1 Is and other pollutants and
hazardous substances and their adverse affects.

       One of the major needs disclosed by the study was the develop-
ment of a contingency plan to deal with an emergency involving
Federal, State and local agencies with due regard for each agency's
statutory responsibility and capability.  Preliminary coordination
has been effected by FWPCA with the Corps of Engineers and the Coast
Guard throughout the Region to develop such a plan.

DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL

       Responsibility for improvement and maintenance of the water-
ways of the United States in the interest of navigation has been
delegated by Acts of Congress to the Corps of Engineers.   In carry-
ing out this responsibility, the Corps dredges approximately 10
million cubic yards annually from Great Lakes harbors, and in fiscal
year 1966 dredged 1-1/2 million cubic yards from harbors on Lake
Michigan (see Figure 8).  The Corps has followed the practice of
disposing of most of this material in authorized dumping grounds in
the open waters of the Lakes.  The nature of the dredged material
ranges from grossly polluted sludge to clean lake sand.  Private
dredging in the vicinity of docks, loading facilities, etc., is ac-
complished under permit from the Corps.

       The interest of FWPCA in the disposal  of polluted dredged
material  dates back to 1948, when a special  study was undertaken,  in
cooperation with the field staff of the International  Joint Commis-
sion, of the pollutional effects of dredging operations in the Rouge
River, at a request of the District Engineer, Detroit District, Corps
of Engineers.  As a result of this study,  the Report of the Inter-
national  Joint Commission, United States and Canada, on the Pollution
of Boundary Waters (J95I), contained a conclusion that "Dredged
material  should be disposed of in such a manner and at such locations
                                  36

-------
                  LANSING SHOALS  LIGHT
                                                        ST. ISNACE
                                 3)  Number  of  oil discharge  incidents
                                     from  outfalls and ships in
                                     indicated  vicinity-as  reported by
                                     the U.S. Coast Guard for  1967.
CHICAGO
MICHIGAN
'INDIANA
                                 OIL   DISCHARGES
                                            1967
                  37
                                                           FIGURE 7

-------
                                 TABLE 2

            OIL DISCHARGES FROM OUTFALLS AND COMMERCIAL  SHIPS
                 REPORTED BY THE U.  S. COAST GUARD IN THE
                   LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN IN 1967
NO.    DATE
LOCATION
TYPE
 I     Apr 4      Round Lake,  Charlevoix,  Mich.

 2    May 6      Grand River at Grand Haven,  Mich.

 3    May 14     Sturgeon Bay, Wise.

 4    Jul 28     South Channel, Straits of Mackinac


 5    Aug 8      Indiana Harbor Canal

 6    Aug 9      Chicago & Calumet River and
                 Lake Michigan Area

 7    Aug 10     Straits of Mackinac

 8    Sep 19     MiIwaukee Harbor

 9    Sep 17-26  Southern end of Lake Michigan



10    Sep 28     Lake Calumet


II     Oct 3      Indiana Harbor Canal

12    Oct 9      Lake George Branch, Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

13    Oct 9      Indiana Harbor Canal

14    Oct 10     Indiana Harbor

15    Oct 10     East Branch Grand Calumet River

16    Oct II     Indiana Harbor Canal
                        SpiI I  while unloading

                        SpiI I  while refueI ing

                        SpiI I  while unload!ng

                        Discharge  of ships
                        ballast

                        SpiI I  while unloadi ng

                        Leaking ship


                        Ship  discharge

                        Leak  from  tank farm

                        Oi I on water and
                        beaches from unknown
                        sou rce

                        Discharge  of ships
                        ballast

                        Outfal1 discharge

                        OutfalI di scharge


                        OutfalI discharge

                        OutfalI discharge

                        OutfalI discharge

                        OutfalI discharge
                                   38

-------
                           TABLE 2 (Continued)

            OIL DISCHARGES FROM OUTFALLS AND COMMERCIAL  SHIPS
                 REPORTED BY THE U.  S.  COAST GUARD  IN  THE
                   LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN IN  1967
NO.
DATE
LOCATION
TYPE
17    Oct II     East Branch Grand Calumet

18    Oct II     Lake George Branch of Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

19    Oct 12     Indiana Harbor

20    Oct 12     Lake George Branch of Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

21    Oct 12     Calumet River Branch of Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

22    Oct 13     Indiana Harbor Canal

23    Oct 13     Lake George Branch of Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

24    Oct 14     Lake George Branch of Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

25    Oct 14     Indiana Harbor Canal

26    Oct 14     Straits of Mackinac

27    Oct 15     Lake George Branch of Indiana
                 Harbor Canal

28    Nov 9      Lansing Shoals light, vicinity
                 of Grand Island in Lake Michigan
                                             OutfalI  discharge

                                             OutfalI  discharge


                                             OutfalI  discharge

                                             OutfalI  discharge


                                             Seepage of  oiI  from
                                             dock bulkhead

                                             OutfalI  discharge

                                             Discharge from  land


                                             OutfalI  discharge


                                             OutfalI  di scharge

                                             SpiII whi|e loading

                                             OutfalI  discharge


                                             Ship discharge
                                  39

-------
                            MANISTIQUE
          MENOMINEE

           OCONTO
     8REEN BAY
           MANITOWOC
         SHEBOYSAN
       MILWAUKEE
    WISCONSIN
     ILLINOIS
       CHICAGO
SCALE IN MILES
                           FEDERAL  HARBOR  PROJECTS
                           40
                                                           FIGURE 8

-------
    This aerial  photograph shows a barge disposing of dredgings  from
    the Indiana  Harbor Canal  in an authorized dumping area si:
    out in Lake  Michigan.   This practice was halted shortly after
    this photo was taken,  with the remainder of dredgings from the
    canal disposed of in diked-in lake fill areas.


as will not result in harmful transfer of polluting substances in  the
waters under reference (the connecting channels)."  As a further
result of the study, the Corps of Engineers established a diked dis-
posal area on Grassy Island  in the Detroit River, for Rouge Itlver
dredged material.

       More recently, attention has been directed to the problem as
a result of water quality studies of the Lakes conducted by the Grea
Lakes-Illinois River Basins  Project during the period  1962-
a result of these studies, FWPCA  is concerned about the  long-terrr
cumulative effect of  incremental  additions of pollutants to the Great
Lakes   This  is particularly important  in  Lake Michigan  because of
the  minimal flushing action  obtainable  in  this cul-de-sac  lake.
the  visible results of open  water disposal of dredged  material are
discoloration,  increased  turbidity, and oil  slicks.  The  poll
contained  in  the  dredged  material may also contribute  to
concentrations of  dissolved  solids, nutrients, and  toxic  materials,
which  are  responsible  for deterioration of water quality.
                                  -

-------
       Through a joint statement announced March I, 1967,  the Department
of the Army and the Department of the Interior agreed on a program and
plan for attacking the problem of the disposition "of polluted material
dredged from harbors in the Great Lakes.   It was agreed that, in order
to maintain navigation, the Corps of Engineers would proceed with dredg-
ing  in calendar year 1967 on 64 channel  and harbor projects in the Great
Lakes.  The Corps also initiated a two-year pilot program early In 1967
to develop alternative disposal methods  which would lead to a permanent
plan of action.  FWPCA is participating  in this program, which has the
ultimate objective of providing leadership in the nationwide effort to
improve water quality through prevention,  control  and abatement of water
pollution by Federal water resources projects.

       During the past season the Corps  of Engineers provided alternate
disposal  of dredged materials from three  of the most polluted harbors  on
Lake Michigan:  Indiana Harbor, Indiana;  Calumet River, Illinois;  and
Green Bay Harbor,  Wisconsin.  It is expected that alternate disposal will
be provided for additional Lake Michigan  harbors during the 1968 season.
                  A dredge  hauls  muck  from  the  bottom
                  of Calumet  Harbor  in Chicago, Illinois,
                                 42

-------
ALEWIVES

      A dramatic example of an upset in the balance of nature is the in-
vasion of the Great Lakes by the alewife.  These little fish, decendants
of a species which has migrated into the Lakes from the ocean and adapted
itself to the fresh-water environment, have become pests mindful of the
great locust plagues recorded in history in some land areas of the world.
The alewife is a virtually useless fish.  They are not good to eat, and
there is no sport to catching them.  Efforts to find a commercial market
for them, as animal food, have been only partially successful.  By competing
for food supply, they crowd out more desirable species.  Worst of all  they
move in enormous schools from the deeper recesses of the lakes, especially
Lake Michigan,  into inshore waters and die there by the millions - clogging
water intakes and piling up in stinking masses on shores.

                  Dead  alewives  litter  a  Chicago harbor
                  during  the alewife  die-off of 1967.
                                    43

-------
       The massive influx and die-off of alewives has become an annual
event each spring in Lake Michigan and,  to a lessee extent,  the down-
stream Great Lakes.   It reached record proportions in Lake Michigan
last spring and early summer, when deaths estimated in the billions
occurred.  On that occasion our agency conducted a special  water sam-
pling survey to determine the quality of the water and whether water
pollution could have played a part in the die-off.  All  evidence col-
lected indicates that water pollution did not contribute to the deaths.

       As a result" of a recommendation by a special task force appointed
by Secretary Udall,  the Interior Department's Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries is spearheading the search for further answers to the alewife
problem, including ways to bring the alewife population into balance
with other aquatic life.

PESTICIDES

       The use of pesticides in the United States has expanded rapidly
In recent years.  The total market value was over one billion dollars,
for the first time,  in  1964.  Usage in the United States increased  from
34 million pounds in 1953 to 119 million pounds in 1965.  More than 58
percent of this usage was by agriculture.  Thousands of pounds of pesti-
cides annually run off the land into rivers and lakes.

       Agencies such as the Federal and State Departments of Agricul-
ture have very little information on amounts of pesticide actually
applied to the land.  In addition, amounts used for domestic purposes
can only be estimated, since the purchase and sale of pesticides is in
no way control led.

       The use of pesticides has been so loosely control led that man's
environment throughout the world is now permeated with these substances.
Scientific facts are not yet known pertaining to the tolerance limits
for human beings, birds, fish, and most other forms of life.  Limited
studies have taken place, Investigating the levels of the various pesti-
cides found in the waters of Lake Michigan and its tributary streams.

       The places in the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin where pesticides
are used most heavily are the areas of extensive fruit growing.  These
areas are:  the Wisconsin portion of the Green Bay watershed; the south-
east quadrant of the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin; and the area along
the northeast shore from Manistee to Traverse City, Michigan.

       An FWPCA study in the Green Bay area was designed to investigate
the effects of chlorinated pesticides on the aqueous environment of
Green Bay.  Agricultural soil, river water, bay water, bottom sediments,
and algae were examined.  Chlorinated pesticides were detected in all
types of samples.  Some of the soils tested had as high as 7,800 micro-
grams per kilogram.  Maximum concentration found  in bottom sediments was
close to 3,000 micrograms per kilogram, which was more than two million
times that of the overlying water at the time of the study.  The algae
contained still greater amounts than did the bottom sediments.  The
                                   44

-------
FWPCA analyses of several drinking water intakes located at various
places along the Lake Michigan shore revealed the presence of pesti-
cides in the surface water.  Studies by other agencies indicate sub-
stantial levels of pesticides in Lake Michigan fish.

       Pesticide pollution of Lake Michigan and its tributary streams
results from the application of these materials by spraying and dust-
ing.  As a result of these methods of application, some of the material
falls directly into the waters of the area being sprayed.  Pesticides
on the soil and crops are washed into the waters by rain and soil
e ros i on.

       Water uses affected by the application of pesticides are
recreation, fish and wildlife, and water supplies.  Up to this time,
the extent to which these materials are affecting the water supplies
and recreational uses of Lake Michigan has not been precisely deter-
mined.  However, with the ever-increasing use of these materials,
all waters are threatened.

       Recent studies have shown that the eggs of coho salmon,
recently introduced into Lake Michigan, contain pesticides.  It re-
mains to be determined whether these pesticide  levels are high enough
to have a significant effect on successful reproduction of the coho
saImon.

       The significance of the synthetic organic pesticides  in their
high toxicity and their persistence in the environment after the
initial application.  Kills of fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife
often result.   In addition, pesticides are absorbed by microscopic
aquatic life and subsequently enter into the food chain  leading
through fish to man and other animals.  Purification of water for human
consumption, as commonly practiced, is  largely  ineffectual  in removing
pesticides in the treatment process.

       The synthetic organic pesticides accumulate in fatty tissue,
whether fish, fowl, or human.  Food and water may both serve as
sources of these substances.  Lethal levels may be carried  in fatty
tissue without immediate apparent effect on the organism.  When such
fatty deposits are utilized, physical and metabolic complications en-
sue.   In addition, combinations of accumulated  pesticides may exert
synergistic effects, where the total toxic effect  is greatly increased.
In nature, soils may remain contaminated for years after the initial
appIication.

       Each State and the Federal government should reduce pollution
resulting from pesticides through the following activities:  placing
responsibility for control of pesticides  in one agency; establishing
water quality standards for pesticide  levels; obtaining more precise in-
formation on total amounts of all types of pesticides used, where such
statistics are now unavailable; establishing routine monitoring of drink-
ing water sources for pesticide content; effecting better agricultural
practices to prevent or minimize soil erosion and runoff; encouraging
                                  45

-------
strict adherence to instructions for handling and application;  limiting
usage of pesticides in relation to solubility,  persistence,  and toxi-
city; sponsoring research to ascertain toxic or lethal  concentrations,
synergistic and accumulative effects for all  life forms of  the  aquatic
system, and for wildlife and man; conducting research into  environmental
factors controlling dispersion of pesticides; encouraging research into
the development of natural  insect predators;  research into  the  develop-
ment of degradable pesticides less toxic to higher life forms;  and
requiring the manufacturer to supply information pertaining to  persist-
ence, toxic or lethal  concentrations, and proper handling procedures
before permitting sale of the pesticide.
                                   46

-------
                         IV-FWPCA ACTIVITIES

       The Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration,  through  the
Great Lakes Regional Office, is pursuing a  vigorous water pollution con-
trol program in the Great Lakes area in cooperation with  the  State  and
local agencies.  The responsibilities of FWPCA were set forth by  the
Congress in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, passed in 1956 and
subsequently amended in 1961, 1965,  and 1966.   The following  is a des-
cription of the activities being taken in carrying out the agency's
responsibilities, with particular reference to those activities relevant
to Lake Michigan and its drainage basin.

Interstate Enforcement Actions

       Under the provisions of the Federal  Water Pollution Control  Act,
two previous enforcement conferences have been held in the Lake Michigan
Basin:  the Menominee River conference, involving Michigan and Wisconsin,
held on November 7, 1963; and the Calumet Area conference,  involving
Illinois and Indiana, held on March  2, 1965, with a technical session
January 4, 1966, and sessions to report progress held on  March 15,  1967,
and September 6,  1967.

       In the Menominee River conference, the findings were that  inter-
state pollution did exist.  The major problems in this area were  paper
mill wastes and municipal sewage.  Recommendations were made  to require
more thorough waste treatment at three mills cited in the conference.
Further waste treatment facilities were recommended for several communi-
ties on the river.  Investigation was undertaken to determine whether
remedial action would be required to alleviate the effects of gross iron
pollution on the Brule River.  The investigators found that no remedial
action was needed.

       In the Calumet conference, findings were that interstate pollution
did exist, originating in both Illinois and Indiana, and that remedial
action was needed.  The conference recommended water quality criteria for
the waters involved, secondary treatment and chlorination of  all  municipal
waste discharged  in the area, action by the States to ensure that indus-
tries minimize their wastes and a timetable for cleanup,  provisions for
sampling and surveillance, and closing the Thomas J. O'Brien  locks  on the
Calumet River to prevent flow into the lake.  The technical session held
January 4-5, 1966, set the water quality criteria and the timetable for
control of industrial waste discharges.  On March  15, 1967, the conferees
met and decided sufficient progress in pollution abatement was being made,
and that the original timetable and recommendations remained satisfactory.
Essentially, the same conclusions were reached at the progress meeting
held September 6,  1967.

Water Quality Standards

       Under provisions of the Water Quality Act of 1965, Indiana,  Illi-
nois, Wisconsin and Michigan adopted water quality standards  for  all of
their interstate streams.

                                   47

-------
       Standards are composed of two basin  parts:_  the criteria that
established quality levels that must be  achieved  to make  water suitable
for a designated use or uses; and the plans that  specify  what must  be
done, by whom and by what date to achieve the established water quality
goaIs.

       The Indiana standards have been approved by the Secretary  of the
Interior.  Standards for the other three States are currently under
review by the Secretary.  Once the standards are  accepted by the  Secre-
tary of the Interior, they become Federal standards as well as State
standards.

       As part of the adoption procedure, public  hearings were held to
elicit citizens' views on the proposed standards  and to ascertain popular
wishes as to the use of sp'ecific areas of lakes and streams.  This  action
preceded formal State adoption of the standards.

       Prior to submission to the Secretary, the standards for each State
were reviewed by the Regional Office of  FWPCA to determine whether  they
met the "Guidelines for Establishment of Water Quality Standards  for
Interstate Waters" of May 1966, as well  as  the intent of  the Federal  leg-
islation.  The review included a comparison of State standards and  an
attempt to resolve conflicts in water use and/or criteria between con-
tiguous States.

       Comments and suggestions relative to specific items in the stand-
ards were received from various agencies of the Interior  Department as
welI  as other Federal agencies.

       Each submission included an overriding expression  of intent  to
provide for the maintenance of the.present high quality of interstate
waters.

       A copy of the complete set of each State standard  is avai I able  to
the public upon request to the appropriate State agency.

Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project

       The Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins (GLIRB) Project was  estab-
lished in  I960 as a special task force in what is now the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration.  With  headquarters at Chicago,  the
Project was charged with developing comprehensive programs for eliminating
or reducing the pollution of interstate  waters and tributaries thereof,  in
the Great Lakes, the Illinois River, and their tributaries.  In  its early
years the Project actually had two tasks,  I) the comprehensive program
development and 2) to act in a fact-finding and consulting capacity to the
U. S. Department of Justice  in the Supreme Court  litigation over diversion
of Lake Michigan water at Chicago.   The latter assignment had top  prior-
ity and from  1961 to 1963, represented a large share of Project  effort,
culminating in the presentation of testimony and voluminous documentary
exhibits, to the Special Master in Chancery appointed by  the Court  to
                                   48

-------
gather evidence and make his recommendations to the Court.   It  is
believed that this work significantly influenced the subsequent settle-
ment agreements reached in the case.   (Principal  points  of  the  settlement
agreement, as they affect water quality,  are given  in the next  section.)

       The major objectives of the comprehensive program developed  by
GLIRB Project in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with  State
water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies, and with  the
municipalities and industries involved were:

       -  Identification of the causes of water pollution and
          the effects of such pollution on the quality of water
          resources and on beneficial uses.

       -  The development of agreements on the desired beneficial
          uses and the water quality required to accommodate
          those uses.

       -  The development of water quality control  measures to
          achieve the desired objectives,  including the estab-
           lishment of a timetable for their accomplishment.

       -  Provision  of the mechanisms for  carrying out program
          objectives,  including  continuing surveillance  for
          the purpose of  updating the programs to accommodate
          changing technology and changing water quality needs.

 The Lake  Michigan  Diversion Case

        A  significant step toward preservation  of Lake Michigan and the
 entire  Great Lakes was  realized  when the Lake  States agreed  to the recom-
 mendations  of the Special Master of  the  Supreme Court in the Chicago
 Diversion Case.   The Special  Master's  recommendations are  summarized as
 foI Iows:

           I.  That the Metropolitan  Sanitary  District of Greater
               Chicago  not be  required  to return  its treated
               effluent to Lake  Michigan.

           2.  That total  diversion  including  pumpage be  limited
               to the present 3,200  cubic feef per  second and
               that diversion  be averaged on a biennial  rather
               than on  an  annual  basis.

           3.  That the State of Illinois be given  the responsi-
               bility for allocating the diversion.

           4.  That the most wise and effective use of the  water
               be demonstrated before consideration is given  in
               the future to requests for diversion.  This  will
               require improvements  in the water supply  distri-
               bution and waste collection and treatment practices.


                                    49

-------
       The Special  Master's report recognized the need to protect the
waters of both Lake Michigan and the Illinois River.   The first of the
above recommendations was the most significant for the protection of  the
water quality of Lake Michigan.

Construction Grants

       With the enactment of the Federal  Water Pollution Control  Act  in
1956, the Federal" government provided for a Federal sewage treatment
works construction grants program to help finance the bui Iding of local
sewage treatment plants.  The Federal government recognized that wastes
discharged from municipal sewers are one of the major causes of water
pollution.  The rapid growth of population and its continuous trend toward
urban centers has resulted in a tremendous increase in the volume of  such
wastes.
            Since  1956,  181  Federal grants have been awarded in
            the  Lake  Michigan  Basin to help communities build
            sewage treatment facilities.  Picture above is of
            the  Grand Rapids,  Michigan, sewage treatment plant.
                                   50

-------
       Since the 1956 Act, a total  of 181  Federal  grants  have  been made
in the Lake Michigan Basin to help  communities build needed  sewage treat-
ment facilities.  (See Figure 9)  Grant funds involved in these  projects
have totaled over $22 mil lion in support of total  project expenditures
in excess of $86 million.  Over two-thirds of the 181  grant  projects  have
already been completed and placed in operation.  The remaining projects
are either under construction or preparing to go under construction  in
the very near future.

       The Construction Grants Section of the Federal  Act has  been amended
three times since its initial 1956 passage.  The trend of financial  assist-
ance has been upward each time the Act has been amended.   Today's  legisla-
tion allows municipalities to qualify for a basic Federal grant  of 30 per-
cent of the eligible cost of a project.  A grant of 40 percent can be made
in those States which agree to match the basic 30 percent Federal  grant.
The Federal grant may be  increased to 50 percent if the State  agrees to
pay at  least 25 percent of the project cost and enforceable  water  quality
standards have been established for the waters into which the  project dis-
charges.  A grant may be  increased by  10 percent, to 33,  44, or  55 percent,
as appropriate, if the project  is certified by an appropriate  metropolitan
or regional planning agency as conforming with a comprehensive metropolitan
area plan.

       The States of Wisconsin and  Indiana have enacted  legislation  to
qualify their municipalities for consideration for the higher Federal
grant percentages.  The State of Illinois will place a bond issue  to a
referendum in November of  1968.  A  favorable vote on the referendum  would
entitle  Illinois municipalities to  consideration for higher Federal  grants.
The State of Michigan has considered State matching legislation  to qualify
its municipalities for higher Federal grants,  but no  legislation has yet
been passed.  Michigan currently has a State grant program that provides
for  local construction grants after the annual Federal construction  grant
allocation is exhausted,  but the current Michigan grant  program does not
qualify  its municipalities  for  the  higher  Federal grant  levels.

Program Grants

       Section  7 of  the  Water Pollution Control Act authorizes an appro-
priation  of $10 million  annually for  Fiscal Years  1968-1971  for grants  to
State and  interstate agencies to assist them  in meeting  the costs of
establishing and maintaining adequate  pollution control  programs.   Each
State  is  allotted  $12,000,  and  the  remainder of the funds are distributed
on the  basis of population,  financial  need, and the extent of the water
pollution  problems  facing the State.   Since the program  grants were  insti-
tuted,  a  total  of  $5,673,440  in  Federal funds  has been allocated to  the
Lake Michigan  States for their  pollution  control programs.  By June  1968,
 Illinois will  have  received $2,I 19,976;  Indiana, $1,1 88,919;  Michigan,
$1,284,673 and  Wisconsin, $1,079,872.
                                   51

-------
LEGEND
   •    Pro-construction
   A    Under Construction
   •    Completed
CONSTRUCTION   GRANTS
                                     52
                                                                             FIGURE  9

-------
Research and Demonstration

       The Federal Water Pollution Control Act calls for establishing
field  laboratory and research facilities for the conduct of research,
investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and studies, and
training relating to the prevention and control of water pollution.   The
law also provides for granting  fellowships and training grants to educa-
tional institutions, and grants or contracts to public and private
agencies or individuals to demonstrate new or  improved methods for dealing
with water pollution problems.

       The Lake Michigan Basin  has seven approved demonstration grants
and two approved demonstration  contracts  In an active status.  Applica-
tions  for other possible grants are under review.  Table 3 shows the
present grants and contracts awarded, and Figure  10 shows  locations.

                                TABLE  3

             LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN  R & D GRANTS  & CONTRACTS
Location
E.Chicago, Ind.
E.Chi cago, Ind.
Jacks on, Mich
Mi lwaukee,Wisc.

Mi lwaukee,Wisc.

Appleton,Wi sc.

Green Bay, Wise.

*Mi lwaukee,Wi sc.
*Mi lwaukee,Wisc.
Grant or
Contract No.
II -IND- 1
WPRD 70-01-67
WPD-157
WPD 188-01-67

1 0-W 1 S- 1

WPRD 12-01-68

WPRD 60-01-67

14-12-40
14-12-24
Appl leant
E.Chicago San. Dist.
E.Chicago San. Dist.
City of Jackson
City of Mi 1 waukee,
Wise.
City of Mi 1 waukee,
Wise.
Pulp Mfrs. Research
League
Green Bay Metro.
Sewerage Dist.
Rex Chalnbelt
Al 1 is-Chalmers
Federal
Grant
$1,044,120
450,000
1 1,919
95,578

1,468,589

483,371

251,250

197,989
388,526
Estimated
Total Cost
$3,1 16,533
600,000
II ,919
95,578

2,1 18,1 18

690,530

335,000

197,989
388,526
                                           TOTAL
$4,391,342  $7,554,193
*Contracts
                                   53

-------
WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS
                          RESEARCH
                             AND
                   DEMONSTRATION  GRANTS
                54
                                        FIGURE 10

-------
                          Nature of Projects

       II-IND-I  - Project will evaluate the effectiveness  of  treating
combined sewer overflows in a very deep detention basin  having aerobic
and anaerobic levels of treatment.

       WPRD 70-01-67 - The objective of this project is  to develop and
verify, on a small pilot scale, the preliminary design and operating con-
ditions for chemical coagulation, sedimentation,  dual  media filtration,
and granular activated carbon adsorption for treatment of  combined muni-
cipal-industrial wastes mixed with storm run-off.

       WPD 188-01-67 - A project to study phosphate removal by an acti-
vated sludge plant.

       WPD-157 - Aeration of secondary effluent to further reduce BOD.

       IO-WIS-1  - Reduction of degree of pollution in the Milwaukee  River
is anticipated by increasing the efficiency of intercepting devices  and
by using a detention tank to capture and treat the storm overflow of  com-
bined sewage for an urban area comprising 570 acres which constitutes
approximately 3 percent of the total combined sewers of the city.  This
includes the measurement of flows and quality at critical  points within
the collector system affecting the control of facilities to be  constructed.

       WPRD  12-01-68 - This project will demonstrate field scale,  inplant
treatment of dilute pulping wastes with a portable reverse osmosis  unit.
Development of  in-plant techniques to reduce loadings on biological
secondary treatment processing will be carried out.  Project will  acceler-
ate development and evaluation of  reverse osmosis as a method of concen-
trating dissolved solids  in dilute wastes with recovery of clear water for
reuse by the mi  I I.

       WPRD 60-01-67 - The project  is a study, evaluation, and determina-
tion of the effectiveness, design, and operating parameters of four alter-
native biological treatment processes and modifications for treating
combined municipal and  industrial  (primarily paper mill) wastewaters.

        14-12-40 - This project will develop and  demonstrate the appIica-
ability of screening and chemical oxidation of storm and combined sewage.

        14-12-24 - The primary purpose of the contract is to demonstrate
the applicability of a new concept of biological treatment to be applied
within a sewerage system.
                                    55

-------
Research is being conducted to reduce pollution
of the Milwaukee River, shown here entering the
Lake at its harbor mouth.
                      56

-------
Wastes pour into Calumet Harbor on Lake  Michigan
from U. S. Steel's Chicago South Works.
                    57

-------
                       Present Status  of  Projects

       Most projects are either in the construction  phase or  preconstruc-
tion phase of the grant or contract.   WPD 188-01-67  will complete  one  year
of study about the 1st of February 1968,  on  the  phosphate removal  from an
activated sludge plant.  One year of study is  complete  on WPD 157;  report
now awaited; study may be extended.

       FWPCA research facilities in the Great  Lakes  Region  provide a
National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota  and  a  proposed
laboratory at Ann Arbor, Michigan.

       The National Water Quality Research Laboratory at Duluth,  Minnesota
is charged with the responsibility of  developing water  quality requirements
for all fresh water uses in the United States.

       The proposed research  laboratory for Ann  Arbor,  Michigan will  be
involved  in studies that will cover most all problems relating to water
pollution and especially those problems in the Great Lakes  area.

Federal Installations

       The  Federal Government has  not overlooked the pollution hazards
created by  its  own activities.  By Executive Order  11288,  President
Johnson has  directed the heads of  the departments, agencies,  and estab-
 lishments of the  Executive Branch  of the Government to provide leadership
 in  the nation-wide effort to  improve water quality.

       The  Order  directed all agencies to present annually a phased and
orderly plan  for  needed corrective and preventive measures and facilities
to  the Bureau of  the Budget to  facilitate budgeting procedures.   FV.PCA
has reviewed the  plans submitted  in an effort to achieve maximum  pollution
abatement.   Project  priorities  have' been established on the  basis of  the
severity  of the pollution problem with due  regard for  legitimate  water uses,
enforcement actions, and  applicable water quality standards.  Secondary
 treatment is the  minimum  acceptable under the Order for all  projects.  The
establishment of  water quality  standards may  necessitate higher degrees of
 treatment,  including nutrient control, at some  installations.

        Federal  installations  in the Lake Michigan Basin have initiated pol-
 lution abatement programs in  accordance  with  the  Order.  There are approxi-
 mately 345 installations in  the Basin, distributed  as  follows:   Illinois,
 12- Indiana, 34;  Michigan,  171; and Wisconsin,  128.  About 50 percent of
 these are connected to municipal  sewer systems.   The remaining 50 percent
 discharge wastes, after varying degrees  of  treatment,  to ground  or surface
 waters of the Basin.  Some of the smaller installations provide  no treat-
 ment at present.  Tabulated in the Appendix of  this report is an  inventory
 of these installations showing the waste treatment  provided  and  the  status
 of pollution abatement.

        Two installations account for  three-fourths  of  all  wastes generated
 by independently-discharging Federal  sources  in the Lake  Michigan Basin.
                                    58

-------
Great Lakes Naval Training Center (pictured
above) and Fort Sheridan account for more
than half of all wastes contributed by
independently-discharging Federal installations
in the Lake Michigan Basin.
                    59

-------
These are the Navy's Great Lakes Naval Training Center and the Army's Fort
Sheridan.  The sewer system at the Naval facility Includes the training
center, the command center for Ninth Naval District headquarters, and a
Veterans Administration Hospital.  Fort Sheridan is headquarters for the
Fifth U.S. Army, recently relocated from the south side of Chicago.  Waste
treatment capability at both places is the conventional secondary type.

       The more significant Federal vessels which frequent the waters and
harbors of Lake Michigan are listed in the Appendix,  The U.S. Coast Guard,
Navy, and Army Corps of Engineers are all acutely aware of the problems
associated with vessel pollution.  They are actively pursuing abatement
and research and development programs in an effort to obtain waste treat-
ment devices suitable for ship board use.

       The U.S. Coast Guard Is installing a waste holding tank on the
Cutter "Sundew" berthed at Charlevoix, Michigan.  Wastes will be evacuated
to the municipal sewer system.  Other Coast Guard vessels have macerator/
chlorinator units which are not considered adequate, and which will be
corrected as rapidly as funds permit.

       All Corps of Engineers' vessels and floating plants(tugs, dredges,
derricks, etc.) operating In Lake Michigan, have been fitted with macera-
tor/chlorinator units.  Efforts are being made to insure that these devices
will be replaced with acceptable treatment units or holding tanks at the
earliest possible date.  One dredge operating in Lake Erie is now being
fitted with an extended aeration package plant of a type that is suitable
for installation on all such floating plants.

       The American Shipbuilding Company, Lorain,  Ohio, has designed and
is now installing secondary treatment plants on commercial  cargo vessels
under construction.  Units of this type could be made adaptable for instal-
lation on Federal  vessels.

       Federal  water resources projects and facilities and operations sup-
ported by Federal  loans, grants, or contracts are also included in Execu-
tive Order 11288.   Water resource projects must be designed, constructed,
and operated in a manner which will reduce pollution from such activities
to the lowest practicable level.

       The head of each Federal  department, agency, and establishment has
been directed to conduct a review of the loan, grant, and contract prac-
tices of his own organization to determine to what extent water pollution
control  requirements set forth in the Order should be adhered to by bor-
rowers,  grantees,  or contractors.  This review has resulted in practices
designed to reduce water pollution in various programs.  Urban renewal
projects now require the construction of separate storm and sanitary sewer
systems rather than combined sewers.   The nationwide highway construction
program, financed with Federal  funds and administered by the Bureau of
Public Roads, is now being conducted in accordance with practices aimed at
                                  60

-------
preventing water pollution, either during construction  or  in  operation
and maintenance.  The various agencies have consulted with the  Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration in an effort to  insure maximum
consideration of water quality in their activities.

       This Order represents a major step forward in the battle to pre-
serve and enhance the quality of our Nation's waters.   It has sparked a
keen awareness on the part of government officials of the  need  for cor-
rective action and vigorous abatement programs.  The effort being shown
by these various Federal agencies provides leadership  in the nationwide
quality improvement program.

Technical Assistance

       The Regional Technical Program provides technical assistance  to
States, local authorities, and industry upon request through the State
water pollution control agencies, and to other Federal  agencies. Current
technical assistance projects in the Lake Michigan Basin include:

       I.  Participation in the Corps of Engineers' pilot program to
develop practicable alternate methods for disposal of dredged material.
This has involved collection and/or analyses of samples collected from
24 harbors on Lake Michigan.

       2.  Participation in the International Joint Commission  study of
the feasibility of further regulation of the levels of  the Great Lakes,
including Lake Michigan.  The object of further  lake regulation would be
to reduce damages resulting from excessively high or low  lake levels.

       3.  Investigation of character and source of oil pollution.   In  a
recent incident which  involved a  large oil slick along the Chicago  water-
front, an extensive  investigation was made involving analyses of samples
from  18 beaches and  10  lake stations.  The type of oil  was identified,
and although this  information eliminated several possible sources,  the
actual source was not  determined.

       The Technical Program also has responsibility for maintaining water
quality surveillance through stations in the National Water Pollution Sur-
veillance System.  Lake Michigan stations  located at Milwaukee, Wisconsin
and Gary,  Indiana, provide  long-term  records of water quality character-
istics which provide highly  important indications of water quality  trends.
The Program  is  also  providing surveillance of water quality conditions  in
the Calumet enforcement area, to determine status of compliance with con-
ference  recommendations.   This operation has included weekly collection
and analyses of samples from  Indiana  Harbor Canal and  Lake Michigan, oper-
ation  of two automatic water quality  monitors, and bi-weekly sampling of
beaches  during  the swimming season.
                                   61

-------

          Part of the residue of a 75-mile long oil slick that
          stretched along the Chicago water front last summer
          is shown on the beach.  (Photo courtesy of the Chicago
          Tribune.)
Public Information

       The Public Information Program of  the  Federal  Water  Pollution
Control Administration is designed to present facts about water  pollution
control to the news media, interested groups  and organizations,  and the
public, generally.  The Program serves the public's right to know  what
FV/PCA is doing and trying to accomplish.   It  also serves  those who need
particular information in order to participate effectively  in water
pollution control  programs.
                                  62

-------
                            V-CONCLUSIONS

       I.  Lake Michigan is a priceless natural  heritage which the  present
generation holds in trust for posterity, with an obligation to pass it  on
in the best possible condition.

       2.  Water uses of Lake Michigan and its tributaries for municipal
water supply, recreation, including swimming, boating, and other body
contact sports, commercial  fishery, propagation of fish and aquatic life,
and esthetic enjoyment, are presently impaired by pollution in many parts
of all four of the States that border upon and have common boundaries
within the Lake.  The sources of this pollution include wastes from muni-
cipalities, industries, Federal activities, combined sewer overflows,
agricultural practices, watercraft, natural runoff, and related activities
throughout the drainage basin.

       3.  Eutrophication is a threat now to the usefulness of Lake
Michigan and other lakes within the Basin.  Unless checked, the aging  of
Lake Michigan will be accelerated by continuing pollution to the extent
that  it will duplicate the Lake Erie eutrophication condition.  Feasible
methods exist for bringing this problem under control.  They need to be
applied.

       4.  Evidence of severe bacterial pollution of tributaries has been
found in the Fox River between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, Wisconsin;
the Milwaukee Reiver within Milwaukee County, Wisconsin; in and downstream
from the cities along the Grand River  in Michigan and the St. Joseph River
in  Indiana and Michigan; and the streams of the Calumet Area,  Illinois and
Indiana.  Although the bacterial quality of Lake Michigan  is generally
good  in deep water, the water  is degraded along the shoreline and  in harbor
areas.

       5.  Pollution has contributed to the growth of excessive  inshore
algal populations which have occurred  in the vicinity of Manitowoc to
Port Washington, Wisconsin; Chicago,  Illinois; the entire eastern  shore
of  Lake Michigan, and near Manistique, Michigan.  Short filter runs in
water treatment plants have occurred at Green Bay, Sheboygan, and  Milwaukee,
Wisconsin; Waukegan, Evanston, and Chicago,  Illinois; Gary, Michigan City
and  Benton Harbor,  Indiana; and Holland, Grand Rapids, and Muskegon,
Michigan.  Phosphate fertilizer concentrations now exceed critical algal
growth values  in many areas.   Excessive sludgeworm populations  indicating
pollution of  lake bed sediments occur  near Manitowoc; Sheboygan; Port
Washington, Wisconsin to Waukegan,  Illinois; and Chicago,  Illinois to
Muskegon, Michigan.

       6.  The  small quantity  of oxygen normally dissolved  in water is
perhaps  the most  important  single  ingredient necessary  for a  healthy,
balanced, aquatic  life environment.  The  discharge of treated and  un-
treated  municipal and  industrial wastes with their high concentrations of
biochemical oxygen  demand  have caused  oxygen depletion  in  many of  the
                                  63

-------
Lake Michigan tributaries and in some harbors.  At present the main body
of Lake Michigan has not evidenced signs of oxygen deficiency.

       7.  In addition to one existing nuclear power plant, five nuclear
power plants, three of which will have twin reactors, are proposed or
under construction at Lake Michigan cities for completion between 1970 and
1973.  A special evaluation of the combined impact of siting many reactors
on the shores of the Lake, in relation to retention and flushing character-
istics and to accumulation of radionuclides in aquatic organisms, is de-
sirable.

       8.  Vessels of all types, commercial, recreational, and Federal,
plying the waters of Lake Michigan and its tributaries are contributors
of both untreated and inadequately treated wastes in local harbors and
in the open  lake, and intensify  local problems of bacterial pollution.

       9.  OH discharges from  industrial plants and commercial ships,
and careless  loading and unloading of cargos, despoiI beaches and other
recreational areas, contribute to taste and odor problems and treatment
problems at  water treatment plants, coat the hulls of pleasure boats,
any may be toxic to fish and other aquatic  life.

       10.  Disposal of polluted dredged material  in  Lake Michigan open
water causes discoloration,  increased turbidity, and oil slicks.  Addi-
tionally, the pollutants contained in dredged material also contribute
to increased concentrations of dissolved sol ids, nutrients, and toxic
material, which are responsible for deterioration of water quality.

       II.  Pesticide pollution of Lake Michigan and  its tributary streams
results from the application of these materials by spraying and dusting.
Pesticides are used most heavily  in the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin  in
areas of extensive fruit, grain, and vegetable growing, dairying, and
general fanning.  These areas are:  The Wisconsin portion of the Green Bay
watershed; the Milwaukee area; the southeast quadrant of the Basin,  in-
cluding the  St. Joseph and Grand River Basins; and the Traverse Bay area.
The ever-increasing use of these materials threatens water uses for rec-
reation,  fish and wildlife, and water supplies.

       12.  A contaminant entering directly  into Lake Michigan, or dissolved
in the water that feeds the Lake, mixes with and eventually becomes an  in-
tegral part  of the Lake water as a whole — regardless of the  point of
origin around the periphery or on the contributing watershed.

       13.  Discharges of untreated and  inadequately  treated wastes origi-
nating  in Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Indiana, and Michigan cause pollution  of
Lake Michigan which endangers the health or welfare  of persons  in States
other than those  in which such  discharges originate.  This pollution  is
subject to abatement under the  provisions of the  Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended  (33 U.S.C. 466 et  seq.)
                                   64

-------
                      VI-RECOMMENDED ACTIONS

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that:

        I.  Advanced waste treatment, beyond secondary, be provided in
the places hereinafter named and elsewhere to the extent necessary to
maintain water quality standards.

       2.  Where a higher degree is not required, all other municipal
wastes be given at least secondary (biological) treatment; facilities
to be efficiently and continuously operated to achieve an overall  re-
moval of at least 90 percent of the biochemical oxygen demand and  at
least 80 percent of phosphates.

       3.  Continuous effective disinfection be provided throughout the
year for all  municipal waste treatment plant effluents.

       4.  Organic wastes and sanitary sewage discharged by industries
receive the same treatment as recommended for municipal wastes in  the
above four recommendations.

       5.  Action be taken toward the exclusion or maximum treatment
of all  industrial wastes contributing to pollution; and that industrial
wastes be discharged to municipal sewer systems where at all possible.

       6.  Wastes from Federal activities be treated to degrees at least
as good as that recommended for other sources.

       7.  Combined sewers be prohibited in all newly developed urban
areas and separated in coordination with all urban reconstruction
projects.

       8.  Overflow regulating devices of combined sewer systems be
designed and operated in such manner as to convey the maximum practi-
cable amount of combined flow to treatment facilities.

       9.  Agricultural practices be improved to ensure the maximum
protection of the waters of the Lake Michigan Basin from the application
of fertilizers and pesticides.

      10.  State water pollution control agencies obtain and maintain
accurate records of quantities of pesticides utilized on a county  basis.

      II.  State water pollution control agencies maintain surveillance
of pesticides, including determination of pesticide content in the
aquatic environment and initiation of corrective action where needed.
                                  65

-------
       12.  Waste heat discharges be reduced where other water uses are
adversely affected; and that the quality requirements of the receiving
waters be a prime factor in selecting location and method of heat dis-
sipation used for any new installations requiring large amounts of
cool ing water.

       13.  The radioactive discharges from nuclear power plants be so
control led as to protect the environment; a I"! interested agencies must
coordinate their efforts in a careful study of the effects of siting
many reactors on the shores of Lake Michigan, and acceptability of
radioactive waste discharges must be based on the combined impact of
all sources on the Lake.

       14.  A special investigation be made of the effects which the
installation of large power plants, both fossil-fueled and nuclear,
have on Lake Michigan; this investigation to include studies of benthic
fauna, radioactivity, water temperature, heat diffusion and lake
currents.

       15.  As a matter of policy, planning provide for the maximum use
of areawide sewerage facilities, discourage the proliferation of small
inefficient treatment plants in contiguous urbanized areas, and foster
the elimination of septic tanks.

       16.  Uniform lakewide State laws or local  legislation be enacted
to provide the same degree of control over the discharge of wastes from
watercraft as is now provided by the Chicago city code.

       17.  All marinas or other facilities servicing watercraft be re-
quired to make provisions for the receipt, treatment, and onshore
disposal  of the wastes from vessel  holding tanks.

       18.  The discharge of oil from any source into any waters of the
Lake Michigan Basin be stopped entirely.

       19.  State water pollution control agencies compile an inventory
of all sites where potential  exists for major spills of oil and other
hazardous material; and require that measures be taken where necessary
to prevent the escape of this material  to the waters.

      20.  The appropriate State and Federal  agencies jointly develop
an early warning system to deal with accidental  spills of oil  and other
hazardous material.

      21.  Disposal into Lake Michigan Basin waters of polluted dredgings
be prohibited.

      22.  Monthly reports covering the operation of all municipal and
industrial  waste treatment plants,  including the quality and quantity
of effluent, be submitted to the appropriate agencies for review,
                                  66

-------
evaluation, and appropriate action; and that water pollution control
agencies conduct inspections of all waste treatment plants at least
quarterly.

      23.  The water quality monitoring programs of the State agencies
of the Lake Michigan Basin be strengthened, and programs geared to
indicate change or trends  in water quality and the need for additional
quality  improvement measures.

      24.  The operation of all facilities affecting streamflow, such
as hydroelectric plants, be regulated to ensure the availability of
optimum  streamflow for all legitimate uses.

      25.  Research on pressing problems of the Lake Michigan Basin  be
vigorously pursued.  Principal areas  in which research is needed in-
cluded:  control of over-production of algae; more effective and less
costly methods for removing dissolved chemicals, especially nutrients,
from wastewaters; techniques for restoring eutrophic lakes; methods
for ultimate disposal of residues  removed from wastewaters;  improved
treatment and other measures for handling  industrial wastes particu-
larly of the paper and steel  industries; permanent solutions for
combined sewer problems; effective treatment plants for ships;  im-
proved standardization of  water quality tests; and  improved techniques
for water qua Iity monitoring.

SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

       The following specific  recommendations are made for the munici-
palities and industries  listed below.

       CODE:   I.  Provide  adequate secondary biological treatment
                  or  its equivalent and advanced waste treatment
                  for phosphate removal and substantial reduction
                  of nutrients which  result  in undesirable aquatic
                  growths  by July  1972.
               2.  Provide  advanced waste treatment  for phosphate
                  removal  and  substantial  reduction of nutrients
                  which  result in  undesirable aquatic growths  by
                  July  1972.
               3.  Substantially eliminate  pollution from  combined
                  sewers  by  July  1977.

                                 ILLINOIS

                  Municipality                      Code

                  Highland Park                        2
                   Lake  Bluff                           2
                   Lake  Forest                          2
                  North  Chicago                       I ,3
                  Waukegan                           1,3


                                   67

-------
       Waste treatment needs for the following industries to be deter-
mined within six months of the issuance of the conference summary and
construction of necessary facilities to be completed within 36 months.

                  Industry                        Location

                  Abbott Laboratories             North Chicago
                  Outboard Marine Corp.           Waukegan
                  U. S. Steel Corp.,
                     American Steel and Wire      Waukegan
                  Bulk Terminals*                 Chicago
                  Inter lake Steel Corp.*          Chicago
                  Wisconsin Steel Corp.*          Chicago
                  Republ-ic Steel Co.*             Chicago
                  U. S. Steel Corp.,
                     South Works*                 Chicago

                  *To comply with  recommendations and schedule
                   of the Lake Michigan-Calumet Area Conference.

                                INDIANA

                  Municipality                       Code

                  Angola                             1,3
                  Elkhart                            1,3
                  Goshen                               3
                  KendalIviIle                       1,3
                  Mishawaka                          1,3
                  South Bend                         I,3
                  Hammond                            I,3
                  East Chicago                       2,3
                  Gary                               2,3
                  Michigan City                      1,3

       Waste treatment needs for the following industries to be deter-
mined within six months of the issuance of the conference summary and
construction of necessary facilities to be completed within 36 months.

                  Industry                        Location

                  Weatherhead Co.                 Angola
                  Bristol Band Instrument Co.     Bristol
                  Continental Can Co.             Elkhart
                  Elkhart Packing Co.             Elkhart
                  McCray Refrigerator Co.         Kendal Ivi Me
                  Price Duck Farms                Mi I ford
                  Slabaugh Duck Farms             Mi I ford
                  Bendix Corp.                    South Bend

                  NOTE:  All industries in the Lake Michigan-
                         Calumet enforcement area are to comply
                         with the  recommendations of that
                         conference summary.

                                   68

-------
                               MICHIGAN

                 Mun icipaI 1ty                       Code

                 Menominee                          I,3
                  Iron Mountain                      I,3
                 Escanaba                             2
                 Gladstone                          1,3
                 Man istique                         1,3
                 Petoskey                             '
                 Traverse City                      I,3
                 Mani stee                           I,3
                 Lud ington                          1,3
                 Muskegon Heights                     2
                 Muskegon                           1,3
                 Big Rapids                         I,3
                 Cadillac                             2
                 Grand Haven                        I,3
                 Delhi Township                       I
                 East Lansing                       2,3
                 Grand  Ledge                        I,3
                 Grand Rapids                       2,3
                 Jackson                            2,3
                 St. Johns                          2,3
                 Jackson  Prison                       2
                  Lansing                            2,3
                 Wyoming                              2
                 Portage                              2
                 Battle Creek                         2
                 Charlotte                           2
                 Allegan                            I,3
                 Otsego                               2
                  Plainwell                            2
                  Ka I ama zoo                           2
                  Benton Harbor                        2
                  Buchanan                             I
                  Niles                              1,3
                  Dowagiac                          I,3
                  Three  Rivers                       I,3
                  Sturgis                               2
                  Coldwater                            2
                  Hillsdale                            2

       Waste treatment needs for the following  industries to be deter-
mined within six months  of the  issuance of  the  conference summary and
construction of necessary  facilities to be  completed within 36 months.

                  Industry                        Location

                  Inland Steel  Co.                 Iron  River
                  American Can  Co.                 Menominee
                  Menominee Mi I I                   Menominee

                                 69

-------
 I ndustry
Location
Alberta Canning Co.
Manistique Pulp & Paper Co.
Lead Corp.
Escanaba Div.
Petoskey Plating Co.
Consumers Power Co.
East Jordan Canning Co.
Howes Leather Co.,  Inc.
Cherry Growers, Inc.
Traverse City Canning Co.
Morgan-McCooI,  Inc.
Elk Rapids Packing
Northport Cherry Factory
Frigid Foods,  Inc.
Crystal Canning Co.
Meltzer Packing Co.
Alberta Canning Co.
Packaging Corp. of America
Great Lakes Chemical Corp.
Michigan Chemical  Corp.
Morton Salt Co.
Manistee Salt Co.
Stoke Iy Van Camp,  Inc.
Dow Chemical Co.
Hart Cherry Packers
Stoke Iy Van Camp,  Inc.
New Era Canning Co.
Whitehali  Leather Co.
E. I. Du pont Co.
Hooker Chemical Co.
Gerber Products
Lakeway Chemicals,  Inc.
ContInentaI  Motors Corp.
Naph-Sol Refining Co.
S. D. Warren Co.
Keeler Brass Co.
Attwood Corp.
CrystaI Ret i nery
Jervis Corp.
Eagle Ottawa Leather Co.
Packaging Corp. of America
Wolverine World-wide
Mead-Johnson Co.
Parke-Davis Co.
Michigan Fruit Canners, Inc.
Ka Iamazoo Paper Co.
Brown Paper Co. KVP #1
   Parchment and Wax Paper
Brown Paper Co. Sutherland Div.
   #1 Paperboard
AIberta
Man istique
Escanaba
Escanaba
Petoskey
Big Rock Point
East Jordan
Boyne City
Grawn
Traverse City
Traverse City
Leelanau
Northport
Suttons Bay
Frankfort
Benzonia
Alberta
Filter City
FiIter City
East Lake
Man i stee
Manistee
Scottv iI Ie
Lud i ngton
Hart
Hart
New Era
WhitehalI
Montague
Montague
Fremont
Muskegon
Muskegon
North Muskegon
Muskegon
MiddleviIle
Lowe I I
Carson County
Grand Haven
Grand Haven
Grand Rapids
Rockford
Zee I and
Ho I I and
South Haven
KaIamazoo

Parchment

Ka Iamazoo
                70

-------
 I ndustry
Location
Brown Paper Co. KVP /A & 7
   Paperboard Prod.
Brown Paper Co. DVP $2
National Gypsum Co.
Hawthorne Paper Co.
Allied Pa per Co., King Div.
Allied Paper Co., Monarch Div
AI  I ied Paper Co., Bryant Div.
Upjohn Company
MacSim Bar Paper Co.
Murray Packing Co.
Otsego Falls Paper Mills,  Inc,
Watervliet Paper Co.
Welch Grape Juice Co.
Simpson Lee Paper Co.
Weyerhauser Paper Co.
Clark Equipment Co.

             WISCONSIN

MunicipaIity

Shawano
New London
ClIntonvi I le
Green Bay
Oe Pere
Little Chute
KimberIy
Kaukauna
AppIeton
Neenah-Menasha
Portage
Berlin
Oshkosh
Ripon
Fon du Lac
Port Washington
Menom i nee Fa I Is
Mi  Iwaukee
   Jones Island
   South Shore
South Mi Iwaukee
Carrol IviIle
Kenosha
Rac i ne
Oconto
Sturgeon Bay
Marinette
Greendale
Hales Corners
Two Rivers
KaI amazoo
Parchment
Kalamazoo
KaIamazoo
Kalamazoo
Ka Iamazoo
Ka lamazoo
Ka Iamazoo
Otsego
PlainwelI
Otsego
Watervliet
Lawton
Vicksburg
White Pigeon
Buchanan
   Code

   1,3
   1,3
     I
   1,3
   1,3
   2,3
     2
   1,3
   2,3
   1,3
     2
   2,3
   1,3
     2
     2
   1,3
     I

   2,3
   1,3
   1,3
     I
   1,3
   1,3
   1,3
   2,3
   1,3
     I
     2
   1,3
                71

-------
                  MunicipaIity
                                                     Code
                  Sheboygan
                  Sheboygan
                  Plymouth
                  Manitowoc
                  West Bend
Fa I Is
1,3
  2
  I
1,3
       Waste "treatment needs for the following industries to be deter-
mined within six months of the issuance of the conference summary and
construction of necessary facilities to be completed within 36 months.
                  Industry

                  Green Bay Packaging
                  Charmin Paper Co.
                  Marathon Paper Co.
                  Fort Howard Paper Co.
                  U. S. Paper Mi I Is Corps.
                  Nicolet Paper Co.
                  Charmin-Little Rapids
                  Thi(many Paper Co.
                  Combined Locks Paper Co.
                  Kimberly Clark Co.
                  Consolidated Paper Co.
                  Riverside Paper Co.
                  Fox River Paper Co.
                  Whiting Paper Co.
                  Marathon Paper Co.
                  John Strange Paper Co.
                  Gi Ibert Paper. Co.
                  Kimberly Clark Co.
                  Bergstrom Paper Co.
                  Kimberly Clark Co. (Badger
                  Kimberly Clark Co. (Neenah
                  Scott Paper Co.
                  Badger Paper Mills
                  Scott Paper Co.
                  Kimberly Clark
                  Peter Cooper Corp.
                  American Motors
                  Anaconda American Brass
                  Shepard Plating Co.
                  C &  D Duck Co.
                  York Duck Co.
                  J.  I. Case
                      Locat i on

                      Green Bay
                      Green Bay
                      Green Bay
                      Green Bay
                      De Pere
                      De Pere
                      Little Rapids
                      Kaukauna
                      Combined Locks
                      Kimberly
                      Appleton
                      Appleton
                      Appleton
                      Menasha
                      Menasha
                      Menasha
                      Menasha
                      Neenah
                      Neenah
                 -Globe) Neenah
                 Div.)  Neenah
                      Oconto  Fa I Is
                      Peshtigo
                      Mari nette
                      Niagara
                      South MiIwaukee
                      Kenosha
                      Kenosha
                      Racine
                      FranksviIle
                      FranksviIle
                      Racine
                          FEDERAL  INSTALLATIONS

                   Facility

                   Great  Lakes Naval  Training Sta.
                   Fort Sheridan
                   K.  I.  Sawyer Air Force Base
                          Code

                            2
                            2
                            2
                                  72

-------
                              REFERENCES

I.  United States Census of Population, I960, U. S. Department of
    Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

2.  Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas  in the United States as
    defined on May  I,  1967, with population  in  1950 and I960,  U. S.
    Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

3.  Lake Michigan Basin, Population and Economy, Federal Water Pollution
    Control Administration, Great  Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois.

4.  County and City Data Book,  1967, U. S. Department of Commerce,
    Bureau of the Census.

5.  United States Census of Agriculture,  1964,  U. S. Department of Commerce,
    Bureau of the Census.

6.  Great Lakes Harbors Study,  U.  S. Army Engineer Division, North Central
    Corps of Engineers, Chicago,  Illinois (November, 1966).

7.  Water Oriented  Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin, U. S.  Depart-
    ment of the  Interior, Bureau of Outdoor  Recreation, Ann Arbor,  Michigan
    (March,  1966).

8.  Water  Levels of the Great Lakes; Report  on  Lake Regulation, U.  S. Corps
    of  Engineers, North Central Division, Chicago,  Illinois (December, 1965).

9.  Water Quality  Investigations,  Lake Michigan Basin  - Lake Currents,
    U.  S. Department  of the  Interior,  Federal Water Pollution Control
    Administration, Great  Lakes Region, Chicago,  Illinois  (November,  1967).

10.   International Joint Commission Great  Lakes  Levels  Study (Preliminary
    Report), U.  S.  Department of  the Interior,  Federal  Water  Pollution
    Control  Administration,  Chicago,  Illinois.

II.  Municipal Water Facilities -  1963  Inventory -  Region V, U.  S. Department
    of  Health,  Education  and Welfare,  Public Health Service (1964).

12.  Planning Status Report - Water Resource  Appraisals for Hydroelectric
     Licensing  (6 parts),  Federal  Power Commission, Bureau  of  Power
     (1964-1966).

13.   Principal  Electric Facilities, Great  Lakes Region  (map),  Federal  Power
     Commission, Bureau of Power (1965).

14.   Tabulation  of Scheduled or Planned Changes in Installed Generating
     Capacity (memorandum), Federal Power  Commission, Bureau of  Power
     (July 7, 1967).
                                    73

-------
 15.   Nuclear  Installations  in the Great Lakes'and  Illinois River Watersheds,
      U.  S.  Department of the  Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
      Administration  (unpublished).

 16.   Fish and Wildlife as Related to Water Quality of the Lake Michigan
      Basin, U. S. Department of the  Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
      (March,  1966).

 17.   Biological  Investigations, Special Report Number LM4, Great Lakes-
      Illinois River Basins Project; April  1963.  Presented as an Exhibit
      in  the Supreme Court Hearings on Diversion at Chicago.

 18.   Water Quality Investigations, Lake Michigan Basin - Biology; Federal
      Water Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago,
      Illinois (January, 1968).

 19.   Water Pollution Problems of the Great Lakes Area, Federal Water
      Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago,
      11 Iinois (September, 1966).

20.   Ownbey, C. R., and Willeke, G. E., Long-Term Solids Buildup in Lake
      Michigan Water.  Proceedings, Eighth Conference on Great Lakes Research,
      Great Lakes Research Division, the University of Michigan (1965).

21.   Report on Pollution of the Waters of the Grand Calumet River,  Little
      Calumet River, Calumet River, Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake and their
      tributaries, Federal  Water Pol Iution Control Administration (February
      1965).

22.  A Comprehensive Water Pollution  Control  Program, Lake Michigan Basin,
     Milwaukee Area.   Federal  Water Pollution Control Administration
      (June, 1966).

23.  A Comprehensive Water Pollution  Control  Program, Lake Michigan Basin,
     Green Bay Area,  Federal  Water Pollution Control  Administration (June
      1966).

24.  Eisenbud, M., Environmental  Radioactivity,  McGraw-Hill,  New York
     p.  195 (1963).

25.  Pollution of Navigable  Waters of the U.  S.  by Wastes from Watercraft,
     submitted to the Congress on June 30,  1967,  FWPCA
                                  74

-------
APPENDIX

-------
                                                   APPENDIX A
                           STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS  LOCATED
                                       IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
>
H
Installation
(Name & Location)
ILLINOIS
U.S. Coast Guard
1. South Chicago Station
Chicago (Cook Co. )
(Calumet Harbor)
2. Chicago- Harbor Station
Chicago (Cook Co.)

3. Calumet Harbor Light Sta.
(Cook Co.)

U.S. Navy
U. Great Lakes Naval Training
Center
Great Lakes (Lake County)


5. Naval Reserve Training Centei
(Armory) Chicago (Cook Co.)

LEGEND: Treatment Provided; ST - I
rin'at:
Ratings ; A - adequate; B
Lake Michigan-Cj
action taken.
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)


1.5 S


2.0 S


0
Previous di
station aui

3,500. S



• 8.8 S


eptic Tank;
on.
-. inadequate
.lumet Enforc

Receiving
Waters


G


Chicago
Harbor
(L.Mich.)

scharge of i
omation

Lk. Michigan



Chicago
Harbor

3F - Drain F

, abatement
;ment Confer

Treatment
Provided


ST, DF


ST



aw waste to


Sec . Clp
(96% BOD
& 18% s.s.
removal )

Primary
(ST, C12)

ield; Sec. -

program prog
snce Recomme

Rat-
ing


A


B



Calume


B




B

Secon

ressin
idatio

Remarks





Plans for package secondary
S.T.P. prepared


t Harbor abated by recent


Plant enlargements programmed
for FY 1969; Navy has also
initiated planning to remove
wastes from basin and to treat
water treatment plant backwash.
See text.

Armory is owned by the State
of Illinois
lary Treatment ; C10 - Chlo-
eL
5; C - in compliance with
is ; D - inadequate , no

                Others;    S -  Sanitary; I - Industrial; G - Ground.

-------
                                                 APPENDIX A
                         STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                     IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
T
Installation
(Name & Location)
ILLINOIS, cont'd.
U.S. Army
6". Ft, Sheridan,
Ft. Sheridan (Lake County)
Veterans Administration
7. Veterans Administration
Hospital, Downey
(Lake County)
INDIANA
U.S. Coast Guard
8. Michigan City Station
Michigan City (LaPorte Co.)
9. Indiana Harbor East Bkw.Lt.
Sta., East Chicago (Lake Co.)
U.S. Navy
10. Reserve Training Center
Gary ( Lake Co . )
U.S. Army
11. Nike C.G. Site 32
Chesterton (Porter Co.)
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)
1,500. S
(350. S.)
1.0 S
0.9 S
6-8.0 S
Receiving
Waters
Lake
Michigan
L.Mich.
G
Lake Mich,
(Indiana
Harbor)
G
Dunas Cr . -
Lt . Calumet
River
Treatment
Provided
Sec . , C12
None
Wastes disc:
ing Center
ST, DF
Sec . , Cl
(95% BOD^
& S.S.
reduction)
ST, DF
Sec . , Cl
2
Rat-
ing
B
B
larged
sewer i
B
A, C
A, C
A, C
Remarks
See text
Water treatment plant filter
backwash.
to Great Lakes Naval Train-
ystem
A connection to the Michigan
City sewer system is -planned
Experimental package S.T.P.
recently evaluated for ade-
quacy by FWPCA
Sandy soil in area of tile
field
Imhoff tank sand filters,
chlorine contact tank

-------
                        APPENDIX A
STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
            IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
(Name & Location)
INDIANA. Cont'd.
U.S. Army
12. Nike C.G. Site 1*5
Gary (Lake Co.)


13. Nike C.G. Site 1*7
f Wheeler (Porter Co.)
LO

General Services Administration
lU. Defense Material Service
Depot , Hammond ( Lake Co . )


Federal Aviation Agency
15. Air Route 'Traffic Control
Center, LaGrange
(LaGrange Co.)
Post Office Department
16- P.O., Middlebury
(Elkhart Co.)
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)


3.0 S



6-8.0 S




0.9 S
100.0 I



0.2 S



0.1 S

Receiving
Waters


Unnamed
Ditch trib.
bo Grand
Calumet R.
Unnamed
Ditch trib.
to Burns
Ditch

Ground
Wolf Lake



G



G

Treatment
Provided


Sec. , Cl



Sec., Cl
c.



ST, DF
None



ST, DF



ST, DF

Rat-
ing


A, C



A, C




A, C
A, C



A



A

Remarks


Septic tank, built-up
subsurface sand filter,
chlorine contact tank

Imhoff tank, intermittent
sand filters , chlorine
contact tank



Cooling water from air condi
tioning & dehumidification
equipment








-------
                        APPENDIX A
STATUS 07 WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
            IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
IT. National Guard Facility
Grand Rapids (Kent Co.)
18. U.S. Army Military Engine
Plant, Muskegon
(Muskegon Co . )
19. Grand Haven Boatyard
Grand Haven (Ottawa Co.)
U.S. Navy
20. Reserve Training Center
Battle Creek (Calhoun Co. )
U.S. Air Force
21. Empire AFB, Empire
(Leelanau Co. )
22. K.I. Sawyer AFB
Republic (Marquette Co.)
Volume
& type
of vastes
(1,000 GPD)
3.0 S
30.0 !•
0.2 S
0.29 S
18.0 S
U69.0 S
0.5 S
Receiving
Waters
G
G
Grand River
G
G
Silver Lead
Cr.
G
Treatment
Provided
ST, DF
Chem. Treat-
ment to
stabilize
metallic
wastes &
oil
ST, C12
ST, DF
ST, DF
Sec.
ST, DF
Rat-
ing

(A)
D


B
A
Remarks
•
Treated wastes discharged to
holding lagoon; high chromate
and cyanide concentrations
in wastes infiltrate to
ground: adequacy being
evaluated .
Recommendation made by FWPCA
to connect to city sewer.

Adequacy unknown
Plans for ungraded facilities
completed and approved.

-------
                                                 APPENDIX A
                         STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                     IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
T
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN-, Cont'd.
U.S. Coast Guard
(.23. ) Frankfort Station, Frank-
fort (Bay Co. )
2H. Pointe Betsie Light Station
Pointe Betsie (Benzie Co.)
25. Beaver Island Station
Beaver Island (Charlevoix C(
26. St. Martin Island Light
Station (Delta Co. )
27. Minneapolis Shoal Lt. Sta. ,
Escana"ba (Menominee Co.)
28. Grays Reef Light Station,
Cross Village (Emmet Co.)
29. White Shoal Light Station,
(Emmet Co.)
30. North Manitou Shoal Light
Station, (Leelanau Co.)
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)

2.1 S
1*2 S
.) 0.5 S
0.35 S
o.ls
0.35 S
0.5 S
0.35 S
-Receiving
Waters


-------
                                                 APPENDIX A
                         STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                     IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
o\
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN, Cont'd.
31. Grand Traverse Lt. Station,
Northport (Leelanau Co . )
32. Big Sable Light Station,
Ludington (Mason Co.)
33. Lansing Shoal Light Station
(Mackinac Co. )
3*t. Grand Haven Station,
Grand Haven (Ottawa Co.)
35 . Holland Moorings , Holland ,
(Ottava Co.)
36. Seul Choix Pointe Light
Station (Schoolcraft Co.)
(23) Menominee Pierhead Lt.Sta.
Menominee(Menominee Co.)
* The Coast Guard has initiated a
as rapidly as funds are availab!
Volume
& type
of vastes
(1,000 GPD)

0.8 S

. 1.0 S
•
0.35 S

3.0 S

0.9 S

1.0 S

0.2 S
0.7 S
program to u
e.
Receiving
Waters

G

G

Lake Michir-
gan
G

G

G

Green Bay
City Sewer
nman and aut

Treatment
Provided

ST, DF

ST, DF

None

ST, DF

ST, DF

ST, DF

None

ornate all li

Rat-
ing

A

A

B

B

A

A

B
A
e;ht st

Remarks





M

DF too near water

Condition of DF - good;
installed 196k


*

itions in the Great Lakes


-------
                                                 APPENDIX A
                         STATUS  OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                    IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
F
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN, Cont'd.
Federal Communications Commissior
37. Monitoring Station,
Allegan (Allegan County)
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and
Wildlife
38. Charlevoix Nat. Fish
Hatchery, Charlevoix
(Charlevoix County)
39- Seney National Wildlife
Refuge Headquarters
(Schoolcraft County)
Dept. of Agriculture - Forest Sei
Hiawatha National Forest
1*0- Alger, Delta, Mackinac
53 (Schoolcraft Counties)
lU campgrounds vith 25U
camping units and Q2
picnic units
5!*. Lake Michigan Campground
(Mackinac Co.) (18 C, 18 P)
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)


0.12 S



800. I


1.0 S


vice





302 P -S

3.0 S
Receiving
Waters


G



Lake Michi-
gan

G








G

G
Treatment
Provided


ST, DF



None


None








None

ST, DF
Rat-
ing






A


D











Remarks






Overflov from hatchery


Pit toilets








Pit toilets



-------
                                                  APPENDIX A
                          STATUS  OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                      IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
CO
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN. Cont'd.
Hiawatha National Forest
55. Brevoort Lake Campground
(Mackinac Co.) (70 c, 8 P)
56. Clear Lake Organization
Camp (Schoolcraft Co.)
57. Thunder Bowl Winter Sports
Area (Schoolcraft Co.)
58. Rapid River Administration
Area (Delta Co.)
Manistee National Forest
59-^62. 1* Campgrounds (Lake County)
63. District Ranger Headquarter:
Baldwin ( Lake Co . )
6k. Hemlock Campground,
Cadillac (Wexford Co.)
65-67. 3 Campgrounds (Wexford Co.)
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)

5.0 S
0.8 S.

0.5 S
110 P - S
0.8 S
30 P - S
200 P - S
Receiving
Waters

G
G

G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided

ST, DF
ST, DF

ST, DF
None
ST, DF
None
None
Rat-
ing









Remarks





Pit toilets

Pit toilets
Pit toilets

-------
                        APPENDIX A
STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
            IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN, Cont'd.
Manistee National Forest
68, Harrietta Gd. Dwelling,
Harrietta (Wexford Co.)
69. Caterfae Winter Sports Area,
Harrietta (Wexford Co.)
70*-71. 2 Campgrounds (Manistee Co.]
72. Housing & Shop, 3 units
(Manistee Co. )
73. Manikewa Organization Camp
(Manistee Co. )
7^+. River Drive Picnic Ground
(Mason Co. )
75. Lake Michigan Rec . Area
(Mason Co.)
76. Pines Point Campground
(Oceana Co.)
77. Wayside Lake Picnic Grounds
Whitecloud (Newaygo Co.)
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)


0.2 S

12.2 S

65 P - s
0.6 S

5.2 S

15 P - S

18.0 - S

20 P - S

0.7 S

Receiving
Waters


G

G

G
G

G

G

G

G

G

Treatment
Provided


ST, DF

ST, DF

None
ST, DF

ST, DF

None

ST, DF

None

ST, DF

Rat-
ing



















Remarks






Pit toilets




Pit toilets

Newly developed. Not all
in service.
Pit toilets




-------
                        APPENDIX A
STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
            IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
(Named Location)
MICHIGAN, Cont1 d.
Manistee National Forest
78, 1 Campgrpund & 1 Picnic
Ground (Newaygo Co. )
Ottawa National Forest
79, Nesbit Lake Organization
Camp ( Iron Co . )
80. Ottawa Lake Campground
(iron Co.)
81-82. 2 Campgrounds (iron Co.)
-WISCONSIN
U.S. Army
$3. DePere Lock & Dam, DePere
(Brown Co. )
8U. Little Kaukauna Lock & Dam
( Brown Co . )
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1.000 GPD)
0.5 S
1.0 S
2.0 S
180 P - S

O.U S
0.2 S
Receiving
Waters
G
G
G
G

G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
ST, DF
ST, DF
None

ST, DF
F5T, DF
Rat-
ing





A
A
Remarks
Pit toilets

•
Pit toilets

500 gal. ST
500 pal. ST

-------
                        APPENDIX A
STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
            IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
(Name & Location)
WISCONSIN. Cont'd.
U.'S. Army
^5. Princeton Lock & Dam
Princeton (Green Lake Co.)
86. Kevaunee Engr. Depot,
Kewaunee (Kewaunee Co.)
87. Nike Milwaukee Site #5U,
Milwaukee (Milwaukee Co. )
88. Out garni e County (Fox River)
Applet on Locks & Dams ,
Apple ton
89. No. 1
90. No. 3

91. No. h
Kaukauna Locks & Dams ,
Kaukauna
92.. No. 1
93. No. 2
01*. No. 3
95. No. ^
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)


Q.k S

O.U.S

_




0.2 S
1 P - S

1 P - S


0,3 S
0.5 S
1 P - S
1 P - S
Receiving
Waters


G

G

G




G
G

G


G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided


ST, DF

ST, DF

ST, DF




ST, DF
None

None


ST, DF
ST, DF
None
None
Rat-
ing


A

A

A




A
D

D


A
A
D
D
Remarks




3 - 750 gal. ST & 2 Tile Fields
(300 Total length)
Inactive; facilities used by
local agency




ST & DF proposed to replace
privy
ii it « it




Privy unsatisfactory
Privy unsatisfactory

-------
                                                  APPENDIX A
                         STATUS  OP WASTE  TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                      IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
to
Installation
(Name & Location)
WISCONSIN, Cont'd,
U.S. Army, Cont'd.
96. Rapid Groche Lock & Dam
City of Kaukauna
97. Cedars Lock & Dam
City of Kimberly
U.S. Coast Guard
98- Green Bay Harbor Light Sta.
Green Bay ( Brown Co . )
99. Sherwood Point Light Sta. ,
Sturgeon Bay (Door Co.)
10P. Sturgeon Bay Canal Station
Sturgeon Bay (Door Co.)
iQl- Manitowoc Breakwater Lt.Sta
Manitowoc (Maiiitowoc Co . )
102. Plum Island C.G. Station
(Door Co. )
103. Green Bay Harbor Houseboat
Light Sta. , Green Bay
(Brovn Co. )
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)
0.2 S
0.2 S
0.4 S
0.3 S
3.00 S
, 0.1 S
0.9 S
1.2 S
0.4 S
Receiving
Waters
G
G
Jreen Bay
G
G
L.Mich,
City Sewer
G
G.
Treatment
Provided
BT, DF
5T, DF
None
3T, DF
3T, DF
None
ST, DF
ST, DF
Rat-
ing
A
A
B
A

B
A

Remarks
•

Secondary package S.T.P.
with Clo is proposed. *
«
Condition of drain fields
unknown
*
Condition of system unknown


-------
                                                  APPENDIX A
                          STATUS OP WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS  LOCATED
                                      IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
H
Installation
(Name & Location)
WISCONSIN, Cont'd.
U.S. Coast Guard , . Cont ' d .
10U. Kewaunee Pier Light Station
Kevaunee (Kevaunee Co.)
105- Ravley Point Light Station,
Two Rivers (Manitovoc Co.)
106. Milwaukee Breakwater Light
Station, Milwaukee
(Milwaukee Co. )
107 Racine Station, Racine
(Racine Co.)
108. Wind Point Light Station,
Racine (Racine Co.)
* The Coast Guard has initiated a j
as rapidly as funds are available
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)

oA s
0.7 S
0.9 S
(O.U S)
Pre
1.0 S
0.3 S
(o.k s)
rogram to un
Receiving
Waters

Li. Michigan
City Sewer
G
(Lake Michi-
gan)
vious discha
toot River
toot River
(G)
nan and auto
Treatment
Provided

None
ST, DF
(None)
rge of raw w
ST
None
(ST, DF)
nate all lig
Eat-
ing

B
A
A
astes

A
^t sta
Remarks

Incinerator unit proposed.
*
#
Station unmanned on 8/1/66
discontinued
Station is to be closed
This station has been unmanned
and automated
;ions in the Great Lakes

-------
                                                 APPENDIX A
                         STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                     IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
>
Installation
(Name & Location)
WISCONSIN, Cont'd.
U.S. Forest Service
Nicolet National Forest (C - <
Oconto County
109. Boot Lake Compound
(U2 C; 8 P)
110. Bass Lake Campsite
111. Boulder Lake Compound
(5U C; 2 P)
112. Bagley Rapids Campground
(16 C)
113. Green Lake Picnic Ground
(15 P)
lilt. Wheeler Lake Picnic Gr.
(6 P)
115. Waupee Dam Picnic Gr.
(1 P)
116 . Lakewood Ranger Hdqtrs .
Volume
& type
of wastes
(1,000 GPD)


amp sites; T

225 P - S

1 P - S
95 P - S

55 P - S

75 P - S





1.5 S
Receiving
Waters


- picnic si

G

G
G

G

G

G

G

G
Treatment
Provided


tes)

8 pit
toilets
Pit toilet
10 pit
toilets
5 pit
toilets
U pit
toilets
U pit
toilets
U pit
toilets
ST, DF
Rat-
ing




B


B

D

D

D

D

A
Remarks




Sec. Tr. plus Cl proposed
for FY 1969

Sec. Tr. plus Clg proposed
for FY 1969










-------
                        APPENDIX A
STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
            IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
(Name & Location)
WISCONSIN, Cont'd.
U.S. Forest Service, Cont'd.
Forest Co.
116. Laona Ranger Hdqtrs .
117. iH Campgrounds
130. (160 C, HO P)
^
i
H
^ 131- Franklin Lake Campground
(87 C, 23 P)
132- Florence Ranger Hdqtrs.
Florence (Florence Co.)
133. Long Lake Dwelling
(Florence Co. )
13H. 3 Campgrounds (13 C, 5 P)
136 (Florence Co. )
137. Eagle River Ranger Hdqtrs .
Eagle River (Vilas Co.)
138. Kentuck Lake Campground
i IN TOO P^ ^
Volume
& type
of -wastes
(1,000 GPD)



0.7 S
160 P - s




3.5 S

1.0 S

0.3 S

HO P - S

1.5 S

30 P - S
Receiving
Waters



G
G




G

G

G

G

G

' G
Treatment
Provided



ST, DF
Pit privies




ST, DF

ST, DF

ST, DF

Pit toilets

ST, DF

Pit toilets
Rat-
ing



A
B




A

A

A

D

A

D
Remarks




Sec. Tr. Facilities pro-
gramed at unsatisfactory
areas .










3 - 500 gal. ST & DF
1 - 900 gal. ST & dry well


-------
                                                  APPENDIX A
                          STATUS  OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS  LOCATED
                                      IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
>
Installation
(Name & Location)
VISCONSIH. Cont'd.
U.S. Forest Service, Cont'd.
139. Blackwell Job Corps
(Forest County)


Volume
& type
of vastes
(1,000 GPD)


17.0 S



Receiving
Waters


(Rat River)
G


Treatment
Provided


Sec. , C12,
Polishing
Pond

Rat-
ing


A



Remarks


Polishing pond gives 30-day
detention; effluent normally
evaporates or transpires before
reaching Rat River .

-------
                                           APPENDIX A

                                  STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT
                                  FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                             IN THE
                                  LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
Name & Location (Berth)
Compliment
Area of
Operation
Treatment
Provided
Rating
Remarks
VESSELS
  U.S. Coast Guard
    USCGC Arundel
    (110' tug)
    (Chicago, 111.)
    USCGC Raritan
    (110' tug)
    (Milwaukee, Wis.)

    USCGC Sundew
    (l80* Bony Tender)
    (Charlevoix, Mich.)
    USCGC Mesquite
    (Sturgeon Bay, ₯i s.)

    USCGC Woodbine
    (180' Buoy Tender)
    (Grand Haven, Mich.)
  20
Lake Michi-
gan
Macerator-
Chlorinator
                                                   D
  20
                                 None
                                  B
                                 None
                                 None
                                  B
           Macerator-
           Chlorinator units
           do not provide
           adequate treatment,
                          Facilities to
                          connect to city
                          sewer system while
                          in port scheduled
                          for installation:
                          holding tanks
                          planned.

-------
                                                APPENDIX A

                                       STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT
                                       FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                                  IN THE
                                       LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
     Installation
     Name & Location (Berth)
                               Complement
Area of
Operation
                                                                 Treatment
                                                                 Provided
Ratine
Remarks
H
00
VESSELS
  U.S.' Navy
    USS Parle
    tdestroyer)
    (Chicago, 111,)

    USS Havre
    Cdestroyer escort)
    (Great Lakes Naval
     Training Ctr,,
     Great Lakes,Ill.)

    USS Portage
    (destroyer escort)
    (Milwaukee, Wis.)

    USS Ely
    (destroyer escort)
    (Sheboygan, Wi s.)
         USS  Amherst
         (Detroit,  Mich.)
                                       185
                                       105
                                       105
                                       105
                                  120.
 Lake  Michi-
 gan


 Lake  Michir
 gan
 Lake Michi,
 gan


 Lake Michi,
 gan
                                                                   None
                                                                   None
                                                                                 *«
                                                                                 »*
                                                                   None
                                                                   None
                  None
                                 #*
                                                                                 **
        Planning underway to
        connect to city of
        Chicago sewer system

        Wastes are discharged
        to' a dockside connec-
        tion at Great Lakes
        N.T.C. when in port.
                                                 Lakes Erie,
                                                 Huron, Michi*-
                                                 >gan & Superior
** The Navy originally planned to install macerator/chlorinator units on these vessels.   Available informa-
   tion indicates that these unit's have not been installed, but planning is underway to  develop adequate
   treatment devices as soon as possible.

-------
                                       APPENDIX A

                              STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT
                              FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                         IN THE
                              LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
Name & Location (Berth)
VESSELS
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
LUDINGTON - Tug
(Ludington, Mich.)
KEWAUNEE - Dredge
(Kewaunee, Wis. )
MILWAUKEE - Stone Barge
(Milwaukee, Wis.)
SHEBOYGAN - Quarterboat
(Sheboygan, Wis.)
TWO RIVERS - Tug
(Two Rivers, Wis.)
KENOSHA - Tug
(Kenosha, Wis. )
RACINE - Tug
Complement

lU
21
7
18
8
3
2
Area of Treatment
Operation Provided Rating Remarks

Lake Michi- 3 package
gan maceration/
chlorination
units
" 1+ M/C units
" 2 M/C units
" 5 M/C units
" 1 M/C unit
" 1 M/C unit
" 1 M/C unit
(Racine,  Wis.)

-------
                                       APPENDIX A

                              STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT
                              FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS LOCATED
                                         IN THE
                              LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN


T
8

Installation
Name & Location (Berth)
VESSELS '
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
Cont'd.
MANISTEE - Tender
(Manistee, Mich.)
OCONTO ~ TentLer
(Oconto, Wis. )
Derrick "boats: No. 7
No. 21
MOORE - Tender
(Indiana)
Complement

1
1
2
2
2
Area of
Operation

Lake Michi-
gan
ti
»!
11
(Calumet
Area)
Treatment
Provided Rating • Remarks

1 M/C
•unit
1 M/C
unit
1 M/C unit
1 M/C unit
1 M/C unit
ESCANABA - Tender
(Escanaba, Mich.)

WINNECONNE T Crane Barge
(Winneconne, Wis.)
                 1 M/C unit
Lake Winner-      1 M/C unit
bago-Fox River

-------