WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
BLUE MARSH RESERVOIR
SCHUYLKILL RIVER BASIN
PENNSYLVANIA
PE NNSYLVANIA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02203
June 1968
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WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
BLUE MARSH RESERVOIR
SCHUYLKILL RIVER BASIN
PENNSYLVANIA
Abstract
A study has been made which discloses a present and future need
(to the year 2020} for storage in the proposed reservoir for
municipal and industrial water supplies. There is also an
immediate need for storage for flow regulation to control water
quality. These conclusions are based on hydrologic, economic
and demographic analyses. Future needs are based on projected
population and industrial growth.
IN COOPERATION WITH THE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Northeast Regional Office
Boston, Massachusetts
June 1968
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Request and Authority 1
Purpose and Scope 1
Acknowledgments 2
II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 3
Findings 3
Conclusions 5
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 7
Location and Pertinent Data 7
Streamflow 7
Water Quality 8
IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION 13
Location and Boundaries 13
Topography and Geography 14
Climate 15
Principal Communities and Industries 15
V. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA 16
Quantity of Water Available 16
Quality of Water Available 18
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Page No.
VI. THE ECONOMY 21
Introduction 21
Present 21
Future 22
VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL 27
Present Water Use 27
Existing Sources of Water - Surface and Ground
Water 29
Future Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements . 32
VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL 40
#
Municipal and Industrial Pollution 40
Water Quality Objectives 42
Flow Regulation 44
IX. BENEFITS 48
Water Supply - Municipal and Industrial 50
Water Quality Control 52
X. BILBIOGRAPHY 57
APPENDIX A - Surface Water Withdrawals 58
APPENDIX B - Surface Water Discharges 60
11
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page No.
1 Water Quality - Tulpehocken Creek (Near
Reading) 11
2 Water Quality - Schuylkill River 12
3 Low Flow Statistics - Schuylkill River 17
4 Water Related Industries 24
5 Blue Marsh Study Area - Population 25
6 Projected Production of Water Related Industries 26
7 Present Water Use 28
8 Larger Water Supply Systems in the Blue Marsh
Study Area 30
9 Average Daily Per Capita Water Use - 1965 33
10 Future Municipal Water Demands 34
11 Future Self-Supplied Industrial Water Demands -
MGD 37
12 Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges 41
13 Larger Municipal Waste Discharges in the Blue
Marsh Study Area 43
14 Streamflow Required to Maintain Quality Control -
cfs 45
111
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LIST OF FIGURES
Following
No. Figure Page No.
1 Blue Marsh Study Area 57
IV.
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I. INTRODUCTION
Request and Authority
This study was initiated at the request of the District Engineer,
Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by letter dated
October 15, 1964. The letter requested ... "A review and updating
of the recommendations for the development of water supply and flow
regulation for quality control for the Blue Marsh Project," located
in the Schuylkill River Basin.
Authority to conduct this study is provided in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et. seq.),
and in a Memorandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958, between
the Department of the Army and the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, relative to Title III of P.L. 500, 85th Congress as
amended by P.L. 87-88. Responsibility for this study was transferred
to the Department of the Interior as of May 10, 1966, by Reorganization
Plan Number 2 of 1966.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this study is to determine the need for and value
of storage of water in the proposed Blue Marsh Reservoir for municipal
and industrial water supply and for water quality control. This
reservoir is proposed by the Corps of Engineers for multi-purpose
development.
The area considered in this study encompasses portions of
Berks, Montgomery, Chester, Bucks, Delaware, and Philadelphia counties,
in southeastern Pennsylvania.
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Project needs and benefits have been evaluated for the period
1970 to 2020.
Acknowledgements
Information and cooperation provided by the following agencies
are gratefully recognized:
U. S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Pa.
U. S. Geological Survey
Delaware River Basin Commission
Pennsylvania Department of Health
Philadelphia Suburban Water Company
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II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Findings
1. The U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, is considering construction
of a project known as the Blue Marsh Reservoir, on Tulpehocken Creek.
This creek is tributary to the Schuylkill River upstream from Reading,
Pennsylvania.
2. The Schuylkill River, which flows through southeastern Pennsylvania,
is a major tributary of the Delaware River which it joins at the City of
Philadelphia.
3. The study area consists of six counties (Berks, Bucks, Montgomery,
Chester, Delaware and Philadelphia) lying mostly within the Schuylkill
River Basin.
4. The study area is characterized by rolling hills, below Reading,
which taper off to tidal marshes at the confluence of the Schuylkill with
the Delaware.
5. In 1965, approximately 1.7 million persons lived in the study
area with the population density varying from approximately 200,000 people
in and around Reading to over one million people in the Norristown-
Philadelphia area.
6. The most significant water users in the study area are the people
and industries centered in and around the cities of Reading, Pottstown,
Norristown and Philadelphia. In 1965, the combined peak daily use for
these four urban areas was 487 million gallons per day (MGD).
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7. For 1965, estimates of adequately treated waste pro-
duced within the study area account for discharges of approximately
38,000 pounds of biochemical oxygen demand. Municipal waste from
the urban areas of Reading, Pottstown and Morristown account for
32,000 pounds of this estimate, while the remaining 6,000 pounds
are attributable to industrial wastes.
8. The manufacturing categories primarily responsible for
industrial waste discharges are: Food and Kindred Products, Paper
and Allied Products, Chemicals and Allied Products, Petroleum and
Allied Products, Rubber Products, and Primary Metals.
9. The Schuylkill River is used extensively for industrial and
municipal water supply. All municipal supplies must receive filtra-
tion and chlorination before use.
10. Maintenance of the sport fishery in the Schuylkill River
required frequent restocking by the Pennsylvania Department of
Fisheries.
11. Water quality in the Schuylkill River is marginal.
Observations have revealed dissolved oxygen values less than 4 mg/1,
waste concentrations as high as 8 mg/1 of biochemical oxygen demand,
and concentrations of organic chemicals exceeding recommended limits
of Public Health Service "Drinking Water Standards".
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Conclusions
1. In the year 2020 approximately 2.9 million people will be
using the waters of the Schuylkill Basin for water supply, and
approximately 1.9 million people will be using these waters for the
dilution and assimilation of treated wastes.
2. Projections to the year 2020 indicate that storage will be
necessary to insure 241 MGD for municipal and industrial water sup-
plies in the Norristown region of the study area.
3. During a once-in-50 drought occurrence, a draft on storage*
of approximately 3,200,000 acre feet will be needed by the year
2020, to sustain acceptable water quality in the Schuylkill River.
4. The augmentation capacity of the Schuylkill Basin is not
sufficient to maintain quality control through stream flow regulation.
Therefore, quality control practices such as advanced waste treat-
ment, in addition to stream flow regulation will be necessary.
5. The minimum annual value of municipal and industrial water
supply storage in the Blue Marsh Reservoir is estimated at $370,000.
This value is based on the assumption that a single purpose reservoir
would be the most efficient means of providing the water needed should
* A draft on storage is the sum of the incremental excesses of needed
releases over inflows during a drought period.
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the Federal project not be built. The cost of this single purpose
alternative, therefore, is used as a measure of the minimum value of
the storage provided by the Federal reservoir. Calculation of the
cost is based on amortization over a 100 year period at a Federal
interest rate of 3-1/8 percent. Included in the annual cost are
expenditures for operation and maintenance.
6. The minimum annual value of storage releases, that will
provide a portion of the quality control needed, is estimated at
$321,000. This assumes that storage releases for water supply
purposes, which also produce quality control benefits, will be
provided.
7. The benefits derived from water quality control in the
Schuylkill River above Fairmount Dam will be in the form of:
a) An improved quality in the raw water used for municipal
and industrial water supplies.
b) Increased opportunities for recreational activity.
c) Enhancement of a desirable fish population.
d) Prevention of obnoxious septic and near septic conditions.
d) Improvement in the aesthetic qualities of the River.
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III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Location and Pertinent Data
Blue Marsh Reservoir on Tulpehocken Creek is one of several major
projects in the Corps of Engineers' Delaware River Basin plan authorized
for Federal construction, to conserve and control the waters of the
Delaware River and its tributary streams. The Reservoir will be formed
by an earthfill, rock-covered dam across the valley of Tulpehocken Creek
about 1 % miles upstream from the mouth of Plum Creek and about 6 miles
northwest of Reading, Pa. (See Figure 1). The drainage area above this
site totals 175 square miles. The Dam which will be 1,100 feet long and
90 feet high will provide a total reservoir storage capacity of 50,000
acre feet. Current apportionment of this storage assigns 3,000 a.f. to
sediment deposition, 14,600 a.f. to water supply and recreation, and
32,400 a.f. to flood control.
Streamflow
Since December 1950, the U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a
Streamflow gaging station on Tulpehocken Creek, 3 miles downstream from
the Blue Marsh dam site. The flow record provided by this station shows
average daily streamflows in Tulpehocken Creek to be equal to or greater
than 88 cfs ninety percent of the time, 72 cfs ninety-five percent of the
time, and 60 cfs ninety-eight percent of the time. Average annual flow at
the gaging station is 300 cfs. Assuming Streamflow to be proportional to
drainage area, the average annual flow at the dam site is estimated at 250
cfs. The drainage area serving the U.S.G.S. gage is 211 square miles.
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Water Quality
The water quality of Tulpehocken Creek is generally good with
a few exceptions. Analyses performed by the U. S. Geological Survey
and the Pennsylvania Dept. of Health, presented in Table I show high
nitrate and hardness concentrations (about 10 mg/1 and 175 mg/1
respectively). Additional analyses by the FWPCA have indicated
phosphorus concentration in excess of 0.10 mg/1 and total coliforms
greater than 1000/100 ml.
The primary source of nitrates would appear to be agricultural
and the major source of phosphorus, domestic sewage. Except for
small forested areas most of the Tulpehocken drainage basin is farm
land. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus found is in the
range to support optimum growth of planktonic algae.
The sources of hardness are limestone and dolomite beds which
underlay the headwaters of Tulpehocken Creek. The creek water above
Reading, Pa., is considered as "very hard" according to U. S. Public
Health Service "Drinking Water Standards". Water treatment may be
necessary for industrial use to prevent scale in boilers, water
heaters, and pipes.
Watershed bacterial counts generally exceed Pennsylvania State
Dept. of Health standards for recreational use. The sources are
municipal waste water and agricultural runoff. A study should be
conducted to determine if more effective effluent chlorination of
the sewage treatment plants in the basin, coupled with a reduction
in the bacterial count that occurs with reservoir storage, would
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result in a bacterial density within the recreation standard (1000/lOOml).
Also, a means for control of agricultural pollution should be sought.
Ground waters which recharge the headwaters of Tulpehocken Creek
(Jackson Township, Lebanon County) are now contaminated with arsenic
compounds originating from the property of production of pharmaceuti-
cals by the Whitmoyer Laboratory. The Pennsylvania Dept. of Health
and the Delaware River Basin Commission have approved a permit for
controlled ground water decontamination of the area. Whitmoyer
Laboratories has informed the DRBC that the contamination will be
removed from the ground water and streams to within acceptable limits
before the construction of Blue Marsh Dam.
The Pennsylvania Dept. of Health has sampled the Tulpehocken
Creek near Reading quarterly. Analyses over the past five years show
the dissolved oxygen to be never less than 8 mg/1. The BOD range for
the same period is about 1-5 mg/1.
Water quality in the Schuylkill River is marginal. Those para-
meters which have exceeded limits specified by U. S. Public Health
Service "Drinking Water Standards" or "Water Quality Criteria" for
aquatic life, recreation, municipal or industrial use are: aluminum,
copper, iron, manganese, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, dissolved oxygen,
biochemical oxygen demand, pH, hardness, dissolved solids, coliforms,
ABS, and stream temperature.
Acid mine drainage affects the chemical quality of the main stem
Schuylkill River throughout to the confluence with the Delaware River
(Table 2). However, below Berne alkaline water from tributaries (the
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major ones are Tulpehocken and Maiden Creeks) dilutes and neutralizes
the acidic Schuylkill River. As a result the normal pH range at
Pottstown is 6.5 to 8.0 in contrast to levels below 5 at Berne. The
U. S. Geological Survey, prior to the 1965 water year, has reported
pH values as low as 3.8 at Pottstown, Pa. A concerted mine drainage
abatement program is needed to alleviate the acid condition in the
Schuylkill River. Residual hardness and sulfates, comprising most of
the dissolved solids concentration, affect water use throughout the
length of the Schuylkill River.
The effect of dilution from tributary water is reflected in a
reduction of dissolved-solids content. The dissolved-solids content
exceeded 400 mg/1 at Berne, Pa., 250 mg/1 at Pottstown, and 210 mg/1
at Philadelphia, Pa., less than 50% of the time. Please note that
average dissolved-solids concentrations, shown in Table 2, are higher
than these values because the 1965 water year flows are lower than
average.
Dissolved oxygen problems occur in the vicinity of metropolitan
areas, particularly near Reading, Pottstown, and Norristown. Pennsyl-
vania Dept. of Health analyses reveal summer dissolved oxygen lows
of about 7.0 mg/1 near Reading, 5.0 mg/1 near Pottstown, and 4.0 mg/1
near Norristown. The BOD concentration ranges are Reading 1-9 mg/1,
Pottstown 1-7 mg/1, and Norristown 2-8 mg/1.
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TABLE I
WATER QUALITY - TULPEHOCKEN CREEK (NEAR READING)
(Concentrations in mg/1 Except Where Noted)
Constituent
Mean Discharge
Dissolved Solids
Hardness
Alkalinity
Iron
Manganese
Sulfate
Chloride
Fluoride
Nitrate
pH (4)
Color
Conductivity
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD
U.S.G.S.Analysis*
Oct. 63 - July 65
Pa. Dept. of Health**
1962 - 1967
Average
Range
Average
Range
109 cfs 53-375 cfs
215.2 174-251
174.4 136-199
169.8 124-196
0.00
(2) (2)
29.7 27- 33
12.3 8.6- 18
0.05 0.00-0.10
9.6 7.8-12.0
7.6 7.1-8.2
4 2-9
no analysis performed
no record made
no analysis performed
no analysis performed
186.0 cfs
250.7
154.0
123.4
0.3
(3)
41.1
12.7
36 - 689
180 - 308
40 - 208
75 - 150
0.1 - 1.0
(3)
19 - 185
7-18
cfs
CD
no analysis performed
no analysis performed
7.8 6.4 - 8.9
17.5 5-45
331.7 300 - 380 micromhos
12.7°C 1 - 24.4°C
11.3 8.2 - 14.4
2.9 1.2 - 4.9
* Seven sample average
** Twenty-two sample average
(1) Second lowest value - 120
(2) Two samples contained 0.01 mg/1
(3) One sample contained 0.1 mg/1
(4) Laboratdry determinations
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to
I
TABLE 2
WATER QUALITY - SCHUYLKILL RIVER
(Concentrations in mg/1 Except Where Noted)
Constituent
Mean Discharge
Dissolved Solids
Hardness
Alkalinity
Aluminum
Copper*
Iron
Manganese
Sulfate
Chloride
Fluoride
Nitrate
ABS*
PH
Color
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen*
BOD*
Berne, Pa.
Average Range
443 cfs
460
277
0.5
1.3
0.06
0.01
3.6
294
10.3
0.1
8.8
0.04
4.3
4
55°F
10.1
1.9
79-1860 cfs
193-824
109-499
0-2
0.4-4.2
0.00-0.36
0.00-0.02
1.4-7.2
115-552
6.5-16
0.0-0.2
3.9-14
0.00-0.15
3.8-4.7
2-5
32-88 F
8.4-13.4
0.4-5.6
Pottstown, Pa.
Average Range
638 cfs
334
182
74
0.06
0.02
0.00
125
42
0.2
16
0.22
7.3
11
9.2
2.7
407-868 cfs
217-452
129-235
51-96
0.00-0.28
0.00-0.03
75-176
19-66
0.2-0.3
12-21
0.05-0.55
6.8-7.8
10-13
5.0-14.2
0.9-5.9
Philadelphia, Pa.
Average Range
1310 cfs
299
170
76
0.05
0.01
0.08
112
29
0.3
11
0.22
7.1
7
62°F
8.6
3.4
95-5400 cfs
207-474
120-278
40-110
0.00-0.22
0.00-0.02
0.00-0.36
64-213
18-48
0.2-0.6
6.9-16
0.00-0.62
6.8-7.8
3-12
36-84°F
4.0-14.0
1.6-7.6
*Pennsylvania Dept. of Health Samples 1962-1967, 20 samples.
All other parameters U. S. Geological Survey October 1964-September 1965
Monthly samples for Berne and Philadelphia. Pottstown, biannual
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IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
Location and Boundaries
The study area, which is in southeastern Pennsylvania, con-
sists of four sub-areas or regions that might feasibly require
and subsequently use the Blue Marsh Reservoir to satisfy immediate
and future water supply needs. These sub-areas center around the
cities of Reading, Pottstown, Norristown and Philadelphia (see
Figure 1). With the exception of a portion of the Norristown sub-
area, all are within the Schuylkill River drainage basin. Only
the communities served by the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company
are outside the basin.
An additional sub-area requires special reference. The
Chester sub-area, comprised of the communities served by the Chester
Water Authority, is immediately adjacent to the most southeasterly
portion of the Norristown sub-area, and was considered in detail
in the "Tocks Island Reservoir, Water Quality Control Study". '
Tulpehocken Creek, on which the Blue Marsh Project is located,
joins the Schuylkill River at the City of Reading. The Schuylkill
then flows through all of the sub-areas, except Chester, for
approximately 70 miles and unites with the Delaware Estuary at the
City of Philadelphia. It is the Schuylkill River which is the
object of water quality control consideration in this study. The
Delaware Estuary and the lower few miles of the Schuylkill below
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Fairmount Dam are the object of the FWPCA Delaware Estuary Compre-
hensive Study and, therefore, are not included in the detailed work
of this Blue Marsh Study.
The preceding sub-areas constitute the entire study area for
the Blue Marsh Project and are situated totally within the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania. The counties involved are Berks, Bucks,
Montgomery, Chester, Delaware, and Philadelphia.
Topography and Geography
The study area is characterized by rolling hills in the
vicinity of Reading, which taper off to tidal marsh lands at the
confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers. The Schuylkill
River is the study area's principal waterway, and along its banks
are located the most densely populated urban areas. The River is
not commercially navigable but its six dams and pools create con-
ditions suitable for pleasure boats and recreation. Principal
tributaries to the Schuylkill are Maiden Creek and Tulpehocken Creek
just above Reading; Manatawney Creek at Pottstown; French Creek,
Perkiomen Creek and Pickering Creek just above Norristown and
Wissahickon Creek just above Philadelphia. Beyond the urban
and suburban communities that line the River, there is still much
open land well adapted to agriculture and intensely farmed.
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Climate
The average annual temperature of 50°F. and mean annual precipitation
of 44 inches are characteristic of the study area's continental climate.
Temperatures range from a summer average of 71°F. to a winter average of
30°F. and the rainfall which produces an average annual runoff of 21 inches,
occurs rather uniformly throughout the year. This pattern of rainfall is
ideal for agriculture.
Principal Communities and Industries
The study area has been segmented into four metropolitan sub-areas
containing many smaller communities but focusing on one larger center
community. These four sub-areas center around the cities of Reading,
Pottstown, Norristown, and Philadelphia. There is significant industrial
development in each of these sub-areas and the industries most directly
connected with water uses and waste discharges fall under six general
categories. These categories are Chemicals, Paper, Petroleum, Primary Metals,
Food and Rubber.
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V. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
Quantity of Water Available
Sufficient streamflows in the Schuylkill River have been reported
for a number of years and have thus made possible a statistical analysis
of the record for each of 3 gaging stations. The stations, maintained
by the U. S. Geological Survey, are located at Philadelphia, Pottstown
and Berne, thereby supplying flow data for the entire length of the
Schuylkill under study. The statistical characteristics of the low
flows at these stations are presented in Table 3. Since runoff is
not substantially controlled in the Schuylkill, the flow records of
the Berne and Pottstown gages and their associated statistical
parameters closely reflect natural streamflow conditions. The flow
record for the Philadelphia gage was adjusted to natural conditions
by adding to it the upstream water supply diversions made by the city
of Philadelphia. The importance of base flow is demonstrated by the
data in Table 3, which show that in the Schuylkill River, there is
little difference between a 1 in 20 drought and a 1 in 50 drought.
The extent of the flow data provided made it possible to reliably
interpolate between U.S.G.S. gages to get the flow characteristics at
Norristown and Reading. Thus, substantial streamflow information became
available for each of the sub-areas in the study area.
Ground water is widely used in the study area but yields from wells
change significantly from one locality to the other because of the
structural variety in underlying geological formations. Most public
supplies using ground water are small, serving a few thousand persons
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TABLE 3
Low Flow Statistics - SchuylMll River Basin
Location of
Streamflow Gage
Schuylkill R.
at Philadelphia
Schuylkill R.
at Fottstown
Schuylkill R.
at Berne
Number of Consecutive
Days of Low Flow
7
30
60
120
7
30
60
120
7
30
60
120
Streamflow at Various
Recurrence Intervals (CFS)
1 in 10
320
360
U30
51*0
250
280
320
380
70
80
100
120
1 in 20
300
330
380
1*60
220
250
280
320
55
65
80
90
1 in 50
290
320
360
U20
210
220
250
270
1*0
50
60
70
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or less. One of the few larger supplies using ground water, serves
approximately 13,000 persons from 8 wells having a combined dependable
yield of 1.2 MGD or 104 gpm per well. It has been reported that in
Berks County, "the (underlying) rocks have been so altered in texture,
or folded or faulted to expose the beveled edge of the strata at land
surface, that the characteristics of the rocks are seldom uniform
throughout any large area. Thus, ground water does not occur uniformly.
(2)
Average yields are in the order of 40 to 50 gpm." Large quantities of
ground water may be present in the study area, but generally, their
location is uncertain and their occurrence sporadic. High yield wells
do exist but on the average, yields tend to vary between 30 and 100 gpm.
By flanking the Schuylkill basin, the Lehigh and Susquehanna Rivers
present the possibility of diverting water from either into the study area.
The average annual discharge of the Lehigh River at Bethlehem and the
Susquehanna River at Harrisburg are 2,236 c.f.s. and 33,870 c.f.s.,
respectively, as published in "1966 Water Resources Data for Pennsylvania,
Part 1, Surface Water Records" by the U. S. Geological Survey. The mini-
mum flows are given as 125 c.f.s. and 1,700 c.f.s., respectively.
Quality of Water Available
The uses of a river can be a good measure of its immediate and
potential water quality, and the Schuylkill River is extensively used.
It touches the public through large water supply systems. It becomes
part and parcel of many industrial processes and its watercourse is
home to fish. However, this picture of health is not entirely
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accurate. The river receives the waste of its surrounding society
and this unpretentious use reduces the wholesomeness implied
by the river's more prominent uses. Prior to public distribution, the
river waters are disinfected through pre-and post chlorination; hardness
and suspended matter are removed through coagulation, sedimentation and
filtration; and tastes and odors in the water require further treatment.
Industrial processes necessitate more specialized treatment of the water
and maintenance of the fish population must be supported through restocking
by the State.
The Schuylkill is recovering from past injustices. Most wastes
within the study area are now receiving secondary treatment or its
equivalent; and accumulations of coal culm originating from the mining
activities in the headwaters of the basin have been removed and
are being adequately controlled by upstream de-silting dams. While the
Schuylkill is no longer a dirty stream, it is still not a clean stream.
With flows on the order of 300 cfs, as measured at Pottstown, the Schuylkill
has exhibited dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4.0 mg/1. Low flows
have also seen concentrations of organic chemicals beyond the recommended
limit of 0.2 mg/1 CCE*^3^. Algae have flourished and calculations show
that the residuals from adequately treated waste discharges still result
in high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand. With streamflows
between 200 and 300 cfs, BOD's range from 7 to 12 mg/1.
*Carbon Chloroform Extractables
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Although widely variable, ground water quality in the Schuylkill
River Basin is generally acceptable for municipal and industrial uses.
The ground water hardness ranges from soft to very hard; in some areas
the water contains dissolved solids in concentrations up to 400 mg/1,
while in others it contains less than 100 mg/1; and a few wells have
produced water containing excessive amounts of iron in solution. These
conditions are of natural origin, since the ground water is relatively
free from man-made pollution. In general, the study area's ground water
can be qualitatively characterized as good and, where necessary,
objectionable chemical constituents can be removed through treatment.
The Lehigh and Susquehanna Rivers are adjacent to the Schuylkill
and therefore becomes possible alternative sources of supply for the
study area. At present, the water quality of the Lehigh above Allentown
is suitable for municipal and industrial purposes, but downstream, the
River receiving the waste discharges of Allentown and Bethlehem, becomes
degraded. Although these wastes are adequately treated prior to discharge,
the Lehigh River below the Allentown-Bethlehem complex will be in need
of low flow augmentation by the year 1970. By the year 2010 an annual
draft on storage of approximately 110,000 acre-feet will be necessary
to maintain desirable quality.
Water quality in the upper Susquehanna River adjacent to the study
area is poor. It receives raw sewage and is further degraded by abundant
amounts of mine drainage. As the river approaches Harrisburg, quality
improves but remains marginal. After receiving that city's treated wastes,
quality again declines and does not recover for some miles downstream.
-20-
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VI. THE ECONOMY
Introduction
Effective planning for water resources development requires an
economic base from which to evaluate and project the various needs
for water. In this study the concern is for municipal and industrial
water needs and for instream water quality control. Population and
index of production, both projected to the year 2020, are the economic
characteristics used to anticipate water supply withdrawals and sub-
sequent waste dishcarges that alter stream quality.
The Delaware River Basin Commission, which has the authority and
the responsibility to approve all water resource developments in the
Delaware River Basin, provided the economic analysis of population and
industrial growth for this study. The basic method used was extrapola-
tion of past trends with consideration given to special circumstances
such as saturation of an area or foreknowledge of new plant construction.
Since this report is intended to focus on the water and not the
economy of the study area, only economic information immediately relevant
to defining water needs is presented in the following paragraphs. Although
inter-related with the economic forces that create water needs, other
aspects of the study areas' economy are not presented.
Present
Water needs in the study area are associated primarily with the popula-
tion and manufacturing industries. In 1965, the study area population
was apportioned among its regional sub-areas as follows:
-21-
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Reading sub-area 217,000 persons
Pottstown sub-area 218,000 persons
Norristown sub-area 834,000 persons
Philadelphia sub-area 385,000 persons
The total study area populations was 1,654,000 persons. The central
city in each sub-area, after which it was named, contained the following
number of persons; Reading 97,000, Pottstown 28,000, Norristown 39,000 and
Philadelphia 385,000.*
The industrial categories in each sub-area which either use large
quantities of water or produce substantial amounts of waste are listed
in Table 4. The connection between industry and water was established
through a 1965 inventory of industrial withdrawals and discharges in the
Schuylkill Basin. The inventory compiled by the Delaware River Basin
Commission is very complete accounting for at least 95 percent of
manufacturing industry self-supplied withdrawals.
Future
Population in the study area is expected to grow from 1,740,000 in 1970
to 2,940,000 in 2020. This projection was made within the context of census
historical population trends and projections for the United States, the
Northeast Region of the United States, and the four Delaware River Basin
States. Sub-area population projections for each 10-year increment from
1970 to 2020 are presented in Table 5.
* Total 1965 population of Philadelphia estimated at 2,040,000 persons,
Portion within study area estimated at 385,000 persons.
-22-
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The growth of water related manufacturing is indicated in Table &»
which lists the projected index of production for each industrial category.
Industrial employment characteristics in the Schuylkill Basin as well as
national trends in production were considered in preparing these projections.
The projections are equally applicable to any of the sub-areas because the
entire study area is considered neither large enough nor of such a geograph-
ical orientation as to present significant differences in either the type
of workers employed or manufacturing processes used by similar industries
located in different sub-areas.
-23-
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TABLE 4
WATER RELATED INDUSTRIES
Sub -area
Reading
Potts town
Nor r is town
Manufacturing Category
Food
Paper
Chemicals
Petroleum
Primary Metals
Food
Paper
Chemicals
Petroleum
Rubber
Primary Metals
Food
Paper
Chemicals
Rubber
Primary Metals
Number of Plants
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
6
3
2
Philadelphia
Industries in the Philadelphia sub-area are not
included here since they withdraw water from and
discharge waste to those waters under study by the
Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study.
-24-
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TABLE 5
Blue Marsh Study Area - Population
Sub-Area
1970
Population Projections
1980 1990 2000
2010
2020
Reading
Pottstown
Norristown
Philadelphia
229,000
241,000
883,000
390,000
250,000
287,000
1,015,000
392,000
272,000
334,000
1,151,000
39^,000
237,000
390,000
1,296,000
396,000
325,000
453,000
1,491,000
398,000
355,000
527,000
1,660,000
400,000
TOTAL
1,743,000 1,944,000 2,151,000 2,319,000 2,667,000 2,942,000
-25-
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TABLE 6
Projected Production of Water Related Industries
Manufacturing Category Index of Production (1960 = 100)
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Food and Kindred Products
Paper and Allied Products
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum and Coal Products
Rubber Products
Primary Metals
116
125
161
131
1*5
136
152
165
232
171
195
175
191
209
3^0
228
254
230
234
260
500
316
34o
310
276
302
fiU
*U2
^50
388
315
328
750
515
600
465
-26-
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VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
Present Water Use
Water is presently withdrawn and used to support the municipal
and industrial activities of the study area in the quantities listed
in Table 7. It is also noticeable from this table that industrial
water use increases as the sub-areas get closer to Philadelphia.
Most of the current population of 1.7 million persons receive
their water from public or municipal supplies that rely substantially
on surface water as a source. To a minor degree, many subdivisions
and people in rural areas find that private low yield wells are
sufficient. These supplies, first and foremost, serve the personal
needs of the population by supplying them with water for drinking,
cooking, cleaning, and watering their lawns, etc. In addition, the
municipal supplies provide most commercial establishments and many
small industrial plants with the water they need for their various
processes and cleaning jobs.
The large industrial plants usually find it more economical to
supply their own water. Most of the process water used by the plants,
tabulated in Table 4, in the "Economics Chapter," comes from their own
supplies. Cooling water,also being a requirement for some but not all
of these industries, is self supplied. The Primary Metals industry
in the Norristown sub-area is currently the largest user of cooling
water.
-27-
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TABLE 7
PRESENT WATER USE
Sub -Are a
Reading
Potts town
Norristown
1965 Population
Served
217,000
218,000
834,000
Municipal Water
Average Day
35
30
74
Use-mgd
Peak Day
53
45
111
Philadelphia
385,000
1.
198
2.
258
2.
Industrial Water Use-mgd
Self Supplied
0.6
1.3
17.9
N.A.
3.
Totals
1,654,000
337
467
19.8
1. This is just that portion of the Philadelphia population living within
the study area.
2. Average day use represents amount of Schuylkill water used in the water
system for the entire City of Philadelphia. Peak day use is the legal
allotment of Schuylkill water given to Philadelphia by Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania.
3. N.A. - not applicable. Philadelphia industries withdraw and return their
water entirely within the DECS study area.
-28-
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Total peak day water use in the study area is 487 mgd. The
Philadelphia Suburban Water Company contributes 47 mgd of this from
ground water sources and from surface sources outside the Schuylkill
Basin. It is estimated that the City of Philadelphia diverts 148 mgd
of this total for water supply use in that portion of the city outside
the study area.
According to estimates made in preparing the "locks Island Water
Quality Control Study", the Chester sub-area during 1965 had an average
daily water usage of 27 mgd and a peak daily water usage of 40 mgd.
This water was supplied entirely by the Chester Municipal Authority for
domestic, commercial, and industrial purposes. Since the analysis of
the Chester sub-area was presented in detail in the "Tocks Island
Study", only this summary of the sub-area's water use is offered here.
Existing Sources of Water - Surface and Ground
The Blue Marsh study area was divided into a few large sub-
areas so that water supply needs could be considered on a regional
basis rather than community by community. This approach was chosen
because greater reliance can be placed on economic projections for
large sub-areas than for each of the more than 150 communities dis-
persed throughout the study area. A practical framework for this
regional analysis is presented in Table 8 which directs attention toward
the larger water supplies in each sub-area. From this table, it is
apparent that each sub-area depends heavily on surface water as the
source of its supply and that the yields developed by existing structures
-29-
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TABLE 8
o
I
Sub Area
Reading
Pottstown
Norristown
Philadelphia
Chester
% of Sub Area
Population Served
Water System 1965
Reading Municipal System £0$
Pottstown Municipal System 15$ )
Royersford, Home Water Co. 5$ ) 27$
Phoenixville Municipal 7% )
System
Norristown Water Co. 9$ ) y$%
Philadelphia Suburban 86$ )
Water Co.
Philadelphia 100$
Municipal System
Chester Municipal 100$
* i_i • j
Source
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Ground . .
Surface^3'
Surface
Surface
River
Basin
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Small basins
adjacent to
Schuylkill
12 Wells
Susquehanna
Schuylkill
Susquehanna
(1)
Yield Developed
U2
N.A.<2>
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
29.5
30.0
13.0
Ji.O
N.A.
70
(l) Refers to yield available either from constructed water
(2) N.A. - not applicable. Water system uses neither water
(3) Purchased from the Chester Municipal Authority.
supply reservoirs or wells.
supply reservoirs nor wells.
-------
do not provide much of a margin for growth in the sub-areas of
Reading and Norristown. During the drought which had prevailed
upon this section of the country for the period 1961 - 1966,
stream flows have been just large enough to enable the study area
water suppliers to meet demands for water without resorting to
emergency measures. However, the combined yield from reservoir
structures and from low stream flows has approached water supply
demands closely enough to require constant surveillance in
anticipation of an emergency.
The varying amounts of municipal and industrial waste which
are discharged to most surface waters in the study area have resulted
in many water supplies being filtered and treated for taste and
odor control. This includes the supplies listed in Table 8, except
the Chester Municipal Authority which does not have taste and odor
problems. Quality in the Schuylkill River, the largest source of
water in each of the sub-areas, except Chester, can be improved
through stream flow regulation in combination with additional quality
control methods such as advanced waste treatment. In fact, if these
quality control practices are not instituted, the present marginal
quality of the Schuylkill, as described in Chapter V "Water Resources
of the Study Area", will deteriorate despite adequate treatment of
wastes.
-31-
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Future Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements
The present pattern of per capita water use, shown by Table 9,
was established through a sampling of water use data for the more
populated and established communities of each sub-area. This pattern
served as the datum for projecting the municipal requirements of the
future, since it is assumed that the characteristics of the expanding
population will be similar to those of presently established com-
munities. In accordance with national and regional trends, only
small increases in per capita water use are expected to occur in
these established areas. Therefore, the use rates shown in Table 9
were increased by just a few gallons over the length of the study
period. Although these rate increases are small, less than 20 gpd
per capita over 50 years, they are slightly different for each sub-area.
The municipal water demands for each decade between 1970
and 2020 are presented in Table 10. The average daily demands pre-
sented are based on population projections and per capita use rates,
while peak daily demands are estimated at 150% of the average daily
figures.
The average and peak municipal demands of the Chester sub-area
as calculated from the Tocks Island study, are:
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
29 5 43 36 6 54 50 § 75 61 fi 91 74 5 111 88 f, 132
(The units used are mgd)
-32-
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TABLE 9
Average Daily Per Capita Water Use. - ]965
g£d
Sub-Area Water !Jse.
Reading 161
Pottstown 136
Norristown 89
Philadelphia 186
-33-
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TABLE 10
Future Municipal Water Demand^
Average Dally Demand - Peak Dally Demand
mgd
Sub-Area
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Reading 37 56 41 62 46 69 51 77 56 84 62 93
Pottstown 33 50 41 62 48 72 57 86 68 102 81 121
Norristowri 79 119 92 138 106 159 121 181 140 210 156 234
Philadelphia 198 258 198 258 198 258 198 258 198 258 198 258
-34-
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It is significant to recall at this point that 47 mgd of the
Norristown demand will be yielded by sources presently developed
outside the surface resources of the Schuylkill Basin. These are
sources used by the Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. Therefore,
in using Table 10 to anticipate the demand that might be placed
on the surface waters of the Schuylkill Basin, one should first
subtract 47 mgd from the values listed for the Norristown sub-area.
A word of explanation is necessary about the Philadelphia sub-
area. The average and peak day demands of 198 and 258 mgd are more
than twice the projected needs of the Philadelphia population within
the sub-area. However the excess will be diverted out of the sub-
area to serve other portions of the City's population. The demands
which are shown constant throughout the study period, represent the
average and peak rate capacities of the Philadelphia water plants
drawing from the Schuylkill. The peak rate of 258 mgd is also the
entitlement of Schuylkill water given to the city of Philadelphia
by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Therefore, since the city of
Philadelphia has the capability, the authority, and the need to with-
draw water from the Schuylkill River, it is reasonable to assume that
they will withdraw at the rates shown in Table 10. It is further
reasonable to assume that these rates will not increase but remain
constant. According to representatives from the City Water Commissioner's
Office, increasing demands of the population outside the sub-area
-35-
-------
will be met by the City's Torresdale water plant. This plant draws
from the relatively unlimited supply of the Delaware River.
The present pattern of industrial water use, as presented in
Appendix A, was constructed by the Delaware River Basin Commission
from their industrial water use inventory collected in 1965. This
pattern served as the datum for projecting the industrial require-
ments of the future, under the assumption that water use per unit of
product will remain essentially the same as time goes on. The future
water requirements of industry, as shown in Table 11, are the result
of multiplying present water use by the appropriate index of pro-
duction. Projections of this index for the manufacturing categories
involved have been presented in Table 6, in the Economic Chapter.
The projections of industrial water use include cooling as well
as process needs. However, the cooling need was included on the basis
of the amount of make-up water needed to replace that lost through
evaporation, and not on the amount of water actually passed through
the industrial heat exchangers. Industry would need so much water to
pass through their exchangers that it became obvious large reservoir
releases would become necessary to meet the need. For example, in the
Morristown sub-area the need for water passing through heat exchangers
is estimated to grow from 115 mgd in 1970 to 390 mgd in 2020. Instead
of paying for storage in Federal reservoirs it seems reasonable to assume
that industry would recirculate the needed amounts through cooling towers,
In any case, cooling towers will have to be built if stream temperatures
-36-
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TABLE 11
Future Self-Supplied Industrial Water Demands - m§
Sub-Area
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Reading
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.8
Pottstown
1.5
2.1
2.8
3.8
4.9
6.5
Norristown
21.7
29.3
41.8
59.4
74.2
89.9
Philadelphia
Self-supplied industrial demands in the Philadelphia
sub-area are not included here since they withdraw water
from those waters under study by the Delaware Rstuary
Comprehensive Study.
-37-
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o
are to be kept within the limit of 93 F, as prescribed in Pennsylvania.
Using this rationale, make-up water became the only need associated
with cooling uses.
If the water supplies of each sub-area consolidate to become
regional rather than local in scope, the most likely source of their
supply will be the Schuylkill River. Therefore, the pattern of stream
flow in the Schuylkill was matched against the regional demands of
each sub-area to determine the capability of the River to meet the
water needs of the future. The conclusion of this analysis is that
the Schuylkill River will have sufficient flow to meet the average
daily municipal needs and industrial needs of each sub-area, throughout
the study period. However, by the year 2000 stream flows will not be
sufficient to meet both the peak daily municipal demand and the industrial
needs of the Morristown sub-area. Also, stream flows are not currently
sufficient to insure the municipal allotment of 258 mgd granted to the
city of Philadelphia by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. This
insufficiency is due primarily to two causes: first, drought flows are
not capable of yielding 258 mgd and second, the lower yield that could
be provided by drought flows is reduced further by diversion of
Schuylkill water out of the basin. The Philadelphia Suburban Water Co.,
in the Norristown sub-area,is the source of this diversion and if the
population served by this company is to continue its growth, the amount
of the diversion will increase as follows:
-38-
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Diversion From The Schuylkill Basin - mgd
Average and Peak Day Values
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
5 S 7 9 § 14 13 6 20 17 § 26 23 § 35 29 5 43
The preceding assumes, of course, that the Philadelphia Suburban
Water Co. will continue to use the Schuylkill River as the main
source of its supply.
The low flow characteristics of a 1 in 50 drought occurrence
were used in this study to determine the capability of the Schuylkill
River to meet future municipal and industrial water needs.
-39-
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VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
Municipal and Industrial Pollution
Pollution from organic waste is presently the most significant
and obvious cause of quality degradation in the Schuylkill River
downstream from the proposed project, and projections of both popula-
tion and industrial production indicate that organic wastes will
continue to be the dominant factor necessitating water quality control.
One measure of organic wastes is their potential to deplete the
oxygen content of water. Therefore, Table 12 shows both the present
and projected organic waste discharges in terms of biochemical oxygen
demand. This table lists the amount of waste discharged directly to
the stream, assuming that at least 85 percent of the total waste
produced will have been removed through various treatment processes.
The population projections of Table 5, presented in Chapter V -
The Economy, were used to estimate the quantities of municipal waste
discharges. However, the projections for the Norristown sub-area
had to be adjusted to exclude from the calculations, that portion of
the population not returning its waste to the Schuylkill basin. As
a result, the population projections used for the Norristown sub-area
are:
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
435.000 509,000 593,000 692,000 813,000 955,000
The factor of 0.25 Ibs. per capita per day,ultimate BOD was used to
relate population with waste production.
-40-
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TABLE 12
Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges
Ibs. of BOD
Sub-Area
1965
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Municipal
Reading
Pottstown
Norristown
8,100 8,600
8,200 9,000
15,100 16,400
9,400
10,700
19,100
Industrial
Reading
Pottstown
Norristown
2,300 2,900
1,700 2,000
2,400 2,900
4,000
2,700
4,000
Discharges
10,400 11,100 12,200
12,500 14,600 17,000
22,200 26,000 30,400
Discharges
5,900 8,500 10,500
3,700 5,100 6,200
5,600 7,800 9,600
13,300
19,800
35,800
12,700
7,400
11,900
-41-
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Industrial wastes were estimated using the inventory of surface
water discharges collected by the Delaware River Basin Commission
(refer to Appendix B). The information it provides on the volume of
waste discharges and the type of manufacturing involved enabled
estimates to be made of the character and concentrations of the dis-
charges. These estimates are presented in Table 12.
Wastes from the Philadelphia sub-area were not considered
because these discharges either go directly to the Delaware River
or to the estuarine portion of the Schuylkill River, both of which
arc outside the study area of this report. The Chester sub-area was
also excluded for the same reason.
The characteristics of the larger municipal discharges in each
sub-area are presented in Table 13.
Water Quality Objectives
The objectives of water quality control are to preserve and
promote the reasonable and legitimate uses of water in accomplishing
ends dependent upon certain quality requirements. This refers to
both present and anticipated uses of water in the stream and on the
land. It is well to note that water quality is an important con-
sideration in safeguarding public health and in securing economic
benefits.
The water quality objectives used in this study apply to uses
of the Schuylkill waters as a source of municipal water supply, the
enhancement of aquatic life, aesthetic appeal, and for prospective
recreation. To properly insure the waters of the river for these
-42-
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TABLE 13
Larger Municipal Waste Discharges in the Blue Marsh Study Area
Sub-Area
Pottstown
Norristown
Community
Population Served
Type of Treatment
Reading
Reading
Joint Municipal
120,000
39,000
Secondary
Secondary
Authority of
Wyomissing Valley
Pottstown
Royersford
Phoenixville
Norristown
Conshohocken
35,000
U,000
15,000
60,000
13,000
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
-43-
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widespread public uses, the dominance of organic waste will have to
be removed. Therefore, either natural or regulated stream flows
should contain at least 5 milligrams per liter of dissolved oxygen and
no greater than 6 milligrams per liter of biochemical oxygen demand.*
These goals were used to determine whether or not storage releases
will be necessary to secure quality control in the Schuylkill River.
Flow Regulation
Analyses of presently available data indicate various zones of
quality degradation along the Schuylkill from Reading to Philadelphia.
•
As population and industrialization grow, further degradation of water
quality is expected in spite of currently defined levels of adequate
waste treatment. To prevent this and to insure the water quality
objectives, it will be necessary to maintain the flows indicated in
Table 14 or provide some other combination of quality control measures.
To provide these flows during a once-in-50 drought, the natural
streamflow would have to be supplemented with the annual drafts on
storage also indicated in Table 14. If quality control is not pro-
vided, severely degraded quality will occur throughout the length of
Schuylkill. For example, during the year 2020, water quality in the
*Water Quality Criteria", 2nd Edition, edited by McKee 5 Wolf
indicates a good source of water supply as having a raw water quality
not in excess of 4.0 mg/1 of 5-day BOO. This criteria was used
assuming 4 mg/1 of 5-day BOD as equivalent to 6 mg/1 of ultimate BOD.
-44-
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TABLE 14
Streamflow Required To Maintain Quality Control - CFS
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1970
980
920
860
780
700
620
580
610
620
730
820
900
1980
1140
1140
1050
960
880
800
770
770
800
920
1000
1100
Annual Draft on
To
Year
1990
1650
1650
1450
1300
1200
1100
1050
1050
1100
1280
1390
1500
Storage
2000
2100
2100
2030
1870
1670
1500
1450
1450
1500
1760
1920
2030
Required
2010
2450
2400
2330
2180
2000
1830
1800
1800
1880
2100
2230
2350
2020
2820
2760
2720
2590
2380
2250
2250
2250
2330
2520
2660
2760
Maintain Quality Control
Acre -
Feet
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
53,000 130,000 243,000 1,076,000 1,794,000 3,172,000
-45-
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pools below Norristown would approach septic conditions during a
drought having a once-in-50 occurrence. Droughts of lesser occur-
rence, of course, would not result in such severe quality degrada-
tions. However, the statistics show little difference between the
low flows occurring on a once-in-20 interval and those occurring
on a once-in-50 year interval.
It should be noted that the drafts on storage for quality
control are for amounts over and above the drafts needed to insure
the quantity of flow necessary for water supply.
As a final point toward obtaining the optimum water quality
necessary for maximum realization of benefits, it is recommended
that a means of destratification be included in the reservoir. The
recommendation is prompted by the likely occurrence of vertical
gradations in the quality of the impounded waters due to thermal
stratification. Under such conditions, the epilimnion of the impound-
ment remains aerobic because of wind mixing and contact with the
atmosphere, while the water in the hypolimnion is trapped below the
thermocline and is prevented from undergoing atmospheric reaeration.
Subsequently the original dissolved oxygen content may be reduced.
Then, if anaerobic conditions develop, other detrimental reactions take
place. For example, iron, manganese and color may go into solution,
and the pH may decline. A lower pH in Tulpehocken Creek would result
in a reduction of neutralizing power. The effect on the Schuylkill
River would be that the low quality of water due to acid mine drainage
would travel further downstream before being neutralized.
-46-
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Storage releases of low quality could reduce the potential
benefit of the downstream waters, in addition to causing harmful
effects. Consideration for a means of destratification such as
mechanical mixing, aeration or a multiple level outlet to insure
optimum quality of the releases is advisable.
-47-
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IX. BENEFITS
It is the conclusion of this study that there are current and
future water supply needs and water quality control needs in the
Schuylkill Basin that can be met with storage releases from the pro-
posed project. The least cost alternative method of getting this
supplemental water in absence of the proposed project is taken as
a minimum measure of the value of these storage releases. Since the
alternative methods considered could provide water for supply purposes
as well as for quality control, the feasibility of these alternatives
will be discussed prior to evaluating and describing benefits
associated individually with either water supply or quality control.
Tliree alternative methods were considered; importation of water
from adjacent river basins, use of groundwater, and storage of water
in a single purpose reservoir. The basins adjacent to the Schuylki-11
are the Lehigh Basin and the Susquehanna Basin. Since the Lehigh River
will itself be in need of flow regulation for quality control by the
year 1970, it seems inadvisable that water be diverted from this basin
to serve similar purposes in another basin. Diverting water from the
upper reaches of the Susquehanna also seems inadvisable, because of
the poor quality conditions in the river. It cannot be said with
acceptable certainty when the pollution of the Susquehanna will be
reduced, particularly that caused by mine drainage. Therefore, the
wisdom of expending funds to install a pipeline and pumping stations
in over 20 miles of mountainous terrain is considered doubtful. In the
-48-
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lower portion of the Susquehanna Basin where water quality is better,
there is a current legal question over diversion rights. Concern over
diversion from the Susquehanna, which is an interstate body of water,
has been expressed by the city of Baltimore, Maryland. The Chester
Municipal Authority has been granted an increase in their present
diversion from the Susquehanna Basin, by the Pennsylvania Board of
Water and Power Resources, and the city of Baltimore feels that this
might be an unsound principle inasmuch as further interstate diversion
could ensue. This further diversion would become a reality if the
Susquehanna were proposed as an alternative source of water for the
Schuylkill Basin. Therefore, the problem with quality conditions
in certain portions of the Susquehanna in addition to possible legal
complications led to the decision to reject importation from the
Susquehanna Basin as a practical alternative.
Since the potential for locating high yield wells is uncertain
and the yields available from most other wells would vary between 30
and 110 gpm, it was decided that the use of ground water could not be
a reasonable alternative toward meeting the large regional water demands
of the study area.
There are no apparent reasons why single purpose reservoirs could
not assist in meeting the water supply and quality control needs of the
study area. The Corps of Engineers has already determined that there
are reservoir sites available on Tulpehocken and Maiden Creeks. There-
fore, the use of single purpose reservoirs was chosen as the alternative
method of providing the needed water in lieu of the proposed projects.
-49-
-------
However, the augmentation capacity of the Schuylkill basin is not
sufficient to provide all of the draft on storage necessary for quality
control, shown in Table 14. Therefore, additional quality control
practices must be instituted, most probably advanced waste treatment.
Research on methods of advanced waste treatment is already well
under way, so the outlook is optimistic that practical applications
of these methods will be developed in time to assist streamflow
regulation practices in controlling the problems of water pol-
lution. Exportation of the wastes for discharge to adjacent basins
cannot be recommended since such a practice would only compound the
pollution problems already inherent in these waters.
Water Supply - Municipal and Industrial
At present, flow augmentation would be necessary during a 1 in 50
drought occurrence, to provide the city of Philadelphia with that portion
of its legal allotment of Schuylkill River water, diverted out of the
basin by the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company. This need for flow
augmentation will increase throughout the study period as the Phila-
delphia Suburban Water Company increases its diversion to serve the
needs of its expanding population. By the year 2000, the 1 in 50
drought flows will not be sufficient to meet the peak daily needs of
the Norristown sub-area, of which the Philadelphia Suburban Water
Company is a part. As it turns out, the water that is required to
replace for the city of Philadelphia, what is diverted out of the basin,
-50-
-------
is approximately the same amount of water required to insure the needs
of the entire Norristown sub-area. Therefore the one parcel of water
serves two water supply needs and has a dual benefit. Releases of
approximately 8000 acre-feet will be required at each point of
need to insure the diverted portion of Philadelphia's allotment of
258 mgd and the Norristown sub-area demand of 240 mgd. Since there
will be importation in the Norristown sub-area from presently developed
sources, as well as diversion; and since there will be re-use of
Schuylkill water within the sub-area, between the Philadelphia
Suburban Water Co. and the rest of the sub-area, the net water demand
on the resources of the River reduces from the 324 mgd M § I need,
tabulated in Chapter VII, to 240 mgd.
The minimum measure of the value of water supply benefits is
based on supplying an annual release of 8000 acre-feet and is
estimated at $10,300,000. Amortizing this cost over 100 years, from
1970 to 2020, at an interest rate of 3 1/8% and including operation
and maintenance costs, the annual value of water supply benefits
is $370,000.
In the Tocks Island study, various alternatives were presented
for obtaining water to meet the future demands of the Chester Municipal
Authority. One alternative that was explored was the possibility of
connecting the Chester Authority with the Schuylkill River. The cost
-51-
-------
of constructing a pipeline to provide this connection and for storing
the needed water in a single purpose reservoir, is estimated at
$8,950,000 per year. In comparing this cost with that of the least
cost 'alternative, a pipeline from mile point 87 on the Delaware River,
priced at $1,100,000 per year, it became evident that the Schuylkill
River was a more expensive and therefore less reasonable source for
the Chester Authority.
Water Quality Control
The control and supplementation of stream flow can improve water
quality to the extent that the water will be more beneficial as a
source for drinking supply, in supporting fish life, in developing
aesthetic enjoyment, and in expanding opportunities for recreation.
These widespread benefits will materialize through use of the waters
in the Schuylkill River from Reading to Philadelphia, a distance of
approximately 60 river miles.
Description of Benefits:
Drinking Water - Quality control would reduce the concentrations
of many constituents which cause quality degradation in the water
that is processed for drinking supplies. For example, the "musty"
odor in the river water would be reduced; water treatment difficulties
would be alleviated through the dilution and further removal of algae
producing nutrients; and public health would be further insured
-52-
-------
through the better water quality provided when the residual con-
centrations of bacteria and dissolved solids inherent in the waste
discharges, are given further treatment and dilution.
Fish Life - Pollution in the Schuylkill River is presently a
limiting factor in the development of an adequate stream fishery,
and maintenance of the fish population requires continued re-stocking
by the Pennsylvania Fish and Game Commission. Present species in
the river are largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, walleye, sunfish,
crappie, carp, sucker and other rough fish. Quality control would
enable this fish population and other aquatic life to thrive by
providing adequate levels of dissolved oxygen and by removing and
diluting out the harmful environmental effects of waste discharges.
Since this fishery would be easily available to the 2 to 3 million
people of the study area, it is evident that the potential benefit
of the fishery is quite significant.
Aesthetics - Quality control would prevent the obnoxious odors
and appearance of water associated with septic conditions. The
appearance of the river would be further improved through reduction
in the occurrence of unsightly algae blooms.
Recreation - Boating is popular in the pools created by the dams
in the river and opportunities are also afforded for swimming and other
bodily contact with the water. Unless quality control is provided,
the residual wastes from the growing population and its industries,
-53-
-------
will make these pools essentially unacceptable for any recreational
use. Since the pools retain stream flows longer than comparable
stretches of free flowing stream, they provide more of an opportunity
for wastes to stabilize. This situation magnifies quality problems
and so the pools in particular, necessitate quality control.
Value of Benefits:
Investigation has shown that under present methods, adequate
treatment of organic wastes will not produce the water quality im-
provements required to secure the foregoing benefits. Therefore, it
becomes necessary to complement the effects of such waste treatment
by providing supplemental streamflow during periods of low flow,
in combination with other means of quality control such as advanced
waste treatment. Since cost data on the degree of advanced waste
treatment that would be required in the Schuylkill basin is not
available at this time, only the value of that portion of the
benefits attributable to stream flow regulation will be presented.
Increases in low flow will reduce the concentration of the
residual pollutants imparted to the stream from the various treated
waste effluents. This supplemental flow in the absence of the
proposed projects would have to be provided by a suitable alternate
structure. Therefore, the cost of such a structure is taken as a
measure of the minimum value of the benefits attributable to streamflow
-54-
-------
regulation, under the assumption that the benefits are worth at least
what it costs to provide them, if the water quality goals are to be
achieved.
As previously described, the most likely alternative is a single
purpose reservoir that would provide a draft on storage equal to that
available from the proposed multi-purpose project. Such a reservoir
would have an active storage capacity of 14,500 acre feet and an
approximate dead storage of 1500 acre feet, for a total cost of
$15,305,000. Amortized over a 100 year period from 1970 to 2070 at
a 3-1/8% interest rate plus operation and maintenance charges, the
annual cost of this alternative would be approximately $550,000. It
should be noted, however, that this value of the water quality control
benefits is applicable only if releases are not made for water supply.
If releases to the Schuylkill River for water supply purposes are
provided by the Blue Marsh Project, these releases will also produce
water quality control benefits. To avoid double counting the value of
these releases, they should be subtracted from the total release that
could be provided by Blue Marsh for water quality control. Therefore,
the minimum value of quality control benefits developing from stream
flow regulation in this case, becomes equal to the cost of a single
purpose reservoir having an active storage capacity of 6500 acre feet.
This storage figure represents the difference between the total available
-55-
-------
in Blue Marsh of 14,500 acre feet and that necessary for water supply,
8000 acre feet. Assuming dead storage of 1500 acre feet, the cost of
this single purpose reservoir for water quality control is estimated
at $8,950,000. Amortizing this cost in the same fashion as with the
previous reservoirs, results in an annual cost or benefit of
approximately $321,000.
Since the need for quality control streamflow is immediate,
the cost of neither quality control reservoir has been discounted.
-56-
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
N0< REFERENCE
1 Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, New York, New York, "Water Quality Control
Study, locks Island Reservoir, Delaware River Basin."
(June 1966)
2 Berks County Planning Commission, "Physical Characteristics
and Land Use, A Comprehensive Plan Study." Comprehensive Plan
Report 11. (1964)
3 U. S. Public Health Service, "Drinking Water Standards" (1962)
4 City of Philadelphia, Water Department, "Annual Report" (1964)
5 US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, Region II, New York, New York, "Water Supply and Water
Quality Control Study, Beltzville Reservoir, Lehigh River Basin,
Pennsylvania." (November 1964)
-57-
-------
Appendix A
Surface Water Withdrawals - Schuylkill River Sub-Basin
By Manufacturing Centers In Hydro logic Order
By Plant And SIC Industry Code
-58-
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
APPENDIX A
SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWALS - SCHUYLKILL RIVER "US-BASIM
BY MANUFACTURING CENTERS IN HYDROLOGIC ORDER BY PLANT
AUD SIC INDUSTRY CODE
in
10
MANUFACTURING CENTER
I/
I/
I/
T/
READING
READING
READING
READING
READING
READING
REPORTED TOTAL: READING
POTTSTOWN
POTTSTOWN
POTTSTOWN
POTTSTOWN
REPORTED TOTAL- POTTSTOWN
I/
I/
1 y
J./
T/
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
NORRISTOWN
REPORTED TOTAL: NORRISTOWU
PHILADELPHIA
PHILADELPHIA
PHILADELPHIA
REPORTED TOTAL: PHILADELPHIA
NAME OF PLANT
Central Asphalt Materials, Inc.
Modern Concrete Products, Inc.
Reading Metals Refining Corp.
Whitmoyer Laboratories, Inc.
MINOR CIVIL DIV.
OR MUNICIPALITY
Frackville
Bethel
Ontelaunee Twp.
Myerstown
Great American Knitting Mills, Inc. Bechtelsville
Federal Paper Board Co. Inc. Reading
Win. G. Leininger Knitting Co. Mohnton
Briskin Dyeing e Finishing Co. Hohnton
Longacre Modern Dairy Barto
Carl P. Strunk, Sr. Sinking Spring
Cryochem Engineering t Fabricating, Inc. Boyertown
Kawecki Chemical Co. Boyertown
Berks Associates, Inc Douglassville
Firestone Tire £ Rubber Co. Pottstown
Bethlehem Mines Corp. -Grace Mine
Exton Paper Mf g . , Inc .
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Eastern Prestressed Concrete Co.
Highland Tool E Machine Co.
Taylor Corp.
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
The Budd Co.
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Certain-Teed Products Corp.
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Wyerhauser Co.
Penn Valley Polymers Co.
The Fredericks Co.
The Atlantic Refining Co.
Gulf Oil Corp.
Morgantown
West Whiteland Twp
Phoenixville
Hatfield
Trooper
Valley Forge
Norristown
Bridgeport
Ambler
Ambler
Conshohocken
Miquon
Gladwyne
Bethayres
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
COUNTY SIC
(2 or
Schuylkill
Berks
Berks
Lebanon
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Montgomery
Berks
Montgomery
Herks
.Chester
Chester
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
CODE
4 DIGIT)
29
32
33
28
22
26
22
22
20
32
34
28
29
30
NO. OF
EMPLOYEES
u
23
1 ft C
103
160
355
39
269
76
38
1
23
416
31
3,168
3312 Unknown
26 25
3312 918
32
35
28
26
28
26
32
3312
26
28
3?
2)11
2'11
3U
?
611
10>»
529
Unknown
161
2,712
Unknown
4
173
2,638
1,271
DRAWALS IN M.G.D.
(DRBC INVENTORY)
.001
.0315
.490
.04
.065
.43?
.1^9
.02
.095
.0017
.6527
.002
.172
.024
2.505
2.703
.105
.05
1.296
.0015
.0027
1.32
.58
5.7
.426
.03
92.5
.22
.0007
100.77R9
.008
17.62
47. B
65.428
TOTAL SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWALS
I/OUTLYING REGION
180.8089
-------
Appendix t
Surface Water Discharges - Schu/lkill River Sub-Basin
By Manufacturing Centers In Hydro logic Order
By Plant And SIC Industry Code
-60-
-------
APPENDIX B
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES - SCHUYLKILL RIVER SUB-BASIN
BY MANUFACTURING CENTERS IN HYDROLOGIC ORDER BY PLANT
AND SIC INDUSTRY CODE
MANUFACTURING CENTER
0)
Hamburg
Hamburg
Hamburg
Hamburg
Hamburg
Hamburg
Hamburg
REPORTED TOTAL: HAMBURG
I/
I/
Reading
Reading
Reading
Reading
Reading
Reading
NAME OF PLANT
(25
Reading Metals Refining Corp.
Fairmont Foundry Inc.
Price Battery Corp.
Ortho Magnetics, Inc .
Wolfe Dye-Bleach Works, Inc.
Brush Beryllium Co.
Wyomissing Corp.-Tuclcerton Rd.
Garden State Tanning, Inc.
Whitmoyer Laboratories
Western Electric Co.
Prestolite Co.
Federal Paper Board Co. Inc.
The Carpenter Steel Co.
Orr & Sembower, Inc.
Briskin Dyeing & Finishing Co.
LOCATION
Minor Civil Div. County
or Municipality
(3)
Ontelaunee Twp.
Hamburg
Hamburg
Kutztown
Shoemakersville
Shoemakersville
Muhlenberg Twp.
Fleerwood
Myers town
Laureldole
Reading
Reading
Reading
Reading
Mohnton
(45
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Lebanon
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
Berks
SIC CODE
(2 or 4 Digit)
— ®
33
33
36
36
22
33
26
31
28
36
36
26
3312
34
22
NO. OF SURFACE WATER
EMPLOYEES DISCHARGES IN MGD
(DRBC INVENTORY)
(6)
105
134
286
43
78
70
Unknown
126
160
2,304
Unknown
39
2,691
15
76
(7)
.490
.0038
.16
.03
.175
.104
.08
1.0428
.0104
.01
.124
.380
.432
2.749
.251
.02
REPORTED TOTAL: READING
3.956
I/OUTLYING REGION
-------
APPENDIX B
K>
I
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES - SCHUYLKILL RIVER SUB-BASIN
BY MANUFACTURING CENTERS IN HYDROLOGIC ORDER BY PLANT
AND SIC INDUSTRY CODE
MANUFACTURING CENTER
(')
Boyertown
Boyertown
Boyertown
Boyertown
Boyertown
.REPORTED TOTAL: BOYERTOWN
Pottsfown
Pottstown
Pottstown
Pottstown
Pottstown
REPORTED TOTAL: POTTSTOWN
Lansdale
Lansdole
Lansdale
Lansdale
NAME OF PLANT LOCATION SIC CODE
Minor Civil Div. County (2 or 4 Digit)
or Municipality
(2)
Longacre Modern Dairy
Great American Knitting Mills
Inc.
Tung-Sol Electric, Inc.
Kawecki Chemical Co.
Vincent A. Sovarese
Berks Associates, Inc.
Doehler Jarvis Div. -National
Lead Co.
Neapco Products, Inc.
Dana Corp.
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.
PhilcoCorp.
American Olean Tile Co. Inc.
Frank M. Weaver, Inc.
Martin Century Farms, Inc.
(3)
Barto
Bechtelsville
Boyertown
Boyertown
E.Greenville
Douglassville
Stowe
Pottstown
Pottstown
Pottstown
Lansdale
Lansdale
Lansdale
Lansdale
(4)
Berks
Berks
Berks
Montgomery
Montgomery
Berks
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
(5)
20
22
36
28
35
29
33
37
37
30
36
32
34
20
NO. OF
EMPLOYEES
(6)
38
355
315
416
Unknown
31
1,036
220
903
3,168
1,843
Unknown
168
1,014
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES IN MGD
(DRBC INVENTORY)
(7)
.095
.050
.107
.120
.004
.376
.036
.15
.022
.35
2.760
3.318
.5
.009
Unreported
.12
REPORTED TOTAL: LANSDALE
.629
-------
a*
APPENDIX B
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES - SCHUYLKILL RIVER SUB-BASIN
BY MANUFACTURING CENTERS IN HYDROLOGIC ORDER BY PLANT
AND SIC INDUSTRY CODE
MANUFACTURING CENTER
rn
Collegeville
Collegeville
Collegeville
REPORTED TOTAL: COLLEGEVILLE
I/
!_/
REPORTED TOTAL: OUTLYING REGION
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
REPORTED TOTAL: PHOENIXVILLE
NAME OF PLANT LOCATION SIC CODE
Minor Civil Div. County (2 or 4 Digit)
or Municipality
(2)
Krasley Bleach & Dye Works
T.J.Cope Div-Rome Cable Corp.
Ajax Stamping & Mfg. Inc.
Sunn/side Dairy
Bethlehem Mines Corp.-
Grace Mine
D
Roberts Packing Co.
Exton Paper Mfg ., Inc.
Phoenix Steel Corp.
J. R. Hollingsworth Co.
Taylor Corp.
Mrs. Sands Food Products
Bethlehem Limestone Co.
(3)
Royersford
Collegeville
Collegeville
Bverson
Morgantown
Kimberton
West Whiteland
Twp.
Phoenixville
Phoenixville
Valley Forge
West Norristown
Township
(4)
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Chester
Berks
Chester
Chester
Chester
Chester
Montgomery
Montgomery
Upper Merion Twp Montgomery
(5)
22
34
34
20
3312
20
26
3312
36
28
20
32
NO. OF
EMPLOYEES
(6)
40
85
44
Unknown
Unknown
143
25
918
84
611
5
Unknown
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES IN MGD
(DRBC INVENTORY)
(7)
.2
.1035
.006
.3095
.010
1.665
1.675
.060
.004
13.44
.003
1.2
Un reported
12.
26.707
I/ OUTLYING REGION
-------
APPENDIX B
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES - SCHUYLKILL RIVER SUB-BASIN
BY MANUFACTURING CENTERS IN HYDROLOGIC ORDER BY PLANT
AND SIC INDUSTRY CODE
MANUFACTURING CENTER NAME OF PLANT
(1)
V
!/
Norristown
Norristown
iNorristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
Norristown
(2)
Foote Mineral Co.
Synthane Corp .
Evans-Roberts Co.
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Bethlehem Mines Corp. -
Bridgeport Quarry
The Budd Co.
Martin Witchwood Ice Cream Co.
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Gessner Mfg. Co.
Certain-Teed Products Corp.
Chemical Concentrates Corp.
McNiel Laboratories, Inc.
Nypel Corp.
Essex Wire Corp .
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Quaker Chemical Corp.
Weyerhauser Co.
LOCATION SIC CODE
Minor Civil Div. County (2 or 4 Digit)
or Municipality
(3)
Exton
Oaks
Norristown
Norristown
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Lower Gwynedd
Twp.
Ambler
Ambler
Ambler
Ft. Washington
Ft. Washington
West Consho-
hocken
Conshohocken
Conshohocken
Conshohocken
Miquon
(4)
Chester
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
(5)
28
30
32
26
33
28
20
26
30
32
28
28
30
36
3312
28
26
No. OF
EMPLOYEES
(6)
151
679
6
104
Unknown
529
14
Unknown
20
161
78
340
46
Unknown
2,712
270
Unknown
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES IN MGD
(DRBC INVENTORY)
(7)
.004
.2024
.432
.250
1.0
5.7
.107
.540
.515
.2
.010
.002
2.5
.360
16.0
.030
3.53
REPORTED TOTAL: NORRISTOWN
1'OUTLYING REGION
31.176
-------
APKNOIX B
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES - SCHUYLKILL RIVER SUB-BASIN
BY MANUFACTURING CENTERS IN HYDROLOGIC ORDER BY PLANT
AND SIC INDUSTRY CODE
MANUFACTURING NAME OF PLANT LOCATION
CENTER Minor Civil Div. Counry
or Municipality
(1)
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
REPORTED TOTAL:
TOTAL
(2)
Drever Co.
The Fredericks Co.
Merck, Sharp & Dohme
The Atlantic Refining Co.
Gulf Oil Corp.
PHILADELPHIA
(3)
Bethayres
Bethayres
West Point
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
W
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
SIC NO OF
CODE EMPLOYEES
(2 or 4 Digir)
(5) (6)
34 Unknown
32 173
28 1494
2911 2638
2911 1271
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES IN MG
(DRBC INVENrQK/i
(7)
.050
.004
.525
16.7
41.27
58.549
128.6686
------- |